Contents

Core topics which can be considered as optional

1 Digital Concepts 2
1-1 Digital and Analog Quantities 4
1-2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital
Waveforms 6
1-3 Basic Logic Operations 12
1-4 Overview of Basic Logic Functions 14
1-5 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits 19
1-6 Introduction to Programmable Logic 22
1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments 27
Digital System Application 38
2 Number Systems, Operations, and Codes 46
2-1 Decimal Numbers 48
2-2 Binary Numbers 50
2-3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 53
2-4 Binary Arithmetic 56
2-5 1's and 2's Complements of Binary
Numbers 60
2-6 Signed Numbers 62
2-7 Arithmetic Operations with Signed
Numbers 68
2-8 Hexadecimal Numbers 75
2-9 Octal Numbers 82
2-10 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 84
2-11 Digital Codes 87
2-12 Error Detection and Correction Codes 95
3 Logic Gates 112
3-1 The Inverter 114
3-2 The AND Gate 117
3-3 The OR Gate 124
3-4 The NAND Gate 129
3-5 The NOR Gate 134
3-6 The Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR
Gates 139
3-7 Programmable Logic 143
3-8 Fixed-Function Logic 150
3-9 Troubleshooting 160
xii
4 Boolean Algebra and Logic
Simplification 182
4-1 Boolean Operations and Expressions 184
4-2 Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra 185
4-3 DeMorgan's Theorem 191
4-4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits 194
4-5 Simplification Using Boolean Algebra 196
4-6 Standard Forms of Boolean
Expressions 200
4-7 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables 206
4-8 The Karnaugh Map 210
4-9 Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization 212
4-10 Karnaugh Map pas Minimization 221
4-11 Five- Variable Kamaugh Maps 225
4-12 VHDL 228
Digital System Application 230
5 Combinational Logic Analysis 244
5-1 Basic Combinational Logic Circuits 246
5-2 Implementing Combinational Logic 250
5-3 The Universal Property of NAND and NOR
Gates 256
5-4 Combinational Logic Using NAND and
NOR Gates 258
5-5 Logic Circuit Operation with Pulse
Waveform Inputs 263
5-6 Combinational Logic with VHDL 266
5-7 Troubleshooting 272
Digital System Application 278
6 Functions of Combinational Logic 296
6-1 Basic Adders 298
6-2 Parallel Binary Adders 301
6-3 Ripple Carry versus Look-Ahead Carry
Adders 308 Il!
6-4 Comparators 311
6-5 Decoders 316
6-6 Encoders 324
6-7 Code Converters 329
6-8 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) 331
6-9 Demultiplexers 340
6-10 Parity Generators/Checkers 342
6-11 Troubleshooting 345
Digital System Application 348
7 latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers 370
7-1 Latches 372
7-2 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 378
7-3 Flip-Flop Operating Characteristics 390
7-4 Flip-Flop Applications 393
7-5 One-Shots 398
7-6 The 555 Timer 403
7-7 Troubleshooting 409
Digital System Application 411
8 Counters 426
8-1 Asynchronous Counter Operation 428
8-2 Synchronous Counter Operation 436
8-3 UplDown Synchronous Counters 444
8-4 Design of Synchronous Counters 447
8-5 Cascaded Counters 457
8-6 Counter Decoding 461
8-7 Counter Applications 464
8-8 Logic Symbols with Dependency
Notation 469
8-9 Troubleshooting 471
Digital System Application 475
9 Shift Registers 492
9-1 Basic Shift Register Functions 494
9-2 Serial In/Serial Out Shift Registers 495
9-3 Serial In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 499
9-4 Parallel In/Serial Out Shift Registers 501
9-5 Parallel In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 505
9-6 Bidirectional Shift Registers 507
9-7 Shift Register Counters 510
9-8 Shift Register Applications 514
9-9 Logic Symbols with Dependency
Notation 521
9-10 Troubleshooting 522
Digital System Application 525
CONTENTS xiii
10 Memory and Storage 536
10-1 Basics of Semiconductor Memory 538
10-2 Random-Access Memories (RAMs) 542
10-3 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 555
10-4 Programmable ROMs (PROMs and
EPROMs) 560
10-4 Flash Memories 563
10-6 Memory Expansion 568
10-7 Special Types of Memories 574
10-8 Magnetic and Optical Storage 579
10-9 Troubleshooting 585
Digital System Application 589
11 Programmablelogic and Software 604
11-1 Programmable Logic: SPLDs and
CPLDs 606
Altera CPLDs 614
Xilinx CPLDs 620
Macrocells 623
Programmable Logic: FPGAs 628
Altera FPGAs 633
Xilinx FPGAs 637
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-7
11-8
11-9
11-10
Programmable Logic Software 643
Boundary Scan Logic 654
Troubleshooting 662
Digital System Application 668
12 Introductionto Computers 692
]2-1 The Basic Computer 694
12--2 Microprocessors 698
12-3 A Specific Microprocessor Family 700
12-4 Computer Programming 707
12-5 Interrupts 718
12-6 Direct Memory Access CDMA) 720
12---7 Internal Interfacing 722
12-8 Standard Buses 726
13 Introductionto Digital Signal Processing 742
13-1 Digital Signal Processing Basics 744
13-2 Converting Analog Signals to Digital 745
13-3 Analog-to Digital Conversion Methods 751
]3-4 The Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 762
13-5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Methods 768
xiv CONTENTS
14 Integrated Circuit Technologies 784
14-1 Basic Operational Characteristics and
Parameters 786
14-2 CMOS Circuits 794
14-3 TTL Circuits 799
14-4 Practical Considerations in the Use
ofTTL 804
14-5 Comparison of CMOS and TTL
Performance 812
14-6 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuits 813
14-7 PMOS, NMOS, and E
2
CMOS 814
APPENDICES
A Conversions 825
B Traffic light Interface 827
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 828
Glossary 856
Index 865