Magnetic Variables and Units Magnetic Variables and Units

Quantity Var Definition Si Unit CGS Unit Imperial Unit

Flux Density | |/A = H Tesla 10
4
Gauss 64.5 Klines/in
2
Field Intensity H mm/length A-turn/m 0.004t Oersted 0.0254 A-turn/in
(Gilbert/cm)
Permeability
o

r
= |/H Henry/m 10
7
/4t 0.0254 Henry/in
Gauss/Oersted
Perm. Of Air
o
(constant) 4t x 10
-7
H/m 1 Gauss/Oersted 1.02t x 10
-7
H/m
Flux | BA= mm/9 Weber 10
8
Maxwell 10
8
lines
Magnetomotive mm NI = |9 A-turn 0.4t Gilbert A-turn
Force
Reluctance 9 length/A A-turn/Wb 4(10
-9
)t 10
-8
A-turn/line
Gilbert/Maxwell
Permeance 1/ 9 Wb/A-turn 25x107/ 10
8
line/A-turn
Maxwell/Gilbert
Inductance L N
2
/9 = Vt/I Henry 10
9
abHenry Henry
Energy W LI
2
= |HV Joule 10
7
Erg 0.7376 ft-lb
Effective A
c
m
2
10
4
cm
2
6.452 Sq. in.
Magnetic Area
WindowArea A
w
m
2
10
4
cm
2
6.452 Sq. in.
Area Product AP A
w
A
c
m
4
cm
4
41.62 in
4
Amperes Law
A current carrying wire generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the
current,with the magnetic field lines following the Right Hand Rule.
Amperes Law relates magnetic field intensity and current density, thus:
}
1
H
-
dl = }
A
JdA = I
T
Integrating the magnetic field intensity around a closed magnetic path gives
the total current flowing through the wire. Therefore, magnetomotive force is
given as
mm = NI
Closed path
Closed path
Faradays Law
Faradays Law is the complement of Amperes Law and relates
electric field intensity and magnetic flux density, thus:
}
1
Edl = -o/ot }
A
BdA
The voltage induced in a conductor is proportional to the change in
magnetic flux passing through the surface enclosed by the
conductor.
V = Nd|/dt
A
I
+
-
Current and Magnetic Fields
Current flowing through a closed path generates
concentric flux rings perpendicular to the
conductor
The loops of a current-carrying coil are said to
be linked by these magnetic flux rings. These
flux lines constitute a magnetic field, with a
FLUX DENSITY of:
| = |/A
eff
Flux density is more or less proportional to the
MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY H by a factor
called PERMEABILITY:
= B/H
Inductance, L
We are familiar with the equation:
V = Ldi/dt
From Faradays Law:
V = Nd/dt
Thus, Ldi = Nd
Inductance is the ratio of the flux linkages N in a
coil to the current I which they link
L = N/I
L = NBA/I
RELUCTANCE RELUCTANCE
Constricting the flux to flow through a specified magnetic path is
analogous to making current flow through an electric circuit.
With a specified path, Amperes Law reduces to : H= NI
Given that H = B/ and B = |/A
core
, we have: |(/A
core
) = NI
Defining reluctance 9 = /A
core
, we have |9 = NI = mmf
This is analogous to Ohms Law: IR = V = emf
Reluctance 9 is therefore the resistance to the flow of flux, and
can be treated (connected in series or parallel) in the same way
as resistance.
EFFECTIVE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF EFFECTIVE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF
GAPPED CORES GAPPED CORES
The total reluctance of a gapped core is as follows:
9
total
= 9
core
+ 9
gap
I
total
/
o

Reff
A
eff
= I
core
/
Rcore

o
A
core
+ I
gap
/
Rgap

o
A
gap
Since
Rgap
~ I (for air) and
Rcore
>>I (
Rcore
~ 1000 for Fe)
I
total
/
Reff

o
A
eff
I
gap
/
o
A
gap
Letting A
eff
= A
gap
, we have:
Reff
~ I
total
/I
gap
Therefore, the effective relative permeability of a gapped
core is equal to the ratio of the total path length to the air
gap.
I
core
I
gap
Flux Density, B, Around a Long
Wire
What is the flux density around a very long
straight conductor (surrounded by air) carrying a
current I
T
?
Flux Density, B, in a Single-turn
Coil
Given a single-turn coil of radius r with a
current I
coil
flowing through it, what is the flux
density inside the coil?
Flux Density, B, in a Long Coil
Given an N-turn coil whose length is large compared to its
radius (length>30r), with a current I
coil
flowing through it,
what is the flux density inside the coil?
What is the inductance of an N-turn coil whose length is
large compared to its radius r?
B in a Toroidal Core
Given an N-turn coil wound around a toroidal core with inner
radius r and outer radius R, with a current I
coil
flowing
through it, what is the flux density of the core?
What is the inductance of an N-turn coil around a high
permeability core with inner radius r, outer radius R, and a
very small air gap l
gap
?
Inductance of a C-core Inductor
What is the inductance of an N-turn coil
around a high permeability core with inner
radius r, outer radius R, and a very small air
gap l
gap
?
Transformers
Devices made up of two or more coils coupled together
through a common magnetic flux path
The magnetic Flux path is provided by high-permeability
material (e.g., iron),
thereby forcing the flux to flow through both windings.
Any change in voltage in the primary will induce a specific
amount of flux to flow through the core which, in turn, induces
a proportional change in voltage
in the secondary. (Amperes & Faradays Law)
The total power handling capability of the transformer is related to its
physical size. This can be seen by applying Amperes Law to the window
area A
w
and Faradays Law to the core cross section A
c
:
AP (area product) = A
w
A
c
= (NI/J)(Vt/NB) VI = P

Transformer Characteristics Transformer Characteristics

Output voltage depends on turns ratio:
V
p
/V
s
= n
p
n
s
Output is isolated from input.
Current at the low voltage winding is a
limiting factor:
(ideally) P
P
= P
S
V
HIGH
I
LOW
= V
LOW
I
HIGH
I
HIGH
dictates wire size and window size
Core Saturation
FromAmperes Law, the current in a transformer winding
is proportional to the magnetic field intensity in the core.
H I
Increasing the magnetic field intensity has the effect of
aligning the molecules in the magnetic material, thereby
increasing the number of flux lines through the material.
There eventually comes a point when all the molecule
Dipoles become aligned and no amount of current increase
will cause a significant rise in magnetic flux density B.
The operating point is thus said to have entered the
SATURATION region
Ideal
I
|

linear
sat
Actual
I
|

Problem 1
1. Given a 350-turn coil whose length is
equal to 400 mm and the radius is equal
to 0.3 cm with a current of 1.5 A flowing
through it. What is the flux density inside
the coil if r = 3000? Also, calculate the
inductance of the coil.
TRANSFORMER
Transformers
Devices made up of two or more coils coupled
together through a common magnetic flux path which
can step-up or step-down an AC voltage or current.
The turns ratio of the primary to secondary determines
the output versus the input. Input power is ideally
equal to output power, voltage ratio is inversely
proportional to the current ratio.
Any change in voltage in the primary will induce a
specific amount of flux to flow through the core which,
in turn, induces a proportional change in voltage in the
secondary. (Amperes & Faradays Law)
A magnetic flux path is provided by the iron plates,
thereby coupling both the primary winding and the
secondary winding.
Output is isolated from the input.
Coupling Coefficient, K
Given that the primary coil and secondary coil have
their own (self) inductance, these can be related to
the mutual inductance. The coupling coefficient K of
a transformer is defined as:
K = M/(L
1
L
2
) < 1
where:
L
1
= self inductance of the primary
L
2
= self inductance of the secondary
M = mutual inductance between coils
K = 1 (ideal transformer, perfect
coupling)
Current going into the dotted primary
terminal is transformed and goes out of the
secondary terminal.
Transformer
Vp primary voltage
Vs secondary voltage
Np primary winding
Ns secondary winding
Ip primary current
Is secondary current
a turns ratio
Lp primary inductance
Ls secondary inductance
Problem
A certain electrical distribution system was used to
deliver power to a household load via transmission
lines with a total resistance of 1k. If the output
power was measured to be 220 Vrms while powering
a 1 kW resistive load, what must be the RMS voltage
at the power source?