Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)

DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
1


ENHANCEMENT OF FRESH WATER PRODUCTION ON TRIANGULAR
PYRAMID SOLAR STILL USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL AS
STORAGE MATERIAL
Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
a,*
, P.K. Nagarajan
b
, Hyacinth J Kennady
a
, T.S. Ravikumar
a
, V. Paulson
c
, Amimul Ahsan
d

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of technology and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.A.Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
c
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of technology and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
d
Department of Civil Engineering, Green Engineering & Sustainable Technology Lab, Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia,
Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the method of improvement of enhancing the performance of triangular pyramid solar still with and without latent heat energy
storage. For comparing the productivity of solar still with and without LHTESS a solar still is designed, fabricated. Experiments are conducted in hot
and humid climate of Chennai, India. Paraffin wax is used as LHTESS due to its feasible general and economic properties. The hourly productivity is
slightly higher in case of solar still without LHTESS during sunny days. There is an increase of about 35% in production of fresh water with
LHTESS than that of solar still without LHTESS. Also it was found that during the off shine period the fresh water produced from the still is higher.
The solar still with and without LHTESS were found to be 4.5 L/m
2
day and 3.5 L/m
2
day during summer and in the winter the productivity was found
to be 3.4 L/m
2
day and 2.3 L/m
2
day for the still with and without LHTESS respectively.
Keywords: Enhancement, Phase change material, hourly variation, Efficiency.


*
Corresponding author. Email: raviannauniv23@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the earliest source of energy, inexhaustible and non-
pollutant in nature, solar distillation can provide an alternative source to
generate clean water. Solar distillation exhibits a considerable economic
advantage over other salt water distillation processes because of its use
of free energy and its insignificant operating costs. This process
removes salt impurities. Solar stills suffer from low efficiencies due to
loss of heat of condensation to the surroundings from the glass cover. In
order to improve the productivity, it is planned to incorporate partial
thermal energy storage (Farell et al., 2006; Tabrizi et al., 2010). The
thermal energy storage system has become an important issue in the
global energetic scene and has been widely used to increase energetic
efficiency of different applications (El-Sebaii et al., 2009). These
systems may be either sensible or latent heat systems. This method
utilizes the heat dissipated from the bottom of the still. The latent heat
storage system has many advantages over sensible heat storage systems
including a large energy storage capacity per unit volume and almost
constant temperature for charging and discharging. Here, phase change
materials will act as a thermal energy storage medium. It is a substance
with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain
temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amount of energy.
It changes its phase by absorbing latent heat during sun shine hours and
it discharges the stored energy which is suitable for distillation purpose
during off sunshine hours (Jinjia Wei at al, 2005) (Naim, 2002). With a
thin layer of PCM under the basin liner of a solar still, a considerable
amount of heat will be stored within PCM during sunshine hours
instead of wasting it to surroundings. During freezing of PCM, the
stored heat discharges to keep the basin water at a temperature enough
to produce fresh water during night even thin layers of basin water. This
causes enhancement of still productivity especially during night period
(Demirbas, 2006).
Tabrizi et al. (2010) investigated the effect of built-in latent heat
thermal energy storage on a weir-type cascade solar still. The hourly
production of fresh water of solar still with PCM is relatively low when
compared to solar still without PCM on summer. It has been reported
that the solar still without PCM is well suited for sunny days and still
with PCM was suited for cloudy conditions. (Tabrizi et al., 2010)
experimentally investigated the effect of water flow on internal heat and
mass transfer on a weir cascade solar still. It has been reported that the
increase in mass flow on the basin of weir there will be a decrease in
fresh water production. Results show that an accumulated yield of 7.4
and 4.3 kg/m
2
were achieved for minimum and maximum flow rates
respectively. A triangular pyramid solar still with built-in latent heat
thermal energy storage system was fabricated to improve the still
productivity by (RaviShankar et al., 2013).
It was been found that the solar still with PCM and without PCM
were found to be 4.2 kg/m
2
.Another still with the same characteristics
without PCM was also constructed for investigation of the internal
convective heat transfer coefficient. In this paper an attempt has been
made to find the use of paraffin wax as a heat storage material. Paraffin
wax acts as a reliable, less expensive and non-corrosive heat storage
medium (Naim, 2002).

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

Available at www.ThermalFluidsCentral.org
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
2
2. EXPERIMENTATION
Fig. 1 shows the experimental setup of triangular pyramid solar
distiller. Experiments were carried out from 7 am- 6 pm. The plastic
storage tank of capacity 50 l was used in order to avoid corrosion.
Water from the storage tank enters the still through flexible hoses and a
valve V, to maintain constant water level in the still. The valve V can
control the mass flow rate. Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) hoses were used
for greater flexibility. The black painted still basin was placed inside
the wooden box at a predetermined height. The area below the basin
was filled with saw dust for insulation purpose. A small glass piece
obstruction was fixed on the inside surface of the glass cover, to
facilitate the deflection of the condensate return in to the collection
channel, which in turn affixed with the still. The gliding water from the
channel was transferred in to the measuring jar through the flexible
piping. A heat reservoir is integrated with the still and filled by a phase
change materials (PCM) that acts as a latent heat storage subsystem
(LHTESS). Paraffin wax was selected as a LHTESS due to its thermal
storage, safety, reliability and low cost. During the sunshine, when the
absorber temperature is higher than the temperature of PCM, the heat is
transferred to PCM and charging process is started to store solar energy
as a sensible heat till PCM reaches its melting temperature. Additional
charging heat is stored as the latent heat during the melting process.
When the absorber temperature is lower than PCM (after sunset),
reverse process is occurred (discharging process) till the PCM layer is
fully solidified. Table 1 physical property of paraffin wax which is used
as heat recovery. Calibrated NiCr-Ni thermocouples connected to a
FLUKE 73 digital multimeter with accuracy 0.5
o
C were used to
measure the temperatures of the still elements, e.g. basin liner Tb, basin
water Tw and the inner Tgi and outer Tgo surfaces of the still cover every
half an hour starting at 8:00 am until sunset. The experiments were
continued until 8:00 am of the next day. The yield from the still was
collected and measured every 1 h. The productivity of the still during
the night period was also collected and measured using a measuring jar.
The ambient temperature had been also measured. The horizontal
global solar radiation was measured using an Epply EPSP pyranometer
coupled to an Epply instantaneous solar radiation meter with sensitivity
of 8.79x10
-6
(V/Wm
2
) and accuracy better than 5% in the range from 0
to 2000 W/m
2
. The wind speed V was also measured using the
Environmental Products Anemometer.
The thermocouples are used to measure the temperature of the
glass plate, absorber plate, and water and phase change materials
temperatures. Also the quantity of distilled water was measured. This
experimental setup was designed, installed and tested at Hindustan
Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Table 1. Thermo physical properties of paraffin wax (Haji-Sheikh,
1982)
Property
Value
Melting temperature (C) 40-60
Specific heat of solid/liquid (kJ/kg C) 2.95/2.51
Density of solid/liquid (kg/m
3
) 818/760
Thermal conductivity of solid/liquid (W/m C) 0.24/0.24
Heat of fusion (kJ/kg) 226

Table 2. Relevant parameters for calculation (Wong, 1977) and
(Duffie, 1991)
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Ab (m
2
) 1.0 g 0.05
g 0.90 ks(W/m
2
K) 0.059
w 0.95 xs (m) 0.05
b 0.90 Cw (J/kgK) 4190
w 0.05 kg (W/m
2
K) 1.05
(W/m
2
K
4
) 5.66x10
-8
xg (m) 0.003
V m/s 0-20 kw(W/m
2
K) 0.628


Fig. 1 Pyramid type distiller
3. ENERGY BALANCE
The energy received by the saline water in the still I (t) solar radiation
and Qcb-w convective heat transfer between basin and water are equal to
the summation of energy lost by Qcw-g convective heat transfer between
water and glass, Qrw-g radiative heat transfer between water and glass,
Qew-g evaporative heat transfer between water and glass and energy
gained by the saline water: The remaining is by evaporation, due to
partial vapour pressure difference between the water surface and lower
surface of the glass cover. Water evaporated condenses at the distillate
collector through the glass cover. A small part of heat is lost to
atmosphere through basin bottom and side wall by conduction and
convection. For shallow basin still, the basin bottom surface and water
are assumed as single element (Prakash, 1986) and the temperature is
taken as constant for basin and water. Raw water is continuously
supplied to the basin to keep the water mass in the basin always
constant. This compensating water mass takes sensible heat to attain
equilibrium with basin water.

3.1 Solar still with PCM (Charging mode)
The transient energy balance equation for the basin water is given as
(Malik, 1982; Zurigat, 2004),
g 2 w g rg-s g s cg-a g a
I +h (T - T ) = h (T - T )+h (T - T ) o (1)
w pw
w
g w 1 b w 2 w g
b
m c
dT
I +h (T - T ) = h (T - T )+
A dt
t o
(
(

(2)
where h2=hrwg+hcwg+hewg, and the values are calculated using Dunkles
correlation (Dunkle, 1991)
b
g w b 1 b w b pcm
b
k
I = h (T - T )+ (T - T )
x
t t o
| |
|
\ .
(3)
where h1 is the convective heat transfer co-efficient between water and
basin.
equ pcm
b
b pcm b pcm a
b b
M dT
k
(T - T ) = +U (T - T )
x A dt
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
(4)
kb and xb are thermal conductivity and thickness of basin. Ub is the heat
loss co-efficient and given as (kins/xins). Meq is the equivalent heat
capacity of PCM and expressed as (Radhwan, 2004),
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
3
equ pcm spcm b m
M = m c ; for T < T
equ pcm pcm b m
M = m L ; for T =T +o
equ pcm lpcm b m
M = m c ; for T > T
From equation (1) and (2) basin temperature and glass temperature are
obtained as,
g w b b pcm 1 w
b
1 b
I +h T +h T
T =
h +h
t t o (
(

(5)
g rg-s s cg-a a 2 w
g
2 3
I +h T +h T +h T
T =
h +h
o (
(

(6)
where hb = kb/xb is the conductive heat transfer coefficient from the
basin liner to the PCM and h3 = hrgs + hcga is the total external heat
transfer coefficient. Substituting Tg and Tb and using equation (5) and
(6), equation (2) and (4) are solved analytically using the method of
separation of variables and the following expressions have been
obtained for the basin water Tw and PCM Tpcm temperatures,
respectively:
w wi
(t) -at -at
T = 1- exp +T exp
a x x
( ( | | | |
| | ( (
\ . \ .
(7)
1 1 1
pcm pcmi
1 1 1
(t) -a t -a t
T = 1- exp +T exp
a x x
( ( | | | |
( ( | |
( ( \ . \ .
(8)
f(t) and f1(t) are the function of solar intensity, ambient temperature, and
various heat transfer co-efficient which are associated in heat transfer of
the still for a time interval (Sharma, 1993) and Twi and Tpcmi are intitial
temperature of water and pcm respectively. The values of f(t), f1(t), a,
a1, x, and x1 are given in Appendix A.
3.2 Solar still with PCM (discharging mode)
The energy balance equations for the various elements of the still
during off-sunshine hours (discharging mode), may be written as
follows:
Phase change material (PCM):
For a selected time interval t, the energy balance equation for the
PCM may be written as
pcm pcm '
b pcm b b pcm a
b
pcm m
m L
= h (T - T )+U (T - T )
A t
for T =T ;
| |
|
A
\ .
(9)
pcm '
b pcm b b pcm a equ b
pcm m
dT
h (T - T )+U (T - T ) = M A
dt
for T T ;
| |
|
\ .
=
(10)
equ pcm l, pcm pcm m
M = m c for T >T ,
equ pcm s, pcm pcm m
M = m c for T <T ;
hb=kpcm/xpcm is the conductive heat transfer coefficient from the PCM
to the basin liner.

Basin liner
'
b pcm b 1 b w
h (T - T ) = h (T - T ); (11)
Basin water
w w w
1 b w 2 w g
b
m c dT
h (T - T ) = h (T - T )+
A dt
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .
(12)
Glass cover
2 w g rgs g s cga g a
h (T - T ) = h (T - T )+h (T - T ) (13)
From Eqs. (9), (12) and (13)
pcm pcm '
b b b a
b
pcm '
b b
m L
+h T +U T
A t
T =
h +U
| |
| `
|
A
) \ .
(14)
'
1 w b pcm
b '
b 1
h T +h T
T =
h +h

(15)
g rg-s s cg-a a 2 w
g
2 3
I +h T +h T +h T
T =
h +h
o (
(

(16)
Substituting Tpcm, Tb and Tg and using equations (14)(16), Eq. (13) is
solved analytically using the method of separation of variables and the
following expression has been obtained for the basin water temperature
Tw, Temperature of PCM Tpcm (Sharma, 1993) during the discharging
mode:
2 2 2
,
2
w wi s
(t) -a t -a t
T = 1- exp +T exp
a x x
( ( | | | |
( ( | |
\ . \ .
(17)
3 3 3
3 1
pcm pcmi
1
(t) -a t -a t
T = 1- exp +T exp
a x x
( ( | | | |
( ( | |
( ( \ . \ .
(18)
3.3 Solar still without PCM
The energy balance for basin, water and glass cover are given as,
1
( ) ( )
g w b b w b b a
I h T T U T T t t o = + (19)
w pw
w
g w 1 b w 2 w g
b
m c
dT
I +h (T - T ) = h (T - T )+
A dt
t o
(
(

(20)
2
( ) ( ) ( )
g w g rgs g s cg a g a
I h T T h T T h T T o

+ = + (21)
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
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From the above equation the water, basin and glass temperature can be
expressed as,
g w b b a 1 w
b
1 b
I +U T +h T
T =
h +U
t t o | |
|
\ .
(22)
g rg-s s cg-a a 2 w
g
2 3
I +h T +h T +h T
T =
h +h
o (
(

(23)
4 4 4
w wi
4
(t) -a t -a t
T = 1- exp +T exp
a x x
( ( | | | |
( ( | |
\ . \ .
(24)
Where Twi is the initial temperature of water and x is the function of
water mass and specific heat capacity of water.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig. 2 showing the variation of solar intensity from which it is observed
to be maximum at the mid-noon. The observation shows that the solar
radiation profile seems to be the same on the experimental days. Fig. 4
shows the hourly variation of experimental and theoretical temperatures
of basin of a pyramid type solar still. The theoretical and experimental
values are found to be very close during the morning and reach the
maximum of 82
o
C. The RMS error for basin temperature is found to be
12% between theoretical and experimental values and these errors are
minimized by proper insulation and higher wind velocity over the still
which reduces the heat loss from water to ambient conditions.

Fig. 2 Variation of solar radiation on summer day on Chennai
climatic condition

Fig. 3 Variation of solar radiation on winter day on Chennai climatic
condition

Fig. 4 Theoritical and experimental absorber plate temperature with
time

Fig. 5 Variations of absorber plate temperature without PCM

Fig. 6 Variations of absorber plate temperature with PCM
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the variation of absorber plate with respect to
time of solar still with and without use of LHTESS. The absorber plate
temperature increases gradually with increase in solar intensity and
have peak around 1 pm. The maximum obtained values for plate are 90
C for still without LHTESS. Similarly for solar still with LHTESS,
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
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maximum obtained values for Tb is found to be 65C. Temperature of
plate is higher for still with LHTESS, due to the fact that some of
energy was observed as phase change energy. It is cleared that in the
early hours of the day the plate temperature is slightly higher than water
temperature because in that periods glass is directly faces the solar
radiation and its temperature rises faster in comparison with water
temperature. Then, the increase in water temperature is faster in
comparison with glass plate temp due to higher heat losses from the
glass plate to the ambient.

Fig. 7 Variations of water temperature without PCM
Fig. 7and Fig. 8 show the hourly variation of water temperature with
and without PCM. From the theoritical analysis the maximum
acheivable temperature of water is about 75
o
C. In the present model the
temperatuer of water in the still with and without PCM achieved is
about 70 and 85
o
C respectively. During the winter days, for the same
solar still temperatue of water inside the still with and without PCM
found to be 45
o
C and 48
o
C respectively.


Fig. 8 Variations of water temperature with PCM

Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show the diurnal variation of glass temperatures. It is
observed that the driving force between water and glass acts as the
prime source for fresh water production. Due to the forcing of wind
over the surface reduces the temperature of glass for better
enhancement.

Fig. 9 Variations of glass temperature without PCM

Fig. 10 Variations of glass temperature with PCM

Fig. 11 Variations of distillate output without PCM

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
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Fig. 12 Variations of absorber plate temperature with PCM
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 show the diurnal variation of fresh water
producureion from the solar still with and without phase change
material. It is clear obvious that the fresh water production from the
solar still depends on solar intensity during the sunshine hours. And the
results shows that the solar intensity is directly proportional to yield
from the solar still. The yield obtained from the still without PCM
shows a higher output compared to still with PCM. It is due to the
amount of partial recovery of heat from the water to PCM in the basin.
During the off shine period the heat which is recovered during the
charging mode, discharges its heat to water.

Fig. 13 Variations of cumulative yield on different experimental days
in summer
Fig. 13 compares the accumulated yield of solar still with and without
latent heat energy storage material. A triangular pyramid solar still with
built-in latent heat thermal energy storage system was fabricated to
improve the still productivity. Another still with the same
characteristics without LHTESS was also constructed for investigation
on hourly production of fresh water. Using a 1m
2
area of solar still the
average production of fresh water about 3.4 liters/m
2
without LHTESS
effect is possible. The effect of introducing PCM in the above setup
shows an increase of 20% in the production of fresh water.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The daily efficiency was found to be 53% with LHTESS and 45%
without LHTESS. Solar radiation on the test days reveals that the
maximum intensity occurred during the mid-day, and the productivity
shows that the solar radiation and production rate are directly
proportional. The temperature difference between water and glass
varies from 10-15.5
o
C during the off-shine period. Experimental results
concludes that with PCM the production of fresh water improved to
about 4.3 liters/day for a 24 hour operation, its due to the higher
specific heat capacity, better latent heat of fusion, and thermal
conductivity of wax.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Professor. Ravikumar Soloman, Hindustan
University, Chennai for their valuable suggestions. The authors are also
extending their thanks to Mr.A.P.Arun Pravin and Mrs. M. Jeyashree of
St. Peters College of Engineering and Technology Chennai for their
technical support.
APPENDIX A
1 2 2 2 1
1 2 3
( )
w g b g rgs s cga a b pcm
w w
b
Ih Ih h h T h h T h h T
f t I
h h h h
t t o o
t o
+ + + ( (
= + +
( (
+ +


1 2 3
1 2 3
b
b
h h h h
a
h h h h
( (
= +
( (
+ +


w w
p
m c
x
A
=
1
1
1
( )
b g w b b w
b a
b
Ih h h T
f t U T
h h
t t o + (
= +
(
+


1
1
1
b
b
b
h h
a U
h h
(
= +
(
+


1
equ
b
M
x
A
=
'
2 2 1
2 '
2 3 1
( )
rgs s cga a b pcm
b
h h T h h T h h T
f t
h h h h
( + (
= +
(
(
+ +
(


'
2 3 1
2 '
2 3 1
b
b
h h h h
a
h h h h
( (
= +
( (
+ +


'
3
( )
b b b a
f t h T U T = +
'
3 b b
a h U = +
1 1 2 2 2
1 2 3
( )
w g b b a g rgs s cga a
w w
b
Ih hU T Ih h h T h h T
f t I
h U h h
t t o o
t o
+ + + ( (
= + +
( (
+ +


1 2 3
4
1 2 3
b
b
hU h h
a
h U h h
( (
= +
( (
+ +



Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 5, 3 (2014)
DOI: 10.5098/hmt.5.3
Global Digital Central
ISSN: 2151-8629
7
NOMENCLATURE
A Area (m
2
)
h Heat transfer co-efficient (W/m
2
K)
I solar radiation (W/m
2
)
p partial pressure(N/m
3
)
V wind velocity (m/s)
cp specific heat (J/kgK)
hfg latent heat of phase change (J/kg)
k thermal conductivity (W/mK)
M molar mass (kg/kmol)
Q Heat transfer rate (W)
T temperature (K)

Greek Symbols
absorptivity
optical penetration depth (m)
declination
latitude
efficiency
total emissivity
density (kg/m
3
)
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m
2
K
4
)
Subscripts
a ambient
atm atmosphere
b basin
c convection
e evaporation
fw feed water
T Total
W water
Em Energy storage material
g glass
i incident
S south

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