Chapter l-l

l.1 a)1
=
!:
10V:
t.a
'
R Ik
(blR:
y: 10V
:
l
'
1m,4
(c' v
_
R: 10mXlok: lv
(d)1:Y=loY:o.ra
R l() ll
,ryor..'volts, miliaps, and kilo-ohms constitute a
consistent set of uits.
1.2(a\ P
:
/'?R
:
(3o 10
312x
1 x 10r
:0.9w
Thus, l? should hae a l-w
'ating.
(b)
:
/?R
:
(4X o_])2X 1 13
=
I.6
Thus. he resisor should hae a 2-W raing.
(c)
P
=
2R:
(3Xlo-3)2XoXlor
=
0.09 W
Thus. he resisor should have a
|
-W rating.
8
(P
:
/'?R
:
(4X 10'1'x lox 10'
:0.16w
Thus' the resistor shold have a
]
-W raing.
4
(e') P
=
v2/R
=
2ox/(| l3): o.4w
ThuS, lhe resistor sho|d hae a
|
_W
raling.
2
'
P
=
v2/R
=
12l( X 1011
:6.12r,
Thus, a raing ot
I
w should heoreaically Suftice
-8
housh
]
W ould be Druden o ao\, t'or con_
"4
sisent toterances and measurement erors.
r3(a)
y
=
R
=
l0mx k
=
10V
P: 2R
=
(lo m)'? l k
=
10OmW
)R:
v/: l0 V/1 mA: lok
P=V= 10VX1m:10m
(c): P/V
=
l W/0v=0.l
R: V/
=
l0 V/o.lA: l
(d)v
:
P/
:
0.1 W10mA
=
100 mW10 mA
=
10 V
R: v/: l0V/lOm= l k
(e)P: 7R=>
:
J P/R
1
:
J lo mwl k
:
31.6 m
V
:
R
:
31.6m 1 k = 31.6v
ol?.' , m. k, and mW consifue a cnsis-
tent set f units.
1.4
Thus, thee are 7 possibe resistance alues.
1.5 shunting he l0 k by a resistor ofvalue of
i result in the combination having a resistance
R,q'
R
:
lOR
'e
R+t0
Thus,fo.a l reduction,
R
=
o.99+R:990k
R+ l0
For a 57a reduction,
R
:
o.95=R: lkf}
R+ 10
For a l 0lo reduction,
--&-
:
o.q= n
: qo
R+ l0
For a 5lo redution,
R
:
o-50=R: tok
R+ to
shunting the !0 k by
(a) tM eslt in
R--
_
!9,
l
= -]9
_
s.s.
'l ln + l0 l.0l
a olo rduction;
(b) l k reslts in
R-'
:
l0
=
-!9
: q.
.
"
I) + I0 l_l
a 9.19lo reduction;
(c) 10 k Iesults in
R-'
:
l0
:
_5 k.
'{
1+l
a 507o reduction.
t.6
R2
vo
_
v
DDl|,
To find R, we short circuit VDp and look back
ino ne X,
R^
:
R. II R,
:
RIRZ
Rr+R2
1.7 Use olge divider to find
y,
V:9 .3'3
=
2g4
"
l.:l + 6.8
Equivalent ouut resistance Ro is
R,
=
(3.3 k
l|
6.8 k)
:
2.22 k
he extreme values of
y.
for 15
o/o
toleance
esistor are
9
3.3( I
-
0.05)
3.3(1
-
0.05) + 6.8(r + 0.05)
2.'l3
chaper 1_2
This figure belongs to 1.4
l
q/v\_
20
"--tts
40
*_{-
l0
o 20
o-lW-=o
r0 40
o-Wr
o-_1r_{
10 20 40
*_1^r1ilr-
l0
20
4
30
5
60
'o
40 20
l
20
____1--------r
*_{
l 4
^r-rr]
40
--a\---l
lo20 l'--'-o
q^^__^^r-l
23.3
46.7
-__M-r
"_+
2o |-
o .
-1rV_r
"__+
40 }-----
.o
$rl
lo 20
-1.--l
-_t\--------r
"-+
40 l-'-
l].:
*{
zo 40
8.6
$r-_l
qr-l;
5.7
14.1
28
l7.l
-1.3(
I + 0.05)
3.3(l + 0.05) + 6-8(r
-
0.05)
1.7 continued here
+9V
t
68k
*
L,----------.,
I
"*t
I
l
Ro
:
3.l4
Th extme valus of Ro for x5o/o
toleranc resistors are
.
.]..1 l
_
o.o5) 6.s(l
_
o.o5)
ro
ml
_
.1J (| 005) re.s(l
_
5)
:
2t1k
.r..1( l -
0.5) X 6.8(I
+
0.05)
'o
mJ
_
3
'(|
,
0J 5)
l
63(|
:
2.33 k
+9V
(a)
1.8
10 k
+9V
t
I
tokt
I
l-:o'u
'oof

+
Ro='tott to
=5k
)
Voltage generded
+3v (t{o vays: (a)
and
(c) wih (c) haing lower
oupt resisbnce)
+4.5 V
(b)
+6V (two $ays: (a) and (d) with
(d) having a lorver
output resistance)
t.9
l0 k
Y^:15
l0
:10.2V
" lo + 4.'
To reduce
y,
to l0.00 v we shunt the 0-k
resistor by a rsistor R whose value is such that
l0
|
R: 2X4.7.
Chapter I
--l
+6V
Ro=20l l0 k
=
6.7 k
+3V
fo= 10 k // 20 k
=
6.67 k
10
10 k
k
+3V
Ro= lO ll lO ll lO
=
3.33 kO
10 k
(c)
+9V
10 k 10 k
1 k
Ro= lo ll |o |0
=
3.33 k
4.7 k
lo.v
10 k
Thus
ttt
l0 R 9.4
=eR:
156.7-1.57kf)
Now,
Ro: lok
I|
R
11
4.7k
: g.4
ll 4.7
: 94
= :.t::
"l
To make
= 3.33 ve add a sries resisbnce of
appoxim*b 2
,
as shown.
(d)
15 v
t
j:.,
-'
r_= ''
t
=
+9V
+15 v
+t5v
chaper l-4
l57 k
To obain
y,, :
10.
y
and Ro
:
3 k
we have to shun boh the 4.7_k and the l_
k resisto as shon. To yield an oupu
voltage
y., :
l.v we mus hae
v = /(Rr
ll
Rr)
.
R f:
-
'R, +R,
1,
:
V
:
1
R'
'
f, Rr +R:
l.
: J L:
-l'
'
R, Rr +R2
l' 1 connec a rsistor R in paralIel wih R..
To make /. = .21 (and hus he current
hrogh R' 0.8/
),
R shold be sch
0.2/xIk:0.8/R
9R
:
25o k
(R
ll
t0)
:
R: 2R, (l)
R2
2(Rt
ll
4.'1)
R;
l.l2
4.7 k
,a-1
For Ro
:
3 ," rnlrtuu"
R;
ll
R;
:3
Solving (l) and (2) yields
l?l
:
4.5 k
R;
:
e.o kcr
Ro
which ca be sed to find R| and R2
respectively,
Rl
:
l57 k
R::90k
-l0
To make the current through R equal to 1/3 we
shuntRbyaresistance RI ofalue such that the
current through it will be 2rl3; thus
ln
=
4n'
-'
=
E
3 .t' ' 2
he inpul resislance ofthe divider. Ri" . is
R,=Rlln =r11
f
:ln
Now if R, is 0% too high, i.e.,
R,
=
llE
'2
the problem can be solved in t'o ays:
(a) Connect a resistor R, across R, ofvalue
suchtbat R2
ll
R,
=
R z2,thus
R2(l.l R / 2)
_
R
R2+
(t.tR
/2) 2
t.tn.: .+!8
2
(2)
=o.z
+ 5 v
Chapter 1-5
+R,
: ll4 :
5.5
p
R,:Rll

:*lf:
\+-
i
z
(b) conne.t a resistor in series ith the load resis_
tor R so as o raise the resistance of he load
brach by l0%' thereby estoring the current dii-
sion ratio to its desired value. The added series
resistance must te |(9 of Rile.'o.|R.
Rr,
=
1.1R
1l
l.1R
3
i/e., 107o higher than i cas (a).
1.t3
For R.
:
l0 k' vhen signal source generates
_ l m, a voltage of 0
_l0
V may appea across
the source
R= 1o k
To limit vs s v, th et resistance has to b
=
1 k. To ahieve this \ have 1o shunt R.
with a resistor R so that (R
||
R.) < 1 k.
R
ll
n.- 1 111.
RR.
=lk
R+R.
ForR.:1614
R3l.ll k
he resuting ciuit nes only on additional
rsistanc of 1.1l k in paralll lvith R. so that
yr<
I v
1-11
1.5 V
t
R,,
l.tR
2
O-1mA
R= l0 k
0 lm
23
5
Rl
0.5 k
Chapter 1-6
v.,::(--!L) = rsv
R, = l k]| 1k
:
0.5k
same procede is used for b) & c)
, o.17
6. t5 + 1.5
:
0.l m
1.16 (a) ode equation at the common mod
yields
Using he fac that he sum ofthe voltage dops
across Rl and R1 equaIs 15 , we write
15
:
/
1i1
+/1R1
:lo|+U1+)x2
:
|2
l
+ 21
+ t5 v
+l
Rl
l k
f,
That is,
12|+22: |5
()
similarly, the oltage drops across R2 and R1 add
p to 10
Y thus
l0: /2R2+11R1
= 52+
|
+ )x2
which yieds
21+',1
:10 (2)
Equations
(
) and
(2)
can be sol together by
mlltiplying (2)
by 6,
'
12|+422:6J
(3)
ow, subtracting
(1)
from
(3) yields
40..
:
45
/,
:
l.l25 mA
subsitutini in (2) gies
2I| = |o_ 7 X 1.125 m
1I = l.0625 m
1
:
1+ 2
:
1.0625 + t. t250
:
1.l875 m
:
1.1875X2:2.3'150
u
Thdvenin equivalnt: (10//16)
=
6.l5 k 4
2x
!L
0+16
=o'77

o.71
|.5 k
Now' \ir'hen a resisance of l.5 k is conneced
between 4 and ground,
-_{v\r-'-----

2k
l.l5
(b)
10 k
*'
(c)
10 kf) l0 k
1 k

16
_J L
l0tl
0.5 k
i 9 z
'9.k9
6-|5k
chapter _7
To smmarize:
1,:1.06m /,3 1.13m
/,:1.19m4 v
=
2.38
(b) A node equaion at the common ne can be
written in terms of Y as
15-v+ l0-y
_
Rr
Thus,
R2
15
y'0
v
_
105
0.8v:3.5
+v
:2.3'15
Now /1, 12, and 13 can be easiy found as
, 15-V 15-2,375
r':---:
|o
=
1.0625 m
a
l.06 m
, 10-v t0
-2-375
'55
:
1.125 m
3
l.13n
'
_
V
=
1 _
t.1375m - l.9mA
'Rr2-
Method (b) is mch p.efered; faste moe
insightful and less prone o errors. n geneE, one
attempts to identify the least possibe numbe. of
variables and \,rie he corresponding minimum
number of equations.
1,17
Find Theenin
uiaent
circuit to the left of
node 1
Bet'ween node and ground
R,,, =
(lk|| 1.2k
):0.545k
v.":g\
t2
:
4.909 V
'"
I + 1.2
Find Theenin
uiaent
circuit to the right of
node 2
R:=9.1k
R= l lk
Between node 2 and ground
Rri
:
9.1k
||
llk
=
4.98 k
v'':9x
||
:
.gzs
''
1l + 9.1
The resulting simplifi circuit is
0.545 k
5
2
4.98 k
4.99
v
R3
v
t

4.925
-
4.9(9
-vs
+
(4.98+3+0.545)k
:
1.88
A
V5:1.88X3k
:
5.64 mV
1.1E From the symmety ofthe circuit, there ill
be no current in
&.
(otherwise
the symmery
wold be iolated.) Thus each branch will carry a
cuent
yl2
k and 1, will be the sum ofthe two
cuent,
,
2V, V,
' 2k lk
Thus.
v
R.,=7j = lk
No\r, if Ra is aised to 1.2 k the symmetry wil
be broken. To fid

e use T'tenin's theorem
as follos:
1.
:
o'*5V'-o'SV,
:
6.622
'
.5+ l +.545
v
vt:
i+0.022v,x0.5
R3
chaper l_8
0.5 k
Vl
/R, \
v'--R..
R,l
v,t2
,-(
:
0.5V, 1.022
:
0.5lV.
V2: V,* 1.R'
:
0.533V.
'^
/, =
_ik-
= .489
yt
v
_
^
t,:'
,
:
o.461V
' l k
I' = I|+ 7
=
o.956v,
v
=
R.=
:
I.05 k
1.19 (a) T
:
10
ams
=
l0
7s
1:
!:1y7
1.
'T

:
2f
:
6.28 x lo1 lz
(b)/ :
l Gz: 1o9 Hz
r
=
1
= l
'q"
,l
= 2f
:
6.28 X l09rad/s
(c):6.28XlO2ral/s
f
:
f;:
o' r.
r:l:ro?"
f
(d) T = los
1.
: l :
16-11,
"T

:
2tf
:
6.28 l
rad,/s
(e\
f
:
z
T
: !:1.67x
ro
2s

:
2f
:
3.'17 x lo1 radS
(.1
: l krad,/s: l03 radls
f
:

:
l.59 l02z
"2
1:1=6.2gy1gt"
(g)
.f =
19 Mz
:
t.9 l09 z
7=l:6.526y16e3
f

:
2f
:
1.194 x l09 radls
1.20 (a) Z
:
l k at al| frequencies
(b)z:1/jc
= ;^
-:-|-,
21f10xl0
At/: z, z:
_
j265
kd
At/: lkHz, Z:
_
j|59
{'
^tf:
lcz' z=
j0.016
cJ z
_
l/jc
_
i-=
!
-

21fx2xl0
^tf
=
Ha Z:
jl.33G
Atf
:
\oa.kz' Z:
j0.8
M
t/:1cHz, z:
_
i79.6
dl
(d)
Z =
jL: j2fL : j2f x |0x l0
\
A
f
:
60 z' Z
: j3.77
{
t/:1o0kz, z
=
j6.28k{
At/:1GHz' z=
j62.8
(e)Z: joL
=
'i21fL:
j2f(l
x10
9)
f
:
Hz' 2
=
j3.77 X lo'7
=
jo.377

/:
1 kz,
Z
:
j6'28 x10
a
= ;0.628
m
f
= 16 Hz, Z
:
j62.8
t7
x
u2

R1
lk
R4
l-2k
y,
o.s+i i
0.545

1.21 (a) Z
:
l3 +
j2x|ox
:
(l j
l.59) k
6
: L+
i-c
R"
z:
J --+
izr-x
lo lo] Y .0| X 10_6
!o'
1o_3( 1 + jo.628)

!=
l0
l + j0.628
l( 1
_
j0.628)
I + 0.6282
:
(7t7.2 j4s.O4)
{t
cly=!+iC
R'
=
|
,
+ j2rr lo X l] l X
l0, X l'
:
lo
5(
+ jo.628)
-
lr
/.=-
I + j0.628
:
(71.72
_
j450.4)
k{
(d'lZ:
R+
j<L
:
l0o+ j2x
10 lo]x lox lo
3
:
1 + j6.28 X 1
:
(l + j628)

1-22
Noaton
Equiaent
z5
:
i5R5
Thus,
R,:

(a) v,
:
vc.
:
10 V
i: i!.
=
l

R.
-
y9!
-
lOv
=0.lM_
lklr
' i.r. l00

(b)v5:
t.
=
6.1
i5: i5g: l0

R._oo'-
0'l
- o.oM
_
lokr
"
ir. l0
A
1.?3
o: R
v. R1 *R5
"^:""2(r+&) "
'\ Rr)
Thus,
vs
:30
1+j
1
and
vs
=10
l+&
10
Diiding (l)
by (2) gives
! + (Rs/!0)
t + (Rr/too)
:
r
=R,
=
23.6 1
substifuting in (2) gies
"
:
38.6 mV
The Norton cuent i, can be found as
;.
= 's
:
386 mV
t-ra ,',
' R. 28.6
1.24 The obseed output voltage is 1 mv/"c
\hich iS one half the voltage specified by the sen-
so presumably under open-circuit conditions hat
is without a load connected. t follows that that
sensorintemal resistance must be equal to R, i.e.,
0 k.
1.25
&
i"+
&o
=
R+
1
jC
1o310Xlo
9
Chapter 1-9
!o
'2
-{_.
r
lo
Thdenin
ialent
Chapter I 10
f=
i"
t
short-circit (1r,
:
0) cuent
t.26
(l) 1.26
(2)
Rl represens the inpt resisance of the processor
For ,
:
0.9 ,
09
=
Rt
=R,
=
gR"
R/ +Rs
For i.,
=
0.9 i.
0.9 =
Rs
+R,
:
R"/9
.
R{+ R
1.27
9
:
Q_
i)R,
Open-circuil
(io
:
0) --> 1,,
voltage
1.24
(a)Vo".='l0xrt
(b) v..,
=
33.9 x
J t
(c) V
o"'
:
22ox rt
G)v.,* = zzo x
J 1
t -29
(a)
,
:
10 sin (2r-X loar)'
(b)
v
:
l2O"lsin (2 x )'
(c)
v: 0.l sin(or), v
(d) v
:
0.l sin (2 x 10*3r), V
1.30 Comparing the given aeform to that
described by q. I .2 \e observe hat he gien
aeform has an amplitude of 0.5 v ( 1 v peak-
to-peak) and iS leel is shift up by 0.5 v (the
first term in the equation). Thus he wavefom
look as follo\s
Average ale
:
0.5 v
Peak{c.peak vale
:
i v
Lowestvalue:v
ighestvalue:lv
Period:1=
1:
t',
fo
o
lJ l The two harmonics have the ratio
126198
:
97 . Ths' hese are he 7th and 9th har-
monics. From
.
l.2 e note that the amplifudes
ofthese to harmonics will have the raio 7 o 9,
which is confim by he measurement epo.ted.
Ths he fudamentai will hae a frequency of 98/
7 or 14 kz and peak ampitude of 63 X 7
:
441
mV The rms value ofthe fundamental \vill be
441 /
J 2
:
3l2 mv To find he peako-peak
amplitude of he square \'ave we note that
4V/
:
441 mv. Thus.
eak_o_peak amplitude
:2V:441x:693mv
1
Period r
_
l
_
,
_
1l'4s
l 14' '
1J 2 To be barely audible by a relaively young
listene the 5th harmonic must be limited to 2
kz; thus the fundamental wil be 4 kz. t the
ow end. hearing exends down o abou 20 z.
For he fifth and higher to be audible the fifh
must be no lower than 20 z. Coespondingly.
the fndamental \rill be a 4 Hz.
:
165 V
:24
=
3llV
:
311 kV
Case
(rad/s)
f
(llz't
r
(s)
a 6.28 x 1 1x10" lxl0,
b !xto, l.59 X l3 6.28 X 1'
c 6.28 |on lX10 l X 10
d 3.?7 X l 6 l -67
x 10I
6.28 x 10r IX0r I
Y
10'
f 6.28 l lXl I X 16
chapter 1_ l
t" :
0
t.{zt'
RR
l 33 f he amplitude of the squae wae is
y.
then the power deliver by he square wae to a
resistance R wiIl be v]r/R. fthis poer is to
equal tha delivered by a sine wae of pak amli_
ude , then
v
0
_y
Thus, V,,
:
0 /
^E.
This resul is independant
of frequency.
1J 4
Deciml Binary
0 0
5 l1
8 lo
25 ll(nl
57 l l l)l
Note that there are wo possible representation of
zero: 0 and 1000. For a 0.5-v step size, analog
signals in the ange :3.5 v can be represented
nput stps Code
+2-5 +5 0101
:]. v 6 10
+2.'l +5 00
-2.8 -6
1lt
136
(a)
For bits there '\ill be 2 possible lev-
els, frorn 0 o
yFs.
Thus ther will b (2
_
1) dis-
crete steps from o to
,
wih he sep size given
by
Step size
:
This is he analog chan8e coresponding to a
chage in the LSB. lt is the aue of the .esolution
ofheDc.
(b) The maximum error in conversion occus
whn the aalog signal value is at the midde of a
step. Thus the maximum eror is

Step
T
!.t"n.ir.: !
r,
2 22N-l
This is kno\n as the quantizatio er.oL
"l !9y
=s.v
'2_|
2
_
|>2m
2r
=
2OOl
=N
:
11,
Forl{: 11
Resolutin
10
:
4.9 mV
21\-l
Ouantization .r,o' =

_
2.4.
t2
1J 7 when b,
=
l, the ith s\,itch is in position 1
and a current
(y../2 R) flo\s to the output. Thus i,
will b'the sum ofalt the currents corresponding
to "1" bits, i.e.,
'":
?(?.u;.
.u#)
)
r is he LsB
b, is the MSB
l<-r--->i
l-35
b, b" b, b" valu
Reprsented
0 0 0 0 +0
0 o I +l
0 I 0 +2
0 0 +3
0 0 +4
o 0 I +5
0 1 0 +6
0 I +7
1 0 0 0 0
I 0 I
-t
I 0 I 0
-2
I 0 1
-3
I o 0
-4
I o I 5
I 0 6
I
Chapter l-12
(c)
. l0/l l t I ! I\
5 k2| 22 2' 24'21 2n)
:
1.96875 mA
Corresponding to the LSB changing from 0 to I
the output changes by l0/5 x l/2"
:
0.03125
mA.
1J 8 Thee will b
4'1
sampes per second
ih each sample represented by 16 bits. Ths the
hrough-pu or speed will be,l4'l 16:
7-056 X l bits per second.
139 (a) A,,
: !9 :
i
l0v
l mv
:
l v/V
o 20log l:4 dB
'
i olR
l0/l0o 0.
' i, i, |00

l

=
l00 '/
o 20 log 10
:
60 dB
A,
:
7'oi'o
:
"o
x':: l l
li ! |l
or 10log 10r
=
50 dB
blA =!9=
2v
-
2'/lo\/
"
u, l0V
or'2olo92 1
:
l06 dB
'
io 6/R1
2v/1ok
^'__

_
1"
_0.2mA _ .2Xl0:
- 2n A/A
100 n (n X l0
9
or 20log, = 66 dB
,
oio o
''
io
^P----------^-:
0i li
:2xl0'X20
:4x
1 vr'v
or l0logP = 86 dB
clA'':
b
=]!l: lo vzv
"
o, tv
o 20 log l0
:
20 dB
. i^ ^/R' l/|0
A:=:
' i, i, lmA
=

:
xn A/ A
1mA
o 20 og lo
:
6 dB
,
oio o
-'
io
^P----------.--
l ! |
:
10 x l0: lWW
or l0 log, ,
=
dB
A =
!:4
"
u, O'2
or 2 log 1l
:
20.8 dB
^
io
2.2v / l00
^'__
lm
:22! :
zzlll
1m
o 20log l
:
26.8 dB
^
_ Po
-
|2'2
/
{'/
l
^"_
i
_^r
It L
:242WlN
o l log.
:
2].8 dB
Supplypower:2 X 3v X 20m: l20mw
Ouput povr'e
:
,,.'
:
(z.z t
"'D\'
=
24'2 nW
R l
lnpu power
= o'' m\ry
(negligihlel
242
Amplifier dissipation
1supply
power
_
oupu
poe
=
2o
_
24.2: 95.8 mw
motifier efficienc
_
oupu
po\er
y
t
Supply power
=
42
x ['
:
2o'2qo
120
1.41 For V,,,
=
5 ;
The largest undistorted sine-wave output is of
3.8-v peak amp|itude or 3'8 /
.2 = 2.7 V..,.
nput need is 5.4 mv_..
Supplies are Y,D and
-
Y""
For V,,,,
:
l0 V he largest undistored sine-wave
oupu is of 8.8-v peak amplitude or 6.2 v..,.
nput neded is 12.4 mv,.,.
+3V
__]

chape l_l3
Fo V,,
=
15 V the largest undistorted sine-
ave ouput is of 13.8_v peak amplitude or 9.8
v_. The input need is 9.8 V/5
:
19.6 mv,-.
1.42 (a) For an output whose extremes are
just
a
he edge ofclipping, i.e.' an output of 9_vo*, he
input must have 9 v/0
=
9 mV,*.
(b) For a.n output that is cliping 90% of the time,

=
0.1 '
:
9'and%sin
9"
:
9 V aVp
:
57.5 Y whichofcourse
dos not occu as the ouput saturates at : 9 v.
To produce this result, he input peak must be
57.5/l00
:
57.5 mv
^ lOR" lOR^
(a)__:r:
" xA x
---:
'"

IoR.
'R.
"
_'"
loR, + R,
:]!rlor,9:z'zvtv
11 1
o 20 og 8.26
:
l8.3 dB
rl
19:
Rs
xl
^
--4
us Rs+Rs
"n
Ro+Ro
:
0.5 x 10 X 0.5
:
2.5 Vr'
o 20 log 2.5
:
8 dB
(c)
R"/ to R^/ o
"
_
---------
v. v
-------------
Ul
(Rl/
0)
.
Rs
"" (Ro/
lo\

Ro
:1rtox!:o.olv
l ll
or 20log 0.083
= -2| '6
d
1.44
20 lo9 A,b
:
dB 9 ,o
=
l v./v
',
:
oo
__
l0 X
l
I+l0
:
9.9 vr'
o 20 log 90.9
:
39.1 dB
A^
-
bl l
:
] X lga = 83x |0W /W
'
!/1l'
or i0log (8.3 X 1)
:
79.1 dB.
For a peak output sine_wae current o{ 1 !, the
peak output oltage \ryill be m X l !l
=
l0Y Corespondigly !i vill be a sine wave \ith
a peak value of t0/
:
10/90.9 or a rms vaue
of lo/(.9
"D)
=
o.o v.
coresponding out po\rer
:
(o /
J a''x
/ |
:O.5W
1.45
o
rs
X tnx
|
.
l(nl}+tk
=
-!9 , tn,
|
=
8.26 V lv
ll0 1l
vDD
-
1.2
"l
,"1L

+
7ri
(c) For an output hat is clipping 997o of the time'
0:0.01 x90'= 0.9'
V, sin 0.9"
:
9 V
+vP: 571 and the iput must be 573 v/
1) or 0.573 v**.
1.43
9V-
+
i
10 k
l0k+ 1 k
10
k 1k
o
=
R'
X X
R
v, R,*R,
'''
R+Ro
chaper l-l4
This figure beongs o 1.47
l.45 cotined here
The signal loses about 90% of its strength when
connected to the amplifier inpt (because
&
:
R./
10)- lso, the output signa of he amplifier loses
approximaely 907o of iS strength hen he load
is connect (because
R,
:
&/l0).
Not a good
design! Neertheless, ifthe source were con_
neced diectly to the load,
o: R
uJ R.+ Rs
l0o
Poler ain
_
b/ l
-
-]578W/w
_
,i / l.l M
or l0 log 7578
:
38.8 dB
(This
akes into acct. he power dissipated in the
intemal resistance of the source.)
l.47 n example .3 \hen he firs and the sec_
ond stages are inetchanged, the circi looks like
he figre above
1l
_
l k
- o.5 v./
1 l k{} + l k
A':i
=
16 1
tM
= 99.9 V/V
A':,
= 16 1
l0k
''
u,, l0 k() + l k
:
9.9 v/v
A
'''
=
L
_
l X
-_..q
Q-
= .99 v/v
'
Ui]l l00+l0
otalgain
:
A'' =
L
:
A"'x A"1>< A,,1
a
:
99.9 x 9. 0.909
:
825.5 V/V
The oltage gain from source to load is
L L
''
i
'
0t
0s
\
?s Ul
:
825.5 x 0.5
:
412.'7 N
The overal oltage has educed appreciaby. t is
due to the reason because he input imdance of
he firs sage. R.. is compaabe o he source resis-
ance R.. n example l .3 the input impedance of the
firs sage is much larger than the souce resisance
1.48 a. Case S-A-B-L
Vo
:
Vo
yi xvi"
-
ys
v,o v,o
yJ
(r
,
--l!!-),
(
rrn,
|
'l
"
r
l
)
\ l ] l},/ \ l00 + l0./ \|0
_
|o,,

= 'lv/ and gain in dB 20 log 4.l
_
v.
l2'i}2 dB
(See
fire below)
l+1k
-
0.1 v/v
Rs
=
l0o kf)
which is cearly a much worse siuation. ndeed
inserting the amplifier increases the gain by a fac-
tor 8.3/0.1
:
83.
1.46
1f}
l,^
_
lVx
lMcl
|X

" I M.lk l+l0

=lr!:.lv
1.1 110
votagegain:
k:
o.: V/V or_l.6dB
rs
Current gain
=
ollQ:o.8]Xl.l
Xl4
v./ l.l Ml)
:
909l -l or
'l9.2
d
This figure belongs o 1.48a
&:1kf)
l0
This figure belong to 1.48b
b. case s_B_-L
Vo
_
Vo
.V'o -V'
yJ
vio v
ib
vs
- l'l ,
|
) x l'r
"
---.!$-]
"
\ l + l0./ \ loK+l/
/ (n K \
l K + l/
p :
o-o V / S and gain in dB is 20 log 0.49
:
vs
-6.19
dB case a is preferred as it provides higher
olage gain.
1-49
Reqied oveall voltage gain
:
2 v/l0 mv
:
2
v/v. Each sage is cable of proiding a rnari
,l..rfl volage gain of l0
(the
open-circuit gain
vaue). For,, stages in cascade the maximum
(unattainable) oltage gain in . we ths see that
e need at eas 3 stages. For 3 stages, the overall
votage gain obtaied is
o:
|o
x l x
-.1!_
x l x
-J L
v. 10+10 1+10 l+10
xtox-L
l+l
:206.6
Thus. hfee sages suffice and
mide
a gain
slightly lage. han requirei. The ouput ohage
acualy obtained is 10 mV X 206.6
=
2.07 V.
This Rgu.e blongs to !.50
1.50 Deliver 0.5W to a t load
source is 30m RMs \,ith 0.5M source resis-
tanc. choose from 3 ampifiers types
R;= lM
&=
,0k R;= lOk
Ao= lo l ,= l v/v A; | l
=
lok
=
lk R"= 2a{
Choose order to elimirate loading on input and
oup

_
l st{o minimize oading o 0.5 M source
B - 2nd-to boost gain
c
_
3d - to minimize oading at 100f, output.
(see figure blow)
o_
2V
-
urs.l<(
l
)rtr
q 3omV \0.5 + l
,/
(#}'*,(#*}' (-t*)
235.1 < 253.6
vp
:
(253.6)(30mV)
:
7.61v RMS
2 .^,-.2

: 39-
=
ll9l
=
.s lv
RL 1
l.s
(a)
Reouired oltae sain
=
k
'v
=
-J l-
= -rrn
vzv
0.01 v
(b)
The smallest R, alloed is obtained from
o. o
:
l0lV
=
R. + R.
_
k!}
'
R!+Rr "
Thus R_
:
k.
For

:
k. .]
:
0. 1
A
peak, and
Overall current gain
:
i
.l
i *t;
,\;+
Chapter 1*15
R"= l k Rl=1k
Stage I
0.5 M 1O KC) lK 20
1 K
_
3mA
_
] 14,/A
0.1

oerall power gain

=#
(ft,5'''o'
/loX 10
'\
l._l X l ^\
l-lxl-l

'/2,,\ 'l2
l
:9
X 1W/W
Chis
takes into acct. the poer dissipatd in he
inemal rsistance of the source.)
(c) f (l,, /) has its peak value limited to 5 v. he
largest value of R, is found from
_
,
-!_
-
_'].+ R-
-
?n'
-
ooz
R+Ro
" 3'
(f
Ro ere greater han this alue, the output vo!t-
age across R would be ess han 3 Y)
(d) For R'
:
k and
&
:
667 , the requied
value l- can be found fom
}v/v
_
90
"a
x
I
90.t0
i
I
.
0.667
303 mv
-
30.3 v/v
mv
lrn,
l
:
333_3 V/V
1) + 20o
connect a resistance
&
in paallel ith the input
and select its value from
(Rp
1l
Rr)
: I
R,
(RP
ll
Rr) + R. 2Ri + Rs
chaper l-16
)
ls
1,J
(") 9
i
(d)
=t+
Ii
:22-+R^
ll
R"
ll
R,
12l
Ro R,
R-=
l
= 9.l k
'
.2I
_
-1
1.53
R.
'21
1o
2l
+
&
:
555.7 V /V
1 k (l lo')
1(1 X t )
l I0
I) + l0 ''" l0o0 + 1
\
r-
l
,'
]-/rdmv | d
+
(a)
cuent gain
=
R^
-
^"Rn
R.
:
1o
t!
:
so.g
:
39.2 dB

(b) Voltage gain

: 19
/s
=b
R'
iiRs + R,
: q.q
,
-L
11
:
0.9 vr'
: _0.9
dB
(c) ower gain
:
A:
"o'1o
lsl,
:
0.9 X .9
:
8l.8 w
=
19.1 dB
+
o
(e) R,
:
300
:
1.52
=
lk
+
i

(a)
z^: lomV*
l0
,
" l + l00
:
303 mV
t(n
tir(irx..-
t(n + 2rn
peal(
&=
2
Chapter l-17
+
ax
Use suosition (see figure above)
,,,
:
c.,,,(,
*ft7)s
l
+
t,,
=
""(+)
s{,,(7;s
l0K+R,r )
c.-:.
R":20k
&=lk
R
' "Rs + R;
2,
= ,c- =
j
'2+2 2
o
:
G^(RL
||
Ro)
:4020xl)
20+l'
: q12!
o,
)t
')
oerall voltage gain
=!
=
g.os t
S
1.55 Need
yo :
lo' t 1'
Rxl and lto ae used to get ahe appropriae gains
on v, and v,
This figure belongs to 1.55c
loK R,a
: ix R
lr.t :
t
:
|z0
m)|lo ).
Kr
l
)
u, \ v ,,\15 K/ \20 K
+
R,r,/
0.s
:
lo K
20K+R,l
"'
R,r
:
46'67 k
Use same procedure for v2 but you will find 1
stage is not enough again, thus: (see Rgre belo)
"- =
zo
:
|20
m.)( l0
)15 K tr20
m)
v' \ v .r\5+ l0./' \ /
(
oK
)!o )(
loK
)
\l0K+ l0K/ \!0K+ l0K+R,)/
2o
:
6.6j, tnr(
loK
')
\20 + R.r,'
.'. R',
:
3.3
'"n",
or ca us of r2
then
R,r: 30
+
Vt
+
vr
&=2k
Chapter l-18
Finaly'
For
&
arying in he range to 10 k
,
the
change in i" can be kept to l0% ifRo is seected
sufficiently large;
R, > R..,,
Thus R,
:
166 1
For v5
:
10 mV,
,RR^
i"mir
_
0
_R+ft;---_------g-
t03:l02
l
c
l
l0o + 1
_I0o
+ l0
G.
:
l'2l X lo

/v
:
121 m/V
n o*--r
l+
I
$
v

i'
:
'/ R' g.'
. .(t \
ll=/t+_f8,J
ot:
I
i, l/Ri+8.
=
R.
:n-
I + g-R,
1.5E Tran-sresistance iptifi er
To limit U. to l(% coesponding o&varying
in he range , to 10 kf,
'
we seiect

suflicietly
low:
R
:."Ej-
' to
Thus, R,
:
1
To limit v,, o l09o while
&aries
oer the
range l to l0 kf,}, we selec R.,sufficienly iow;
R^ < :-!l!
" 10
Thus, Ro
:
l
Now, for i.
:
l0.
1.57 Transconductance amplifi er
R"
l to lk .-
_
;'
-,':

R,',"
R,-,"
.'
R,
"',R,.i" I Ro
t=1i
0
R
loo
l00 + lo 'l0 | l
=t
Rn = 121 x 1Os
:
l2l k
{'
'r
+
i
R
!to
l0 k
For
&
arying in the range l o l0 k, and l,
limited o l% we hae to selec

sufRcienly
Iarge;
R,
> loR..,r
Ri: l k
Out
Where zo= lo + 201
---+2
0" R,
l mv
1
Cbapter I-19
1.59 voltage mplifier
&
1o lOk

RL
kto
l0 k
For R, varying in te rilge 1 K to 10 k and
i, ariation limid o 10%, select R, o be suffi-
cienly large:
R, 1 RJ ra,
Ri
:
10x lOk
=
l0ok
:
l X lo5
For R. arying in he ange 1 to 0 k
,
he load
current variation limited o l09r, seect Ro suffi-
ciently low:
R^
=
R"'
" t0
R^ =
lk
= l0o
:
1X t2
" |
ow find,4lo
R.
i".,"
=
lomvlj;x-rr+
R.*
lX103=10X13
lkf}
l00 k + l0 k
X x
l
'" l0+ l0k
lxl0

-
lo-o-X!re',
I
l0
_'
lI
voltage amplifier equivalent cicuit is
Ri
:
1X lJ , ,.
:
l2l vr' and
Ro:1Xo2(}
l.60 curren mp|ifier
RL
lk to
l0k
Forl varying in the 1ange 1 k to 10 k ange
ad load oltage ariation limited to |o%' *le.t
R, to be sufficiently lo:
R -
j!.,,
' t
f.:
tk:1):
tXl)
'
1
For R arying in the range 1k to 10kf} and
load oltage ariion |imited o l0%.
&
is
selected suffi ciendy large:
R. l0 Rr,,
R": l0 lok
=
l00k: lX1o5
Now we find ,,
Vr,',
=
l0

)(
5;
Xi, X Ro| R.rin
= l X lo
6-&-
, o'
RoRl''n
R..,n
,
f,
^Ro + R.,n
l0]o
lk
X
lKXl
lk+l0 ^0K|1
+ ,,
:
1l1.l '/
curren amplilier equialent circuit is
lo2 , ,,
:
l1l.1 /s,
lo5
+
vi
l
1
_
R=lk
i.
ffii
ffi
,,
1 x to
'x
(tll
= 888 Vr' or 58.9 dB
:b:
oo/Rt
=
i;
10
3, l
I+ l0
:
220o ./ or 66.8 dB
101 x rO'
8 z( x lo')
1n'3 1!
lt0
Ai
^
oeraI curren ain
=
:--:--:
"
tA
to/ R
_
r( x to')
|
10'
:
20oo -l or 66 dB
1.63 Using he voltage divider rue
8z
z
Chapte. 1-20
1.61
Apply kirchhoff's current law in the mesh on the left
u?o I n,
8'z
14
x o'1
iiR' (l
,
x
|
1'l z to'
\ |0 + l0./
:
19.36 1o5 \v or 62.9 dB
_b+
r,ib+ RE(i, + ib)
:
0
o= i6fro + ( + 1)R]
Now r.:
_irXR.
!,
:
R.
!6 ro ( + )RE
" =
(i6 + gi)R
:ir(
+ l)R,
_
(+ 1)R
h r+ (+l)R
:i.
_!
+ n"
+
!
t.62
^
Ooen-circuit outDu olase
,(^:..-
"
shor-circuit outp crrent
=1k
ll^: lo
4
:
" I +4
a.
:
8n1_ 8m2
6
:
ioR..
=
g^R(
_
z)
:
o
b. 1
:
2 :.n
:
0V
1
:
l.ol
J ...?h=
|0y
: o' J
\.64
-- -- ---o
+
'
s^=
lO0nA/
R
=
5k
o
:
t0 v
0 m
? R,
--->
Figue l. 6a
chapter 1_2
'
=
g''V't g'',
Vr: g.'V' grrlu
thus
L|
:8z=
Ro
2|\= n
L|
:g7l=A
I2|a=o
'l l
|,r=o:''':&
^l
:l
:8z=
,||U=0
=R,
Rs*sC,R,R,+R,
V,
:
vs
Ri
_
(Rs + R,)
1.65
-ry\
r----r
lR l-

'#uo
u'
tt
J -
=
(a)
de to unilatera nafure of Fire 1.l6a
(
Rs
+
R,)+ rC,R,Rs
, .
"l/
C,R,R,
\
\R + R,/
t"r"
:
--&-
(Rs + Ri)
. =
+^&
from able |.2 low
ass
for gien
ciRiR.
values o
:
2.5 MHz
1.67 Using the oltage-diider rule.
---+l-]
-
o
'^,*r,
-L

Tsl:9:
R'
v,
R.*t,*a
sC
//\
,,,,:
(ot*)-
-.-l
, .
s+-'
\
c(Rr + Rr)'
\hich is fmm Table 1 .2 is of the high-pass tye with
:
R'
R+R,
"
c(Rl
+Rr)
As a further erification that this is a high-pass
network and f(s) is a high-pass transfer function,
vr'e assume as
'r90,
T(J ) + 0; and as s--l,
(s)
:
R, / (R| + R2).lso, fror the circuit
obsereas J J c, (l /sc) 90 and
Vo/V,
:
R, / (R, + R2). Now,for
R,
:
l0 k, R2
:
k, and C
=
0.1
F.
2
2nxojx o
6(10+)
1o3
:
31.8 Hz
lrl,o"ll
-!
40 l
= 0.57V
rt
10+ 4
{2
+
vo
a
\
for(a)
yo :
,,('#f)
vo:
1
v 1+scR
where k
=l
I
"RC
for (b)
y
VO
:
SRC
v l + scR
vo:
s
v
.s+
_L
RC
where k
=
I
6;
=
166
1a616 1.2 it is hih ,ass.
"RC
1-66
from table 1.2 it is lo\ pass.
:,{+]
+
vi
Usig the voltage divider rule,
r.
l
'sC,
"
*
V,
'
sC,
_
r-_i
"nl
''c'
I
'
l*,*41
\ J i'l
&9
Ri
_
I + sciRi
"-('-j.)
(b)
Chapter 1 22
vo
=
R,
vs
.*.*a
(
_R
2 x |0(21+ 5) X lo3
Thus. he smallest value of c that
'v/il
do thejob
is c
:
0.64
F.
1,69 The gien measured data indicate that this
amplifier has a low-pass sTc freqency response
with a ow-frequency gain of,l0 dB, and a 3-dB
freqency of l04 Hz. From or kno|edge ofthe
Bode plots fb lo-pass sTc neworks (Figure
1.23a) we can complete the Table entries and
sketch the ampifier frequency response
1.70 From our knovledge of the Bode plos of
sTc ow-pass and high-pass net\o.ks \e see that
this amplifier has a mid-band gain of4 dB. a
low-fruency response ofthe high-pass STc
type \ih.
:
102 Hz, and a high-freqency
response ofthe low-pass STc ype ith!
:
I
z. we thus can sketch the amplifier frency
response and complete the tabe entries as folows
ll' dB
l lo? lo3 ld l5 t6 to?
|+-:-a
anwla
_+{
f, f.,
1.71 Since the overall transfer function is that of
hree identical sTc L circuits in cascade
(but
with no loading effects sice the bufferampifiers
hae input and zero otp resisances) he overall
gain ill drop by 3 dB belo the alue at dc a the
frequency for which the gain of each STC circuit
is l dB dow. This frequency is found as follo,,s:
The transfer funcion of each sTc circit is
I
f(r): ---_:-
1+

\,,/here
o1
:
l/CR
Thus.
lr(j.
:
R,+R. I
c(R. + Rs)
hich is of the high-pass sTc type (see hble 1.2)
wilh

:
R'
R+Rs
For
/,,
l0 z
--l-
l0
2C(R1+ R5)
c
1
c.(R, + R.)
40
30
20
l
t0"
/
(Hz)
20 lo
l
=
_1
',l9-
{
\ r,, /
=l*[9]'=
loq'
o1u,
:
0.5l 6
l1;n
:
0.51 /CR
t-.{t
! 10 10, 1l 10r 1 l 10, 1
1rl(dB)
o 20 37 40 40 40 37 20 o
-,tz)
lrl(dB) LT(."\
40 0
10 40 0
o00 40 0
t01 37
-
45"
to. 20
-
90.
l6 o
Chapter l-23
l.72 RS
=
1 k, since he 3-dB frequency is
reduced by a very high factor (from 6 MHz to 120
kz) c, must b much larger than c,. Thus,
neglecting C, we find C, from
120 kHz
-
1
_
2C2R3
Thvenin
equialen a
node Rl
node A
21tc2 l05
e C2
:
13.3 pF
fthe original 3-dB frequency (6 MHz) is attribut-
able to C, then
6MHz:
I
2C'R"
2r'X6Xl6X105
= 0.26
F
1.73
since hen c is connec he ]_dB frequency is
reduced by a lage faco the ale of c must b
much larger han whaever parasitic capacitance
o.iginally existed a node
(i.e.,
between A ad
ground). Furthermore, it must b hat c is now the
dominant deteminant of he amplif,er 3-dB fre-
quency (i.e.,
it iS dominating over whateer may
be happening a node B or anywhere else i the
ampliier). Thus, we can write
l50kz:
1
..
2C'R,,'
|
R'l\
g
(R",
11
n")
:
10]X11o9 2x|5ox
:
l .06 k
Now R,,
:
1 161.
Thus R.'
=
1.q7 1
similarly, fo node B,
15 kHz
:
2c(R")
||
R,])
R,r
1|
Ri3
=
2x15x lo3 X l X lo-'
10.6 k
R",
:
11.9 k
she should conect a capacitor of value q
to
node B where

can be found from,
lOkHz:
1
,,
21c
(
R"r|| RiJ l
shnt
capacitor
nitial
capacitor
*co
2x10x 1or X 10.6X 103

=
1.5 nF
Note that if she chooses to use node A she would
need to connect a capacior l 0 times larger!
1.74
For the input circuit' the comer frequncyjl is
found from
,t
J '
,.cJ R' + R')
i"
t0 k
Cl
R.
k
c2
ll-r,.T
-t *
_

For
/,l
< 1 Hz
,
I
(n
2zC
]lo
+ l) X 1o3
cbapte l
_24
+c =1.410'1
2'rXloXl03Xlo2
Thus'\ir'e select C,
:
1 x 10
7
F
:
o.1
r.
The actual comer frequency resulting from C,
\i11 be
',,
_
_-_-l
'
= l4'5Hz
2zx lo
'
X l0 I0'
For he output circuit,
. :
l
--l
:
'9Hz
J 7
znc,n"+ n'l
2nC|R|
2rl
l106
Bette approximation
(3-dB
frequencies)
Band\idth
:
1
_
1
:
99 z
1,.16
Yi(s) l/sC,
I
'
l'J '
(r)
yrc|+
R,
_
jcf
,
+
I
L
3 dB frequency
For To(s) , the following quialen circuit can be
sed:
Fo
/",
< 1 z.
I
2C2(l
Cl2
+ l) x l0
0
:
O.8x 10
6
2x2xl03x1o2
selectc2:llo6:|F
This will place he corner frequency a
2nX16210]
r.t
:
l0(]
s
1.;)(,.zft)
1.75 The LPfacor 1(1 +/10) reslts in a Bode
plo like tha in Fig. .23(a) \ih the 3dB fre-
quency
/,
:
lo4 Hz. Tbe high-pass factor
1/(l + 1o4/rf) resls in a Be plo like that in
Fig.l.24(a) \ih he 3dB frequency
fo
:
0a 11z'
The Bode plot for the overall transfer funcion
can be obtained by smming the dB alues oflhe
\,,,o idividual plots and then raising he resu|ting
plo eically by dB
(corresponding to the fac-
or l0o in the numerator). The resul is as follols:
4,,l, dB
:80H2
+20 dB/decade
-20
dB/decade
T,,rs)
: _G^R,R1#
sc,
=
_
G,,R,
l
n,l____l_
I
"
cl,
+ Rn
3 dB frequency
:
2Cr(R2 + R.)
=
1
:53H2
21 X l0
'x
30 x lo'
.'. (s)
:
ri(s)To(s)
2xl5.9l0r
+ 20 dB/decade
x
-666,7
x
s
s+(2x5])
-20
dB/decade
1+
30
2A
10

10
-211
f
31
f =10
lAJ ,.ZO
+
37
l ld lo1 lo1 o5 lo1
f
(lz)
Bandidh
=
l6 kz_ 53 z 16 z
R
1.77 v,
:
vsiia,
a) To satisfy const.aint (l
),
namey
v-(l +-)v"
' \ r(n., "
we substifue in
.(l )
to obtain
R,
-l_
j
Rs + R, l0
l l3 l
40 40 40
105 l06 l7
(Hz)
20 o
_2 (dB)
a
l0
l
--
1
Chapter l-25
Thus
Rr+Ri<
I
R,
l,
1
Rs=
I
-1=
R;
,_

l
which can be expressed as
R,
-'
l
Rs
--
100
resulting in
Ro<
he 6rst factor on the LHs is
(ffom
constait
(l))
greaer o, equal to (l r/l). Thus
Ao
G.>
(l
_
ft)no
l|
.l
substituting Rs
:
10 k and
=20%
in(|)
results in
R.-
'or.!!q
_
I'|
=
ak
" \20 )
subsdting/3dB
=
3 MHz, C1= l0 pF and
(3)
RL
__
Ro<
l0 k in
.
(2) result in
I
2X3X106X10X10
:
I 1.3 kf)
substitting"
=
80,,
=
2V7.' R': 10 ko, and
Ro
=
1l.3 , eq. (3) results in
G^--
:
18.85 m./V
-t2 1
;i
R,Rs(l )
b) The 3-dB freqency is determin by he par-
allel RC circuit at the output
,1tt
J o
_
2o
_
2'c7R|
%-)
Thus.
-
1 rrl l\
l"
:
2'c,\t
)
To obtain a vaue for, greaer than a specified
valuejrkB we seect i, so ha
;q(+: *.)=","
{r+
1_*-_zct'o
{-''c'f
.o"
!"
f he moe practica alue ofio:1 k is usd
then
G^>
:
2o mAl
(r
_
ffi)
to
l
l1.3
)
X 1o3
( -
ffi)rll
rol, o'
vo
:
vi
1sC
+ s(Cr +
s+
_c!
(2)
1.78 Using the voltage_diider rule we obtain
vo
=
z,
vi zt+22
'ryhere
z,: R,ll
+,^nO
r,
-
*,
ll
i
t is obviously more conenient to work in terms
of admittances. Therefore lve express Vul i the
altemate form
Vo
:
'
vi Y1+2
and substitute

:
(1/R|) + J c' and
=
(1/&) +
.rc. t btain
2
f ,o"
+ cr_L
c) To satisfy constraint (3), we firs determine the
dc gain as
dc
sain =
nj;;o.,r,11
*.
,
For the dc gain to b geater than a specified alue
Ao,
*f7;o't"'ll
*'.'='o
c,
,
czs
+,.j,(.a _
i)
This transfer function wil be independent of fre-
quency (s) if the second factor reduces o nit
I
Rt
II
Rr R2
Ct)
I
C,R,
chaper _26
This in tum \irill happen if
! /l t\
C,R, Cr + C2\Rr Rr)
which can be simplified as follows
C, +Cl:n,|*1]
{t)
c2
'\R'
Rrt
r+Q: r+&
Ct R2
or
C
1R1
:
C2R1
when this conditio applies. the attenuaor is said
1o be compensaed. and its transfef fncion is
given by
vo
=
ct
vi cl+ c2
hich, using Eq. (l) can be expessed i the ate-
nae form
vo:
|
:
Rt
u'
t*\
Rr+R2
R1
Thus when the attenator is copensat
(c,R'
=
c,R,) its trasmission can be determined eiher by
its to resistors R,,
&
or by iS wo capacitors. c'.
c,, and he transmission is fo, a funcion of fre-
quency.
1.79 The P sTc circuit whose rcsponse deter-
mines the frequency response of he amplifier i
he Iow-freqency range has a phase angle of
11.4" arf: l z. Using the equation for
r(j) from Table .2 we obtain
an-|j-:
-
|l'4" t-' 20'16 H
t(n
The LP STc circui hse response deermines
he amplifier response at he high-fruency end
has a phase angle of
-11,4"
aLf
:
1 kHz. Using
the elationship for TU) given in Tabe l.2
we obtain for he L sTc circi.
on-,
d=
-1.4"=+
t = 4959.4s2
-
A/: 1) Hz thedrop in gain is due to the HP
sTc nework. and thus its value is
20 lo
|
:
-0.l7
d
/r + r
20. t6).
/ \]0o/
Simiarly, atf = I kz the drop in gain is caused
by he LP sTc nework. The drop in gain is
2 og
:
-0.17
dB
The gain drops by 3 dB at the comer frequencies
of the two sTc net\orks, hat is, atl: 20. I6 Hz
andf: 4959-4z'
-#