The respiratory tract

Respiratory system consists of all the organs that provide respiratory

mechanism: the pulmonary ventilation, as the gas exchange in the lung
alveoli - hematosis. These are: upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity and
pharynx), the lower (larynx, trachea and bronchi) and lungs, as the principal
organs of the respiratory act.
ose and nasal cavity forms the first segment of this unit. ose mediofaciala
formation with specific characteristics of each individual and dual functional
role (respiratory and olfactory) ta!es the form of a pyramid upside down. "t
consists of a s!eleton osseocartilaginous, consisting of nasal bones, cartilage
lateral cartilage nose wing (#$#R# large and small) as well as other
accessories below. %n the outside is covered by a layer of superficial muscle
- s!in - and the s!in and inside, lined by mucous nasal vestibule lined except
the s!in. The nose shows a nasal cavity is divided by a median wall (septum)
into two cavities, called nasal passages. asal septum consists of blade
perpendicular to the ethmoid and vomer bone (apex nasi), which ends with
fibrous septum, mobile.
asal passages communicating with the outside through two holes called
nostrils and the pharynx through two large holes, meaturi nasopharyngeal,
choane the s!eleton. &ach nasal fossa shows before, right wing nose, a nasal
vestibule, fitted with a threshold called the limen nasi, pear (vibrate) and
glands, and nasal fossa itself, cleanse and moisten the inspired air. asal
fossa has four walls, one side of which is more complicated and shows the
territory bone blades: cornets (conc) nasal, superior and middle extensions of
ethmoid bone and the lower 'aw bone attached independently. (elow them is
formed in some places called meaturi that open nasal sinuses, nasal cavities
accessories. These are the frontal sinuses, ethmoid, and the sphenoid 'aw.
asal cavities are lined by a mucous membrane rich blood supply, and
divided functionally into two regions: one in the upper third, olfactory
mucosa, and one in the lower respiratory mucosa.
The pharynx is the place to cross the digestive respiratory pathway, which
will be open.
$arynx consists of a cartilage s!eleton, meets the functional role of
protecting the airway, as an organ of fonatiei role. )onsists of the union of
three unpaired cartilages: thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis, and three pairs
cartilages: arytenoid, cuneiform corniculate and articulated together and
presenting as a means of union, ligaments and membranes. $arynx has two
types of muscles: extrinsic and intrinsic, which by their action are dilators of
the glottis, or constriction of the glottis and tension of the vocal cords.
$arynx is a hollow organ, lined by a mucosa and shows in envelopes placed
inside two pairs of anteroposterior. *pper envelope are called ventricular or
false vocal string and pliers lower envelope vocal - vocal cords themselves.
$aryngeal cavity is divided in relation to the envelope, in three floors: the
space between the vocal envelope formed glottis or middle floor, top floor is
supraglottic or laryngeal vestibule, and below, et'ul infraglotic, which
communicates directly with the trachea. +articipate in training voice voice
muscle contraction that produces rhythmic vibrations of the air column.
,ound -uality: intensity, pitch, timbre, are the amplitude ratio and the
number of vibrations that device integrity resonance cavities formed around:
vestibule larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses as
well.
The trachea is a tube that continues down fibrocartilaginos larynx and
extends up to the vertebra .ourth, .ifth chest with a length of //-/0 cm and
a diameter of about 1 cm. #s trachea structure consists of a tunic
fibromusculocartilaginoasa in thic!ness which are 2-13 semiinele
cartilaginous rings connected by ligaments. (ac!, 'oining the two ends of
the horseshoe cartilage, is traheeala membrane in thic!ness is tracheal
muscle. "ts contraction decreases caliber trachea. "nternal tunica mucosa
consists of ciliated, with numerous glands, specific respiratory mucosa.
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory act. They occupy almost the
entire chest cavity, are each located in each pleural cavity - right and left,
separated by the mediastinum midline chest.
# lung and describe morphological aspects: a basic report abdominal
diaphragm, a top, sides and edges.
(ase lung or diaphragmatic face, slightly vaulted covered by pleura basal
contacts the upper front aperture. .ront cost, convex, covered with pleura
side, is in relation to the ribs and intercostal spaces. 4edial face covered
with homonymous pleura, lung hilum houses in its midst and has
relationships with mediastinal organs which shows grooves or impressions.
The medial aspect of the left lungs shows an indentation in the lower third
important heart heart impression. &dge, more accntuata, shows the left lung
in the lower third of an indentation, called cardiac notch. +osterior edge is
less pronounced, and the lower edge relative to the trench or sinus
costodiafragmatic.
)ostalepulmonare daughters to see some deep crac!s called fissures lung.
The right lung shows a hori5ontal and obli-ue fissure, which he divides into
three lobes, superior, middle and inferior to the left, only obli-ue fissure,
which divide it into two lobes, upper and lower. "n turn, each lung lobe is
divided into smaller anatomical and functional units called segments. The
right lung shows ten segments: upper lobe (0), middle lobe (1), and lower
lobe (6). #lso left lung consists of ten segments (sometimes nine) upper lobe
(6) and lower lobe segmental same mood as the right lower lobe.
+leural cavity is lined on its inner face of serous, called the pleura. "t covers
the entire wall cavity, forming the parietal pleura. Reaching the lung hilum,
hilum is reflected on, girls fully wrapped lungs, that daughters intrafisurale
to form visceral pleura. +arietal pleura after wall region they cover, the name
of sternocostala pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura and the
superior region where close pleural dome forming ability chest. "n the
pleural cavity, where the pleura passes after a sidewall angle aperture is
formed by so-called sinuses: costodiafragmatic - and costomediastinal lateral
- medial. +leural cavity is actually a hollow, where there is a fine blade
pleural fluid that helps pleurelor slipping between them and a vacuum which
helps lungs to follow the chest wall.
"n pathological cases this cavity may enter the air, pus, blood, or to form a
heavy seriousness, ma!ing ordinary pleurisy, becoming atubci real cavity.