Q: What do you mean by the term per unit or pu?

We know that power system deals with very large network which consist several numbers of
electrical components like generator, motor, transformer, alternator etc, but all of they may
not have the same rating ( like kV or MVA). So, there may be some difficulty when measuring
voltage or current at certain points due to the unequal rating. In order to simplify the
network, we need to bring out a common sector where we can deal easily with all those
components with various ratings. This is the concept of per unit. The definition of per unit
system is, it is a simple expression where the all system quantities are expressed with respect
to a chosen base value. So, per unit = Actual value of any quantity / Base value of that
quantity.
Q: What is Ferranti effect?
This term is totally associated with power system transmission line. This is actually an
abnormal condition where the receiving end voltage of a transmission line becomes greater
than the sending end voltage. Generally, this phenomenon is observed in long transmission
line. We know that, in long transmission line capacitance and inductance effect is
considerably high. Therefore, whenever the load connected in receiving end is suddenly
opened or else a light load is connected with receiving end, then the huge reactive power aid
with the main voltage and thus the receiving end voltage becomes greater than the sending
end voltage.
Q: Can you tell the differences in between generator and alternator?
Though the principle of both are same that is to generate electrical energy from mechanical
energy but there are some differences in between them. In generator, the magnetic field is
stationary and the armature is rotary part. But, in case of alternator, the armature is
stationary and the magnetic field is rotating part. And generator usually generate DC voltage
but alternator is used to produce AC voltage.
Q: What do you mean by the term grounding or earthing?
Generally, grounding or earthing refers to connecting the costly electrical equipments (like
transformer, motor, refrigerator etc) with the earth or soil by means of a connecting wire or
metallic rod or plate. But sometime the connection with earth is created via a reactor or
circuit breaker. The main purpose of grounding is protestation of the system under faulty
condition by means of transferring the huge fault current to earth and earthing also provide
safety for the operating personnel.
Q: What is power factor?
This term power factor is only used in case of AC operation, because in AC system. a phase
difference is observed in between the voltage and current. By definition, the cosine of angle
in between the voltage and current in an AC system is termed as power factor of that system.
Power factor = cos , where is the angle in between voltage and current.
Q: What do you mean by the term reluctance?
Reluctance is basically a property of a material which leads to oppose the creation of
magnetic flux inside the material and this term is applicable in AC operation. Reluctance is
analogous to resistance in an electric current.
Q: Tell the properties of a magnet.
1. Magnet always attract iron and its alloys.
2. Magnet has two poles namely north pole (N) and south pole(S) and like poles ( N and
N) repels each other and unlike poles attract each other( N & S).
3. Broken pieces of a magnet are individually acts like magnets.
4. A magnet can import its magnetic property to any magnetic material.