LTE (4G)

By
Waseem Ahmed Siddiqi
Assistant Professor
Electronic Department
Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology
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LTE
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
LTE an initialism of Long Term Evolution, marketed as 4G
LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-
speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.
It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network
technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a
different radio interface together with core network
improvements.
The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation
Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8
document series, with minor enhancements described in
Release 9.
The LTE format was first proposed by NTT
DoCoMo of Japan and has been adopted as the
international standard.
Although marketed as a 4G wireless service, LTE as
specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series does
not satisfy the technical requirements.


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CONTINUE LTE
Due to marketing pressures and the significant
advancements that WIMAX, HSPA+ the LTE
Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-
R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced.
LTE Advanced is a mobile communication standard,
formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in
late 2009, was approved into ITU, International
Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced and was
finalized by 3GPP in March 2011.
The first commercial services were launched
in Sweden and Norway in December 2009
[4]
followed by the
United States and Japan in 2010.
More LTE networks were deployed globally during 2010 as
a natural evolution of several 2G and 3G systems,
including Global system for mobile communications(GSM)
and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
(3GPP as well as 3GPP2).
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FOURIER TRANSFORM
Decomposes into its constituent frequencies.
Types of FT
DFT
Transform the discrete time domain signal in to
discrete frequency domain signal
FFT
Same but faster
IDFT
Transform the discrete frequency domain signal
in to discrete time domain signal
IFFT
Same but faster
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE
AND MULTI CARRIER
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Single carrier
Multi carrier
[http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/fileadmin/users/wkarner/OFDMA_SCFDMA.pdf]
MULTIPLE ACCESSES TECHNIQUES
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OFDM/OFDMA
Uses multiple carriers
Each data symbol carried by individual sub
carrier
Guard band is removed
Orthogonally division
Required less bandwidth

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OFDM/OFDMA
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Frequency
Orthogonally Division
[Google images]
FDM/FDMA
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Guard
Band
OFDM TRANSMITTER
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OFDM RECIEVER
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PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
Problem in OFDM/OFDMA
Because each data symbol is carried by individual sub
carrier
The PAPR is define as
PAPR = Peak value of the signal
Root mean square value (Average value)
Consider single tone
Peak value is +1
RMS value is
PAPR is 2
PAPR depends on RMS value
Linear Amplifier (Solution)

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PAPR
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[http://www.dsplog.com/2008/02/24/peak-to-average-power-ratio-for-ofdm/]
OFDMA AT DOWNLINK
Why use OFDMA at downlink?
Because of PAPR (peak to average power ratio)
At downlink linear amplifier equipment is easily
available
Use low power battery in mobile
So at the uplink use SCFDMA
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CYCLIC PREFIX
Provide guard interval
Avoid ISI (inter symbol interference)
Caused by
Multipath
Band limited Channel
For LTE the standard length of CP 4.69sec
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CYCLIC PREFIX
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[http://www.dsplog.com/2008/02/17/cylcic-prefix-in-orthogonal-
frequency-division-multiplexing/]
LTE CHANNEL BANDWIDTH
The channel B.W for LTE is
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
Sub carrier are spaced 15khz apart
Symbol rate is 1/15k = 66.7sec

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