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I Society of Petroleum Engineers I
SPE 28392
Pressure Transient Behavior of a Finite Conductivity
Infinite-Acting and Bounded Reservoirs
B.D, Poe Jr. and J.L. Elbel, Schlumberger Dowell, and T.A. Blasingame,
SPE Members
Copyright1994, Societyof PetroleumEngineers,Inc.
I
Fracture in
Texas A&M U.
0
This paperwas preparedfor presentationat the SPEWh AnnualTechnical~nfermce and Exhibitionheld In NewOrleans,LA, U.S.A.,25-2S September1994.
rhis paperwas selecledtor presentationby an SPE ProgramCommitteefollowingre.lew of informationco.tained In 8n abstract submittedby the author(s).Contentsof the Psper,
aspresented,have notbeen reviewedby iho .SoCletYof PefJoloumEngineersand are mbJectto wrreCtlOnby the author(s).The material.as presented,doesnot nwessarily refltmt
anYpmitionof theSocietyof PetroleumEngineer?,IISoff!~rs, Ormem~rs. paPer8P<esenlti at SpE ?eetln9s araSUbM toPubkation revlswby EditorialCommitteesof the Society
ofPetroleumEngineers.PermissiontoCOPYISreslnct,edtoanabstmti of notmmethan3C0words.lllUStt3t10nS rnaYnOlb+c%ded.Theabs!ractshouldcontainconspicuousacknowledgment
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ABSTRACT
This papar pre8ente analytic solutions of the pre$sure trafwlent behavior
of a well intarsaotad by a finite-conductivity fracture in an infinite-acting, or
in cyfindric%lly or rectangularly Lmundsd finite reservoirs. Thsse solutions
includa the practicat effects of reservoir psrmeabili~ anisotropy and dual
porosity behavior. These solutions are analytic, and thus do not require
dfscretization in epace.
The analytical solutions of the fin~e-conductivity fracture Wnsient
behavior presented in this papar efiminate me numerical difficulties
associated with ofher mathematically rigorous finite-conductivity fracture
solutions that have bean reported in fhe literature. Sofh fhe pressure and
rate transient responses can be acarrately evafuat~ using the finite-
sonducfivity fracture solutions presentad in this paper. This is aepeciatly
important for [ow-cenductivify fractures, for which tie pressure and rate
transient behavior is often difficult to evaluab a~urately using file
solutions available in the literature.
INTRODUCTION
The prassure transient behavior of finite-cmnducffvity verticaf fractures has
bsen investigated extensively in the past few decades in order to better
astfmate be propped fractura geometty and conductivity resulting from
hydraulic fracture well stimulation treatments. The various types of models
fhat have baen used in these investigations include both finite-cfifferenca
and finite-element numerical models, 14 real and Laplace space anaiyfic
solutions for the transient behavior of uniform flux and infinite+onductivity
fractures,a and raal end Laplaca space sern_@nalytfc solutions for the
transient behatior of finita.conducfivify vertical fractures.5,8<03 Of
p~ular interest in this paper are the studiae pertaining to the evaluation
of the transient behavior of finite-scmductivity fractures using tie Laplaca
transformation tacluique and the @mdafy Elemsnt method.
Two concurrenfty ad separatdy davelopecl solutions for tie fzansient
behavior of finifa-senductivify fractures were reported by Cinco-Ley and
. . .,: .. ::,. .- - .-=
References andillustrafions atend of paper.
Meng and van Kruysdijk~2 The medel developed by Cincr+Ley end
Meng considered tie fracture storage effects to be nagifgible, whle tie
model reported by van Kruysdijk2 included the fracture storage effects.
Bath mcdels were davelopad using fhe Bxrndary Element method and
assumed that be vertical fracture was of uniform fracture width,
conductivity, and height. The fracture height in sach of the models wae
aeeumed to be aquel to me reservoir thickness. Later, mora general finite-
ccmducfiviiy fractufa models ware refxxtsds Mat permitted arbitrary
~~~~~s~:~aW and mnductivi~ distributions. AH of these semi-analytic
for me transient behavior of a tinita-conductivity vertical
fracture require dkcratizafion in space in order to sofve ma Fradholm
integraf equafiens tiat comprise tie transient eelutions. This technique
involves solving a system of equations numerically in order to detarmine
the unknown flux distribution in the fracture and the wellbora preseure.
Riley, et at. presented an anatytfc solution of me transient bahavia of an
elfipticd finite-conductivity fracture which does not require discretizatfon of
f3e fracture. The analytic solution presented by Riley et d. generaffy
pfovides a somawhat more rapid evakfation procedure for the Wansient
behavior of a finita-conductivity vertical fractura t?an de the semi-anal~c
solutions reported in Refs, 11 13rough 13 for the same level of numerical
accuracy. However, tie solution presented by Riley et al.0 can still bs
very time censuming to eva)uate due to the slow convergence of the
series of fhe solution.
The difficulty invoWd with evaluating tie transient behavfer of finite-
conducfivity verfkel fractures using fhe solutions presented in Refs. 11
through 13 is primarily due to the singular nature of the integral aquations
and tie numerical evaluation procedures required to avaluate tha
unknown flux distribution and the wellbore pressure. At very early
transient times, the principal component of the well production comes
from tie rasewoir region nearest tie wellbore. This generstly requires the
use of a large number of fracture elemenfe in the fracture nearest tie
wellbore to accurately evakrata the unknown flux dkfribution.
Simifarly, at vasy late transient times, tie principaf cemponent of tie well
- production may be from tie resarvolr region beyond the fracture tip. This
requires a large number of sfemente in ha fracture to accurately evaluate
the flux disbibution in the fracture as well.
305
.
.
2 PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE = SPE28392
IN INFINITE-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
The use of an increasing number of elements in the fracture to accurately
model the flux dfstribu&m introduces another numerical difficultly. @
increasing tie number of fracture elements.used, thedistarmes betwaan
consecutive fracture nodes (midpoints of elements) decreases (tends fe
zero), resulting inanumerically singular coefficient matrix for tie system.
An additional factor hat also must be considered Is that the use of a
numerical Iaplace transform inversion procedure will tandtoma~ify tie
errors in the wellbore pressure and flux distribution values obtained.
The use of higher order (linear) basis functions has been appffed by
lGkani5 to more accurately modal tie flux distribution in tie fracture.
While this technique greatiy improves the accuracy of tie flux cfstribution
and wellbore pressure estimates obtahxf, further improvement car! be
obtained by using a smwth continuous basis function for tie unknown
flux distribution rather than finear flux cfscrete elements. Based en tie
results of research in this subject, it has been found hat a secend order
rational polynomial can be used to amurafely model tie flux distribution in
each segment of tie fracture that exhibits a monotonic flux distribution.
Use of a smooth continuous function to approximate tie flux distribution
has been found to diminate the numadcal difficulties commoniy
encountered when using discrete uniform or linear flux elements.
The problem U@ is addressed in this paper is the numerical difficulties
and Inaccuracy ckfen encountered when avafuating the Bounday Element
solutions inthe usual manner. In this paper, a c!etiled analysis procadure
is presented which results in the anafytic solution of the transient bahavior
of finite-cenductivify vertical fractures that are located in infinite-acting or
finite reservoirs.
Fracture and Reservoir Modets
The reservoir mcdels that are considered in this study are hose of a
infinite-acting reservoir, a cylindrically bounded reservoir with either a
constant pressure er no flow outer boundary cenditfon, and a dosed
rectangulady beunded reservoir. The reservoir is assumed fo be a
uniform, homogeneous, horizontal slab with thickness h, average fwrosiiy
$ directional permeabitities (lG and ~), constant fluid viscosity (p), and
small and constant system compressibffify (C,).
The reservoir is considered to contain a single fluid, Gravkaticmal effects
are assumed to be negligible and tie upper end lower boundarfas of the
reservoir are assumed tD ba impermeable. The reservoir Is assumed to
have a uniform initial pore pr&sure, PI. Dual porosily reservdr behatief is
considered in the model using the tachnique reported by Gringarten.d
The fracture is assumed to be a uniform, vertical, homogarraeus
rectangular sfab of thickness (b,), height (h, ), permeability (k, ), and
fracture half-length (X,). The fracture is assumed to be symmetric abcut
tie wellbore. No flow boundatfes are assumed at the fracture tips
(XO=XW&l). The well is .assumad to be a plane source.
The cmnvenfional definitions of the variables for geometric mean horizonta!
permeability, dimensionless time, pressure, fracture height, fracture width,
fracture proppant permeabifify, fracture conductivity, hydraulic diffusivity,
spatial variables, and dimensionless fracture flux are given by Eqs. 1-12.
,,.=- .. ...... . .. ... .. . .... .... .... . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. (8)
x~ -; .. .......... ................................................................................. (9)
. .......-..=-.... ............................. ........................................ (lo) YD.L . .
Xf
r
oT
........ ..%...s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..s..- (11)
gD(XD,S) =
@f(xD, s)M
...>............... .......................... ............ .... .. ..- (12)
q
Censfant rate production is assumed for tie system, in which he
resarvoir fluid Is produced into the fracture, then via tie varticaf fracture b
the wellbore.
The solutions of aach of the reaarvoir and fracture ffuid flow problems are
fully addressed in be Appendices. As an example, the resewoir
dimensionless pressure solution for an infinite-acting reaarvoi~z with a
finite-mnductivify fracture is gwan by Eq. 13.
.(...?) -:[}(.) p==
.
[
k
1
~ d~~ -------------- (13)
Fer a finite-conductivity verticaf fracturs with fracture storage effects, tie
wsllbore dimensionless pressure3 is given by Eq. 14.
[ 4F][
~ +-J~~or[X~s)cOs~O~~D]
Pw(s).~ y ~
kmb~h~
t
.......................................... ..... . ........ ..... ............................ . ... .... ..... . (14)
Similarly, for the ~se where ffie fracture storage effects are assumed te
be negligible, the relationship between tie wellbore pressure and the
pressure at some spatial position in the fracture is given by Eq. 15.
[
XD
~wD(sj - ~D,(X@). o;XWD- (XD- XWD)
J
qDt(XD,S)WD
ho
(la)
xD
+
J
% ?D(xDF)~D
KvD
1
The analyticsolutions of tie ceupled resarvoir and fracture systems are
presented in Appandix D. The solution of tie singular integral aquations
resulting from the reservoir and fracture flow problems is accomplished by
using mean value fluxes for intervals of tie fracture length Mat have a
menotonic flux distribution. For high conductivity fractures, or even for
moderate to low conductivity fractures at vary ear~ times, rhe flux
distribution in each wing of tie fracture is commonly monotcnicalfy
increaifng from the wellbore to tie fracture tips (fn real-time domain). in
fhk case a single mean value flux interval maybe assigned for each wing
bf the fracture. Nota hat in Laplaca spaca the reverse is true, with the
Laplace transformed flux distribution decreasing with increasing dW.nce
from the waflbnre for a monotcnic flux distribution. To avoid confusion in
the development work and discussions that follow, reference tD tie flux
dfs~ibufion will be as it appeas in real apace.
306
.
SPE 28392 B.D. POE, JR,, J.L. ELBEL, AND T.A. BLASINGAME 3
At faterfimas for moderate conductivity fractures, or for practically all
values oftimewiti ve~lowtimensionless wnductivi~ fractures, rhe flux
distribution in each wing of the fracture.js nat. monotonic. The flux
dk+tribution in this case is characterized by a monotonically decreasing
flux distribution from the wellbore to some point in the fracture
(L&&&#&.+1 ) at which tie flux distribution exhibits a minimum, and
then monotonically increases from that spatial pasifion to the fracture tip.
Throughout tie development work presented in this paper, tie spatial
pasition at wMch the ffux distribution exhibits a minimum in this case has
bean danotadas%=Xw&. Theiwofypesofffux @ribution discussed
are illustrated in Fig. 1.
In each of the cases considered in the study, the well is considered to be
cenfrefly located in the reservoir drainage area. This is done to simply take
advantsgeof fhesymmefryof the problem. For a uniform, slab, vartical
fracture intersecting averfical well (in which the fracture is symmetric
about Me wellbore) that is centrally located in tie reservcb dr.ahage ares,
Iheflux distribution in each wing of the fracture is symmetric about tie
wellbore. The symmetry of the problem permits a much simpler
application of the me% value flux technique to tie finite-conductivity
fracture problem, and greauy simplifies the required evafuatiin
procedures.
.
Both, tie conditions under which a monotonic flux distribu60n will b
exhibited ineach wing of Lhe fracture, endtiesnalytfc pressure transient
solutions obtained for swell intersected by a fmite-conductivity vertical
fracture with a monotonic or non-monotonic flux distribution are presented
in Appendx D for the various types of raservoir and fracture models
considered Evaluation of the reservoir and fracture pressure transient
solutions using the mean value flux technique presented in this paper
results in expressions for the transient behavior of a wefl intersected by a
finite-conductivity vartical fracture fhat are (1) .@ytic SOIUfiOr!Sof he
finite-conductivity fracture problem, and (2) provide a msans of computing
the pressure or rate-transient behavior of a very low-conduc8vly vertical
fracture. Each of lhese iseues is addressed in the discussion of the
evaluation of the solutions that follows.
Evaiuatlon of Transfent Solutions
E@fuationof the transient bahavfarof finita-omductivi~ fractures using
the relationships presented in this paper has been found to provide more
accurate asfimates of the pressure and rate-transient response of
fractired wells tian can ba obtained using tie dlscretfzad fracture
sohstionsof Refs. 11 through 13. Bycomplefinges much of Uleenafysis
and evaluation procedures as possible analytically, before resorting to
numa+ical techniques, the numerical difficulties ancounterad when hying
to evakrate the transient response of low-conductivity fracture3 is
efiminafad.

The numerical diffiiultfes associated with the discret!zed fracture
solutions are due largely to tie singular nature of tie integral equations of
the transiant solutions themselves. The singularities in both tie flux
distribution and the Greenss function of the reservoir ad fracture
eolufions cbnotpose a significant problem when heenalytic techniques
employed in the Appendices of this paper are used.
A comparison of the accuracy obfehred with tie analytic solutions of Ws
study, with those resu[tingfromth,e numsricel sokttlon of tie discretized
fracfure solutions of Refs. 11 end13-is presented in Fig.2. Thedsviatioc
of tiedfscretized fracture solution response at aerfy transient times and
Iow-conducfivitfesls due to tie fact fhatfhe cfiscretjzed fracmre so[uflon
results in a numerically singular coefficient matrix. This observation is
obtined by examination of the condition number of thecoaffkientm afrix,
end from the discussion given previously concerning thesingularnatura
of the reservoir and fracture solutions.
The transient behavforof afinita wnducfivify fracture that is centraffy
located in a closed cylindrically bounded resswoir is presenfad in Fig. 3.
The transient end pseudosfeacty-srafe behavfor of various drainage areal
sxtenfs are presented in this figure to @amonstrate the stabffity of ffia
solution procedures used in this stuctj for both earfy and lata time
behavior.
The corresponding evefuation of me transient behavior of a well,
intersected by afinite-conductivity fracture, mat is centrally located in a
@ndrically kunded reservoir with a constant pressure outer boundary is
given in Fig. 4. The early transient end late time steady-state response are
both accurately and readily evaluated using the solutions developed in thi3
study.
The pressure transient behavior of a finite-conductivity fracture that is
cantrally Iocatad in a ractangukxly boundsd reservoir with no flow outar
boundaries is presented in Fig. 5. The transient behavior presented in this
figure is genarafed by coupfing me early time transient behavior of an
infinite-acting resewoir with the late time behavior of me racfangularly
bounded reservoir solution.
The results obtained with me infinite-acting and finite reservoir solutions
presented in this paper are found to be in agreement with both pubfished
results and finite-difference numerical simulation results for me transient
behavior of finite-conductivity fractures. The transiant solutions presented
in this papsr are analytic and provide a rapid maans of estimating the
transient behavior of ffnife-cxmducfivify fractures.
The prachcat effects of reservoir permeability anisotropy end duet-porosity
resewoir behavfor are wall reported in the literature end need not b
reproduced in this discussion. However, these effects have bean
incorporated into tie transient solutions presented in this work so that me
solutions can be readily used for well-test analysis or well performance
mcdeffng when necessary.
The general anafytic solution procedure outlined in Appendix D provides a
tschniqua for evaluating tie wellbore pressure transient behavior of more
gsneral types of finife reservoir shapes and boundary cardiffons.n AH of
tieresarvoir pressure solutions can be expressed as Fredholm integral
equations with limits of integration over tie entire fracture length. lhe
wellbore pressure transient behavfor of finite-conductivity fractures that
are centrally located in other drahage area shape reservoirs, or in
recfangulerfy bounded resewoirs with mixaci Dfrfchlet and Neumann outer
boundary conditions (both lateral and upper and lower boundaries) can
therefore be developed by simply using tie appropriate resavoir
dimensionless solution in this general soluton procedure.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions and observations are obtained from the results
of this study.
.
1. The ameJytic solutions presented in this work provida en accurate
maans of estimating me transient bahavior of finita-conductivity
fractures in infinite-acting reservoirs, or centrally located in
cyfinckically bounded reservoirs with eithar Neumann or Dfrichlet
outer boundaries, and closed rectangularly bounded reservoirs,
2. The analytic pressure transient solutions reported in Ibis work
provide a more accurate and far more rapid means of estimating me
earfy tmnsient behavfor of low-conductivity fractures tian do the
dkcretizad fracture semi-anefytic pressure transient solutions.
3. The generaf snalytk sofufion procadure srnployad in thk work can
ba used to develop tia wellbore transient solutions for more dive+se
type of reservoir drtinage area shapes and mixad buund~
conditions than those considered in thk work.
NOMENCLATURE
B Resewofr fluid formation volume factor, r m31m
b, Fracfure width, m
b,~ Dimensionless fracture widrh
c, ToW system cwmpreseibility of reservoir, I/Pa
I
307
.
PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE SPE 2S392
IN lNFIN~E-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
Total system compressibility of fracture, I/Pa
Dual porosity reservoir function
Reservoir net thickness, m
Fracture height, m
Dimensionless fracture height
Geometric mean horfzonfal permeability, mz
Fracture proppant permeability, m
Dimensionless fracture permeability
X direction reservoir permeability, m2
Y direction reservoir parmeabiff~, mz
Fourier series index
Pressure, Pa
Dimensionless pressure
Laplaca space dirnens~onl&s reservoir pressure
Laplace space dfmensionles3 fracture pressure
Initiaf reservoir pressure, Pa
Dimensionless wellbore pressure
Laplace space dimensionless wellbore pressure
Sandface flowing pressure, Pa
Constant well production rate, msls
Dimensionless flux
Laplace space resewoir dimensionless flux
Laplace space fracture dimensionless flux
Dimensionless radial spatiaf podion
Cyffndrical drainage radfus, m
Dimensionless cylindrical drainage radius
bplace space parameter
Time, s
Dimensionless time, referenced to system characteristic lengh
Dimensionless time, referenced to drahage area
Parameter of integration
X direction spatiaf position, m
Dimensi0nlr3ss X diraction spatiaf position
X directfon drainage a reaJ extent, m
DfmensionleeeXdirection drainagearealextent
Fractura half-length (system characteristic length), m
X dfracfion wellbore spaffd position, m
X direction dimensionless wellbore spatial position
Y direction epatfal position, m
Y direction dimensionless spatial position
Y dfrmtfon drainage a real extent, m
Y direction dimensionless drainage a real extent
Y direction wellbore spatial position, m
Y direction dimensionless wellbore position
Mean value fiuxpo9ition forinterval Xm <X~<XW,+&
Meanvdua fluxposiffon forintarvaf Xw+gs XD sXw+l
Minimum fluxpositfon in fracture
Dimensionless fracture hydraulic diffusivity
Reservoir effectiva porosity, fraction
Fracture proppant porosity, fraction
Reservoir fluid viscosity, Pa -s
Functfons
Cos Cosine
cosh Hyperbolic cosine
sin Sine

sinh Hyperbolic sine
fanh Hyperboffc tangent
[0
Modified Bessel function of first kind order zero
1, Modifiad Bessel function of first kind order one
MOdffied Bessel function of second kind order zero
: Modified Bessel function of sacond kindorder one
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TheauUIors wish to thank Dowell Schlumberger for tie permission to
pubfish this work, and Sharon Jurek for the patient and careful
preparation of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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13.
Morse, R.A. and Von Gontan, W.D; Product fvify of Vertically
Fractured Wells Prior to Stabilized flow; JP~ (July 1972),a07-11.
Agarwaf, R. G., Carter, R.D., and PolIoc~ C. B.: Evatuafion and
Performance Prediction of Low-Permeability Gas Wel[s Stimulated
by Massive Hydraulic Fracturing, JP~ (March 1979), 362-72;
Trams, AIME, 267.
Barker, D.J. and Ramey, H.J, Jr? Transient Ffow tc Finite-
ConductivityVertical Fractures, paper SPE7489presentadat the
!53rd Annual Technical conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX,
Oct. 1-3, 1978.
Locke, C.D. and Sawyer, W. K.: Constant Pressure Injection Test in
a Fractured Reservoir-Histo~ Match Using Numerical simulation
and Type Curve Analysis, papar SPE 5594 presented at the 50t3
Annual Technical Conferenw and Exhfbftion, Dallas, TX, Sept. 26-
Oct 1, 1975.
Cfnco-Lay, H., Samaniag@V.,F., and Dominique, N.: Transient
Pressure Behavior of a Wall with a Ffnita-Conducffvify Vertical
Fracture, SPEJ, (Aug. 1976), 253-264.
CMco-Ley, H.and Samaniego-V., F.: Transient Pressure Analysis
fOr Fractured Wells JP~ (Sept. 1961), 1749-66.
Gringarten, A. C., Ramey, H.J. Jr., and Raghavan, R.: Unsteadv-
Stati Pressure Distributions Created by a W;ll with a Single [nfinit&
Conductivity Vartical Fracture, SPEc!, (Aug. 1974), 347-36C;
Trans., AIME, 257.
Ozkan, E. and Raghavan, R.: Some New Solutfcns to Sofve
Problems in Well Test Analysis, papar SPE 16615 prasented at tie
SPE Joint Rocky Mountain RegfonafLcw Perrneazzfffty Resewoirs
Symposium and Exhibition, Denver, CO, March 6-8, 1969.
Houze, O. P., Home, R.N., and Ramey, H.J. Jr.: Pressure-Transient
Response of an Infinite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture in a Reservoir
With Double Porosity Behavior, SPEFE (Sept. 1988),51 O-1a.
Riley, M.F., Bringham, W. E., and Home, R. N.: Analytic Solutions
for Elliptical Finite-Conductivity Fractures, paper SPE 22656
presented attie66th Annual Te&mical Conference amd Exhftzfffon,
Dallas, TX, Ott 6-9, 1991.
Cinco-Ley, H. and Mang, H.Z.: Pressure Transient Analysis of
Wells With Ffnita-Conducffvi fyVerticaf Fractures in Double Porosity
Reservoirs, paper SPE 16172 presented at tie 63rd AnnuaJ
Technicaf &mference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, Oct. 1988.
van Kruysdijk, C. P.J.W.: Samianafytical Mcdeffng of Pressure
Transients in Fractured Reservoirs, papar SPE 16169 presented at
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Oct. 1968.
Poe, B.D. Jr., Shah, P. C., and Elbel, J.L.:_ Pressure Transient
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Varying Fracture Properties, papar SPE 24707 presented at tie
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308
.
.
SPE 28392

B.D. POE, JR., J.L. ELBEL, AND T.A. BLASINGAME
5
14.
15,
Gringarten, A.C.: lnterpretatfon of Tests in f%ured Reservoirs and
Multilayered Reservoirs With Double Porosily B%havbr: Theory and
Practice, papar SPE 10044 presented at the international
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March 1982.
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Oct. 6-9, 1991.
APPENDICES
APPENDfX A Reservoir Praasure Distributions
The development of the solutions of the pressure transient bahavfor of a
well infersectad by asymmetric, rinits-conductivity vertical fracture in a
infinite-acting or finite reservoir is amompfishad by decomposing me
problem into two somper@s; (1) the reservoir, fluldflowprob!em, and (2)
the fluid flow within the fracture. The resarvoir pressure transient behavior
created by the constant rate production vfa a fully penetrating vtical
fracture is addressed in Appendix A. The solution of Ure Iranslent
bahavior of fluid flowwifhin affnita-conductivity fracfure that indudestie
fracture storage effect is considered in Appendix B, and the Wansient
solution of fluid flow in a finite-conductivity fracture L?at neglacfa the fluid
accumulation component is addre&ed in Appandix C. The Wansient
solutions for fhe fracture presented in Appendices Band Cccnsider the
frachire to bearecfangular slab with uniform width (b,), height (h,), and
proppant permaabitity (k~).
The continuity conditions that are imposed on Ure &composed reswvoir
and fracture fluid flow problems are such that along the fracture face
(Y.=Yw), tie resarvoir and fracture solutions and flux distributions ae
identical. These continuity conditions ere expressed in Eqs. A-1 end A-2
for the pressure solutions and fluxes, reapecfivefy.
D(xD,%@) =FD,(XD;S) ..........-_._.-~ --:--- (A-1 )
~D(~DsS) = ?D#D,S) . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . ..J .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . .. . (A-2)
The reservoir is assumed to ba a homogenews slab with uniform
thidrness (h). Dbactional permeability anisotropy is considered in the
reservoir transient solutions that follow, In which he anisotropy effects are
directty included in the Greens function rather than using a spatial
ccerdinate kanslation which can skew tie finite reservoir drainage area
ahapa. Dual porosi~ reservoir behavtor is considered In tie following
reservoir transient solutions using the classic tima-dependent functions,
In tie following &velopment work, the solution of tie Fredholm integral
equtions of the first kind (resulting from the coupled reservoir and
fracture flow problems) are evaluated by appffcation of tie first mean
Vafue theorem. Numerical solution of thie problem in the past has
generally been accompffshsd by dkcrefizing tie fractura length in space,
writing an aquaffon for each element of the discretized fracture length,
and simultaneously evaluating both we flux distribution and tie wellbore
pressure. Except for very low dimensionless mnductivily fracturae, or at
vw @ trmsient times (~ses where fhe coefficient matrix of the Iinaa
system is numerically singular), the wellbore pressures obtained in thfs
manner em reasonably accurate, Howeva+, the flux distribution obfainad
with the Laplace trsnsfonnad rmavoir and fracture solutions [n this
mannar is seldom accurate for low-conductivity rlactures when L?e
differences in the dimensionless pressures we computed< as in rJW
solutions of Refs. 11 and 13.
For tie evaluation procedure where the fluxes are computed by directiy
soupfing Lhe reservoir and fracture pressure solutions (as in Refs. 12 and
15), the fluxas are generally evaluatad accurately enough. However, lhat
numerical evacuation procedure afso has its own set of numerical
difficulties to contend with.
From real space numerlcaf simulation of the resarvoir and fracture ROW
problems it has baen obsarved hat two general ty~s of fracture flux
distributions may be exhibited in each wing of the vertical fracture. me
flux distribution in. each wing of tie ticture may (1) be morvatonically
increasing from tie weilbore to the fractura tips, or (2) may Es
monotonically dacreaslng from the walltmre to seine spatfaJ position in the
fracture between the welibore and the fracture tip, at which it exhibits a
minimum (XO=Q and then monotonically increasing from IAat point to Uw
fracture tip. Due to the singular nature of t?ese integral equations, tie
fracture tip (XO=XW~+l) and Lhe wallbore (Xo=XwO) solutions should not ka
evaluated direcffy.
Instead, the first mea vafue thaorem can be applied in the solution of tie
integral equations. The mean value theorem, in its most general form,
Insures us that for a monotonic flux distribution over a @ven element of
tie fracture length [a, ~ in whfch both the flux distribution and tie kernel
function g(x) are integrable, end g(x) is efways non-negafffe or afways
non-pdive, then tiers is at least one number (d~(IX,s)), averaga flux
vahie such that
J
3
J
<
?D(xD,s)!d(wD)~D= qD(Ls) &?(xD)dxD ...... ............. ..- (A<)
a a I
We can be even more specific than this if we spedfically choose the
I
relationship we wish to use in the evaluation of the integral. For the spedal
case defined in Eqs. A-4 and A-5, we obtain a maans of readily emluating
the integral equation of the coupled fracture and reservoir flow problems.
Note that the mean value spatial position has bean chosen so that the
integral value over tie complete tlacture length interval has been dvidad
into two equal parts (fntegraf vafue, not tile segment length).
................ . .. .. .. ........7.= .. ... ............. . ..... . ................. (A-4)
J
a
J
dO(xD,s)g(XD)dxD= 6D(xD.s)g(~D)dxD . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . .. J.- (A-5)
a a
By assigning tie relationship for determining the mean value spatial
location for tie integraf avafuation, the relationehfp given by Eq. A-6 can
be used to evaluate the fracture and reservoir ftow problem.
J
a
J
D(a,s) Cg(XD,)d,yD, ..................... ...... (A-6)
6D(XDr )g(XD)~D=~
a a
InffnlteActfng Reservofr
The Laplace space solution of Uie dimensiontass pressure distribution in
an infinite slab reservoir created by tie constant rate production of a
vertically fractured well is given by Eq. A-7.
For a uniform stab fracture that is symmetric about tie wellbore, tie flux
distribution is aho symmafrii about the welfbore, and Eq. A-7 can te
readily .dmpfified to Ihat given by Eq. A-8.
PD(xo,yD,s)=;~TD[x,!s)~o[J?=]
..
++=z==]p
(A-8)
I
I

309
.
6 PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE
SPE 28392
IN INFINITE-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
The flux distribution in each wing of the vertical fracture may & -aWer
monotonic, or may axhibit singularities at both the wefibore and-fracture
tips. This is due to tie nature of the singular integral equations that
describe the transient behavior of tie coupled reservoir and fracture
system. The conditions under whfchthe fli distribution in each wing of
the fracture is monotenic or not is deta~mihed by tie direct solution of the
couplad reservoir and fracture flow solutions, At this point it is sufficient fe
dsvelop the appropriate fracture face (Y.=YWO=O) solufions hat are a
function of the type of flux distribution exhibited atagivanvatue of time
and reservoir properties.
For the case where the flux distribution is not monotonic, at some spatial
position in the fracture betwean tie wellbore and fracture tip (O< XO c 1),
be flux distribution exhibita a minimum. This spatial position thus dvidas
the fracture wing into two segmenti, with eacfr segment having a
monotonic flux distribution.
Application of tie mean value thaorem to each of the segments of Ule
fracture wing (O s XD <g and ~ s % s 1) results in an evaluable
relationship for tie resewoir pressure distribution along the fracture face.
. ... .... ....... ... . .._(A-9)
... ............. ................. . . ........ ... ...... ...-.
The spatial positions (aandp) appearing in Eq, A-9 correspond tofhe
mean value fluxes of cash of the segments of tie fracture wing. The
fracture face reservoir pressure solution evaluated atthespafial position
XD=a is given by Eq. A-1 O.
~(.,o,.) .
,(.,s) @)~m-=(<:3~R
~[.J
J]
,ZJ- ~< :
2 : .(.)
The fracture face reservoir pressure at the spatial position %=13 is givan
by Eq. A-11.
The fracture face reservoir dimensionless prassure solution evaluatad at
the minimum flux spatial position (X.=5) is given by Eq, A-12.
J
(f+q gw %gm-
+
K.()&
J]
- K,(u)du
. .... .. .... .... .. . .. ... ....= .. . ... ...... .... .... .. . ..... ..... . ..... ..... .. .. .. ..... ..... ..... (A-12)
In a similar fashfon, the corresponding fracture face reservoir
dimenetonless prassure solutions for a monotonic flux distribution in each
wing of the fracture are davelopad. The minimum Laplace space flux
position for thk oaae is located at the fracture tip. The reswvoir pressure
solution at X~=p is given by Eq. A-13.
?D(b) L
I+p) .Lm
FD(p,o,s) =
,-~gm
K.()diJ
J- [f
f]
+K.()du (A-13)
Z;mo
o
x
Cylindrical Reservoir-Neumann Outer Boundary Condltfon
The reservoir pressure distribubon c$eated by Me constant rate
production of a sanfrally-located, vertically fracturad well in a closad
cylindrically bounded resewoir is given by Eq. A-14.
...................................................................... ........... .. ................. . (A-14)
The reservdr pressure solution given in Eq. A-14 contains a mixad
coordinate system. The relationship between tie rectangular ccerdinata
eystem (required by Ma fracture system evaluation) and the cylindrical
coordinate system (required by the drainage area shape) is given by tie
radial distance formula.
Note that the wellbore is the referenca origin of tie system (X~D=O,
Ym=o).
For a vertical fracture that is cantratly located in tie cylindrical tinage
an?a and that has symmetric fracture geometry and oonductivily
distributions about the wellbore, tie corresponding flux diafribution is alsa
symmetric about 13e wellbore. This permits a simplification of the
reservoir pressure solution given in Eq. A-14. The fracture face reservoir
pressure can be expressed as in Eq. A-16.
+_&J;?:~:[,.[l..-.Dl~G][lxD+xol
............ ............... ........................ ... . . . .. . .. ... .... ........... .....- (A-1 6)
310
.
SPE 28392
B.D. POE, JR., J.L ELBEL, AND T.A. BLASINGAME
7
Note hat tie first term on the right-hand side of Eq. A-16 is idanffcal to
that given by Eq. A-8. The finite reservoir solutions that follow can thus be
represented by sn infinita-acting reservoir component and a component
that is due to the bounded nature of the resewoir.
The fracture face resewoir pressure sofufion given by Eq. A-16 is
evafuated in a Ike manner as employed for tAe infinite-acting reservoir
solution prewouafy. For the case where tie flux distribution in aach wing
of tie fracture is non-monotonic, the relationship of Eq. A-16 may be
expressed as in Eq. A-17.
.,...,,.*-_., ,-_, ,_.. Q&,, ~.__, ,,-_--&+H.._J,,=e,=r.zr-z->:.->:...._~,,A:~.
(A-17)
From the fracture face reservoir pressure solution given in Eq. A-17, ws
can readily evafuate the reservoir solution at tie spaffal positions
corresponding to be XO=w,,X..p, and minimum flux position (~).
Thase solutions are exprassed in Eqs. A-18, A-19, and A.20,
respectively.
................. ........... .. .. .... ... .... . ... .......................... . ... .. (A:ZO)
The corresponding fracture face resa+voir dimensionless vressure
SOlti(On, evaluated at ~p for a monotonic flux distribution in e~ch wing
of the f7actgre Is given by Eq. A-21. Note hat the minimum Laplaca space
flux position is at the fracture tip for the monotonic fluxdistributioncme. -.
?D (B. $)
~p
r
(1+13) ;~
J
(1-@@
& (B,o,s)=
2$- }()* x + ~(u,d ~
................... ................ . . . . . ... . . ..... ... . .. ..T.... .... .. .... ...... . (A-21)
Cyllndrlcal ReservoIr-OlrlchIet Outer Boundary CondItfcm
The reservoir pressure distribution created by the constant rate
production of a finite-conductivity fracture hat is cemtrally Iooated in a
@ndri@ly ~unti reservoir with a constant pra.ssura outer boundary is
givan by Eq. A-22.
r ,, ..- --
. . .. .
...... ..... ..... . ..... . . .. . .. ... .. . . .... .... ......... ... ...... (A-22)
~nce again the solution given in Eq. A-22 consists of a mixed ccerdinate
system. The relationship between fhe retiangul~ coordinate system of
the fracture and the cylindrical coordinate system of the drainage area has
bean given by Eq. A-15.
.
The fracture face reservoir pressure solution for the case of a nOn-
monotonlc flux distribution in each wing of tie fracture is given by Eq.
A-23. The ffux distribution is symmetric about the wellbore and ha
fracture is cegmfly located in tie reservoir.
Fow.0.)-;j?.(x..5)[K~lx..xol~@]+(lxo+xDl~@]popo
~ ..l~;]+j.[lxo+xolgG)~oc
*f,o(xo.s, 1. /,..
311
.. ...... ....... .... . ... . . ... .. .. ...... ......... ... . .. ..... .... .._ (A~23)
.
8 PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTfVITV FRACTURE
IN INFINITE-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
SPE 28392
Employing fhe mean value theorem and the solution pmceckre descfibed
previously, it can be readily shown hat the XD=CX, XU=p, and minimum flux
spatial position solutions are given by Eqs. A-24, A-25, and A-26,
respectively.
........................... ...... ... .. ..... ... .... . ... . .. ....... .... . . .... .. .. ....= (A-24)
........ .. .... ....... . . .. .. ... . ... .. ........ . ....= ... .. ...=.... ......>....- (A-26)
The corresponding fracture face reservoir pressure solutions for a
monotenic flux distribution in each wing of the fracture, for U% %=p
spatial position, k gven by Eq. A-27. Once agan in this case tie
minimum bplace space flux position is at the fracture tip.
Rectangular Reservoir-Neumann Outer Boundary Condlflmr
The reservoir pressure distribution created in a rectangularly bounded,
closed reservoir by a finke-ccmducfivify fracture that is produced at
constant rate is given by Eq. A-26.
.......... ................... ... . ... . .. . ... . ..... .... .....................................- (A-28)

For a rectangularly bounded reservoir in which the well is cenkally located

in tie reservoir and tie fracture has symmetric property distributions
about tie wellbore, tie flux dk4ribuIJon is also symmetric about the
wailbore. Thus Eq. A-28 can be exprassad in a much simpler form for tie
fracture face solution, given by Eq. A-29.
.......................... ..... .... . .. .... .... ....... . .. ........ ...... ........ .. ............ (A-29)
For he case of a non-monotonic flux distribution in each wing of tie
fracture, the application of tie evaluation procedures described previously
results in the following expression for tie fracture face reservoir pressure
distribution.
.

.
SPE 28392
B.D. POE, JR., J.L. ELBEL, AND T.A. BLASINC3AME
9
""'""""'"""'''" "---..-. L--.--'.. -... ---... -.~J-S:...-.S:---- ....-J.G.=..L.. (A-3o)
The %=X.O+W %=XW+13, snd minimum flux spatial position evaluations
of Eq. A-3o are presentad in Eqs. A-31, A-32, and A-33, respectively.
x+a@=*~+]
-@~&h@-Fl
................. ...... ..... ..*.. .-,... .................. ...
... . .......... ... . ... ..... .
(A-32)
... ............ ... . ... . .,. .-. ..... .. .... ..... ......
.. ... .... (A-53)
-. -.
For tie csse of a monotonic flux dlstribufion in each wing of tie fracture,
lhe solufion at &=XW+p is given by Eq. A-34. The minimum Iaplacs
space flux for this case occurs at the frscture tip.
313
10 PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE SPE 28392
IN INFINITE-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
(5)=%43--
(%+)J%H%FPWH
l-l
=.:z...==a.-a .. .... (A-34) ....... .......... ......... . . .. ....... . ..... ... ... .... .... .... ........
APPENDIX B Fracture Solutlcm Wltfr Fracture Storage
The Ir.amsient solution of the fracture fluid flow problem in which tie
fracture storage effect issonsidered is given byEq. B-1. It is assumed
that Me fracture is a rectangular slab of uniform fracture geometry,
proppant conductivity, snd is symmetric shout the wellbore. These
assumptions can be relsxsd 1swithout loss of genersfity of L?e solution
procedure employed in this paper. However, for the sake of sfsrity snd to
more easily demonskate the solution prosedure used, lhe assumption of
uniform and symmetric fracture properties is made.
Noting tie continuity relationship expressed in Eq. A-2, the subscript cm
tie fracture fluxes sre dropped in the development work that fellows. The
seine type of evaluation procedure as used for the reservoir pressure
distributions is also sppffed for the fracture dimensionless pressure
solution.
For the case where the flux distribution is not monotonic in each wins of
the fracture, tie wellbore dimensionless pressure solution gtven in Eq.
B-2 csn be expressed more simply in the form given in Eq. B-3 In Eq.
@-3it is assumed that the wellbore is the origin of the system.
1
[n
stanh ~
WD
1
_@(a,s{&J [J-q]
-cosh ~ ~ +1 ............. ...... (B-3)
K
@slm 11
in
sin E, &
Irr
(r]
Cdg:
tanh ~
?fa
The fracture solution for tie spafisl position XC=CL is obfsined from Eq.
B-1 In a fike manner and is gtien by Eq. S-4.
............ .................. ............ ....7.. -._fi_fkz-k z.. . . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . (B-I)
The fracture dimensionless pressure solution at the wsflkore i: resdiy
obtainad from Eq. B-1, and Is given by Eq. B-2.
- -ED(a={=
................ .... .. ..... . .. .. ... .. ... ..... . . .......................................(B4)
The fracture sofution for Ihe spatia.f position X.=p is presented in Eq. B-5.
314
.
SPE 28392 B.D. POE, JR., J.L ELBE~ AND T.A. BLASINGAME 11
lL J
.
r
......................... ............. .... . . . . . .. . .... . . ... . ... . . ... ....._ (B-5)
The fracture pressure solution evaJuated at fhe minimum flux spatial
position is given by Eq. 56
............................... . .......................... . . ......=A...* . . . .. (B-6)
For tie case where tie flux distribution is monotonic in each wing of be
fracture, the minimum Laplaca space flux spatial position is at the fracture
tip and the corresponding pressure at XD=~ Is givan by Eq. B-7.
315
. . .. ..- (B-7)
Thecorresponding wellbore pressure foramonotonic flux dstribution is
given by Eq. B-6.
r 1
......................... ..=. . . . . ... . . ...... ......................................... (B-6)
APPENDIX C Fracture Solution With Negligible Fracture Storage
The transient solution of the fracturs fluid flow problem in which the
fracture.etorage effect is small and can be considered negligible Las also
been addressed in fiefs. 11 and 13. For Mecasewhere the fractureha6
uniform fracture geometry and proppant conductivity, and is symmetrfc
akout the wellbore, the relationship between tie wellbore pressure and the
pressure at some position XO in tie fracture is givan by Eq. C-1. As
demonstrated in Ref. 13, the assumption of uniform fracture properties
can be readily rdaxed if desired.
,&mhm[(~~:~.)J:moJ:6Dfp
PW(S)-FD,(XD,S) .~
................ .............. ......... .......... .. .... .. ............ . .. . . .. .. . (c-1)
Note that tie itsrated integral appearing in Eq. C-1 can be ready
expressed intermsof simple integrals, asin Eq. C-2.
[y.J:?Df~:s.p:= (x.-xw)j;:,.,(xD,s)wD-~xD@m(xD,s
%.
........ ............ .......... .... .... .. .. .. . . ... ...... .. ......... ........ ........... (c-2)
For a finite-conductivity fracture with negligible fracture storage effects, an
additional relationship is also available for tie evaluation of tie fracture
pressures. This is the continuity relationship for the production of fluid into
tie fracture and tie tmoduction at tie well. For neolidble fluid
accumulation effects in &e fracture, the sum of the fluxes ;;ross. each
elsment of tie fracture length must equaJ the well production rate. This
relationship is given by Eq. G3, ~
xwD+l-
J
9Df(xD#s)Lw=; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(C-3)
Xwo-i
Forasymmefric flux distribution eboutlhe well, tie relationship maybe
expressed asin Eq. c-4. Note that fhesubscripts on fhe fluxes have bssn
dropped in Eq. C-4, duetotie confinuify relationship of Eq. A-2. Once
WaIn the spatial positions dsnotedby sand p correspond to the mean
vakre fluxas for the fracture segments % < %s b + ~ md fin + ~s
~ s X.. +1, respectively.
t6D(a.s)+(l.t)60(P. s)=+ ........... .................. ....... ......................... . (c-4)
I
I
.
12 PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE SPE 28392
IN lNFINITE-ACTtNG AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
Employing the evacuation techniques described earfier in Appendix A, be
solution of the pressure differences for the %=XwCJ+a+XS=~~+13, end
minimum flux spatial pesifions for the case where tie flux distribution in
each wing oftiefractwa is not monotonic, are given fzy Eqs. G5, G6,
and G7, respectively for cases whsre the weilfmre is the origin of tie
system
F@(s) -FD,(a,s)=~
[ .1
~kmb(Dhfa ++{(<-2)%(%S) .......... . . ..... (C-5)
F@(s) -F*,(13,s).~
4k,~bfDhfD
[ 1
++5(W-$%(%S) ......... (-)
F@(s) - P;f ({,s) =*[+-; @D[a,s)] .............._ ....-...=.-L-. (G7)
For the case where the flux distribution in each wing of the fracture is
monotonic, the difference betwean tie wellbore amd X@ pressures is
given by Eq. C-8. In this case, the minimum Leplace space flux position is
at the fracture tip.
FwD(s)-Fo,(13,s)= (2P+):............G.....-...-J...L .. . . . ..G. (Ga)
.. .
4kf~bfDhfDs
APPENDfX D Evaluation of Reservoir and Fracture Solutlons
The solution of the ceupled reservoir end fracture pressure distributions
results inexpresslons forevafuating tie flux distribution end tie wellbere
pressure, and also for determining thecorrdffions under which the flux
distribution is monotonic.
The relationship fhat is required to .seIve thfs system of equations is the
relationship that expresses how the fracture flux vades with respect tn
spacaln tiesolutionsof Rsfs. lf fhrough 13, ithasbeen aesumed that
the fracture flux is uniform over discrete fracture demerit lengths. This
assumption of uniform flux fracture elements, and Ihe requirement of
increasingly fergsr number of fracture elements required to model the flux
distribution, is the fimifation that MS study has.attemptsd to avoid. Instead
ofaplece-wise uniform flux dfstribufion, this davelopmant work amploysa
smooth continuous flux cfisfrlbution model.
The final independent relationship used in this work to complete the
ayetam is a second order rational polynomial for each monotonic flux
distribution segment of the fracture. The general form of tie rational
fmiynemial used to approximate the unknown flux ctstribution in each
monotonic flux dstribution s%gment oftietiacture length is @en byEq.
D-1.
The solution of this system of equations has been performed enaiytfcaliy.
The evafuafion of the coefficients of the fkt. .dlstribufion rational
polynomials requires fiat tie system of squations be evafuafad
anaJyficelly, since a eyefamatic technique for separating L?e coefficients in
the analytic flux distribution integrals is not possible numericely. Since the
&nominator of me ffux distribution rational polynomials Is quadratic, three
dfsffnct integral expressions for the integals of the flux distribution in We
fracture are possible, depending on the vafue of b2-4ac.
Due to the size of the resulting expressions for the ffux.disfributfon raffonaf
po~nomfal coefficients, transient welltire pressure, and minimum and
mean value flux spatial locations, Ihe. c!evelopment work that includes
Iiiese expressions witi be providad separataty as a supplement to this
paper.
A numerical model has been constructed with the enafytfc solufjons
resulting from this evaluation procedure. Witi the results of this numericat
mcdet, a set of mrrelatione can be devefopad to provide estimates of the
transient wellbore pressure behavfor of finite-conductivity fractures in
infinite-acting and finite reservoirs.
For a well intersected by a finite-conductivity fracture located in an infirrite-
actfng reservoir, the wellbore transient behavior ie given by Eq. D-2.
(
~ [J
F r
(I+B)*R (i-of-m
pw (=)._+
1
4k,Db/~h,Ds
K.(]dJ
+
J
K.()*
2s Lm o
kx
o
i
...... .... . . . .... .. .....~ .... ... . ........ ..... . .... . . ...................... (D-2)
The meenvafue flux spatial location (~) appe~ing in Eq. D-2 for the
wellbore transient response is obfalned from thesolufion of tie coupled
reservoir and fracture flow problems.
For cases where the flux distribution is ncil-monotonicin each fmoture
wing (E,<l), the welbore transient behavior is given by Eq. D-3,
F@(.)=+
I
c.f-+f%m-fi$~~
2 * o 0 o 1
+W~[---~j~@
(+fmi
II
(l+!&@ ~
<j K.(.]c a -tJK.())*
2k.@&@
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . (D-3)
The mean value flux for the intervaf XWsXDsL~ +g is given by Eq. D~4.
ij~(a,s) =
,Jw&zr,.iiiim
. 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ........... ...... .......... .. . (D-
- .-.
.
316
.
.,
SPE 28392
E.D. POE, JR., J.L. ELBEL, AND T.A. BL4SINGAME
13
The transient wellbore prassure behavior of a well intersected by a finite-
wnductivity fracture in a closed cyfinc+kally bounded reservoir is
evafuated in a hke manner. The wellbore pressure for a monotonic flux
distribution (~=1) is given by Eq. D-5
... .. (D-5)
Foranon-monotonic flux distribution in the fractura (~cl), the wdlbme
pressure is given by Eq. D-6 and the mean value flux of the Intewaf
XWsX,~+~ is given by Eq. D-17,
........... .. . .. ... . . . . .. .. ......... .............................. (D-7j
The wailbore transient behavior of a well intersected by a finite-
conductivily fracture that is centrally located in a cylinokically bounded
reservoir with a constant pressure outer bounda~ can dso be evefuefad
in tie mannar previously discussed. The wellbore pressure for a
monotonic ffux distribution (g=l) Is given by Eq. D-8.
I
F
KO(reD$@ (I+L3)~m
J J
c
(l-P ~m
x+ x
+ lo(reDJ@ ~L@)* ~ww
1]
................................................................................ (D-8)
For a non~monotonlc flux ckstribution in the fracture (gel ), the wellbore
dimensionless pressure is evaluated with Eq, D-9 and the mean value flux
of the interval Xw&&%Dfi is given by Eq. D-1O.
317
.
..
14
PRESSURE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A FINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE
IN INFINITE-ACTING AND BOUNDED RESERVOIRS
-- (D.9j
.. . .... .- . ... .. . . ..... -.. -.. ...-. .. . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pqGJg%-
,().-
. .
1
,,...._.................._-A. .. .s&
-+=.~-*-=.:.T= .. ..*_ .. . ..... . (D-10j
For a well intersected by a finite-cenductiti~ fracture in a dosad
rectangularly bounded reservoir, Ihe We time (tm20 .01) wellbore kansient
behavior can be evaluated in a similar manner,
The wsflbers dimensionless pressure behavfor for a monoten~ flux
distribution (g=l ) is given by Eq. D-11.
SPE 28392
........... ...._............. .. . . .. .... ..... ... ........... ..... .......... . .._-. -
(D.1<)
Fer a non-monotonic flux distribution (g<l ), the wellbore dimensionless
pressure is evaluated with Eq. D-12, and tie mean vslue flux for tie
intervsl X,W,sXOC4~~ is @ven by tie solution of Eqs. A-1, A-31, A-32,
C4, G5, and C-8.
g t
2 -
g
0 1.5 -
E
1
0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
.
Ml
Fi9. 1a - Monotonic and non-monotonic flux distributions
Real space distributions.
Laplace Space FIUX
2Cm -
y
n
G
100 -
50 -
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09
Ffg. 1b - Monotonic and non-monotonic flux distributions
LaPlacespace dktribufions.
318
.
.
SPE 28392
B.D. POE, JR., J.L. ELBEL, AND T.A. BiASINGAME
15
........................ .... . ...............=s....... .. .. .. . ..ti.. (D-12)
A similar evaluation fachnique has afso been employed for tie finite-
conducfivity fracture solutions that Include tie fracture storage effects.
Due 10 tie length of he resulting expressions, fhese solutions are
provided in the supplement to this technisal paper.
100
CfD
10 O.O1-OiscreteElement
0.1 D,screte
0,01
1 ,
~
0.1 ,
1
10
0.01
1
0.001 I I
le.om 1s.005 O.OLW1 Owl 0.01 0.1 1 10
tD
Frg. 2- Comparison of continuous flux distribution model
with discrete uniform flux element m~el.
infinite-acting reservoir.
1,000
/21
0.031 ~ J
le-0061m-orr50.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 lW l,WLI 10,OW
tD
Fig.3 - Transient behavior of a finite-conductivi~ fracture
in a closed cylindrically bounded reservoir.
<
gl
f
F
g
:
0.1,
E
0.01~
la-me le-oo5 0.0001 O.Gal 0.01 0.1 1 10 lcmr 1,000
tcl
Fig.4 - Transient behavior Df a finite-cxmductivity fracture in ~
cylindrically bounded reservoir with a constant pressure
outer boundary,
/41
100
0
a
k
i CfD
~
L
0.01
XeD. YeD
O.OQI J -J
ls-cOels.oo50.oOol 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
100 l,ODO 10,000
tt)
Fig.5 - Transient behavior of a finite-conductivity fracture in a
closed rectangularly bounded reservoir.
319
.
.,%