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'1 -
GE Review M arc.~ \ < 3 so
Vol. ~3, M!~
Heating and Current-carrying Capacity of Bare,
( Ro u t \ a ) Conductors for Outdoor Service
. .
141
Theoretical Considerations of Heating-Effects of Conditions of Exposure-Heating Tests-
Comparison of.Calculations and Tests-Tvpical Computations o( Current- .
Summary of Conclueions
By O. R. SCHURIG and C. W. FRICK
Gen_l Enpfteerins Laboratory, a -t Electric: Compuo~
and the determination of the wind velocity to be
used for rating outdoor conductors in partly shel-
tered locations,
Description and results -of heating tests;-in.tables
and curves .
The effects of wind and sun. .
Tabulated current ratings for 30 deg. C. rise for
common sizes of wires and cables, ranging from
No. 0 A.W.G. to 1,000,000 circular mils, and for
tubular conductors of nominal pipe sizes ranging
from 3-i in. to 4 in. for outdoor service as well as
for indoor service.
Numerical examples illustrating the application
of the data for the calculation of the current to be
carried by conductors to give 30 deg. C.rise, and
instructions for the calculation of the current to
'give other values of temperature rise; also an
example of the calculation of the temperature rise
due to a given current. .
The value of 30 deg. C. for the temperature rise
was chosen because it is commonly used for the
conductors in outdoor substations. Among the
considerations which have led to the use of this.
rise for buses and connecting leads are tlle tem-
perature limits of the insulation of connected.
apparatus and the deterioration of contact
surfaces such as those in disconnecting switches,
the deterioration being more .rapid at .higher'
temperatures.
THEORY OP CONTINUOUS HEATING .
A brief review of the theory of heating as applied
to bare conductors in air IS given for the purpose of
showing the effect of factors such as conductor diain-
eter, absolute temperature, and air velocity upon the
temperature rise. For a complete discussion of the
theory involved reference may be made to papers by
C. W. Rice(1) in which general formulas are given.
The theoretical formulas given below have been
adapted fromthese general formulas. In the applica-
tion of the general theory to the caseof the conductors
covered in this investigation, valuable assistance was
given by W. J . King..
(1)"Pne Uld Porced. eoaviocuon of Heat ill G_ &lidUq,uida." by
c. W.ltke, A.J.B.B. Tro.Vol. ~ (1923)...P.. 653. aDd "Free CosincuV.~~or
Heat ill Gus aDd Uq1lid&," by C. w. Rice. A.J.B.& Tro.... _.a
(l~. pqe 131. ..
I
T . : isthe purpose of this article to review the exist-
ingdata, and to report new data, on the tempera-
"ture!rise of bare conductors under continuous
loadsin both outdoor and indoor locations, and to
presentformulas for. the calculation of the currents
.tobecarried by conductors limited to a given tem-
peraturerise. M oreover, the current ratings of copper
.conductorsranging in size from O.3-in. diameter to
~.. ).in. diameter, for a temperature rise of 30 deg. C.,
are tabulated for specified 'outdoor conditions and
comparedwith the corresponding indoor ratings.
Thisarticle does not deal with the numerous other
{actorswhich often enter into the determination of
the .current to be carried by conductors, viz., power
loss, voltage drop, short-circuit heating, inter-
mittent loading, annealing temperature, etc., but
d e aL > with current ratings only in so far as they
lTC determined by the temperature rise under contin-
uous loads.
. In theliterature of the subject, the current-carrying
tapacities recommended for outdoor service by dif-
(trent authors vary widely, ranging from the same'
raluesas given for indoor service to values nearly
doublethose for indoor service intended to be. appli-
eable to the same conditions. A number of Current "s.
tc:r.perature-risetests were therefore made with
typicalconductors in outdoor as well as indoor setups
andtheresults of the tests werechecked by theoretical
calculationsbased on earlier researches. In the out-
doortests the effects of wind, sunshine, height above
(heground, and sheltering effect of buildings were
investigatedso that these factors could be allowed
{orin establishing the current ratings.
Thisarticle includes the following:
A brief review of the theory of heating under
continuous loads, formulas being given for the
conditions of still air and of moving air (winds,
drafts, etc.) .
A treatment of factors such as air velocity and
>llUshilleand of special factors such as small en-
closures, warmer or cooler connections, etc., that
aliectconductor heating indoors or outdoors.
Data on and analYsis of the. prevailing wind
velocities and ~e sheltering effect of buildings,
\
;
I
j
f
I
142 11a r c h , 1930
GENERAL ELECTRIC REVIEW {Vo!.33. ~o.'3
The followingsymbolsareUsed:
A (sq. in.) Area of surface of conductor.
4,41 (cir. mils) Area of cross-section of conductor.
C Factor in formulas for current-carrying
capacity, defined by Equation (11).
Outside diameter of conductor.
Inside diameter of tubular conductor.
Relative emissivity of conductor sur-
face (E -1.0 for a "black body").
I(amp.) Current in conductor.
It , It l Skin effect ratio.
p (atmospheres) Absolute pressure of air (I' -1. 0 for
atmospheric pressure).
. r. r;;; Ratio used for the calculation of current-
,q - '\J-k;G capacity.
R (ohms) Resistance of conductor.
RI (microhms) D-c. resistance per ft. of conducter.
, (ohms per mil-foot) Specific resistance of conductor
, material.
T, (deg. K. ) Absolute temperature of conductor.
T . (deg. K. ) Average of absolute temperatures of
conductor and air. a ~ h ; er : .!
T. (deg, K.) Absolute temperature of ~Q'1I11' SS.
a t (deg. C.) Temperature rise.
17 (ft. per sec.) ,velocity of ~.cro~wise to conductor.
!I I (watts per sq, in.) . Heat dissipation factor... .
1'< (watts per sq. in.) Component of. heat dissipation
factor due to convection.
!I I ~(watts per sq. in.) Component of heat dissipation
factor due to radiation.
t l (in.)
41 (in.)
E.
, -
).
,. ,
. '
Conducton In Still Air (F~ Convection)
The h~at whichcomes fromthe electrical losses in
theconductor isdissipated intwoways: byconvection
and by radiation. Convection takes place because the
air adjacent to the conductor becomes heated and
tends to rise, Whenthesurrounding air isstill, as ina
,large closed room, all of the heat dissipated by con-'
vection is carried away by the natural air currents.
It isestimated that whenthetemperature riseisabout
, 30 deg. C. the velocity of the convection currents is
'~oi-der of 0.2ft. per sec. for the smaller conduc-
tors (0.5 in. diameter) and 0.5 ft. per sec. for the
larger conductors considered in this article.
The heat dissipated by convection per square inch
of conductor surface for a given temperature rise
depends upon the sizeand shape of the conductor;.
the smaller conductors dissipating heat more readily.
The heat dissipated by radiation per square inch of
conductor surface depends upon the' absolute tem-
peratures of the conductor and of the surroundings
and upontheemissivityof thesurface. Inthecaseof a
one-inch diameter copper conductor at 30 deg. C.
rise, about two-thirds of the heat is dissipated by
convection and one-third by radiation. For smaller
conductors, the convection component is more than
two-thirds: for larger conductors it isless than two-
thirds of the total.
For"the steady-state conditions, (2) the rate of h~
dissipation isequal to therate of heat supply whichis '
the ]2R loss in the conductor. Thus
;:
. 'J
. ';~.
PR- wA watts
where
W- We+W, watts per sq. in.
('lIt is sometimes necessary to conaider the beatie, d!,e to CWT~nts
applied for a ahort time only. for innanee durinlf short-orcu!tL The,.~b)eCt
is covered in an article entitled "Short-time Current Carryinlf Capactty of ,
Copper Wire." by E. R. Stauffacher. GaN&RAL EUCTklC RBvl&W, J une.
1!12l!. p. 326.
For theparticular caseof cylindrical conductors inair-
at atmospheric pressure-and at 40 deg. C. when~c..
temperature riseis30deg. C.
0.01805
We - watts per ~' ,~
d loglor-J .;~+1]
or whend is morethan three inches
0. 14 . ( )
We= cf.19 watts per sq. In. approx.
Also
(5)
Formulas (3), (4). and (5) wereused to calculatet~
watts dissipated fromthe conductors for 30-deg,t:. i,
rise in a 40-deg. C. roomtemperature for the ind~J -
condition (freeconvection). i
For the calculation of the watts dissipated froth
indoor conductors (free convection), for any temt-
perature rise, at any air temperature, the genen~
formulas for long horizontal cylinders at pressure!~
(atmospheres) an: as follows: !
Ii.5 X 10-
8
T.O.
7M
At Vp . - G~t
w(:z 094- watts per sq. m. ,
r-
.0031 T.,' ] e
d log. J J 'sl 27 +
1
i
At . i
'w, =36.8E [(T/1000)4- ( To /lOOO) 4] wattspersq. in.a}
- 't':.
w,==0.154 E watts per sq. in.
In either casethe convection and radiation~m~:-
nents are calculated separately and added to givethe
total watts w. according to Equation (2). Thecurre.-1.t
is then calculated from Equation (1). A numerie<\...
example is given later.
(1)
,Conducton Exposed to M ovinc Air (Forced Convecdcm) 1
When theair surrounding aconductor ismoving~0-
velocity materially higher than' the; velocity of tit
currents due .to free convection, the heated a.;r
adjacent to the conductor is carried away m~
rapidly and therefore the rate of heat dissipationcl~e
to convection ( 1.e., forced convection as caused~
winds, drafts, etc.) is greater for a given tempera~G.
rise. Under outdoor conditions the air velocityi:~
generallymorethan 2ft. per sec. unless thelocation:~~
rather completely sheltered (wind velocity datare-
given below). This is from five to ten timeslJfl
estimated velocity of the currents due to freeconrr'!
tion as given. ' }
For the particular case of cylindrical conductors!.h
air at atmospheric pressure and at 40deg. C. when~h l
temperature rise is 30 deg. C. and the air "el<p~
2 ft. per sec. crosswise to the conductor theh~r
dissipated by convection is: .
0.2i3 . fo)
w,"'" Vd watts per sq. I n. l6 i
The more general fo~ula for the heat dissipated'~
(2)
. :
.
~'
i'
~. -. . .
"'-'---,. -. ~- . . . --. . ---.----------- . . .-:-. ,'- . . . ;::;::*'-_ . . . . -. --_ . . . -_ . . .__. . . _----
"
~
. .
. !
~.3 -,
,
e i
f
: .... 3j I
~ f
..>.':- "1 t
I I
.<:: c~ ....
-'. ' oor

i
t
i
!
J
<
,
. i
'J
. . . . . . . . . . . j
;.po.
: the
t :
.rent
.~ic;.J
":::',::~i
-: ::J
.' :'IJ < 7 at
. . . . . ~
. . . . till:
,',. .-
.,o" ..j air
:~llorc
. ..c.:j due
~:11 br.
tun'
y is
n is,
arc
th('
.:.. . .
_.;'.~vec
. . . .
," . . .
". rsit}
"':~:1 tilt'
.~it\" ,
I . f
,.;'he4lt. t.
"~
. I '. ,
~l p
. .
CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE. 143
forcedconvectionfor longhorizontal cylinders inair at
pressureP (atmospheres) and moving at a velocity t1 ;
crosswiseto the.conductor i~
The theory of heating applies to insulated condue-
~rs as well as bare conductors, but the temperature
rise of the conductor proper is the temperature riseat
the surface of the insulation plus the temperature rise
through the insulation, which depends upon the
-shickness and the heat conductivity of the material ..
In somecases an insulated conductor may carry more
Thisformulais an approximation applicable to diam- current with a given temperature rise than a similar
detS ranging from0.3 in. to .; in. or more when the conductor' without insulation because the larger
\'elocityis considerably higher than the velocity of surface of the insulation and higher emissivity;"if the
theair currents due to freeconvection. For lowvalues . insulation is black, may more than offset the ~-
oJ v theheat dissipated by convection approaches the. perature rise through the insulation.
valuefor freeconvection given by Formula (6). .
The'heat dissipated by radiation is the same as in
stillair and isgiven by Formula (3) for the particular
caseof 30-deg. C. rise, or Formula (7) for the general
case.
'0.0128V;;
w, - 0.123 _ r: t:J watts per sq. in.
T... vd
(9)
. .
FAcrORS THAT AFFECT CONDUcrOR
HEATING INDOORS
Conductors in large rooms or buildings free from
drafts are surrounded by:.air which is practically still
and therefore ~hetemperature rise by test should be
Applicationof Theoretical Formula. to Prac:tical Calcu1ationa substantially the same as the temperature rise calcu-
'The,formulas just given may be used for the calcu- . lated by the formulas for free convection. In practice
lationof both the temperature rise due to a given' ~~_a.J :4e often ~number of factors present that tend
currentand the current that will cause a given tem- ~ reduce the temperature rise; for instance, inter-
peraturerise. Thedata neededcan bereadily obtained mittent loading, lessthan full-load current, drafts due
by measurement, except the emissivity (a) which is to open windows. fans or rotating machinery. and
usuallyobtained empirically. On the other hand. the cooler tap connections. In view of such factors as
coefficientsused in the formulas may not always. these, current ratings about 10per cent higher than
applyexactly to the conditions of conductors in those obtained by test on long conductors in still air
service;for instance. in the case of free convection are sometimes permitted for design purposes.
thesizeof theroomor enclosure makes aconsiderable On_t,!1~other _han~,_factors are sometimes present
difference.For this reason: test data may not always. which tend to increase the temperature rise. such as
agreeexactly with the calculated results. However. in' overloads, hot connecting members. and enclosures or
calculatingcurrent ratings or temperature rise it is compartments. In small enclosures such as compart-
wellto make use of test data when available. The ments or ducts the free circulation of air is restricted.
theoreticalformulas are useful for cases not covered and heat cannot be dissipated so readily as in larger
. bytest data and for checking test results. enclosures. Consequently' the temperature rise will be
A number -of simplified formulas have been' pub- higher and the current that can be carried with a
lishedwhichgiveapproximate results within alimited. gi.ven.temperaturerise will be lower. Tests made in a
rangeofconditions, for example. theempirical formula closedcompartment 6ft. Wideand io ft. highshowed
forcurrent-carrying capacity given in the Overhead currents for 3O-deg. C. rise that were 13 per cent
SystemReference Book (Table 17. p. SO) of the lower for a 255,000cir. mil. bare copper wire and 19
N.E.L.A. Intheseformulas thetotal heat dissipated is per cent lower for a 1.000,000 cir. mil. bare copper
I:~nerallyexpressedas asingleftinction of temperature cable than the corresponding currents for 3O-deg. C.
Ihfference. Actually. the heat dissipated ismade up of rise in a large roomwith still air. If tlie ends of the
two components whichfollowdifferent laws, as previ- c~mpartments areopen. longitudinal air currents may
ouslypointed out. Obviously such approximate for- ~d to reduce the temperature rise. ~!1gitudinal air
mulasshould not be used for conditions outside the ~n~!.. ho~~yet:,l!~ye_m\l~hlesscooling effect than
rangeof conditions to whichthey apply; for instance. crosswisecurrents of the same velOCity. ." .-
formulasapplicable to largefiat surfaces suchas trans-
formertanks should not be used for small wires, and
formulasintended only for wires should not be used
(or tubes several inches in diameter. Convenient
fo~u1as for the current-carrying capacity of cylin-
d~calconductors with a given temperature rise are
nveninthis article, and are used in connection with
curves,the particular curves given here being for
-~. ~eg. C. rise.
~olA \aTbl.of vaJ ua of cmiuivity i. ~"'C1I ill &pa.pcr eutitlcd, "E!ec\ of
.&Ilk.011Tpen\1U8. bl'_V. M . M ODtaillier M cl L. Wed>ooriU;
!PYa I I I 1.. J_aaJ. No v., 11129. p. 824.
f
PACTORSTHAT AFFEcr CONDUcrOR
HEATING OUTDOORS .
Conditions of air temperature and air velocity are
of course much more variable outdoors than indoors.
Furthermore, conductors in outdoor service are ex-
posed to the sun. The effects of wind and sun will be
considered in detail.
Windt and Shelferinl EiI'ec:t0(Builclinp
The cooling effect of wind depends upon the
velocity as shown by the theoretical formulas given'
I
i
for forced convection. The wind velocity at any
particular location depends upon the general wind
conditions and the sheltering effect of surroundings
such as buildings, trees, and hills.
In this investigation a study was made of wind
conditions at Schenectady, which is believed to be
fairly typfcal of New York State locetions, with view
toward obtaining a representative minimum air
velocity that can be used as a basis of current
ratings for outdoor service, This study included
consideration of wind conditions shown by a record-
ing anemometer about 150 ft.. above the ground
and measurements made with a vane-type anemom-
eter at several points on the ground and on the roof
of a fiat-top building.' .
4;","
To avoid this condition, the anemometer was turned ..!.
around when the vane started to turn backWard so I ,
that the average velocity in .the north 'and .sou~ ~
direction, for example, was measured. A small amount
of lost motion was of course unavoidable when making
these reversals:
Effect o f Lo ca u o em Wind V,lo cit y a nd Sh eit mn~
Effect o f Bu ildings. M easurements of wind velocity
were made between 1:45and 2:45p.m. on September
6, 1929at the following locations: No. I, the location' :
.used for heating tests shown in Fig. 1 on the roof ofa
building; No.2, another point on the roof of the same:
building; Nos. 3 to 7, points on the ground as indio.
cated in Figs. 2to 4. At locations 2to i the anemom- ~
eter was held in the general direction of ~heair cur- :.
~
. . ,
. --. . - .
\
~)
!~
Fie. 1. Viewof Part17 SbcItcred LocatkmNo. 1 Ueed lor Outdoor HeatiAl
T_ OIl Bare Copper Coaducton
A~s Used. The recording anemometer
mentioned js permanently located on a..seven-story
building which is higher than the surrounding build-
ings. The revolving cups are abo1,1t30 ft.. above the
roof and about 150ft. above the ground. This instru-
ment measures wind velocities irrespective of direc-
tion; and the records correspond to those. kept at
stations of the Weather Bureau. The records consist
of ink marks on a moving strip of paper, each mark
representating one mile of wind travel so that 'the
number of marks in a one-hour period is. the average
velocity in miles per hour for. that particular one-hour
period. ..
The vane-type anemometers used in these investiga-
tions registered the air travel in feet, the average
velocity being the number of feet divided by .the
corresponding time measured with a stop watch. It
.was found by trial that the minimum period over
which a satisfactory average velocity can be obtained
was about three minutes on account of gusts, eddies,
and other variable conditions .. These anemometers
measured the. air velocity in the direction of the axis
of the vane. If the wind changed fromnorth to south,
for instance, the instrument would read backward.
. . " .
..7.;
I
rents as indicated on the sketches. The velocities
observed were as follows:
Averare windvelocity by recor~ anemome-
ter 1150 ft. above ground..... . .. . . . . . 15.4ft./see.
Wind velocities at Location No. 1 (Fig. 2)
1:45p.m., crosswise to conductors.... 3.3 It ./s.
lengthwise 1.7
2:15p.m., crosswise . 3.0
lencthwise 1.0
2:45 p.m., crosswise 2.1
. lencthwise 0.8
Wmd velocity at Location No.2 (Fie.2). . . . . . . 3.9
- . No.3" 2 .. . . . . . 2.3
No.4 2 i .O
No.5" 2 ..... 3.0
_.. No.6 3 ...... 1.9
- .- No.7" 4 . . . . . 4.5
These locations. represent various degrees of Shelter-
ing. N~. I, 2, 3 and 5 represent partly sheltered
locations. No. 6 shows somewhat more sheltering.
.No.4 was in a passage of 25-ft. width between build-
ings where there is generally a strong air current.
No.7 was in a fairly large open space.. It is seen that
the average of the wind velocities at locations 1.2.
3, and 5 is about one-fifth of the wind velocity at
higher elevation.
In Figs. 5and 6wind velocity readings at locatiOSl
. No.1 are plotted covering a period Qf two or three
uth
~'-~::f:;
~-
~.'_:'J ~~~:
.. :'ihber
.1
.. ; c.. }tion
,.''\0 a
4~:
.;.:~l1cur-
, "
. .
. >
. .
1
':''OJ
.; J
.;
.
1
. ~
~
1 .
.'.,::'::.~cities
:'01
::It./see.
. ':. /
,1'':
.... , ..:.'fltered
.' 0:":: terlng.
... build-
=,::,
--""'<.lrrent.
\ .
" hthat
. ~ 1'" . 1
.. 1S . ,.' t
.: city.at f
:>cation
t
:- three t
. .

CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE

. I ' .
I ~ ~ ~
r ~t
I
I
I
I
J l O
I
I
I
I
1,"------'
145
o,,"it;o" of artcM Ometer-
Arrow .how. dirtc:tiorl
of wind
luildl~
47ft.:1"
ot pe G
of 1"00
r1&o 4. DlacramSbowiDCLocatiOA No. 7 at
Which W'J Dd Ve1ocit7 W M euured
~n~~~':::ti::~
WindwloGitylanqthwiH

toCOnd~tors(loc:.tion I
--Avq.wind wloc:ity ~Ut
,.cc:o,.dinq aM 4momc
at 150ft-elevation
above q,.ound
-
. .
16
..)14
X
112
.10

~ &
l.
~
}4
'j 2
0,
11
Position of a"cm~.t.r-
AI 'f'Ow. how. diI'Ktio"
of wind
r. 2. DI a_ ShowiAc Locati-. No. 1 to 5at
Wbicll W'1AClVeloc:it7 W OlM entecS
10 11
Tim. (AM ) $cot.14.1929
PIc. So c:-~ orWIBc! Velocitiesat Locatloa No. 1 (pucl7
Iheltered) with W'md VeIociq at RiPer J aeft~
WInd ~OC:lty c:rosSWI':tJ
to ~Onduc:tora{loc:ftion
-

Wind wlocity 'InqthwiM
to conductors (location 1
__ Avq.wir1j:lwlocity by
rcCOrdlftq _~"r
at ISOtt. clevatlon
aboV$ rOUrld
,
. .
-
~12

L . 10
!.
~ &
~6
~4
~
' 2 %
.- 0
~,
10 11
T ime (A. M. ) S&pt. 19,J929
FIc." ~or Wia4 Velocities at r. -tioDNo. 1 (paftq
abeltered.) with Wia4 VeIoc:it)<at m. - BIrIatka
11
oPo.itio" of .nclllO",Ctc,.
Arrow .kows dirtCtiO"
of wind
Fie.3. 01__ $bow;q Loca~ No. 6!at
Whicll W'1AClVelocit)' Wa. M ea..-d
146 M arch, 1930
VV!. oo , au..:>
TABLIlI
WIND VELOCITY M EASUREM ENTS AT SCHENECTADY. N. Y. '~
. M IDIIIlDIIl Veloddea for Period froID J une 1 to October 1928. M eaeureaaau. b? Rec:ordin,
AIleaaometer 150It. AbcweGrouad
' . . . . . )
. ~.. (
No. of 20M. Pwftet.
Dace
1 I 3 f 5

1

10 11 11 .1
Wh_ V.loritr
WuX-n.a
.5miles/hooor
c
J une 1-2 (Ave. 9 miles per hour)

3 3 '
14 '
14
-
1
5-6
5
3
"
2 3 3 3 2 4
-
"
7-8 4

7 ,5
5 i o 4 2 2 3
-
3
12-13 3 3 5 6 1 1 2 2 6 2
-
3
J uly
6-7


. . . .
1 2 2
t
1
17-18
. .
6
-
0 ' ,
20-21
2 2
-
1
23-24 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 5 8
' .
-
4
25-26 3 2 4 4 3 3
-
3
26-27 2 5 5 3 5 4 2 2 2 3 2. 2 3 3
30-31 '
1 0 3 5 .5' 5 8 1
Aug. 3-4

. ,
3 3
'. -
,.
1
9-10 2 1 1 1 1 2
-
3
13-14
' .

. .
3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
14-15
-
3 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 5
25-26 1 1 2

3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 6
Sept. 6-7
3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 6
7-8
-
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
-
"
12-13
"
5 3 1 0 7 1
15-16 4 4 3
"
3 2
"
13
-
3
17-18
-

a
1 2 4 3
"
3 3 3
Oct. 3-4
3

3 3 6 6 1 1 2 2 2 4 2 5
Total No. of 2-br. periods ......................... : ......... 64
Total No. of hours for entire period ............ : .............. 3000
.
WiDd Yelocity_ tbaa 5 milee per hoar. ,tRecord ;'u:omplete.
NOTE: The figures in the table rive the average wind velocity illmiles per hour for the on~bour period endiug at theti:-
indicated. The corresponding velocities in ft. per see. are as follows:
1 mile per hr. -1.465 ft. per sec. " miles per hr. -5.87 ft. per see, .
2 miles per hr. -2.93 ft. per sec. 5mues per hr. -7.33 ft. per see,
3 miles per hr. -4.40 ft. per sec. ,6miles per hr, -8.80 ft. per see.
TABU n
WIND VELOCITY M EASUREM ENTS AT SCHENECTADY. N. Y.
SEP'I'BWBER J TO %1. 1929
M euuremenn by Recordlns AIlemometer as b, Table I ~
No. of :'hr. Periot'

10 J l 12
1 p ' J 3

.5
I I
WheD Velocity
Was L e a'l'bu
" miles/hOOlt
-
Sept.
3 t 3.5 9.5 IS 17 19. 13 19 17 16 0
"
3 3 4 '4 5 6 6 6 8 4 2
5 5
,4
6.5 < 3

3.5 6 5.5 14 13 2
6
8.5.
9 8.6 8.5 8 10 10.5 10 7.5 7.5 0
7 5.5 3.5
. 2.5
2 1.5 2 4 4 10 4 3
8. 3 3.5 5 4 6 '4 3.5 3 2.5 2 3
9-
t 0 1 1 1 1
"
4 4.5 3.5 4
10 11 14 14 14 16.5 17 16 15 17 13 0
11 ".26.5 23.5 14.5 10 10.5 10 10 9.5 . 7.5 6.5 0
12 1.5 1.5 1.5 4 4.5 6.5
11.5
13 14 14 2
. .
]3 S-
8.5 9 14 15
- t t
23 17 14 0
15 19 25 21 18 13.5 15 12 12 8 4 0
16 2
f>
8.5 14 16 17 18 18 19 16 0
17 17 19 15 10 11 14 '17 6.5 9 12 0
18 9 13 18 18 20 ]9 18 23 25 16 0
19 4 5' 7 5 7
t t
6 5 5 0
20 3 6 6 ,7 6 5 6 6 4 5 0
21 3 7 '7 6 5 5 5 4.5 4
"
1 ;
-
Total No. of 2-hr. periodS .................. ',' ................ Ii
Total No. of hours for entire period .............................. : 456
--
\. ,<'
aRaia dDriq momi~ tRecord Dot c\eu. . '
NOTE:-The figures ill the table give the average wind velocity in. miles per hour for the one-hour period endinga t t i- lt
time indicated (see Table I for corresponding velocities in ft. per see.), ,',
-------- ------
- ._--_._,-- --. . . . . . -----------
I ~~~;. ;. :;:::. - i:::- ~~-::i- :.... ~-.~'z:=< ....-==_rt __ ..::4._ !- '--. - - - - - - : : ..0; .-__ - . =. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""--...;;.o.- ;. ;. o. . ;. ====-~___. . ;~;. ;;;. . :. _ __
. .,- 'G::O:: _:::::;;:=:: - - --. ~. ~-- ---
I ' . .
I
!. No. a
-~
i
-'. :J
. ' - . ,~
:-~
;
:(
. '
.i
'}=:: ==
}. Periodo
1eloeity
:.... ~. Th&o
-_{hour
'~>1
-'--: ;1
..~...... ~. jl
-,
:-~
. "-:1
/~1
-.
; '~'~ii~.
1---
:lit at. the
CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE 147
eliminated, Those showing lower velocities were
analyzed. ~_J aQle _I each line represents entries
coveringan afternoon and the following morning, -:H~c Abtorbed by Radiation !romth~Sun _.
becauseeach chart covered a 24-hr. period generally . Conductors exposed to the rays of the sun 'absorb
commencingat noon. In connection with conductor heat by radiation. Th~_t_emperature rise above .the air
heating, only the periods of low velccity which occur temperature (4) is the~fore higherthan ,it would be
duringthe daylight hours and which last, -say, two if the sun were obscured, .other ~onditions remaining
hoursor more are of particular interest. Referring to the same. In the outdoor tests presently 'to be de-
TableI it is seen that there were 64 two-hour periods scribed, _the additional temperature rise due to the
during which !he wind velocity was less than five sun was 'two to' three deg. C. for conductors at about
mi1~_p~~hour(7.3 ft. per sec.). The time represented 30 deg. C. above the air tempe1"!.~~. At the same
by these periods of low wind velocity is 128 hr., or tinl~,_the temperature of an_i~e con4~c_tOrexpo~d to
approximately five per cent of the total time, which the sun was eight _de~,- !l!b9veJ Q~_air. temperatyre.
wasabout 3000 hr. The test data relating to the effect of sun are
~ble II is similar to Table !and shows wind .summarized in the section on Discussion of Results of
velocitiestaken with the same anemometer 150 ft. Heating Tests. .
abovethe ground fromday to day for the period dur-
in~which outdoor tests were made. During this
periodthere were 14 two-hour periods when the wind
~i.t x was less than five miles per hour. These
~!~s-repreSent about six per cent of the total time
~is about the same percentage as in Table I.
._~._thenthe wind velocity at partly sheltered loca-
1I ~isWeen as one-fourth of the values in Tables I
4'd 11, the velocity' at such locatiOns- is ~o;e t~~
t~ieetper second for about' 95per' c~n~of the.time.
::f)Urs, measurements being made at intervals of 15or
Jo min. Th~average velocity .crosswise to the con-
6:
ctors
wasfromone-third to one-fourth of the wind
l'docitr recorded by the anemometer at higher eleva-
tf)n. (Further data of a similar character are given in
TableV. ) .
It appears fromthese data that the wind velocity
aL partly sheltered outdoor locations is from one-
thirdtoone-fifthof the wind velocity prevailing at an
unshclteredlocation 150ft. above the ground.
: ilza iysis 0/ Wind Velo cit y Va r ia t io ns t h r o u gh o u t
Slimmer Sea so n. In order to examine wind-velocity
<latacoveringa full summer season, Table I was pre-
paredfromcharts obtained during the period from
J une1 to October 4, 1928. The charts which showed a~
mi!1imumvelocity of six miles per hour or more were
i
I
I
61
I
,
In view of the figures given. tb~_value of two feet
\~~ond has been chosen as a basis.of~t
ratings for conductors in outdoor locations partly
sheltered from.the.,wind. This valq~_of..air velocity
corresponds to.about, five miles. per hour (7.3 ft. per
sec.) measured at a point 150 ft. abov~tiie ground.
Inthe tests presently to be described, the- tem-
perature rise of the conductors did not exceed the
calculated value for a velocity of two feet per second
. except on a few of the occasions when' the wind
velocity was very .low. 11le ef[ect of thes'\I1, to be
later considered, is one of the factors te~g-to add
to the temperature rise. .
-A coincidence of several conditions such as full load
current, maximum air temperature, and minimum
.wind velocity would be required to give maximum
conductor temperatures. The chances of coincidence
are fairly small; for instance, some of the periods of
low wind velocity occur on cloudy days or during
rains. Warm, sunny days are generally favorable to air
circulation on account of unequal heating of the air
at different locations. The data .on wind velocity, air
temperature, and weather substantiate these points.
Consequently, outdoor conductors in partly sheltered
locations may be safely rated at current based on a
wind velocity of two feet per second.
Values lower than t'!o feet per second should be
used for locations more completely sheltered and for
locations where the air currents are normally length-
wise rather than crosswise to the conductors. On the
other hand, conductors in unsheltered locations may
be rated at currents based on wind velocities higher
than two feet per second.
DESCRlPI10N OF OUTDOOR AND1NDOOR
REA TING TESTS
Ou t do o r Test s. The outdoor heating tests described
here were made for the purpose of obtaining data
under actual outdoor conditions. The general loca-
tion of the conductors, already mentioned as Location
(. )n. air _~ture out-of-doors . meuund b)o thermometers
.ltlIOM 4 to free1r CIrculatingair but screened fromthe SWl. Thi. method al
meuurin. the aar temperature ia uled by the Weather Bureau (aee PIa,ri cs
a/llacAi r. byW.1. Humphre,.;1. B. Lippincott Co.). Thermometers plaeecl
inthe1\11\donot measure thetrw! air ~pera, .*-'_ 'he u..tmomet....
abeorbheat radiated fromthe
rICo 7. .........cement 01 Conducwn lOC'Outdoor HeatiQ. T_ -
(SeeTable III for DimensiOlll 01 Conductors)
f
I
t
,
.----.- --.-+---.--.~-- .. '---~-- _------. .-.-
148 M arch, 1930 . . . GENERAL ELECTRIC REVIEW
__ Vel. 33, No. ~ .
. '
No. I, isshowninFigs. 1and 2. The conductors tested
were suspended from the wooden frame as shown in
Fig. 7. Thelocation isfairly representative of apartly
sheltered location, the sheltering being due to the
parapet and the elevator shaft.
The teJ t samples included solid and tubular copper Raultl of Heado. Tem
conductors in lengths of about ten feet. These con- The values of temperature rise obtained outdOlm
ductors are listed in Table III. The conductors were and indoors wereplotted against the current valueSa;-
placed in a horizontal position and heated with 60- _shown in Figs. S to 12, inclusive. Curves for indO<r T
cycle alternating current. Tests were made nearly conditions wereplotted fromthe test data. Calculated
every day over a period of about three weeks. Heat- curves were plotted for an air velocity of two feet
ingwas started eachmorning and readings weretaken per second crosswise to. the conductors using a valUt
at half-hour intervals and sometimes oftener. The iof O~5for the emiSsivity of the copper. It will be-
readings included current, watts input, temperatures I noted that the Calculated curve agrees very well with :
of the conductors and of surrounding objects, the air the test points at the minimum velocities. .
temperature, and the air velocity. The temperatures The data for the outdoor tests are summarized in.
of each conductor were measured by three thermo- Table V. The test points have been given referenct
couples solderedto thecopper, twoat themid-point and numbers used in the curves and in the table for the
oneat thequarter-point, andalsobythreethermometers purpose of cross reference.
similarly located and heldwithputty intheusual man- In Fig. 13 the values of heat losses in watts per
nero Theair temperature was measured by thermome- square inchfor 30-deg. C. rise are plotted against the
ters screened fromthe sun but exposed to freely circu- diameter of the conductor. A curve for indoor (stili
lating air. Other temperatures weremeasured by ther- air) conditions was plotted from the test data; the
mometers. Air velocities weremeasured byavane-type calculated curve will beconsidered later. A calculated
anemometer as described. M easurements weremade curve for an air velocity of two feet per second, ~
crosswiseand lengthwise to the conductors, the aver- . 0.5 for the emissivity of copper as before, was also
agevelocity being taken for a three-minute period. plotted. The latter curve is fairly representative I i
Indo o r Test s. After the outdoor tests had been the test points at the minimum air velocities andis
completed the conductors were removed to the used as a basis of outdoor ratings for 30-deg. C: rise
laboratory and set up for indoor tests. These tests . applicable to partly sheltered locations.
were made in a large room18ft. high and free from The curves of Fig. 13 show that the heat ds-
drafts. Themeasurements asidefromair velocity were sipation for 30-deg. C. rise (or any other specifiedrise!
similar to the measuremen;s during theoutdoor tests.:
Theroomtemperature wasmeasured by thermometes .
in oil cups of the usual type. The temperature risf .
.was measured. for several values of 6O-eyclecurrent.
,
i
i'
~-'
. . 1
. J
,
'.' "i
T ABL E m
PHYSICAL DATA POR BARE COPPER CONDUCTORS USED POR OuTDooR AND INDOOR
HEATING TESTS
'. j
~.
'- .
. .
,1
. t
. :~. ,
. ,
.. ,.' .. :j:
. 1
. .. :::~~j:
Conductor
DlAIaTSa
~of
Area of M e Res.
Per Cnt
Ref.
Nomiaal
Test 'OR
Conductor R.eferredto
CoDducti~
Symbol
Sin Outade IM ide
(ft.)
Surface
2Od~ of Copper
GA.) (ia.) (sq. ia.) (micro )
A 27i in. pipe 2.87 2.50 10.833 1175 66.8 82
B . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.59 1.40 8.50 510 176 89
C . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75 0.63 10.0 283 626 100
D No. 4/0 A.W.G. 0.46 . . . . 11.0 192 534 100
E ~ in.loipe ., 0.84: 0.625 10.75 337 450 i9
F 0.40 A.W.G. 0.46 . . . . 8.052 139.5 392 100
The surface of the conducton at the time of the tests was smooth and somewhat darkened. During the two weeks'
outdoor exposure of the conductors before the test, the original brightness of the surfaces had largely disappeared. and.bi
been turned into, & somewhat dull brown.
T ABL E I V
EFPBCT OP SUN UPON TEM PERATURE RISE OP CONDUCTORS CARRYING CONTINUOUS LOADS
'.
'lBKPDATUU aJ U j
DIameter Carrat
E1ectrical Temperature
Conductor Heatill& Cloudy Weather Clear Weather Inenue 0-
0-.) (amp.)
(.ttl/aq. ia.)
i!md Ve1oci~ (Wind VelociS to the Su
.0ft.. per He. 1.0ft.. per lee.
B-I- 1.59
0 0 OC.
so C.
i
SoC.
A 2".50 715 0.034 4 11
I
r
B 1.59 715 0.208 15 21.5 6.5
E 0.84: 412 .0.266 19 21.5
I
2.5
C 0.75 412 0.455 26 29 I 3
D 0.46 412 0.575 2S 30 -
I
2
-
r'
~-. '
Conductor B-1 the idle conductor _tioneclla Table IV. It consisted of All .,bt-loot lencth of the t1lbillr as Conductor B.
~ . . . .
:~O.3
I
;ts per
:.~st the
".~(still
. !;the
;tlated
; using
--'--..:.::5 also
.re' of
\ ';d '
"'- ,.,: .; .,a 15
. . ,
h nse
t dis-
J rise)
.t
'-~ .
~. !.
CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE 149
the effect of the sun upon conductors with and with-
out electrical heating,
The temperature readings given were selected for
two occasions, the weather being cloudy on one
occasion (see reference Nos. 5 to 11 In Table V)

1
r
f
I
I
1
f
I
I
f
t
I
isnot thesame for all conductor sizes but decreases as
thediameter increases. This is in accordance with the
theoretical formulas given. .
Effect 0/ Sun. The data given in Table IV have been
summarizedfromTable Vfor the purpose of showing
Outd OOrs. (I ~r
outdoo.,.,-tl., cloudy
OutdoO.cloudy
. t ndOO" ' .
r"t f;9u,..a .,.. "'fct"VtCC
M I;~ iq _. _ .
~Iuc~ of "6 .cIO'it~ (ros~
to M ,t f1. r
50
"r
-s
. .
.i10
110

.
- ;0 0
o
I 4
4'
lO-LO
i-1.6
2n.
.00 iOO _ lOOO IZIIO 1400 M OO _ 1_
4'"p.
Currmt N. Tcm~tuN RI8e Outdoon a.adlA.s-..
Cccductcw A. 2.'7 iD. ouWde diameter
Temperature rise indoo.by ~
Temperature rise outdoors. c:&leulatedfor wind 'relocity of
two feet per second crowiae to conducto .
\ ~~* ~~~~~
AmPClr9S
1"\ &. 11. Cunalt Temperature RI8e OutcSoon aDd lAdoon.
Ccoducton D md T, No. 0000 A.W.Q., 0.46 iD..
outaIcle cna-
C",., A: Temperature rise indoors. bytest. '.
C",., B: Temperature riM outdoo .cia1cu1atedfor wind Ye10city
of two feet per HCODdCtOIIwiM to conduc:to.
~ ~ ~ [ [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : : : : : l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I - Outdoo cl
Outdoors. patly cloudy
90 +OutdoOl"S, cloudy
- Indoo
r..t fiQu~. a~ r&fu-.nc:&nu",'
be; Sec:ond fi9urn . value.
.; aoll~o~f~w~ln~dlv~&IIO~c~iftl'J I~C;I'OI~ ... lisi&ttio~1111IiI
cj. CO"ductor'S i" ft. 'per sac:-
i
70
. 60
0
.8
" 30
. ~
I I I
'" . ,
1" 4
C_A:
C_B:
." ., M r-
owtoo,.. r1..y ~"
Ow.do C,lowOy
lr\C.oo~.
!::~~"~icJ ':::~
04 wfoot4 Ioc.~t... .i. &
20
I
t
o u _ _ _ _ ~ ~ _ ~ _ . _ _
,,~.
r.t, Currat P. Temper.ture RiM 'Outdoon ad.lD.s-..
Coa4uc:tw 8, 1.St iD. outa1de dIa..ur
C_ A: Temperature rise indoora. bytest.
C_ B: Temperature rise outdoors. c:aIc:ulatedlor willd 'relocity
of two feet per aec:ondc:ronwiae to conductora.
10
00 100 ZOO ~ 400 500 600 700 aoo
. Amp
Flit 12. .CuneDt PI. Temperature RiM OutcSoon aDd Iadoon.
c-cbac:tar Z, 01a. ~ ~
C_.A: TemperetUJ "e riM indoors. bytest.
C. IS: TemperaWro riM OtItdoors. c:aIc:ulat4ldfoewind. ..tocity
. of two feet per d.crouwiae to CODducto
Outdoo..,., cl ,.
-
I -- Outdoo ~I y cloudy -i-
+Outdoora, cloudy
i-
I --
I"doo,..
ri,. . tfiqur-c. r9fUllnet. num-
b4ra; S.cond f!~ue 1'.~Iu
- -
of wi"d ve.loc:jti tCI'OM wi to
" ,. . "
. '
m I n
C I
-

a : .,

~ 0< -
. ~~b.o

'1: o~
. . . . . . . . ,'
. < .I!.
1..ti4-~V,
>-
. . . . ,
500 200 ~OO 400
Ampcan&.
po 10. Cunalt Tcmperatve Riae OutcSoon m.t lDdoon.
c-d_ C. 0.75 iD. -aide diameter .
C_ A~ Temperature rise indoo.. by ~
C_ B: Temperatur. riM outdoora, c:&leulat4ldfor wind ..-elocity
of two feet per _d c:roaawiM to conductora.
100
. . . . . . \: .
. ~. i
. .~,. . .
, c
:' ',"'; fe'" _ . . L ~. ~. L :. ::. . ij;\ :;-. : . .,< C~,: L~_ .... ,,,,..~_.~.: ~. ".~- "~ ..~..,_~ .. _,,,,,. ""
~
~,~ . . ,-,. , . .
. . . . '''''. . ~~>~f. .
. '~ . ~. ;. .
. . .
.;;~,.c":,,;;,.~,,.>::~ 'J .,s;-----.~'--~l
'.

T ADL E V: SUM M ARY OF DATA FOR OUTDOOR TESTS

Thl. Tabl, alveelected readlne. for fairly .teady wind condldon.. Actual observadon. were made every half hour or oftener
,
. Wind 'Wind Averase
Win
Outoide Temp. of Temp. Temp. Rise
Temf..01
Heat Lou Wat.t. ro;r
Velocity Velocity
Velocit, Ref.
'Collductor
Id e Current
~. In or Croaawiae LenllthWlae Humidit,
No.
Date and TI Diam. Conductor of AIr AboveAir
Conductor (amp.,
(watt. per
3 d.,.. C. to Coo- to Con-
for One-
Per Cent
Weal_
(in.) (des. C.) (dell. C.) (des. C.) aq. in.)
bour
,.
(des. Co) Rise ductor. ductora
(Ct. per....,.) (ft. perace"
Periodt
(Ct. peraec.)
:
,
-
1 Se~t.!, 1:00 p.m. A 2.87 45 34- 11 .42.0 716 0.034 1.0 1.8
7.3 63
2
. . . .
B 1.69 55,5
. .
21.5
. . . .
0.208 0.290
. . . . . . . .
3
. .

C 0.76 63
. .
29
. .
412 . 0.455 0,470

. .
4
. . . .

D 0.46
64
30
. . . .
0.575 0.676 . . . '

. .

6
. .

. .

E 0.84 55.6
21.6
. .
0.266 0.371
. . . .

. .
6
. .

P 0.46 61 27

. .
0.574 0.638 1.8 1.0

. .
7 Se~t. ~,l1;OO a,;m. A 2.87 27 23.0 4 23.0 ' 730 0.031 0.236 1.0 0.9 8.0 84
8 B 1.59 38 ' . 16

. .
0,201 0.402

. . . .
9
C 0.76 49

26
. .
426 0.463 0.636
. .

. .
10


. .
D 0.46 61 28
. .
0.578 0.620
. .

. . . .
11
. .

E 0,84
42 . 19

. .
0.266 0.420
. . . .
"
12

. . . . po
0.46 55 32

. . .
0.694 0.557 0.9
1.0
13 Se~t. ~,
2:00 p.m. A 2.87 . 33 25.1) 8.6 29.0 730 0.032 . . . . . 0.8 0.6 6.1 84
14 . .
B 1.69
. ,44
,,'
lS.6
. . .
0.206' 0.334

. .

15
. .
C 0.75 65
. .
29.5 426 0.470 0.478
. . . .
"

16
. . . .
"
. .
0 0.46 67 31.6
. . . .
0.593 0.565
. . , . . . . . .
17
. . . . . . . . .
E 0.84 47
. .
21.6
. . . .
0.272 0.379

. .

. .
18
P 0.46 68.5
. .
33
. .
0.605 '0.650 0.5 0.8
. .

19 Scet. ~,10;00 a,;m. A 2.87 26 21.1)
4.5 23,0 723 0.030 3.6
1.4
13,2 S6
20 B 1.59
35
. .
13.6
. . . .
0.193 0.426

. . . .

21
. .

. . . .
C 0.76 44
. .
22.6
. .
420 0.43S
0.585
. . . . . . . .
. 22
. . . . . .

.
D 0.46 43
. .
2l.5
. . . .
0.546 0.760
. . . . . . . .
23
. . . .

E 0.84 37
. .
15.6

. .
0.255 0.494


24
. . . .

P 0.46 50

2S.5
. . . .
0.570 0.600 1.4
3.6
25 Se~t. ~, 2:3Qp.m. A 2.87 39 29.0 10 36.6 720 0.031 2.9 0.9 15.4 85
26 . . B 1.59
46
. .
17
. . .
0.202 0.356
. . . . . . . .
27
. .

C 0.76 51.5 22.5 420 0.454 0.005
. . . .
. 28
. .

0 0.46 50.5. 2l.6
. .
0.565 0.788
. . . . . . . .
29



E 0.S4 47 18

. .
0.266 0.443
. . . .

30
. .

. .
P 0.46 68 29
. . . .
0.592 0,612 0.9 2.9
. . . .
31 Sept. 10, 3:16 p.m. A 2.87 . 44 30.5 13.6 37 1464 0.134 0.296 8.4 1.0
22,0
.
32 Sept -; 11, 11:00 a.m.
. .
25.6 16 9.5 19.6 1465 0.125 0.395 e.o 5.2 21.2
33 Sept. 11, 4:00 p.m. 8 1.59 5O.1i 20 30.6 26.5 1190 0,561 0.552 5.0 2.7 13,9 78
34 Sept. 12, 11:00 a.m. A 2.87 37 18.6 IS.6 22.5 1420 0.123 0.200 0.7 0.5 2.2 84
35 Sept. 12, 3:30 p.m.
. . . .
38 23 15 30 1400 0.120 O,2tO 3.3
1.4
19.0
.
36 Sept; 13, 10:30 a.m. B 1.51t 57.5 18 39.6 20 1135 0.528 0.401 2.2 . 0.7 13.2
.
37 Sept. 13, 1:30 p.m.
. .
43 22 21 24
. .
0.495 0.706 4.8 1.7
.
38 Sept. 13, 4:00 p.m,
. . . .
43 23 20 24.6 1140 0.500 0.750 9.4 3.1
34 .-
39 Sept. 14, 11:15 a.m.
. .
66.5 23 32.5 2lUi 1115 0.505 0.467 3.0 0.9 11.7 84
40 Sept. 14, 11:45 a.m.
. .
65.5 23.5 42.5 .20.6 1130 0.540 0.381 1.0
0.7 . 11.7 84
41 Sept. 16, 9:30 a.m. E 0.84 90 16 76 17 770 0.946 0.378 0.7 0,2 5.9
42 Sept. 16, 11:00 a.m.
"
73 20.5 52.5 27 ' 774 1.00 0.572 a.o . 1.0
12.4 69
43 Sept. 16, 2:00 p.m,
. .
56.5 25 3l.5
30 705 0.784 0.746 8.2 2.5 25,0
44 Sept. IS, 11:00 a.m. A 2.81 31 16 16 20 1<180 0.108 0.317 4,0 3,6 26.4 68
45 Sept. 18, 3:30 p.m.
. .
29.5 I ~U13 21.5 1084 0,107 0.385 5.9 4.3 33.7 .
46 Sept, 19, 11:30 a.m,
. .
42 12.6 29.6 22.5 1920 0.228 0.2:J O .3.4 2.5 7.3 59
47 Sept. 19, 4:30 p.m.
. . . .
47.6 10 31.5
26.6 1060 0.242 0.230
1.8
3.0 7.3 , .
48 Sept. 20, 11:00 a.m.
. .
31 11.5 19,.6 16 1880 0.222 0.340 5.0 4.5 8.8
49 Sept.. 20, 2:30 p.m.
. . . .
45 J J ).6 29.5 25.6
. .
0.222 0.225 1.1
0.2 8.8 62
W f'cpt. 21, 10:00 a.m,
. . . .
27 9 18 13 18UO 0.208 0.348 4."- l.0
10.2 (}\)
I I I Rllllt. 21,11:20 a.m.
. . . .
33 I~.6 .20.6 18 . lOOO 0.216 0.316 3.4 1.6
8.8
.
. . , . . . ' . . , . " , . . . _ . . , . . ,. . . ' , . . . . . . ". ~,. ,. _ . . . . .
. . --~. . . _ . . , . "- ,. . . . . _ . . . . , . . . . .
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~
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t x l i
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t dy
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dy
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~ - - ~ ~ - ===. ~ _ _ M ~ '~ _
;>; .c,"
,
CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS. FOR OUTDOOR SERVICE 1.;1
andclearon the other occasion (seereference Nos.. 1 .
to5). In TableIV.the conductors have been listed in
orderof terflperature rise without the sun (cloudy
weather):It will be seea that there is a consistent
decreaseof heating due to the sun as the temperature
riseabovethe air becomes higher. Thus the tempera-
lureof conductor D, which was 28 deg. C: above
theair temperature in the absence of sunshine, was
increasedonly two degrees C. by the sun, while the
u
Si~ce.the. temperature increase due to the sun
whenthe temperature risewas of the order of :~odeg.
C. was two to.three deg. C. ~ the.idleconductor
.showeda riseof 8deg. C., and sincethe temperature
rise of the conductors in the sun was generally less
than thetemperature rise.calculated for anair velocity
two feet per second, it is concluded that current
ratings for 3O-deg.Cirise inlocations partly sheltered
fromthe windcan be determined as a .first approx-
"u r l'..
Outdoo~; <;1
I I ~
Outdoors, pArtly ~Ioudy
+Outdoors .c;loudy
'-
~,,~e.l
AT No.OOOOtl"Oll.y wi out~t.loud)
. , .
!t.A
Indoor.
7 Fi"lIt f'iqUf"ClII . ,,~f. "~c . m-
-
b.l"lli$ceond fi9u".. ._Iu
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~fA;::r.!!tY!!!'~~tif'S ;"o!!':,isc to
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t.-:~
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. !en.a.j
el~
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10'1.
\.. 19~~
+1\ '
. +
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.I'O~
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.0-1.0 :l~~
S'I
lu
I
$0-4"
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114-0.
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3$'5.5
. . . . . . . .
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,,. . - .:!::'.~
1 A "
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1Cl . S

'"
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CII
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to
i
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O.
00 0.1 Q.4 O.S o.e 1.0 1.1 lA 1.6 1,6 2.0 11 U 2.6 Z,", 5.0.
Oubid & d iam&til" of cond uctor-
J Plc.13. W._ per Square IAchlor io-4q. c:. T_peratare RI N. ec-s_
Diameter. Coa411CtOn.A to ,.
C_ A:Indoo.by ta~ C_ B:Outdoora. cal~.\ed for wind elocity of two feet per _d croaswiM to conductOR.
temperatureof the idleconductor (B-1) whichhad no
othersourceof heat besides the sun was increased by
ei~htdegreesC. Results of a similar character have
beenobtained in previous investigations. Thus it
.appearsthat the heating effect of the sun upon con-
ductors at 3O-deg. C. rise is not so great as upon
conductorsat lower temperatures above the air.
The heating effect of the sun is also shown by
the test points on Figs. 8 to 12, the presence or
ahsenceof sunshine being indicated by the symbols
used,It will be noted that the temperature rise with
sunshinewas generally less than the temperature
risecalculated for an air velocity of two feet per
-econd except onafewoccasionswhentheair velocity
waslowerthan this.
imation and without serious error on.the basis of an
air velocity of two feet per second without making'
separate allowance for the effect of the sun.
WAendesired, the effect of sun may be separately
taken into account in accordance with the data in
Table V, In tropical climates the effect of the
summer sun would, of course, be somewhat greater
because of the increased intensity of solar radiation.
as compared with that prevailing at 40deg. northern
~atitude during September,
Com~ olTest Raulli withOcherData
. In Fig. 14 the curve of watts per square inch for
3O-deg.C. riseindoors fromFig. 13iscompared witha
curve calculated by Formulas (3) and (5) for still air.
The curves agree very we4 _or the smaller I sizes of
conductors. but not. quite so well for the larger sizes,
the maximum difference being about 10 per' cent.
The difference may,' at least partly, be accounted
for by l1evalue of emissivity used in the calculations.
which value was 0.5. Since the emissivity of the
conductors usedintheheating tests was not measured,
and since they were not exposed outdoors for a very
long time it may be expected that their emissivity
was somewhatlower than O..j. Values given(3) range
from0.15for bright copper to 0.60for oxidizedcopper.
The value of 0.;) was 'used in establishing outdoor
ratings because of the relatively rapid oxidation of
outdoor copper conductors. In determining indoor
ratings, however, the test data (Curve A, Fig. 14)
rather than calculated data were used.
~ 0. 4r T~ ~ ~ - r ~ ~ ~ ~ r T~ ~ ~ r T~ r T~ ~ ~ ~
I :
. aTe~t ,,~I ue ~
..;
&. I
" ~ 0.3 I r . ~ 'I ,
:: i~ I I I I I
e i! . . . . . ~. I I I U,. I I i I_~
- , I I , I , I . . ,.:::.e..,.e..:.~lculetedlj'""l
.S~.2i ! I I i I If' .
~+!-i-~~+-+';""';";""':' "~.Jr"11A - by te ~t..:
~ 1: $ I I
I '
! I , I
; ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ - ' ~ I ~ r r ~ ' r r +4+~ ' ~ ' ~ - +;
:l. I I I
,;; ;, I , , I
; 0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6~
. ~. 0.8 1.2. 1.6 2.0 2..4 ",v
Q.!sidv eiamccl" a r conductor 'I n inCl'lU
l": z. 14. Watt. Per Square Inch for 30-del. C. Tempe:ra~
. Rise liS. Conductor Diameter, Indoon
C..,~.10, By teS!: conduetors A!o F.
Cu r ~.. COieuiated by formulas ~or still air.
. .
In Fig. 16 the results of the indoor tests made .
during this investigation are compared with similar
test data from a number of different sources. The
dotted curve was published by G. E. Luke. (~) It
agrees very well with the test curve obtained here for
conductor diameters between 0.7 in. and 1.3. in.
but less close1vfor smaller diameters, the difference
being about 20 per cent for the diameter, correspond-
ingto No. 0 A.'\V.G.wire(O.325iJ l. diameter). Accord-
ingly, in tables of current values based upon Luke's
curve the current value given for No. 0 wire for
30-deg. C. rise is about 10per cent higher than the
corresponding valuegiven here.
Test values obtained by M elsom and Booth(S)
for a O.i,5 in. diameter bright copper rod and for the
same rod painted black are also shown in Fig: 14.
T.'1e point for the bright conductor falls below the
t~st curve and the point for the black conductor falls
above t:ne curve, as would be expected.
T~~"duel; obtained by R. J C. Wood(7) for three
siz~Df alumi. .urn cable have been plotted. Two of
the cablK ""ere. :'1(;'\ ',' and the third was taken from
set vt c. Thesl.lr(o,ct. of : r ..; used. cond uctor was covered
ff)'C'-""-i of :.:..' ,c_O"," !:>;' t~. E. L,:':e. A.r.E..E.. Tr ens .. Vol. !!:.1923,
#:. C,),.: :,:~ea:":=: ":,,") ~,.;':..,, ,.:- S,.::~!3::Lr~CCp~:)t"~ant! ':\~.:::::".J m
(J ~~rh1;~;tI~~i J.~T;;'i :~:J~~: ~;'~
with a hard. smooth, black deoosit. Thepoint for the
black conductor is above the test curve and. the.others
are below the curve. as would be e!!tpected:',:. ,;;: "
. Test .. aluesbr -:~reesizes' of bare copper cables
obtained by Wo!! and Gable('I) at the M assachusetts
Institute of Technology are also plotted. Two of the
points' agree very well with the cun:e; but the other
point; which represents a 500,000-circular mil cable,
falls considerably below the curve. The condition of
the cables was not stated and it is.possible that this
particular cable may have been new.
Other points include No.4 /0 trolley wire and two
sizes of aluminum cable from tests made at Sche-
H-+l-++-I-+-HHaCOOpel" condueto~ Ato F'
'0/ 0.5 o No. 0000 tl"'OlI e y wir-e
-C. ElAluminum cable~
. ; , ;I '>Alumi"um tables (!tJ .C.Wood) .
S'0.4 r~ ur ve BI 'xlin.cooper- I"'od(M el~o,..,e.-deoo~:').
~ !\ +CO'p041'" cable :!(Woll and Ga::.:e)
,., \1
C
\ . .0.31-+1 +"'~'ik-i'H!!" +. ' ~r ...; .+"- +- ; - ! - - +- ' -':!-+-f-io+';"'; .:..! -' '","",,"~H-1
~: !;)16C1c I
, . . "f !a I "ck' I
.E I ~":'t. il
I -+-+-+-!++-+~~';';=-H-""'-f--;:~"""~:-'. ' -
:to:'2 ;. '.i.~' ; Curv{.i. --
. ~ r ' Q~ ~ " ~ ~ . " T~ : ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; : : : : t ~
L . I . ! ~~A!~,., i1
~
:10.1 ~t~:~t::~I ~jtt; 3 :,~t::::~~J::t::r_-_;,-. _--_-+H
~
0, 0.4 M l,2, I. 2.0 1..4 2.6
. Out~jde diamctc:r 0' eo~ductc!" In inc:-:~s
Fie. IS. Valu~ or Watts Per S(l':~~ I::.~'\!e<-30-de&. C. ~tt.'~f or O!:>.
Obtained i:~. :nvesti;at,= an" '=' o~~It:v~~:~,,' .'.,.""
Cft"". A: . J ;y W b~.:.,,-,,-_.J L l..
CIlr - : f~1II Can'tf>'4~~~G. '. M. UUt,.
nectady several years ago, ~. hoi:ey ~.~-
tioned was also "ested D'u.t-of-d~\rs, N. tkQ...... -
perature rise was 100 deg. C. at 800~ ~ "tic.
wind velocity was ~~ee :eet p?r second W(hs...
"as obscured. This point IS indicated 0:1 F '6 13~
the dissipation in ,,:~,~~~r Scl.in. for 3O.d.i j. C ~
: in~i~~tedhinF!~;.1.3. ~~~::~g:~e~~~n~p'Y~_~~
.. ..en." ith tne res_.s oc vc . I . ~C. .-us ~
It is well known t~a": the method of ~
temoeratures makes a considerable &i'::eTettce. IN.~
results. It was found. for example, h 'tia: ~
tests that the temperatures by thermocouple ~
two or three degrees ~ghe!" than the'~
by therm?~eter,- ~ te~pem:~:-es ~Y ~
were usea In obtaining tne ~su;~.: sine. ~ ~
pond most near:)" to the actual ~ ~ ..uc..
conductors. Under Outdoor conditions, )!owevtr .cIrL
difference between the the:m0cct!ple reac:lit\~~ tie.
thermometer readings "as not soemiste,,~ ~na~-
foreaverages of the rea6nr b~ bo~h",e~hoclt-Wttt
taken.
It ~"f interest toCC:11::'",re.:~. ~~'sulti0( ~ ~ ~
room w~~h~r~jts ~rodt!c{'.d~Yf~e~~: ':c~or:, .: l>~,tj..c .
WDt>4,, Wl~:1 va.ucs ca.cuta: .".:...:,. the' ~ C4C
"')~('e" convection T1,,, res.. ~".... '.:ve:, ~ ~_ftL -YVI
J. . \ . - \ - . ' ~;. . . ~ 1. '''' . - ". - ~ . ~ . !L
~!.'i j~~~~~~af'k\g~r:~~~~1f ~I ff M We lla wl
I
I
!
i
!.
;
, .
1
"1
i
-. ~ a
::
.:-,
~e
. .' ~
.' n-
, ;"0
'. \e
. . , . ; . . ~jr
;e
,,',;,~s
",,', ";e
'. : ~s-
j:e.
..,. }1e
,11e
~'e-,.
:~:e
~"T
,,,,
1
1
I '"
I
I
eVRRE~T-CARRYIXG CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOOR ~ER~rCE
It.~tl.e calculations the emissi vity was taken' Current ratings lower than thcise~!~cn in 'Tub!e
~. t'~~ black ~o::J uctor and 0.;) for .the new, VII for outdoor service are to be used for locations
. T~..: ~ak\4;:..~."drcsults show satisfactory with more than usual sheltering or when the normal
:~lI I I fI at\ \ 'id :the test \';-J u~:s.. . air currents are lengthwise rather than crosswise: to
~~~" the conductors.
.;l:RRENT.C ... RRYING C... PACITY
I~~ Currcnt-carryin:;: Capacity for 30-deg. C. Rise
, \IcaJ .uU of current-carrying capacity for 30-deg. C.
~W been determined from the heating data
~ !:<':'e. =a number ~f co~ductor sizes in com-
,.,..~ .Thevalues are given in Table VII. Tables
~on.r values of temperature rise can be prepared
~~ manner. Table VII applies to copper of
100~ cent conducti vi ty; the rela tivecurren t-carrying
~for conductors of lower conductivity cop-
rt:. rld of aluminum are given in Table VIII.
TASLl: VI
COM P.~RISON OF RESULTS
Conductor
0.505
0.48.
00413
0.40
.~ CUfrtm values ror in?oo: s.ernce we~~deter-
~~ &test curve tor mcoor conditions on
~l'3._ oUItgiV{; 30-deg. C. rise in a large room
~ ~. In small compartments and ducts
. ~ cWtttlt ~ralues will give a greater rise, with
rt~ b;I the air temperature outside of the duct or
c.~artment.
The current values given in Table VII for outdoor
$eTice werederived fromCurve B, Fig. 13, calculated
withtheaidof Formulas (5) and '(8) for an air velocity
e\ twofeet per second, and apply to partly sheltered
~tions for weather conditions similar to those
r0\,ailing in Schenectady. Under these conditions
~ temperature rise will not exceed 30 deg. C. except
Ai timesof.abnormally low wind velocity which occur
It.;s than fiveper cent of the time during the summer
S(:!son. The temperature rise is referred to the air
t.'mperature, which is measured by thermometers
~poscdtotheair but screened fromthe sun. The value
~40deg. C. has been used for the air temperature
~doors asabasis for current ratings, since this value
UlCommonlyemployed. ' '
'}.. tit last column of Table VII is shown the oer-
~ increase of the! outdoor current ratings ~ve:
-Ut,c'iJ !'rcspondingindoer current ratings for still air.
lit i..:rease ranges frern 1 4 per cent for tubes of
-'t5~~ to 3S ' per cent for wires of the size of
~.OAW.G.
TABLE vn
CURRENT RATINGS FOR 30,DEG. c,
TEM PERATURE RISE
Bare Conductors, 100 Per Cent Conductivity Copper in
Hori:onral Posidon ) 40 d~ C. ~r T~mpet'ature .
NOTE: The eu:rent values for indc.or service appl)' to cond,,'tors in
large room without draits; the current values for outdoo~ .e~e. ~ppli' to
conductor. in panly Sheltered locations and are based or. awille! velcx:i:y o!
2 it . per sec.
60 CYCLl:S '
ITE:M 1: SOLID WIRE
Outside
CVRItE:iTU.Tr.<~, ?er Cent
Site
Diameter
I
Increase for
(A-W.O.)
(i,n.)
Indoor Outdoor O,,:dvor
(amp.) (amp.j &.;vica
0 0.325 178
!
240 35
,
00 0.365
I
208
i
280, 35
I
,
0000 0.480 285
i
380 33
i
In:ll 2: STRA!oOI>EJ CABi..E
o
00
0000
I 0.373
I
0.418
I :::::
I
0.728
. 0.893
0.998
I 1.152
31
.,-
-,
25
184
210
296
2~S
2S o
38S
35
32
31
Cir. M ils
250,000
400,000
600,000
.750,000
1,000,000
33!
4~ 6
60is
692
830
",34
583
756
s e s
!G3S
.,-
_0)
24
!TEll 3: T UBlrL A~ C"';DVCTOR$
Standard Pi pe Si zes
:-;om-
ill&l
Siu
16.
14.5
14
Outsida I Inside I CVltItENTItA.Tr.<G !Per Cer.~:,,:::-ea
Diameter Dia::l~ur I Indoc" : Out':c.:.r: forSe0I!:!O)o:
(in.) '(ill.) I ("op.; (.~;;.); rvie..
---I ----j j_"";";'_i 1------
0.840 I I 0.525 I i 433 ' sso I
1.050 0.822 ; M,~J I 680 !
1.315 1.062 740 910 I
I 1.35R 913 I 1090' i
1.600 985 1190!,'
2,062 1345 1585
2.500 1760 I 2060
3.500 3.062 2240 I 2600
4.000 3.500 2650 3040
4.500 4.000 2970 3400
M
~
1
lU
Hi
.2
2
3
372
4
Z7
20
23
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
20
20
18
17
ITEll 4: TVDULAll CONI>UCTOJ tS
ExJ,Q HeQII'JPi pe Si ses
Nom- Outside Inside
CI,."ltU:;TIlATL'<G
Per Cen~Inc:eue
inal Diameter Diameter
Indoor Outdoor
lor Outdoor
Sin (ia.) (ill.)
(amp.) (amp.)
Service
72
0.840 0.542 490 620 27
~
1.050 0.736
I
615 770
,,-
_0)
1 1.315 0.951 818 1010 23
131:
1.660 . 1.272
! 1050 1270 21
172
1.900 1.494
I
1210 1460 20
2 2.375 1.933 15dO 1850 18
272
I
2.875 2.315 20",0 2390 17
I
j
3
I
3.500 2.892 2580 3000 16
3M 4.000 3.358 ! 29$0 3410 K5
4 4.500, 3.818 i 3400 3880 14
I
-

'.
154 ~larch. 1930
----~------ . .------. . ---.--~---------.--"--_._. ._--
----- .---. . ~. . (-";.
Vol. 33, No.~!
. -,-----
GENERAL ELECTRIC REVIEW
l'\c. II. ValU" 01Factor C iIa 1'_uJ u (10)_d (1"2)'or Curreat
C8n)'iA& Capaeit)' of R-.sc-.sucton LImitedto 3O-4q;. C. Rloe
C"". A: Indocn. larae enc10sureawithout drafts.
C ..,. IJ : Outdoon. partly sheltered locations. 2+' .
I I 1!::.r.~") f
current values based on 100 per cent conductivity!
copper. as fromTable VII. by the relative current-!
For solid rods or wires d
1
- O. carrying capacity gives the corresponding current!
values for conductors of the conductivity specified, I
Values of the factor C for 3O-deg. C. rise outdoorS In calculating the data for Table VIII the conductor;
and indoors are given in.Fig. 16 for conductor.diam- temperature was considered as 70 deg. C. and the !
eters ranging from 0.3 in. to 4.5in. Similar curves temperature coefficient of resistance was consideredas ~
can be plotted for other values of temperature rise. . proportional to the conductivity. (10) t
. " i
Go~eoml~ 'HIe ._~ uliillM iii\~ f
For conductors of high-conductivity copper (97 to Tests have shown that aluminum conductors dissij
100 per cent) values of current for 3O-deg:C. risecan pate heat at Abou~the~if'&te;as~~'(fflaut-ttr! ; "
be taken directly fromTable VII. For sizes of con- of the same outside diameter when the temperaturt i"
ductors not included in the table. Formula (10). rise is the same. Therefore. the current value for30- ~.
or Fonnula (12) may be used with the proper value deg. C. rise for an aluminum conductor of the saI\lt i ~
of resistance at the operating temperature, considered actual size as. a copper conductor in Table VII may :~~
as 70 deg. C. in computing the current values for be obtained by multiplying the current value forthe rii
.Table VII. The temperature coefficient of resistance copper condu.ctor by the relative current-carryint V
for 100 per cent conductivity copper is 0.00393 capacity for aluminum of the proper conducti\';ty;
referred to. 20 deg. C" The value of the specific fromTable VIII.
resistance (1') is 12.59 ohms per mil-foot at 70 deg. C.
. .
I
Formulas for Curreac<ar1"l'lnl Capacity
&tm "'tended:ato_IJ WJ ei!"
t~trtt 'e
COftducrt~on-magn-m~'t..etmlV1 ~
diame-t~m...~J )~<&nck4f5 . The current values.
in Table VI! have been computed by these formulas.
using values of watts per sq. in. (w) taken fromFig.
13 as previously stated. The formulas are derived by
substituting values of resistance (R) and area of sur-
face(A) for aconductor onefoot longinEquation (1).
Thus
~'.
1- ".~'
., .
j
!
12k Rl X 10'-' - 1211'd w
Solving for the current
I ,
or
1- 1000 V1211' d W
VkR1
C
1- _I_amp.
v. kRl
C- 6140 V;;; (11)
(10)
.:)
where
T'he:""Symbolshere~~defined in'"tfie.,,-~"tio1!.
. ,he ad e d :Tlfeory)"'of~tinudUs"Headng.
Values of resistance per foot of conductor are given
in standard wire tables. et)
For rods and tubes it is sometimes convenient to
use the specific resistance o.fthe material in ohms per
mil-foot. Since
RJ __ 1'_" microhms
eJ I-d
1
t
Formula (10) becomes
1.-C~ t P~dll amp. . (12)
c
:-r
'.
. . .
. .
,
'"::'. .::
. . . . . ;
- . . :j
;,:-:,,\". 1
~:~
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(')Por c:opperwire tables _ Circular No. 31 of the Bureauof Sta"d.
ardL
Por ski" effect ratio of wires Scientific Paper No. 1119. Bureau01 .
S~ndards (1" 174. Pormula 1~. and tile table0" p. 2211) or the artic:leon
Skin El!ect 111P."der . H4.dbo o It . Theslei1lel!ec:tratio for round cablesis
themea. for wiresof themec:rossseetionof metal Seealso"Sian Effect
and Promiahy Effect in Tubular Conducton." by H. B. Dwillht. A.I.E...
T,oJU Vol. 41. 11122. P. 189. . .'
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Co r r ,a im, lo r Cr o ss- s,ct io u o l A".'(J and Ski n ~fft,.j 3
Current values are given in Table V!I for:riomiljll ,!. .
iron pipe sizes of tubes having the dint'enslonsspeo:. :
fled by one of the manufacturers of copper tub~.
For tubes o f 4 given o u t side dia met er but d:ffering
slightly fromthe dimensions giventhevalue of c\U':'e;f
taken from the table may bemultiplied by the ratio
q ~k41 (l~
k14
,
where41 - area of copper cross section of tube of same ';
outside diameter as tube of area 4 givenin:
the table' i
.kJ - skineffect ratio for tube of area 41 i
Copper Conduc:to~ of Leu than 100Per Cent Conduc:tiYir, !"
Table VIII gives the relative. current-carrying t
capacity (taken as 1.0 for standard copper) for f
conductivities down to 50 per cent. M ultiplying tht ~
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1010

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Rec:fanIUlar Conductors "
Rectangular bars are sometimes used for busesa t e j
connections in outdoor stations. Consideration~: f
rectangular conductors was not included in tlri"~"
(IO,SeeCircuJ u No. 31. Bureauof StandardPo 10.
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(13)
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.rE~plP#~' To find the current carrying capacity
of a 1.500,000 cir.smil , 98 per cent con-
ductivity copper, for 3O-deg. y. rise outdoors at 60
~A~Z OF THE CALCULATION OF CURRENT. cycles. Cct=f. 4\ t). ~ ~ ~. ;-.
CARRTING CAPACITY AND TEM l'ERATURE RISE Theoutside diameter of the cableis L412in. and the
!Nl- "folloWing.ex-amples~,musttate the'b''Pr8cticM ' resistance r" is 0.00719 obmper 1000ft. at 25-deg. C.
Substitute the following nwnerical values in
.applieati6l1 of9;he:idata~ven~hiS~t:1e':
~:- - 1 T find h .. Formula (10):
QMlmp . : 0 t e current-carrymg capacity
of a . 1.315in. outside diameter and 1.022in.--...... R1-.0.OO719XI0* [1+0.00385 (70-25)1
insidediameter of 85 per cent conductivity ~ I '~ - 8-, ii3microhms per ft; (at 7O-deg.C.)
for' 3O-deg.C. rise outdoors at 60 cycles. g-.J I . 'ai' !k -ffi (seereferences (t) )
The. outside diameter is exactly equal to thatC~' C -4030 (fromFig. 16, for outdoor service)
oi theone-inchextra heavy pipe size given in Table Thus .
VII, Item4, whichis rated at 1010amp. for outdoor I_ 4030 _ 1300amp.
service.Allowancefort~e difference of copper cross. v'1.14X8.43
section ismade as follows: .
Thecross-section of the one-inch tube specified in
TableVII is
i:l\cstigation. Theoretical formulas for the heating of
~tangu1ar con.ductorshave been worked out but the
.:lpplication. .' Un 1 '. . . . '
eo~tl:J rS, especially in the case of laminated bars.
~~",probable~~n"OreaseS 0 curre n th' reeP
'0- en .over.the {)J "resp0nding...lm'en~~
tiltwai~e-..possibJ .
TABLE vm
RELATIn CURRENT -CARRYING CAPACmES
for Conductor. ofrhe Same Diameter and Cro~cion of
M etal Having Dift'erent Value. of Conductivity
CONDUCfOR TEM PERATURE. 71)DBO. c.
M atmal
Pet Cent Relative CUrTellt-
Conductivity carry;nl( Capacity
Copper 100 1.00
a nd 95 0.98
Corcper
90 0.96
Aloys
85 .0.94
80 0.91
75 0.88
70 0.86
65 0.83
60 0.80
55 0.77
50 0.74
,
Aluminum 61 0.78
55 0.74
50 0.71
0-1315
2
-951
2
-1,730,000-905,000-825,000
cir, mils
The cross-sectionof the tube in this example is ..
(11-1315
2
-1022
2
=1,730.000-1,045,OOQ-6~,OOO
cir. mils .
- The sJ... ineffeet ratio is practically 1.0at 60cycles for .
both tubes. Thus, according to Equation (13)
~
kal . ~685.000 091
q - - - - ..
k1a 825,Q(M ) '.
The outdoor current rating for the tube of cross
sectional for 100per cent conductivity copper is.
0.91 X 1010-920 amp. ~.
, ~- .-
The relative current-carrying capacity for 85per cent
conductivity copper fromTable VIII is0.94.
Thus the current-carrying capacity of the tube.
specified is
0.94 X 920-865 amp.
~~~;~: To find the current-carrying capacity
of a in. outside diameter and 3-i in. inside
diameter of }.OO per cent conductivity copper 'for p
~eg. C. rise outdoors at 60cycles. . ~ a! .
Substitute the following numerical values in C Y .
Formula (l2):
C- 3350 fromFig. 16, for outdoor service
. d "-0.75 in.
d1-0.50 in; .
r -12.59 ohms per mil-foot at 7O-deg.C.
k -"1.0.
Thus
I-3350 I0.75
1
-0.501 -528 am .
'\j. 1 X 12.59 . P
where Iis the current-carrying capacity of the tube
specified. .
The relative current-carrying capacity for 98per cent
conductivity copper is0.99, fromTable VIII.
Thus the 'current-carrying capacity of the cable
specifiedis.
0.99X1300-1290 amp.
. 'Ei i i fi llU *To find the current-carrying capacity
at 60 cycles of the 1,500,000 cir.smil < !HI e specm__
itI Example...a. for 9-deg. C. rise outdoors at higll
elevation where the wind velocity is six feet per
.second (minimum), the air temperature to be taken
as40deg. C. .
The procedure is to calculate separately the com-
ponents of the heat dissipated due to convection and
radiation and add them to get the total heat dis-
sipated. Then substitute in Equation (1) .and solve
for the current.
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CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF CONDUCTORS FOR OUTDOORSERYICE.,., }57
. _. - . ,.. :; -:.f:::-~ ': "
'CONCLUSIONS lOCi fa o' aJ !tly'
(1). This article gives current ratings for .' al:1eitefeoeatiens-ma. ~~_GU
conductorsin~'!mta a sunder specified ~oci~
~cindconditions, and .~ installations, for _~d 't~towance -fl :he
30-<leg. C. risein an air temperature of 40deg, C. for ~he-.un. Test data confirming this point are
conductorsizes ranging from0.3 to 4.5-jn. diameter. given.
Theratingsare based on test data and are in agree- (4). The ~tings;o O...aeg. C" rise for
mentwithindependent calculations. nductors for wind velocities of two. feet
(2). In order to establish ratings for outdoor per second are from~ ~ than
conductorsdata on wind velocities were studied and those for ilrciO'O ~, the- per cent value
. analyzedand it was found that in partly sheltered <a~n: '.~ conciuGta nsiGere+(4.5-
installations,for instance closeto abuilding (but not in. diameter), the I8Pper cent value applying to the
shelteredby structures on more than two sides or malleS" Oii1iuct01" nsitferea- (O.3--in. diameter).
completelysurrounded by buildings), sustained wind For more fully sheltered locations, of course, lower
. \'c1ocities lowerthan two feet per secondarenot to be ratings havetobeused.
, expectedmorethan five per. cent of the time during (5). Formulas, based on previous researches, are
the:summer season. 'Fh&tSimultaneo~n"Ce"'efgiven in simple form for the calculation of tem-
<IIl'higb,.air",temperatur.e BI ;k1 :w.ind:.. velocity (below perature rise and of current-carrying capacity for
two feet per second) 's""0f-",oUl'SeStltple!S~ueM , cylindrical conductors.
sodhit tbe~chance ot~U:il' "eftductorsrated. (6). The rate of heat dissipation per unit area
on-th8'basis<c()rawiffc:t"Ve18CitywO;~~f'-seeond> ( i.e., watts per sq. in. dissipated) from conductors
-fn-"'pat'tly''''Sh'el"ferea'''tocatiOftf'isi>ractic:dtr:negligible!at a given temperature rise is not the same for con-
(3). The effect of the summer sun on the tern- ductors of different sizesbut diminishes with increas-
peraturerise of the conductors was also studied by ing conductor diameter because of the diminishing
meansof tests, and it was found that the bright rate of heat convection. While this point is not new,
sunshineearly in September added about two to having been brought out in previous literature, cur-
threedeg. C. to the temperature rise when the rent ratings based on a constant rate of heat dissipa-
currentwassuchas toheat theconductor to 30deg, C. tionregardlessof theconductor sizearestill beingused.
above the air. In vieW-of'.. the~onserv.ative value"'Of The ratings given here take this factor into account.
Nok: ~e AdcA eV\cl\.\~. tof
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