Module BIOFILT

Biodynamics
Issue 6.5 Module Reference
1
BIOFILT
Applies the vibration weightings defined in ISO8041:2005 to acceleration signals. These are
used in the assessment of the effects of vibration on human beings (see ISO2631, ISO5394,
ISO6954 and similar). See also VIBQ for various quality measures.
Parameters
Weight Class
W
b
Z seat (rail)
W
b
Z seat (rail BS6841)
W
c
X seat back
W
d
XY seat surface
W
e
rotation
W
f
Z motion sickness
W
f
Z motion sickness (BS6841)
W
g
Z seat (BS6841)
W
h
hand arm
W
j
recumbent head
W
k
Z seat surface
W
m
building & ship vibration X, Y and Z (formerly W
BC
)
W
BC
whole body combined (retained for compatibility)
k Factor k factor Scaling Factor [Default 1.0]
Strict ISO8041: compliance? [Default Yes]
Notes
General
The input signal must be an acceleration signal with units of m/sec
2
. It must have been
sampled at an adequate rate for the required filter and weight class to be applied. The
signal is initially band limited with a high pass (low frequency, f
1
) filter, low pass (high
frequency, f
2
) filter and then the relevant weighting filters using frequencies f
3
, f
4
, f
5
and f
6

are applied. See the Algorithm Notes for the definition of the frequencies f
k
, and their
associated Q
k
factors.

ISO8041:2005 gives precise details and allowable tolerances of the vibration weightings
in terms of frequency response (Annexe B), response to saw tooth signal bursts (Section
5.7, Tables 6, 7 and 8) and Time Weighting Decay Rates (Section 5.13, Table 10). The
BIOFILT module meets all of these requirements.

k Factor
For some situations an additional multiplying factor, the k Factor, needs to be applied to
meet an ISO requirement. For example, in ISO2631-1 a factor of 1.4 is required for a
seated person in the x and y directions. In most situations the k Factor is unity. The non-
unity factors and the relevant regulations and conditions are shown below.


Standard Type Condition Signal Weighting k Factor
ISO2631-1 Health Seated Seat-x W
d
1.4
ISO2631-1 Health Seated Seat-y W
d
1.4
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Rotation-x W
e
0.63
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Rotation-y W
d
0.4
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Rotation-z W
d
0.2
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Back-x W
c
0.8
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Back-y W
d
0.5
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Back-z W
d
0.4
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Back_sim-x W
k
1.4
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Back_sim-y W
k
1.4
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Feet_Sitting-x W
k
0.25
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Feet_Sitting-y W
k
0.25
Module BIOFILT
Module Reference Issue 6.5
2
ISO2631-1 Comfort Seated Feet_Sitting-z W
k
0.4


Strict ISO8041 Compliance

In order to achieve strict ISO8041:2005 compliance the critical item is the data sample
rate with respect to the low pass pre filter cut off frequency, f
2
. For reference the Low
Pass cut off frequencies are 100 Hz for all Classes with the exception of Class W
f
where
it is 0.63 Hz and Class W
h
where it is 1258.9 Hz.

If the default Strict ISO8041 compliance is set then the minimum sample rate factor is
set to nine times the relevant low pass frequency. If strict compliance is not required
then the sample rate factor is set to 2.2 times the low pass frequency. If the sample rate
is too low the module exists with an appropriate error message.

ISO8041:2005 defines both modular and phase characteristics of the weighting functions
and also gives tolerance margins for an acceptable operation. In order to meet these
tolerances it is essential that the sample rate is more than nine times the nominal cut off
frequency (f
2
) of the band limiting filter, as listed below. The reason why a factor as high
as nine times is needed is because the low pass filter is just a second order filter giving a
rejection of 12dB per octave. As typically 60dB rejection is required then a sample rate
of ten times the nominal cut off frequency would be expected. The tolerances and the
bilinear method used to implement the filters reduce the multiple to nine.


Weight Classes
The full details of the Weight Classes are given in ISO8041:2005. Their uses are given
in ISO 2631:1997, BS 6841:1987, ISO5349:2001 and related publications.

Different input weightings are used for different input sources. A general guide to the
use of individual weightings is summarised in the notes below where the x axis of the
body is the normal forward direction, y is lateral positive on the left side and z is vertical
with positive from toe to head as shown in the diagram.


All of the weightings are defined in IS0 8041:2005.

W
b
is typically used for fixed track vehicles (eg, trains)used for vertical (z)
vibrations input at the seat when sitting or the feet when standing.
W
c
is used for x axis input from seat back.
W
d
is usually for x and y inputs at the seat or at the feet.
W
e
is for seat rotational inputs.
W
f
is z input for motion sickness.
W
g
Is used for z axis vibrations.
W
h
is used for effects on Hand-Arm vibration.
W
j
is used for x input to head when recumbent.
W
k
is used for vertical (z) vibrations input at the seat when sitting or the feet
when standing.
Module BIOFILT
Biodynamics
Issue 6.5 Module Reference
3
W
m
is used for all axes in building (ISO2631-2) and ship (ISO6954) vibration
measurements Note W
m
was previously known as W
BC
. It was re-
designated in ISO2631-2:2003.
W
BC
is an old notation for whole body combined. See also W
m
above

The frequency response curves for each weight class are shown below. Each curve
shown matches the curves given in ISO8041:2005 almost exactly and is well within the
tolerances allowed. The graphs are formatted over the same range as given in
ISO8041:2005.

10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wb
WbBandLim
Whole Body (rail) Vertical z
Type Wb
Wb
WbBandLim
Whole Body (rail) Vertical z
Type Wb


10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wc
WcBandLim
Whole Body Seat Back Horizontal x
Type Wc
Wc
WcBandLim
Whole Body Seat Back Horizontal x
Type Wc


Module BIOFILT
Module Reference Issue 6.5
4

10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wd
WdBandLim
Whole Body Horizontal x & y
Type Wd
Wd
WdBandLim
Whole Body Horizontal x & y
Type Wd


10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
We
WeBandLim
Whole Body rotational
Type We
We
WeBandLim
Whole Body rotational
Type We


Module BIOFILT
Biodynamics
Issue 6.5 Module Reference
5

10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Frequency [Hz]
Wf
WfBandLim
Motion Sickness vertical z
Type Wf
Wf
WfBandLim
Motion Sickness vertical z
Type Wf


10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Frequency [Hz]
Wh
WhBandLim
Hand Arm x, y & z
Type Wh
Wh
WhBandLim
Hand Arm x, y & z
Type Wh



Module BIOFILT
Module Reference Issue 6.5
6
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wj
WjBandLim
Head Recumbent Vertical x
Type Wj
Wj
WjBandLim
Head Recumbent Vertical x
Type Wj





10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wk
WkBandLim
Whole Body Vertical z
Type Wk
Wk
WkBandLim
Whole Body Vertical z
Type Wk


Module BIOFILT
Biodynamics
Issue 6.5 Module Reference
7

10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
W
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

[
]
-200
0
200
P
h
a
s
e

[

]
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Frequency [Hz]
Wm
WmBandLim
Building & Ship Vibration X,Y and Z
Type Wm
Wm
WmBandLim
Building & Ship Vibration X,Y and Z
Type Wm


Module BIOFILT
Module Reference Issue 6.5
8


Algorithm Notes
The band limiting filters are Butterworth characteristic 2 pole high pass at f
1
and a 2 pole
low pass at f
2
. If the cut off frequency of these is written as
1
and
2
respectively
then the filter transfer function H
HL
(s) is given by

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +

+ +
=
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
/ / 2 1
1
/ / 2 1
/

s s s s
s
S H
HL
.


where the frequencies
1
= 2f
1
and
2
= 2f
2
are given below for each class.

Class F
1
F
2

W
b
0.4 100
W
c
0.4 100
W
d
0.4 100
W
e
0.4 100
W
f
0.08 0.63
W
g
0.8 100
W
h
10^0.8 10^3.1
W
j
0.4 100
W
k
0.4 100
W
m
10^-0.1 100
W
BC
10^-0.1 100

The generalised form of the weighting functions H
x
are given for each class as

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]( )
( ) ( )

+ +
+ +

+ +
+
=
2
6 6 6
2
6 5
2
5 5 5
2
4 4 4
3
/ / 1
/ / / 1
/ / 1
/ 1




s s
s s
s s
s K
s H
g
x



The values of
n
= 2f
n
and
n
= 1/Q
n
are given below for each class. Not all
components are used in each class. Where a frequency is infinite in the table below
then that component is not used.

Class f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
Q
4
Q
5
Q
6
K
g

W
b
16 16 2.5 4 0.55 0.9 0.95 1.024
W
b_6841
16 16 2.5 4 0.55 0.9 0.95 0.4
W
c
8 8 0.63 1.0 1.0 1.0
W
d
2 2 0.63 1.0 1.0 1.0
W
e
1 1 0.63 1.0 1.0 1.0
W
f
0.25 0.0625 0.1 0.86 0.8 0.8 1.0
W
f_6841

0.25 0.0625 0.1 0.86 0.8 0.8 0.4
W
g
1.5 5.3
0.68 - - 0.42
W
h
100/2 100/2
0.64 1.0 1.0 1.0
W
j
3.75 5.32 - 0.91 0.91 1.0
W
k
12.5 12.5 2.37 3.35 0.63 0.91 0.91 1.0
W
m
1/0.056 1/0.056
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
W
BC
1/0.056 1/0.056
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

ISO8041:2005 provides a set of reference calibration frequencies and the expected
Weighting. The Table below details the results obtained using the BIOFILT module. The
Module BIOFILT
Biodynamics
Issue 6.5 Module Reference
9
measurements show excellent agreement with errors less than 0.1% which is well within
the + 3% tolerance allowed by ISO8041:2005.


Weighting Frequency
(radians/sec)
Measured
Factor
ISO8041
Factor

W
b
100 0.8124 0.8126
W
c
100 0.5141 0.5145
W
d
100 0.1259 0.1261
W
e
100 0.0629 0.0629
W
f
2.5 0.3885 0.3888
W
h
500 0.2018 0.2020
W
j
100 1.0184 1.0190
W
k
100 1.0374 1.0371
W
m
100 0.3359 0.3362
W
BC
100 0.3359 0.3362

Named Elements
Named Element Type Description

$BioFilter text set to W
b
,W
k
,W
d
,W
f
,W
BC ,
W
c
,W
e
,W
j
,W
h
,W
m
,W
g

, W
b
_BS6841, W
f
_BS6841, as appropriate.
$HumanBio_Weight_Class text set to W
b
,W
k
,W
d
,W
f
,W
BC ,
W
c
,W
e
,W
j
,W
h
,W
m
,W
g

, W
b
_BS6841, W
f
_BS6841, as appropriate.
$HumanBio_Weighting text BS6841 if W
b
_BS6841
,
W
f
_BS6841 or W
g,
ISO2631-2 if W
m
, otherwise ISO8041.
$HumanBio_Weight_Usage text set as appropriate to
Whole Body (rail) Vertical Z,
Whole Body Vertical Z,
Whole Body Horizontal X & Y,
Motion Sickness Vertical Z,
Whole Body Combined Directions,
Whole Body Seat Back Horizontal X,
Whole Body Rotational,
Head Recumbent Vertical X,
Hand Arm X, Y and Z,
Building & Ship vibration X, Y and Z.
$HumanBio_Weight_Reference text set as appropriate to
ISO8041
ISO2631-1,
ISO2631-1,
ISO2631-1,
ISO2631-2,
ISO2631-1,
ISO2631-1,
ISO2631-1,
ISO5349,
ISO2631-2, ISO6954
BS6841,
BS6841,
BS6841.

$LPBV text Set to the low pass cut off frequency of the
appropriate weight class.
Layout Control
The output signal will have a #$LAYOUT_STYLE as the input signal.

Module BIOFILT
Module Reference Issue 6.5
10
Analysis Menu Location
Human Biodynamics
Human Body Vibration

Vibration Weighting


References
ISO8041:2005 Human Response to Vibration Measuring instrumentation.
ISO2631-1: 1997 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock - Part 1.
ISO2631-2: 2003 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock - Part 2.
ISO2631-3: 1997 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock - Part 3.
ISO2631-4: 1997 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock - Part 4.
ISO2631-5: 1997 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock - Part 5.
BS6841 : 1987 Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole body
mechanical vibration and repeated shock.
ISO8041:1990 Human Response to Vibration. Measuring Instrumentation (also known as
DD ENV 28041:1993).
ISO8041:1999 Human Response to Vibration. Measuring Instrumentation Amendment
ISO5439-1:2001 Mechanical Vibration Measurement and evaluation of human exposure
to hand transmitted vibration Part 1: General Requirements
ISO6954:2000 Mechanical Vibration Guidelines for the measurement, reporting and
evaluation of vibration with regard to habitability on passenger and
merchant ships