Abdoulaye Mamadie Sylla, Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Member, IEEE

Abstract-- This paper presents maximum power control of

doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based grid-connected
wind energy system. The control system used a combination of
MPPT method with pitch control to extract maximum power
from the wind turbine. PWM hysteresis controller is used to
control the back to back converter which output is connected to
the utility grid through a multivariable filter. The overall wind
system is theoretically analyzed and modeled in Matlab/
Simulink/ SimPowerSystems environment. The grid-connected
wind systems performances are evaluated.

Index Terms-- Wind turbine, DFIG, vector control, MPPT,
multivariable filter.
I. INTRODUCTION
uring the last decades, wind energy knew a strong growth
because of its advantages for the environment,
technological breakthroughs and subsidies programs from
governments [1]. This increase of installed wind power will
have growing impact on utility networks because of the
important range of the variation of wind speeds. To maximize
the output wind power, the speed of the turbine must be
adjusted accordingly to wind speed [2]. This is reason why,
medium and high power wind systems connected to utility
networks, operate generally in variable speed mode.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is one of the most
popular wind generators. DFIG wind system provides many
advantages:
The back to back converter used in the rotors circuit is
smaller (around one third of the generators rated power)
There are less losses in semiconductors
The control system can be operated to compensate reactive
power and currents harmonic at the point of common
coupling (PCC) [2]-[7].
This paper presents the interconnection study of a DFIG
wind system with utility grid. A maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) method is derived and coupled with the wind
turbine pitch control. Then, active and reactive powers control
method is developed and hysteresis based Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) strategy is implemented to control the
back to back converter. A multivariable filter is designed and
integrated to increase the systems power quality at the PCC.
Finally, the overall wind systems model is developed and
implemented in Matlab / Simulink / SimPowerSystems to

Industrial Electronics Research Group.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Universit du Qubec Trois-Rivieres.
PO Box 500, Trois-Rivieres, (Qc), Canada.
A. M. Sylla (e-mail: Abdoulayemamadie.Sylla@uqtr.ca).
M. L. Doumbia (e-mail: Mamadou.Doumbia@uqtr.ca).
validate the systems performances.
II. WIND TURBINE MODELLING
The mechanical torque developed by the wind turbine is
given by :
I
1
=
P
T
U
T
=
1
2
pnR
P
3
c
p
(x,[)
U
T
I
2
(1)
Where R
p
- blades length (m); V - winds speed (m/s); - air
density (kg/m
3
);
T
wind turbine angular speed (rad/s); C
p

power coefficient and P
T
wind turbine aerodynamic power
(W).
Power coefficient C
p
is a function of the tip speed ratio
and the blades angle () (Fig. 1). In this paper, the blades
angle is calculated by the equation (2) [5] :
c
p
(z, [) = u.S1u9 [
116
x
i
- u.4[ - S c
-21x
i
+u.uu68z (2)
z

is a parameter which depends also on and :

1
\

=
1
\+0.08
-
0.035

3
+1
(3)
The tip speed ratio is :
=
R

T
V
(4)

Fig. 1. Power coefficient variation as function of tip speed ratio and blades
angle
The dynamic equation of the wind turbine is [6]:
[
u
dU
m
dt
= I
u
- I
cm
-0
m
(5)
with :
_
[
u
=
]
T
M
2
I
u
=
1
T
M
0
m
= H0
1
(6)

m
Mechanical speed of the DFIG (rad/s); M Gear box
ration; J
ar
Systems total inertia (Kg.m); J
T
- Blades inertia;
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
lambda
C
p


bta=0
bta=5
bta=10
bta=15
bta=20
bta=30
Maximum Power Control of Grid-connected
DFIG-Based Wind Systems
D
2012 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference
978-1-4673-2080-1/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 267

T
T
and T
ar
Wind turbine torque referred respectively to high
speed and low speed axis (N.m); T
em
Electromagnetic torque
and f- friction coefficient (N.m/s).
III. WIND TURBINE OPTIMAL CONTROL
A. Speed Feedback-Based MPPT Control
To maximize the wind generators power, the turbines
speed must be adjusted continuously according to the winds
speed. This can be obtained for optimal value of the tip speed
ratio =
opt
(
opt
= 8.1, C
pmax
= u.47S, = u) as shown in
Fig. 1. The feedback speed control aims to control the
electromagnetic torque of the DFIG in order to maintain its
speed to a reference value. Fig. 2 shows the MPPT control
scheme with speed feedback [8], [9].

V
R
t P

=
2 3
2
1
V C R T
P P
t
t

=
m t
M
=
1
t m
T
M
T
1
=
P
opt
tref
R
V
= tref mref
M =
f JP+
1
PI
opt

V
m

mref
T

Fig. 2. Speed feedback-based MPPT control
The reference electromagnetic torque T
mrcI
is obtained at
the output of proportional integral (PI) controller. This torque
permits to set the rotational speed
m
to its reference value

mrcI
which depends to the optimal speed (
trcI
) that allow
to extract maximum power. The mechanical torque T
m
is
considered as a perturbation.
B. Blades Angle Control (Pitch Control)
The blades angle control is used essentially to limit wind
turbine mechanical speed. The blades are rotated by the Pitch
control mechanism which calculates the torque to be applied
to the blades to orientate them at angle
rcI
. (Fig. 3). The
control principle can described by a first order model [10] :
[(P)
1
rc]
-1
c
=
1
]
pz
.P+]
p
(7)
Where :
I
c
Torque.
I
c]
Reference torque applied to the blades.
[
pz
Blades inertia on longitudinal axis Z.

p
Friction coefficient.
p pz
f pJ +
1
P
1
c
T
ref
T ref

T
P
nom
P
Fig. 3. Blade control scheme
Mechanical rated power is used to calculate the reference
value of the blades angle
rcI
.
IV. DFIG MODELLING
Park and Concordia transformations were applied to
describe the DFIG dq model represented by the equations [3],
[11], [12] :
`
1
1
1
1
I
ds
= R
s
I
ds
+
d
dt

ds
-
s

qs
I
qs
= R
s
I
qs
+
d
dt

qs
+
s

ds
I
d
= R

I
d
+
d
dt

d
-

q
I
q
= R

I
q
+
d
dt

q
+

d
(8)
The fluxes equations are :
`
1
1

ds
= I
s
I
ds
+ HI
d

qs
= I
s
I
qs
+ HI
q

d
= I

I
d
+HI
ds

q
= I

I
q
+ HI
qs
(9)
Where R
s
, R
r
, L
s
, L
r
and M represent respectively the per
phase stator and rotor windings resistance, leakage flux, and
mutual inductance.
In dq axis, the electromagnetic torque can be expressed as
the cross product of the current and the flux.
I
cm
= p
M
L
s
(I
q

ds
-I
d

qs
) (10)
Stator active and reactive powers of the induction machine
are written as [10] :
_
P
s
= I
ds
I
ds
+ I
qs
I
qs

s
= I
qs
I
ds
- I
ds
I
qs
(11)
V. ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER BASED VECTOR CONTROL
The method is based on the control of the rotational angle
used in the Park transformation. This angle is chosen such as
the rotor flux totally oriented on direct d axis, so the
qs
= u
Then,
ds
=
s
[3], [11]. Eq. (10 ) becomes :
I
cm
= p
M
L
s
I
q

ds
(12)
For constant flux
ds
= const operation conditions
(which is the case when the stator is connected to a stable
grid), the electromagnetic torque and then active power
depends only on rotor current on q axis. For medium and high
power range machines used in wind systems, the stator
resistance can be neglected. In addition with constant stators
flux operation, the following equations can be derived [11],
[12].
_
I
ds
= u ; I
qs
= I
s
=
s

ds
= I
s
I
ds
+ HI
d ;

q
= I

I
q
+ HI
qs

qs
= u = I
s
I
qs
+ HI
q
;
d
= I

I
d
+HI
ds
_ (13)
Then, stators power (active and reactive), rotors fluxes and
rotors voltages can be written as function of rotors currents
as follow :
_
P
s
= -I
s
M
L
s
I
q

s
=
v
s
2
o
s
L
s
-
v
s
M
L
s
I
d
(14)
268

_

d
= [I

-
M
2
L
s
I
d
+
Mv
s
o
s
L
s

q
= [I

-
M
2
L
s
I
q

(15)
_
I
d
= R

I
d
+ [I

-
M
2
L
s

dI
dr
dt
-g
s
[I

-
M
2
L
s
I
q

I
q
= R

I
q
+ [I

-
M
2
L
s

dI
qr
dt
+g
s
[I

-
M
2
L
s
I
d
+ g
s
Mv
s
o
s
L
s
(16)
g =
m
s
-m
mec
m
s
is the slip.
From equations (14) and (16), the DFIGs vector control
scheme is derived (Fig. 4).

) (
1
2
s
r r
L
M
L p R +
s
s
L
MV

s
ds
s
L
M
g

) (
1
2
s
r r
L
M
L p R +
s
s
L
MV

s s
s
L
V

2
dr
V
qr
V
mes
P
mes
Q
qr
I
dr
I
PI
PI
s
ds
s
L
M
g

s
s r
M
V R

mes
P
ref
P
mes
Q
ref
Q
) (
2
s
r s
L
M
L g
) (
2
s
r s
L
M
L g

Fig. 4. DFIG vector control scheme
VI. MODELLING OF THE PWM CONVERTER
Fig. 5 shows the structure of the PWM back to back
converter [13]. The two parts i.e. the Rotor Side Converter
(RSC) and the Grid Side Converter (GSC) are composed of
three current reversible IGBT legs and linked with a DC bus
capacitor C. The power switches are IGBT with antiparallel
diode and the GSC is connected to the Point of Common
Coupling (PCC) through a RL filter [15].
The modulated hysteresis control is used generally because
of its simplicity and robustness [13], [6], [16]. The PWM
control allows the reduction of signals harmonics [6].

Fig. 5. Back to back PWM converter

The operating principle of hysteresis comparator is shown
in Fig. 6. The switching device is opened if the error signal is
less than - H/2, and closed if the signal error is higher than +
H/2. H represents the range or the hysteresis width. If the
signal error is between -H/2 and +H/2 is not operated [13],
[14].

Fig. 6. Hysteresis PWM controls principle
To reduce the simulation time, the switching devices are
considered ideal. So, the states of complementary switching
devices can defined by the equations presented in eq. (17)
[14] :
S
]
= _
1, S
]

= u
u, S
]

= 1
; j=a, b, c (17)
Then, the input voltages and output currents are written as
function of S
j
, DC bus voltage v
dc
and input currents
I
Sa
, I
Sb
, I
Sc

I
Su
+ I
Sb
+ I
Sc
= u (18)
The phase to phase voltages of the RSC are [13], [14]:
_
u
Sub
= (S
u
-S
b
)I
dc
u
Sbc
= (S
b
- S
c
)I
dc
u
Scu
= (S
c
- S
u
)I
dc
(19)
For symmetric three phase system without connected
neutral point, the rotors voltages can be written as:
|I
ubc
] = R

|I
ubc
] + I

d
dt
|I
ubc
] + |u
Subc
] (20)
With :
`
1
1
1
1
u
Su
=
2S
c
-S
b
-S
c
3
I
dc
u
Sb
=
2S
b
-S
c
-S
c
3
I
dc
u
Sc
=
2S
c
-S
c
-S
b
3
I
dc
(21)
Finally, the DC to AC sides coupling equation is derived.
C
dv
dc
dt
= (S
u
I
Su
+ S
b
I
Sb
+ S
b
I
Sc
) -I
dc
(22)
The RSC block diagram scheme (Fig. 7) is found from
equations (20), (21) and (22).
Fig. 7. Rotor side converter model
P L R
r r
+
1
CP
1
P L R
r r
+
1
P L R
r r
+
1
3
1
ra
V
rb
V
rc
V
a
S
b
S
c
S
ra
I
rb
I
rc
I
dc
I
dc
V
269

The GSC is modeled by eq. (21) and it block diagram
scheme is presented in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Grid side converter model
VII. OUTPUT VOLTAGES FILTERING
A. First Order Filter
This type of filter is broadly presented in the literature [6]-
[8], [16]. With low inductance value, it guaranties good
systems dynamic. However, it cannot filter many harmonic
components which will negatively impact the systems
operation. The transfer function of this filter is as follow:
F(P) =
1
R+LP
(23)
To improve the systems performance, a multivariable type
of filter was used in this work.
B. Multivariable Filter
Selective multivariable filter permits to extract fundamental
and harmonics components (direct and inverse) of the input
current or voltage signal according to axis without phase
displacement. In addition, the filter provides an important
decrease of frequencies other than cut-off frequency (
c
). The
transfer function of the multivariable filter is expressed in eq.
(24) [6]-[7], [16].
F(P) =
v

o
v
o
= K
(P+K)+]o
c
(P+K)
2
+o
c
2
(24)
Where K the filters constant;
c
is the cut-off frequency
(rad/s); I
u[
and I
`
u[
are respectively the filters input and
output voltage in reference.
The three phase output voltages I
ubc
of the inverter are
converted in two phase v
u
using the Park or Concordia
transformation. Eq. (25) presents the relation linked the output
v

u
and input v
u
voltages of the multivariable filter [7], [16].
_
I
`
u
(P) = _
K
P
|I
u
(P) - I
`
u
(P)] -
o
c
P
I
`
[
(P)]
I
`
[
(P) = _
K
P
|I
[
(P) - I
`
[
(P)] -
o
c
P
I
`
u
(P)]
(25)
Fig. 9 shows the diagram block scheme of the multivariable
filter.

Fig. 9. Scheme of the multivariable filter
VIII. RESULTS
Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 represent respectively the profile of
winds speed and turbines speed. The profile of the wind
speed is derived from Van der Hovens spectral characteristic.
The range of speeds variation is chosen such as the DFIG
operates in booth hyposynchronous and hypersynchonous
modes. In hyposynchronous mode, the machine absorbs power
from the grid while in hypersynchronous mode, it provides
power to the grid.
Fig. 12 shows the mechanical power variation with the
blades control method and without blades control. Fig. 13
illustrates the blades angle variation. It can be seen that the
control system is activated once the power exceeds its rated
value (3700W), otherwise the blades angle is maintained to
zero.
Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 show respectively stators active and
reactive powers of the DFIG. The reference value of the
reactive power is set to zero to obtain unity power factor.
Fig. 16 and Fig. 17 display respectively the rotors current
and voltage. Fast transient variation in winds speed can
impact the rotors current and voltage waveforms (time from 4
to 4.2 sec). The rotors voltage is rectified through the RSC
using the PWM hysteresis control. The converters DC voltage
is shown in Fig. 18. Fig. 19 illustrates the output voltage of the
GSC. This voltage is filtered at the PCC. Fig. 20 and Fig. 22
show the output voltages after implementation respectively of
RL and multivariable filters. For the RL filter, the total
harmonic distortion (THD) is 4.28% (Fig. 21), however, the
use of the filter created a phase shift on the voltage signal (Fig.
24). For the multivariable filter, the signal is sinusoidal; the
THD is 0.31% (Fig. 23) and there is no phase shift on the
voltage signal (Fig. 25).

Fig. 10. Wind speeds profile.
2
3
1
2
2
b
S
a
S
c
S
dc
V
a
V
b
V
c
V
K
K
c

P
1
P
1
V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Time [s]
W
in
d

S
p
e
e
d

[
m
/
s
]
270


Fig. 11. Turbines speed.

Fig. 12. Mechanical power with and without Pitch Control.

Fig. 13. Blade angle variation .

Fig. 14. DFIG active power.

Fig. 15. DFIG reactive power.
Fig. 16. DFIG rotor current.
Fig. 17. DFIG rotor voltage.

Fig. 18. DC bus voltage.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
Time [s]
T
u
r
b
in
e
s

s
p
e
e
d

[
t
r
/
m
in
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Time [s]
m
e
c
h
a
n
ic
a
l

p
o
w
e
r

[
W
]


Ptur
Pmax
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
5
10
15
Time [s]
B
e
t
a

[
d
e
g
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Time[s]
D
F
I
G

a
c
t
iv
e

p
o
w
e
r

[
W
]


Pref
Pmes
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x 10
4
Time [s]
D
F
I
G

r
e
a
c
t
iv
e

p
o
w
e
r

[
V
A
R
]


Qref
Qmes
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time [s]
D
F
I
G

r
o
t
o
r

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]


Ia
Ib
Ic
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time [s]
D
F
I
G

r
o
t
o
r

v
o
lt
a
g
e

[
V
]


Va
Vb
Vc
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time [s]
D
C

b
u
s

v
o
lt
a
g
e

[
V
]
271


Fig. 19. RSC output voltage.

Fig. 20. Output voltage with RL filter.


Fig. 21. Harmonic spectral with RL filter
Fig. 22. Output voltage with multivariable filter.


Fig. 23.Harmonic spectral with multivariable filter.
Fig. 24. Phase displacement caused by the RL filter .

Fig. 25. Phase displacement caused by the multivariable filter.
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper presents maximum power control of doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG) based grid-connected wind energy
system. A MPPT method was implemented. PWM hysteresis
controller is used to control the back to back converter which
output is connected to the utility grid through a multivariable
filter. The overall grid-connected wind system was modeled
and its performances were evaluated. The system can fully
control and inject high quality active and reactive power to the
grid.
4 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time[s]
R
S
C

o
u
t
p
u
t

v
o
lt
a
g
e

[
V
]
4 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Time [s]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
4 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Time [s]
V
o
lt
a
g
e

[
V
]
4 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time [s]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]


Va
Va(RL)
4 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time [s]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]


Va
Va(FMV)
272

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XI. APPENDIX
TABLE I
WIND SYSTEMS PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
DFIG
Pn 3.7 KW
n 1800 tr/min
Vn 220 V
Rr
Rs
0.92
0.43
Lr=Ls 4 mH
M 6.78 mH
p 2
Wind Turbine
R
p
1.Sm
p 1.2S Kgm
3
H S
[
1
S - 2.72Kg. m
2

P
n
S.7Kw
DC Bus
C 0.005 F
RL Filter
R 1
L 0.0027 H
Multivariable Filter
K 20
f
c
60 Hz


273