EVIDENCES, STRUCTURE AND TYPEES OF DNA

Two basic pre requisites, for a ateria! to be "e#etic, are rep!icatio# a#$
e%pressio# b& itse!f' DNA fu!fi!s a!! t(e criteria to be "e#etic especia!!&
because)
*i+ It rep!icates itse!f a#$ occur i# a!! t(e ce!!s'
*ii+ It co#tro!s ce!!u!ar structure a#$ fu#ctio#s t(rou"( tra#scriptio#
a#$ tra#s!atio#
EVIDENCES OF DNA ,EIN- A -ENETIC .ATERIA/)
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*A+ -riffit(s E%perie#t ) t(e e%perie#t w(ic( "a1e t(e first
e1i$e#ce of DNA bei#" a "e#etic ateria! was carrie$ out b& a#
E#"!is( bacterio!o"ist, S'F'-riffit(s i# 2345' 6e co#$ucte$ a
series of e%perie#t o# Dip!ococcus p#eu#o#iae or
P#eu#ococcus, a bacteria t(at causes p#euo#ia i# aa!s, a
bacteria t(at causes p#euo#ia t&pe' T(ere are se1era! sub t&pes
of t(ese two strai# S t&pe a#$ R t&pe ' t(ere are se1era! sub t&pes
of t(ese two strai#s 1i7' S8 I, S8 II, S8 III a#$ R8 I, R8II, R8III etc'
-riffit( use$ S8III a#$ R8 II'
Coparati1e accou#t of S 9 strai# a#$ R8 strai# of bacteria Dip!ococcus
S 9 strai# R8 strai#
*i+ It is a 1iru!e#t strai#' It (as
$isease pro$uci#" capacit&'
*ii+ T(e& are capsu!ate$' Capsu!e is
a$e up of a soot( a#$ "u&
po!&sacc(ari$e coati#"'
*iii+ T(e& fore$ Soot(
"!iste#i#" co!o#ies, (e#ce ca!!e$ S
9 Strai#'
*i1+ T(e& e%ist i# 1arious sub8 t&pes
1i7 S8I' S8II, S8 III etc'
*i+ It is a #o# 1iru!e#t' It $oes #ot
(a1e t(e $isease pro$uci#"
capacit&'
*ii+ T(e& are #o# capsu!ate$'
*iii+ T(e& fore$ Rou"( co!o#ies
wit( $u!! appeara#ce, (e#ce :#ow#
as R8 strai#
*i1+ T(e& a!so e%ist i# 1arious sub
t&pes' 1i7 R8 I, R8 II, R8 III etc'
T(e -riffit( co#$ucte$ e%perie#ts are "i1e# be!ow)8
*i+ I#;ecte$ S8 strai# i# ice, t(e ice $e1e!ope$ p#euro#ia a#$
$ie$'
*ii+ I#;ecte$ R8 strai# i# ice, #o $e1e!ope#t of P#eu#o#ia a#$
ice sur1i1e$'
*iii+ I#;ecte$ (eat :i!!e$ S8 strai#, #o $e1e!ope#t of p#euo#ia a#$
ice sur1i1e$'
*i1+ I#;ecte$ (eat :i!!e$ S8strai# a#$ !i1e R8 strai#, p#euo#ia
$e1e!ope$ a#$ ice $ie$'
<e a& suari7e t(e abo1e e%perie#ts as fo!!ows
/i1e S = ice 88888888 ice $ie$
/i1e R = ice 888888888ice sur1i1e$
6eat :i!!e$ S= ice 88888888 ice sur1i1e$
6eat :i!!e$ S = /i1e R = ice 888888888 ice $ea$
>
,!oo$ of $ie$ ice co#tai#e$ t(e !i1e S bacteria'
6ow $i$ !i1i#" S ce!!s appeare$ i# t(e b!oo$ a#$ cause$ t(e $eat( ?
-riffit( co#c!u$e$ t(at occurre#ce of !i1i#" S8 t&pe 1iru!e#t bacteria is
possib!e o#!& b& t(eir foratio# fro R 9 t&pe #o# 1iru!e#t bacteria
w(ic( pic: up t(e trait of 1iru!e#ce fro $ea$ bacteria' T(e
p(&e#oe#o# is ca!!e$ -riffit( Effect'
I# 23@@, O'T A1er&, .c Cart& a#$ .ac/eo$, after :#owi#" t(e resu!ts
-ri""it( e%perie#ts i# cu!ture e$ia, co#$ucte$ fo!!owi#" e%perie#ts8
*i+ R8 strai# = Protei# of S t&pe 88888888R strai# o#!&
*ii+ R 9 strai# = carbo(&$rate S t&pe 8888888888 R strai# o#!&
*iii+ R8 strai# =*DNA of S 9strai# =DNA 9 ase+ 8888888 S 9 strai#
o#!&
*i1+ R8strai# = DNA of S8t&pe 88888888 R 9 t&pe = S 9 t&pe
O#!& DNA of S 9 t&pe (as t(e capabi!it& to c(a#"e R 9 strai# of bacteria
i#to St&p' It is a proof t(at "e#e of 1iru!e#ce is !ocate$ i# DNA ca# be
tra#sferre$ fro o#e or"a#is to a#ot(er a#$ co#ti#ues to e%press its
"e#etic qua!ities'
*,+ 6ers(e& a#$ C(ase E%perie#t) t(e ost co#c!usi1e proof of
DNA bei#" a "e#etic ateria! was pro1i$e$ b& A'D 6ers(e& a#$
a bacteria E' 23A4' T(e& "rew bacteria! 1irus T
4
a#$ a bacteria E'
co!i i# cu!ture e$ia b& !abe!e$ isotope SBA a#$ PB4,' T(e
e%perie#t a& be suari7e$ as fo!!ows'
*a+ ,acteria = 1irus wit( !abe!e$ Protei# coat cu!ture 88888888888 No#
Ra$ioacti1e ,acteria'
*b+ ,acteria = Virus wit( !abe!e$ DNA cu!ture88888888 Ra$ioacti1e
,acteria ce#trifu"atio#
,ot( cu!ture e$ia were a#a!&se$' It was fou#$ t(at super#ata#t of
cu!ture e$ia I (as t(e ra$ioacti1it& but ba$Ccteria pro"e#& $i$ #ot
co#tai# ra$ioacti1e S s(owi#" t(at protei# cost $oes #ot pass t(e
i#foratio#' T(e super#ata#t of cu!ture e$ia II $i$ #ot possess
ra$ioacti1it& but bacteria pro"e#& obtai#e$ co#tai#e$ ra$ioacti1e but
bacteria pro"e#& obtai#e$ co#tai#e$ ra$ioacti1e DNA
T(e abo1e e%perie#t furt(er c!arifie$ t(at DNA is a "e#etic ateria!
because t(e p(a"e DNA e#tere$ t(e bacteria! ce!! a#$ #ot t(e protei#
coat'
D ,io 9 c(eica! E1i$e#ces) T(e fact t(at DNA is "e#etic ateria!
a& be furt(er sub ta#itiate$ b& t(e fo!!owi#" bio c(eica! e1i$e#ces
*i+ ,io c(eica!!&, it (as bee# estab!is(e$ t(at t(e aou#t of DNA
i# a#& "i1e# ce!! of a# or"a#is is rear:ab!& co#sta#t a#$
ca##ot be a!tere$ b& e#1iro#e#ta! circusta#ces or b&
c(a#"es i# t(e #utritio# of etabo!is of t(e ce!!, a# propert& to
be e%pecte$ i# "e#etic ateria!'
Tab!e s(owi#" DNA co#te#t of ce!!s of t(e c(ic:e#
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Tissue DNA pico"ra *2E
824
" + per ce!!
6eart 4'@A
Fi$#e& 4'4E
/i1er 4'GG
Sp!ee# 4'AA
Pa#creas 4'G2
Er&t(roc&te 4'@3
Sper ce!!s * (ap!oi$+ 2'4G
*ii+ ,ase Equi1a!e#ces i# DNA * C(ar"aff Ru!e + o#e of t(e ost
iporta#t ,io c(eica! e1i$e#ce supporti#" t(e co#cept t(at
DNA is t(e bearer of "e#etic i#foratio# (as bee# t(e
$isco1er& t(at t(e base copositio# of DNA is re!ate$ to t(e
species of ori"i#'
I# 23AE823AB, Erwi# C(ar"aff a#$ (is co!!ea"ues app!ie$ qua#titati1e
c(roato"rap(ic et(o$s to t(e swparatio# a#$ qaua#titati1e a#a!&sis of
t(e four bases i# (&$ro!&7ates of DNA specie# iso!ate$ fro $iffere#t
or"a#iss' T(e fi#$i#"s were "e#era!i7e$, as E' c(ar"aff Ru!e a#$ are as
fo!!ows
*a+ T(e base copositio# of DNA 1aries fro o#e species to
a#ot(er'
*b+ DNA specie#s iso!ate$ fro $iffere#t tissues of t(e sae
species (a1e t(e sae base copositio#'
*c+ A8T base pairs equa! i# #uber to t(e -8C base pairs
*$+ T(e aou#t of puri#es a#$ p&rii$i#es are equa! A=- H T
= C
*e+ T(e aou#t of a$e#i#e is a!wa&s equa! to t(&i#e a#$ t(e
aou#t of "ua#i#e is a!wa&s equa! to t(at of c&tosi#e i'e
AHT a#$ -HC'
P6YSICO C6E.ICA/ STRUCTUREOF DNA
Doub!e (e!ica! structure' T(e DNA' T(e DNA structure as $e$uce$ b&
<atso# a#$ cric: (as t(e fo!!owi#" sa!ie#t features8
a+ DNA is a$e upto of two po!&#uc!eoti$e c(ai#s'
b+ T(e two sta#$s of po!&#uc!eoti$es are coi! arou#$ eac( ot(er i# t(e
for of a $oub!e (e!i%'
c+ T(e bac: bo#e of DNA o!ecu!e is a$e of p(osp(ate su"ar a#$
ce#tre of t(e DNA o!ecu!e is fore$ of #itro"e# bases'
$+ ,ot( po!&#uc!eoti$e c(ai#s are ;oi#e$ to"et(er b& wee: (&$ro"e#
bo#$s'
e+ ,ot( t(e stra#$s are a# i$e#tica! i# base equi1a!e#ce or
copositio# but t(e& are cop!ee#tar& to eac( ot(er'
f+ ,ot( t(e stra#$s ru# a#tipara!!e! i'e if o#e stra#$ ru#s fro AI to BI
t(e ot(er ru#s i# BI to AI $irectio#'+
History of DNA
i+ t(e -era# scie#tist, Frie$ric( .iesc(er i# 23G3 was t(e first to
iso!ate DNA fro #uc!ei of a pus ce!! a#$ #ae$ it JNuc!ei#K
ii+ i# 25L4 a sii!ar p(osp(orus copou#$ was iso!ate$ b&
.iesc(er fro sa!o# sper'
iii+ I# 255E Fisc(er $isco1ere$ t(e prese#ce of puri#e a#$
p&rii$i#e bases i# #uc!eic aci$'

i1+ I# 2533, A!ta##$ue to aci$ic #ature of "e#etic ateria!s ca!!e$
it #uc!eo#ic aci$ a#$ t(e# #uc!eic aci$'
1+ I# 232E /e1e#e, fou#$ t(at DNA co#tai#s p(osp(oric aci$ as
wi!! as $eo%&ribose su"ar'
1i+ I# 23AE E 'c(ar"aff fou#$ equi1a!e#ce bases i# DAN'
1ii+ I# 23AE823AA <'T Astbur& o# t(e bsis of M ra& $iffractio#
fou#$ t(at DNA is a po!&#uc!eoti$e c(ai# i# w(ic( #uc!eoti$es
are arra#"e$ perpe#$icu!ar to t(e !o#" a%is a#$ separate$ fro
o#e a#ot(er b& a "ap of E'B@#
1iii+ I# 23AB wi!:i#s a#$ Fra#:!i# fou#$ o# t(e basis of %8 ra&
p(oto"rap( of DNA t(at it is a (e!i% wit( a wi$t( of 4#' 6e!i%
is B'@# !o#" wit( 2E!a&ers of baswses stac:e$ i# it'
i%+ I# 23AB, <atso# a#$ cric: $e$uce$ B8D structure of DNA o#
t(e basis of M ra& p(oto"rap( of wi!i#s a#$ Fra#:!i#' T(e&
weBre awar$e$ Nob!e pro7e ;i# 23G4'

Ot(er re!ate$ $isco1eries
i+ Feu!"e# pro1e$ DNA is !ocate$ i# c(roosoa! area of #uc!eus'
Nuc!eus is Feu"e# positi1e'
ii+ ,e(ra state$ t(at #uc!eic aci$ are of 4t&pes DNA a#$ RNA
iii+ A1er&'.cCart& a#$ .ac!eBo$ estab!is(e$ bio c(eica! a#$
"e#etica! #ature of DNA
i1+ cair#s first iso!ate$ DNA fro E' coi! bacteriu'
V+ sa#"er $eteri#e$ seque#ce of bases i# #uc!eic aci$'
1i+ :ore#ber" first s&#t(esi7e$, i# 1itro'DNA
1ii+ 6ar"obi#$, s&#t(esi7e$ "e#e i# 1itro'
T(e wi$t( of a DNA o!ecu!e is 4# *4EA
E
+
O#e tur# of a DNA (e!i% is B'@ !o#" a#$ t(ere are te# base pairs stac:e$
at $ista#ces of E'B@ # to eac( ot(er'
,ase pairi#" is 1er& specific a#$ t(e patter# fo!!owe$ is 9
A$e#i#e a#$ T(&i#e wit( 4 (&$ro"e# bo#$s *AHT+
C&tosi#e a#$ -ua#i#e wit( B (&$ro(e# bo#$s *CH-+
T(e p(osp(o$iester b(o#$s bi#$ $iffere#t #uc!eoti$es'
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
C6E.ICA/ STRUCTURE AND CO.POSITIONOF DNA
<(e# DNA is (eate$ wit( stro#" aci$s or $i!ute a!:a!is or treate$wit(
specific e#7&es it $e"ra$es i#to copou#$s (a1i#" sa!! o!ecu!ar
wei"(ts copou#$s' T(ese a& be cssifie$ i#to t(e fo!!owi#" t(ree
"roups
i+ #itro"e#ous bases
ii+ su"ars
iii+ p(osp(oric aci$
NITRO-ENOUS ,ASES 9 T(e #itro"e#ous bases a& be broa$!&
$i1i$e$ i#to two t&pes 9 puri#es a#$ p&rii$i#es'
a+ Puri#es ) Puri#e, t(e pare#t copou#$ , is co#tai#i#" a tota! of #i#e
ri#"s atos ' t(ese i#c!u$es A$e#i#e a#$ -ua#i#e'
b+ P&rii$i#es) P&rii$i#e, t(e pare#t copou#$, is a o#oc&c!ic
copou#$ co#tai#i#" si% ri#"s atos, t(ese i#c!u$e T(&i#e a#$
C&toosi#e' RNA (as uraci! base i#stea$ of t(&i#e'
Soe rare p&rii$i#es !i:e Aet(&! c&tosi#e A (&$ro%& et(&!
c&tosi#e a#$ soe rare puri#es !i:e G et(& a$e#i#e a#$ 4 et(&
"ua#i#e a& a!so occur but t(e& are proi#e#t!& prese#t i# t8 RNA
s
SU-ARS 9 t(e su"ars prese#t i# t(e #uc!eic aci$ are of t(e fo!!owi#" 4
t&pe 9
I + D 9 Ribose su"ar fou#$ i# RNA a#$
ii+ Deo%&ribose su"ar fou#$ i# DNA
t(ses su"ars e%ist i# fura#ose for' T(e& are a$eB up of fi1e carbo#
atos'
P6OSP6ORIC ACID 8 t(e p(osp(oric aci$ (as t(e fo!!owi#" structure
T(is p(osp(oric aci$ i# aqueous so!utio# e%ists as p(osp(ate "roup'
NUC/EOSIDES AND NUC/EOTIDES
If a!! t(e t(ree basic u#its i'e #itro"e# bases, su"ers a#$ p(osp(ate "roup
are !i#:e$ to"et(er' It is ca!!e$ a #uc!eoti$e'
Nitro"e#ous base= su"ar oiet&= p(osp(ate "roup H #uc!eoti$e
It t(e p(osp(oric aci$ "roup fro a #uc!eoti$e is reo1e$, t(e resu!ti#"
copou#$ is ca!!e$ is ca!!e$ #uc!eosi$e'
Nitor"#ous base= su"ar oiet&H Nuc!eosi$e
Nuc!eoti$e8 p(osp(o3ric aci$ H Nuc!eosi$e
It is #otab!e t(at t(e su"ar oiet& is attac(e$ to t(e #i#t( positio# i#
puri#e a#$ t(e first positio# i# t(e p&rii$i#e' T(e base is atta$c(e$ to
t(e su"ar i# t(e 2 positio# b& ' t(e p(osp(ate "roup of #uc!eoti$e is i#
ester !i#:a"e wit( carbo# ato A of t(e pe#tose su"ar'
PO/Y.ORP6IS. IN DNA STRUCTURE
T(e DNA o!ecu!e $oes #ot e%ist i# a o#oto#ous structura! for
e%p!ai#e$ ear!ier' Subseque#t e%perie#ts i# o!ecu!ar bio!o"& (a1e
s(ow# t(at DNA is po!&orp(ic o!ecu!e' DNA a& e%ist i# t(e
fo!!owi#" fors 9A8 , ,8 , C8, N8 fors w(ic( are coo# but D a#$ E
fors are of rare occurre#ce' T(e A8 , ,8, C'8 a#$ N8 DNA !ar"e!&
co#fors t(e <atso# a#$ Cric: structure' T(e& s(ow i#or 1ariatio#s i#
p(tsio!o"i%a! co#$itio#s, ,ase pair tur#, Rotatio# of (e!i%, A#"!e of
rotatio# a#$ 6e!ica! $iaeter as s(ow# i# Tab!e'
A coparati1e accou#t of ,8DNA a#$ N 8 DNA
,8 DNA N 8 DNA
i+ It is a (e!ica! structure
ii+ Two po!&#uc!eoti$es c(ai#s are
a#tipara!!e!'
iii+ Pairi#" of - a#$ C base pair
prese#t'
Dissii!arities
i+ Ri"(t (a#$e$ (e!ica!
ii+ Re"u!ar bac: bo#e of p(osp(ate
"roup'
iii+ su"ar oiet& (a1e t(e sae
orie#tatio#' a#$ repeati#" u#it is a
o#o#uc!eoti$e'
i1+ 2E base pairs i# a cop!ete tur#
1+ Rotatio# per repeati#" u#it is BG
1i+ t(e !e#"t( o3f a cop!ete tur# is
B@ A
1ii+ t(e wi$t( of (e!i% is 4E A
i+ it is a!so a (e!ica! structure'
ii+ A#tipara!!e! po!&#uc!eoti$es
c(ai#s are prese#t
iii+ Pairi#" of - a#$ C base pair
prese#t '
i+ /eft (a#$e$ (e!ica! structure'
ii+ t(e p(osp(ate bac: bo#e fo!!ows
a 7i" 7a" course'
iii+ su"er resi$ues (a1e opposite
orie#tatio# a#$ repeati#" u#it is a
$i#uc!eoti$e'
i1+ 24 base pairs i# a cop!ete tur#'
Rotatio# per repeati#" u#it is GE
1+ t(e !e#"t( of a cop!ete tur# is
@AA
1ii+ t(e wi$t( of (e!i% is 25 A
TYPE OF DNA
T(ere are se1era! :i#$s of DNA T(e iporta#t t&pes are as fo!!ows)8
i+ /i#ear a#$ Circu!ar DNA 9 /i#ear DNA is associate$ wit( protei#s'
T(ese ate or"a#i7e$ i#to a #uber of c(roosoes' T(e #uc!ei of
eu:ar&otic ce!!s (a1e !i#ear DNA is a c(aracteristic of pro:ar&otic ce!!s, *
!i:e bacteria + a#$ of t(e itoc(o#$ria a#$ p!asti$s of eu:ar&otic ce!!s '
circu!ar DNA $oes #ot (a1e protei# co#te#ts, a#$ e%ists as si#"!e
c(roosoe'
ii+ trop(ic a#$ -e#etic DNA 9 t(e ci!iates bear two :i#$s of #uc!ei, 1i7
acro#uc!eus a#$ icro#uc!eus' T(e icro#uc!eus is "e#etica!!&
fu#ctio#a! u#!i:e acro#uc!eus w(ic( is a 1e"etati1e #uc!eus' T(e DNA
prese#t i# acro#uc!eus a#$ icro#uc!eus are :#ow# as trop(ic DNA
a#$ "e#etic DNA respecti1e!& * Paraeciu (as bot( trop(ic DNA a#$
"e#etic DNA +
iii+ Co$i#" a#$ #o# co$i#" DNA 9 t(e DNA a& be fu#ctio#a! or
#o#fu#ctio#a!' No# co$i#" DNA is t(e !ar"er part of eu:ar&otic DNA t(at
$oes #ot (a1e co$i#" for protei# or RNA ' se1era! base seque#ces
repeate$ se1era! ties are co!!ecti1e!& ca!!e$ repetitious DNA '
soeties t(ese seque#ces are #ot !ocate$ at a specific site i# $iffere#t
i#$i1i$ua!s of t(e sae species a#$ t(ese obi!e DNA se"e#ts are
referre$ to as JOupi#" "e#esK'
Co$i#" DNA is a sa!! part of DNA w(ic( bears a!! t(e "e#etic
i#foratio#' T(ere are two :i#$s of co$i#"'
Protei# co$i#") co$i#" for protei#s *e%cept (isto#es +
r8 RNA co$i#") co$i#" for r8 RNA
FUNCTION OF DNA
2' DNA is a "e#etic ateria! w(ic( carries t(e (ere$itar& i#foratio# a#$
passes it fro o#e "e#eratio# to t(e #e%t "e#eratio# i'e fro t(e pare#ts
to &ou#" o#es it (as t(e #ique propert& of rep!icatio#'
4' it (e!p t(e ce!! to ai#tai# "row $i1i$e a#$ $irect t(e s&#t(esis of
structura! protei#s'
B' it co#tro!s t(e etabo!ic reactio#s of ce!!s b& $irecti#" t(e s&#t(esis of
protei#s a#$ e#7&es'
@' it pro$uces utatio#s$ue to w(ic( #ew species are fore$ a#$
t(erefore it co#tributes to t(e e1o!utio# of t(e or"a#is'
A' it "i1es rise to RNAs t(rou"( tra#scriptio#'
G' it a!so bri#"s about t(e $iffere#tiatio# of t(e ce!!s $uri#" $e1e!ope#t'
T(e $iffere#tiatio# of $iffere#t parts of t(e bo$& is $ue to t(e $iffere#tia!
fu#ctio#i#" of its specific parts'
Coparati1e accou#t of Pro:ar&otic DNA a#$ Eu:ar&otic DNA
Pro:ar&otic DNA Eu:ar&otic DNA
2' it is circu!ar i# s(ape'
4' it is prese#t i# t(e c&top!as'
B' it is !esser i# aou#t t(a# i#
eu:ar&otic ce!!s'
@'It ca# co$e o#!& for a few
protei#s i'e * B to @,EEE+
A' T(e protei#s associate$ wit(
pro:ar&otic DNA are 1er& !itt!e'
G' No# fu#ctio#a! DNA is 1er&
!itt!e
L' #o# co$i#" i#tro#s are #ot
prese#t wit(i# t(e co$$i#" re"io#s'
2' it is !i#ear i# s(ape i# t(e
#uc!eus, circu!ar i# itoc(o#$ria
a#$ p!astic
4' it is prese#t i# t(e #uc!eus,
itoc(o#$ria a#$ p!asti$s'
B' it is ore i# aou#t t(a# i#
pro:ar&otic ce!!s'
@' it ca# co$e for ore protei#s'
A' Nuc!ear DNA is associate$ wit(
protei#s but #ot t(e e%tra#uc!ear
DNA
G' ost of t(e part of DNA is #o#
fu#ctio#a!'
L' #o# co$i#" i#tro#s are perse#t
wit(i# t(e co$i#" re"io#s'
FORGET ME NOT
DNA
it is t(e !ar"est bioo!ecu!e'
It fors about 3P #uc!ear ateria!'
It is #e"ati1e!& c(ar"e$'
It is a $e%tro rotator& c(eica!'
Its o!ecu!ar wei"(t is arou#$ G82EE i!!io#'
It absorbs !i"(t of 4GE #
Two t&pes of protei#s 1i7 9 #uc!eoprotaise a#$ #uc!eo(isto#es
a& be associate$ wit( DNA o# a;or "roo1e
Nuc!eoprotai#es are !ow o!ecu!ar wt protei#s *about @EE
$a!to#s + a#$ ost of protai#es are a$e of ar"i#i#e ai#o aci$
e'" sperato7oa of soe fis(es' T(e& are bou#$ t(rou"( sa!t
!i#:a"e
Nuc!eo(isto#es are (i"( o!ecu!ar wei"(t protei#s * 2EEEE8 25EEE
$a!to#s +' T(ese are ost!& copose$ of ar"i#i#e, !&si#e a#$
(isti$i#e' T(e are associate$ b& DNA t(orou"( io#ic bo#$s a#$
occur i# t(e #uc!ei of ost or"a#iss'
T(e o!ecu!ar wt of #ati1e $s DNA *$oub!e stra#$e$ DNA 1iruses
is appro%iate!& 2 i!!io#, i# bacteria 84 i!!io#'
DNA $e#atures w(e# t(ere is e%tree p6 , (eat, $ecrease i#
$ie!ectric co#sta#t a#$ e%posure to c(eica!s !i:e urea a#$ ai$es
ai$es ect
DNA s(ows fo!!owi#" features o# $e#aturatio# ) $ecrease i#
1iscosit&, i#crease i# !i"(t absorptio#, #e"ati1e optica! rotatio#, a#$
i#crease i# buo&a#t $e#sit& ect'
Duri#" $e#aturatio# #o co1a!e#t bo#$s are bro:e#, but u#coi!i#"
of two stra#$s occur'
T(e i#crease of !i"(t absorptio# $uri#" $e#aturatio# *e!ti#"+ is
a!so :#ow# is (&perc(roic effect ' t(e i#crease of !i"(t
absorptio# a& be upto @EP ore t(a# #ati1e $s DNA' T(is
i#crease i# !i"(t absorptio# is $irect!& proportio#a! to #uber of
AH T base pairs prese#t'
T(e t(era! $e#aturatio# of DNA is ca!!e$ J .e!ti#"t poi#t is
$irect!& re!ate$ wit( -HC pairi#"' T(e (i"(er aou#t -HC Pairi#",
t(e ore stab!e DNA
-e#era!!&, DNA is a piece of c(roosoe (a1i#" 4E EEEbase
pairs'
-e#e is a sa!! se"e#t of DNA wit( appro%iate!& 2AEE base
pairs'
T(e ratio of DNA )RNA i# pro:ar&otes a#$ eu:ar&otes are 2)4 a#$
2) 2 respecti1e!&'
Ratio of DNA ) 6isto#e is 2) 2 i# eu:ar&otes' Pro:ar&otes $o#It
(a1e #uc!ear protei#'
T(e protei# part of DNA i# c(roosoes a& be reo1e$ b&
certai# c(eica!s !i:e CsCI * caesiu c(!ori$e+
Si#"!e stra#$e$ DNA e%ist i# co!ip(a"e M2L@