CC2413 Fundamental

Psychology for Health Studies

Lecture 9 & 10
Personality &
Psychological Disorders

Lecturer:

1
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10
 Lesson Plan
(A) PERSONALITY concepts

(B) Selected PERSPECTIVES on Personality

(C) Concepts on PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

(D) Models of Abnormality

(E) 4 major types of psychological disorders

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(A) Definitions of key concepts
1) Personality (性格/人格)
– the unique (distinctiveness
distinctiveness 特殊性) &
– relatively stable (________________
________________ 一致性) ways
– in which people think, feel, and behave

2) Character (品格)
– value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical
behavior

3) Temperament (性情)
– the enduring characteristics with which each person
is _______________
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 (特徵/
特徵/特性)
(B) I. Trait (特徵 特性) perspective
Trait theories - theories that endeavor to
describe the characteristics that make up
human personality in an effort to
_____________future behavior

Trait - a consistent, enduring way of thinking,

feeling, or behaving

Gordon Allport & H.S. Odbert first searched

for broad personality traits using 18,000
words from an English dictionary
4
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10
(B) I. The “Big
Big Five”
Five (Costa & McCrae)
• Openness to experience (開放度)
– e.g., fantasy, feelings, ideas
• Conscientiousness (嚴謹度)
– e.g., competence, order, dutifulness
• Extraversion（外向度)
– e.g., warmth, excitement-seeking, positive
emotion
• __________________ (隨和度)
– e.g., trust, altruism, modesty
• Neuroticism （神經質）
– e.g., anxiety, hostility, impulsiveness

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 (B) I. The Five Factor Model
High Scorer Traits Low Scorer
Creative, curious, broad O Conventional, narrow
interest, imaginative interests, practical
Careful, disciplined, C Careless, impulsive,
organized, reliable disorganized, unreliable
Sociable, fun-loving, E Shy, sober, reserved,
affectionate, talkative comfortable being alone
Good-natured, Soft- A Ruthless (冷酷/無情),
hearted, trusting, helpful suspicious, competitive
uncooperative
Emotional, insecure, N Calm, secure, relaxed,
anxious, self-pitying self-satisfied
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(B) II. The psychoanalytic perspective
• Psychoanalysis - Freud’s term for both the
theory of personality and the therapy based
on it
• Freud’s view of the __________________:
– Human is irrational:
irrational personality is mainly
dominant by unconscious forces(潛意識)
/internal conflicts
– Human is passive:
passive personality is controlled
by innate, biological urges & shaped by
early experiences
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 (B) II. Freud’s
Freud s Theory:
The structure of personality
• (原我/
原我/本我):
Id (原我 本我): pleasure principle
– consists of instincts, the individual’s
reservoir of psychic energy
• (自我):
自我): reality principle
Ego (自我
– deals with the demands of reality
• (超我):
超我): ego-ideal &
Superego (超我
conscience
– considers whether something is right
or wrong

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(B) II. Freud’s
Freud s model of personality structure

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(B) II. Freud’s
Freud s Theory:
Stages of personality development
• Psychosexual stages - 5 stages of
personality development that are tied to
the sexual development of the child

Fixation – certain unhealthy personality

–Fixation
traits & disordered behavior may result
when the person does not successfully
conflict
resolve the _____________ (too much or
too little gratification of needs) in a
particular psychosexual stage
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 （口 腔 期）
1. Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
– SEXUAL INTERESTS – EFFECT OF FIXATION
• Oral activities: Sucking, AT THIS STAGE
swallowing, biting • Lasting concerns with
dependence and
independence;
_____________, smoking,
drinking too much, cynical
(挖苦), and too
optimistic/pessimistic
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 （肛 門 期）
2. Anal Stage (1 1/2 to 3 yrs old)
– SEXUAL INTERESTS – EFFECT OF FIXATION
• Expelling feces, AT THIS STAGE
retaining feces • Orderliness (過份整潔),
整齊 stinginess (吝惜) or too
generous, stubbornness (固
執)

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 （性 器 期）
3. Phallic Stage (3 - 6 yrs old)
– SEXUAL INTERESTS – EFFECT OF FIXATION
• Touching penis or AT THIS STAGE
clitoris • Males: Vanity (自負),
• Males:_____________
_____________ overconcern with
complex（戀母情結）
complex（ 戀母情結） masculinity, or the
• Females: Electra opposite
complex（戀父情結）
complex（ 戀父情結） • Females: Promiscuity (濫
交 ), Seductiveness (勾引)

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 13
 （潛 能 期）
4. Latency Period ( 6 yrs old - puberty)
– SEXUAL INTERESTS – EFFECT OF FIXATION
• Sexual interests AT THIS STAGE
___________________ •—
• develop other skills

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 （性慾期 - 青春期）
青春期）
5. Genital Period (_________ onward)
– SEXUAL INTERESTS – EFFECT OF FIXATION
• Sexual re-
re-awakening AT THIS STAGE
• Building intimacy & •—
sexual contact with
other people

（呂，1982，
，頁 235-
）
38）
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 15
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 16
(C) Concepts on PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
What kind of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors would
you consider as abnormal?
abnormal

Addiction to net-
net-surfing has been listed as a type of mental illness in China.
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 17
(C) Concepts on PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Psychopathology (心理 / 精神病理學) - the study of
abnormal behavior

Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that

causes people significant distress, causes them to
harm others, or harms their ability to function in
daily life

Criteria on what is normal / abnormal?

1. Deviance:
Deviance from statistical or social norms
過度偏離社會標準
2. ____________________ behavior: impair daily function
不適當的行為，妨礙日常生活
3. Personal distress:
distress subjective discomfort
個人的痛苦 CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 18
 (D) Models of Abnormality
1)Biological model
• model of explaining behavior as caused by biological
changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of
the body

2) Psychoanalytic theorists
• assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed
conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious

3) Cognitive theorists
• see abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs
and illogical
llogical patterns of thought

4) Behaviorists
• see abnormal behavior as _________________.
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 19
(D) Case Illustration (adapted from Laughlin, 1967,
p.227) – Hilda is 32 years of age and has a rather unusual fear.
She is terrified of snow.
snow.

– She cannot go outside in the snow.

snow She cannot even
stand to see snow or hear about it on the weather
report.
report

– Her phobia severely constricts her day-to-day

behaviour.

– Probing in therapy revealed that her phobia was caused

by a traumatic experience at age 11.
11 Playing at a ski
lodge, she was buried briefly by a small avalanche of
snow (雪崩) .

– She had no recollection of this experience

until it was recovered in therapy.
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Weiten: Fig 13.4 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 21
 (焦慮症)
焦慮症)
(E) I. Anxiety Disorders (焦慮症
feelings of excessive apprehension & anxiety
強烈的神經緊張及焦慮感
(恐懼症)
恐懼症)
1) Phobic disorders (恐懼症
– persistent & irrational fear of object or
situation that presents no realistic danger

2) Obsessive- (強迫症，
強迫症，
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (強迫症
OCD)
– persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of
obsessions)
unwanted thoughts (obsessions
obsessions & urges to
compulsions)
engage in senseless rituals (compulsions
compulsions

(恐慌症)
恐慌症) & Agoraphobia
3) _________ disorder (恐慌症
《娛樂大亨》
娛樂大亨》 (懼矌症)
懼矌症)
The Aviator (2005) – recurring attacks of overwhelming anxiety
http://www.youtube that usually occur suddenly & unexpectedly
.com/watch?v=8dR – fear of being in a place/situation from which
8xVqSfXc&feature escape is difficult or impossible
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 22
=related
Symptoms of anxiety disorders

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 23
 (身體症)
身體症
(E) II. Somatoform Disorders (身體症
physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by
organic conditions & are largely due to psychological
factors 患者顯現的身體症狀，找不到生理病因；這些症狀通常
與心理因素有關

(疑病症)
疑病症)
1)) Hypochondriasis (hypochondria) (疑病症
– excessive preoccupation with health concerns &
incessant worry about developing physical illnesses

(體化症)
體化症)
2) _______________________ disorder (體化症
– a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to
be psychological in origin

(轉化症)
轉化症)
3) Conversion disorder (轉化症
– a significant loss of physical function (with no apparent
organic basis), usu. in a single organ (e.g. loss of vision,
loss of feeling in limbs)
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 24
 (身體症)
身體症
(E) II. Somatoform Disorders (身體症

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 25
Concept Check
(Source: Metro daily 09-
09-02-
02-2008)

Q: Which type of disorder 10-

year-oldYing Ying (盈盈) is
MOST likely suffering from?

a) Hypochondriasis
b) Agoraphobia
c) Conversion disorder
d) Phobic disorder

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 26
 (情感症)
情感症)
(E) III. Mood/Affective Disorders (情感症
emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill
over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social & thought
processes 患者表現出過度的情緒狀態；不同的情緒障礙會妨
礙身體、知覺、社交及思想的運作

(憂鬱症)
憂鬱症)
1) Major depressive / Unipolar disorder (憂鬱症
– persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss
of interest in previous sources of pleasure

(躁鬱症，
躁鬱症，manic-
2)) _______________ disorder (躁鬱症 manic-
depressive disorder)
– experiencing one or more manic episodes as well
as periods of depression
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(E) Bipolor vs. Depressive Disorders
(Metro daily 25-
25-11-
11-2008)

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CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 29
Fig. 13.7, p. 415
 (精神分裂症)
精神分裂症)
(E) IV. Schizophrenia (精神分裂症
• a severe disorder in which the person
suffers from disordered thinking,
bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and
is unable to distinguish between
fantasy and reality.
由於多重心理功能的障礙，導致思考與感覺
不統整，與現實脫節的現象。 典型症狀包
括：妄想、幻覺、說話不連貫、日常生活功
能退化 (工作、社會關係及自我照顧的能力)

• ______________- the break away

from an ability to perceive what is
real and what is fantasy

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 30
 (精神分裂症)
精神分裂症)
(E) IV. Schizophrenia (精神分裂症
• Positive symptoms (excesses of abnormal
behavior)
+ __________________ （妄想）(false beliefs
maintained even though they clearly are out of
touch with reality) & irrational thought
+ hallucinations （幻覺） (distortions of sensory
perceptions)

• Negative symptoms (absence of normal

behavior)
– deterioration of adaptive behavior (e.g.
withdrawal from others)
– flat affect (a lack of emotional responsiveness)
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 31
 Conclusion
1) 2 major personality perspectives

2) 4 major models of abnormalities & types

of psychological disorders

3) Focus of the next topic

壓力與健康)
壓力與健康
– Stress & Health (壓力與健康

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 32
 4) Application: Case Analysis

2007

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 33
 4) Application: Case Analysis
1) Would you consider Tsui Po-ko’s (徐
步高) behavior as normal or
abnormal Why?
abnormal?

2) Analyze Tsui’s behavior based on

Freudian psychoanalytic approach
to personality or abnormality.

CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 34
 Conclusion
5) References
**Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009).
Psychology (International edition, 2nd ed).
Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice
Hall.

Weiten, W. (2004). Chapter 12 & 14. In

Psychology: Themes and variations (6th ed.).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.

** Assigned Readings: Ch 13 – 13.1, 13.2,

13.4, 13.7, & 13.9 & Ch 14 – 14.1,14.2,
14.4, 14.5, 14.7, 14.8
CC2413_1st sem_0910_L9&10 35
 Conclusion
5) Web Resources
1) A comprehensive list of Psychology Web page
This site includes links to a varieties of personality theories
http://psychurls.wikispaces.com/

2) Personality Test
These tests are only for your entertainment.
http://www.2h.com/personality-tests.html

3) In-depth Schizophrenia information & support

http://www.schizophrenia.com/

4) The Phobia List

http://phobialist.com/

5) Article: Is Laughter the Best Medicine or Any Medicine at All?

http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_81.asp
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