1. Fig.

1 illustrates the apparatus used in an experiment investigating photosynthesis

in green leaf of a land plant.










The leaf has 2 small containers pressed against its lower surface and a glass plate
pressing down on top. It is left in the light for 6 hours, and then the entire leaf is
taken and tested for the presence of starch.

(a) (i) What is the function of the sodium hydroxide pellets in container X?
To absorb carbon dioxide so that to prevent carbon dioxide from
entering the leaf OR to prevent photosynthesis from taking place
[1]

(ii) What is the function of plastic beads in container Y?
To act as control to show that carbon dioxide is essential for
photosynthesis
[1]

(b) What feature of the experiment makes the results more reliable? Give a
reason for your answer.
To ensure that the apparatus is airtight, petroleum jelly is used [1].
This is to prevent entry of carbon dioxide from the surrounding air to
interfere with the results [1]
[2]

(c) Explain why the containers are attached to the lower surface rather than the
upper surface?

Fig. 1
More stomata for gaseous exchange [1] are present on the lower
epidermis than the upper epidermis
[1]

(d) Draw a labelled diagram to show clearly which parts of the leaf would contain
starch and which would not after testing.









[1]

(e) State two possible fates of sugar formed by photosynthesis.
Used in tissue respiration
Converted to sucrose for storage
[2]

(f) Suggest how the structure of the xylem in Fig. 1 might differ from that found in
the leaves of water plant.
Xylem present in Fig 1 will have a thicker and lignified wall [1] than
xylem in the water plant.
It is to provide mechanical support [1] to the land plant.
[2]
[Total: 10]









3. Read the following passage regarding biological washing powders and then
answer the questions that follow:
Biological washing powders contain enzymes to help break down stains
and dirt in fabrics. Do you know that these biological washing powders
were not new invention? The first patent for a protein-digesting enzyme was
issued as long ago as 1913. This early enzyme was extracted from animal
pancreases. It was of limited use since it was not very stable and was easily
broken down when the detergent was used.

In the 1960s a much more useful enzyme was obtained from a bacterium
known as Bacillus subtilis. This enzyme is stable in the conditions needed
for a detergent wash. These include temperatures up to 60
0
C and a high
pH.

Since then, more enzymes have been extracted from bacteria, yeasts and
other sources and added to washing powders. A number are proteases
which can deal with stains such as blood, egg and gravy. Others break
down starchy stains or act on fats and grease. Addition of an enzyme called
cellulase to the washing powder breaks down microfibrils on cotton,
brightening the colour of the washed clothes. All these enzymes work
efficiently at temperature as low as 40
0
C.

Soon it may be possible to make genetically engineered enzymes with
improved performance. For example, proteases could be made which are
not damaged by bleach in the wash.
(a) Using the lock and key hypothesis, explain
(i) what is meant by the sentence It was of limited use since it was not stable
and easily broken down when the detergent was used.
The enzyme-substrate complex is not stable [1] as the substrate which
is the stain or dirt, represented by the key is unable to fix correct on the
enzyme, lock. Thus unstable enzyme-substrate complex was unable to
break down any stains on the fabric.[1]
[2]

(ii) how genetically engineered enzymes help to improved performance of the
detergent wash.
The genetically engineered enzymes allow the substrate, stains, to fix it
properly [1] to form the enzyme-substrate complex, thus removing the
stains and thus improve performance.
[2]

(b) What are the advantages of using microorganisms to produce enzymes?
Fast reproduction cycle, shorter production cycle
Only small amount of micro organisms required
[2]
3





4 (a) (i) Transpiration

(a) (ii) Appearance: E wilting / yellow + G green

Explanation:
In E photosynthesis cannot take place ;
No H
2
O due to xylem removed at Y ;
At G, photosynthesis still takes place as xylem not removed ;
No water to replace water loss in leaf E ; [max 2]

(b) No growth at the shoot ;
No food can be transported to shoot as no phloem + cells cannot divide ;
No water can be transported to shoot as no xylem + cells eventually die ;

(c) Light and CO
2
can pass through bag ;
Xylem still intact H
2
O can still be transported ;
CO
2
from respiration is used for photosynthesis ; [max 3]



5. (a) Differentiation / Division of Labour

(b) All these specialized cells have a similar set of genetic materials
(DNA) and they contains all typical animal cell structures such as
cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and vacuole.





(c) Differentiation ensures smooth and efficient functioning of the
multi-cellular organism and its survival. It enables different functions
to be carried out at the same time such as the sperm cell has a tail
which helps to travel towards the egg after ejaculation and the
red blood cell which has a biconcave shape to allow oxygen to
diffuse into and out of cell faster.


[1]

Any two
stated -1m
each.
(given
nucleus -
1/2m)


[1]

[1/2 2
example
identified]

[1/2 two
correct
function
stated]




6. (a) (i)









Plant Cell A Plant Cell B

(Label cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole
[1] Show a
slight
increase in
size (overall
or vacuole for
B and
decrease in
size for A
(need not
show exact
drawing for
A)

[1] Drawing
of all
structures
(Lacking any
structure -
0m)

[1] labeling of
three
structures
correct

(ii) Water enters cell by osmosis.

(iii) There is a higher water concentration/potential in the
surroundings than in the cell

(b) Cell Wall


[1]

[1]


(c) (i) Mitochondria generates energy to take in water although the
surroundings have lesser water than in the cell.

[1]
[1]
(i) Active transport is the movement of molecules (water) from a
region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration.
Energy is required.
[1]

[1]


7

































(a)(i)

(a)(ii)



(b)







(c)(i)


(c)(ii)




(d)(i)



(d)(ii)








Structure A is the chromatin threads / chromosomes

Cell division will be abnormal / Uncontrolled cell division / mutated
or damaged genes will be passed on to his offspring


- Glucose: For respiration / produce energy for the cell
OR
- Amino Acid: For synthesis of proteins / enzymes / repair of
cells
OR
- Enzymes: To allow chemical reactions to take place


Mitochondria


- Respiration takes place in the mitochondria
- Less mitochondria will result in less energy being produced.



- Allows different types of cells to perform specific functions
OR
- Allows different functions to be performed at the same time


- Long tail: For lashing about for movement
OR
- Head containing vacuole with enzymes: To digest the
membrane of the egg cell
OR
- Middle piece containing mitochondria: To produce energy
for sperms to swim.


1

1



Substance
-1m

Importance
1m



1


1
1



1


Structure -
1m

Function
1m

8


















(a)(i)



(a)(ii)




(b)(i)


(b)(ii)







[Position of X above initial level]
[Position of Y below initial level]


- 10% Sucrose solution has a higher water potential than
10% sucrose solution
- Water moves from the beaker into Tube A by osmosis


Water and glucose molecules


- Maltase digests maltose to glucose
- Glucose is able to pass through the visking tubing by
diffusion from a region of higher concentration in beaker to
a region of lower concentration



X- m
Y- m


1

1


1


1
1


9
(a)(i)


(a)(ii)










(b)(i)


(b)(ii)



Starch / carbohydrates, proteins and fats


1. Add 2 cm
3
of Benedicts solution to equal volume of test
solution.
2. Mix the solutions by shaking.
3. Heat the mixture in a boiling water-bath for 5 minutes.

Observations: Brick-red precipitate is formed.

Explanations: Starch in the bread is digested in the mouth to form
maltose, which is a reducing sugar.


Small intestine / Region C


- Bodyweight will decrease
- Less time for digestion
- Reduced surface area for absorption of nutrients



1


1


1

1


1

1



1
1
1










10


Qn no. Answer Key Marks
11





























(a)

(b)(i)




(b)(ii)








(c)


(d)(i)


(d)(ii)







Xylem vessels

The red dye solution is taken in by the root hair cells.

The solution is then transported by xylem tissues from the root to
the leaves.










The xylem vessels which transports water( red dye) is being
removed as part of the vascular bundle.

Experiment 2


Experiment 1- presence of both xylem and phloem in beaker A

and the absence of both xylem and phloem in beaker B cannot
provide a fair conclusion to which vessel is really responsible for
transporting water (red dye).

Experiment 2- presence of both xylem and phloem in beaker C

1

1

1

D-1
S-1









1

1


1/2

1



1/2





12


























(a)(i)

(a)(ii)



(b)(i)

(b)(i)



(c)



(d)







and the absence of phloem only in beaker D can provide a fair
conclusion that xylem vessels are responsible for transporting
water (red dye).

Structure Y

It only allows substance B to enter the cell but not substance A.

Therefore, it controls the movement of substance entering the cell.

Nucleus

It controls all the activities taking place in the cell.

It is responsible for cell reproduction.

Chloroplast.

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis to manufacture food.

Water molecules will move out of the plant cell sap into the
surrounding solution via osmosis.

The cytoplasm will shrink away from the cell wall



1



1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1


1

1