Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 2 j
146 bar, 2.2 bar, 0.0202, 147 m/s, 15 C p p v T = = = = =
1 2 j
146 bar, 2.27 bar, 0.0256, 197.5 m/s, 15 C p p v T = = = = =
1 2 j
246 bar, 2.34 bar, 0.0127, 191.7 m/s, 15 C p p v T = = = = =
1 2 j
95.5 bar, 2.137 bar, 0.0303, 118.7 m/s, 15 C p p v T = = = = =
FME Transactions VOL. 35, No 3, 2007 127
spherical bubbles, and thus the distances between the
cavitation clouds (or clusters of bubbles), produced
during the break off, were allowed to be seen. The rest
of the jet appears as a rear white distance and it contains
a lot of tiny bubbles that may reflect some light to the
direction of the camera eye. At
1
152 bar p = , the gas
bubbles appear in the images obtained with the flash
parallel to the jet flow direction. They do not appear in
the group of images obtained in the first case. At
2
203 bar p = , the gas bubbles appear in both cases,
which may be explained by the appearance of a greater
number of bubbles at pressure
2
203 bar p = than at
1
152 bar p = . But the bubble density (number of
bubbles) which appears in the images obtained in the
first case is much less than that which appears in the
images obtained by the second case.
Figure 13. Influence of apparatus arrangement on the jet
characteristic infromation, p1=195 bar, p2=2.1 bar, =0.53,
vj = 28 m/s, T =16
o
C (divergent nozzle)
4. CONCLUSION
The jet behavior and its features depend on nozzle
mounting (convergent or divergent way). The
hydrodynamic conditions for cavitation inception and its
position depend on the nozzle geometry. The
hydrodynamic condition has a big influence on the jet
behavior and its features. Both gaseous and vaporous
types of cavitation appear at high upstream pressures.
The life of gaseous cavitation is longer than of vapor
cavitation. Vaporous types of cavitation depend on
cavitation number or on downstream pressure P
2
, while
gaseous cavitation depends mainly on upstream pressure
P
1
. Both of them depend on the nozzle geometry. The
position of the visualization system and its quality has
great influence on the quality of jet images and
information. The difficulties of catching the collapsing
moment of the bubbles are related to two reasons: the
first is inadequate temporal resolution of illuminating
and recording system, and the second is the huge
number of the bubbles in the cavity.
REFERENCES
[1] Conn, A.F., Johnson, V.E., William, Jr.,
Lindenmuth. T,, Fredrick, G.S.: Some Industrial
Applications of Cavitating Fluid Jets Flow,
Proceedings of the First U S. Water Jet Conference
Golden, Colorado, pp. 238-253, 1981.
[2] Ganippa, L.C, Bark, G., Andersson, S., Chomiak,
J.: Comparison of Cavitation Phenomena in
Transparent Scaled-Up Single-Hole Diesel
Nozzles. CAV2001, California, USA, Session
A9.005, june, 2001
(http://cav.2001.library.calteh.edu/)
[3] Kato, H., Yamaguchi, H., Maeda, M., Kawanami,
Y., Nakasumi, S.: Laser Holographic Observation
of Cavitation Cloud on a Foil Section. Journal of
Visualization, Vol.2, No.1, July, 37-50, 1999.
[4] Keiichi, S., Yasuhiro, S.: Unstable Cavitation
Behaviour in a Circular-Cylindrical Orifice Flow.
Trans JSME, International Journal, Ser. B, Vol. 45,
No. 3, pp.638-645, 2002.
[5] Knapp, R.T., Daily, J.W., Hammitt, F.G.:
Cavitation, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
[6] Ran, B., Katz, J.: Pressure Fluctuation and Their
Effect on Cavitation Inception within Water Jets.
ASME , FED-Vol 177, pp. 31-42, 1993.
[7] Soyama H. High-Speed Observation of a
Cavitating Jet in Air. Trans ASME, Journal of
Fluids Engineering, Vol. 127, pp 1095-1101,
November 2005.
[8] Soyama, H., Adachi, Y., Yamauchi, Y., Oba, R.:
Cavitation-Noise-Characteristics Around High
Speed Submerged-Water-Jets, Trans. JSME (B),
Vol. 60, pp. 730-735,1994.
[9] Soyama H, Ikohagi T, Oba R. Observation of the
Cavitating Jet in a Narrow Watercourse. Cavitation
and Multiphase Flow. ASME, FED-Vol.194, 79-
82, 1994.
[10] Soyama, H., Lichtarowicz, A., Lampard D. Useful
Correlations for Cavitating Jets. 3
rd
International
Symposium on Cavitation, Grenoble, France, pp.
17-24, 1998.
[11] Soyama, H., Yamauchi, Y., Adachi, Y., Adachi,
Y., Oba, R.. High-Speed Cavitation-Cloud
Observations Around High-Speed Submerged
Water Jets, The second international Symposium
on Cavitation, Tokyo-Japan, pp. 225-230, 1994.
[12] Soyama, H., Yamauchi, Y., Adachi, Y., Adachi,
Y., Oba, R.: High-Speed Cavitation-Cloud
Observations Around High-Speed Submerged
Water Jets, Trans JSME, International Journal,
Ser.B, Vol.38, No.2, pp.245-251, 1995.
[13] Toyoda, K., Muramatsu, Y., Hiramoto, R.:
Visualization of the Vortical Structure of a Circular
Jet Excited by Axial and Azimuthal Perturbation,
Journal of Visualization, Vol.2, No.1, July, pp. 17-
24, 1999.
128 VOL. 35, No 3, 2007 FME Transactions
[14] Vijay, M.M., Zou, C., Tavoularis, S.: A Study of
the Characteristics of Cavitating Water Jets by
Photography and Erosion. Jet Cutting Technology,
Proceedings of the Tenth International
Conference, pp. 37-67, Elsevier, 1991.
[15] Yamaguchi, A., Shimizu, S.: Erosion Due To
Impingement of Cavitating Jet. Trans ASME,
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.109, pp. 442-
447, 1987.
NOMENCLATURE
cavitation number,
ref v
2
ref
0.5
p p
u
=
ref
p reference (downstream) pressure [bar]
v
( ) p T saturation (vapour) pressure [bar],
L
( ) T density of the liquid [kg/m
3
],
T fluid temperature [
0
C]
ref
u reference velocity - exit jet velocity [m/s]
ref j
/ u Q A v = =
V
q flow rate (m
3
/s)
1 2
( )
V
q K p p =
A nozzle outlet cross-section area [m
2
]
1
p
upstream pressure [bar], (absolute)
2
p
downstream pressure [bar], (absolute)
X stand-off distance [mm]
L nozzle length
in
d ,
out
d
inlet and outlet nozzle diameter [mm]
K = 4.78E-09 for divergent ; = 6.17E-09 for
convergent nozzle [m
3
/s/Pa
1/2
]
:
,
Ezddin Ali Farag Hutli,
,
:
,
,
( ),
.
.
.