Deep Foundations

Axial Load Capacity based on Analytical

Methods (Chapter 14)
Downdrag Loads (Chapter 18)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 2
Hard Stratum
Deep Foundation Load Transfer
P
P
t

P
s
P
P
t

P
s
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 3
Toe Bearing Resistance

+ + = BN 5 . 0 qN cN q
q c ult
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 4
Toe Bearing Resistance Sands (Driven
Piles)
*
q zD
*
t
N ' N B ' q + =

When D/B > 5, first term is negligible.
( )( ) ' tan ' 1 2
E
I
: I index, rigidity a define to Need
governs. failure shear of modes any three as ility compressib
and strength shear both on depends N and N
zD
r
r
*
q
*
+
=

CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 5

Toe Bearing Resistance Sands (Driven Piles) (contd)
CPT. and SPT from or analysis n Schmertman of E as estimated be can E
shear punching or local important, is ility compressib soil I Low
failure shear general I High
. 400 I 10 ypically T
s
r
r
r

< <
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 6
Toe Bearing Resistance Sands (Driven Piles) (contd)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 7
Example 14.1 A 400-mm square prestressed concrete pile is to be driven 19 m
into the soil profile shown in Figure 14.6. Compute the net ultimate toe-bearing
capacity. The water table is at a depth of 3m below the ground surface.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) kN 2261 4 . 0 14131 ' P
kPa 14131 75 8 . 187 8 . 13 8 . 9 2 . 18 0.4
N ' N B ' q
75 N and 8 . 13 N figures, From
99
36 tan 8 . 187 0.3 1 2
35000

' tan ' 1 2
E
I
kPa 35000 25 1200 1 5000
7.17) Eq. (See N OCR E
kPa 187.8
16 8 . 9 16 2 . 18 3 8 . 17 u H '
2
t
*
q zD
*
t
*
q
*
o
zD
r
60 1 0 s
zD
= =
= + =
+ =
= =
=
+
=
+
=
= + =
+ =
=

+ = =

16 m
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 8
Toe Bearing Resistance Sands (Drilled Shaft)
settlement mm 25 within mobilized be to assumed is q'
diameter base is B
toe below 2B depth and e between to N SPT mean is N where
kPa 2900 N 5 . 57 q'
, 50 N or F
t
b
b 60
60 t
60
=
<
t
b
tr t b
' q
B
1200
q' to q' reduce mm, 1200 B For = >
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 9
toe below 2B and e between to strength shear undrained is s
kPa 100 s for .0 9 N
kPa 50 s for .0 8 N
kPa 25 s for 6.5 N
: where
1999) Reese and Neill (O' N s ' q
, kPa 250 s For
b u
u
*
c
u
*
c
u
*
c
*
c u t
u
=
= =
= =
=
<
Toe Bearing Resistance Clays
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 10
Toe Bearing Resistance Clays (contd)
( )
( ) kPa in s s 065 . 0
B
D
083 . 0 B 28 . 0
m in B 0 . 1
5 . 2 B
5 . 2
F
' q F q' to q' Reduce
mm, 1900 B For
u u 2
b
b 1
b
2 b 1
r
t r tr t
b
=

+ =

+
=
=
>
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 11
A driven pile in clay is shown in the figure below. The pile
has a diameter of 406mm. Determine the net toe bearing
capacity.
( )
( )( )( ) kN 6 . 116 9 100 1295 . 0
N s A ' q A ' P
m 1295 . 0 406 . 0
4
D
4
A
*
u t t t t
2
2
2
t
c
= =
= =
=

=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 12
Toe Bearing Resistance Intermediate
Geomaterials
ONeill and Reese (1999):
Hard soils, soft rocks: N
60
> 50
250 kPa < s
u
< 2500 kPa
Rocks: s
u
2500 kPa (q
u
5000 kPa)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 13
Toe Bearing Resistance Cohesive
Intermediate Geomaterial and Rock
( )
( ) [ ]
u
5 . 0
5 . 0 0.5
t
51 . 0
u t
u
u t
q t mt t q'
: evaluated be can condition joints' where
and n orientatio random having joints with jointed is material If
q 4830 q'
kPa, 500 q and ) horizontal nearly and closed joints (all 100% RQD 70% For
q 5 . 2 q'
1.5, D/B and 100% RQD For
: (1999) Reese and Neill O'
+ + =
=
> < <
=
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 14
Toe Bearing Resistance Cohesive
Intermediate Geomaterial and Rock
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 15
Toe Bearing Resistance Cohesive
Intermediate Geomaterial and Rock
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 16
Toe Bearing Resistance Noncohesive
Intermediate Geomaterial
( ) [ ]
t
b
tr t b
zD
60 1
zD
8 . 0
60
1 t
' q
B
mm 1200
q' to q' reduce mm, 1200 B For
'
kPa 100
N N where
' N 59 . 0 q'
: (1999) Reese and Neill O'
= >

=
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 17
A steel H-pile (A
t
= 0.52m
2
) is driven to a layer of
sandstone. The unconfined compressive strength of the
sandstone is q
u
= 17 MPa. Estimate the net toe bearing
capacity.
( ) [ ]
( )( )( )
kN 36098
17000 4830 052 . 0
q 4830 A ' q A ' P
51 . 0
51 . 0
u t t t t
=
=
= =
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 18
Contact Areas A
t
and A
s
In open-ended piles, the soil
plug may be considered
rigidly embedded if
D/B > 10 to 20 for clays
D/B > 25 to 35 for sands
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 19
Review
What is the difference in bearing capacity of
shallow foundations and toe bearing
resistance of pile?
How do you compute the toe bearing
resistance for a pile in different soil types?
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 20
Side Friction
Effective Stress Analysis Method
Total Stress Analysis Method
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 21
Side Friction Effective Stress Analysis

=
=

= =
'
'
tan
K
K
K i.e.
Method - '
'
'
tan
K
K
' K f
'
'
K , tan ' f
f
o
o
z
f
o
z o s
z
x
f x s
f
s

x
P
P+P
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 22
Side Friction Effective Stress Analysis
(contd)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 23
Side Friction Effective Stress Analysis
(contd)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 24
Displacement piles
Large-displacement piles include all solid
piles such as precast concrete piles, and
steel or concrete tubes closed at the lower
end by a driving shoe or a plug, i.e. cast-in-
place piles.
Small-displacement piles include rolled steel
sections such as H-piles and open-ended
tubular piles. However, these piles will
effectively become large displacement piles if
a soil plug forms.
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 25
Construction of Piles Jetted piles
From www.fhwa.dot.gov
Jetting is the process
of forcing water under
pressure around
and under the pile to
lubricate and/or to
displace the
surrounding soil
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 26
Construction of Piles Driven piles
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 27
Construction of Piles Driven piles
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 28
Construction of Piles Drilled Shaft
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 29
Construction of Piles Drilled Shaft
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 30
Side Friction Effective Stress Analysis
(contd)
Typical values:
For sands: 0.25 1.20
For gravels (> 50% gravel size): 0.25 3.00
For gravelly sands ( 25 to 50% gravel size): 0.25 1.80
For silts: 0.27 0.50
For clays: 0.25 0.35
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 31
Example: A concrete pile is 25 m long and 305 mm x 305 mm in
cross section. The pile is fully embedded in sand, for which = 17.5
kN/m
3
and = 35
o
. The groundwater table is at the surface.
Calculate the total side resistance of the pile for K = 1.3 and
f
=
0.8.
[ ]
( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) kN 2028 kPa 5 . 66 m 25 m 305 . 0 4
BLf 4 f A resistance side Total
kPa 5 . 66 kPa 25 . 96 691 . 0 ' f
kPa 25 . 96
2
m 25
8 . 9 m / kN 5 . 17 z ' ' Average
691 . 0 ) 35 )( 8 . 0 ( tan 3 . 1 tan K '
'
tan
K
K
K
s s s
z s
3
centre z
o
f
f
o
o
= =
= =
= = =
=

= =
= = =

=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 32
Side Friction Total Stress Analysis (
Method for insensitive clays, S
t
< 4)
u s
s f =
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 33
Side Friction Total Stress Analysis (
Method) (contd)
0.5 : kPa 75 s For
kPa 50
kPa 25 s
0.5 - 1.0 : kPa 75 s kPa 25 For
1.0 : kPa 25 s For
: (1974) API from is used commonly Most
u
u
u
u
= >

= < <
= <

CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 34
Side Friction Total Stress Analysis (
Method) (contd)
For drilled shafts
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 35
Side Friction Total Stress Analysis (
Method) (contd)
For drilled shafts
(ONeill and Reese 1999):
maximum f
s
= 260 kPa
See Example 14.4
For compression load
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 36
Underreamed Pile
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 37
Example: A driven pile in clay is shown in the figure
below. The pile has a diameter of 406mm. Determine the
total side resistance by the method using API formulas.
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
kN 1 . 1639 5 . 1275 8 . 181 8 . 181
P P P P
kN 5 . 1275 kPa 100 5 . 0 m 20 406 . 0
s DL f A P
5 . 0
kN 8 . 181 kPa 30 95 . 0 m 5 406 . 0
s DL f A P
95 . 0
kPa 50
kPa 25 s
5 . 0 1
kN 8 . 181 kPa 30 95 . 0 m 5 406 . 0
s DL f A P
95 . 0
kPa 50
kPa 25 s
5 . 0 1
3 s 2 s 1 s s
u 3 3 3 s 3 s 3 s
3
u 2 2 2 s
2
s 2 s
u
2
u 1 1 1 s 1 s 1 s
u
1
= + + =
+ + =
= =
= =
=
= =
= =
=

=
= =
= =
=

=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 38
Upward Load Capacity
When a deep foundation is subjected to downward
loads, it experience some elastic compression
and, due to Poisson effect, a small increase in
diameter. The opposite occurs when the pile is
subjected to upward loading. For this reason, f
s
may be conservatively reduced by 25% for design
i.e.
Alternatively, a higher factor of safety is usually
used when computing the upward loading capacity
of the pile.
( )
s
upward
s
f 75 . 0 f =
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 39
Upward Load Capacity (contd)
( )
( ) ( )
9
B
D
7 . 0 N clays, fissured For
9
B
D
5 . 3 N clays, unfissured For
F
B B
4
N s
P
: 1999) Reese and Neill (O' as clays for estimated
be may base enlarged to due capacity Additional
b
b
u
b
b
u
2
s
2
b zD u u
a
upward
=
=

+
=
Important: Neglect f
s
from bottom to 2B
b
from bottom
See Tutorial Q11.1
= 0
= 0
2B
b
1.5m
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 40
Pile Groups
A single pile usually does not have enough capacity
Piles are located with low degree of precision and
can easily be 150 mm or more from the desired
location. The eccentricity would generate unwanted
moments and deflections in both pile and column.
Multiple piles provide redundancy, and thus can
support the structure even if one pile is defective.
The lateral compression during pile driving is greater
and therefore side friction capacity can be greater
than that of a single pile.
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 41
Typical configurations of pile caps
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 42
Pile supported or pile-enhanced mats
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 43
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 44
Pile Group
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 45
Group Effects
Piles are usually installed in groups of three or
more. If the piles are too close (< 2 to 2.5 B or
600 mm), there may not be enough room for
positioning and alignment errors.
If the pile spacing, s, is too wide, pile cap will
be large and expensive.
Typically, 2.5 < s/B < 3.0
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 46
Group Effects (contd)
In a pile group, there are interactions between the
piles and the adjacent soil and
P
ultg
NP
ult
Therefore,
factor efficiency group where
NP P
a ag
=
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 47
Group Effects (contd)
depends on several factors, including:
The number, length, diameter, arrangement, and spacing of
piles
The load transfer mode (side friction vs end bearing)
The construction procedures used to install the piles
The sequence of pile installation
The soil type
The elapsed time since the piles were driven
The interaction, if any, between the pile cap and the soil
The direction of applied load
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 48
Group Effects (contd)
( ) ( )
piles of spacing center - to - center s
diameter pile B
degrees) (in
s
B
tan
row per piles of number n
piles of rows of number m where
n m 90
n 1 m m 1 - n
- 1
: 1941) (Bolin Formula Labarre - Converse
geometry, group pile g Considerin
1 -
=
=

=
=
=
+
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 49
Group Effects (contd)
( )
1
B n m
B 4 2 n m s 2
: failure group and failure pile individual g Considerin

+ +
=
B s ) 1 n ( +
B s ) 1 m ( +
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 50
Pile Group Failure
Q
s
Q
t
1
NP
Q Q
: failure Block
gle sin
s t

+
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 51
Group Effects (contd)
In loose sands, 1 and reaches a peak at s/B
2. It also seems to increase with no. of piles in
the group.
In dense sands with 2 s/B 4, is usually
slightly greater than 1 so long as pile was
installed without predrilling or jetting.
Piles installed by predrilling or jetting, and drilled
shafts have lower , as low as 0.7.
Tests in sands suggest (ONeill 1973):
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 52
Group Effects (contd)
Generally, < 1 and decreases with no. of piles
in the group.
can be as low as 0.5.
increases with time.
Tests in clays suggest :
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 53
Settlement
Most piles designed as covered so far will not
have settlement greater than 25 mm
acceptable for nearly all structures.
Therefore settlement computations are
usually not needed.
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 54
Settlement (contd)
The structure is especially sensitive to settlements.
The foundation has a large B and a large portion of
the allowable capacity is due to toe bearing.
One or more compressible strata are present,
especially if these strata are below the toe.
Downdrag loads might develop during the life of the
structure.
However certain conditions can produce excessive
settlement and warrants evaluation:
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 55
Load-Settlement Response
( )
( )
( )
( )
0.5 - 0.02 h
(sand) 1.0 - (clay) 0.5 g
friction side for mm 10
bearing for toe B/10
resistance ultimate mobilize to required settlement
resistance friction - side unit f
resistance bearing unit toe net mobilized q'
: where
1
f
f

q'
q'

: 1999) Fellenius from (adapted follows as ed approximat be may response settlement load The
u
m s
m t
h
u s
m
s
g
u t
m
t
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 56
Load-Settlement Response (contd)
concrete for MPa f' 4700
steel for GPa 200
foundation of elasticity of modulus E
foundation single a of area sectional - cross A
0.75D) (typically resistance soil of centroid depth to z
foundation of n compressio elastic to due settlement
: where
AE
Pz

: settlement apparent" " of source
another is which n, compressio elastic experience also s foundation Deep
c
c
e
c
e
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
See Example 14.7 in book
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 57
Load-Settlement Response for Drilled Shafts
ONeill and Reese (1999) Method
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 58
Load-Settlement Response
ONeill and Reese (1999) Method (contd)
See Example 14.8
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 59
Load-Settlement Response
Pile Group
Imaginary footing method
(Equivalent raft method)
(See Tutorial Q11.3)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 60
Downdrag Loads (Negative Skin Friction)
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 61
Downdrag Loads (contd)
Both and
methods may be
used to compute
negative skin
friction

=
sn sn sn
A f P
load, friction Negative
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 62
Downdrag Loads Design by CP4 (2003)
( )
stratum. clay le compressib highly in piles capacity low
involving cases special for used be may 1.0 although
0.67, typically on, mobilizati of degree the is where
P P
) 4 ( F
A ' f
P
capacity, structural Allowable
pile bearing - end for L 1.0
pile friction for L 0.6 plane neutral Depth to
purposes, design For
sn
c
st
a
s
s

+
=
=
=
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 63
Downdrag Loads Design by CP4 (2003)
(contd)
2.5. to 2.0 between as taken be may F where
P P
F
P ' P
P
capacity, al geotechnic Allowable
sn
sp t
a
+
+
=
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 64
Downdrag Reduction Techniques
Coat the pile with bitumen. This method is very effective so long as the
pile is not driven through an abrasive soil, such as sand, that might
scrape off the bitumen coating.
Drive the piles before placing the fill, wrap the exposed portions with
lubricated polyethylene sheets or some other low-friction material and
place the fill around the piles.
Use a large diameter predrill hole, possibly filled with bentonite, thus
reducing K.
Use a pile tip larger in diameter than the pile, thus making a larger hole
as the pile is driven.
Drive an open-end steel pipe pile through the consolidating soils,
remove the soil plug, then drive a smaller diameter load-bearing pile
through the pipe and into the lower bearing strata. This isolates the
inner pile from the downdrag loads.
Accelerate the settlement using surcharge fills or other techniques, and
then install the foundations after the settlement is complete.
CV3301 - LEC (2008) Lecture 6 65
Review
How do you compute side resistance using the
and methods?
How do you compute the load settlement behaviour
of pile?
How do you compute the uplift resistance of a pile?
What is negative skin friction?
How do you compute negative skin resistance?
What methods can be used for reducing negative
skin resistance?