HDI Human Development Index

GM of Life expectancy index, Literacy index, GPI at PPP

GM is better than AM coz it normalizes all values and no value dominates.
Eg., AM of 100,1 is 50.5. If 10% increase in 100, its 111, new AM is 55.5. But even if there is
a 100% increase in 1, the new AM is only 102/2 = 51.
Eg,. GM of 100,1 is 10. A 100% increase is captured well in both cases.
India HDI is 134th at 0.5
Lower and upper house : European systems introduced bicameral legislature, where
one house for commoners and their issues and another(upper) for the nobles.
Indian browser : Epic Search engine: guruji.com
Chrome has all different threads for different tabs. IE has one thread for all tabs. hence, if
one tab crashes everything must be restarted.
BABA RAMDEV: started teaching yoga in Astha TV. from Haryana.
taught yoga to amitabh, shilpa , at british parliament and UT, Austins cancer research
center. Taught yoga at japan, USA, Uk (was gifted a scottish island by devotee). Spoke on
Poverty alleviation at UN(2006) invited by Kofi annan.
Founded Patanjali Yoga peeth at Haridwar and at Scotland. Research on yoga, ayurveda.
Controversy at ram lila maidaan.
INDIA GATE : by Edward Lutyens 1931 as a war memorial for soldiers who lost their
lives during the anglo-afgan war and world war 1(following which afgan gained
independance, though British won).
Now houses a cenotaph (empty tomb, as remains could not be found) with a rifle above.
Amar jawan Jyothi. The walls have the names of 90,000 soldiers.
GATEWAY OF INDIA : by george Clarke in 1911 to commemorate the visit of King james
and mary, before Delhi durbar. Contains Muslim structures with hindu designs.
DELHI DURBAR : to commemorate the crowning of Queen Victoria or claiming british
raj. Held thrice in 1877, 1903 and 1911. Visited by the king and queen only in 1911.
Presently deserted.
VICTORIA MEMORIAL: Kolkatta, by William Emerson ,in 1921, using Indian
contributions to the Raj. Memorial to the queen who died in 1901. Contains a gardens and a
museum, presently a tourist attraction.

LOTUS TEMPLE : Delhi of bahai religion (founded by baha ullah , persian, in 19th
century: unity of god, religion and mankind) God reveals his intent through essengers,
Abraham, mhmd, baha ullah, jesus, buddha... TRINITY of christianity ( father, son(jesus)
and the holy spirit ). All are same, equal, and ever lasting.. A mystery of christianity.. Bahai
says such concepts are examples towards Gods unity and not contradictory.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: Coporate governance deals with system by which
company is controlled, its internal relations, management board etc.,.
GLOW IN THE DARK: Through phospors that emit light after charging. expensive
watches have radioactive material that continually charges them. Strongest material is Zinc
Sulfide and Strontium Aluminate.
LED,LCD, Plasma: Plasma is similar to a fluorescent lamp. Hot and cold cathode haeting
- nematic phase - TN - TFT LCD - OLED - Incandescence ( light emission through heating).
- interlaced, progressive display (alternate lines of pixels alone displayed, all of them
displayed) - SDTV, HDTV (4:3, 16:9 more pixels, progressive, around 60fps).
CRT : 3 electron guns for three colors.
3-PHASE : to ensure no zero is reached at any point of time. In single or 2 -phase current
reaches zero at one point of time; can cause vibration in motors. In DC,(from AC) there is
high ripple content which may not ensure proper functioning. invented by tesla.
3-phase AC changeover switch : During power cut, not all three phases are turned off.
By crossover we can change the phase our device is connected to.
3 phase in homes is used to balance power consumed in all the 3 phases. All devices use
single phase only. The 2 pin is used for currents lesser than 2.5 A . All devices are
polarization(hot-neutral, neutral-hot is different) indifferent. In industry they make use of
inter-hot voltage, root-3 into 240 = 415V to drive motors smoothly. The earth pin is longer
than the 3 so that it reaches the circuitry first and in case of short circuit current flows
through it and leaves the device undamaged.
Malware - malicious software
Worm - code that can replicate itself and send to others. need not be executed by a user.
Rootkit - a program that runs a background undetectable program and gains access to the
root terminal, bypassing normal authentication process.
Trojan horse - something that aims to be for a benevolent purpose, but is really harmful.
Virus - executable code that replicates itself, must be run, cant run by itself. genrally
attaches to images or other running codes.
ILOVEYOU virus - In Phillipines in 2000, sent mails to 50 contacts in outlook. Was
actually a VB code with extension .txt.vb. People saw only txt and opened. Criminals were
found but were not punished due to lack of provisions in law.
MORRIS WORM - worm in 1988 by Cornell student. Disguised as a worm from MIT.
NUCLEAR REACTOR - fission generated heat is used to heat water into steam which
generates electricity. 1 Kilo Uranium generates 3 million times heat from 1 kilo coal.
Neutron poison - to absorb excess neutrons,. Neutron moderator - To remove excess
thermal energy from neutrons and make them normal electrons so that they sustain the
reaction,. work by taking energy from neutrons(elastic collision).
Fukushima Dai-ichi - built in 1986 by GE ,maintained by TEPCO.(Tokyo Elec Power
company) 6 nuclear reactors. During tsunami, reactors 4 was de-fuelled, 5 and 6 were
shutdown. 1,2,3 were shutdown by automatic regulators and cooling systems. But quake
broke the connection ot power grid and cooling failed. Due to excess heating in reactor core
meltdown occured. Nuclear materials mixed with coolant and leach the container walls.

MRI SCAN - hydrogen atoms in water in body acquire a magnetic moment by spinning.
Applying a powerful magnetic field aligns most of them, except a few. An RF pulse now
generated is sent towards this. The misaligned ones absorb some energy and emit them
later. The emitted energy is converted into current to produce a gray scale image of the
region. Different regions like bone, tissue, nerve have different responses.
Odd numbered atoms acquire magnetism by spinning. Most of them aligned by a magnetic
field. Some are not. They are in a lower/higher energy state. By a applying the correct RF
pulse (difference in energy between the two states ) we cause a rotation(spin) in the
nucleus. Later, these nuclei release that energy and come back to normal state.
Plasma ball working - rare gases, electrode at high frequency AC generates enough field
to create a plasma. Discharges in all directions create coloured lights. Placing a conductor
like hand focuses the electric field and causes discharge in one direction.
Corona discharge - high field around a sharp point induces charge in adjacent points as
well.
Flourescent lamp - starter-tube-ballast
1)initially the air column is not conductive. For the supply the shortest resistance path is
cathode followed by starter. The starter consists of 2 electrodes separated by a small
distance. The field is high enough around it and conduction which causes heating takes
place. The heat melts the metal and they contact, ( in the mean time many electrons were
emitted by thermionic emission, which collide with atoms to make a plasma ). Since there
is no discharge there is no heat and the metals cool back to original position. Now in this
circuit, the plasma core has lower resistance than starter (the sudden drop in current is
opposed by the ballast, which initiates conduction).
The starter tries again and again till the tube starts working (drawback if tube is dead). tube
dies due to consumption of mercury by the glass and phosphors. Phosphors die after
sometime. Loss of mercury characterized by blackness at ends and pink color light (argon
takes over as primary discharge). Sputtering (ejecting atoms from glass by collision )
disturbs the gas mixture. In tube neon+argon+mercury is used.

La Nina - lower temperature in pacific ocean
El Nino - higher temperature in pacific ocean
Indian Dipole - varying temperature in Indian ocean. Positive and negative occur
alternatively.
USB - 7 Companies (Intel, IBM, Microsoft..) joined together to find USB in 1994.
previously support for only serial cable, and was very slow. USB is very fast. USB 2.0 is 4.8
Mbits. USB 3.0 is 4.8 Gbits. Devices that are connected are assigned a number. Support for
upto 127 devices, through hub (main reason for developing USB).
Devices are either in Interrupt mode-mouse, keyboard etc., Bulk mode - like printer,
large data. Isochronous mode - no error correction, real time data.
Intel is developing Lightpeak. Motherboard and OS must support USB 3.0
PCIe - Peripheral component Interconnect express. Found in video games.
BIG BANG - Doppler red shifts (caused due to object moving away) indicate an expanding
universe. This means universe must have come from a dot. Universe has a critical mass. If
this is exceeded, it shrinks to a dot again. If its less than or equal to this, it expands and
stops one day.
Stars lose their energy and turn to black holes (formed when internal pressure due to
nuclear fusion is not enough to bear the force of gravity). Black holes emit Hawkins
radiation.
FriedmannLematreRobertsonWalker(FLRW) metric is an exact solution of
Einstein's field equations of general relativity; it describes a homogeneous, isotropic
expanding or contracting universe.
Problems with big bang:
Horizon problem - all areas of universe are at same conditions of temp, etc., Since they
have not even seen each other this is impossible. Explained by inflationary theory. (not
understood) Cosmic Microwave background radiation is same in all parts of universe.
Because one common radiation, expanded and reached all other parts. Energy in a very
small region at Thermal equilibrium was stretched over the expanse of observable universe.
Flatness problem - the density of matter and energy in universe must be an exact critical
density. For a value above this expansion is not possible, big crunch would have happened.
Lesser than this, galaxy formation is not possible. Today the density is close to the critical
value. this means that during the start it must have been almost equal to it.(less than 1 by
10^-16) How was such a fine-tuning possible? The answer is inflation. Universe initially
had infinite curvature. But inflation exploded the entire space. So there is a regional
flatness observed, despite curvature in universe.
Magnetic monopole - Before the GUT (grand unification time) magnetic monopoles
existed. Such monopoles are not observable today. Why so?
All 3 explained by cosmic inflation - After GUT the universe expanded 20 to 30 fold,
expansion in space-time. This expansion took items close together far away, hence universe
is isotropic.
Baryogenesis - explains the formation of more baryons over anti-baryons.
CP Symmetry - Reversing charge(particle-antiparticle) and parity (left-right) in universe
has no effect. True for weak interactions and electromagnetism. Not for weak nuclear force
and related reactions. Explains why more particles than anti-particles. Another postulate is
that particles and anti-particles are placed far apart. They will never meet.
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING - Scattering of light by particles smaller than wavelength of
light. Inv. prop to fourth power of wavelength. Smaller wavelength scattered more. Elastic
scattering. Reason for blueness of sky.
At evening, light is almost tangential to surface of earth. It travels more distance. Almost all
blue light is scattered and nothing reaches our eye. Hence , sky appears reddish or
orangish.
Moon light is also scattered, but not much light reaches the eye. hence, we see darkness.
RAMAN SCATTERING : Elastic scattering; stokes scattering : emitted photon is of lesser
frequency. Anti-stokes scattering : emitted photon light is of greater frequency.
Characterizes the material. Hence, used for airport security etc.,.
BLACK MONEY - India and Switzerland are on an agreement to unravel Black money.
Double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) was signed in August,2010. To unravel the
money, discussion in Swiss parliament on the issue. Decision by end of 2011. Will allow the
government to acquire details of persons on a case-by-case basis. Fishing is not allowed.
NOBEL PRIZE - by Alfred Novel, from 1901. Swedish bank announced for economics
from 1968. By revenue of Nobel Foundation (last year $1.46 million) Selected by Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences grants PC, Sweedish bank for E, Karolinska Institute for
medicine, Sweedish academy for literature. Alfred nobel was the owner of Bofors.
Invented dynamite. First to receive in Physics was Wilhelm Roentgen.
4 people have received it twice:
Marie Curie - for physics (along with Pierre curie and Henry Becquerel for radioactivity)
and Chemistry(for discovery of polonium and radium)
Frederick Sanger - for chemistry, twice : proteins and nucleic acids
John Bardeen - for physics; for transistor( with Shockeley and Brattain) invention and
BCS theory on superconductivity.
Linus Pauling - for quantum chemistry and peace( for proposing against nuclear
weapons) (only person to get two unshared awards)
Solvay conference - by Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay in 1912. Convened 7 times
upto 1933. Prominent scientists from various domains of physics and chemistry met ;
organised seminars, workshops etc.,
IEEE - formed in 1963 by merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE, founded 1912)
and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, founded 1884). Not for profit
organisation. Most significant is 802 series.
TV transmission - 40-50 Mhz.
Secretary of State in USA - highest post in cabinet; advices president on foreign affairs
an decisions. Presently Hillary Clinton.
Marshall Plan - Plan after World War II by USA to help european economies to prevent
spread of Communism. By sec. of state George Marshall.
MDG - Millennium Development Plan. By UNESCO. 8 goals for 193 member countries .
TO eradicate poverty, better maternal care, reduce infant mortality rate, eradicate AIDS,
environmental sustainability etc., To be achieved by 2015.
OECD - Org for Economic co-operation and development - European counterpart of
UNESCO. Headquarters at Paris - found for better implementation of Marshall plan and
development of Europe. Most are high-income economies, with very high HDI. USA,
Europe, Australia, Japan and some Chile..
CHINA - water problems in China; lack of pure water in dry North. Water contamination
by Industries - SNWDP South North Water Diversion Project - Project of China to unify
waters from 4 main rivers: Yellow, Yangtze, Huaihe, Haihe. Would provide water to the dry
north - 3 gorges dam : around the 3 gorges in China. Controversial; due to displacement of
population and flood destroying archaeological sites. 3 gorge shape changed. Sea water
desalination; currently 6L tonnes, target to be 30L tonnes by 2020.
IPv4 address exhaustion - exhaustion by 2008. 4.3 billion IP addresses. One Class A(24
bits - 10.0.0.0), 16 Class B(20 bits - 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255) and 256 Class C(16 bits -
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255) are allocated for private IP. Exhaustion in 1993 avoided by
Classless Inter-domain Routing. CIDR.
IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - and 5 regional offices montior IP space.
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) and W3C (World wide web consortium - by Tim
berners lee and MIT staff, standards organisation). RFC (request for comments) is issued
by IETF.
BABA AMTE - social worker; lawyer who represented jailed freedom fighters in Quit
India movement 1942. Lead a gandhian life; sons and daughters set up hospital for leprosy
patients. Awarded Padma bhushan, Gandhi Peace Prize.
Gandhi peace award, Indira gandhi peace award - by Govt of India for people of any
country who promote peace.

Leadership

The Chairman Mohammad Hamid Ansari, I
since 11 August 2007
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha K. Rahman Khan,INC
since 3 January 2007
Leader of the House Dr Manmohan Singh, INC
Leader of Opposition Arun Jaitley, BJP
since 3 June 2009
Members 245


12 members appointed by President.

Leadership

Speaker Meira Kumar, (INC)
since 3 June 2009[1]
Deputy Speaker Kariya Munda, (BJP)
since 8 June 2009[2]
Leader of the House Pranab Mukherjee, (INC)
since 26 May 2009[3]
Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha) Sushma Swaraj, (BJP)
since 21 December 2009[4]
Members 545 (543 elected + 2 appointed)[5]


Ranks in Indian Army :
General, Lt General, Major general, Brigadier, Colonel, Lt Colonel, Major, Captain, Lt
General V K Singh - born in 1951. Wrong records with Army as 1950. Lobby group for Lt General
Bikram Singh--- if Singh resigns now, Bikram would assume office. Not possible if he stays for
another 10 months or retires inbetween. Adjutant general branch of military has correct record.
Military secretary branch has wrong record. Despite his regular requests wrong date maintained
in records. Was admonished for providing wrong info--so he went to Supreme court.
TUNGSTEN melting point of 3000 C and poor thermal conductivity. Copper boils at that
temperature. More resistance than Copper.
Thane - puduchery, cuddalore.