1. EnlightenmentItwasascientificmovement,andarevolution.

Itwaswerethe
governmenthadcertainneedsforpeople.Ifthegovernmentweretonotprovide
theseservicesthenthepeopledidnotneedtoobeythegovernment.Ledto
manyrevolutions
2. 7YearsWarAlsoknownastheFrenchandIndianwar,wherethenewworldto
thewestoftheAppalachianMountainswerefoughtover.LedtoFrancebeing
economicallyweak,allowingforarevolution.
3. AmericanRevolutionItwascausedduetotheproclamationof1763forpaying7
yearsandestablishedaconstitutionalrepublic.Thenewworldwanted
IndependencefromBritain.NotaxationwithoutrepresentationLedtomany
othercountrieswantingindependencefromcolonialpowers.
4. ConstitutionAdocumentcreatedbythegovernment.TheFrenchandAmerican
revolutionresultedinthis.Thisdocumentcameaboutduetoenlightenment
ideals,asitidentifiedwhatthegovernmentcandoonly.Sothatthegovernment
couldnotcontroleverything
5. FrenchRevolutionItwasarevolutioninFrance,thatledtotheestablishmentof
apeoplesrepublic,butendedwhenNapoleonBonapartetookpowerin1799and
beganhisdictatorship.Thiswasapeoplerevolt,andledtoarepublicbeing
formed.
6. EstatesGeneralThelegislativebodyonFranceuntil1789.Representsthethree
estatesoftherealm.(Clergy,Nobility,Common).Thecommonestatehadvery
littlepowerastheNobilityandClergyalwayssidedwithoneanother.Ledtothe
FrenchRevolution.
7. GuillotineMachinewithaheavybladeslidingverticallyingrooves,usedfor
executions,specificallythebeheadingofpeople.
8. TheTerrorTimeaftertheFrenchRevolutionwhenanyonewhodisagreedwith
theRevolutionarieswasexecuted.Ledtoterribleeconomicstandings,andset
thestageforNapoleon.
9. NapoleonBonaparteFrenchrevolutionary,duringtheTerror,hesetupa
dictatorshipinFrance.Butthepeoplesupportedhimashebroughteconomic
stability.
10. HaitianRevolutionAslaverevoltintheFrenchcolonyofSaintDomingue,which
leadtotheeliminationofslaverythereandthefoundingoftherepublicofHaiti.
Therevolutionhappenedduetothehearingoftheamericanrevolution.
11. ToussaintLOuvertureLeaderoftheHaitianrevolution.Hewasaformerslave
andthatiswhyhestartedtherevolution.Hethenestablishedarepublicledby
formerslaves.
12. RepublicAtypeofgovernmentinwhichciviliansvoteforrepresentativesto
makedecisionsintheirstead.BecameprominentaftertheAmericanrevolution
establishingitselfasarepublic.Theywereaimedtowardsenlightenmentideals.
13. CongressofViennaAgroupofcountrieswhoafterNapoleon'sexpansiongot
togetherallofthesenoblementoreestablishbalance.Astherulershadbecome
theruled.
14. WaterlooWhenNapoleonofgreatpowermeetstheirdemise.
15. SteamEngineAenginethatusedcoal,tocreatesteamtoanothersortoffuel.It
alsoallowedmorerailroads.
16. CoalUsefulindustrialfuelfoundonthesurfaceofGreatBritain,shaped
IndustrialRevolution.Othercountrieshadtomakemines,makingitharder
allowingBritaintobecomemoreeconomicallyefficient.Moreconcentratedthen
woodburning.
17. MiddleClassThe2ndclass,abovethepovertystrickenlowerclass,butnotas
wealthyastheupperclass.BecamemoreprominentduringIndustrialization,as
morepeoplewereworkinginfactories
18. AdamSmithKeyfigureinscottishenlightenment.Cameupwiththetheoryof
moralsentimentsandaninquirytonatureandcausesofthewealthofnations
19. ThomasMalthusMalthusplacedthelongertermstabilityoftheeconomyabove
shorttermexpediency.Hetheorizedthateventuallypopulationwouldoutgrow
foodsupplycausingapopulationdrop.
20. LaissezFaireAneconomicenvironmentinwhichtransactionsbetweenprivate
partiesarefreefromgovernmentrestrictions,tariffs,andsubsidies,withonly
enoughregulationstoprotectpropertyrights.
21. ChildLaborWhenchildrenwereforcedtoworkinfactories.Itwasverylow
qualitywork,andverydangerousforthem,becausetheywereforcedinto
machines,whereadultscouldnotfit,whichledtosickandinjuredchildren.
22. UrbanizationTheincreasingnumberofpeoplethatliveinurbanareas.Dueto
industrialization.
23. SlumApoorlykept,rundownpartofacity,wherethepoorlowerclasslived.
Terriblelivingconditions,andusuallycaughtfire.
24. TheCultofDomesticityThetimewhenpeoplestartedwiththeidea,that
womenshouldntbeworking.Thattheyshouldstayhome,andletthemenwork,
insteadofbothmenandwomenworking.Happenedbecausenoteveryonewas
neededlikeonafarm.
25. JuntaSmallgovernmentsinsouthamerica.Theywerelikeviceroysbutafterthe
Spanishhadleft.Theyallowedforlocalcontrolofthepeople,butwereery
skewedandfullofbias.
26. SimoneBolivarAmilitaryandpoliticalleader.BolvarplayedakeyroleinLatin
America'ssuccessfulstruggleforindependencefromtheSpanishEmpire
27. MiguelHidalgoyCostillaMexicanindependencemovementleader,leadarmy
againstSpanish.Capturedandexecutedafterwards.
28. JoseMariaMorelosMexicanindependenceleader,tookoverthemovement
afterthedeathofMiguelHidalgo.Alsocapturedandexecuted.
29. MexicanIndependanceMexicobecomesitsowncountry,theMexicanEmpire,
althoughitquicklydissolves.
30. AugustindeIturbideMexicanarmygeneral,leadthetakeoverofmexicocity,and
isdeclaredtobetheemperorofmexico.
31. EmperorMaximilianAustrianemperorofMexico.Manycountrieschosetonot
acknowledgehisadministration.
32. BenitoJoseJuarezPresidentofMexicoforfiveterms,andalsobecamea
constitutionalpresident.HealsooverthrewthesecondMexicanEmpire.
33. PedroIThefounderandfirstruleroftheEmpireofBrazil.Foughtagainsthis
father(KingofPortugal)togainBrazil.
34. Secularismwhereagovernmentdecidestonotbasedecisionsonreligion,but
arenotantireligious.
35. Regionalismapoliticalideologythatfocusesontheinterestsofaparticular
regionorgroupofregions,whethertraditionalorformal.Insteadofnationalism.
36. AbolitionTheabolishmentofSlavery.
37. AcculturationWhenthepeoplemovedfromacountrytoanother,theyslowly
adapttotheirnewenvironmentanditscustoms.
38. MuhammadAliEgyptiannationalistleaderwhowantedtoindustrializehis
country.ButduetoBritishinterventionhewasunableto.
39. TanzimatperiodofreformationintheOttomanEmpire.Theytriedtomodernize
theOttomanEmpireinordertosecureitsterritorialintegrityagainstnationalist
movementsfromwithinandaggressivepowersfromoutsidethestate.
40. FezHatthatallowedprayerwhilekeepingthesunoutofthewearerseyes
41. TheCrimeanWarAconflictwhereRussialosttoanallianceofFrance,Britain,
theOttomanEmpire,andSardinia.Wasthefirstmodern,mediawar.
42. FlorenceNightingaleShewasthefounderofmodernnursing.Shesaidthat
washinghandsandbeingsanitarywouldallowsthenumberofpeoplewhodiedto
decrease.
43. YoungOttomansasecretsocietyestablishedin1865byagroupofOttoman
TurkishintellectualsthatweredissatisfiedwiththeTanzimatreformsinthe
OttomanEmpire.
44. AlexanderIIEmperorofrussia,KingofPoland,andGrandprinceofFinland.He
achievedtheemancipationofserfs.AndstartedindustrialisationinRussiaafter
theCrimeanwar.
45. TheOpiumWarAwarfoughtbetweenchinaandBritainoverconflicting
viewpointsondiplomaticrelations,trade,andtheadministrationofjusticefor
foreignnationals.
46. TaipingRebellionThiswasthebloodiestcivilwarinhistory.Itwasinsouthern
china,ledbyHongXiquan,whosaidhehadavision,andhewastheyounger
brotherofjesus.HefoughtagainsttheChinesegovtandBritain.
47. Extraterritorialitythestateofbeingexemptedfromthejurisdictionoflocallaw,
usuallyastheresultofdiplomaticnegotiations.
48. ZuluAfricantribethatbyusingtechnologyandmilitarytacticsbeattheBritish
thisledtothemhavingnationalism.
49. ShakaZuluZulunationalistleaderwhobeattheBritishanddidntallowthemto
somein.
50. AfricanNationalismapoliticalmovementforPanafricanismandfornational
selfdetermination.
51. EastIndiaCompanyItisaBritishjointstockcompanyformedtopursuetradein
theeastindies,butendeduptradingmainlywiththeindiansubcontinent.
52. SepoyRebellionWhenthesepoysrebelledagainsttheEastIndiaCompany.This
causedBritaintotakecontrolinsteadofEICtheywenttotheentiresubcontinent
notjusttheports.
53. IndianCivilService(ICS)Asystemisthebackboneoftheadministrative
machineryofthecountry.
54. IndianNationalismthemanyunderlyingforcesthatdefinedtheprinciplesofthe
Indianindependencemovement,andstronglycontinuetoinfluencethepoliticsof
india.
55. AfrikanersWhitemeninafricawhofeelatietothearea,ledtonationalismand
permanentsettlements.
56. FreeTradeTradingwithcountriesotherthanyourcolonies/mastercountry,and
withouttaxesortariffs.
57. IndenturedServantsWeresomeoneissupposedtoservesomeoneforacertain
amountoftime,thentheyarereleasedandfree.Stillaformofcoercedlabor.
58. NationalismThebeliefthatoneispartofalargereffort,insteadofjustsubjects
tothepeople.Thisbecameprominentinperiod5
59. NationstateAstatetheselfidentifiesasderivingitspoliticallegitimacyfrom
servingasasovereignentityforanation.
60. BessemerProcessAblacksmithingprocesswhichalterstheoxygenuse,making
steelcheaperandstronger.Allowingbuildingstogettallerandurbanisation.
61. SeparateSpheresTheideamenshouldexistinthesphereofpolitics,economy,
etc.Whilewomenexistinthesphereofchildraising,domesticlife,etc.
62. SuffrageTherighttovotegainedthroughthedemocraticprocess.Women
gainedthis.
63. LaborUnionsThesewereorganizationsthataidedtheworkersinthefactories
tohelppreventinjuriesandimprovetheworkingconditionsofthepeople.
64. KarlMarxFounderofCommunism,Germaneconomist,believedprivate
propertytobedownfallofsociety.Sohewroteabookoncommunism,andalso
wantedgovernmenttocontrolthebusiness.
65. SocialDarwinismScientificracismSincewhiteshadbettergenesaccordingto
Harvardthentheyarebetterscientificallyallowingthemtocontrolotherraces.
66. GermanandItalianUnificationWhereasepratedbutculturallysimilarpeople
werereunified.Theybroughttogetherseveralcitystatestoformanation
state.(GermanyandItaly)
67. OttovonBismarckAconservativePrussianstatesmanwhodominatedGerman
andEuropeanaffairsfromthe1860suntil1890.HeunifiedalltheGermanstates,
andestablishedPrussia.
68. AustroPrussian/FrancoPrussianWarwarsthatOttovonBismarckfoughttounify
theGermanpeople.OnetoestablishPrussia,andoneagainstFrancetoestablish
nationalism.
69. BoxerRebellionAntiChristianandAntiForeignrebellioninChina,failed.Local
lorereportedthattheywereabletofly,walkonwater,setChristians'homeson
fire,andstopforeignguns,powerswhichthemaleBoxersthemselvesdidnot
claim.
70. MeijiRestorationAchainofeventstorestoreimperialruletojapanunderthe
meijiemperor.LargechangesinJapanspoliticalandsocialstructure.The
emperorregainedpower,aftertheshogunandmatthewperry.
71. SinoJapaneseWarAwarbetweenJapanandChina.Chinacalledforhelpfrom8
Europeancountries,butJapanstillwon.
72. RussoJapaneseWarAwarbetweentheRussiansandJapanese,inwhichJapan
winsandacquiresKorea.ItshowedthatJapanisgoodatindustrialising,andisa
worldpower.
73. LiberalismApoliticalphilosophyorworldviewfoundedonideasoflibertyand
equality.
74. Missionaryamemberofareligiousgroupsentintoanareatodoevangelismor
ministriesofservice,suchaseducation,literacy,socialjustice,healthcareand
economicdevelopment.TheyweresentintoAfricatoconvertthemto
Christianity.
75. KingLeopoldKingofBelgiumwhowasthefirstEuropeansincethePortuguese
towanttocolonizeAfrica.LedtotheScrambleforAfrica.
76. ScrambleforAfricawasaperiodofrapidcolonizationoftheAfricanContinent
byEuropeanpowers.Butitwouldn'thavehappenedexceptfortheparticular
economic,social,andmilitaryevolutionEuropewasgoingthrough.
77. SuezCanalAcanaltheBritishcreatedthatwentthroughEgypt.Thisallowed
themtonolongerhavetogothebottomofAfrica.Thismadetradeeasier
betweenEuropeandAsia.
78. BerlinConference188485wasameetingbetweenEuropeannationstocreate
rulesonhowtopeacefullydivideAfricaamongthemforcolonization.The
conferencewasconvenedbyPortugalbutledbyOttovonBismarck.Thetreaty
bannedslaverybutencouragedEuropeancoloniestocolonizeandexploit
Africashumanandnaturalresources.
79. WhiteMansBurdenApoembyRudyardKipling,whichtalksabouthowitsthe
WhiteMan'sdutytofreethesavagepeopleofAsia.Andwhenthedoitthe
peoplearestillnothappy.
80. RubberPlantationPlantationsthatwereestablishedinEuropeancontrolled
Indonesia.ImportantbecauserubberwasusedduringWWItostopthingsfrom
meltingandintires.
81. EmilioAguinaldoHewastheleaderoftheFilipinorevoltagainsttheSpanish,
becausetheywerecontrollingtheFilipinopeople.Hegotallthepeopletowant
themtoleave,Americahelpedthem.Theyexpectedfreedombutwerethentaken
overbytheAmericans.
82. FreeTradeImperialismAformofImperialisminwhichtheoverseeing
governmentonlycaresabouteconomicbenefits.Andoncethecountryowes
anothercountrymoneythentheywilltendtoinvadesmallareas.
83. PanamaCanalCanalthatAmericacreatedthatranthroughPanama.Theycreated
itforeasiertrading.TheynegotiatedforthelandwithPanamaandtookcontrolof
thecanal,becausetheyweretheonesconstructingit.