Signals A.J .

Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

200 Page 1March 30, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
2009
Andrew Wilkinson
andrew.wilkinson@uct.ac.za
http://www.ee.uct.ac.za/people/ajw.php
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Cape Town
Signals A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 2March 30, 2009
2. Signal Analysis
2.1 Types of signals
2.2 Signal analysis in linear systems
2.3 Signal Energy and Power
2.4 Time averaged noise representations
2.5 Spectral analysis
2.6 Correlation Functions
Signals A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 3March 30, 2009
2.1 Types of signals
deterministic versus random
periodic and non-periodic
continuous and discrete signals
energy signals versus power signals
real and complex signals
positive and negative frequencies
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 4March 30, 2009
Deterministic and Random Signals
A deterministic signal has no uncertainty in its value at
any time.
A random signal has some uncertainty with in its value
before the signal actually occurs.
In a communication system, the message signals appear
random because the receiver does not know, a priori,
which of the possible message waveforms will be
transmitted.
The noise that accompanies the message signals is
random.
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 5March 30, 2009
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
A signal is periodic in time if
there exists a constant T >0
such that
x(t) =x(t+T),
for all values of time t.
T is the period of x(t).
A non-periodic signal is one
for which no value of T
satisfies the above condition.
t
x
T
Periodic
Non Periodic (noise)
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 6March 30, 2009
Analog and Discrete Signals
An analog signal x(t) is a continuous function of time.
i.e., x(t) is defined for all t.
A discrete signal is defined only at discrete times. E.g.,
x(kT) is defined integer values of k. T is a fixed time
interval.
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 7March 30, 2009
Instantaneous Power
Power dissipated in a resistor R with voltage v(t) or current i(t) at
time t is
p(t) =v
2
(t)/R =i
2
(t)R [watts] or [J /s]
In communication problems, the quantity of interest is usually the
S/N. The actual value of R is not important as both signal and
noise are going through the same R. Whenever the actual value of
R is not going to affect the final result, R may be set to 1 for
simplicity.
Then the instantaneous power p(t) resulting from either a voltage
or current signal x(t) is:
p(t) =x
2
(t).
Generally, for any signal x(t), the quantity x
2
(t) is referred to as the
(instantaneous) signal power.
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 8March 30, 2009
Energy Signals
The energy E
x
T
in a signal x(t) withinfinite time interval
(-T/2, T/2) is
The signal x(t) is called an energy signal iff (if and only
if) it has finite and nonzero energy over [-, ]:
In radar and communication systems, the ability of the
receiver to detect a weak pulse buried in noise, is related
to the energyin the pulse waveform.


= =
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
) ( ) (
T
T
T
T
T
x
dt t x dt t p E




= = dt t x dt t x E
T
T
T
T
x
) ( ) ( lim
2
2 /
2 /
2
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 9March 30, 2009
Energy Signals
Any waveform that is non-zero for a finiteduration (e.g.
a top-hat pulse) has finite energy and is therefore
classified as an energy signal. Two examples of such
energy signals are shown:
Periodic signals and random signals (or noise) of infinite
duration are not energy signals because they have
infinite energy. The average power ( average energy per
second) may still be finite. We will define power signals
to describe them.
t
x
t
x
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 10March 30, 2009
Power Signals
The average power P
x
T
in the signal x(t) over atime
interval (-T/2, T/2) is
The signal x(t) is a power signal iff (if and only if) it has
finite and nonzero power over [-, ]:

=
2 /
2 /
2
) (
1
T
T
T
x
dt t x
T
P

2 /
2 /
2
) (
1
lim
T
T
T
x
dt t x
T
P
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 11March 30, 2009
Power Signals
Three examples of power signals are shown below:
t
x
Periodic
signals
Non Periodic
(noise waveform)
t
T
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 12March 30, 2009
Comments
An energy signal has zero average power (and therefore
cannot be a power signal).
A power signal has infinite energy (and therefore cannot
be an energy signal).
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 13March 30, 2009
Real vs Complex Signals
Numbers can be classed as real, or complex.
For example, the number 5 is real number.
The number 5+4j is a complex number as it contains an
imaginary component 4j
The same terminology can be extended to functions of time:
is a real function as it is real for all values of time t.
is complex function, as it has
an imaginary part.
Real functions can be represented as the sum of complex functions,
for example
t j t j
e e t

+ =
2
1
2
1
) cos(
) cos( t
) sin( ) cos( t j t e
t j

+ =
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT Signals EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 14March 30, 2009
Positive and Negative frequencies
A real sinusoidal signal can be expressed as the sum of
positive and negative frequency components:
) (
2
1
2
1
) cos(


+ +
+ = +
t j t j
e e t
Positive frequency
component
rotates anti-clockwise
Negative frequency
component
rotates clockwise
Phasor
diagram
Signals A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
200 Page 15March 30, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
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