Optimizing Ventilation Design Using ASHRAE 62.

1 Ventilation Rate Procedure 3/25/2013

2013 Carrier Corp. 1
2013 Carrier Corporation
Rudy Romijn, LEED AP
West Regional Software Manager
Carrier Corporation
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SESSION OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session you will be able to:
1. Find the outdoor airflow for an office using table 6.1 of
ASHRAE 62.1
2. Define air distribution effectiveness for an overhead heating
and cooling system
3. Describe the concept of Time Average Occupancy
4. Explain differences in single zone constant volume air system
OA calculation from multiple zone air systems like VAV.
3
5. Live Software Demo
Calculate and optimize the system-level outdoor
airflow requirements for a VAV system using the
Ventilation Rate Procedure
AGENDA
In this presentation we cover:
1. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 purpose and scope
2 V til ti R t P d i 2. Ventilation Rate Procedure overview
3. Space by space outdoor air determination
4. Correction for air distribution design and occupant
diversity for space outdoor air calculation
5 Calculation of air system outdoor airflow accounting for 5. Calculation of air system outdoor airflow accounting for
critical space in a multiple zone VAV air system
6. Optimization process to find the air system outdoor air
quantity reflecting reduced energy consumption
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The purpose of ASHRAE standard 62.1 is to define
procedures that result in minimum ventilation (outdoor air)
rates and acceptable indoor air quality.
.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF ASHRAE 62.1 STANDARD
Standard 62.1 scope:
Includes specific requirements for
ventilation and air-cleaning systems
installation, design, maintenance
and commissioning.
Applies to new buildings, additions, and
major renovations, but is not retroactive.
5
Standard 62.1:
Prescribes ventilation requirements based on the dilution
of contaminants
.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF ASHRAE 62.1 STANDARD
Includes requirements for regional and local OA quality
Includes ventilation air distribution design for the
occupant space
Defines controls to maintain OA requirements under Defines controls to maintain OA requirements under
varying conditions
Addresses HVAC system components and materials
6
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.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF ASHRAE 62.1 STANDARD
In addition the Standard 62.1:
Describes AHU OA intake design to
prevent the introduction of moisture p
Covers filtration requirements
Describes specific drain pan and
cooling coil design criteria
Covers building envelope water
penetration, pipe and duct condensation
7
.
PROCEDURES IN 62.1 FOR OA DETERMINATION
Standard 62.1 DOES NOT:
Involve the thermal comfort aspects of the
building design
Cover all aspects of IAQ such as temperature,
acoustics, lighting, views to outside,
(psychological factors), etc.
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Standard 62.1 defines (3) procedures for determining OA:
1. Ventilation Rate Procedure Defines OA rates and
procedures as a function of space types, their contaminants
.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF ASHRAE 62.1 STANDARD
p p yp ,
and their associated strengths.
2. IAQ Procedure Defines OA rates using a calculation
methodology analyzing contaminate concentrations and air
quality target values.
3. Natural Ventilation Rate Procedure Defines design g
requirements for the correct amount of outdoor air to be
brought in through openings (typically windows) in the
building envelope.
9
PROCESS FOR VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE
1. Determine breathing zone outdoor airflow based on
space usage
2. Correct for factors like air distribution effectiveness and
people diversity
3. Correct system OA quantity for system type such as
VAV critical zone
OPTIONAL (not part of VRP): OPTIONAL (not part of VRP):
Optimize the system outdoor air quantity to minimize
energy consumption while adhering to VRP
10
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PROCESS FOR VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE
1. Determine breathing zone outdoor airflow based on
space usage
2. Correct for factors like air distribution effectiveness and
people diversity
3. Correct system OA quantity for system type such as
VAV critical zone
OPTIONAL (not part of VRP): OPTIONAL (not part of VRP):
Optimize the system outdoor air quantity to minimize
energy consumption while adhering to VRP
11
VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE & APPENDIX A
The procedure for calculating space and project
level ventilation airflow involves two (2) major steps:
The first part determines:
CO
2
generated pollutants or odors based on
number of occupants and their activity level
Th d t d t i The second part determines:
Pollutants generated by building materials and
VOC in the space based on the space floor area ft
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STEP 1:
SPACE LEVEL MINIMUM VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Sum space OA requirements example:
840ft (78.04m) classrooms with 25 children,
the uncorrected ventilation air requirements are:
Standard 62.1-2010
Space Usage Category OA Required Uncorrected OA
Classroom (Ages 9+)
25 x 10 CFM/p
(11 8 L/ / )
250 CFM (118 L/s)
the uncorrected ventilation air requirements are:
( g )
(11.8 L/s/p)
( )
840 ft x 0.12 CFM/ft
(0.056 L/s/m)
101 CFM (47.67 L/s)
Total OA 351 CFM (165.65 L/s)
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MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES
Table 6-1 Minimum Breathing Zone Rates for 78 Categories
Standard 62-2001 Standard 62.1-2010
Occupancy Category
Rp
cfm/p
Ra
cfm/ft
Rp
cfm/p
Ra
cfm/ft
Office 20.0 0.0 5.0 0.06
Classroom (ages 5-8) 15.0 0.0 10.0 0.12
Lecture Classroom 15.0 0.0 7.5 0.06
Retail Sales 0.0 0.30 7.5 0.12
Auditorium 15.0 0.0 5.0 0.06
Prescribes both per-person and per area rates
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PROCESS FOR VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE
1. Determine breathing zone outdoor airflow based on
space usage
2. Correct for factors like air distribution effectiveness and
people diversity
3. Correct system OA quantity for system type such as
VAV critical zone
OPTIONAL (not part of VRP): OPTIONAL (not part of VRP):
Optimize the system outdoor air quantity to minimize
energy consumption while adhering to VRP
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STEP 2:
SPACE AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS (CONTD)
Standard 62.1-2010 states, A system that is effective at
delivering air to the breathing zone requires less outdoor
airflow than a less effective one for the same space.
The breathing zone is the space between 3 and 72
(76.2mm 1.8m) above the floor.
Supply air delivered anywhere above the breathing zone is
considered ceiling supply
Th OA l lt f di idi th The space OA volume results from dividing the
uncorrected OA flow by the space air distribution
effectiveness (after time averaging reduction)
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SPACE AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS
For cooling via ceiling
diffusers, use an
effectiveness of 1.0
The Std. considers sidewall
supply the same as ceiling
diffusers when located more
than 72 above finished floor than 72 above finished floor.
The Breathing Zone is between
3 and 72 above finished floor.
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STEP 2 (continued):
SPACE AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS (CONTD)
Per ASHRAE 62.1-2010:
Systems supplying warm air from a ceiling supply diffuser
15F (8 3K) above room air temperature have an 15 F (8.3 K) above room air temperature have an
effectiveness of 0.8
Warm air supplied from a ceiling diffuser <15F (8.3K)
warmer than room air have an effectiveness of 1.0
Corrected Space OA =
Uncorrected OA divided by
Space Air Distribution Effectiveness
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AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS
Ceiling supply of warm air 15F (8C) or more above
space temperature and ceiling return.
Ceiling supply of warm air 15F (8C) or more above
space temperature and ceiling return.
0.8 0.8
Ceiling supply of warm air 15F (8C) or more above
space temperature and ceiling return.
0.8
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STEP 2: (CONTINUED) TIME AVERAGING
Example:
2000ft (185.81m) space, 9 ft (2.74 m) ceiling
10 occupants
OA requirements = 5 CFM/person (2.36 L/s/p) and 0.06
CFM/ft (0.028 L/s/m) Uncorrected OA = 170 CFM (80.23 L/s)
Time averaging interval equation:
3 x Space Volume / uncorrected outdoor airflow
9 2000 3
= 318 minutes or 5.3 hours (rounded to 5 hours)
Next Calculate the average factor for each group of 5 consecutive hours.
Assuming the factors of 60%, 80%, 100%, 100% and 100% the block
average is 88%
20

170
9 2000 3
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STEP 2: (CONTINUED) TIME AVERAGING
Largest time averaged occupancy = 88%
= 0.88 10 people = 9 occupants
CFM (2 36 L/ / )/ 9 l = 5 CFM (2.36 L/s/p)/person 9 people
= 45 CFM (21.24 L/s) = 5 CFM reduction
Lowering the OA from 170 to 165 CFM as
the sum of the 2-part OA requirement.
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STEP 2: (CONTINUED) TIME AVERAGING
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APPLYING ASHRAE 62.1-2010 VRP
The next major step 3 determines required
outdoor ventilation air at the central system
OA intake to ensuring proper ventilation OA intake to ensuring proper ventilation
rates at the space level.
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PROCESS FOR VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE
1. Determine breathing zone outdoor airflow based on
space usage
2. Correct for factors like air distribution effectiveness and
people diversity
3. Correct system OA quantity for system type such as
VAV critical zone
OPTIONAL (not part of VRP): OPTIONAL (not part of VRP):
Optimize the system outdoor air quantity to minimize
energy consumption while adhering to VRP
24
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Step 3:
DETERMINING SYSTEM LEVEL MINIMUM VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
System Level OA volume results from
Critical Space equation
D t i i th C iti l S Determining the Critical Space
(as defined by ASHRAE 62.1-2010)
is complex and system dependent
The Critical Space for a system is the space
with the lowest ventilation efficiency with the lowest ventilation efficiency
The Critical Space ventilation efficiency
becomes System Level ventilation efficiency
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Step 3:
DETERMINING SYSTEM LEVEL MINIMUM VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Critical Space Concept
Applies to HVAC Air System
Serving Multiple Spaces
Common OA
intake serving
all spaces
Return Air
Space A requires
25% OA
Other spaces require
less percentage OA
Than Space B
26
Space B (Critical)
requires 50% OA
Than Space B
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SYSTEM VENTILATION EFFICIENCY
S t til ti ffi i System ventilation efficiency =
The efficiency with which the air system
distributes outdoor air to the breathing zone
in the critical space (see definition in
previous slide). p )
27
Step 3:
DETERMINING SYSTEM LEVEL MINIMUM VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Ventilation Airflow Calculation Example
Design Ventilation Airflow Rate =
Uncorrected CFM / Ventilation Efficiency
= 1470/.673 = 2183 CFM
Critical Space Ventilation Efficiency = .673
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OPTIONAL OPTOMIZATION PROCESS
1. Determine breathing zone outdoor airflow based on
space usage
2. Correct for factors like air distribution effectiveness and
people diversity
3. Correct system OA quantity for system type such as
VAV critical zone
OPTIONAL (not part of VRP): OPTIONAL (not part of VRP):
Optimize the system outdoor air quantity to minimize
energy consumption while adhering to VRP
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WHY OPTIMIZE DESIGN VENTILATION AIRFLOW?
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
1. Calculate Ventilation Airflow rates per the Standard
(determine worst case benchmark)
2 Determine Critical Space and resulting efficiency 2. Determine Critical Space and resulting efficiency
3. Compare Critical Space efficiency to other space
ventilation efficiencies
4. If design conditions occur during minimum flow
heating, incrementally increase Critical Space
minimum airflow to improve efficiency
5. Use step 4 to improve design conditions resulting
from minimum flow cooling
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
6. Recalculate Ventilation Design
7. Review impact on Critical Space and
System Efficiencies System Efficiencies
8. Repeat until Critical Space efficiency is equal to
other spaces or different space becomes
Critical Space
9. Determine the Benchmark design energy use
and compare each iteration energy savings impact
to the Benchmark (until achieving optimum
performance)
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Example:
10-zone VAV FPMXB system in Dallas, TX
Apply ASHRAE 62.1-2010 ventilation requirements
at the space and system
(per the multi-zone (space) equation)
Benchmark ventilation rate 1966 CFM (927.85 L/s)
Calculated supply air 3710 CFM (1750 9 L/s) Calculated supply air 3710 CFM (1750.9 L/s)
requiring 53% OA at design to meet
Standard 62.1 requirements
Design Target Ventilation Efficiency of 0.70
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START LIVE SOFTWARE DEMO
ALL FOLLOWING CELLS ARE SCREEN
CAPTURES OF THE SOFTWARE DEMO
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Break Room zone (FPT 1-1) uncorrected ventilation
airflow is 28 CFM (13.22 L/s) [(0.06 CFM/ft * 134
ft) + (5 CFM/p * 4 p)] [(0.028 L/s/m * 12.34 m) +
(2.36 L/s/p * 4 p)]
Supply Air temperature is > 15 F (8.5 K) above
the room temperature delivered at ceiling
Divide Uncorrected Airflow by 0.8 Air Distribution
Effectiveness increasing ventilation rate to 35 CFM Effectiveness increasing ventilation rate to 35 CFM
(16.52 L/s) [ 30% of design airflow]
Calculated Zone Design Cooling Supply Airflow is
95 CFM (44.84 L/s)
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Benchmark Energy Use
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Adjusted Minimum Zone Airflow to 40%
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
First Iteration Energy Comparison
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Increased Zone 1 Minimum Airflow to 50%
Increases Zone 5 Minimum Airflow to 40%
STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Second Iteration Energy Comparison
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Increased Zone 2 and 4 Minimum Airflow to 40%
STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Increased Zone 4 File Storage Room Sensible Load by 500 Btu/h
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Third Iteration Energy Comparison
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
Notes:
This is a generalized procedure, not specific to a
climate zone or building design. In some cases, g g ,
you may discover that increasing outdoor ventilation
actually saves operating cost due to additional
"free" cooling (economizer effect), while in other
designs, reducing ventilation air saves energy.
This suggested optimization procedure requires
iterative analysis in determining best practices for iterative analysis in determining best practices for
your climate and design.
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STEPS FOR OPTIMIZING DESIGN VENTILATION
It may be useful to set a "target" System
Level upper limit OA percentage based on
equipment type equipment type.
Setting VAV box minimum position based
on code requirements etc. Exceeding 50%
minimum position limits can defeat the
benefits of a VAV system benefits of a VAV system.
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THANK YOU!
Sustainable development is a dynamic process which
enables all people to realize their potential, and to
improve their quality of life, in ways which simultaneously
protect and enhance the Earth's life support systems " protect and enhance the Earth s life support systems.
- (Forum for the Future Annual Report 2000)
48
NASA photo
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