Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
• Protein
• Fat
• Carbohydrates
• Minerals
• Trace elements
• Lactogenesis
• Prolactin triggers
milk production
– Avoid supplements
• Maternal anxiety
• Medical conditions
• Pendulous breasts
• Postoperative pain
• Deficient knowledge
• Burping
• Timing
• Benefits of Breastfeeding
• Maternal benefits
– Contraception
– Less anemia
– Weight loss
• Infant benefits
– Optimal nutrition
• Maternal barriers
– Nipple abnormalities
– Contraceptives
• Infant barriers
– Prematurity
– Hypoglycemia
– Jaundice
• Assessment for
Insufficient Lactation
• Contraindications to Breastfeeding
• Maternal disease
– Hepatitis B, C
– HIV
• Maternal medications
• Infant
– Severe illness
– Change positions
• Mastitis
– Antibiotics
• Engorgement
• Breast Pumps
• Resources for Breastfeeding Mothers
• Lactation consultants
• La Leche League
• Formula Feeding
• NUR251
Nursing Theory & Science III
• NEWBORN
– Hypercapnia
– Hypoxia
– Acidosis
• Thermoregulation
• Body heat lost easily due to large body surface area in relation to weight
• Thermoregulation (continued)
– Hypothermia is <97.0
• Nursing Interventions to
Prevent Hypothermia
• Nursing Interventions to
Prevent Hypothermia (continued)
• Metabolic Transition
• Blood sugar reaches its lowest point one to three hours after birth
• Gastrointestinal System
• Characteristics
– Introduce breastfeeding
• Characteristics
– Less alert and active, sleep may occur, vital signs normalize
– Family may stay together or infant may be taken to nursery for assessment
• Characteristics
– Parents may begin to have questions or need assistance with newborn care
• Asphyxia
• Assessment findings
• Asphyxia (continued)
• Management
– Tactile stimulation
• Meconium Staining
• Assessment findings
• Prevention
• Transient Tachypnea
of the Newborn
• Characteristics
• Risk factors
• Management
– Oxygen therapy
– IV fluids
– Short-term ventilation
• Hypoglycemia
• Assessment findings
• Risk factors
• Hypoglycemia (continued)
• Management
• Pulmonary system
• Administration of surfactant
• Cardiac system
• Clear airway
• Resuscitation for compromised infants
• NUR251
Nursing Theory & Science III
• NEWBORN
• Temperature
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
– Nose-breather
• Eye prophylaxis
• First bath
• General Assessment
• Position
– Symmetrical movement
• Color
– Acrocyanosis
– Jaundice
• Body size
• Reactivity
• Identification
• Physical Examination
• Weight
2,500–4,300 g
• Length
45–54 cm
• Head circumference
33–38 cm
• Vital signs
• Neuromuscular maturity
– Posture
– Square window
– Arm recoil
– Popliteal angle
– Scarf sign
– Heel-to-ear
• Physical maturity
– Skin
– Lanugo
– Plantar surface
– Breasts
– Genitalia
• Skin Assessment
• Common variations
– Milia
– Erythema toxicum
– Mongolian spots
– Birthmarks
• Common problems
– Petechiae
– Blisters, lesions
– Plethara
• Normal findings
– Molding
– Caput succedaneum
– Cephalhematoma
– Teeth
Caput succedaneum
• Common problems
– Low-set ears
– Microcephaly, hydrocephaly
– Craniostenosis
• Normal findings
– Symmetrical expansion
• Common variations
– Accessory nipples
– Gynecomastia
• Common problems
– Retractions
– Tachypnea
– Rales
• Cardiovascular Assessment
• Normal findings
– Color pink
• Common variations
– Murmurs
– Acrocyanosis
• Common problems
– Persistent murmurs
– Cyanosis
– Tachycardia, bradycardia
• Abdominal Assessment
• Normal findings
• Common variations
– Hernia
• Common problems
– Two-vessel cord
– Abdominal mass
• Normal findings
– Patent anus
– Testes descended
– Hydrocele
• Common problems
– Undescended testes
– Epispadius, hypospadius
– Imperforate anus
• Circumcision
• Risks
• Benefits
• Musculoskeletal Assessment
• Normal findings
• Common variations
– Hip click
– Club foot
• Common problems
– Hip dysplasia
– Syndactyly/polydactyly
– Asymmetrical movement
– Simian crease
• Neurologic System
• Normal findings
• Common problems
– Spina bifida
– Anencephaly
– Seizure activity
• Vital signs
• Weight
• Hydration status
• Hip movements
• Physical
• Psychological
• Family
• Environment
• NUR251
Nursing Theory & Science III
• NEWBORN
• Complications
• Nursing implications
– Management of hyperbilirubinemia
• Factors
• Complications
• Nursing implications
• Factors
• Assessment
– Neurologic assessment
– Physical characteristics
• Cardiovascular
– Hypotension
– Intraventricular hemorrhage
– Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
• Hematologic system
– Anemia
– Polycythemia
• Hepatic system
– Hyperbilirubinemia
• Gastrointestinal system
– Dysmotility
– Necrotizing enterocolitis
– Gastroesophageal reflux
• Immune system
– Infection
• Integumentary system
– Epidermal stripping
• Ophthalmologic system
– Retinopathy of prematurity
• Renal system
– Oliguria
– Glycosuria
• Respiratory system
– Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
– Apnea of prematurity
– Pneumonia
• Fluids
• Electrolyte management
– Management of sodium
and potassium levels
• Glucose homeostasis
• Feeding
• Light
• Sound
• Temperature
• Positioning and containment strategies
• Nonnutritive sucking
• NUR251
Nursing Theory & Science III
• NEWBORN
• Spina Bifida
• Assessment findings
• Management
• Nursing implications
• Choanal Atresia
• Assessment findings
– Respiratory distress
• Management
– Surgery
• Diaphragmatic Hernia
• Diaphragm fails to close and abdominal organs are displaced into the chest
• Prenatal diagnosis
– Ultrasound
• Assessment findings
– Scaphoid abdomen
• Management
– Surgical repair
– Transposition of the great vessels and coarctation of the aorta most common
life- threatening
• Assessment findings
• Management
• Nursing interventions
– Minimize crying
– Gavage feeding
• Diagnosis
• Management
– Surgical repair
• Nursing interventions
• Hypospadius
• Epispadius
• Ambiguous genitalia
• Developmental Dysplasia
of the Hip
• Assessment findings
• Management
• Portions of the foot and ankle are twisted out of normal position (A.)
• Management
– Manipulation of
the foot (B.)
– Casting
– Surgery
• Fractures
– Risks
– Assessment
• Impaired mobility
– Management
• Facial Palsy
• Brachial Palsy
– Assessment
• Risk factors
– Congenital anomalies
– Hypoglycemia
• Hyperbilirubinemia
– Rh or ABO incompatibility
• Hyperbilirubinemia (continued)
• Complications
– Kernicterus
– Erythroblastosis fetalis
– Hydrops fetalis
• Assessment findings
• Management of Hyperbilirubinemia
• Exposure to sunlight
• Phototherapy
– Monitor weight
– Weigh diapers
• Sepsis
• Risk factors
• Sepsis (continued)
• Assessment findings
• Management
– Antibiotics
– Supportive care