ISSN 2335-2019 (Print), ISSN 2335-2027 (Online)

Darnioji daugiakalbyst | Sustainable Multilingualism 3/2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.7220.2335-2027.3.5

.
,

:


:

( ) 1991. .
.


.
1996. .
( ) ,
.



()
.

( ) ().
, ,
/ ,

( , , ,
) .


,

, ,
, .

, ,

- .

.
: , , ,
, .

47

,18 ()
1996. . a
(Halilovi, 1996)19. ,

: 1) ,
(. kahva =
= kava (Isakovi 1993: 6); lahkomislen
= lakomislen ; hudovica =
udovica ); 2) ( )
, . (, ,
) (. akam = ; ahbab =
; adet = amida = ); 3)
( ),
, ()
( ).20
, ,
, . ,
21

(
., , 22
).23

18 - .
, . .
za sve ljude koji ive u zemlji koja se jo prije naseljavanja Slavena na njeno tlo zove Bosna (u ije ime ukljuujem
Bosnu, Hercegovinu i Sandak) (Historijat jezika i drave). ,
1300. ., ( )
( ) II (1451. .1481. .). , 1973. .
: Uticaj poturenjaka jugoslovenskog porekla bio je toliko jak na Porti, da
se srpskohrvatski jezik upotrebljavao u njenim kancelarijama i diplomatskim pregovorima kao drugi jezik posle turskog (Boi,
irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer, 1973, 141).

, ,
,
.
: . , , , , ,
. ,
, ( , 1960,
225).
19 ,
( ) .
20 ( )
(., ) , (., / ) . ,

.

.
21 , ,
(, 2000, 1167; Bugarski, 1997, 35).

. (,
2012).
22 -

. , , XIV
.
23

( ) .

48

, , ,
, .24

. .
, , , ,
.
, ,
,
(. )
.25

, , .
-
,

.
( . )
26 ( ).
,
,
.




().
: 1) ,

(, 1994, 11); 2)

(. ),
,
(.
okolotrbuni hlaodra, rukvica, svezice,
uljudba, razudba, rastvorba/ralamba,
24 , , , 3000 , .
, (Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer, 1973, 142). ,
, kat, .
25 , : , , , ; ,
, , , ; , , , , ; , , ,
, ; , , , ; , , , ,
; , , , ; , , , , , .
26 2005. .
, , ,
(/). ( )
greka grjeka, pogreno pogrjeno, .
( , )
neu ( ) ne u ( ).

49

prosudba, bradba nastamba, pothodnik,

nathodnik, zrakomlat/vrtolet, .).27
,
(
),
. , .
( ,
) ( :
;
,
; 1349. ./1354. .
, , .). ,

,
() ,
1954. .

28 (
, , ,
)29

() .
,
, . 27 , , : .,
( ), (
).

,
.
.


1838. . .
(brojka, latica)
(naklada, odraz) .
, ,
( 1990, 123, 129).
- (ulek, 18741875).
28 1990. .
1941. .1945. . ( . (Samardija, 1993)). ,
: . , (Ramet,
1996, 210).
, , .
1990. . , .


. ,
.
11,5% 16%,
5%.

( )
. , 1991. .
umjetnovavenstvo ,
(Guskova, 2003, 211).

, , , , (engi,
1994, 14), .
(., , , )
(, 1987).
29
.

50

-
, ()
, , ,
( )
(agbaba, adet, heim, selamet)
( (Halilovi, 1996; Halilovi,
1996a; Handbuch, 1999)).30
.

,
.31 (
-)
: 1)
( );
2) ,
, (
). ,

(. (Greenberg, 1998,
719)).
: 1)
,
; 2)
.

, , /

() .

,
,
XIX XX (
, ,
(, 1937; Klai, 1951; , 1996, 3786; , 1996; Bergman,
1969). ,
. , ,
(),

( (Poulton, 1994,
111115, 122124, 129130, 143, 159, 163, 167178, 227; Georgieva, 1998)).
( /,
. 1993. ., )
(
30 : promidbenik, razvojaenje,
vrhoskup, bezraje, uzvanik, proelnik, promidba, ozemlje, .
31 Lexical differences have been a primary criterion for the establishment of a separate Bosnian language (Greenberg, 1998, 717).

51

).32 ,
. ,
. ,
.

(1463. .1878. .), , . 33 (
)
(. (Franoli, 1984, 64)
),34 .

(Hadijahi, 1974, 1531).
()

(Mogu, 1995, 27, 53),
, , (, , 1911/1955/1999, 2156).
, ,

(Banac, 1996, 133)35

(Pirjevec, 1998, 108). ,
() 36
.
( 1448. . ) (Dizdar, 1969, 11).

32 () .
(, 2001, 322).
33 ( ) , 1580. .,
, , , ()
().
70 (Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer, 1973, 141).
34 (. ) ()
(Georgijevi, 1969, 300301; Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer, 1973, 142). ,
- ( XVII XVIII
) .
35 XX
, , (, 2000, 1167).
.
36 , ,
(), ,
. ,
. ,
XIIXIII
(Vrana, 1962; Mogu, 1995).
1184. .
.


. XV
(. 1468. .) (Mogu, 1995, 22, 24).
(
) (Mogu, 1995, 27,
33).


.
, . XVII ,
-- . - -
. ,
.
. -- .

52

, ,
. (
. . (,
1950; , 1968, CXLII; Kadi, 1976, 151)
XII XV . ().
, ( XI )
,

.37

. ,38
(, ) (Dizdar, 1969, 11
16; Bogievi, 1975). -

( .
1404. . ).39
,
(, ),
XVI -
(Kai, 1995, 92). ,


.40 , XVI
(, 2000, 1161)
( ,
, 1493.
1496. (, 1993, 362)).
. ,
. . . ,
(
), (. ) (

37
.
38 , , ,
(. ) ,
(. ).

,
,
.
(Mogu, 1995, 15). (
) , .
(, 1998, 110).
39 ,
, , ,
.
40 (- )
( )
(Historijat jezika i drave).

53

. (, 2000, 6768)).41
.
(.
).42


(, 2000, 256).
(
) ,
, , ,
: ,
, , . : 30
25 5 ;
;43 ;
, , ;
;
; : , ,
, , , ;
(. , I II), .

,
.
41 . 1810. . : ,
. , ; ? (Dobrovsk, 1879, 308).
XIX
: , .
() (. ), (. ), ,
, - (.
). , . . (
) 1826. . Geschichte der slavischen Sprache und Literatur (Buda) ,
(, 1922, 124).
Serbische Lesekrner (Pest, 1833) , , , ,
(. ).

. . , , (/
), . (afaik, 1865, 12)
.
( ) . , (, ,
, ) ()

.
species genus-, . ,
, 1070. 811. . 1057. . Serborum
gens quos etiam Chrobatos vocant. (Gens Chrobatorum, quos
nonnulli Serbos vocant) 1118. .
, .
(afaik, 1865, 3) , ,
,
. , ,
. , XIX
, . ,
. , .
. , ,
.
42 . (
) . ,
- (. , , ,
, , , . ). ,
,
(,
).
43 , 3 7 (Sui, 1996, 13), .
95% .

54

J (
).

--
( ),
, ,
.
, , ,
razlikuju uglavnom po imenu, veoma malo po supstanci, i praktino nimalo po
strukturi (Bugarski, 1996, 151; 155156).


(Todosijevi, 2002, 4).
( )
, ( )
() .44
,
.

() (.
),
.

-
, . .
, 1991. .
( ),

( ) (... 1991).45 2002.
.

. 30%
70%
, . .46 ,

(

44
, , : .,
(Hawkesworth)
(http://www.routledge.com) (Alexander, Elias-Bursa, 2010).
, -.
45 .
46 (Bugarski, 1996, 5055).

55

),47
: . ,
,
(, ) , .
(. )
(lj, nj, d) (, , )
(
)
(, , ) ( . (, 2001, 134)).
Rjeniku hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika
(dj, d, lj, nj): =
; = ; = ; = . ,
.48 , , ,
(
(, 1991, 141)). ,

:

, .49

, , ,
,
,50 ().
(, ,
) .
, ,
,

. ,

, ,
()
47 ( ) .
. ( ) ( XVI 1614. .)
( ) : 1) . , 1950:
. 2) Hrvatski latinisti. om II. Zagreb, 1970. .
Il Regno degli Slavi ( ) .

... 1890. . ,
, (, 1890, 18),
1899. . ,
(, 1899, 106). . ,
1844. . Osmana
(14. 15. ) -
, (Mogu, 1995, 157, 169, 177).
48 ,
.
49 .
: (
) ( ,
) ( ) (, 1997,
26) ( (, 1991); (,
1995); (, 1991)).
50 ()
.

56

(
, .). , ,
, , , , , .
-
,
(Nejlor, 1996, 532).

Alexander, R., Elias-Bursa, E. (2010). Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: A Textbook with Exercises
and Basic Grammar, 2010.
Banac, I. (1996). Bosnian Muslims: From Religious Community to Socialist Nationhood and PostCommunist Statehood, 19181992. M. Pinson (ed.). The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 129153.
Bergman, G. (1969). Turkisms in Ivo Andri Na Drini uprija examined from the points of view
of literary style and cultural history. 6. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia
Slavica Upsaliensia.
Bogievi, V. (1975). Pismenost u Bosni i Hercegovini, od pojave slovenske pismenosti u IX v. do
kraja austrougarske vladavine u Bosni i Hercegovini 1918. Sarajevo.
Boi, I., irkovi, S., Ekmei, M., Dedijer, V. (1973). Istorija Jugoslavije. Beograd: Prosveta.
Bugarski, R. (1996). Jezik od mira do rata. Beograd.
Bugarski, R. (1997). Jezik u kontekstu. Beograd.
engi, H. (1994). Bosanski, a ne maternji jezik, Veernje novosti, 1. 14.
Diydar, M. (1969). O starim bosanskim tekstovima. Stari bosanski tekstovi. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
Dobrovsk, J. (1879). Briefe Kopitar an Dobrovsk. Archiv fr slavische philologie. V. Wien.
Franoli, B. (1984). A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian. Paris.
Georgieva, Ts. (1998). Pomaks: Muslim Bulgarians. A. Krasteva (ed.). Communities and Identities
in Bulgaria. Ravenna: Longo Editore Ravenna, 221238.
Georgijevi, K. (1969). Hrvatska knjievnost od 16. do 18. stoljea u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj i Bosni.
Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.
Greenberg, R., Eenberg, D. (1998). Dialects and Ethnicity in the Former Yugoslavia: The Case of
Southern Baranja (Croatia). The Slavic and East European Journal. 42/4, 710722.
Guskova, J. (2003). Istorija jugoslovenske krize 19902000. I, Beograd: Izdavaki grafiki atelje
M.
Hadijahi, M. (1974). Od tradicije do identiteta (Geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih
Muslimana). Sarajevo.
Halilovi, S. (1996). Pravopis bosanskoga jezika. Prirunik za kole. Sarajevo.
Halilovi, S. (1996a). Gnijezdo lijepih rijei. Pravilno-nepravilno. Sarajevo.
Handbuch der Sdosteuropa-Linguistik. Herausgeg. Von Uwe Hinrichs unter Mitarbeit von Uwe
Bttner (1999). Wiesbaden.
Hawkesworth, C. Colloquial Croatian and Serbian and Bosnian. The Complete Course for
Beginners. London: Routledge.
Historijat jezika i drave (www.bosnianlanguage.com Historijat jezika i drave).
Hrvatski latinisti (1970). om II. Zagreb.
Isakovi, A. (1993). Rjenik karakteristine leksike u bosanskome jeziku. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.

57

Kai, M. (1995). Hrvatski i srpski. Zablude i krivotvorine. Zagreb: Zavod za lingvistiku Filozofskog
fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu.
Kadi, A. (1976). Kriani and his predecessors The Slavic idea among the Croatian baroque
writers. Juraj Kriani (16181683), Russophile and Ecumenic Visionary. A Symposium.
The Hague, 147169.
Klai, B. (1951). Rjenik stranih rijei i izraza. Zagreb.
Mogu, M. (1995). A History of the Croatian Language: Toward a Common Standard. Zagreb:
Nakladni Zavod Globus.
Nejlor, E. K. (1996). Sociolingvistiki problemi meu Junim Slovenima. Beograd.
Pirjevec, J. (1998). Muslims, Serbs and Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Burden of a Tragic
History. S. Bianchini, M. Dogo (eds.). The Balkans: National Identities in a Historical
Perspective. Ravenna: Longo Editore Ravenna, 107112.
Poulton, H. (1994). The Balkans. Minorities and States in Conflict. London: Minority Rights
Publications.
Ramet, S. (1996). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia from the Death of Tito to Ethnic
War. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Samardija, M. (1993). Jezini purizam u NDH. Zagreb: Hrvatska sveuilina naklada.
Sui, S. D. (1996). The Fragmentation of Serbo-Croatian into Three New Languages. Transition.
November 29, 1016.
afak, J. P. (1826). Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur. Buda.
afak, J. P. (1833). Serbische Lesekrner. Pest.
afak, J. P. (1865). Geschichte des serbischen Schriftums. Herausgegegen von J. Jireek.
Praha.
ulek, B. (18741875), Hrvatsko-njemako-talijanski rjenik znanstvenog nazivlja. III. Zagreb.
Todosijevi, B. (2002). Why Bunjevci did not Become a Nation: A Case Study. Draft of the paper
presented at the Special Convention Nationalism, Identity and Regional Cooperation:
Compatibilities and Incompatibilities, organized by the Centro per lEuropa centro
orientale e balcanica, University of Bologna, Forl, Italy (June 49, 2002).
Vrana, J. (1962). Kulturnohistorijsko znaenje Povaljske irilske listine iz godine 1250. Filologija,
3, 201218.
, . (.) (1968). K [ ]. [originalno izdanje:
Orbini M. (1601). Il regno degli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro].
, . (2001). . . II. :
.
, . (1937). . .
, ., , . . (1999 (1911/1955)): / ? :
.
(1991). .
45. .
, . (1990). O . : .
. : XVI XVIII ( )
(1960). : .
, . (1991). .
. : .
, . (1997). . . .
, . (2000). . : .
, . (2000). . : .
, . (1991). . : .
58

, . . (1899). IV
. : . .
, . (1987). . : .
, . (1998). . . 1. : .
, . (.) (1996). .

[ , , 1820. 1995].
.
, . (.) (1996). . :
.
, . (1950). . .
, . . (1890). IV
. : .
, . (2000). . LVI/12.
11611168.
, . . (2012). () . B. Toovi, A. Wonisch (ur.). Srpski
pogledi na odnose izmeu srpskog, hrvatskog i bonjakog jezika. I/4. Beograd: Institut
fr Slawistik der Karl-Franyens-Universitt Graz-Beogradska knjiga, 101107.
, . (1994). Hrvatsko-srpski rjenik inaica/- .
( ).
, . (1993). . : -
( 1941. .).
, . (1995). . ( 1935
).
, . (1922). e . . :
.

Vladislav B. SOTIROVI
Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania; vladislav@sotirovic.eu
Bosnian LANGUAGE and ITS inauguration: the fate of the former
SerboCROAT OR CROATOSERB language
Summary. This paper examines the fate of the Serbocroatian or Croatoserb language
after the disappearance of the former common state for all the South Slavs except
the Bulgarians in 1991 with the main emphasis on the phenomena of inauguration
and promotion of the Bosnian language one of the youngest Slavic and European
languages today. The aim of this study is to present the ways of development of
the successor languages of the former Serbocroat or Croatoserb language with a
crucial focus on its most delicate part the Bosnian. This language was officially
inaugurated in 1996 and up today is practically spoken only by the Muslim South
Slavs in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Sandak region which is today divided between
Serbia and Montenegro. However, the speakers of the Bosnian language are selfidentifying themselves as the Bosniaks, but not as the Bosnians in the ethnonational
sense. The specificity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian ethnolinguistic situation in the
last two decades is marked by the fact that in this republic officially are spoken three
ethnic languages (Bosnian, Serb, Croat) although supporters of the Bosnian language
are trying to prove that the mother tongue for all inhabitants of Bosnia-Herzegovina
and Sandak (Raka) region is only Bosnian one. A specific position of the Bosnian
language among all Slavic languages is visible and in the fact that its name is different
from the name of the state (Bosnia-Herzegovina) in which is spoken as well as from
the name of a nation who speak it (Bosniaks). From linguistic point of view, the
59

Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian languages after the dissolution of the
Socialist Yugoslavia still today consider one linguistic system, but from sociolinguistic
point we can speak about four internationally recognized separate and independent
languages. It is a matter of linguistic engineering to make in the future more factual
differences between these four up today only de jure separate languages in syntax,
vocabulary, orthography and grammar rules in order that they will become in reality
and de facto different languages. The fact is that today all three emerging languages
(Bosnian, Serb, Croat) on ruins of the ex-Serbocroat or Croatoserb language in BosniaHerzegovina are standardized on the basis of the ijekavian dialect that is a common
component which still connects them into a single linguistic system. However, it is
expected that in the future a technology of linguistic engineering is going to be
focused on the creation of ethnic differences within this common dialect. It will be
difficult, but not utterly unmanageable, work. In this short analysis of a sociolinguistic
aspect of disappearance of the former Yugoslavia, with emphasis on the phenomenon
of the inauguration of the Bosnian language, in order to realize our research goal we
used the comparative method and the method of analysis of the text as a form of
sociolinguistic penetration into the role and function of the language in the creation
of the national identity and the nation- state boundaries. In addition, we also used a
method of the mutual complement of the data from the sources and literature.
Keywords: Serbocroat language, Croatoserb language, Bosnian language, Yugoslavia,
politolinguistics.

Vladislav B. SOTIROVI
Mykolo Romerio universitetas, Lietuva; vladislav@sotirovic.eu
BOSNI KALBOS INAUGURACIJA: ANKSTESNS SERB-KROAT ARBA
KROAT-SERB KALBOS LIKIMAS
Santrauka. Straipsnyje nagrinjamas serb-kroat arba kroat-serb kalbos likimas
1991 metais inykus ankstesnei, bendrai vis piet slav (iskyrus bulgarus) valstybei,
akcentuojant bosni kalbos vienos jauniausi iandienos slav ir Europos kalb
inauguracijos ir propagavimo reikinius. Tyrimo tikslas atskleisti kalb, ankstesns
serb-kroat arba kroat-serb, sekj evoliucij, ypating dmes skiriant opiausiam
klausimui bosni kalbai. 1996-ieji oficiali ios kalbos gyvavimo pradia. iandien ja
kalba tik piet slavai musulmonai Bosnijoje-Hercegovinoje ir Sandako regione, kuris
iuo metu padalytas Serbijai ir Juodkalnijai. Taiau kalbantieji bosni kalba etninetautine prasme vardija save bosniakais, o ne bosniais. Etnolingvistins BosnijosHercegovinos situacijos iskirtinum per pastaruosius du deimtmeius ymi faktas,
kad ioje respublikoje oficialiai kalbama trimis etninmis kalbomis (bosni, serb ir
kroat), nors bosni kalbos alininkai stengiasi rodyti, kad gimtoji vis BosnijosHercegovinos ir Sandako (Raka) regiono gyventoj kalba yra tik bosni. Bosni
kalbos iskirtinumas tarp kit slav kalb pasireikia ir tuo, kad kalbos pavadinimas
skiriasi nuo valstybs, kurioje kalbama ia kalba, pavadinimo (Bosnija-Hercegovina) ir
nuo tautos, kalbanios ia kalba, pavadinimo (bosniakai). Lingvistiniu poiriu kroat,
bosni, juodkalniei ir serb kalbos, iirus socialistinei Jugoslavijai, iandien vis dar
priskiriamos vienai lingvistinei sistemai, nors sociolingvistiniu aspektu bt galima
kalbti apie keturias atskiras ir savarankikas kalbas, kurios pripaintos visame
pasaulyje. Lingvistins ininerijos udavinys ateityje sukurti daugiau faktini i
keturi de jure atskir kalb skirtum (sintakss, odyno, ortografijos ir gramatikos
taisykli), kad jos tapt skirtingos de facto. iandien visos trys kalbos (bosni, serb
ir kroat), besiformuojanios ant serb-kroat arba kroat-serb kalbos liekan,
Bosnijoje-Hercegovinoje standartizuojamos remiantis ljekav dialektu, kuris yra
bendras elementas, jungiantis mintas kalbas vien lingvistin sistem. Taiau
manoma, kad ateityje lingvistins ininerijos technologija bus naudojama, kuriant
etninius io bendro dialekto skirtumus. Tai padaryti bt sunku, bet manoma.
ioje trumpoje ankstesns Jugoslavijos inykimo sociolingvistinio aspekto analizje,
akcentuojant bosni kalbos inauguracijos reikin, naudojamas lyginamasis metodas
60

ir teksto analiz kaip sociolingvistins skvarbos forma, siekiant sigilinti kalbos

vaidmen ir funkcij, kuriant tautin tapatyb ir tautos-valstybs ribas. Taip pat
pasitelktas abipusio altini ir literatros duomen panaudojimo metodas.
Pagrindins svokos: serb-kroat kalba, kroat-serb kalba, bosni kalba,
Jugoslavija, politin lingvistika.

61