Upoznavanje sa pomonim glagolima

Postoje tri klase glagola u engleskom jeziku.

1. pomoni glagoli do, be i have
Oni se koriste za pravljenje vremena, kao i da pokau upitni i odrini oblik.
2. modalni pomoni glagoli
Must, can, should, might, will i would su primeri modalnih pomonih glagola. Oni
pomau drugim glagolima, ali za razliku od do, be i have, imaju svoja znaenja.
3. glavni glagoli
Ovo su svi ostali glagoli u jeziku, kao npr. play, run, want, help itd.
Do, be i have se takoe mogu koristiti kao glavni glagoli sa svojim znaenjem.

Vremena i pomoni glagoli

Kada se do, be i have koriste kao pomoni glagoli, oni prave razliite glagolske oblike.

do
U prostom sadanjem i prostom prolom vremenu nema pomonog glagola, pa se do,
does i did koriste za pravljenje upitnog i odrinog oblika (sem sa be i have got).
Where do you live?
He doesnt like his job.
What did she buy?
She didnt buy anything.

be
1. Be + glagol + -ing se koristi za pravljenje trajnih vremena. Ovaj glagolski oblik se
koristi za opisivanje aktivnosti koje su u toku ili koje su privremene.
Shes washing her hair.
They were going to the cinema.
Ive been learning English for two years.
2. Be + proli particip se koristi za pravljenje pasiva.
Paper is made from wood.
My car was stolen last night.
The house has been redecorated.

have
Have + proli particip se koristi za pravljenje perfect vremena.
He has worked in 5 different countries.
She was crying because she had had some bad news.
Id like to have met Napoleon.
Perfect znai pre, pa Present Perfect znai pre sadanjeg trenutka, a Past Perfect znai
pre odreenog trenutka u prolosti.


Negacija i pomoni glagoli

Negacija se pravi dodavanjem nt na pomoni glagol. Ako nema pomonog glagola,
koristimo dont/doesnt/didnt.
He isnt working.
I wasnt thinking.
We havent seen the play.
She doesnt work in a bank.
They dont like skiing.
She didnt go on holiday.

Upitni oblik i pomoni glagoli

Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. Ako nema pomonog
glagola, koristi se do/does/did.
What is she wearing?
Why arent you working?
Where were you born?
Has Tom been to Japan?

Kratki odgovori i pomoni glagoli

Kratki odgovori su veoma uobiajeni u govoru. Ako kaete yes ili no, to moe zvuati
nepristojno. Zato se koriste kratki odgovori nakon yes ili no. Da biste napravili kratak odgovor,
ponovite pomoni glagol.
Are you coming with me? Yes, I am.
Have you had dinner? No, I havent.
Dont forget to write. No, I wont.

Sadanje prosto vreme
Present Simple Tense

Sadanje vreme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvek stavljaju
line zamenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak
"-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought to -
trebati.

Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vreme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika,
ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi
ri:dz).

Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice jednine nastavkom "-es": he
dresses, he teaches.

Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad ispred "y" stoji suglasnik, menjaju "y" u
"i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries).

Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola, bez predloga "to":

I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write

Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola, bez predloga "to".
You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?)

Sadanje prosto vreme se upotrebljava:

-da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim);

-da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: Fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi);

-da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always get up early (uvek ustajem rano);

-da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as
engleskog tri puta nedeljno).

Prilozi uestalosti

1. Obino koristimo priloge uestalosti sa sadanjim vremenom.
never rarely not often sometimes often usually always
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2. Oni stoje ispred glavnog glagola, ali iza glagola be.
I usually start work at 8.00.
He is never late.
3. Sometimes i usually mogu stajati ili na poetku ili na kraju reenice.
Sometimes we play cards. We play card sometimes.
Usually I go shopping with friends. I go shopping with friends usually.
Never, always, rarely i seldom se ne mogu pomerati na ovaj nain.
4. Every day itd. stoji na kraju reenice.
She phones me every night.


Sadanje trajno vreme
Present Continuous Tense

prezent glagola "to be" + sadanji particip glavnog glagola

I am speaking (ja govorim) we are speaking
you are speaking you are speaking
he, she, it is speaking they are speaking
Sadanji particip se pravi dodavanjem nastavka "-ing" glagolu. Meutim, ponekad
moramo malo da promenimo re, verovatno udvostruimo ili izostavimo jedno slovo.

Izuzetak 1
Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal zadnje slovo se udvostruava:
run > running
stop > stopping
begin > beginning

Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola:
open > opening

Izuzetak 2
Ako glagol zavrava na ie, menjamo ie u y:
lie > lying
die > dying

Izuzetak 3
Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e:
come > coming
mistake > mistaking

Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vreme) se upotrebljava:

-da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo:
I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)

Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se
deavati posle trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:

-da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi
always, constantly, forever itd:
The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan)
You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvek se alite na svoju tatu)
-da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u budunosti:
I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa devojkom)

Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku.
- glagoli oseanja (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can':
I can see... (mogu da vidim) itd.

- * Ovi glagoli se mogu koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:

This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, oseaj
kvaliteta broda)
John's feeling much better now. (Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se
poboljava);

She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posedovanje)
She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);

I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Antonija u bati, percepcija)
I'm seeing Anthony later. (naiu se sa Antonijem kasnije, planiramo susret)


Glagoli koji opisuju stanja (state verbs)

1. Postoje odreene grupe glagola koje se koriste obino samo sa sadanjim prostim
vremenom, zato to su njihova znaenja povezana sa stanjima koja predstavljaju
injenice, a ne aktivnosti. Grupe glagola su sledee:

Glagoli razmiljanja i miljenja: believe, agree, mean, think, doubt, imagine, understand,
know, realize, suppose, remember, deserve, expect, forget, prefer

Glagoli emocija i oseanja: like, love, hate, care, hope, wish, want, admit
Glagoli posedovanja i postojanja: belong, own, have, possess, contain, cost, seem,
appear, need, depend on, weigh, come from, resemble

Glagoli ula: look, hear, taste, smell, feel

2. Neki od ovih glagola se mogu koristiti sa sadanjim trajnim vremenom, ali im se menja
znaenje. Oni u trajnom vremenu izraavaju aktivnost, ne stanje.
I think you are right. (opinion)
Were thinking of going to the cinema. (mental activity)
She has a lot of money. (possession)
Shes having a bad day. (activity)


Pasiv

to be + proli particip

1. U pasivu se fokus pomera sa subjekta na objekat aktivne reenice.
Alfred Hitchcock directed Psycho in 1960.
Psycho was directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
Pasiv ne predstavlja samo drugi nain izraavanja iste reenice u aktivu. Biramo aktiv ili
pasiv u zavisnosti od toga za ta smo vie zainteresovani. U prvoj reenici smo vie
zainteresovani za Alfreda Hikoka, dok je u drugoj fokus na filmu.
2. By i vrilac radnje se esto izostavljaju iz reenice u pasivu kada je onaj koji vri radnju:
- nepoznat: His house was robbed last night.
- nevaan: This building was built in 1886.
- oigledan: He was arrested.
3. Pasiv se povezuje sa formalnim stilom. esto se koristi u obavetenjima i objavama.
Customers are requested to refrain from smoking.
4. U neformalnom jeziku, esto koristimo you, we i they kada govorimo o ljudima generalno
ili ni o kome posebno. Na ovaj nain moemo izbei upotrebu pasiva.
You can buy stamps in lots of shops.
We speak English in this shop.
They are building a new department store.


Prolo svreno vreme
Past Simple Tense

Da bi napravili prolo svreno vreme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola.

a) potvrdna reenica:
subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu)
I lived in that house when I was young. (iveo sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad)
She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole nedelje)

b) odrina reenica:
subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola
He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film)
Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedeljka)

c) upitna reenica:
preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola
Did you play tennis last week? (jesi li igrao tenis prole nedelje)
Did he watch TV last night? (da li je gledao TV sino)

Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik.

I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu)
You did not go to London.
He did not go to London. itd.

Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta
i glagola.

I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here?
You were here. - were you here?

Ako se glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji
samoglasnik se udvostruava:
plan - planned
skip - skipped

Krajnje "l" se uvek udvostruava:
level - levelled
call - called

Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, "y" menja u "i":
worry - worried
cry - cried

Prosto prolo vreme koristimo:

-da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa
sadanjou:
I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);

-da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili deca);

-kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode:
It's time they were back. (vreme je da se vrate)
I wish I had a new computer. (voleo bih da imam novi kompjuter)

-u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vreme (slaganje vremena):
The policeman told me I drove too fast. (policajac mi je rekao da sam prebrzo vozio)

Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme,
a ne sloeno sadanje vreme (present perfect tense).
Prolo trajno vreme
Past Continuous Tense

prolo vreme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola

She was reading. (ona je itala)
We were playing. (mi smo igrali)

Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei not:
She was not reading - She wasn't reading.

Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom:
Was she playing?
Were we playing?

Prolo trajno vreme se upotrebljava:

-da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom
vremenu. Obino pria poinje prolim trajnim vremenom, a zatim se nastavlja prostim prolim
vremenom, npr:

"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard.
Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box...";

-da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja:
I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se
alarm oglasio);
I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)

-da se izrazi promena miljenja:

I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead.
(mislio sam da provedem dan na plai ali sam odluio da odem na izlet)

-za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno:

The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. (deca su se igrala dok
njihove majke avrljale)

-u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit:

I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da sa njom razgovara o
njenoj erki).

Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit.





Past Simple ili Past Continuous?

1. Nekada moemo koristiti ili jedno ili drugo vreme. Past Simple se fokusira na prolu
aktivnost kao jednostavnu injenicu. Past Continuous se fokusira na trajanje prolih
situacija ili aktivnosti.
I didn't see you at the party last night.
No, I was watching football at home.
2. Pitanja u Past Simple i Past Continuous vremenima se odnose na razliite vremenske
periode. Past Continuous pita za aktivnosti pre, dok Past Simple pita za ono to se desilo
posle.
What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studying.
What did Peter do when the war broke out? He went home to his parents.


Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme)
Past Perfect Tense

subjekat + prolo vreme od glagola "to have" + proli particip glavnog glagola

U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo re not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu
reenicu pravimo inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola.

Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava:

-da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila pre neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoe
izraava radnju za koju se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke druge
radnje:

We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili pre nego to je on doao)
The train left at 9 a.m. We arrived at 9.15 a.m. The train had left when we arrived.
(voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)

-u zavisnim reenicama uz after:
He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao
kosu);

-iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da).
Past Perfect se koristi da se izrazi neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti:
I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo)
If only you had sent me SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS)
He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u
NBA)


Prola vremena u pasivu

Past Simple Passive was/were + proli particip
Past Continuous Passive was/were being + proli particip
Past Perfect Passive had been + proli particip

Upotreba je ista u pasivu, kao i u aktivu.
Modalni pomoni glagoli

Ovo su modalni pomoni glagoli: can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to,
will i would.
Sledee im je zajedniko:
1. Oni pomau drugom glagolu. Oblik glagola je infinitiv bez to. Osim ought to.
She can drive.
I must get my hair cut.
2. Ne postoji do/does u pitanjima.
Can she sing?
Should I go home now?
3. Oblik je isti za sva lica. Ne postoji nastavak s za tree lice jednine.
He can dance very well.
She should try harder.
It will rain soon.
4. Negacija se gradi dodavanjem nt. Ne postoji dont/doesnt.
I wouldnt like to be a teacher.
You mustnt steal.

Napomena: will not = wont
It wont rain tomorrow.
5. Veina modalnih glagola se odnosi na sadanjost i budunost.
Samo can ima oblik za prolost koji glasi could.
I could swim when I was three.
6. Nemaju infinitiv ni ing oblik. Drugi izrazi se koriste.
Id love to be able to ski.
I hate having to get up on cold, winter morning.

Napomena
Could se koristi u prolom vremenu kada se govori o sposobnosti.
I could swim when I was three.

Kada se govori o sposobnosti u jednoj odreenoj prilici, koristi se was able to/ managed
to.
The prisoner was able to/managed to escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison.

1. modalni glagoli izraavaju nae stavove, miljenja i procene nekog dogaaja.
Whos that knocking on the door?
It could/may/might/must should/cant/ll be Tom.
2. svaki modalni glagol ima bar dva znaenja. Jedna upotreba svih njih je da se izrazi
mogunost ili verovatnoa.
I must post this letter! (obaveza)
You must be tired. (verovatnoa)
Could you help me? (zahtev)
We could go to Paris on holiday. (mogunost)







Modalni glagoli koji izraavaju obavezu ili dozvolu

have (got) to

Have to nije modalni glagol.
1. have to izraava snanu obavezu. To je obaveza koja se zasniva na zakonu ili pravilu, ili
na autoritetu druge osobe. Nije lina.
Childen have to go to school until they are 16. (zakon)
Mum says you have to clean your room. (nareenje majke)
2. have got to je uobiajeno u britanskom engleskom, ali je neformalnije od have to.
Ive got to go now. See you!
Dont go to bed late. Weve got to get up early tomorrow.
3. have to izraava obavezu koja se ponavlja.
I always have to tell my parents where Im going.
have got to izraava obavezu koja se desila jednom posebnom prilikom.
Ive got to get up early tomorrow to catch a bus.

can i be allowed to

Can je modalni glagol.
Can i be allowed izraavaju dozvolu. Can je vie neformalan i koristi se u govoru.
You can borrow my bike, but you cant have the car.
He isnt allowed to park here.

should, ought to i must

Should, ought to i must su modalni glagoli.
1. should i ought to izraavaju blagu obavezu, predlog ili savet. Oni izraavaju ono to je po
miljenju govornika prava ili najbolja stvar koju treba uraditi. Obino ih koristimo sa I
think/dont think
I think you should spend less.
You shouldnt sit so close to television.
You ought to be more careful with your money.
2. Should I/she/we? se moe koristiti. Obino koristimo Do you think?
Should I try to eat less?
Do you think I should see a doctor?
3. must, kao i have to izraava snanu obavezu. Must izraava obavezu koja ukljuuje
miljenje govornika.
I must get my hair cut. (govorim sama sebi)
You must go and visit your grandparents. (roditelj govori detetu)
4. must se takoe povezuje sa formalnim, pisanim stilom.
All visitors must shoe proper ID.
Books must be returned on time.


have to i must, dont have to i mustnt

1. have to i must nekad mogu zameniti jedan drugog
I must be home by midnight. I have to be home by midnight.
Ali have to se koristi ee od must. Ako niste sigurni koji da upotrebite, verovatno je
sigurnije da upotrebite have to.
2. Must I...? se moe koristiti, ali pitanja koja se prave sa have to su ea.
Do I have to do what you say?
3. have to ima sve oblike, dok must nema.
I had to work until midnight last night.
Youll have to study hard when you go to university.
Shes never had to do any work.
I hate having to get up early.
If you were a nurse, you would have to wear uniform.
4. dont have to i mustnt su potpuno razliiti.
- dont have to izraava odsustvo obaveze.
When you go into a shop, you dont have to buy anything.
- mustnt izraava da je veoma vano da se neto ne uradi.
You mustnt drive if youve been drinking.

can, could, will i would

Can, could, will i would su modalni glagoli. Koristimo ih kad neto traimo.
Could je malo formalniji, dok je can neformalniji. Could I? i Could you? su veoma
korisni jer se mogu upotrebiti u mnogim razliitim situacijama.
Can I ask you a question?
Could you pass the salt, please?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
Will you help me, please?

will i shall/should

Will i shall/should su modalni glagoli. Koristimo ih kad neto nudimo.
Skraeni oblik od will se koristi da izrazi nameru, odluku ili ponudu datu u trenutku
govora.
Come over after school. Ill make lunch for you.
Give me your suitcase, Ill carry it for you.

U mnogim jezicima se za ovo koristi prezent, ali ne i u engleskom.
Ill give you my number. NOT I give you my number.

Shall/should? se koristi u pitanjima sa prvim licem jednine i mnoine. Koristimo ih kada
elimo da izrazimo ponudu, predlog ili kad traimo savet.
Shall I carry your bag for you?
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
What shall we do?

Should koristimo kada elimo da damo predlog.
What should we do tonight?


will/going to i Present Continuous

U engleskom jeziku ima nekoliko oblika koji se mogu koristiti kada elimo da govorimo o
budunosti. Will, going to i Present Continuous su neki od njih. Razlika izmeu njih nije
bliska ili dalja budunost, niti sigurnost. Govornik bira koji oblik e izabrati u zavisnosti od toga
kako vidi budui dogaaj. Da li je to plan, odluka, namera, ponuda, predvianje ili dogovor?
Napomena
Izbegavamo da kaemo going to come ili going to go. Umesto toga kaemo:
Were coming tomorrow.
When are you going home?

Planovi, odluke i namere (will i going to)

will
Will se koristi kao modalni glagol da izrazi odluku, nameru ili ponudu datu u trenutku
govora.

going to
Going to se koristi da izrazi budui plan, odluku ili nameru koja se desila pre trenutka
govora.

injenice i predvianja (will i going to)

will
Najee se will koristi kao pomoni glagol kako bi se prikazalo budue vreme. Izraava
buduu injenicu ili predvianje. Naziva se ista budunost ili Future Simple.
Well be away for three weeks.

Kad will koristimo za predvianje, to moe biti zasnovano vie na miljenju nego na
injenici.
I dont think Tom will do very well in his exams. He doesnt do any work.

going to
Going to takoe moe da izrazi predvianje, posebno kada je zasnovano na trenutnoj
injenici. Sada postoji dokaz da e se neto desiti sigurno.
Shes going to have a baby.

Nekada nema nikakve razlike izmeu will i going to.


Dogovori (Present Continuous)

Present Continuous moe da se koristi za dogovor vezan za budunost. Obino se
odnosi na blisku budunost.
Were going out with Mary tonight.
What are we having for dinner?

Nekada nema nikakve razlike izmeu dogovora ( Present Continuous) i namere (going to).
We are going to get married in the spring.
We are getting married in the spring.


Like

Like moe biti i glagol i predlog.
Like kao glagol moe biti praen sa ing ili to, nekad sa promenom znaenja.
I like going out at the weekend.
I like to sit in a hot bath and read.

Like kao glagol ima osobu kao subjekat:
Do you like fish?

Like kao predlog ima objekat iza sebe:
She's wearing a hat like mine.

what...like?

What is/are/was/were...like? se koristi kada pitamo za stalnu prirodu ljudi i stvari. Na ovaj
nain pitamo za neki opis ili poreenje.
What's the film like?
What are the new students like?

Pazite! Kada se trai opis, u odgovoru se ne koristi like.
What's London like? It's big and interesting.
NOT It's like big...
Meutim, kada neto poredimo, moemo koristiti like u odgovoru. U ovom
sluaju like znai slian/isti.
What's London like? It's like New York, but without the tall buildings.


Odnosne (relativne) reenice

1. Relativne reenice koristimo kada elimo da kaemo o kojoj osobi ili stvari govorimo.
Pomou njih je mogue dati vie informacija o osobi ili stvari o kojoj govorimo.
The book is very good.
The book that I bought yesterday is very good.
2. Who koristimo kada govorimo o ljudima (takoe moemo koristiti that).
The book is about the girl who gets lost.
That koristimo kada govorimo o stvarima (takoe moemo koristiti which).
What was the name of the dog that won the race?
3. Kada su who ili that objekat relativne reenice, mogu se izostaviti.
The person you need to talk to is on holiday.
Ali kada su subjekat relativne reenice, ne mogu se izostaviti.
I want a telephone that is easy to use.
4. Which moe da se koristi za celu prethodnu reenicu ili ideju.
I passed all my exams, which surprised everyone.
5. Whose koristimo kada govorimo o onome to nekome pripada.
That's the man whose dog ran away.
6. Where koristimo kada govorimo o mestima.
We went back to the place where we first met.






Sloeno sadanje vreme
Present Perfect Simple Tense

pomoni glagol "to have" + proli particip glavnog glagola

Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti,
tano vreme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da smo vie zainteresovani za rezultat
radnje nego za samu radnju.
Present Perfect znai pre sadanjeg trenutka. Kada bismo rekli kada se radnja odvija
morali bismo da upotrebimo prolo vreme (past simple tense).


Sloeno sadanje vreme se koristi:

-da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti:
I have lived in Belgrade since 1980. (ivim u Beogradu od 1980-te, i jo uvek ivim);

-da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje:
I have been to Paris this week. (ove nedelje sam putovao u Pariz, nedelja jo nije
zavrena);

-da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan:
I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);

-uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since,
for:
Have you ever been to Serbia? (jeste li ikada bili u Srbiji?);

-da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''):
The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).

Pazite na been i gone.
She's been to the United States. (iskustvo-nije sada tamo)
He's gone to the United States. (trenutno stanje-sada je tamo)


Present Perfect ili Past Simple?

1. Present Perfect koristimo za nesvrene radnje, Past Simple za one koje su zavrene.
I've lived in Texas for six years. ( jo uvek ivim tamo)
I lived in Texas for six years. (vie ne ivim tamo)

2. Vidimo da se Present Perfect odnosi na neodreeno vreme, dok se Past Simple odnosi na
odreeno vreme, to moemo primetiti po izrazima za vreme koji se koriste sa njima.
Present Perfect indefinite: for, since, before, recently, already, yet...
Past Simple definite: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1989, when I was young, for
a long time, at 7 o'clock...


Present Perfect Simple Passive

has/have been + proli particip

Upotrebljava se isto kao u aktivu.
Three million cars have been produced so far this year.
Has he ever be made redundant?


Frazalni glagoli

Postoje 4 tipa frazalnih glagola.

Tip 1
Glagol + reca (bez objekta)
a He put his coat and went out.
b She didn't put enough wood on the fire and it went out.

U prvoj reenici, glagol i reca su upotrebljeni bukvalno, dok u drugoj predstavljaju
idiomatski izraz. Go out znai ugasiti se.

Tip 2
Glagol + reca + objekat (odvojeno)
a I put up the picture.
b I put up my sister for the night.

U prvoj reenici, glagol i reca su upotrebljeni bukvalno, dok u drugoj predstavljaju
idiomatski izraz. Put up znai primiti nekoga obino na jednu no ili par dana.
Tip 2 se moe odvojiti. Objekat (imenica ili zamenica) moe stajati izmeu glagola i rece.
I put up my sister.
I put my sister up.

Ako je objekat zamenica, ona uvek ide izmeu glagola i rece.
I put her up.

Tip 3
Glagol + reca + objekat (neodvojiv)
a She came across the room.
b He came across an old friend.

U prvoj reenici, glagol i reca su upotrebljeni bukvalno, dok u drugoj predstavljaju
idiomatski izraz. Come across znai sluajno sresti.
Tip 3 je neodvojiv. Objekat (imenica ili zamenica) uvek ide posle rece.
I'm looking for Tom.
She takes after her mother.

Tip 4
Glagol + reca + reca

I get along very well with my sister.
How can you put up with that noise?

Tip 4 frazalnih glagola je skoro uvek idiomatski. Objekat ne moe da menja mesto. Ne
moe da stoji ispred ili izmeu reca.


Nulti kondicional

Nulti kondicional se ne odnosi samo na sadanjost ili budunost. On izraava situaciju koja
je uvek istinita. If u ovom sluaju znai when ili whenever.
If you spend over $100 at that supermarket, you get a five per cent discount.


Prvi kondicional

Prvi kondicional se gradi na sledei nain:
If + Present Simple, will + infinitiv bez to

If I work hard, I will pass my exams. (Ako vredno uim, poloiu ispite.)
Ill pass my exams if I work hard.

Uslovna ili if reenica moe stajati na poetku ili na kraju. Ako stoji na poetku posle nje
stavljamo zarez. Ako stoji na kraju, ne stavljamo zarez.

- prvi kondicional se koristi da izrazi mogui uslov i verovatan rezultat u budunosti.
If you give me money, I will buy new shoes.
Youll get wet if you dont take an umbrella.

Napomena:
- u engleskom jeziku se koristi sadanje vreme u uslovnoj reenici, ne oblik za budunost.
If it rains NE If it will rain
- if pokazuje mogunost da e se neto desiti, a when ono to govornik smatra da e se
sigurno desiti.
If I find your book, Ill send it to you.
When I get home, Ill have a cup of tea.
- if se moe zameniti sa unless ili in case.
Unless I hear from you, Ill come at 7.00.
Ill take my umbrella in case it rains.


Drugi kondicional

Drugi kondicional se gradi na sledei nain:
If + Past Simple, would + infinitiv bez to

Would = d

If I worked hard, I would pass my exams. (Kad bi vredno uio, poloio bih ispite.)
Id pass my exams if I worked hard.

Uslovna ili if reenica moe stajati na poetku ili na kraju. Ako stoji na poetku posle nje
stavljamo zarez. Ako stoji na kraju, ne stavljamo zarez.
Were se esto koristi umesto was u uslovnoj reenici.
If I were you, Id go to bed.
If she were cleverer, shed know she was making a mistake.
- drugi kondicional se koristi da izrazi nerealanu ili neverovatnu situaciju ili uslov i njegov
mogu rezultat u sadanjosti ili budunosti. Uslov je nerealan jer se razlikuje od
injenica. Uvek moemo rei ali...
If I were a Prime Minister, Id increase tax for rich people. But Im not Prime
Minister. (Kad bih ja bio Premijer, poveao bih porez za bogate ljude. Ali nisam Premijer.)
If I lived in a big house, I would have a party. (but I live in a small house)
- drugi modalni glagoli se mogu upotrebiti umesto would.
You could buy some new clothes if you had some money.
- if I were you, Id se koristi za davanje saveta.
If I were you, Id apologize to her.

Napomena:
- upotreba prolog vremena (if I had) i would se ne odnosi na prolo vreme. I prvi i drugi
kondicional se odnose na sadanjost i budunost. Oblici glagola u prolom vremenu se
koriste da bi pokazali da se ovo razlikuje od realnog stanja.
If I win the tennis match, Ill be happy. (mislim da imam dobre anse da pobedim)
If I won the thousand pounds, Id buy (mislim da ih neu osvojiti)
- would se ne koristi u uslovnoj reenici.
If the weather was nice NOT If the weather would be nice

I prvi i drugi kondicional se odnose na sadanjost i budunost. Razlika je u verovatnoi, ne
u vremenu. Obino je jasno koji kondicional treba upotrebiti. Prvi kondicional je realan i mogu,
dok drugi kondicional izraava situacije koje se verovatno nikada nee dogoditi.


So do I! Neither do I!

Kada koristimo So/Neither I da se sa neim sloimo ili ne, ponavljamo pomone
glagole. Ukoliko nema pomonog glagola, koristimo do/does/did.
Slaganje:
I like chocolate. So do I.
I can swim. So can I.

I dont lke working. Neither do I.
I cant drive. Neither can I.
Neslaganje:
I dont like Tom. I do.
I can speak English. I cant.

too i either/neither

Pomou too i either/neither pokazujemo da se slaemo sa nekim
drugim. Sa too i either ponavljamo pomoni glagol ili, ako nema pomonog glagola
koristimo do/does/did.
I like ice-cream. I do,too./ Me too.
I cant play the piano. I cant, either./ Me neither.
Nesvreni perfekt
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + sadanji particip glavnog glagola

I have been playing.
You have been working.

Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Have I been playing?
Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei "not": I have not been playing.

U pisanju se esto upotrebljavaju skraenice:
I have been - I've been itd.

Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo:

-da izrazimo radnju koja se nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino sada imamo neku
posledicu:
I'm tired because I've been running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao)
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?)
You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumete (sada), jer niste
sluali).

-da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom
sluaju esto se koriste for i since:
I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvek itam)
How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? jo ga ui)
We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo).

Uz Present Perfect Continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".
For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 nedelja, 20 godina.
Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo perfekt uz for, a ako je to
razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit).

Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osea dobro ve dve nedelje)
ali
Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro oseala
dve nedelje, a sada se osea dobro).

Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara,
u petak
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata)
I've been watching TV since 7 p.m. (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne)
Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posetila od marta)

For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect
vremenima.

Present Perfect Simple ili Continuous

1. Simple se koristi za radnju koja se zavrila.
I've painted the bedroom, and now I'm doing the bathroom.
Continuous se koristi da opie radnju koja traje neki period i ono to se desilo tokom te
radnje.
I'm tired because I've been running.
2. Neki glagoli nemaju osobinu trajanja, npr. find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop, pa se
obino koriste u simple vremenu.
Neki glagoli imaju osobinu trajanja, npr. wait, work, play, try, learn, rain, pa se obino
koriste u continuous vremenu.


Vremenske odrednice

Evo nekih izraza za vreme koji se koriste sa odreenim vremenima.

Past Simple
I lived in London for five years.
I saw Mary two days ago.
They met during the war.
She got married while she was at university.

Present Perfect
We've been married for six years.
They've been living in New York since June.

Future
We're going on holiday for a few days.
The class ends in 15 minutes.
I'll be home in an hour.

in: September, 1982, summer, the holidays, the 1950ss, the 19th century
on: Monday, Monday morning, 28 July, Christmas Day, holiday
at: 8 o'clock, the end of December, Christmas, the age of five, lunch-time


Indirektan govor

Uobiajeno pravilo je da se glagol pomera jedno vreme unazad.

Direktan govor Indirektan govor

Present Past
I love you He said he loved me.
Im going out now Tom said he was going out.

Present Perfect Past Perfect
Weve met before She said theyd met before.

Past Simple Past Perfect
We met in 1982 She said theyd met in 1982.


Will Would
Ill mend it for you She said that she would mend it for me.

Can Could
I can swim He said he could swim.

May Might
I may come She said she might come.

Napomena:
Obratite panju na upotrebu say/tell.
Say + (that)
She said (that) they were happy together.
Tell + person (that)
He told me (that) he loved Mary.

Promene vremena nema
- ako je glagol u sadanjem vremenu (npr. says, asks)
The train will be late.
He says the train will be late.
- ako se govori o neemu to je jo uvek tano
I hate football.
I told him I hate football.

Red rei u upitnim reenicama u indirektnom govoru je drugaiji. Nema inverzije subjekta
i pomonog glagola i nema do/does/did.
Why have you come here?
I asked him why he had come here.

Napomena:
- ne koristimo upitnik u pitanjima u indirektnom govoru
- ne koristimo say u pitanjima u indirektnom govoru
He said, How old are you?
He asked me how old I am.
- ako nema upitne rei, koristi se if ili whether

Za naredbe, zahteve, ponude i savete u indirektnom govoru koristimo
glagol + osoba + to + infinitiv
He told me to go away.
She asked me to look after her cat.
Za zabranu, not ide ispred to.
She told me not to tell anyone.