Modeling of grid connecting photovoltaic generation system with improved MPPT

algorithm
Qiu Gefei
Faculty of Electric Power Engineering
Kunming University of Science and Technology
China Kunming
tsugefei@foxmail.com
Gao Xia
Foreign language teaching department
Yunnan University of finance and economics
China Kunming
gxzoe@qq.com
AbstractIn this paper, photovoltaic maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on duty cycle disturbing
method is improved with a modified self-adopting step value
calculation algorithm, the convergence of this modified
tracking algorithm is speeded up compared with the original
one and in the same time, numeric oscillation in the calculation
process is avoided and the stability of convergence of algorithm
is enhanced. A grid connecting photovoltaic generation system
model has been developed with matlab/simulink, to fit for the
using in power system phasor analysis, the converter is
modeled in a reduced way in this system ensures that no power
transferring variation will be led to. The MPPT algorithm is
implemented with Matlab Simulink S 2 function and this will
accelerate the calculating speed of simulation. To test the
usability of modeled PV generation system in power system
slow dynamic analysis, a simple power grid connected with PV
system is constructed and simulation results show the
effectiveness of this model.
Keywords- photovoltaic generation, power system, slow
dynamic
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
In recent years, the presentation of photovoltaic
generating system is increasing in high rate due to its merits
of zero emissions and inexhaustible nature of solar energy.
With the penetration of PV generation system, operation
mode, parameters and characters of power grid are different
with that of classic one. A proper PV generation unit model
is needed when we study operation characteristics of power
system connected with PV generation units. In recent years,
several models with little differences have been constructed
[1~5], but most of these model studies put their focus on
research and verification of characteristics of photovoltaic
cell. In the research of power grid character, like the research
on Electromechanical transient characteristics of power grid
connected with PV units for example, these types of models
cannot satisfy the need of research and should be modified.
In this paper, a power grid connecting PV generation unit
model is developed based on Matlab/Simulink in which a
modified MPPT algorithm based on duty cycle disturbing
method is employed and implemented with Simulink S2
function. Reduced model of converter ensuring no power
variation is employed such that the modeled system will be
easy to be used in power system slow dynamic analysis.
II. MODEL OF PV CELL ARRAY
General PV cell model is shown in figure 1.

Fig1. General model of PV
The output of PV cell is determined by solar irradiation
level, ambient temperature etc., the source character of it like
that of constant current source and can be molded as:
- [exp(( / / )/ ) 1] ( / )
P PH P S S S P C P S S SH
I N I N I qV N IR N kT A NV N IR R = + +
(1)
In which,I
PH
is output current of PV cell,I
S
is saturation
current,q is electron charge,k is Boltzmanns constant,T
C
is
ambient temperature,R
S
is series resistance ,R
SH
is parallel
resistance, N
P
is number of parallel cells,N
S
is number of
series cells.
The value of PV output current is influenced by solar
irradiation level, ambient temperature:
Ref
[ ( )] = +
PH SC I C
I I K T T
(2)
I
SC
is the cells short circuit current at temperature T
C
Kelvin, and irradiation (W/m
2
), K
I
is short circuit current
temperature coefficient of cell, T
Ref
is the cells reference
temperature
The value of reverse saturation current is
Ref Ref
3
( / ) exp[ (1/ 1/ )/ ] =
S RS C G C
I I T T qE T T kA (3)
I
RS
is reverse saturation current,E
G
is band gap of
semiconductor material,A is ideal factor determined by
technology
The I
RS
can be represented as:
/[exp( / ) 1] =
RS SC OC S C
I I qV N kAT
(4)
III. THE DUTY CYCLE DISTURBING MPPT ALGORITHM
WITH ADAPTIVE STEP CONTROL
In the operation process of PV cell, there will be different
power output in different operation points with the same
solar irradiation and ambient temperature. The process of
2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA)
447 978-1-4799-2716-6/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE
maximum power tracking is adjusting operation parameters
of generation unit to make the output of PV cell to be the
maximum. The often been used MPPT algorithm include
disturbing observing method, conductance increment method
etc. Considering the MPPT algorithm has often been
implemented in the DC/DC block of generation unit, a
disturbing duty cycle MPPT algorithm is proposed in [5],
this algorithm is improved in [6] with adaptive step, but in
the process of calculation, there may be numeric oscillation.
So, disturbing duty cycle MPPT algorithm is modified in this
paper to steady the variation of adaptive step to improve the
convergence of algorithm.
The principle of DC/DC segment using BOOST circuit is
shown below. The conversion of input and output voltage is
implemented by on off control of switch Q.
Fig2. The principle figure of Boost circuit
Fig3. Boost circuit when Q is ON
Fig4. Boost circuit when Q is OFF
When switch Q is on as indicated by figure 3, all the
source voltage is applied across the boost reactance and the
diode is cut off, the load current is supplied by capacitor C,
the current of reactance will increase linearly with time.
L
di
L V
dt
= 5
The operation condition of circuit after Q is cut off is
shown in figure4, the energy stored in reactance charges
capacitor and the charging current is shown in figure 5.
Fig5. Current and voltage of reactance L
L
O
di
L V V
dt
= 6
The current increment of reactance charging is equal to
decrease of discharging in a cycle:
( )(1 ) 0
S O S
VDT V V D T + = 7
(1 )
O
V D V = 8
Adaptive duty cycle disturbing algorithm can be
constructed according to equation (8), by adjusting duty ratio
D of boost circuit the referring impedance is adjusted to
match that of power source so to get the maximum power
output.
An adjusting factor is introduced in adaptive step
control:
1 k
k
P

= 9
1 k

+
is next step value of duty ratio adjustment,
k
is
current step value, P is the increment power value after last
disturbing is sensitive parameter of adjustment
With the adjustment factor, adaptive duty ratio can be
derived as:
+1 1 k k k i
D D d
+
= +
(10)
d
i
is step adjustment value,the magnitude of it can be
adjust,the sign of it is determined according to if the research
result exceeds maximum point.
In the process of calculation, the calculated step factor
often varies drastically, especially when the research is going
near the point of maximum. This variation characteristic of
step decelerates the calculation convergence speed and
deteriorates convergence of algorithm. To solve this problem,
the original algorithm is modified, the step adjustment value
d
i
will not remain as a constant, the search step will become
finer when search process proceeds closer to maximum:
i i n
P
d d
P

0
(11)
d
i0
is initial step value,>1,is step adjustment factor,n is
the number of exceeding maximum point. The flow chart of
algorithm is listed in figure 6. in this paper, is
0.005,convergence error is 2e-4.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The model developed in this paper can be used in power
system slow dynamic analysis in which phasor analyzing
method is adopted. In this type of analysis, convertor can be
reduced modeled as long as the power is the same before and
after reducing. Simulink model of PV system is shown in
Figure A1.
To verify the applicability of developed model in power
system simulation, a simple grid connected with PV
generation unit is employed as figure 7(only single line
figure is shown here). The source is a 10kV system and PV
supply the load with 400V voltage. The ambient
temperature is T=35.
The MPPT system is engaged after 0.4s of beginning, the
load is a 10kW, 1kVar constant KVA load, The maximum
power that PV unit can supply is 3000Wassuming the
2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA)
448
initial solar irradiation isG=900W/m
2
, after 2.5s it turns to
G=1000W/m
2
,the powers and some voltage, current of buses
are shown below:
Fig6. Self-adaptive duty cycle disturbing MPPT algorithm
Fig7. Single line figure of test system
Fig8. P/V character of generation unit
9100
9150
9200
9250
9300
9350
9400
P(kW)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
910
915
920
925
930
935
940
Q(kVar)
Fig9.Power output of bus1
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
P(kW)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
Q(kVar)
Fig10.Power output of bus2
-3500
-3000
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
P(kW)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Q(kVar)
Fig11.Power output of bus3
312
312.5
313
313.5
314
314.5
315
315.5
316
Voltage(V)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I(A)
Fig12.Magnitudes of voltage and current of bus3

0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
angle V(rad)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
angle I(rad)
Fig13.Phase angles of voltage and current of bus3
From figures above, it can be seen the convergence time
of MPPT algorithm is less than 0.1s.
V. CONCLUSION
A duty cycle disturbing MPPT algorithm is improved and
implemented by Simulink S 2 function in this paper. a
photovoltaic generation system model which can be applied
in phasor analysis of power system is constructed and tested
using matlab/Simulink. The simulation results in line with
theory expectation, it proves that the model constructed is
correct and can be easily applied in slow dynamic power
system analysis. The maximum power points have been
found quickly, this proves that the convergence speed and
calculation stability of MPPT algorithm is satisfying.
2013 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation (IMSNA)
449
REFERENCES
[1] Huan-Liang Tsai, Ci-Siang Tu, Yi-Jie Su. Development of
Generalized Photovoltaic Model Using MATLAB/SIMULINK,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer
Science 2008, WCECS 2008, October 22-24,San Francisco, USA.
[2] Debasis das, Shishir Kuma. Modeling and simulation of PV array
with boost converter: an open loop study, Graduating thesis[D],
2011.
[3] Caisheng Wang. Modeling and control of hybrid
wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell distributed generation systems, PHD
thesis[D], 2006.
[4] LianCheng. Zhou, LiWei.Y,QiangGang. Wang Research on
dynamic characers of PV generation connecting micro grid,
Protection and control of power system, vol. 38, Dec. 2010, pp. 120-
126.
[5] Koutroulis E , Kalaitzakis K, Voulgaris N C, Development of a
microcontroller - based , photovoltaic maximum power point tracking
control system [ J ] . IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics , vol.
16 Nov. 2001: pp. 46 - 52.
[6] Qiuhua Li, Lin Zhou, Qian liu etc.,New MPPT algorithm and
simulation of PV generation system, Automatic equipment of power
system, vol. 28, July, 2008, pp. 21-24M. Young, The Technical
Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
1
Io
Timer
TC
lambda
reset
mpptebl
mpptctrl
U
I
Uo
Dmin
VFeed
complete
1-D
Io
mppt
Dmi n
1
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[oneND]
[Enabl e]
[l ambda]
[VFeed]
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Drefr Add
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Fig. A1 Photovoltaic generating system
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