Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878

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Advances in Environmental Biology

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Corresponding Author: Moslem Mansouri Nezhad, PhD Student, Department of hydraulic structures, Science and
Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.
E-mail: mansuri2535@yahoo.com

Experimental Study of Longitudinal Velocity Gradient in Submerged Hydraulic Jet

1
Moslem Mansouri Nezhad,
2
Habib Mousavi Jahromi,
3
Hossein Sedghi,
4
Houshang Hassoni Zadeh

1
PhD Student, Department of hydraulic structures, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.
2
Professor, Faculty of Water Science engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran.
3
full Professor, Department of hydraulic structures, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4
Department of Water Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran.

A RT I CL E I NF O A BST RA CT
Article history:
Received 19 October 2013
Received in revised form14
J anuary 2014
Accepted 20 January 2014
Available online 20 February 2014

Key words:
Hydraulic J et, Velocity Gradient,
Submergence, Energy Dissipation

In current research, fluctuations of longitudinal velocity in submerged hydraulic jet that
released from various nozzles have been studied. The nozzles outlet had different
shapes such as round, rectangular and also square. In addition, the level of nozzle from
the flume bottomand as well as the flow discharge (1.6 , 2 , 2.25 , 2.5
3
)were
varied items during the experiments.The results show that in the low discharges and
high levels of submergence, the round outlet has maximumdispersion and in the vise
versa conditions the horizontal rectangular outlet provides high dissipation in the jet.



2013 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: MoslemMansouri Nezhad, Habib Mousavi J ahromi, Hossein Sedghi, Houshang Hassoni Zadeh., Experimental Study
of Longitudinal Velocity Gradient in Submerged Hydraulic J et. Adv. Environ. Biol., 7(14), 4873-4878, 2013

INTRODUCTION

As shown in following figure the hydraulic jet is defined in terms of continuous turbulent flow which leaves
a given source [1].


Fig. 1: Velocity components in a wall jet.

According to the jet width and downstream depth, the jets can be divided into two general categories (Two
and Three dimensional). In two dimensional jets, jet width doesnt develop; in the other words the jet width is
equal to downstream width, while the three dimensional jet width is less than the width of downstream channel.
As a result, for three dimensional jets, its possible for jets to extend and develop in all directions [2].
Due to momentum source effects, the momentum equation is usually used to predict the turbulent jet
behavior. J et behavior depends on several parameters such as, hydraulic conditions or jet parameters,
environmental parameters and geometric conditions [3,4]. J et parameters are including the amount of
turbulence, jet mass, fluid density and initial momentum of the jet; also the environmental parameters are
including the temperature, average density and density of ambient fluid layers [5]. Finally, the geometric
parameters are including the rigid boundary distance, submergence, magnitude, angle and high of the jet source
[3,4]. Use of the hydraulic jet due to turbulence manner is one of the fastest ways to dilute the pollution in rivers
or sea.Also, hydraulic jets can be used for sediment removing in the artificial reservoir, pump stations and flow
divisions structures[6,7].
4874 Moslem Mansouri Nezhad et al, 2013
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878
Introduction and Literature:
At the first time the situation of developing flow and also established condition was studied by W. Tollmein
(1926).
Dellaripa and Bailard(1986) suggested that the maximum scour depth occurs for horizontal buoyant
jet.Sediment management in McCook reservoir led to a new method for sediment washing (Cohesive soil). In
this way the jets are used in parallel and series shapes.Due to the complex nature of cohesive soils (Octavio et
al, 2005) examined the scouring manner at downstream of multiply jets on cohesive and non cohesive soils and
developed the equations for this conditions [9].
Ali and Lim (1986) pop up on the depth of the scour hole. There is so much shallow depth according to
them if this amount is more or less shallow depth, maximum depth of scour hole increases or decreases [10].
Many investigations remain constant after reaching equilibrium scour hole dimensions of the cavity has
been carried out. Recent research by Mr. Blachandar and Kells in (1997) shows that the dimensions of scour
hole tested after four to five days to reach equilibrium conditions. According Aderbing and Rajaratnam (1998),
the rotatory process that will scour holes to fill and empty may cause scour hole dimensions to reach equilibrium
[11].
Packing and colleagues (1998) studied the jet falling into the basin depreciated and tested. They
demonstrated in their study the rate of energy in jet at different elavations of efficiency and energy dissipation
achieved [12].
Adoos et al (2004) did experimental studies on hydraulic jets and scour due to submerged plate jets. Clerk
tried to experiment with shooting jets of water from the plate portrayed and consequently the equilibrium time
was well- identified. This study examined the hydraulic jets depth and velocity profiles in both rigid and
erodible substrate were removed by ultrasonic profiler [13].
Mehraein et al (2007) in their research on falling jets found that maximum rate of scour occurs during the
first minutes of the tests, this process is rapidly reduced and finally reaches to zero. Also they found that the pit
development has a logarithmic behavior, in a manner that 75% of scouring occurs in the first 80 minutes [14].
Ahadiyan and MousaviJ ahromi (2009) checked out the geometric properties of submerged jets with circular
nozzles and different diameters and lengths and found that increasing the diameter of 5 to 8mm, but the length is
increased by increasing the diameter 8 to 15 mm from the nozzle increases their observations also suggest that
increasing the concentration of elongation jet.Also they examined the important factors in the patterns of
buoyant jet in the static ambient fluid and concluded that, with the increasing of the jet contraction angle from
15 to 90 (deg), the upper bound and lower bound of the jet trajectory increases about 25% and 28% respectively,
also for more clarify they simulated the flow by Flow-3D [15,16].
Soleimani et al (2012)in a large scale flumestudied the hydraulic behavior of single and multiply jets on a
non-cohesive soil, with different densitometry froude numbers and different internal angle of the nozzle (30, 45,
60 and 90 deg). In addition to the potential of the jet to sediment washing, they also focused on the jet hydraulic
pattern. They used the EM-Flowmeterdevice to record the longitudinal velocity in 5cm intervals from the nozzle
outlet.The results suggest that with increasing the internal angle, the jet dissipation rise rapidly,in the same
manner the pit length and depth increases. According to the previous topic in a constant discharge, the
maximum scour occurred for the nozzle with angle of 90 deg. The hydraulic behavior of multiple nozzles were
studied, almost multiply jets almost were unable to reinforce each but the longitudinal velocity increase slightly
[17].
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Dimensional analysis:
As previously mentioned, nozzle geometry, environmental conditions and jet hydraulics are the primary
parameters that may cause changesin the behavior of the jet.These parameters are listed below, and then the
fixed parameters in current research are removed.

,
0
, , , , , x , y , ,

,
0
,

= 0

Where H is the submergence parameter (vertical distance from water surface to the nozzle outlet), U
0
, the
mean velocity, P, the supply pipe pressure, is the angle relative to the horizon of the nozzle, , the dynamic
viscosity, is the fluid density, x and y are represent the coordinate directions, is the internal angle of the
nozzle,

, the supply pipe diameter, D

0
, the outlet diameter, and U
m
is the jet velocity across to the nozzle
axis. According to the Buckingham theory we can write:

f(

0
2
,

0

0
, ,

0
,

0
,

0
)=0
4875 Moslem Mansouri Nezhad et al, 2013
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878
These parameters are include the Reynolds number, A special case of the Euler number, Densitometry
froude number, internal angle of the jet, submergence number, geometrical parameter of the nozzle and relative
velocity [8].
The laboratuaryflume dimensions are 1.5 1 6 in wide, high and length respectively. To achieve the
constant submergence during the experiments themorning glory spillway was adjusted. Maximum discharge and
pressure of the pumps were 100 and 35m respectively. To ensure the cyclic behavior of the flow, the
spillway outlet pipe connected to the pump suction tank. Velocity magnitude measured with EM-flowmeter and
the flow discharge was measured by a Rotameter device and regulated valve [17].



Fig. 2: Laboratory instruments.

3.2. Characteristics and types of nozzles in the current research:
The following four types of nozzles are used that they are made of aluminum; circular, rectangular (in
horizontal and vertical positions) and squares. Nozzles planted to the different distance from the flume bottom
(10, 20 and 40 CM), also the flow discharge regulated on (1.6 , 2 , 2.25 , 2.5
3
) during the experiments.
The EM-flowmeter device was used to find the longitudinal velocity in 10cm intervals from the nozzle outlet, so
the number of observational points in 48 experiments was 1200.



Fig. 3: Nozzles Characteristics.

3.3. Experimental method:
After filling the flume with water, the morning glory spillways valve is opened thenfor flow circulation
immediately after that the pumps are turned on.The flow rate was adjusted by changing the valve opening in
supply pipe direction and reading the rotameter device. The flow is allowed to reach the steady state condition.
To measure the velocity the EM-flowmeter probe is placed on the three dimensional chariot also the pressure in
supply pipe was measured with a digital manometer.



4876 Moslem Mansouri Nezhad et al, 2013
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the observation and recording of axial velocity in the length of different jets, the obtained results were
presented in the related tables. The results are as follow:
1- In Discharge 1.6

which is the smallest investigated Discharge, because of low diffusivity, velocity

have the lowest fluctuations. In a way that the highest velocity (2.41

) in the highest degree of submersion

(85%) was related to a circular nozzle that happened at the beginning of nozzle. By the reduction of submersion
degree (35%), the horizontal rectangular velocity (1.85

) will be reduced.While theaveragesubmergence

rate(60%) velocity(1.91

) is also relate to therectangularhorizontal nozzles, then whatcan be said thatthe

degreeofcircularsurfaceto movetowardsreducingtherateofrectangularjetsisreversedhorizontally.
As it is observed in Figure (4), in high degree of submersion, the fluctuations of velocity in various jets are
more than the fluctuations of velocity in low degree of submersion.
2-In Discharge 2

as can be seen in figure (5), submergence rate above 85%, the highest velocity
(3.127

) is related to the circular nozzle. It should be noted that the slope of the submergence rate of all
nozzles are virtually identical and only the circular nozzle has a steeper slope than the other nozzles. In
submergence rate (35%) maximum velocity is measured in the horizontal rectangular nozzles(2.229

) is the
measured tilt down while in the case of a circular nozzle was lower than the rest of the volatility , the less are.
The average submergence rate (60%), the highest velocity (2.14

) is a measure of horizontal rectangular

nozzles and all nozzles are the same slope fluctuate .
3-In Discharge 2.25

as can be seen in figure (6) the relatively large dispersion of the velocity fluctuations
at the nozzle is approximately equal to the maximum velocity (3.185

) of high submergence rate (85%) of

the circular nozzle. Fluctuations in the submerged horizontal rectangular nozzle are higher than others. The low
submergence rate (35%) measured at the highest velocity(2.85

) corresponds to a horizontal rectangular

nozzles and nozzles slope in this case is almost identical, but most of the rest vertical rectangular jet. The
average submergence rate (60%) and steep fluctuations nozzles are measured at the highest velocity (2.7

)
corresponds to a horizontal rectangular nozzle.
4-In Discharge 2.5

as can be seen in figure (7) because of the turbulence and diffusion is much faster in
the nozzles with large fluctuations associated with the degree of submergence (85%) Maximum velocity
(3.425

) corresponds to a circular nozzle. The degree of low submergence (35%) we are close to the surface
because there is less volatility in the nozzles and they also have the same slope changes and quickly measure
velocity (3.313

) revealed that the horizontal rectangle. The average submergence rate (60%) is high
volatility and low requirement and the low damping is circular while the maximum measured velocity is
(3.155

), which corresponds to a horizontal rectangular nozzle.

Fig. 4: Velocity changes in Q= 1.6

C
0
1
2
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=1.6M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 40 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
1
2
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=1.6M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 20 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=1.6M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 10 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
4877 Moslem Mansouri Nezhad et al, 2013
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878

Fig. 5: Velocity changes in Q=2

Fig. 6: Velocity changes in Q=2.25

Fig. 7: Velocity changes in Q=2.5

5. Conclusion:
One of the factors affecting the diffusion pattern of the submerged jet and the kinetic energy is the geometry
of the nozzle. Use of the hydraulic jet due to turbulence manner is one of the fastest ways to dilute the pollution
in rivers or sea. Also, hydraulic jets can be used for sediment removing in the artificial reservoir, pump stations
and flow divisions structures. According to the current study, most of the energy dispersion occurred in circular
jets. Also, velocity fluctuations in the circular jet were higher than the other jets. In this research, in addition to
the measured velocity along the nozzle outlet, the nozzle levels were changed and velocity gradient obtained in
these conditions. According to this study, it can be concluded that the applied jet in a receiver static fluid in low
degree of submersion with a circular figure will have better results. The applied jet in a receiver static fluid in
high degree of submersion will be more compatible with a horizontal rectangular figure. Moreover, the
maximum of velocity has occurred in all Discharge at the beginning of outputs that can be applied for dilution of
dispersed pollution in water resorts; such as, petrol or gas pipe bursting.

C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 40 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 20 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 10 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.25M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 40 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.25M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 20 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.25M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 10 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.5M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 40 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.5M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 20 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
C
0
2
4
1
6
11
16
21
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

m
/
s
10cm Distance of nozzel
Q=2.5M^3/hr for all nozzeles with
ahigh of 10 CM from the flume
bottom
Circle
Vertical
Rectangular
Horizontal . R
Square
4878 Moslem Mansouri Nezhad et al, 2013
Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14) December 2013, Pages: 4873-4878
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