Magnetic Braking System

MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1
ABSTRACT
The topic of magnetic braking has ramatica!!" increase in pop#!arit" in
recent "ears$ Since 1%&'( n#mero#s artic!es abo#t magnetic braking )ere p#b!ishe$
These artic!es escribe both e*periments ea!ing )ith magnetic braking( as )e!! as
the theor" behin the phenomenon$ Magnetic braking )orks beca#se of in#ce
c#rrents an +en,-s !a)$ If "o# attach a meta! p!ate to the en of a pen#!#m an !et
it s)ing( its spee )i!! great!" ecrease )hen it passes bet)een the po!es of a
magnet$
.hen the p!ate enters the magnetic fie!( an e!ectric fie! is in#ce in meta!
an circ#!ating e" c#rrents are generate$ These c#rrents act to oppose the change
in f!#* thro#gh the p!ate( in accorance )ith +en,-s +a)$ The c#rrents in t#rn heat
the p!ate( thereb" re#cing its kinetic energ"$ The practica! #ses for magnetic braking
are n#mero#s an common!" fo#n in in#str" toa"$ This phenomenon can be #se
to amp #n)ante n#tations in sate!!ites( to e!iminate /ibrations in spacecrafts( an
to separate nonmagnetic meta!s from so!i )aste
Mechatronics is a h"bri techno!ogica! fie! )hich e/o!/e from the
combination of mechanica!( e!ectronics 0 Soft)are engineering$ A#tomobi!es nee
high egree of safet" to protect the occ#pants an their propert"$ Bearing this in
senses )e come #p )ith a ne) concept of E!ectric p#!se Magnetic Braking
1E$2$M$Braking3$
4ept$ of Mechanica! Engineering 2$K$C$E$T( Kana!a
.hen the ri/er app!ies force on the brake pea! the magnit#e is sense b"
the press#re trans#cer )hich in t#rn sens the act#ating signa!s to microprocessor$
This inte!!igent e/ice sens p#!sating 4$C$ c#rrent from the capacitor to the po)er
pack$ The po)er pack e/e!ops s#fficient tor6#e to ece!erate or stop the /ehic!e as
per the ri/er-s re6#irement$ The tor6#e pro#ce is irect!" proportiona! to the force
app!ie on the brake pea!( as the intensit" of the act#ating signa! from the press#re
trans#cer is irect!" proportiona! to the p#!sating 4$C$ c#rrent s#pp!ie to the po)er
pack$
Another important aspect of this braking s"stem is that the po)er pack a!so
acts as a generator( )hich res#!ts in aitiona! po)er generation$ .e ha/e a!so
incorporate artificia! inte!!igence$ +ogic gates for back#p7circ#it for safet" an shift
c#rrent for shifting the po)er pack from generating moe to braking moe an /ice7
/ersa to generator po)er$
C9NTENTS
1$ INTR94:CTI9N
5$ 2RINCI2+E 9; 92ERATI9N
8$ C9NSTR:CTI9N
<$ .9RKING
=$ MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM IN TRAINS
>$ BRAKING 29.ER CA+C:+ATI9NS
'$ MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM RE?:IREMENTS
&$ M9:NTING AN4 INSTA++ATI9N
%$ A4@ANTAGES
1A$ 4ISA4@ANTAGES
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM <
11$ A22+ICATI9NS
15$ C9NC+:SI9N
18$ RE;ERENCES

INTR94:CTI9N
Man" of the orinar" brakes( )hich are being #se no) a"s stop the /ehic!e
b" means of mechanica! b!ocking$ This ca#ses skiing an )ear an tear of the
/ehic!e$ An if the spee of the /ehic!e is /er" high( the brake cannot pro/ie that
m#ch high braking force an it )i!! ca#se prob!ems$ These ra)backs of orinar"
brakes can be o/ercome b" a simp!e an effecti/e mechanism of braking s"stem
BThe magnetic braking s"stemC$ It is an abrasion7free metho for braking of /ehic!es
inc!#ing trains$ It makes #se of the opposing tenenc" of e" c#rrent$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM =

MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM >
E" c#rrent is the s)ir!ing c#rrent pro#ce in a con#ctor( )hich is s#bDecte to a
change in magnetic fie!$ Beca#se of the tenenc" of e" c#rrents to oppose( e"
c#rrents ca#se energ" to be !ost$ More acc#rate!"( e" c#rrents transform more
#sef#! forms of energ" s#ch as kinetic energ" into heat( )hich is m#ch !ess #sef#!$ In
man" app!ications( the !oss of #sef#! energ" is not partic#!ar!" esirab!e$ B#t there
are some practica! app!ications$ S#ch an app!ication is the magnetic brake$
Magnetic brake in trains
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM '
2RINCI2+E 9; 92ERATI9NS
Magnetic brake )orks accoring to ;araa"Cs !a) of e!ectromagnetic
in#ction$ Accoring to this !a)( )hene/er a con#ctor c#ts magnetic !ines of forces(
an emf is in#ce in the con#ctor( the magnit#e of )hich is proportiona! to the
strength of magnetic fie! an the spee of the con#ctor$ If the con#ctor is a isc(
there )i!! be circ#!ator" c#rrents i$e$ e" c#rrents in the isc$ Accoring to +en,Cs
!a)( the irection of the c#rrent is in s#ch a )a" as to oppose the ca#se( i$e$
mo/ement of the isk$

MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM &
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM %
Essentia!!" the magnetic brake consists of t)o parts( a stationar" magnetic fie!
s"stem an a so!i rotating part( )hich inc!#e a meta! isc$ 4#ring braking( the
meta! isc is e*pose to a magnetic fie! from an e!ectromagnet( generating e"
c#rrents in the isc$ The magnetic interaction bet)een the app!ie fie! an the e"
c#rrents s!o) o)n the rotating isc$ Th#s the )hee!s of the /ehic!e a!so s!o) o)n
since the )hee!s are irect!" co#p!e to the isc of the magnetic brake( th#s
pro#cing smooth stopping motion$
E44Y C:RRENT IN4:CE4 IN A C9N4:CT9R
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1A

C9NSTR:CTI9N
Essentia!!" a magnetic brake consists of t)o members( a stationar"
magnetic fie! s"stem an a so!i rotar" member( genera!!" of mi! stee!( )hich is
sometimes referre to as the seconar" beca#se the e" c#rrents are in#ce in it$
T)o members are separate b" a short air gap( the"Cre being no contact bet)een the
t)o for the p#rpose of tor6#e transmission$ Conse6#ent!" there is no )ear as in
friction brake$
Stator consists of po!e core( po!e shoe( an fie! )ining$ The fie!
)ining is )o#ne on the po!e core$ 2o!e core an po!e shoes are mae of cast
stee! !aminations an fi*e to the state of frames b" means of scre) or bo!ts$ Copper
an a!#mini#m is #se for )ining materia! the arrangement is sho)n in fig$ 1$ This
s"stem consists of t)o parts$
1. Stator
2. Rotor
Stator:-
It is s#pporte frame members of the /ehic!e chassis$ It has intro#ce
magnetic po!es energi,e b" )inings$ C#rrent is s#pp!ie to the )ining from the
batter"$
Rotor:-
It is a rotating isc( )hich is fitte on the !ine of crankshaft )ith sma!! air gap to
stator$ .hen isc rotates a f!#* change occ#r in the section of the isc passing the
po!es of stator$ 4#e to the f!#* change there is a circ#!ator" or e" c#rrent in the
isc aro#n the magnetic !ines of force$ The effect of this e" c#rrent in#ces BNC
an BSC po!es at the s#rface of the isc$ Then there )i!! be a BragC or braking effect
in bet)een e" c#rrent in#ce po!es an magnetic po!es in the stator$ B"
changing c#rrent from the batter" )e can change the braking force$ In this breaking
s"stem kinetic energ" of the /ehic!e is con/erte to heat an this heat is issipate
thro#gh the rotating isc$
Tota! resistance of fie! )ining
R E +FA
)here( + E tota! !ength of fie! )ining in meter$
E Resisti/it" of the )ire in ohm meter
A E the area of cross section of fie! )ining in m5
Tota! noG of terms E tota! !ength Fmean !ength of one term
The rotor is a rotating isc on shaft( )hich is p!ace /er" near to the stator
)ith sma!! air gap 11 mm to 5 mm3$ Rotating isc ma" be one or both sie of stator$
The t)o #nits ha/e common ring member( po!es cores on )hich )ining are
pro/ie being fi*e to ring n#mber$ If a ma!!eab!e casting is emp!o"e( then the
po!e core co#! be cast integra!!" )ith the right$ After fitting the )inings on the
cores( po!es shoes are fitte to pro/ie po!e faces of appropriate shape an area$ The
rotor isc sho#! be pro/ie )ith proper!" esigne fins for faster heat remo/a!$
The magnetic circ#its of the t)o #nits are s#bstantia!!" the same( non7#n#e an
thr#st )o#! be impose on the motor bearings$ S!ight a*ia! isp!acement of rotor
co#! ho)e/er( ca#se 6#ite appreciab!e iscrepanc"( the air gap of t)o #nits$ The
effect )o#! be to increase the magnetic p#!! in one air gap an iminish it on other
)hich co#! gi/e to rise to e*cessi/e an thr#st on rotor bearing to o/ercome the
inherent efect( the air gaps of both #nits co#! be p#t in series b" making the centra!
n#mber non magnetic an pro/iing a contin#es po!e core for each pair a*ia!!"
opposite po!es$ This moification co#! possib!" re#ce the !ength of the combine
po!e co#rse or permits a !arger )ining !ength$
The ma*im#m iameter of the magnetic brake is ecie b"
1$ The spacing of /ehic!e chassis frame
5$ @ehic!e f!oor c!earance
.9RKING
.hen the /ehic!e is mo/ing( the rotor isc of magnetic brake )hich is
co#p!e to the )hee!s of the /ehic!e rotates( in c!ose pro*imit" to stationar" magnetic
po!es$ .hen )e )ant to brake the /ehic!e( a contro! s)itch is p#t on )hich is p!ace
on the steering co!#mn in a position for eas" operation$
.hen the contro! s)itch is operate( c#rrent f!o)s from a batter" to the fie!
)ining( th#s energi,ing the magnet$ Then the rotating isc )i!! c#t the magnetic
fie!$ .hen the isc c#ts the magnetic fie!( f!#* changes occ#r in the isc )hich is
proportiona! to the strength of the magnetic fie!$ The c#rrent )i!! f!o) back to the
,ero fie! areas of the meta! p!ate an th#s create a c!ose c#rrent !oop !ike a )hir! or
e"$ A f!o) of c#rrent a!)a"s means there is a magnetic fie! as )e!!$ 4#e to
+en,Cs !a)( the magnetic fie! pro#ce b" the e" c#rrents )orks against the
mo/ement irection$ Th#s instea of mechanica! friction( a magnetic friction is
create$ In conse6#ence( the isc )i!! e*perience a HragI or the braking effect( an
th#s the isc stops rotation$ The )hee!s of the /ehic!e( )hich is irect!" co#p!e to
the isc( a!so stop rotation$ ;aster the )hee!s are spinning( stronger the effect(
meaning that as the /ehic!e s!o)s( the braking force is re#ce pro#cing a smooth
stopping action$
The contro! s)itch can be set at ifferent positions for contro!!ing the
e*citation c#rrent to se/era! set /a!#es in orer to reg#!ate the magnetic f!#* an
conse6#ent!" the magnit#e of braking force$ i$e$ if the spee of the /ehic!e is !p)( a
!o) braking force is re6#ire to stop the /ehic!e$ So the contro! s)itch is set at the
!o)est position so that a !o) c#rrent )i!! be s#pp!ie to the fie! )ining$ Then the
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1<
magnetic fie! pro#ce )i!! be of !o) strength( so that a re6#ire !o) braking force
is pro#ce$

.hen the contro! s)itch is operate #ring the stanb" position of the /ehic!e( the
magnet )i!! be energi,e an magnetic fie! is create$ B#t since the )hee!s are not
mo/ing( magnetic !ines of force are not c#t b" it( an the brake )i!! not )ork$
Jo)e/er( a )arning !amp is pro/ie on the instr#ment pane! to inicate )hether
the brake is energi,e$ This pro/ies a safe g#ar for the ri/er against !ea/ing the
#nit energi,e$
.hen contro! s)itch is p#t in an" one of the operating positions( the
corresponing con#ctor in the contractor bo* is energi,e an c#rrent f!o)s from
the batter" to the fie! )ining to the contractor bo*$ This c#rrent magneti,es the
po!es in stator( )hich p!ace /er" near to the rotor$ .hen rotor rotates it )i!! c#t
magnetic !ines an e" c#rrent )i!! set #p in the rotor$ The magnetic fie! of this
e" c#rrent pro#ces a breaking force or tor6#e in the opposite irection of rotation
isc$ This kinetic energ" of rotor is con/erte as heat energ" an issipate from
rotating isc to s#rro#ning atmosphere$ C#rrent in the fie! can change b" changing
the position of the contro!s s)itch$ Th#s )e can change the strength of the braking
force$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1=
Magnetic field lines across the magnetic material inside a copper tube
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1>
Direction of magnetic lines of force due to magnet in copper tube
Induction of Eddy current due to the motion of magnet in the copper tube
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1'
Direction of magnetic lines of force produced by induced eddy current
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1&
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM IN TRAINS

In the case of trains( the part in )hich the e" c#rrent is in#ce is rai!$ The
brake shoe is enc!ose in a coi!( forming an e!ectromagnet$ .hen the magnet is
energi,e( e" c#rrents are in#ce in the rai! b" means of e!ectromagnetic
in#ction( thereb" pro#cing braking action$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 1%
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM IN TRAINS
TY2ES 9; MAGNETIC BRAKE
There are t)o t"pes of magnetic brakes accoring to the metho of
e*citation$
1$ E!ectrica!!" e*cite 7 magnetic brake
5$ 2ermanent magnet 7 magnetic brake
1$ E+ECTRICA++Y EKCITE4 7 MAGNETIC BRAKE
E!ectrica!!" e*cite 7 magnetic brakes are abr#ption7free metho for
braking$ In high7spee trains the" offer a goo a!ternati/e to the mechanica! rai!
brakes )hich are being #se no) a a"s$ 4#ring braking( the brake comes in contact
)ith the rai!( an the magnetic po!es of brakes are energi,e b" a )ining s#pp!ie$
Magnetic po!es of brakes are energi,e b" a )ining s#pp!ie )ith c#rrent from the
batter"$ Then the magnetic f!#* is istrib#te o/er the rai!$ The e" c#rrents are
generate in the rai!( pro#cing an e!ectromagnetic braking force$ This t"pes of
braking nee an aitiona! safet" po)er s#pp!" )hen there are breako)ns in the
e!ectrica! po)er s#pp!"$
E+ECTRICA++Y EKCITE4 7 MAGNETIC BRAKE
5$ 2ERMANENT MAGNET7 MAGNETIC BRAKE
Recent!"( permanent magnet 7 magnetic brakes ha/e been e/e!ope for
s#b)a"s( trams an !oca! trains$ These brakes nee a mechanica! act#ator to t#rn the
magnets in an on an off position$ The main a/antage of this t"pe of brake is safet"$
i$e$ it oes not nee e!ectrica! po)er s#pp!" to energi,e the magnet$
2ERMANENT MAGNET7 MAGNETIC BRAKE
BRAKING 29.ER CA+C:+ATI9NS
Sophisticate ca!c#!ation methos for the etermination of braking forces of
magnetic brakes are important for the esign of the brakes$
;or a simp!e magnetic brake emp!o"ing a thin non7magnetic isc as copper
the rag or braking force on the isc$
)here
J E Magnetic fie! strength in .ebers$
A E 2o!e force area in cm5$
@ E @e!ocit" in cmFsec of mean rai#s of isc #ner the po!es$
T E isc thickness in cm$
E specific resistance of isc materia! at its operating temperat#re in micro
ohmsFcm8$
Tor6#e E ; L R Nm
.here R E mean po!e rai#s in meter$
2o)er 2 E 5 NTF>A )atts$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5<
MAGNETIC BRAKE RE?:IREMENTS
An magnetic brake is an energ" con/erter f#nctions is to con/ert the
kinetic energ" of a /ehic!e into heat an issipate it s#ch a rate to maintain the
temperat#re of #nit )ith in reasonab!e !imits #ner ma*im#m an pro!onge braking
conitions$ The energ" absorbe b" the brake is transforme into heat b" the c#rrents
in#ce in the motor( an this is heat man!" issipate in s#rro#ning air thro#gh the
mei#m of s#itab!e esigne fins the rotating member$
In mo#ntains area( contin#es braking force is neee for a !ong time 1sa"
abo#t ha!f an ho#r3( at this conition( magnetic braking is more s#itab!e to f#nction
)itho#t o/er heating$ The #se of these retarers is b" no means !imite to mo#ntain
on co#ntr"$ The" can be a/antageo#s!" emp!o"e on p#b!ic ser/ice /ehic!es on cit"
ro#tes )itho#t fre6#ent stops$ B#t in this braking s"stem there )ith o#t be an"
braking force in the /ehic!e is rest$ So the magnetic brake is #se as an a#*i!iar"
hea/"7#t" retarer$ B" #sing a#*i!iar" retarer /er" smooth retaration is ass#me
an !ike!" hoo of skiing on s!ipper" roas s#rfaces is minimi,e$ Smooth braking
action c#ts o)n tier )ere an since brake is #se as an a#*i!iar" hea/"7#t"
retarer$ B" #sing a#*i!iar" retarer /er" smooth retaration is ass#me an !ike!"
hoo of skiing on s!ipper" roas s#rfaces is minimi,e$ Smooth braking action
c#ts o)n tier )ere an since the con/entiona! brakes are re!ie/e of hea/" #t"
being re6#ire on!" to bring /ehic!es to rest$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5=
M9:NTING AN4 INSTA++ATI9N
A t"pica! mo#nting of an e" c#rrent brake consists of t)o iscs in )hich
po!e sa!ient t"pe( s#pporte bet)een the frame n#mbers of a /ehic!e chassis$ Rotor
is co#p!e to roa )hee!s being often mo#nte on a shaft that is interpose bet)een
the gearbo* an prope!!er shaft an stator is mo#nte on the frame of the /ehic!e$
The ri/er )ho can se!ect one or fo#r e*citation settings accoring to the
breaking effect re6#ire mo#nts a contro! s)itch on a steering co!#mn in a position
for eas" operation$ In the operati/e positions of this s)itch 1( 5( 8( < contractors are
energi,e to s#pp!" c#rrent to the e*citation )inings of the retarer$ .arning !amp
is a!so pro/ie on the instr#ment pane! to inicate )hen the retarer is energi,e$
This pro/ies a safe g#ar for the ri/er against !ea/ing the #nit energi,e )hen the
/ehic!e is stationar"$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5>

MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5'
A4@ANTAGES
+ess maintenance
.ie range of braking force a/ai!ab!e )ithin the temperat#re !imit
2ro!onge braking is possib!e
+ong !ife
+ess strain to the operation
Smooth retaration( )hich c#ts o)n( the tire )ears
Inepenent of )hee!Frai! ahesion$
No noise or sme!!$
AD#stab!e brake force$
Jigh brake forces at high spees$
:se a!so as ser/ice brake$
It #ses e!ectromagnetic force an not friction$
Non7mechanica! 1no mo/ing parts( no friction$
Can be acti/ate at )i!! /ia e!ectrica! signa!$
+ight )eight$

Magnetic brakes offer smooth retaration of /ehic!es )itho#t skiing$ It is
tota!!" free of )ear an tear$ So it has !ong !ife compare to orinar" brakes$ These
nee !ess maintenance$
In mo#ntain areas contin#o#s braking is neee for a !ong time$ At this
conition( magnetic braking is more s#itab!e to f#nction )itho#t o/erheating$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5&
B" changing the e*citation c#rrent to the fie! )ining( i$e$ b" aD#sting the
position of the contro! s)itch( )e can /ar" the braking force to re6#ire range$ The
operation of magnetic brake is /er" simp!e$ i$e$ the contro! s)itch is a soft s)itch
)hich can be operate )itho#t an" strain$
Magnetic brakes )orks e/en #ner the to#ghest en/ironmenta! conitions$
;or e*amp!e( in !arger )ater s!ies an )ater coasters )here the h#miit" )o#!
immeiate!" res#!t in re#ction of friction an th#s impair the effecti/eness of
orinar" brakes$ It )orks e/en in high!" corrosi/e en/ironments an hea/i!"
contaminate areas$
4ISA4@ANTAGES
No breaking force at rest( braking force iminishes as spee iminishes )ith
no abi!it" to ho! the !oa in position at stansti!!$
Nee of e!ectric po)er
It can not be #se at !o) spee /ehic!es or /ehic!e r#nning at !o) spee$
Magnetic brakes are #se )ith orinar" mechanica! brakes$
No)a"s Magnetic brakes is #sing on!" for safet" p#rpose$
The main isa/antage of the magnetic brake is that it nees e!ectric po)er to
)ork$ Researches are going on to o/ercome this isa/antage b" making the brake
regenerati/e i$e$ b" con/erting the kinetic energ" of the /ehic!e into e!ectric energ"
an storing it back into the batter"$
MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM 5%
A22+ICATI9NS
;or aitiona! safet" on !ong ecants in mo#ntain area
;or high spee passenger an goos /ehic!e
It is #se as a stopping mechanism in trains$
It is a!so #se in the smooth breaking an f#nctioning of ro!!er coasters an
s#ch fast mo/ing machines
Magnetic brakes are best s#bstit#tes for orinar" brakes( )hich are being
#se no)aa"s in roa /ehic!es e/en in trains( beca#se of their Derk7free operation$ In
mo#ntain areas )here contin#o#s braking force is neee( for a !ong time( the
magnetic braking is /er" m#ch #sef#! for )orking )itho#t o/erheating$ Magnetic
brakes are /er" m#ch #sef#! for high7spee passengers an goo /ehic!es$ It can a!so
be #se to s!o) o)n the tro!!e"s of faster ro!!er coasters$
Conc!#sion
Magnetic brakes are the best choice )hen emans for re!iabi!it" an safet"
are the highest$ The" )ork e/en in the to#ghest en/ironmenta! conitions$ E/en the
strike of !ightning )i!! not res#!t in the !oss of the braking force$
Magnetic braking s"stem is not pop#!ar no) a a"s$ B#t )e hope that the
magnetic braking s"stem )hich is simp!er an more effecti/e )i!! take the p!ace of
the orinar" braking s"stem an )e can o e*pect it to be the norm one in fe) "ears
of time$
RE;ERENCES
1$ Man#a! 1 Gon,a!e,( @o!#me 5=(Iss#e <(M#!" 5AA<
5$ IEEE Transactions on magnetics( @o!#me 8<( Iss#e <( M#!" 1%%&
8$ Ana!"sis of e" c#rrent brake for high7spee rai!)a" b" .ang$2$M$0
Chi#ch$S$M$
<$ A#tomobi!e e!ectrica! e6#ipments b" Yo#ng 0Griffith$
=$ A#tomatic engineering b" Kripa! Sing$
>$ C!#tches an brakes b" .i!!iam$C$9rth)in$
'$ )))$ree!ectromagneticbrakes$com
&$ )))$!ineare"c#rrentbrakes$com

Magnetic Braking System

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