Photography

Literal Definition: To write with light. From

2 Greek words:phos light andgraphi a write.
Modern Definition: It is an art or siene whih deals with the reprod!tion of images
thro!gh the ation of light" !pon sensiti#ed materials" with the aid of a amera and its
aessories" and the hemial proesses in$ol$ed therein.
% Photography
Tehnial&Legal Definition: It is any means for hemial" thermal" eletrial or
eletroni reording of the images of senes" or o'(ets formed 'y some type of radiant energy"
inl!ding gamma rays" )*rays" !ltra*$iolet rays" $isi'le light and infrared rays.
Tehnial&Legal Definition: This definition is 'road eno!gh to inl!de not only the
on$entional methods of photography '!t almost any new proess that may 'e de$eloped.
% Police Photography +n art or siene whih deals with the st!dy of the priniples of
photography" the reprod!tion of photographi e$idene" and its appliation to polie work.
% Forensic Photography The art or siene of photographially do!menting a rime
sene and e$idene for la'oratory e,amination and analysis for p!rposes of o!rt trial.
Basic Camera Parts and Functions
1.Light Tight Box . This part of the amera is $ery essential 'ea!se of its apa'ility to e,l!de
all !nwanted light that may e,pose the sensiti#ed materials or film. It is an enlos!re that is
de$oid of light.
2.Lens . The lens is the only responsi'le in fo!sing the rays of light oming from the s!'(et. It
is one of the most important parts of amera 'ea!se witho!t lens" it is impossi'le to form a
sharp image of the film.
3.Film Holder . The film holder holds the film firmly inside the amera. It is always loated at
the opposite side of the lens of the amera.
4.hutter . The sh!tter ser$ed as the 'arriers of the rays of light that will enter and effet the
film inside the amera. It is !s!ally plaed at the path of the light passing thr! the lens
Ma(or Types of -amera
../iewfinder type.
2.0ingle Lens 1efle,.
2.Twin Lens 1efle, Type.
3. /iew or Press Type.
4.0peial -ameras.
Ma(or Types of -amera ont5
!ie"#inder Type 6 The smallest and simplest type of amera. This is also known as instamati
amera. /iewfinder amera s!ffersparalla, error.
0ingle*Lens 1efle, Type 6 The 'est way to determine the entire o$erage of the amera is to
look 'ehind the lens of the amera. In this manner" the o'(et an 'e framed properly and
reorded on the film. This type of amera eliminates the pro'lem on paralla, error.
T"in Lens $e#lex Camera 2 lenses: .. for $iewing 7 fo!sing of the s!'(et" 7 2. for taking
lens. In this type of amera" the image to 'e photographed is seen as flat s!rfae as the image is
refleted 'y the mirror 'ehind the $iewing lens. This s!ffers also paralla, error.
Parallax The differene 'etween what the $iewfinder on a point*and*shoot amera sees and
what the lens sees 8and th!s reords on film9. +t lose shooting distanes" this differene an
a!se yo! to rop off the top of a s!'(et:s head.
Parallax error The image yo! see thro!gh the $iewfinder is different from the image the lens
will apt!re.
/I;< =1 P1;00 T>P; -+M;1+. The 'iggest and most sophistiated among the different
type of amera. This type of amera is pratially !seless for andid and ation photography.
0P;-I+L -+M;1+0. These are ameras that ha$e 'een de$ised that offer !ni?!e ad$antage or
ser$e speial p!rposes. +mong the speial ameras are: a. polaroid" '. panorami ameras" .
aerial ameras" d. miniat!re and !ltra*miniat!re ameras e. digital ameras 8!sing omp!ter
proessing9
3 %mportant Controls o# Camera
% F&C'%() C&(T$&L. The amera lens 'ends light rays to form an image or likeness of
the o'(et. +d(!sting the lens to form the learest possi'le image is alled fo!sing.
Focusing is defined as the setting of the proper distane in order to form a sharp image.
Three Types of Fo!sing
% 1angefinder Type 8e.g. $iewfinder" instamati amera and 24mm ameras9
% Gro!nd Glass Type 8e.g. twin*lens refle, amera and digital amera9
% 0ale @ed Type 8e.g. press and $iew amera" and Polaroid ;$idene -amera9
$ange#inder Type The rangefinder type is lassified into two:
% -oinidene type the o'(et to 'e photographed looks do!'le when the fo!sing ontrol
is not in proper distane" and 'y mo$ing this ontrol" one of the o'(ets will mo$e and oinide
with the other o'(et to make as one and 'eome a!rate appearane of an o'(et.
% 0plit Type 0plits the o'(ets to 'e photographed into two. <hile mo$ing the fo!sing
ontrol" the split image will mo$e and !nite to form an !ndi$ided appearane and therefore the
fo!s is a!rate and perfet.
)round )lass Type
Gro!nd glass type fo!sing mehanism learly indiates whether the o'(et distane and the
amera is o!t of fo!s or not. If the o'(et is not well fo!sed" the o'(et to 'e photographed will
appear 'l!rred. To make it lear and a!rate the fo!sing ring of the amera is ad(!sted on
lokwise or o!nter lokwise to get the desired learness of the o'(et.
cale*Bed or Focusing cale
In the sale or 'ed type fo!sing mehanism" the distane of the o'(et to 'e photographed
is al!lated 'y means of feet or meter. There are ameras where estimated distane from the
amera to o'(ets is 'eing indiated in the fo!sing ring.
+ ,%-PH$-). C&(T$&L /lens opening0
+ de$ie alled a diaphragm !s!ally ser$es as the apert!re stop" and ontrols the apert!re.
The diaphragm f!ntions m!h like the iris of the eyeAit ontrols the effeti$e diameter of the
lens opening. 1ed!ing the apert!re si#e inreases the depth of field" whih desri'es the e,tent
to whih s!'(et matter lying loser than or farther from the at!al plane of fo!s appears to 'e
in fo!s.
% H'TT1$ P11,. 0h!tter is a de$ie that allows light to pass for a determined period of
time" for the p!rpose of e,posing photographi film or a light* sensiti$e eletroni sensor to light
to apt!re a permanent image of a sene. There are many fators to 'e onsidered in !sing this
ontrol. 0ome of these fators are:
% The light sensiti$ity of the film" whih are determined thro!gh its I0=B
% The lighting onditionB
% The motion of the s!'(ets on different anglesB and
% The p!rpose of the photographs to 'e taken" et.
Types of Lenses
.. @ion$e,
2. @iona$e
2. Plano*on$e,&plano*ona$e
3. -on$e,*ona$e or menis!s
4. Positi$e or on$erging lens
C. Degati$e or di$erging lens
Inherent Lens Defets or +'errations
.. 0pherial +'erration
2. -oma
2. -!r$at!re of Field
3. Distortion
4. -hromati +'erration
C. +stigmatism
E. -hromati Differene of Magnifiation
PH1$%C-L -B1$$-T%&(
<hen light passing thro!gh near the entral part of a on$erging lens is 'ended more
sharply than those rays falling in the edge" th!s the rays oming from the edges are fo!sed on a
plane nearer the lens than those oming from the entral part.
C&.-
This is another form of spherial a'erration '!t is onerned with the light rays
entering the lens o'li?!ely. The defet is notiea'le only on the o!ter edges and not on the
entral part of the lens. If a lens has oma" ir!lar o'(ets reprod!ed at the orners of the
negati$e are omet*like form. F!st like the spherial a'erration" it is red!ed 'y om'inations of
lenses of different !r$at!res.
C'$!-T'$1 &F F%1L,
This is a kind of defet where the image formed 'y a lens omes to a sharper fo!s in
!r$ed s!rfae than a flat s!rfae. The orretion of this defet is similar to spherial a'erration
and oma.
,%T&$T%&(
+ lens with distortion is inapa'le of rendering straight lines orretlyB either
hori#ontal or $ertial lines in an o'(et. This is a!sed 'y the plaement of the diaphragm. If the
diaphragm is plaed in front of the lens" straight lines near the edges of the o'(et tends to '!lge
o!tside. This is known as the 'arrel distortion.
If the diaphragm is plaed 'ehind the lens" straight lines near the edges tends to 'end
inward. This is known as the pin!shion distortion. Distortion is remedied 'y plaing the
diaphragm in 'etween the lens omponent and the two opposite distortions will ne!trali#e eah
other.
CH$&.-T%C -B1$$-T%&(
This defet is the ina'ility of the lens to 'ring photographi rays of different
wa$elengths to the same fo!s. Gltra$iolet rays are 'ent the most while infrared rays are 'ent to
the least when they pass thro!gh the lens. This defet is red!ed 'y !tili#ing ompo!nd lenses
made !p of single lens made !p of glass of different !r$at!res.
-T%).-T%.
This defet is present when the si#e of image prod!ed 'y photographi rays of
one wa$elength is different from the si#e prod!ed 'y another. 0i#e of the image inreases as the
wa$elength of the rays dereases.
In olor photography it prod!es a rain'ow olored fringes aro!nd the edges of o'(ets while in
'lak and white photography" it appears as a slight 'l!e.
Types of Lenses 8as to degree of orretion to lens a'erration9
.. +hromati lens orreted for hromati a'erration.
2. 1apid*retilinear lens orreted for distortion.
2. +nastigmat lens orreted for astigmatism as well as the other lens defets.
3. +pohromati lens also orreted for astigmatism '!t with higher degree of orretion to
olor.
Focal length is the distane meas!red from the optial enter of the lens to the film
plane when the lens is set or fo!sed at infinity position or far distane.
Focal distance is the distane from the optial enter of the lens to the film plane.
Focal length is a meas!re of the light*'ending power of a lens. It is in$aria'ly meas!red in
millimeters 8mm9. The longer the foal length of a lens" the narrower the angle of
$iew" and the larger o'(ets appear in the $iewfinder witho!t the need to mo$e any loser to
them. Long foal length lenses are alled telephotos short foal lengths are alled wide angles.
2ide*angles
+ lens with a foal length of 4Hmm is known as a standard lens the $iew that it gi$es is
similar to that of the h!man eye. +ny lens with a shorter foal length" and wider angle of $iew" is
known as wide* angle.
Telephoto Lenses
Telephotos are lenses with foal lengths greater than 4Hmm. They range from EHmm
short telephotos to Ilong tomsI with foal lengths of .HHHmm or more.
3oom Lens
It is a kind of lens with $aria'le foal length.
-. BL-C4 5 2H%T1 F%L.
.. 1mulsion * a s!spension of a sensiti$e sil$er salt or a mi,t!re of sil$er halides in a
$iso!s medi!m 8as a gelatin sol!tion9 forming a oating on photographi plates" film" or paper.
2. )ray or -nti*Halation Bac6ing * a layer fo!nd in modern photographi films. It is
plaed 'etween the light*sensiti$e em!lsion and the to!gh film 'ase" or sometimes on the 'ak of
the film 'ase. The light that passes thro!gh the em!lsion and the 'ase is a'sor'ed 'y the opa?!e
anti*halation layer. This keeps that light from refleting off the press!re plate or anything else
'ehind the film and re* e,posing the em!lsion" red!ing ontrast. The anti* halation layer is
rendered transparent or washed from the film 8as in J*.3 films9 d!ring proessing of the film.
2. Film Base * + film 'ase is a transparent s!'strate whih ats as a s!pport medi!m for
the photosensiti$e em!lsion that lies atop it. Despite the n!mero!s layers and oatings assoiated
with the em!lsion layer" the 'ase generally ao!nts for the $ast ma(ority of the thikness of any
gi$en film stok.
Kistorially there ha$e 'een three ma(or types of film 'ase in !se: ell!lose nitrate" ell!lose
aetate 8ell!lose diaetate" ell!lose aetate propionate" ell!lose aetate '!tyrate" and ell!lose
triaetate9" and polyethylene trephthalate polyester 8Jodak trade* name: ;0T+19.
Characteristics o# B 5 2 Films:
.. ;m!lsion 0peed
2. 0petral 0ensiti$ity
2. Gran!larity or Graininess
1mulsion peed
a. +0+ 8+merian 0tandards +ssoiation9
rating. This is e,pressed in arithmetial $al!e.
'. DID 8De!tshe Ind!strie Dormen9 rating"
whih is e,pressed in logarithmi $al!e.
. I0= 8International 0tandards =rgani#ation9 rating. This is e,pressed in the om'ined
arithmetial and logarithmi $al!es.
pectral ensiti7ity
a. @l!e sensiti$e film sensiti$e to G/ rays and 'l!e olor only
'. =rthohromati film sensiti$e to G/ rays" to 'l!e and green olor. It is not sensiti$e to red
olor.
. Panhromati film sensiti$e to G/ radiation to 'l!e" green" and red light or all olors.
d. Infra*red film sensiti$e to G/ rays" to 'l!e" green" red light and infrared rays.
)ranularity or )raininess
This refers to the si#e of the metalli sil$er grains that are formed after de$elopment of
an e,posed film. Generally" the si#e of metalli sil$er grains are dependent on the em!lsion
speed of the film and the type of de$eloping sol!tion that is !sed in proessing.
$'L1 to remem8er9
.. The lower the em!lsion speed rating of the film" the finer is the grain.
2. The higher the em!lsion speed rating of the film" the 'igger are the grains.
2. + film de$eloper will prod!e a finer grain that a paper de$eloper when !sed for film
proessing.
B. C&L&$ F%L.
+ olor film is a m!lti*layer em!lsion oated on the same s!pport or 'ase.
Main types of olor film in !rrent !se
% -olor negati$e film forms a negati$e 8olor*re$ersed9 image when e,posed" whih is
permanently fi,ed d!ring de$eloping. This is then e,posed onto photographi paper to form a
positi$e image. ;,: Jodaolor
% -olor re$ersal film" also known as slide film" forms a negati$e image when e,posed" whih
is re$ersed to a positi$e image d!ring de$eloping. The film an then 'e pro(eted onto a sreen.
;,: Jodahrome
C. Photographic Papers /Blac6 5 2hite0
Photographi paper is e,posed to light in a ontrolled manner" either 'y plaing a negati$e in
ontat with the paper diretly to prod!e a ontat print" 'y !sing an enlarger in order to reate
a latent image" 'y e,posing in some types of amera to prod!e a photographi negati$e" or 'y
plaing o'(ets !pon it to prod!e photograms. Photographi papers are s!'se?!ently de$eloped
!sing the gelatin*sil$er proess to reate a $isi'le image.
Characteristics o# a Photographic Paper
..-hloride paper has a slow speed and is s!ited for ontat printing.
2.@romide paper has a fast speed and is reommended for pro(etion printing or enlarging.
2.-hloro*'romide paper is a m!lti*speed and o!ld 'e !sed in 'oth ontat printing and
enlarging.
T>P;0 =F FILT;10
a. Light @alaning Filter
'. -olor -ompensating Filter
. De!tral Density Filter
d. Polari#ing Filter
Light Balance Filter
+ filter !sed to hange the olor ?!ality of the e,posing light in order to se!re proper
olor 'alane for artifiial light films.
Color Compensating Filter
This is !sed to hange the o$er*all olor 'alane of photographi res!lt o'tained with
olor films and to ompensate for defiienies in the ?!ality of e,posing energy.
(eutral ,ensity Filter
This filter is !sed when the light is too 'right to allow the !se of desired f*n!m'er or
sh!tter speed with a parti!lar film.
Polari:ing Filter
It is !sed to red!e or minimi#e refletions on s!'(ets like water glass" and highly polished
s!rfaes.
Light: Its -harateristis 7 0o!res
Light is a form of energy" and to !nderstand light we 'egin with the eletromagneti
spetr!m whih is 'asially a gro!ping of all eletromagneti radiation arranged aording to the
amo!nt of energy ontained in the radiation.
/isi'le light is a part of this eletromagneti spetr!m that reates the sensation of
light when it falls on the h!man eye.
1ain'ow -olors:
% /iolet * 3HH to 33Hnm
% @l!e * 33H to 3LHnm
% Green * 3LH to 43Hnm
% >ellow * 43H to 4LHnm
% =range * CHH to C4Hnm
% 1ed * C4H to EHHnm
3 PK=T=G1+PKI- 1+>0 =F M=D;1D PK=T=G1+PK>
% )*rays . to 2H nm
% G/ rays 2H to 3HH nm
% /isi'le light 3HH to EHH nm
% Infrared rays EHH to ."HHHM nm.
P1IM+1> -=L=10 =F LIGKT
% 1 ed
% Green
% @l!e
0;-=DD+1> -=L=10 =F LIGKT
% >el l o w
% - y an
% M ag en t a
D=T;:
.. <hite is the presene of all olors
2. @lak is the a'sene of all olors or the a'sene of light.
B1(,%() &F L%)HT
<hen tra$eling in open spae" light tra$els in a straight line 8.NC"HHH miles&seond9.
Kowe$er" when light omes in ontat with an o'(et" it may 'e 'ended in the following manner:
$e#lection o# Light

1.pecular or $egular $e#lection * If the refleting s!rfae is $ery smooth" the
refletion of light that o!rs is alled spe!lar or reg!lar refletion.
2.,i##use or %rregular $e#lection <hen light strikes a ro!gh or gran!lar s!rfae" it
'o!nes off in all diretions d!e to the mirosopi irreg!larities of the interfae.
$e#raction
It is the hange in diretion of a wa$e d!e to a hange in its speed. This is most
ommonly o'ser$ed when a wa$e passes from one medi!m to another.
,i##raction
It is desri'ed as the apparent 'ending of wa$es aro!nd small o'stales and the
spreading o!t of wa$es past small openings. It is also desri'ed as the 'ending of light when it
hits a sharp edge of an opa?!e o'(et.
4inds o# &8;ects
.. Transparent o'(ets allows s!ffiient $isi'le light to pass thro!gh them that the o'(et on the
other side may 'e learly seen.
2. Transl!ent o'(ets allows light to pass" howe$er diff!se it s!ffiiently that o'(ets on the other
side may not 'e learly disting!ished. In some ases the o'(ets on the other side may 'e
reogni#a'le '!t sharp detail and o!tline are o's!red.
2. =pa?!e o'(ets so greatly diff!se the light that reogni#ing the o'(et on the other side is $ery
diffi!lt if not impossi'le.
ources o# Light
.. Dat!ral Light 0o!re
2. +rtifiial Light 0o!re
(atural Light ource 80!nlight9
.. @right s!nlight a lighting ondition where o'(ets in open spae ast a deep and !niform or
distint shadow.
2. Ka#y 0!nlight o'(ets in open spae ast a transparent shadow.
2. D!ll 0!nlight o'(ets in open spae ast no shadow.
a. -lo!dy 'right o'(ets in open spae ast no shadow '!t o'(ets at far distane are
learly $isi'le.
'. -lo!dy d!ll o'(ets in open spae ast not shadow and $isi'ility of distant o'(ets are
already limited.
-rti#icial Light ource
Light so!res of this ategory are man*made and is di$ided into the ontin!o!s radiation
and the short d!ration.
Forensic Light ources
.. G/ Lamp
2. L+0;1 Light +mplifiation thro!gh 0im!lated ;mission of 1adiation.
2. +lternati$e Light 0o!res
3. Forensi Light 0o!res
CH1.%C-L P$&C1%()
.. @lak 7 <hite Proessing de$elopment" stop*'ath" and fi,ation.
2. -olor Proessing de$elopment" stop*fi," and sta'ili#er.
,e7elopment
It is the on$ersion of latent image in an em!lsion into $isi'le image.
.. @ 7 < ;m!lsion red!ing e,posed sil$er halide rystals 8'lak sil$er9 into
metalli sil$er. 80ame reation is fo!nd in photographi papers.9
2. -olor ;m!lsion De$eloped sil$er is replaed with yan" yellow" and magenta dye.
top*Bath
The p!rpose of the stop 'ath is to halt the de$elopment of the film" plate" or paper 'y
either washing off the de$eloping hemial or ne!trali#ing it.
Fixation
The fi,er remo$es the !ne,posed sil$er halide remaining on the Photographi film or
photographi paper" lea$ing 'ehind the red!ed metalli sil$er that forms the image" making it
insensiti$e to f!rther ation 'y light. <itho!t fi,ing" the remaining sil$er halide wo!ld ?!ikly
darken and a!se se$ere fogging of the image. The most ommon salts !sed are sodi!m
thios!lfate * ommonly alled hypo * and ammoni!m thios!lfate" ommonly !sed in modern rapi
d fixer form!la.
F%L. P$&C1%()
It an 'e arried o!t in trays" tanks" or mehani#ed e?!ipment.
(&T19
Panhromati materials handled in total darkness.
@l!e films" orthohromati films and printing papers handled !nder a safelight.
1<uipment #or Film Processing
a. Tank or tray
'. De$eloping reel
. =pener for film artridge 8pliers9
d. 0issors to !t the tong!e of the film
e. Thermometer
f. Timer
g. F!nnel
h. Photographi sponge
i. Film lips for drying
(. glass or plasti 'ottles 8gallon si#e9 for storing mi,ed sol!tions.
D;/;L=P;1 F=1MGL+TI=D
Typial omponent:
.. 0ol$ent 8water9
2. De$eloping agent
2. Preser$ati$e
3. +elerator or ati$ator
4. 1estrainer
D*EC Film De$eloper form!la
.. <ater 42H- or .24 HF * E4H ml
2. ;lon * 2 gm
2. Kydro?!inone * 4 gm
3. 0odi!m 0!lfite * .HH gm
4. @ora, 8gran!les9 * 2 gm
C. <ater to make * . li
D;JT=L Paper De$eloper
.. <ater 42H- or .24 HF * 4HH ml
2. ;lon * 2.. gm
2. Kydro?!inone * .2 gm
3. 0odi!m 0!lfite * 3.4 gm
4. 0odi!m ar'onate * CE.4 gm
C. Potassi!m 'romide * . gm
E. <ater to make * . li
0T=P*@+TK
0top*'ath an 'e plain water only with 2NO glaial aeti aid.
FI)IDG @+TK F=1MGL+
.. <ater
2. Dissol$ing agent
2. Preser$ati$e
3. De!trali#ers
4. Kardeners
Typial Fi,ing Form!la:
.. <ater 42H- or .24 HF * CHH ml
2. Kypo * 23H gm
2. 0odi!m s!lfite * .4 gm 8anhydro!s9
3. +eti +id 82NO9 * 3NH ml
4. @ori +id 8rystals9 * E.4 gm
C. Potassi!m al!m * .4 gm 8fine gran!lar9
E. <ater to make * . li
PK=T=G1+PKI- P1IDTIDG
.. -ontat Printing
2. Pro(etion Printing or ;nlarging
-ontat Printing
It is a proed!re of e,posing photographi print
materials while it is pressed in ontat with the negati$e 'eing
reprod!ed.
Pro;ection Printing or 1nlarging
It is a type of printing where the image in a negati$e
is optially pro(eted or enlarged onto a print material for
e,pos!re to prod!e a pit!re image. The main e?!ipment is
;nlarger" the so*alled amera in re$erse.
;PGIPM;DT F=1 P+P;1 D;/;L=PIDG
.. Three plasti trays one eah for the de$eloper" stop* 'ath" and the fi,er. 8The si#e of the tray is
determined 'y the largest prints si#e9.
2. Metal" plasti" or 'am'oo tong prefera'ly with r!''er ends to hold the prints.
2. 1!''er 8s!rgial9 hand glo$es.
3. Timers
4. Paper !tter
C. + 'igger tray or tank for washing prints.
G;D;1+L +PPLI-+TI=D
% Identifiation p!rposes
% 1eording and preser$ing of e$idenes
% Diso$ering and pro$ing of e$idenes not readily seen 'y the naked eye.
% 1eording ation of offenders
% For o!rt e,hi'its
% For rime pre$ention
% P!'li information
% Polie training
P1C%F%C -PPL%C-T%&(
.. Identifiation Photographs
2. -rime*0ene Photography