1) Counselor functions as a consultant, teacher, adviser,
reinforcer, and facilitator.
2) Social learning counselor serves as a model, while counselor with operant and respondent learning approach acts like a teacher.
3) Observe changes of action and behavior of client rather than using paper and pencil tests.
Goals
The following are main goals of behavioral approaches:
> To modify or eliminate the maladaptive behaviors
> To help them acquire healthy, constructive and positive ways of acting
>To replace unproductive actions with productive ways of responding
Definition
Behaviorist proposes that in counseling they must observe behavioral changes in oneself The theory based on observation and test administered on animals in controlled environment Focus on relation of stimulant and reaction that lead to behavior changes Children behavior can be controlled, observed and predicted Process of learning involves new behavior that can be observable Aims and principles of behavior counseling Krumholtz stated 3 principles of behavior counseling 1) Every client has different goal 2) The goal has to be in line with counselor norms and values 3) The success is observable To overcome shortcoming in behavior To reinforce preferred behavior To eliminate ve behavior to handle worrying responses To increase self-regulation To increase ability to relax To acquire social skills To acquire assertive skills To increase sexual function competency
1) Response : known as unconditional behavior by Pavlov as a reaction to the introduction of new stimuli. learning take place only when there are stimulus New stimuli has to be in series with previous stimuli New stimuli has to be administered several times until the needed behavior changes become conditional They are considered as passive learning Skinners Operant Conditioning Theory 2) Operant non automatic, predictable and nothing to do with known stimuli Its emitted from oneself; without the introduction of certain stimulant; self-taught/explained. Self-repeated and or replicate They are known as active learning; initiative learning
Positive & Negative Reinforcement If a behavioral change is considered as satisfactory, chances of repeating the same response is large. If put in the good stimuli, the repeated behavior expected increase : + ve reinforcement It is known as operant behavior If take out the disturbing stimuli, the repeated behavior expected increase : ve reinforcement The end result will be towards preferred behavior changes. Types of reinforcer: Attention and praise, token economy (people can exchange tokens for rewards), food items, money
Banduras Modeling Theory Bandura and Walters prove that children are able to imitate model they observed Most children prefer to imitate aggressive behavior Counseling through observation become basic formation of human behavior. There are four elements involved in counseling process through observation (modeling) >Attention >Retention >Reproduction >Reinforcement/Motivation
1) Attention Learning take place if there is focus & concentration Factors that affect observation > Characters of a model > Usage and result > Observation skills 2) Retention Result of observation need to be permanent through memorization (using language and imagination/visualize)
3) Reproduction Observation should be able to reproduce identical behavior To reproduce the observed behavior rely on the physical ability, motor and retention skill to minute details
4) Reinforcement/motivation Rewards, satisfaction and feeling good will result in repetition The repetition might not take place if there are element of punishment/warning Types of reinforcement >Direct reinforcement: Praise >Indirect reinforcement (vicarious): observing friend receiving award >Self-reinforcement: intrinsic motivation/self-regulation
Process of Behavior Counseling Stage 1: Behavior Evaluation using SRC data S = Antecedent(previous) stimuli situation R= response variable C= consequence variable Other data: Medical data, Psychology therapy history, Self answered questionnaire, Direct observation, Indirect observation
Stage 2: To decide Problem statement of behavior hypothesis formation Definition of goals to be achieved Selection of strategy and method
Stage 3: develop relation between client and counselor Agreement of both parties in determining goal Target needs to be determine by both parties; any alteration agreed by both good relationship might decrease client mortality Good relationship might increase cooperation and desired goals can be met
Stage 4: Practice and technique in behavior Counseling Physical and mental Relaxation technique Behavior rehearsal exercise Assertive exercise
Behavior modification technique Reinforcement (Positive and negative) Punishment and reinforcement Reverse Psychology Shaping (Working with small, incremental changes) Token Economy Contact ( oral and written agreement) Self-regulatory (own rule, keinginan sendiri) Self-modification