1

Agar Multiphase Flow Meter For Wet-Gas Measurement

Vikram Siddavaram, David Farchy, Joram Agar, and Hoang Cam, Agar Corporation

ABSTRACT
Wet Gas flow is typically encountered in applications were the production is gas (gas wells), and the
liquids (condensate and water) are the by-products. The main objective of wet gas flow metering is,
therefore, to measure the gas flow rate accurately. Yet it is also necessary to measure the liquid flow
rates with sufficient accuracy.
This article describes the new Agar MPFM50 tested in a wet gas flow metering application. The Agar
MPPM50 is based on an enhanced coriolis meter; a microwave based water-cut meter and other ancillary
technologies such as differential pressure measurement devices. The enhanced coriolis meter measures
the gas volume fraction (GVF) accurately in the entire GVF range from 0-100% and with a high resolution
of 0.5% in the 95-100% GVF range. The components developed by Agar for multiphase flow metering
application can operate from 0-100% water-cut and from 0-2000 cP dynamic viscosity.
The MPFM50 has been tested and deployed in several fields including those in the US, Russia, Canada,
Mexico, Romania, Colombia, Suriname etc. and its performance has also been verified at independent
third-party multiphase flow loops. This article describes the results from these field-tests and third-party
tests.

1. INTRODUCTION
Wet Gas Flow is typically defined as multiphase flow wherein the volume fraction of the gas in the
multiphase mixture is greater than 90%. Ref. (1) further classifies wet gas flows into three different types:
type I, type II, and type III, based on the Lockhart-Martinelli number, which is a nondimensional measure
of the liquid loading or the wetness of the multiphase mixture. The Lockhart-Martinelli number (X) is
given by the following expression:
= Eqn. 1


In the above expression, Q
L
, Q
G
, !
L
, and !
G
are respectively the liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, liquid
density, and gas density at line conditions. According to Refs. (1) and (2), for type I wet gas flows X"0.02,
for type II wetgas flows 0.02<X"0.3, and for type III wet gas flows X>0.3.
For Type I wet gas flows, the only concern is the accuracy in the measurememnt of gas flow rate and the
liquid flow rate is used only as a tool to correct the raw measured gas flow rate, hence the accuarcy of
liquid flow rate measurmemnt is not important. Metering for Type I wet gas typically involves singe phase
gas metering devices (such as orifice plates, venturi, coriolis), and the meter over-reads are subsequenty
corrected using correlations such as those given by Murdock (Ref. 3), Chisholm (Ref. 4), de-Leeuw (Ref.
5) and others. The liquid flow rate needed in the equations are obtained independently, typically by
means of tracer injection or a test separator. Naturally, the uncertainty in the gas flow rate is affected by
1) the uncertainty introduced by the correlation employed and 2) the uncertainty in the liquid flow rate.
For Type II wet gas flows, the accuracy of gas flow rate and liquid flow rate are both of interest but the
water-cut is not important. Metering for Type II wet gas typically involves an extra measurement
technique in addition to that employed for the Type I wet gas metering. An example of a type II wet gas
metering system is the Dualstream II wet gas flowmeter developed by Solartron and Advantica (Ref. 6). It
utilizes a wet gas venturi and a second DP device. The Dual DP approach is based on the principle that if
the meter over-read from two different DP devices is significantly different, then two simulateneous
equations exist that can be used for solving the gas flow rate and the liquid flow rate.
For Type III wet gas flows, the accuracy of gas flow rate and liquid flow rate and the water-cut of the
mixture are all important. Metering for Type III wet gas typically involves an extra composition
measurement technique in addition to the sensors employed for the Type II wet gas metering. Typically,
the water-cut of the fluid mixture is measured using a radioactivitiy based method such as a gamma ray
densitometer (Ref. 7) or a microwave based method which measures the permittivity of the fluid mixture
(Ref. 8). The principle of operation of Type III wet gas flow meters is almost identical to that of multiphase
flowmeters with the only difference, in many cases, being the algorithm employed for the wet-gas
2

computations.
The primary advantage of employing Multi-Phase Flow Meters (MPFMs) for wet gas measurement is that
it is possible to measure the gas flow rate, water flow rate and liquid hydrocarbon (oil/gas condensate)
flow rate instantaneously. The flow rate and water-cut measurements can be used to indicate flow pattern
and well-stability, and analyze trends in production. These are useful for real-time production monitoring
and optimization, where gravity separation in a short time may not be possible. MPFMs, in general,
require much shorter duration of well testing compared to test separators and have a smaller footprint and
are light weight compared to separators which allows them to be trailer-mounted, thus making them
portable. Being independent of gravity separation, they can also be deployed in space- and weight-
constrained locations such as offshore platforms.
In this article we describe the design of Agars Multi-Phase Flow Meter and present the results obtained
from field tests and third-party tests. The Agar MPFM-50 is based on a Coriolis flow meter, modified to
work across the entire Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) from 0 100%, i.e. multiphase flow and wet-gas
regimes, and the Agar water-cut meter, which is based on microwave technology and has the ability to
measure 0-100% water-cut, and other ancillary sensors. Based on the classification scheme discussed
above, this would be a type III wet gas meter.

2. DESIGN AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES
The MPFM is described by means of the arrangement sketched in Figure 1. A Coriolis meter is used to
measure the density of the multiphase fluid mixture by measuring the natural frequency of oscillation of the
coriolis tubes and the power consumption and twist are also measured yielding additional equations.


Fig. 1- Schematic of MPFM-50
The simplified equations describing the frequency of oscillation and the power consumption are given
3

below. Both the power and natural frequency are affected by the slip, S, and viscosity, , and the
additional unknowns are the liquid and gas flow rates.
Eqn. 2
Eqn. 3
Eqn. 4

In the above equations, Q
mix
is the volumetric flow rate of the mixture, WC is the water cut of the mixture,
and GVF is the Gas Volume Fraction of the mixture. S is the slip ratio and is the flow averaged viscosity
of the liquid and !
Oil
is the density of the oil. P and T are the line pressure and temperature respectively,
which are measured by means of transducers.
In the above equations,
Eqn. 5
Eqn. 6
Eqn. 7
where Q
Gas
, Q
Oil
, and Q
Water
are the volumetric flow rates of Gas, Condensate/Oil, and water phases
respectively.
It must be pointed that the coriolis meter used to measure the multiphase flow is not a typical off-the-shelf
coriolis meter and instead has been developed in house, especially for multiphase applications. Coriolis
meters have been used traditionally to measure single phase liquid flow rates and as is well known in the
multiphase measurement community, e.g. Ref [9], measurements from off-the-shelf coriolis meters in
applications involving negligible amounts of entrained gas even as little as 2% volume are unreliable,
usually resulting in errors >50% and in some cases the coriolis meter even stops to respond when the Gas
Volume Fraction exceeds relatively modest values, e.g. 30%. The primary culprit for this degradation of
the performance of coriolis meter in multiphase flow is the increased damping of the coriolis oscillating
tubes resulting from the multiphase flow. In contrast, Agar Coriolis meter continues to respond and
measure the densities accurately in the entire GVF range from 0-100%. Over the past few years, Agar has
done significant research on multiphase coriolis meters and the advances made in house in signal
processing and mechanical meter construction enable the coriolis meter to continue measuring the
multiphase mixture density accurately from 0-100%.
A type III wet gas meter such as the MPFM-50 does not require user inputs of the liquid flow rates Q
Oil
and
Q
Water
. Instead the liquid flow rates are measured online. It must also be noted that the MPFM-50 does
not require the user input of the oil density or viscosity which too are measured online. Simply stated, one
cannot solve for the above six unknowns with only three equations. To arrive at additional equations,
another meter such as a venturi meter is used as shown in Figure 1. The pressure drop from the inlet of
the venturi to the throat of the venturi is measured. The simplified equations are given below.
Eqn. 8
Another equation is obtained from the Agar water-cut meter which is connected in tandem with the
coriolis and the venturi meters. The water cut meter uses microwave technology to measure the
permittivity of the multiphase mixture. A microwave signal is transmitted through the multiphase mixture
and the amplitude attenuation of the microwave signal and the change in the phase of the microwave
signal are measured. Both of these are affected by the water-cut of the multiphase mixture. The relative
permittivity of water is much higher than that of gas and condensate; therefore the water-cut meter is
sensitive to the presence of even trace quantities of water. Equation 8 relates the dielectric constant of
the mixture to the variables of interest. In the equation below, !
mix
, is the dielectric constant of the mixture.
More details about the water cut meter can be found in Ref. [10].

Eqn. 9
4

The viscosity of the fluid mixture, ", influences slip, S, among other variables and contributes significantly
to the errors in flow measurement. Therefore an additional equation is needed to account for the effects
of viscosity. The viscosity is deduced by measuring the pressure drop across a short straight section of
the piping.
Eqn. 10
The line pressure, P, and temperature, T, are also measured to convert the flow rates measured at line
conditions to those at standard conditions.
The above system of nonlinear simultaneous equations can be written in the form of a matrix, as shown
below.
Eqn. 11
Eqn. 11 is a simplified presentation of Eqns. 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10. As these equations are non-linear, in
the above equation 11, the elements of matrix A are not constant, and instead are variable, meaning they
depend on Q
mix
, WC, GVF, S, ", and #
Oil
. For example, for the case of a singlephase flow of only fresh
water, i.e. no oil and no gas, the equation for #P
inlet-throat
, according to Ref. [11], is
Eqn. 12
In the above equation, #
w
is the density of water, Q
W
is the volumetric flow rate of water, A
inlet
is the area
of inlet of the venturi meter, $ is the ratio of the throat diameter to the inlet diameter of the venturi, and C
d

is the coefficient of discharge.
Therefore, element A
41
is
Eqn. 13
Thus, it can be seen that A
41
depends on the variable Q
mix
which is one of the unknowns. Iterative
methods, as detailed in Ref. (12), can be used to solve such a system of equations.
In what follows, the algorithm described above is compared and contrasted with the traditionally used
algorithms for wet gas flow measurement. As mentioned in the Introduction, Murdocks correlation (Ref.
(3)) was developed for wet gas measurement using orifice plates and the Over-reading, f defined below,
is proposed to be a linear function of the Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter as shown below.
Eqn. 14

Chisholms correlation (Ref. (4)) is also for orifice plates and it has been proposed that the over-reading
depends not only on X but also explicitly on the ratio of densities of gas and liquid.
where Eqn. 15
De Leeuws correlation (Ref. (5)) has been developed for venturi tubes and it has been proposed that the
over-reading depends not only on X and density ratio of gas and liquid but also on the Gas Froude
Number, Fr
G
, as shown below.

5

where and Eqn. 16
with

The main difference between the Agar approach described in this section and those detailed in Refs. (3),
(4), and (5) is that the algorithm does not require user inputs of liquid flow rate, liquid viscosity and oil
density which are determined online from the various physical measurements detailed in Fig. 1.

3. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MPFM
The MPFM-50 unit is available as a standard inline version and as a skid-mounted version as shown in
Figure 2. The operating envelope for 2-inch and 4-inch MPFM-50 units is given in Figure 3. The meter is
sized so that the maximum pressure drop through the meter is less than 1 bar (15 psi). The solid lines
represent the operational envelope when the multiphase flow is homogeneous (typically found for low
GVFs), and the dashed line represents the maximum flow rate when there is significant gas and the wells
slug.


(a) (b)
Fig. 2-MPFM-50 versions: (a) Standard Inline Version (b) Skid-Mounted High-viscosity Version

6


Fig. 3- Operational Envelope of MPFM-50 for a 2-inch Version
The table below gives the general specifications of the MPFM. The oil and water flow rates can be
measured to within 2%FS
L
5%R and the gas flow rate to within 2%FS
G
5%R with 95% confidence.
FS
L
is the liquid full scale which for a 2 inch unit is 5000 BBL/day (800 m
3
/day) and FS
G
is the Gas Full
Scale which for a 2 inch unit is 3.6 MMSCFD (0.1X10
6
Sm
3
/day). The accuracies are not affected by
changes in salinity, viscosity, density, temperature, pressure, or pH.

Gas Void Fraction 0 to 100%
Water Cut 0 to 100%
Flow Regimes All: (e.g. bubbly, wavy, slug, annular, etc.)
Pressure Up to 1500#; higher ratings are avail too.
Ambient Temperature -4F to 160F (-20C to 70C)
Optional Low Temp -40F to 160F (-40C to 70C)
Process Temperature Standard Model 32F to 212F (0C to 100C)
High Temp Model 32F to 450F (0C to 232C)
Liquid Viscosity Low Viscosity Model: 0.1-30 cP
High Viscosity Model: 0.1-2000 cP
Salinity 0 to 20% NaCl by weight (up to saturation)
Sand/Particulate Up to 5% by volume and less than 1mm particle size
Max Pressure Drop Less than 15 PSI (1 bar)
Wetted Parts Standard: 316 Stainless Steel; Hastelloy, and other
materials available on special order; According to ASME
B31.1 and B31.3. PEEK; Ceramic Isolators
Table 1. General Specifications of MPFM-50
7

4. LAB TESTS RESULTS
In this section, some results obtained from tests conducted in the Agar Flow Loop are presented. Figure 4
shows the density of the mixture as a function of Gas Volume Fraction (GVF). The GVF is defined earlier
as follows:
Eqn. 6
In the above equation, Q
G
is the volumetric flow rate of gas at line flow conditions and Q
L
is the volumetric
flow rate of liquid.
For these tests the liquid phase was salt water and the gas phase was air. The line pressure was
maintained at 80 psi and the line temperature was maintained at 80
o
F. The density of the mixture is
measured by the coriolis meter, and is compensated for slip using the algorithm described in previous
sections, and for comparison the theoretical no-slip density curve is also plotted. The close agreement
between the measured density and the theoretical no-slip density across the entire GVF range is
noteworthy.

Fig. 4-Uncorrected Density of Mixture vs. Gas Volume Fraction, Measured by the
Agar MPFM
In the above graph, Re_SL refers to the superficial liquid Reynolds number which is based on the
superficial liquid velocity (velocity of the liquid assuming that it fills the entire pipe), liquid dynamic
viscosity, and liquid density. The tests were conducted at three different liquid flow rates, i.e. in effect at
three different mixture mass flow rates because the gas density is negligible compared to the liquid
density, to evaluate the effect of the slip on the measurement of mixture density. The close agreement
between the measured density and the theoretical no-slip density at all three liquid flow rates in spite of
the different values of slip is due to the fact that the slip is reliably measured as indicated in eqn. 9, and
the effect of the slip on the mixture density is accounted for.

8


Fig. 5-Measurement of GVF in the full range from
Figure 5 shows the measurement of GVF in the full range from and it can be seen
that the Gas Volume Fraction is measured to within 2.5% in this range.

Fig. 6-Measurement of GVF in the wet-gas range from

Figure 6 shows the measurement of GVF in the wet-gas regime, by MPFM-50. In
this GVF range the Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter was varied from 0-0.3.
The Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter is an indication of the wetness of the fluid mixture and it is defined as
=
Eqn. 1
9

It can be seen that the GVF measurement accuracy is 0.5% in the wet-gas regime. The MPFM does not
require any additional user inputs for measurement in the wet-gas regime.
Figure 7 shows the gas measurement in the wet-gas conditions. It can be seen that the gas flow rates are
measured with an accuracy of 5% in the wet gas flow conditions. Figure 8 shows the accuracy in the
liquid flow rate measurement. The majority of the measurements fall within an accuracy band of
1%FS
WG,L
5%R. FS
WG,L
is the liquid full scale of the meter under wet-gas conditions. It was pointed
earlier that the full scale of the meter under multiphase flow conditions is 5000 BPD. The Full Scale of
liquid in the wet gas conditions is 1000 BPD. Thus, a 2 MPFM-50 in wet gas conditions, measures liquid
flow rates with an accuracy of 10 BPD5%R and the gas flow rates with an accuracy of 5%R.


Fig. 7-Measurement of Gas Flow Rate in the wet-gas range from



Fig. 8-Measurement of Liquid Flow Rate in the wet-gas range from

10

5. FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MPFM-50
The MPFM-50 has been extensively tested in several fields all over the world, e.g. Romania, Colombia,
Canada, Suriname, Mexico, Russia, and US. While the results presented in this section are not for wet
gas flows, they have been included in this article to give the reader an appreciation for the typical
accuracies achieved with the MPFM-50 in the multiphase regime. Figures, 9 and 10, show some field
installations of MPFM-50.


Fig. 9a-MPFM-50: 3 inch unit in Canada.
GVF<50%, SAGD process, Water Cut > 50%.
Fig. 9b-MPFM-50: 1 inch unit in Romania,
Mature oil Field, High Viscosity, Steam Injection,
GVF < 60%, Water Cut>50%.


Fig. 10a- 2 inch unit in Colombia. API Gravity:
10-20 API, Water Cut: 2-95%, GVF: 0-100%,
Liquid Production: 300-11000 BPD.
Fig. 10b- 1 inch MPFM-50 with Low Flow
Extender Option in Suriname. API Gravity: 14-
18, Water Cut: 0-30%, GVF: 0-60%, Liquid
Production: 2-20 BPD.

11

Figures, 11, 12, and 13, show the field performance of MPFM-50. The meter is a 1 inch unit whose Liquid
Full Scale, FS
L
= 900 BPD. The MPFM was tested at several wells wherein the flow rates varied from 20
BPD - 1200 BPD, the well head pressure varied from 107-224 psi (740-1550 kPa), the stream
temperature varied from 75-95
o
F (24-35
o
C), and the gas volume fraction varied from 0-54%. The API
gravity of the oil varied from 14-16 and the water-cut of the wells varied from 0-100%. While the MPFM
measured gas flow rates, there was no reference gas flow rate measurement, so the gas flow rate
accuracy graphs cannot be plotted. The flow rates measured by the MPFM are compared with those
measured by a test-tank, and the water-cut measured by the MPFM is compared with the water-cuts
measured by a lab centrifuge based on samples collected during the well test. Figure 11 compares the
liquid flow rate measured from the MPFM with the reference liquid flow rate obtained from tank test. While
the full scale of the meter is 900 BPD, the meter was tested in the flow rate range from 20 to 1200 BPD. It
can also be seen that while the quoted accuracy specification from Agar is 2%FS5%R, all the points
are measured within a higher accuracy specification of 1%FS3%R.


Fig. 11- Liquid Flow Rate Measurement All Wells

There were quite a few wells whose production was lower than the design flow rate minimum set for the
1 MPFM-50, which is 60 BPD. It was decided to test the meter at these low flow wells and evaluate the
performance of the MPFM for low flow wells with flow rates down to 20 BPD. Figure 12 compares the
liquid flow rate measured from the MPFM with the reference liquid flow rate obtained from tank test for the
low flow wells. It can be seen that the meter exceeds the quoted specs again and all the low flow wells
are measured with an accuracy of 1%FS3%R against a quoted accuracy of 2%FS5%R.
Figure 13 compares the measured water-cut from the MPFM with the reference water-cut. The water-cut
is measured by the MPFM to within an accuracy of 5%.

12


Fig. 12- Liquid Flow Rate Measurement Low Flow Wells


Fig. 13-Water Cut Measurement

6. RESULTS FROM THIRD PARTY TESTS
The performance of a 3 inch MPFM-50 was independently verified by an independent third-party test
facility based in San Antonio, Texas during a series of tests conducted from May 26th through June 18th,
2011. The process conditions for these tests are shown in table 2.

Gas Flow Rate Range 0 - 170000 ACFD (0-12.6 MMSCFD)
Liquid Flow Rate Range 500 - 6000 BPD (80-954 m3/day)
Water Cut Range 0 - 75 %
Gas Volume Fraction Range 0 - 100 %
13

Line Pressure 100 & 1000 psig
Temperature Range 79 - 84
o
F
Oil Exxsol
TM
D110 (light condensate)
Gas Methane
Water Fresh Water
Table 2. Process Conditions for the 3
rd
party tests of MPFM-50

The reference liquid flow rates and densities were measured using 1 and 3 Coriolis flow meters. The
reference gas flow rate was measured using a 6-inch orifice meter and a $-inch Coriolis meter. The
typical relative uncertainty ranges from 0.15% to 1%. The water cut of the liquid mixture was monitored
through centrifuging and averaging of four liquid samples for each point during testing.
Figure 14 compares the measured liquid flow rate from MPFM-50 with the reference liquid flow rate. The
green lines represent Agar specifications for the error limits, which as mentioned earlier is 2%FS5%R.
For a 3 MPFM-50, FS
Liquid
is 10065 BPD and FS
Gas
is 18.6 MMSCFD.


Fig. 14-Liquid Flow Rate Measurement

From Figure 14, it is observed that all but two test points at 1000 psig fall within acceptable error bounds
and the majority of points fall within 5% of reference liquid flow rates indicated by dashed purple lines.
Both points that fall outside of the limits are noted to have unsteady measurement readings indicated by
the MPFM-50. The unsteady points are represented by red unfilled circles. A point is classified as
unsteady if the multiphase flow through the MPFM (indicated by flow rate readings from the MPFM) has
not stabilized after 10 minutes of establishing the reference flow conditions. For the majority of test
conditions, ten minute duration was sufficient for establishing stable multiphase flow through the MPFM,
whereas for the points classified as unsteady 10 minute duration was not sufficient. When the unsteady
points were repeated after waiting for 15 minutes (instead of the usual 10 minutes) for the flow to stabilize
the accuracy in measurements is markedly improved and the points that previously fell out of the
accuracy bands now fell inside. No 100-psig points exceeded the specified tolerances.

14


Fig. 15-Gas Flow Rate Measurement

Figure 15 compares the measured gas flow rate with the reference gas flow rate and it can be seen that
two points, both unsteady readings, have been noted to fall marginally outside of the tolerance envelope.
No 100-psig test points fell outside of the prescribed error bounds.
Figure 16 compares the measured water flow rate with the reference water flow rate. It is observed that
all points, both at 100 psig and 1,000 psig, are within the specified tolerances relative to the reference
data.


Fig. 16-Water Flow Rate Measurement

15

Oil flow rate measurement is shown in Figure 17. Three points at 1,000 psig are shown to be out of
tolerance. Of these three, the two points around 1,500 bpd are noted to be unsteady readings, one of
which is also a high GVF case.


Fig. 17-Oil Flow Rate Measurement

In what follows the accuracy of the meter for wet gas flow measurement is discussed. Figure 18 displays
a subset of the data, showing liquid flow rate measurement results only for cases where the gas volume
fraction exceeded 90%, i.e. wet-gas flow rate measurement. Only one point, which is an unsteady
measurement, fell below the lower limit bound, and all the other points meet the meter specifications.


Fig. 18-High GVF Liquid Flow Rate Measurement

16

Figure 19 shows gas flow rate measurement results for the wet-gas points. Of all the points tested, only
one point, which is an unsteady measurement, falls above the upper error limit, and all the other points
are measured to within 5%. Thus, in the wet-gas mode, all the stable gas flow rate measurements are
within 5% of the reference values and all the stable liquid flow rate measurements meet the meter
specifications.


Fig. 19-High GVF Gas Flow Rate Measurement

7. SUMMARY
The Agar MPFM-50 is a new multiphase flow meter based on a modified coriolis meter, improved to work
in the entire range of Gas Volume Fractions from 0-100%, and other ancillary sensors. By virtue of
advanced electronics, improved measurements and algorithms, the mixture density and flow rates can be
measured accurately for all GVFs and water-cuts, including the wet-gas regime. Some flow-loop test
results are presented to illustrate the above. In the wet gas regime, , the Gas flow
rates can be measured accurately to within 5%R, the liquid flow rates to within 1%FS
WG,L
5%R and the
Gas Volume Fractions (GVF) can be measured accurately to within 0.5%. Finally, some results obtained
from field tests and independent third party tests are presented which show that the measurements meet
the quoted specifications.

8. REFERENCES
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January 2004.
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3. J. W. Murdock, Two Phase Flow Measurement With Orifices, Journal Of Basic Engineering, 1962
4. D. Chisholm, Two-Phase Flow In Pipelines And Heat Exchangers, Longman Inc., 1983.
5. R. De Leeuw, Liquid Correction Of Venturi Meter Readings In Wet Gas Flow, North Sea Flow
Measurement Workshop, 1997.
6. A. S. Downing, P. Daniel, J. Lund, First Field Experience Of The Dualstream II Wet Gas
Flowmeter, Wet Gas Metering Seminar, NEL, June 2001.
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A New Multiphase Meter, The Americas Workshop, NEL, February 2009.
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17

Microwave Water Detection Technique And Differential Pressure Flow Measurement, North Sea
Flow Measurement Workshop, NEL, October 2002.
9. Authors: R. Casimiro, B. Dickson, W. Mattar, M. Henry, Multi-Phase Measurement In The
Upstream Oil & Gas Industry, Invensys White Paper, 2010.
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Application, 11/386356, March 2006.
11. Measurement Of Fluid Flow By Means Of Pressure Differential Devices Inserted In Circular
Cross-Section Conduits Running Full Part 1: General Principles And Requirements,
International Standard, ISO 5167-1, 2003.
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Industrial And Applied Mathematics, 1995.