V

Procedure and Jurisdiction of Revenue Courts

under Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955
(Agriculture & Land law)
Submitted by:- Submitted to:-
Hemant.Arora Asst. Pro. !anis" #ada$
%.A. LL.%.(Hons.) &aculty o law
'
t"
Sem.
(Seedling Sc"ool o Law & (o$ernance)
)A*P+, -A.*/-AL +-*V0,S*.#
V
DECLARAT!"
* declare t"at t"e dissertation entitled Procedure and Jurisdiction of Revenue
Courts under Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955# A Critica$ Ana$ysis is t"e outcome
o my own wor1 conducted under t"e su2er$ision o !r.!anis" #ada$ at )ai2ur
-ational +ni$ersity3 )ai2ur. (,a4.)
* urt"er declare t"at to t"e best o my 5nowledge t"e 2ro4ect does not contain any
2art o any wor13 w"ic" "as been submitted or t"e award o any degree eit"er in t"is
+ni$ersity or in any ot"er +ni$ersity 6 7eemed +ni$ersity wit"out 2ro2er citation.
Hemant Arora
7ated:-88-'-89:;
V
CERT%CATE !% T&E '(PER)'!R
."is is to certiy t"at t"e researc" wor1 entitled Procedure and Jurisdiction of
Revenue Courts under Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955# A Critica$ Ana$ysis is t"e
wor1 done by Hemant Arora under my guidance and su2er$ision or t"e Partial
ulillment o t"e re<uirement o L.L.% degree o )ai2ur -ational +ni$ersity3 )ai2ur
(,a4.) *ndia.
.o t"e best o my 5nowledge and belie t"e dissertation: (i) embodies t"e wor1 o t"e
candidate "imsel= (ii) "as been duly com2leted= and (iii) is u2 to t"e standard bot" in
res2ect o contents and language or being reerred to t"e e>aminer.
!r. !anis" #ada$
Proessor o Law
Su2er$isor



V
AC*"!+LED,E-E"T
* would li1e to e>2ress 2roound gratitude to !r. manis" yada$3 or "is
in$aluable su22ort3 encouragement3 su2er$ision and useul suggestions t"roug"out
t"is researc" wor1. His moral su22ort and continuous guidance enabled me to
com2lete my wor1 successully. His intellectual t"rust and blessings moti$ated me to
wor1 rigorously on t"is study. *n act t"is study could not "a$e seen t"e lig"t o t"e
day i "is contribution "ad not been a$ailable. *t would be no e>aggeration to say t"at
it is "is unlinc"ing ait" and un<uestioning su22ort t"at "as 2ro$ided t"e sustenance
necessary to see it t"roug" to its 2resent s"a2e.
* am grateul to our Hon?ble 7irector Proessor V.S. !ani 3 )ai2ur -ational
+ni$ersity3)ai2ur or "is e$incing 1een interest in t"e LL.% course and continuous
encouragement gi$en during our 2eriod o study.
* e>2ress my sincere t"an1s to my res2ected teac"ers Associate Proessor 7r.
7ines" %abu 3 !r. 5arn %"ardwa4 (Assistant Proessor)3 !r. Anindya .iwari
(Assistat Proessor) or ta1ing out t"eir 2recious time and ad$ising me on $arious
as2ects o t"e study.
Among t"ose w"o "a$e sustained me o$er t"e years wit" t"eir loyalty and
riends"i23 * would 2articularly mention my riends3 An1it !at"ur3 Anc"it Verma3
@"etan 7ee2 Sing" "a$e always ta1en a s2ecial interest in my wor1 and unconditional
su22ort at eac" turn o t"e lie.
* must also t"an1 and e>2ress my "eartelt gratitude to t"e library sta o )ai2ur
-ational +ni$ersity3 )ai2ur3 or "el2ing me out in carrying out t"e researc" necessary
or t"e dissertation.
* e>2ress my dee2 sincere gratitude towards my 2arents or t"eir blessing3 2atience3
and moral su22ort in t"e successul com2letion o LL.% course.
* e>2ress my gratitude to my all teac"ers and riends w"o "as su22orted and
encouraged me during my study at )ai2ur national uni$ersity3 )ai2ur.
&e.ant Arora
V
Contents
DECLARAT!"/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
CERT%CATE !% T&E '(PER)'!R///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
AC*"!+LED,E-E"T/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////)
TA0LE !% CA'E'#//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////)
"TR!D(CT!" ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////1
C&APTER 1# Procedure and Jurisdiction of Revenue Courts////////////////////////////////1
:.: Pro$ision or 2ending cases3etc.( Sec.89A)-.........................................................:
:.8 Suit and a22lication cogniBable by re$enue court only (Sec.89C) - ...................8
:.; A22lication o @i$il Procedure @ode (Sec.89D)-.................................................;
:.E (ranting any relie to w"ic" 2lainti is entitled(Sec.89')-.................................E
:.F Procedure w"en 2lea o 2ayment in good ait" to a t"ird 2erson is
ta1en(Sec.8:9)-...........................................................................................................E
:.A Suits3etc.by co-s"arers(Sec.8::)-.........................................................................E
:.C Pro$ision or in4unction and a22ointment o a recei$er(Sec.8:8)-.............F
:.D Sale o 5"atedar .enant?s interest in e>ecution o decree or arrears o
rent(Sec.8:;)-.............................................................................................................C
:.C Limitation in cases under t"is Act(Sec.8:E)-.......................................................'
:.D @ourt ee 2ayable(Sec.8:F)-.................................................................................'
:.' Place o sitting o re$enue courts(Sec8:A)-.......................................................:9
:.:9 /rdinary 2owers o dierent grades o re$enue courts(Sec.8:C)-...................:9
:.:: *n"erent 2owers o re$enue courts(Sec.8:D)-...................................................::
:.:8 Additional 2owers o re$enue courts(Sec.8:')- ..............................................::
:.:; @ourts in w"ic" 2roceedings to be instituted(Sec.889)-...................................::
:.:E Subordination o re$enue courts(Sec.88:)-......................................................:8
Cha1ter 2# A11ea$, Revie3, Rivision4//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////12
8.: A22eal Against t"e /riginal 7ecree-.................................................................:;
8.; A22eal against /rders.......................................................................................:F
RE)E+4////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////15
G"at is ,e$iew H..................................................................................................:C
,0V*S*/--..........................................................................................................:D
Powers o ,e$ision o %oard................................................................................:D
,0&0,0-@0-......................................................................................................89
Cha1ter 6# Dec$aratory 'uit//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////27
G"o @an *nstitute a Suit H....................................................................................8:
V
&or G"at 2ur2ose t"e Suit can be &iled H............................................................88
Suit or .enant @lass............................................................................................8;
Suit or 7eclaration o 5"ud 5as"t Land............................................................8E
Suit or 7eclaration o /t"er ,ig"ts-...................................................................8E
S+*. &/, *-)+-@.*/-...................................................................................8E
0i8$io9ra1hy///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////25
%oo1s:-.................................................................................................................8F
Gebsites:-.............................................................................................................8F
TA0LE !% CA'E'#
-arayan & /rs. Vs. State o ,a4ast"an & /rs.899A ,,7 A;9 (H.@.)
!a"a$ir Prasad & /rs. Vs. Smt. 5ris"ni 7e$i & /rs.389:8(:) ,LGA9'
(,a4.)89:8(:) ,LGA9' (,a4.)
V
S"an1ar Lal $s.7ali2 5umar & /rs. 89:9(:) ,,. 88:: 89:9 ,,7 'A.
5is"or Sing" $s. +mmed Sing"3899C ,,7 8FC:899C(:),,. EDD
Su1"de$ & /rs. Vs. 7urga 7e$i & /rs3. 89::(:) ,,. ::::89:: ,,7 FE.
Sube Sing" $s. !a"ade$3899D(8) ,,. :89;:899D (8) ,LG-,4CAE.
S"i$ali ,am Vs. 5am2uri3 :'C;3 ,,7 D:)
@""oga Vs. ,odi3 :'AC3 ,,7 :;A
+c"c""a$e Vs. State3 :'CC ,,7 ;9'
)eewan,am Vs. Vi4ay2al Sing"3 :'';3 ,,7 EDF
-etram Vs. Hari Sing" (:'CE ,,7 ;EA
S"i$lal Vs. +mrao3 :'DE3 ,,7 :;'
Puran S"an1ar Vs. Prem 5aur3 :'CC ,,7 ED;
(anga Sa"ai Vs. %ird"i @"and3 :'FA3 ,,7 8'8
)anata (ram Panc"ayat3 @""a2ara Vs. ."an1ur (uman Sing"3 :'F'3 ,,7 :9F
State o !a"aras"tra Vs. S.V. !a"a4ani3 A.*.,. :'A93 !umbai3 ;9A
!e"ar @"and Vs. State o ,a4ast"an :''9 ,,7 :;
)et"u ,am Vs. State o ,a4ast"an3 :''9 ,,7 8;:
!ag"aram Vs. ,e$enue %oard3 A.*., :''D3 ,a4ast"an '9
(Hanuman Vs. !andir S"ri Hansa4i3 (ram Li1"ma 7e2ar3 7ungargarg"3 :''E3
,a4ast"an Law )ournal3:F').
%"ura ,am Vs. 7aulat Sing"3 :'AD3 ,,7 F;C
State Vs. -arayan Sing"3 :'C;3 ,,73 A'9
!ad"u Sudan Vs. @""itardas3 :'CE ,,7 F'A
,am Swaru2 Vs. !rs P"ooma3 :'CA3 ,,7 AED
+mmaid 5anwar Vs. !an 5anwar (:''9 ,,7 E8F)3
.e1a Vs. 7ul"a Sing"3 :':E3 ,,7 889
("asi Vs. )agannat":'A'3 ,,7 8'D
V
INTRODUCTION
."e state go$ernment "as introduced t"e Irig"t o way? so t"at armers get legal access on a stri2
o 2ri$ate land or reac"ing t"eir "omes and arms or laying water 2i2elines. Pro$isions under
t"is act enable any armer to a22roac" t"e go$ernment or t"e rig"t to use o a land o 2ri$ate
land"older in larger 2ublic interest ater 2aying com2ensation.
(i$en t"e scattered land "oldings in t"e state and disarrayed settlement3 2eo2le ind it diicult
to access t"eir land and "omes and "a$e to 2ass t"roug" arms. .o ma1e it easy3 t"e go$ernment
"as introduced t"is amendment in its .enancy Act o :'FFJ3 said ,am 5"ilari !eena3 2rinci2al
secretary3 ,e$enue de2artment.
-ow3 in a 2ublic interest and ater 2aying 2ro2er com2ensation3 t"ey can ma1e roads or bring
underground 2i2elines or irrigation3J "e added.
."oug"t t"e amendment was made in t"e year 89:93 t"e drating o rules "as been com2leted t"is
mont". As 2er t"e rules3 any armer w"o wants to dig an underground water 2i2eling t"roug" t"e
land o anot"er armer or 2a$e or e>2and a road t"roug" it3 will "a$e to a22roac" to t"e sub
di$isional oicer (S7/).."e S7/ will ta1e t"e case on merit and i "e inds t"e re<uest genuine
and "el2ul or t"e community at large3 "e will 2ass t"e orders. ."e time 2eriod or ta1ing any
suc" decisions s"all be '9 days.
CHAPTER 1: Procedure and Jurisdiction of Revenue Courts
1/1 Provision for 1endin9 cases,etc/: 'ec/275;4
:. All Suit3 cases3 a22eals3 a22lications3 reerences and 2roceedings relating to matters dealt
wit" in t"is Act3 and 2ending beore a re$enue court on t"e coming into orce o t"is Act3
s"all sub4ect to any s2eciic 2ro$ision o t"is Act to t"e contrary be deemed to "a$e been
commenced under t"is Act and s"all be tried3 "eard and determined in t"e manner
2rescribed by or under t"is Act.
V
8. Any suc" suits3 cases3 a22eals3 a22lications3 reerences or 2roceedings3 w"ic" according
to t"e 2ro$isions o t"is Act do not lie to or are not triable by t"e re$enue court beore
w"ic" t"ey are 2ending as aoresaid3 s"all be transerred to3 and be "eard and determined3
in accordance wit" law3 by t"e re$enue court to w"ic" t"ey lie or by w"ic" t"ey are
triable in accordance wit" t"e 2ro$isions o t"is Act.
;. Any suc" suit3 a22lication3 case or 2roceeding3 2ending beore a ci$il court w"en t"is Act
comes into orce3 w"ic" "as been declared by Section 89C to be e>clusi$ely triable by a
re$enue court s"all be transerred by suc" ci$il court to t"e re$enue court com2etent
under Section 8:C to deal wit" and dis2ose o t"e same.
E. Any suits3 a22lications3 casees or 2roceedings3 ot"er t"an t"ose reerred to in Section 89C3
2ending beore a re$enue court on t"e coming into orce o t"is Act3 s"all be transerred
by suc" re$enue court to t"e ci$il court "a$ing 4urisdiction to try3 "ear and determine t"e
same.
1/2 'uit and a11$ication co9ni<a8$e 8y revenue court on$y :'ec/27=; 4
:. All suits and a22lications o t"e nature s2eciied in t"e ."ird Sc"edule s"all be "eard and
determined by a re$enue court.
8. -o court ot"er t"an a re$enue courts s"all ta1e cogniBance o any suc" suit or a22lication
or o any suit or a22lication based 2m a cause o action in res2ect o w"ic" any relie
could be obtained by means o any suc" suit or a22lication.
E>1$anation4
* t"e cause o action is one in res2ect o w"ic" relie mig"t be granted by t"e re$enue court3
it is immaterial t"at t"e relie as1ed or rom t"e ci$il court is greater t"an3 or additional to3 or
is not identical wit"3 t"at w"ic" t"e re$enue court could "a$e granted.
V
Co..ents4
'ections27=4 !ain c"allange in writ 2etition is t"at t"e <uestion o ado2tion can only be
decided by t"e ci$il court. *t is clearly indicated t"at being ado2ted son3 res2ondent -o.E is
not as1ing "is s"are but as1ing to determine t"e <uestion o ado2tion and on t"e <uestion o
ado2tion "e is as1ing or s"are. ."e ado2tion being" incidental issue3 t"e ,e$enue @ourt "as
4urisdiction to "ear t"e matter o 2artition.- "arayan ? !rs/ )s/ 'tate of Rajasthan ?
!rs/,
1

'ections27=:2;4 Suit or cancellation o ado2tion deed and will-stay on urt"er 2roceedings
in ci$il continuing-!air relie claimed or declaring ado2tion deed and will as $oid-Held-
@ancellation o two documents is an incidental relie to t"e main relie o declaration3
2artition and 2ossession w"ic" could "a$e been ta1en away t"e 4urisdiction o ci$il court in
$iew o bar under Section 89C (8) o t"e Act-."e 2lainti iled two suits or declaration o
"er rig"ts and 2ossession w"ic" were decreed in "er a$our-it can not be said t"at 2lainti
"as not committed any error in illing ci$il suit-.rial @ourt is re<uested to e>2edite trial-
,e$ision dismissed.--ahavir Prasad ? !rs/ )s/ '.t/ *rishni Devi ? !rs/,2712:1;
RL+579 :Raj/;
2
1/6 A11$ication of Civi$ Procedure Code :'ec/27@;4
."e 2ro$ision o t"e @ode o @i$il Procedure3 :'9D (@entral Act V o :'9D)3 e>ce2t=-
a. Pro$ision inconsistent wit" anyt"ing in t"is Act3 so ar as t"e inconsistency
e>tends3
b. Pro$ision a22licable only to s2ecial suits or 2roceedings outside t"e sco2e o t"is
Act3and
:
899A ,,7 A;9 (H.@.)
8
89:8(:) ,LGA9' (,a4.)
V
c. Pro$ision contained in List * o t"e &ourt" Sc"edule3 s"all a22ly to all suits and
2roceedings under t"is Act3 sub4ect to t"e modiications contained in List ** o t"e
&ourt" Sc"edule.
1/A ,rantin9 any re$ief to 3hich 1$aintiff is entit$ed:'ec/279;4
*n any suit or 2roceeding3 t"e court may3 on t"e a22lication o t"e 2lainti and ater raming
t"e necessary issues3 grant any relie w"ic" t"e court is com2etent to grant and to w"ic" t"e
court is com2etent to grant and to w"ic" it may ind t"e 2lainti entitled3 notwit"standing
t"at suc" relie may not "a$e been as1ed or in t"e 2laint or a22lication:
Provided t"at3 ater raming suc" issues3 t"e court s"all3 on t"e re<uest o eit"er 2arty3 grant
reasonable time or t"e 2roduction o e$idence.
1/5 Procedure 3hen 1$ea of 1ay.ent in 9ood faith to a third 1erson is taBen:'ec/217;4
G"en3 in any suit suit or 2roceeding instituted under t"is Act3 against a tenant or arrears
o rent o t"e "olding or t"e 2eriod in res2ect o w"ic" t"e suit or 2roceeding is instituted
to a t"ird 2erson w"om "e3 in good ait"3 belie$ed to be entitiled to recei$e suc" rent3 t"e
court s"all3 at t"e cost o suc" tenant3 ma1e suc" t"ird 2erson a 2arty in t"e suit or
2roceeding and s"all in<uire into and decide t"e <uestion.
1/5 'uits,etc/8y co4sharers:'ec/211;4
:. 0>ce2t as ot"erwise 2ro$ided in sub-section (;)3 w"en t"ere are two or more co-s"arers in
any rig"t3 title or interest3 all t"ings re<uired or 2ermitted to be done by t"e 2rossessor o
t"e same s"all be done by t"em con4ointly3 unless t"ey "a$e a22ointed an agent to act on
be"al o all o t"em.
V
8. -ot"ing in sub-section (:) s"all aect any local usage or s2ecial contract by w"ic" a co-
s"arer is entitled to recei$e se2arately t"e w"ole or "is s"are o t"e rent 2ayable by a
tenant.
;. G"en one o two or more co-s"arers is not entitled to sue or 2roceed alone and t"e
remaining co-s"arers reuse to 4oin in a suit or 2roceeding or money reco$erable by t"em
4ointly3 suc" co-s"arer may sue or 2roceed se2arately or "is s"are3 4oining t"e remaining
co-s"arers as 2arties t"ereto.
E. G"ere t"e tenant o a "olding or t"e illegal transeree o suc" tenant is also a co-s"arer in
t"e 2ro2rietary rig"t in suc" "olding not"ing in t"is sections s"all re<uire "im to be
4oined as 2lainti or a22licant in any suit or a22lication broug"t or made against "im as
suc" tenant or illegal transeree under t"e 2ro$isions o t"is Act.
1/= Provision for injunction and a11oint.ent of a receiver:'ec/212;4
:. * in t"e course o any suit or 2roceeding under t"is Act3 it is 2ro$ed by aida$it or
ot"erwise:-
a) ."at any 2ro2erty to w"ic" suc" suit or 2roceeding relates is in danger o being
wasted3 damaged or alienated by any 2arty t"ereto or
b) ."at any 2arty to suc" suit or 2roceeding t"reatens or intends to remo$e or dis2ose o
t"e said 2ro2erty in order to deeat t"e ends o 4ustice3t"e court may grant a tem2orary
in4unction and3 i necessary3 a22oint a recei$er.
8. Any 2erson against w"om an in4unction "as been granted or in res2ect o w"ose
2ro2erty a recei$er "as been a22ointed under sub-section (:) may oer cas" security
V
in suc" amount as t"e court may determine to com2ensate t"e o22osite 2arty in case
t"e suit or 2rceeding is decided against suc" 2ersons3 and on de2ositing t"e amount o
suc" security3 t"e court may wit"draw t"e in4unction or t"e order a22ointing a
recei$er3 as t"e case may be.
Co..ents4
'ection2124 .em2orary *n4unction-* t"e co-tenant are relati$es and want to s"ow t"eir
rig"t on s2eciic 2art o land3 tem2orary in4unction can be issued to restrain t"em-
'hanBar La$ vs/Da$i1 *u.ar ? !rs/
6

'ection 2124G"en t"ere is a dis2ute regarding registered or unregistered documents
beore t"e court t"e cogniBance will be gi$en to t"e registered document. ,e$ision "as
been re4ected and order 2assed by ,AA was conirmed- *ishor 'in9h vs/ (..ed
'in9h,277=
A
/
'ection2124*mmo$able Pro2erty (Agriculture land) must by com2ulsorily registered
under section :C o t"e ,egistration Act3 /riginal document o amily settlement was not
2roduced in any o t"e courts. A22ointment o a recei$er is a "ars" remedy w"ic" s"ould
not be resorted to dis2ossess a recorded 1"atedar tenant rom 2ossession o "is 1"atedari
land3 Held3 ,AA "as neit"er committed any illegality nor 4urisdictional error w"ic" does
not warrant any intererence- A.arjeet *aur vs/ ,ur.e$ 'in9h, 2711:1; RRT@A# 2711
RRD55/
'ection2124.em2orary in4unction-/rder o S.7./. was c"allanged in t"e irst a22eal
under section 88F o t"e Act beore ,AA w"ic" was allowed. ."is re$ision 2etition was
iled against t"e im2ugned order o ,AA in t"e board o re$enue. ."e suit land stands in
t"e iled against t"e im2ugned order o ,AA in t"e %oard o re$enue.."e suit land stands
in t"e 1"atedari rig"ts o 2etitioners. !ortgaged land will be deemed to be redeemed ater
e>2iry o t"e 2eriod mentioned in t"e mortgage deed or twenty years rom t"e date o
;
89:9(:) ,,. 88:: 89:9 ,,7 'A.
E
,,7 8FC:899C(:),,. EDD
V
e>ecution w"ic"e$er is less. As t"ere is no 2rima acie case in a$our o t"e non-
2etitioners as suc" t"eyt are not entitled to any relie under suction 8:8 o t"e Act.
,e$ision was allowed and order o ,AA was set aside4'uBhdev ? !rs/ )s/ Dur9a
Devi ? !rs,
5

'ection2124.em2orary *n4unction-Land was mutated on t"e basis o ,egistered will o
t"e deceased tenant.."is was c"allanged by t"e 2etitioner claiming t"at "e is ado2ted son
o t"e deceased. -ame o t"e non-2etitioner recorded as 1"atedar and 2rima acie title is
in a$our o non-2etitioner. Assistant collector "as not gi$en cogent reason o considering
land to be in medioJ (enuine "older o t"e 2ossession s"ould not be casually ousted
rom t"e land. ."e 2etitioner was not t"e tenant so ar t"ereore "e is not entitled to get
e>em2tion under section EA. ,e$isions were dismissed.-'u8e 'in9h vs/ -ahadev,
5
1/@ 'a$e of *hatedar TenantCs interest in e>ecution of decree for arrears of rent:'ec/216;4
:. Sub4ect to t"e 2ro$ision o Section E83 t"e interest o a 5"atedar .enant in "is
"olding or in any 2art t"ereo may be sold in e>ecution o a decree or arrears o
t"e rent o suc" "olding and3 unless suc" interest is 2urc"ased by t"e land"older
t"ereo3 t"e 2urc"aser s"all3 sub4ect to t"e 2ro$ision o sub-section(;)3 "a$e t"e
same interest in suc" "olding or 2art and be sub4ect to t"e same liabilities in
res2ect t"ereo as t"e tenant.
8. %eore selling t"e interest o a 5"atedar .enant in a 2art only o "is "olding in
accordance wit" sub-section(:)3 t"e court e>ecuting t"e decree s"all3 in
accordance wit" rules made by t"e %oard3 distribute t"e rent o t"e "olding o$er
suc" 2art and t"e remainder o t"e "olding.
;. G"en suc" interest is sold-
F
89::(:) ,,. ::::89:: ,,7 FE.
A
899D(8) ,,. :89;:899D (8) ,LG-,4CAE.
V
a) A sub-tenant3 or
b) An agricultural or ot"er labourer or a $illage ser$ant3 w"o resides in t"e $illage3 or
c) Any agriculturist w"o resides in t"e $illage3 or
d) ."e land"older3 ot"er t"an t"e state (o$ernment or an estate "older3 or
e) ."e estate "older3
!ay3 in t"e abo$e order o 2riority3 wit"in iteen days o t"e date o sale3 claim to
ta1e suc" interest at t"e "ig"est bid:
Pro$ided t"at w"ere two or more 2ersons belonging to t"e same class3 being a class
mentioned in clause(a) or clause (c) claim to ta1e suc" interest3 2reerence s"all be
gi$en to t"e claimant w"o culti$ates t"e smallest area in t"e $illage and w"en t"ey
culti$ate an e<ual area t"e claim s"all be determined in t"e 2rescribed manner:
Pro$ided urt"er t"at i two or more 2ersons belonging to t"e same class3 being a class
mentioned in clause (b) claim to ta1e suc" interest3 t"e claim s"all be determined in
t"e 2rescribed manner.
E. -otwit"standing anyt"ing contained in sub-section (;) w"ere t"e 5"atedar .enant
w"ose interest is sold under t"is section is a member o a Sc"eduled @aste or a
Sc"eduled .ribe 2reerence among ri$al claimants belonging to any o t"e classes
mentioned in clauses (a) 3 (b) and (c) s"all be gi$en to t"e claimants o a 2articular
class w"o is a member o a Sc"eduled @aste or Sc"eduled .ribe.
V
1/= Li.itation in cases under this Act:'ec/21A;4
:. ."e suits and a22lications s2eciied in t"e ."ird sc"edule s"all be instituted and
made wit"in t"e time 2rescribed t"erein or t"em and e$ery suc" suit instituted or
a22lication made ater t"e e>2iry o t"e 2eriod o limitation so 2rescribed s"all be
dismissed:
Provided t"at any suc" suit or a22lication or w"cic" t"e 2eriod 2rescribed by t"e
said sc"edule is s"orter t"an t"e 2eriod 2rescribed by any law in orce beore t"e
commencement o t"is Act3 may be instituted or made wit"in si> mont"s ne>t
ater t"e commencement o t"is Act or wit"in t"e 2eriod o limitaiton 2rescribed
by t"e aoresaid law3 w"ic"e$er 2eriod e>2ries irst:
Provided further t"at any suc" suit or a22lication or w"ic" a 2eriod o
limitation is 2rescribed by t"e said Sc"edule but or w"ic" no 2eriod is 2rescribed
by t"e aoresaid law may be instituted or made wit"in t"e 2eriod 2rescribed by t"e
said Sc"edule com2uted rom t"e date o t"e commencement o t"is Act.
8. * t"e 2ayment o rent "as been sus2ended under t"e order o a com2etent
aut"ority on account o an agricultural clamity3 t"e 2eriod o sus2ension s"all be
e>cluded in t"e com2utation o t"e 2eriod o limitation 2rescribed or a suit or
t"e reco$ery o suc" rent.
;. Sub4ect to t"e 2ro$isions contained in sub-section(:) and (8) t"e 2ro$isions o t"e
*ndian Limitation Act3 :'9D (@entral Act *K o :'9D) s"all a22ly to suits3 a22eals3
a22lications and 2roceedings under or in 2ursuance o t"is Act.
1/@ Court fee 1aya8$e:'ec/215;4
V
."e court ees 2ayable in suits and on a22lications under t"is Act s"all be as s2eciied in t"e
si>t" columm o t"e ."ird Sc"edule :
Pro$ided t"at no court ee s"all be 2ayable in anyt suit or on any a22lication instituted or
made by or on be"al o t"e State (o$ernment.
Po3ers of court
1/9 P$ace of sittin9 of revenue courts:'ec215;4
:. ."e board may sit or t"e dis2osal o cases at any 2lace in t"e state.
8. A re$enue a22ellate aut"ority s"all sit at suc" 2lace or 2laces as t"e state (o$ernment
may3 rom time to time3 direct.
;. A @ollector3 a Sub-7i$isional /icer or an Assistant @ollector may "old "is court at
any 2lace wit"in t"e district3 sub-di$ision or ot"er local area to w"ic" "e is a22ointed.
E. A .e"sildar may "old "is court at any 2lace wit"in "is .e"sil.
1/17 !rdinary 1o3ers of different 9rades of revenue courts:'ec/21=;4
:. ."e dierent grades o re$enue courts com2etent to dis2ose o suits and a22lications
under t"is Act s"all be t"ose s2eciied in t"e se$ent" column o t"e ."ird Sc"edule.
8. -otwit"standing anyt"ing contained in sub-section(:)3 a .e"sidar s"all "a$e 2ower to
dis2ose o in accordance t"erewit" only t"ose suits or a22lications in w"ic" t"e State
(o$ernment is not a 2arty and in w"ic" t"e amount or $alue o t"e sub4ect-matter does
not e>ceed t"ree "undred ru2ees or suc" ot"er ma>imum limit3 not below one "undred
ru2ees3 as t"e state (o$ernment may rom time to time3 by notiication in t"e oicial
(aBette direct and3 w"ere any suit or a22lication s2eciied in t"e ."ird Sc"edule to be
wit"in t"e com2etence o a .e"sildar e>ceeds suc" amount or $alue or "as been broug"t
or made by or against t"e state (o$ernment it s"all be "eared and dis2osed o by
Assistant @ollector.
V
1/11 nherent 1o3ers of revenue courts:'ec/21@;4
*n addition to t"e 2owers s2eciied in t"e oregoing section:-
:. A re$enue a22ellate aut"ority s"all "a$e all t"e 2owers o a @ollector3 a Sub-7i$isional
/icer3 an Assistant @ollector and a .e"sildar=
8. A @ollector s"all "a$e all t"e 2ower o a Sub-7i$isional /icer3 an Assistant @ollector
and a .e"sildar=
;. A Sub-7i$isional /icer s"all "a$e all t"e 2owers o an Assistant @ollector and a
.e"sildar and
E. An Assistant @ollector s"all "a$e all t"e 2owers o a .e"sildar.
1/12 Additiona$ 1o3ers of revenue courts:'ec/219;4
:. ."e State (o$ernment may coner:-
a) /n a -aib-.e"sildar3 all or any o t"e 2owers o a .e"sildar3
b) /n a .e"sildar3 all or any o t"e 2owers o an Assistant @ollector3and
c) /n an Assistant @ollector3 all or any o t"e 2owers o a Sub-7i$isional /icer3 or a
@ollector.
8. *n conerring 2owers under t"is section3 t"e State (o$ernment may em2ower 2ersons by
name or classes o oicers generally by t"eir oicial designations.
;. * an oicer in any te"sil3 sub-di$ision district or ot"er area w"o "as been in$ested by
name wit" any 2owers under t"is section is transerred to an e<ual oice o t"e same
natural in anot"er te"sil3 sub-di$ision3 district or area3 "e s"all3 unless t"e State
(o$ernment ot"erwise directs3 be "eld to be in$ested wit" t"e same 2owers under t"is
section in suc" ot"er te"sil3sub-di$ision district or area.
1/16 Courts in 3hich 1roceedin9s to 8e instituted:'ec/227;4
V
All suits and a22lications s2eciied in t"e ."ird Sc"edule s"all be instituted in or made to t"e
re$enue court o t"e lowest grade com2etent to dis2ose o t"em in accordance wit" t"e
2ro$ision o Section 8:C:
Pro$ided t"at i t"ere is no Assistant @ollector or Sub-7i$isional /icer in any area3 t"e suits
or a22lications cogniBable by any o t"em s"all be instituted in or made to t"e court o t"e
@ollectro "a$ing 4urisdiction o$er suc" area.
1/1A 'u8ordination of revenue courts:'ec/221;4
."e general su2erintendence and control o$er all re$enue courts s"all be $ested in3 and all
suc" courts s"all be subordinate to t"e %oard= and sub4ect to suc" su2erintendence3 control3
and subordination-
a. /mitted.
b. All Additional @ollectors3 Sub-7i$isional /icers3 Assistant @ollectors and .e"sildars in
a district s"all be subordinate to t"e @ollector t"ereo3
c. All Assistant @ollectors3.e"sildars and -aib-.e"sildars in a Sub-di$ision s"all be
subordinate to t"e Sub-7i$isional /icer ."ereo3and
d. All Additional .e"sildars and -aib-.e"sildars in a te"sil s"all be subordinate to t"e
.e"sildar t"ereo.
Chapter : Appea!" Revie#" Rivision$
+nder Section 88E to 88D3 2ro$isions "a$e been made or a22eal. A22eal "as been described
as o t"ree ty2es:
i. A22eal against t"e original decree=
ii. A22eal against t"e decree 2assed in A22eal and
V
iii. A22eal against orders.
2/1 A11ea$ A9ainst the !ri9ina$ Decree4
+nder Section 88; o t"e Act3 t"e a22eal against t"e original decree:
a. * suc" decree "as been 2assed by t"e .e"sildar t"an a22eal can be made to collector:and
b. * suc" decree "as been 2assed by Assistant collector3 %loc1 7e$elo2ment /icer o
@ollector3 t"en its a22eal can be made to ,e$enue A22ellate Aut"ority.
Suc" a22eal is called as irst a22eal. A22eal can only be made by t"e aggrie$ed 2arty :'hiva$i
Ra. )s/ *a.1uri,
=
;
+nder Section 88D3 t"e time limit "as been 2resenbed or a22eal.
Accordin9 to this#
a. A22eal to collector wit"in ;9 days and
b. A22eal to ,e$enue A22ellate Aut"ority wit"in A9 days.
."e 2eriod o limitation will be counted rom t"e date w"en t"e decree is 1nown. Section F
o Limitation Act :'A; is a22licable in suc" cases :Chho9a )s/ Rodi,
@
;
*t is to be mentioned t"at t"e decisions o A22ellate courts are binding u2on subordinate
courts :(chchhave )s/ 'tate,
9
/;
C
:'C;3 ,,7 D:
D
:'AC3 ,,7 :;A
'
:'CC ,,7 ;9'
V
2/2 A11ea$ A9ainst Decree Passed in A11ea$
."is is 1nown as second a22eal. +nder section 88E o t"e Act3 2ro$isions "a$e been made or
second a22eal .
a. A22eal against decree 2assed in a22eal by collector can be made to A22ellate
,e$enue Aut"ority:and
b. A22eal against decree 2assed by A22ellate ,e$enue Aut"ority can be made to
,e$enue %oard.
'uch a11ea$ can 8e .ade on the fo$$o3in9 9rounds#
i. G"en t"e decision is against law or against t"e custom "a$ing t"e orce o law=
ii. G"en any im2ortant issue "as not been decided w"ic" is in$ol$ed in law or in any
custom "a$ing t"e orce o law=
iii. G"en any 2rocedural deect is let w"ic" "as led deecti$e decision
i$. G"en t"e decision is against t"e eect o recorded e$idence.
*t is clear orm t"e abo$e analysis t"at t"e ,e$enue %oard does not interere on t"e basis o
acts.:'hiv$a$ )s/ (.rao,
17
;/
*n "etra. )s/ &ari 'in9h
11
it "as been decided as not to consider t"e case in second a22eal
became t"e <uestion in$ol$ed was a <uestion o dis2ute in 2ro2er dis2osal o will= it was
acce2ted as a <uestion o act.
+nder Section 8:8 (in4unction and a22ointment o recei$er)3t"e a22eal can be made against
order 2assed re4ecting t"e a22lication under Section 88E o t"e Act :Jee3anRa. )s/
)ijay1a$ 'in9h,
12
:9
:'DE3 ,,7 :;'
::
:'CE ,,7 ;EA
:8
:'';3 ,,7 EDF
V
."e time limit or second a22eal is '9 days i.e. a22eal to ,e$enue %oard can be made wit"in
'9 days and not aterwards.
2/6 A11ea$ a9ainst !rders
+nder Section 88F o t"e Act3 2ro$isions "a$e been made or3 a22eal against orders.
According to t"is3 t"e a22ealable orders are as ollows:
a. &inal order 2assed on 2etition o t"e nature s2eciied in t"ird sc"edule=
b. /rder 2assed under Section 8:8 o t"e ,a4ast"an .enancy Act :'FF= and
c. /rders 2assed as mentioned under Section :9E o code o ci$il 2rocedure3:'9D.
A11ea$ a9ainst such order .ay 8e .ade to the fo$$o3in9#
i. * t"e order is 2assed by .e"sildar3 a22eal is made to t"e collector=
ii. * t"e order is 2assed by Assistant @ollector3 %loc1 7e$elo2ment /icer or @ollector3
t"en a22eal will be made to ,e$enue A22ellate Aut"ority.
iii. * t"e order is 2assed by ,e$enue A22ellate Aut"ority3 t"en a22eal will be made to
,e$enue %oard. :Puran 'hanBar )s/ Pre. *aur,
16
+nder Section 88F3 no a22eal can be made against order 2assed in a22eal. *t means t"at t"ere is
no 2ro$ision o second a22eal against orders.
."e %oard can acce2t or e4ect any a22eal ater 2reliminary .(Section 88A)
:;
:'CC ,,7 ED;
V
%ut no order or decree can be re$ersed or altered on t"e basis o irregularity or error. Suc"
irregularity or error may be o ollowing ty2es:
a. !is4oinder o 2arties3
b. !is4oinder o cause o Actions3
c. Any error or
d. *rregularity :,an9a 'ahai )s/ 0irdhi Chand,
1A
."e abo$e 2ro$ision will be a22licable only w"en t"e irregularity or error does not eect
t"e merit and demerit o t"e case. * t"ere is no 4oinder o 2arties3 and it aects t"e merit
and demerit o t"e case3 t"en t"e 2ro$ision o t"is Section will not be a22licable (Janata
,ra. Panchayat, Chha1ara )s/ ThanBur ,u.an 'in9h,
15
RE%IE&$
+nder Section 88' o ,a4ast"an .enancy Act3 :'FF 2ro$isions "a$e been made or
re$iew. According to t"is3 under @ode o @i$il Procedure :'9D:
:. ."e ,e$enue %oard at its own will or on t"e a22lication o any 2arty to t"e suit3 can
re$iew any decree or order 2assed by it or by any member o it and can also rescind3
alter or ratiy suc" decree or order= and
:E
:'FA3 ,,7 8'8
:F
:'F'3 ,,7 :9F
V
8. *n addition to ,e$enue %oard3 any ,en$enue @ourt @an ,e$iew its decree or order
2assed by it.
&hat is Revie# '
,e$iew means rectiication o mista1e or error relating to act or 2rocedure let w"ile
2assing t"e order3 decree or ta1ing decision by any court3 it is reconsideration o order.
:'tate of -aharashtra )s/ '/)/ -ahajani,
15
."e main ob4ecti$e o re$iew is to rectiy any error or mista1e w"ic" "as let w"ile
2assing t"e decree or order at t"e 2reliminary stage so t"at it may not lead to multi2licity
o suits.
-ormaly re$iew is made only w"en t"ere is any mista1e a22arent on t"e ace o t"e
record :-ehar Chand )s/ 'tate of Rajasthan
1=
,e$iew can be made by made by t"e %oard at its own initiati$e or on t"e a22lication o
t"e 2arty. Any ot"er 2erson cannot a22ly or re$iew :-a9hara. )s/ Revenue 0oard,
1@
&urt"er3 t"e sco2e o re$iew is limited :Jethu Ra. )s/ 'tate of Rajasthan,
19
:A
A.*.,. :'A93 !umbai3 ;9A
:C
:''9 ,,7 :;
:D
A.*., :''D3 ,a4ast"an '9
19
:''9 ,,7 8;:
V
RE%I(ION$
+nder Section 8;9 and 8;: o ,a4ast"an .enancy Act :'FF3 2ro$ision "a$e been made
or re$ision:
Po#ers of Revision of )oard
+nder Section 8;93 t"e 2ro$isions "a$e been made indicating t"e 2owers o re$ision o
%oard. According to t"is3 t"e %oard can call any record o t"e case rom t"e subordinate
court about suc" case decided by suc" court or w"ic" a22eal cannot be made under
Section 8;' and i it a22ears t"at3 court:
a. Has used suc" 4urisdiction w"ic" is not $ested in it as 2er law= or
b. *t "as not used t"e 4urisdiction w"ic" is not $ested in it= or
c. +sed illegal met"od in use o its 4urisdiction and wor1ed wit" material
irregularity3 t"en t"e %oard may 2ass suc" order w"ic" it may deem it.
Revisionary Po3ers of &i9h Court
Similarly3 under Section 8;:3 t"e re$isionary 2ower o Hig" @ourt "a$e been mentioned.
According to t"is3 t"e Hig" @ourt may call suc" records o t"e case w"ic" "as been
decided by its subordinate court and w"ose a22eal may be made3 under Section 8;'3 to
t"e ci$il court and cannot "at t"e @i$il or ,e$enue @ourt:
a. Has used suc" 4urisdiction w"ic" is not $ested in it as 2er law= or
V
b. *t "as not used t"e 4urisdiction $ested in it= or
c. Has used illegal met"ods in use o its 4urisdiction and wor1ed wit" material
irregularity t"en t"e Hig" @ourt may issue suc" orders w"ic" it may deem it.
."us t"e basis o 4urisdiction o %oard and Hig" @ourt are t"e same. ,e$ision can be
made under t"ose cirumstances w"en t"e subordinate courts "a$e not used t"eir
4urisdiction 2ro2erly and t"e subordinate court "as wor1ed wit" material irregularity
(&anu.an )s/ -andir 'hri &ansaji, ,ra. LiBh.a De1ar, Dun9ar9ar9h,
27
*n act3 t"e main ob4ecti$e o re$ision
a. *s to rectiy or remo$e t"e errors3 irregularities3 and illegalaties relating to
4urisdiction o subordinate courts= and
b. *s to ac"ie$e o )ustice.
*n re$ision3 suc" orders may be 2assed by t"e %oard or Hig" @ourt w"ic" it may deem it
:0hura Ra. )s/ Dau$at 'in9h,
21
20
199A, Rajasthan La3 Journa$,159
8:
:'AD3 ,,7 F;C
V
RE*ERENCE$
+nder Section 8;83 2ro$isions "a$e been made or reerence. Accordig to t"is3 t"e
@ollector may call t"e records o any case or decree or order 2assed by t"e subordinate
court or t"e 2ur2ose o satisying "imsel about t"e $alidity or 2ro2riety o suc" decree
or order 2assed by suc" court.
* it a22ears to "im t"at t"e order or decree 2assed by subordinate court is liable to be
rescinded3 altered or re$ersed t"an "e may reer suc" case to t"e %oard wit" "is o2inion.
."e %oard may3 t"en3 2ass suc" order w"ic" it may deem it.
."us Section 8;83 2ro$ides or t"e 2owers o @ollector or reerring t"e case to %oard
wit" "is o2inion3 ater stisying "imsel about $alidity3 regularity and 2ro2riety o any
order or order or decree 2assed by t"e subordinate court. He may call t"e records o suc"
case.
."is 2ower is $ested only in t"e @ollector and not in any ot"er 2erson. Suc" reerence
may be made only w"en t"e @ollector is satisied3 ot"erwise not. Suc" reerence can only
be made w"en t"e orders o subordinate courts is illegal. ."e @ollector3 beore reerring
t"e case3 "as to record reasons or t"at. :'tate )s/ "arayan 'in9h,
22

Chapter +: Dec!arator, (uit
Section DD o t"e Act 2ro$ides or declaratory suit.
88
:'C;3 ,,73 A'9
V
According to t"is:
:. Any 2erson w"o is tenant or sub-tenant may institute a suit or declaration t"at
a. He is tenant or
b. He is co-s"arer in 4oint tenancy=
8. ."e tenant o 5"ud 5as"t will also be able to institute a suit or declaration t"at "e is a
tenant o 5"ud 5as"t=
;. S"i1ami tenant can also institute a suit or declaration against t"at 2erson rom w"o "elds
land3 t"at "e is S"i1ami tenant=
E. Any land "older a2art rom State (o$ernment can institute a suit3 against suc" 2erson
w"o is tenant3 or co-tenant3 tenant3 o 5"ud 5as"t or S"i1ami tenant w"o claims or suc"3
or declaration o "is rig"ts.
&rom abo$e analysis3 it is clear t"at t"e declaratory suit is instituted or declaration o
2osition or rig"ts o tenants.
&ho Can Institute a (uit '
+nder Section DD o t"e Act3 t"e declaratory suit can be iled by t"e ollowing 2ersons:
a. .enant=
V
b. @o-tenant=
c. .enant o 5"ud 5as"t=
d. S"i1ami tenant= and
e. Any land "older dierent rom State (o$ernment.
* t"e tenant or land "older is any statue3 t"en3 t"e suit can be instituted by t"e manager on
t"at be"al :-adhu 'udan )s/ Chhitardas, 19=A RRD 595;
&or declaratory suit3 it is necessary t"at t"e 2lainti is in t"e 2osition o tenant or land
"older :Ra. '3aru1 )s/ -rs Phoo.a, 19=5, RRD 5A@;/
*or &hat purpose the (uit can -e *i!ed '
+nder Section DD3 t"e suit can be instituted by any tenant or land "older or t"e 2ur2ose
o declaration o t"at
i. He is tenant
ii. He is @o-tenant
iii. He is co-s"arer in 4oint tenancy=
i$. He is tenant o 5"ud 5as"t
$. He is S"i1ami tenant or
V
$i. He is land "older.
."us t"e declaratory suit is instituted or declaration o one?s 2osition or "is rig"t.
&or setting aside any 2arc"a o settlement3 declaratory suit can be instituted under Section DD
,hasi )s/ Ja9annath1959,
26
Similarly3 t"e declaratory suit can be instituted or c"allenging t"e legality o mutation or c"ange
o name in t"e ,egister TeBa )s/ Du$ha 'in9h,
2A

*n case (..aid *an3ar )s/ -an *an3ar
25
, it "as been decided t"at it is com2ulsary to 2ray
or relie or getting 2ossession o dis2uted 2ro2erty in a declaratory suit. *n absence o
2ossession t"e mere relie declaration is meaningless.
&urt"er3 w"et"er to gi$e suc" relie or not de2ends u2on t"e discretion o t"e court.
(uit for Tenant C!ass
+nder Section D'3 any tenant or land"older may institute a suit or t"e 2ur2ose o declaration t"at
"e is:
a. .enant o a 2articular class
b. ."e land is o 2articular area3 number and boundaries=
c. ."e rent 2ayable or t"e area o land and its mode o 2ayment
d. *n case o 2ayment o rent in cas"3 t"e date on w"ic" and t"e instalments in w"ic" suc"
2ayments are to be made=
e. *n case o rent 2ayble in 1ind3 t"e determination o 2rices o cro2s3 di$ision3 time o suc"
gi$ing and met"od.
. ."e time 2eriod o tenancy w"ic" is to be maintained or 1e2t in case o tenants o ("air
5"atedari or 5"ud 5as"t or S"i1ami 5"atedar and
g. Any s2eciied conditions w"ic" are not inconsistent wit" t"e 2ro$isions o t"is act.
8;
,,7 8'D
8E
:':E3 ,,7 889
8F
:''9 ,,7 E8F
V
(uit for Dec!aration of .hud .asht /and
+nder Section '9 o t"e Act3 w"en t"e tenant claims t"at
a. *t is "is land area3 and
b. He culti$ates t"e land.
."en "e can institute a suit or t"e 2ur2ose o suc" declaration Similarly3 any land "older can
institute a declaratory suit or t"e 2ur2ose o declaration t"at it is "is 5"ud 5as"t land.
."us under Section '93 t"e tenant or land "older bot" can institute a suit or declaration o t"eir
5"ud 5as"t lands. %ut or t"is 2ur2ose3 t"e 2lainti "as to 2ro$e "is 2osition (("isa Vs. A"med3
:'A93 ,,7 ::E).
(uit for Dec!aration of Other Ri0hts$
+nder Section ': o t"e Act3 any 2erson can institute a suit or declaration o "is suc" rig"ts t"at:
a. Suc" rig"ts are conerred u2on "im by t"e Act.
b. &or w"ic" no 2ro$isions "a$e been made ot"erwise.
."e rig"t to graBing o animals on graBing land3 rea2ing and remo$ing o glass3 cleaning3 rig"t o
owners"i2 o$er well3 rig"t o natural low o water are suc" rig"ts or w"ic" instituted.
(UIT *OR INJUNCTION
Section '8 a o ,a4ast"an .enancy Act :'FF coners u2on t"e rig"t to institute a suit or getting
in4unction. Accordings to t"is3 IAny 2erson or "is all rig"ts or or any o t"ese rig"ts w"ic" are
conerred u2on "im under t"is Act3 can institute a suit or in4unction in com2liance o and under
t"e 2ro$isions o S2eciic ,elie Act?.
*n4unction means suc" order o t"e court by w"ic" any 2erson is 2re$ented rom intererence or
t"reatening o intererence in t"e rit"ts o ot"er 2erson.
*n4unction is issued in suc" a situation w"en i it is not issued3 t"en t"e loss incurred in suc"
situation is:
*. *rre2arable
**. *t is im2ossible to estimate suc" loss= or
V
***. *t is not 2ossible to get suc" amount o loss.Still3 it is essential t"at in a$our o 2lainti.
*. ."ere is a 2rima acie case=
**. ."ere is a balance o con$enience= and
***. ."ere is irre2arable loss to t"e 2lainti.
)i-!io0raph,
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