Chemistry 1010 midterm review

Energy- capacity to supply heat and do work

1. Kinetic energy (E
k
) - motion
2. Potential energy (E
p
) - stored energy
Law of conservation of energy:
-energy can't be created or destroyed, but converted from one form to another
Total energy= E
k
+ E
p

Work- application of force over distance (to make physical change)
Force x Distance = Work = Energy
*Heat and work are different ways object transfer and exchange energy with another object
Thermal energy- kinetic energy of molecular motion (temperature)
Heat- amount of thermal energy transferred
First law of thermodynamics:
-Energy of isolated system is constant
E = constant = q + w
w = work = - P( V)
p= pressure
V= volume
q= heat transferred
E
system
> E
surrounding
(E out of system) exothermic
E
system
< E
surrounding
(E in to system) endothermic
*energy lost by system is gained by surrounding
Calorie- amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
State function- property whose value depend on present state of system not path used to arrive
there
Change in energy ( E) = E
final
- E
initial

E
f
> E
i
= positive change
E
f
< E
i
= negative change
q
system
= -q
surrounding
q
reaction=
-q
solution
**-q= H
w
system
= -w
surrounding
q= mc(T)
Hess' law:
- Overall enthalpy change for reaction is equal to sum of enthalpy changes of individual
reactions
Endothermic reaction= absorbs energy and stored (positive H' reaction)
-energy absorbed into system (stored as potential)
-strong break, weak formed (bonds)
Exothermic reaction= release energy (negative H' reaction)
-heat/energy released into system (kinetic energy)
-weak break, strong formed (bonds)
Spontaneous reaction- process once started continues by itself without external influences
(non-spontaneous would require energy)
Enthalpy of reaction= energy change with forming molecules
Enthalpy, Hrxn - energy released from reaction

Figuring out spontaneity
Sign Sign Sign Sign
Enthalpy ( H) - + - +
Entropy ( S) + + - -
Result Spontaneous @
any temp
Non spontaneous
@ low temp
Spontaneous @
low temp
Non
spontaneous @
any temp

G positive = spontaneous
G negative = non spontaneous
G = 0 at equilibrium


Entropy state function
-increases as arrangements increases
-entropy (delta s) = measure of disorder and randomness
------------------------------------------------------------------->>
solid Liquid Gas
Second law of thermodynamics:
-reactions move in direction that increases entropy of system and surroundings (entropy
always increasing)
Third law of thermodynamics:
-entropy of perfectly ordered crystal at 0 Kelvin is zero
-any temperature above, entropy is increased
Properties of standard Gibbs Energy:
1. Gibbs energy in most stable state is zero
2. Reaction in reverse is the negative 1 of forward
3. When chemical reaction equations added, overall G is sum of individual G values (Hess'
law)
Electrochemical cell- chemical reaction uses/generates electron flow
Galvanic cell- spontaneous chemical reaction generates electrical currents and releases energy
Electrolytic cell- electric current which makes a spontaneous reaction
-forces electrons where they don't want to go
Voltaic cells- electrons force their way through
OIL- oxidation is loss (Na --> Na+) + means it gained
RIG- reduction is gain
*whatever is the oxidizing is the reducing agent
Assigning oxidation states rules:
1. Standard elemental form, os=0
2 Na + Cl2; Na=0, Cl=0
2. Monotomic ions have os equal to their charge
NaCl --> Na+Cl-; Na= +1, Cl=-1
3. Common elements have os according to table
H=+1
O=-2
Halogens (Cl)= -1
4. Sum of oxidations of all atoms in neutral is 0 and of polyatomic is equal to the charge
Reducing agent- element being oxidized
Oxidizing agent- element being reduced
Half reactions:
-oxidation= electrons as products
-reduction= electrons as reactants
Balancing redox reactions:
1. Assign all oxidation states of reaction species (determine elements oxidized and reduced)
2. Write oxidation and reduction half reactions including electrons
3. Balance half reaction by mass:
a) Balance elements other than H and O
b) add H20 where O needed
c) add H+ where H needed
d) If base, neutralize H+ with OH-
4. Balance electrons by adjusting electrons
5. Balance electrons between half reactions
6. Add half reactions together for full
Anode Cathode
-electrode where oxidation occurs
-anions attracted
-electrode where reduction occurs
-cations attracted

Electrode=reaction occurring on a surface
Inert electrode= provides surface for transfer of electrons
-half reactions with stronger tendency towards reduction than SHE E > 0
-half reactions with stronger tendency towards oxidation than SHE E < 0
*E
o
oxidation
= -E
o
reduction
(in table)
Electromotive force (emf)- electrical potential pushes negatively charged electrons away from
anode (-) and towards cathode
**negative free energy change means reaction is spontaneous