First conditional

If + present simple + will + infinitive

If you see the film, youll understand.
El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para hablar de
* posibles o probables situaciones futuras. If its cold tomorrow, I wont walk to
college. If she doesnt go to the party, she wont see avid.
* promesas y advertencies. If you forget her birthday, shell be upset. If we eat
now, we wont be hungry when we get to the restaurant.
Second conditional
If + past simple + would + infinitive
If you saw the film, youd understand.
El condicional de sgundo grado se utiliza para
* hablar de situaciones irreales o improbable en el presente o en el futuro. If I had
money, Id buy it for you. !It is unlikely that you will have more money." If you
had a car, you could learn to drive. !#ou dont have a car, so you wont learn to
drive."
* dar conse$o. If I were you, Id put some suntan lotion on. If he lived in %ermany,
hed learn %erman.
Third conditional
If + past perfect + would have + past participle
If you had seen the film, you would have understood
El condicional de tercer grado se utiliza para hablar de cosas &ue no tuvieron lugar
en el pasado.
If I had known you were coming, I would have made some dinner. !I didnt know
you were coming so I didnt make any dinner."
El conditional 3
El condicional 3 (3rd conditional) se usa para hablar de situaciones ireales en el
pasado y los resultados imaginados.
Se forma
If + past perfect simple*/continuous** + would/could/might + hae + past
participle
* sub!ect + had + past participle
** sub!ect + had + been + present participle
E"amples
If I'd passed my driing test# I would have bought a car. Si hubiera aprobado
mi e"amen de conducir# habria comprado un coche.
If you'd been listening# you might have understood the instructions. Si
hubieras estado escuchando# tal e$ habrias comprendido las intrucciones.
You might have been able to go to the concert# if you'd tried to get the
tic%ets last month. &al e$ habrias podido ir al concierto# si hubieras intentado
comprar las entradas el mes pasado.
'hat would you have done if you had been in the same situation( )ue
habrias hecho si hubieras estado en la misma situaci*n(
&ips (conse!os)
&he contracted forms of had and would loo% the same+
sub!ect + had , -d e"ample I-d# you-d# he-d# she-d# it-d# we-d and they-d
sub!ect + would , -d e"ample I-d you-d# he-d# she-d# it-d# we-d and they-d
had not , hadn-t
would not hae , wouldn-t hae
could not hae , couldn-t hae
Separate the two clauses with a comma. If we had seen seen you# we would hae
said something.
&he if clause can go at the beginning or end of the sentence.
past participle of can , been able to
Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in the correct
tense to make 3rd conditionals then click here for the answers.
.. If I....................(%now) the answer to the last /uestion# I..................(pass) the
e"am.
0. If you............(apply) for that !ob# you.............(get) it. * se puede usar could,
would might
3. If I................(hear) the weather forcast# I..................(ta%e) my umbrella with
me.
1. If 2eter.................(ta%e) a map with him# he...................(get lost).
3. If you..................(left) earlier# you...................(arrie) on time.
4. 'e...............(get) there /uic%er# if we.............(go) by train. * se puede usar
could would
5. If I....................(%now) that you were going to coo% dinner# I.............(buy) a
bottle of wine.
6. If the train................(delay)# we...............(can) go to the cinema.
7. I.......................(go) to the beach yesterday# if it......................(be) sunny.
.8. If it.............(be) warmer# I................(wear) my !ac%et.
El condicional en ingls
El condicional es uno de los tiempos m9s dif:cil en ingl;s# incluso para los
estudiantes aan$ados. </u: ofrecemos una sencillas reglas para las tres
primeras condicionales+
condicional cero#
condicional primero y
condicional segundo.
<l final hay un e!ercicio para practicar las distintas formas del condicional en
ingl;s. Encontrar9n las respuestas correctas al e!ercicio gratis a/u:.
. !ero Conditional" #ara describir rutinas o hechos
generales
Example
If I leave the house at 8am, I catch the bus at 8.15am
(this always happes ! "ero coditio#
If + Present simple or continuous + subject + present simple
$. %irst Conditional" #ara describir situaciones
probables y resultados posibles
Examples
If I see $eter, I%ll give him your message.
If it%s raiig whe I leave the office toight, I%ll get a taxi home.
If + present simple or present continuous + subject + will +
infinitive
3. &econd Conditional" #ara describir situaciones
imaginarias o muy poco probables y el resultado.
Examples
If I wo the lottery, I would (or I%d# leave my &ob ad travel aroud the world.
(uli'ely#
If I were you, I%d apply for a ew &ob. (imagiary#
If ' past simple ' sub(ect ' would ' infinitive
&ips+
)se the infinitive without to after will and would
*e often use the contracted form of will + I,ll- you'll- he'll-
she'll- .t'll- we'll and they'll and the contracted form of would +
I'd- you'd- he'd- she'd- it'd- we'd and they'd
&eparate the clauses with a comma
In the second conditional use were instead of was for /00
sub(ects + If I were you...
E!ercicio (se encuentran las soluciones a1u.)
See if you can fill in the gaps using the correct form of the conditional.
/nswers here.
. = If it .......... (be) sunny tomorrow# we ..........(go) to the beach.
0 = If the 6 o>cloc% bus .......... (arrie) late# I .......... (get to) wor% on time.
3 = If I ..........(be) you# I ........... (learn) how to coo%.
1 = If I ............ (win) the lottery# I .......... (leae) my !ob.
3 = If I ............. (go) to that restaurant# I ............ (tell) you what it>s li%e.
4 = If I ............ (find) an enelope with a lot of money in it in the street # I ............
(ta%e) it to the nearest police station.
5 = If you ........... (boil) water# it ............... (eaporate)
6 =If you .......... (help) me with my homewor%# I ........... (help) you clean the
%itchen.
7 = If I ............ (arrie) late# .............. you .............. my dinner in the oen please(
.8 = If England ............. the match tonight# they .............. (be) in the semi=finals?
+ +
* 'a proposici(n &ue lleva if puede colocarse delante o detr)s de la proposici(n
principal.
El significado es el mismo en ambos casos.
*i se coloca delante, se utiliza coma.
If Id remembered your birthday, I would have sent you a card.
First conditional
If + present simple + will + infinitive
If you see the film, youll understand.
El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para hablar de
* posibles o probables situaciones futuras. If its cold tomorrow, I wont walk to
college. If she doesnt go to the party, she wont see avid.
* promesas y advertencies. If you forget her birthday, shell be upset. If we eat
now, we wont be hungry when we get to the restaurant.
Second conditional
If + past simple + would + infinitive
If you saw the film, youd understand.
El condicional de sgundo grado se utiliza para
* hablar de situaciones irreales o improbable en el presente o en el futuro. If I had
money, Id buy it for you. !It is unlikely that you will have more money." If you
had a car, you could learn to drive. !#ou dont have a car, so you wont learn to
drive."
* dar conse$o. If I were you, Id put some suntan lotion on. If he lived in %ermany,
hed learn %erman.
Third conditional
If + past perfect + would have + past participle
If you had seen the film, you would have understood
El condicional de tercer grado se utiliza para hablar de cosas &ue no tuvieron lugar
en el pasado.
If I had known you were coming, I would have made some dinner. !I didnt know
you were coming so I didnt make any dinner."
El conditional 3
El condicional 3 (3rd conditional) se usa para hablar de situaciones ireales en el
pasado y los resultados imaginados.
Se forma
If + past perfect simple*/continuous** + would/could/might + hae + past
participle
* sub!ect + had + past participle
** sub!ect + had + been + present participle
E"amples
If I'd passed my driing test# I would have bought a car. Si hubiera aprobado
mi e"amen de conducir# habria comprado un coche.
If you'd been listening# you might have understood the instructions. Si
hubieras estado escuchando# tal e$ habrias comprendido las intrucciones.
You might have been able to go to the concert# if you'd tried to get the
tic%ets last month. &al e$ habrias podido ir al concierto# si hubieras intentado
comprar las entradas el mes pasado.
'hat would you have done if you had been in the same situation( )ue
habrias hecho si hubieras estado en la misma situaci*n(
&ips (conse!os)
&he contracted forms of had and would loo% the same+
sub!ect + had , -d e"ample I-d# you-d# he-d# she-d# it-d# we-d and they-d
sub!ect + would , -d e"ample I-d you-d# he-d# she-d# it-d# we-d and they-d
had not , hadn-t
would not hae , wouldn-t hae
could not hae , couldn-t hae
Separate the two clauses with a comma. If we had seen seen you# we would hae
said something.
&he if clause can go at the beginning or end of the sentence.
past participle of can , been able to
Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in the correct
tense to make 3rd conditionals then click here for the answers.
.. If I....................(%now) the answer to the last /uestion# I..................(pass) the
e"am.
0. If you............(apply) for that !ob# you.............(get) it. * se puede usar could,
would might
3. If I................(hear) the weather forcast# I..................(ta%e) my umbrella with
me.
1. If 2eter.................(ta%e) a map with him# he...................(get lost).
3. If you..................(left) earlier# you...................(arrie) on time.
4. 'e...............(get) there /uic%er# if we.............(go) by train. * se puede usar
could would
5. If I....................(%now) that you were going to coo% dinner# I.............(buy) a
bottle of wine.
6. If the train................(delay)# we...............(can) go to the cinema.
7. I.......................(go) to the beach yesterday# if it......................(be) sunny.
.8. If it.............(be) warmer# I................(wear) my !ac%et.
+ +
* 'a proposici(n &ue lleva if puede colocarse delante o detr)s de la proposici(n
principal.
El significado es el mismo en ambos casos.
*i se coloca delante, se utiliza coma.
If Id remembered your birthday, I would have sent you a card.
El condicional en ingls
El condicional es uno de los tiempos m9s dif:cil en ingl;s# incluso para los
estudiantes aan$ados. </u: ofrecemos una sencillas reglas para las tres
primeras condicionales+
condicional cero#
condicional primero y
condicional segundo.
<l final hay un e!ercicio para practicar las distintas formas del condicional en
ingl;s. Encontrar9n las respuestas correctas al e!ercicio gratis a/u:.
. !ero Conditional" #ara describir rutinas o hechos
generales
Example
If I leave the house at 8am, I catch the bus at 8.15am
(this always happes ! "ero coditio#
If + Present simple or continuous + subject + present simple
$. %irst Conditional" #ara describir situaciones
probables y resultados posibles
Examples
If I see $eter, I%ll give him your message.
If it%s raiig whe I leave the office toight, I%ll get a taxi home.
If + present simple or present continuous + subject + will +
infinitive
3. &econd Conditional" #ara describir situaciones
imaginarias o muy poco probables y el resultado.
Examples
If I wo the lottery, I would (or I%d# leave my &ob ad travel aroud the world.
(uli'ely#
If I were you, I%d apply for a ew &ob. (imagiary#
If ' past simple ' sub(ect ' would ' infinitive
&ips+
)se the infinitive without to after will and would
*e often use the contracted form of will + I,ll- you'll- he'll-
she'll- .t'll- we'll and they'll and the contracted form of would +
I'd- you'd- he'd- she'd- it'd- we'd and they'd
&eparate the clauses with a comma
In the second conditional use were instead of was for /00
sub(ects + If I were you...
E!ercicio (se encuentran las soluciones a1u.)
See if you can fill in the gaps using the correct form of the conditional.
/nswers here.
. = If it .......... (be) sunny tomorrow# we ..........(go) to the beach.
0 = If the 6 o>cloc% bus .......... (arrie) late# I .......... (get to) wor% on time.
3 = If I ..........(be) you# I ........... (learn) how to coo%.
1 = If I ............ (win) the lottery# I .......... (leae) my !ob.
3 = If I ............. (go) to that restaurant# I ............ (tell) you what it>s li%e.
4 = If I ............ (find) an enelope with a lot of money in it in the street # I ............
(ta%e) it to the nearest police station.
5 = If you ........... (boil) water# it ............... (eaporate)
6 =If you .......... (help) me with my homewor%# I ........... (help) you clean the
%itchen.
7 = If I ............ (arrie) late# .............. you .............. my dinner in the oen please(
.8 = If England ............. the match tonight# they .............. (be) in the semi=finals?
PRESENT PERFECT
El pretrito perfecto, se forma con el presente del verbo 'to have' a modo de auxiliar y el
participio pasivo del verbo que se conjuga segn la siguiente construccin:
to have participio del verbo a conjugar
I have played
You have played
He has played
We have played
You have played
They have played
Yo he jugado
T has jugado
l ha jugado
Nosotros hemos jugado
Vosotros habis jugado
Ellos han jugado
!a forma interrogativa, se obtiene anteponiendo el auxiliar al sujeto"
Have you played? # Has jugado?
En la forma negativa se coloca 'not' despus del auxiliar:
He has not played # l no ha jugado
!a forma interrogativa$negativa tiene la construccin auxiliar not sujeto
Haven't you played? # No has jugado?
USO DE PRET!RITO PERFECTO "P#esent Pe#$e%t&
El %present perfect simple& conecta # une el pasado y el presente de una manera parecida
al pretrito perfecto en espa'ol" (i decimos que algo ha ocurrido )'has happened'*,
pensamos del pasado y del presente a la ve+ como si hiciesemos un puente del pasado al
presente"

Ejemplo:
$ , can&t do my home-or.
because ,&ve lost my boo."
- No puedo hacer mis deberes
porue he perdido mi libro!
/s0 que muchas veces podemos cambiar una frase del %present perfect simple& al
%present simple& y queda con un significado parecido"
,'ve lost my boo. , don&t have it no-
Have you seen the ne- !eonardo 1i 2aprio film 1o you .no- it "
3our sister has le$t the door open 4he door is open no-
Hasn't 1anny (ot )a##*ed yet5 ,s he still single5
,'ve finally $ound a job , have a job no-
6samos el present perfect simple para acciones en el pasado que tienen un significado o
relevancia en la actualidad"
I've passed )y d#*v*n( test+ # He aprobado el e"#men de conducir
Have you seen the (o#(eous ne, se%#eta#y? # Has $isto a la atracti$a nue$a
secretaria?
- te##o#*st has .o).ed a .us )accin en el pasado que tiene un significado ahora*
-dol$ H*tle# .o).ed ondon )no tiene relevancia ahora*
.. Sue (lose) ............... the %ey of her car.
0. 2eter (sae) ............... almost @5888 for a new motorcycle.
3. Aenny (finish) ............... her homewor%.
1. Some boy (brea%) ............... the windows.
3. By mother (buy) ...............new glasses.
4. I (read) ...............a hundred pages of the boo%.
5. By niece (find) ............... a aluable nec%lace.
6. &he town(suffer) ............... terrible floods.
7. Bartha (thin%) ...............ery carefully her situation.
.8. &he factories (contaminate) ............... too many riers
... Sofie (study) ............... so hard for the final e"am.
.0. 'e (write) ............... a lot of beautiful poems.
.3. Bargaret (trael) ............... to Italy.
.1. I (go) ............... to the cinema.
.3. &hey (bring) ............... a loely dog.
.4. Sam (arrie) ...............late to wor%.
.5. Bar% (isit) ............... wonderful cities in Europe.
.6. By mother (ma%e) ............... a nice dress for my sister.
.7. Clare (inite) ............... her boyfriend to the wedding.
08.Dia (want) ............... to wor% in the fashion industry.
PRESENT PERFECT
El pretrito perfecto, se forma con el presente del verbo 'to have' a modo de auxiliar y el
participio pasivo del verbo que se conjuga segn la siguiente construccin:
to have participio del verbo a conjugar
I have played
You have played
He has played
We have played
You have played
They have played
Yo he jugado
T has jugado
l ha jugado
Nosotros hemos jugado
Vosotros habis jugado
Ellos han jugado
!a forma interrogativa, se obtiene anteponiendo el auxiliar al sujeto"
Have you played? # Has jugado?
En la forma negativa se coloca 'not' despus del auxiliar:
He has not played # l no ha jugado
!a forma interrogativa$negativa tiene la construccin auxiliar not sujeto
Haven't you played? # No has jugado?
USO DE PRET!RITO PERFECTO "P#esent Pe#$e%t&
El %present perfect simple& conecta # une el pasado y el presente de una manera parecida
al pretrito perfecto en espa'ol" (i decimos que algo ha ocurrido )'has happened'*,
pensamos del pasado y del presente a la ve+ como si hiciesemos un puente del pasado al
presente"

Ejemplo:
$ , can&t do my home-or.
because ,&ve lost my boo."
- No puedo hacer mis deberes
porue he perdido mi libro!
/s0 que muchas veces podemos cambiar una frase del %present perfect simple& al
%present simple& y queda con un significado parecido"
,'ve lost my boo. , don&t have it no-
Have you seen the ne- !eonardo 1i 2aprio film 1o you .no- it "
3our sister has le$t the door open 4he door is open no-
Hasn't 1anny (ot )a##*ed yet5 ,s he still single5
,'ve finally $ound a job , have a job no-
6samos el present perfect simple para acciones en el pasado que tienen un significado o
relevancia en la actualidad"
I've passed )y d#*v*n( test+ # He aprobado el e"#men de conducir
Have you seen the (o#(eous ne, se%#eta#y? # Has $isto a la atracti$a nue$a
secretaria?
- te##o#*st has .o).ed a .us )accin en el pasado que tiene un significado ahora*
-dol$ H*tle# .o).ed ondon )no tiene relevancia ahora*
0.. Sue (lose) ............... the %ey of her car.
00. 2eter (sae) ............... almost @5888 for a new motorcycle.
03. Aenny (finish) ............... her homewor%.
01. Some boy (brea%) ............... the windows.
03. By mother (buy) ...............new glasses.
04. I (read) ...............a hundred pages of the boo%.
05. By niece (find) ............... a aluable nec%lace.
06. &he town(suffer) ............... terrible floods.
07. Bartha (thin%) ...............ery carefully her situation.
38.&he factories (contaminate) ............... too many riers
3.. Sofie (study) ............... so hard for the final e"am.
30. 'e (write) ............... a lot of beautiful poems.
33. Bargaret (trael) ............... to Italy.
31. I (go) ............... to the cinema.
33. &hey (bring) ............... a loely dog.
34. Sam (arrie) ...............late to wor%.
35. Bar% (isit) ............... wonderful cities in Europe.
36. By mother (ma%e) ............... a nice dress for my sister.
37. Clare (inite) ............... her boyfriend to the wedding.
18.Dia (want) ............... to wor% in the fashion industry.
PRESENT PERFECT
El pretrito perfecto, se forma con el presente del verbo 'to have' a modo de auxiliar y el
participio pasivo del verbo que se conjuga segn la siguiente construccin:
to have participio del verbo a conjugar
I have played
You have played
He has played
We have played
You have played
They have played
Yo he jugado
T has jugado
l ha jugado
Nosotros hemos jugado
Vosotros habis jugado
Ellos han jugado
!a forma interrogativa, se obtiene anteponiendo el auxiliar al sujeto"
Have you played? # Has jugado?
En la forma negativa se coloca 'not' despus del auxiliar:
He has not played # l no ha jugado
!a forma interrogativa$negativa tiene la construccin auxiliar not sujeto
Haven't you played? # No has jugado?
USO DE PRET!RITO PERFECTO "P#esent Pe#$e%t&
El %present perfect simple& conecta # une el pasado y el presente de una manera parecida
al pretrito perfecto en espa'ol" (i decimos que algo ha ocurrido )'has happened'*,
pensamos del pasado y del presente a la ve+ como si hiciesemos un puente del pasado al
presente"

Ejemplo:
$ , can&t do my home-or.
because ,&ve lost my boo."
- No puedo hacer mis deberes
porue he perdido mi libro!
/s0 que muchas veces podemos cambiar una frase del %present perfect simple& al
%present simple& y queda con un significado parecido"
,'ve lost my boo. , don&t have it no-
Have you seen the ne- !eonardo 1i 2aprio film 1o you .no- it "
3our sister has le$t the door open 4he door is open no-
Hasn't 1anny (ot )a##*ed yet5 ,s he still single5
,'ve finally $ound a job , have a job no-
6samos el present perfect simple para acciones en el pasado que tienen un significado o
relevancia en la actualidad"
I've passed )y d#*v*n( test+ # He aprobado el e"#men de conducir
Have you seen the (o#(eous ne, se%#eta#y? # Has $isto a la atracti$a nue$a
secretaria?
- te##o#*st has .o).ed a .us )accin en el pasado que tiene un significado ahora*
-dol$ H*tle# .o).ed ondon )no tiene relevancia ahora*
1.. Sue (lose) ............... the %ey of her car.
10. 2eter (sae) ............... almost @5888 for a new motorcycle.
13. Aenny (finish) ............... her homewor%.
11. Some boy (brea%) ............... the windows.
13. By mother (buy) ...............new glasses.
14. I (read) ...............a hundred pages of the boo%.
15. By niece (find) ............... a aluable nec%lace.
16.&he town(suffer) ............... terrible floods.
17. Bartha (thin%) ...............ery carefully her situation.
38. &he factories (contaminate) ............... too many riers
3.. Sofie (study) ............... so hard for the final e"am.
30. 'e (write) ............... a lot of beautiful poems.
33. Bargaret (trael) ............... to Italy.
31. I (go) ............... to the cinema.
33. &hey (bring) ............... a loely dog.
34. Sam (arrie) ...............late to wor%.
35. Bar% (isit) ............... wonderful cities in Europe.
36. By mother (ma%e) ............... a nice dress for my sister.
37. Clare (inite) ............... her boyfriend to the wedding.
48.Dia (want) ............... to wor% in the fashion industry.
MUST
Forma afirmativa
e interrogativa
Forma negativa
Forma negativa
contraida
must must not mustn't
+ara los tiempos &ue carecen del must, puede emplearse to have to !tener &ue",
I had to go to the hospital. - Tuve/Tena que ir al hospital. (pasado)
I.ll have to go to the hospital. - Tendr que ir al hospital. (futuro)
/sos de must
1. Deber. /na obligaci(n de hacer algo &ue se considera necesario o muy
importante,
0 soldier must obey orders. 1 Un soldado deber cumplir las ordenes.
#ou must be here before 2 o.clock tomorrow. - Debes estar aqu antes de las ocho
de la maana.
'a negaci(n mustnt indica prohibici(n.
#ou musnt smoke here. 1 3o deben fumar a&u4.

Nota:
'a ausencia de necesidad o de obligaci(n se e5presa con neednt o not have to.
#ou neednt phone me. o hace falta que me llames.
#ou dont have to phone me. o hace falta que me llames.

bligaci!n en el "asado.
+ara indicar obligaci(n en el pasado, se hace necesario a veces utilizar had to en
lugar de must,
I had to leave early. 1 Tuve/tena que marcharse temprano.
#. Deducci!n afirmativa o su"osici!n.
6aria must have a problem with her boss. - !ara debe tener un problema con su
"efe.
7e must be at home. - Debe estar en casa.
'a deducci!n negativa o im"osibilidad se e5presa con cant,
#ou cant be hungry, it.s only 88 o.clock. - o puede ser que ten#as hambre. $%lo
son las once.
*he can.t be married yet. *he.s only 89. - &lla no puede casarse todava. $%lo tiene
'( aos.
$. Deducci!n o su"osici!n con el aspecto perfecto !con have".
*he must have paid already. 1 Debe haberlo pa#ado )a.
'a deducci(n negativa o imposibilidad se e5presa con cant.
*he cant have done it already. - o puede haberlo hecho )a
%&%'()S% 1
(hoose cant or must. Follo* the e+am"le.
&li#e can*t o must. $i#ue el e"emplo.
E5ample, :hat pub be very popular. It.s always full of people.
8. #ou.ve been working all day. #ou be very tired.
;. <ongratulations on passing your driving test. #ou be very happy to
have a driving licence.
=. #ou got here very &uickly. #ou have walked.
>. 0mparo and *anti had terrible weather and they lost their passports and video
camera. :hey have had a very nice holiday.
?. :he neighbours have $ust bought a new +orsche. :hey be short of
money.
9. #ou.re going on holiday ne5t week, aren.t you@ #ou be looking
forward to it.
A. :hat new restaurant be very good. It.s always empty.
MUST
Forma afirmativa
e interrogativa
Forma negativa
Forma negativa
contraida
must must not mustn't
+ara los tiempos &ue carecen del must, puede emplearse to have to !tener &ue",
I had to go to the hospital. - Tuve/Tena que ir al hospital. (pasado)
I.ll have to go to the hospital. - Tendr que ir al hospital. (futuro)
/sos de must
1. Deber. /na obligaci(n de hacer algo &ue se considera necesario o muy
importante,
0 soldier must obey orders. 1 Un soldado deber cumplir las ordenes.
#ou must be here before 2 o.clock tomorrow. - Debes estar aqu antes de las ocho
de la maana.
'a negaci(n mustnt indica prohibici(n.
#ou musnt smoke here. 1 3o deben fumar a&u4.

Nota:
'a ausencia de necesidad o de obligaci(n se e5presa con neednt o not have to.
#ou neednt phone me. o hace falta que me llames.
#ou dont have to phone me. o hace falta que me llames.

bligaci!n en el "asado.
+ara indicar obligaci(n en el pasado, se hace necesario a veces utilizar had to en
lugar de must,
I had to leave early. 1 Tuve/tena que marcharse temprano.
#. Deducci!n afirmativa o su"osici!n.
6aria must have a problem with her boss. - !ara debe tener un problema con su
"efe.
7e must be at home. - Debe estar en casa.
'a deducci!n negativa o im"osibilidad se e5presa con cant,
#ou cant be hungry, it.s only 88 o.clock. - o puede ser que ten#as hambre. $%lo
son las once.
*he can.t be married yet. *he.s only 89. - &lla no puede casarse todava. $%lo tiene
'( aos.
$. Deducci!n o su"osici!n con el aspecto perfecto !con have".
*he must have paid already. 1 Debe haberlo pa#ado )a.
'a deducci(n negativa o imposibilidad se e5presa con cant.
*he cant have done it already. - o puede haberlo hecho )a
%&%'()S% 1
(hoose cant or must. Follo* the e+am"le.
&li#e can*t o must. $i#ue el e"emplo.
E5ample, :hat pub be very popular. It.s always full of people.
8. #ou.ve been working all day. #ou be very tired.
;. <ongratulations on passing your driving test. #ou be very happy to
have a driving licence.
=. #ou got here very &uickly. #ou have walked.
>. 0mparo and *anti had terrible weather and they lost their passports and video
camera. :hey have had a very nice holiday.
?. :he neighbours have $ust bought a new +orsche. :hey be short of
money.
9. #ou.re going on holiday ne5t week, aren.t you@ #ou be looking
forward to it.
A. :hat new restaurant be very good. It.s always empty.
7" So)e )algunos, algunas* refiere una cantidad indefinida )cierto nmero de"""* se
usa en las frases afirmativas y las interrogativas cuando se espera una respuesta
afirmativa:
eave us so)e apples # %janos algunas man&anas"
I have so)e )oney # Tengo algo de dinero
Would you l*/e so)e %o$$ee? # 'uires un poco de ca(?
(ome puede ser sustituido por las siguientes expresiones:
a* '/ little', con sustantivos singulares que carecen de plural )tea, sugar, coffee, -ater*:
I have a l*ttle tea # Tomo un poco de t
b* '/ fe-', con sustantivos en plural:
I have a $e, .oo/s a.out 0e1*%o # Tengo algunos libros sobre )"ico
8" -ny, puede usarse en frases interrotativas )cantidad indefinida* o negativas )en este
caso expresa la ausencia de cantidad*" En el caso de las frases interrogativas, a
diferencia de 'some', no se espera una respuesta afirmativa )podemos esperar tanto una
respuesta afirmativa como negativa*"
-#e the#e any -#(ent*n*ans he#e? # Ha* algn argentino au+?
The#e *sn't any p#o.le) # No ha* ningn problema
En las frases afirmativas any significa cualquier:
2#*n( )e any .oo/ you %an $*nd # Tr#eme cualuier libro ue puedas encontrar
9" No tiene valor negativo y exige por lo tanto el uso del verbo en forma afirmativa:
I .ou(ht no potatoes yeste#day # No compr patatas a*er
:" 0u%h )mucho*" (o much )tanto*" 4oo much )demasiado*" ;o- much5 )<cuanto5*
Ho, )u%h *s *t? # ,u#nto es esto?
Than/ you ve#y )u%h # )uchas gracias
-s )u%h as you %an # Todo lo ue puedas
=" 0any )muchos*" (u significado var0a en funcin del sustantivo al que acompa'a
o sustituye"
En frases afirmativas se utili+a 'a lot of', mientras que en frases interrogativas y
negativas se utili+an alternativamente 'many' o 'a lot of' cuando el sustantivo es
contable"
(e utili+a 'much' o 'a lot of' cuando el sustantivo es incontable"
He has .een he#e )any t*)es # Ha estado au+ muchas $eces
He's (ot a lot o$ )oney # Tiene mucho dinero
I haven't d#un/ )u%h # No he bebido mucho
>ueden tambin emplearse expresiones como 'a great deal' )of"""* y 'plenty' )of"""* con el
significado de 'much'
I need a (#eat deal o$ )oney to t#avel # Necesito mucho dinero para $iajar
'great many'""" corresponde al ajetivo espa'ol much0simos, y siempre precede a un
sustantivo en plural:
I have a (#eat )any $#*ends *n 0ad#*d # Tengo much+simos amigos en )adrid
?" *ttle, )poco*" 'a little' tiene un significado m@s positivo y equivale a 'algo de"""'"
(e utili+a siempre con sustantivos incontables"
We have l*ttle t*)e le$t # Nos ueda poco tiempo
I have a l*ttle )oney # Tengo un poco de dinero
/dem@s little significa peque'o, y tambin se emplea para formar los diminutivos:
- l*ttle %h*ld # un ni-o peue-o )de edad*
2uando nos referimos en cambio al concepto de peque'o en dimensiones, empleamos
'small'
Th*s *s a s)all %h*ld # es un ni-o peue-o )de estatura*
A" Fe,, (iempre seguido de un sustantivo en plural" 4iene un sentido negativo )poco*
mientras que 'a fe-' tiene un sentido m@s positivo y equivale a 'algunos'"
The#e a#e $e, .oo/s on the ta.le # Ha* pocos libros sobre la mesa
3*ve )e a $e, %*(a#ettes # %ame algunos cigarrillos
Encontraremos generalmente m@s usuales las construcciones con many en forma
negativa que con fe- en su forma positiva" /s0, la primera frase del ejemplo anterior
quedar0a:
The#e a#en't )any .oo/s on the ta.le # No ha* muchos libros sobre la mesa
B" Seve#al )varios*
I have seen h*) seve#al t*)es # .e he $isto $arias $eces
C" Ce#ta*n significa seguro, cierto, y puede referirse a un sustantivo en singular o
plural"
I') %e#ta*n that *t *s t#ue # Esto* seguro de ue es $erdad
- %e#ta*n 0#4 5pe6 # /n tal se-or .0pe&
7D" 0ost )la mayor parte de"""*" Es el superlativo de much y de many y se usa con
sustantivos incontables o en plural" 1elante de pronombres o cuando el sustantivo al que
precede lleva 'the' o un adjetivo posesivo o demostrativo se usa 'most of'"
Who has )ost )oney? # 'uin tiene m#s dinero?
0ost o$ the %ount#y *s $o#est # .a ma*or parte del pa+s es bosue
Eo debe usarse 'most' cuando existe una comparacin entre dos personas o cosas" /s0,
no debemos decir 'of those t-o men, 2harles is the most strong' sino '"""the strongest'
77" -ll )todo, todos*
-ll ou# .oo/s a#e e1pens*ve # Todos nuestros libros son caros
78" The ,hole significa todo en el sentido de completo:
The ,hole ,o#ld # Todo el mundo1 el mundo entero
79" Enou(h significa bastante, en el sentido de suficiente" 2uando acompa'a a un
adjetivo, a un adverbio o a un participio siempre se coloca detr@s de los mismos" En
cambio, cuando acompa'a a un nombre suele colocarse delante de ste"
He *s st#on( enou(h # Es bastante (uerte
He has enou(h )oney # Tiene bastante dinero
7" So)e )algunos, algunas* refiere una cantidad indefinida )cierto nmero de"""* se
usa en las frases afirmativas y las interrogativas cuando se espera una respuesta
afirmativa:
eave us so)e apples # %janos algunas man&anas"
I have so)e )oney # Tengo algo de dinero
Would you l*/e so)e %o$$ee? # 'uires un poco de ca(?
(ome puede ser sustituido por las siguientes expresiones:
a* '/ little', con sustantivos singulares que carecen de plural )tea, sugar, coffee, -ater*:
I have a l*ttle tea # Tomo un poco de t
b* '/ fe-', con sustantivos en plural:
I have a $e, .oo/s a.out 0e1*%o # Tengo algunos libros sobre )"ico
8" -ny, puede usarse en frases interrotativas )cantidad indefinida* o negativas )en este
caso expresa la ausencia de cantidad*" En el caso de las frases interrogativas, a
diferencia de 'some', no se espera una respuesta afirmativa )podemos esperar tanto una
respuesta afirmativa como negativa*"
-#e the#e any -#(ent*n*ans he#e? # Ha* algn argentino au+?
The#e *sn't any p#o.le) # No ha* ningn problema
En las frases afirmativas any significa cualquier:
2#*n( )e any .oo/ you %an $*nd # Tr#eme cualuier libro ue puedas encontrar
9" No tiene valor negativo y exige por lo tanto el uso del verbo en forma afirmativa:
I .ou(ht no potatoes yeste#day # No compr patatas a*er
:" 0u%h )mucho*" (o much )tanto*" 4oo much )demasiado*" ;o- much5 )<cuanto5*
Ho, )u%h *s *t? # ,u#nto es esto?
Than/ you ve#y )u%h # )uchas gracias
-s )u%h as you %an # Todo lo ue puedas
=" 0any )muchos*" (u significado var0a en funcin del sustantivo al que acompa'a
o sustituye"
En frases afirmativas se utili+a 'a lot of', mientras que en frases interrogativas y
negativas se utili+an alternativamente 'many' o 'a lot of' cuando el sustantivo es
contable"
(e utili+a 'much' o 'a lot of' cuando el sustantivo es incontable"
He has .een he#e )any t*)es # Ha estado au+ muchas $eces
He's (ot a lot o$ )oney # Tiene mucho dinero
I haven't d#un/ )u%h # No he bebido mucho
>ueden tambin emplearse expresiones como 'a great deal' )of"""* y 'plenty' )of"""* con el
significado de 'much'
I need a (#eat deal o$ )oney to t#avel # Necesito mucho dinero para $iajar
'great many'""" corresponde al ajetivo espa'ol much0simos, y siempre precede a un
sustantivo en plural:
I have a (#eat )any $#*ends *n 0ad#*d # Tengo much+simos amigos en )adrid
?" *ttle, )poco*" 'a little' tiene un significado m@s positivo y equivale a 'algo de"""'"
(e utili+a siempre con sustantivos incontables"
We have l*ttle t*)e le$t # Nos ueda poco tiempo
I have a l*ttle )oney # Tengo un poco de dinero
/dem@s little significa peque'o, y tambin se emplea para formar los diminutivos:
- l*ttle %h*ld # un ni-o peue-o )de edad*
2uando nos referimos en cambio al concepto de peque'o en dimensiones, empleamos
'small'
Th*s *s a s)all %h*ld # es un ni-o peue-o )de estatura*
A" Fe,, (iempre seguido de un sustantivo en plural" 4iene un sentido negativo )poco*
mientras que 'a fe-' tiene un sentido m@s positivo y equivale a 'algunos'"
The#e a#e $e, .oo/s on the ta.le # Ha* pocos libros sobre la mesa
3*ve )e a $e, %*(a#ettes # %ame algunos cigarrillos
Encontraremos generalmente m@s usuales las construcciones con many en forma
negativa que con fe- en su forma positiva" /s0, la primera frase del ejemplo anterior
quedar0a:
The#e a#en't )any .oo/s on the ta.le # No ha* muchos libros sobre la mesa
B" Seve#al )varios*
I have seen h*) seve#al t*)es # .e he $isto $arias $eces
C" Ce#ta*n significa seguro, cierto, y puede referirse a un sustantivo en singular o
plural"
I') %e#ta*n that *t *s t#ue # Esto* seguro de ue es $erdad
- %e#ta*n 0#4 5pe6 # /n tal se-or .0pe&
7D" 0ost )la mayor parte de"""*" Es el superlativo de much y de many y se usa con
sustantivos incontables o en plural" 1elante de pronombres o cuando el sustantivo al que
precede lleva 'the' o un adjetivo posesivo o demostrativo se usa 'most of'"
Who has )ost )oney? # 'uin tiene m#s dinero?
0ost o$ the %ount#y *s $o#est # .a ma*or parte del pa+s es bosue
Eo debe usarse 'most' cuando existe una comparacin entre dos personas o cosas" /s0,
no debemos decir 'of those t-o men, 2harles is the most strong' sino '"""the strongest'
77" -ll )todo, todos*
-ll ou# .oo/s a#e e1pens*ve # Todos nuestros libros son caros
78" The ,hole significa todo en el sentido de completo:
The ,hole ,o#ld # Todo el mundo1 el mundo entero
79" Enou(h significa bastante, en el sentido de suficiente" 2uando acompa'a a un
adjetivo, a un adverbio o a un participio siempre se coloca detr@s de los mismos" En
cambio, cuando acompa'a a un nombre suele colocarse delante de ste"
He *s st#on( enou(h # Es bastante (uerte
He has enou(h )oney # Tiene bastante dinero
How much / How many
Se utilizan para preguntar por cantidades de algo.
Si se trata de sustantivos contables, se aplica How many.
Si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How much.
Estas expresiones siempre van seguidas de un sustantivo; luego, el verbo y el resto de la
oracin.
How many cars do you have?
Cuntos autos tienes?
How much money do you have?
Cunto dinero tienes?
How much se utiliza tambin para preguntar precios.
How much is this car?
Cunto cuesta este auto?
How much are the potatoes?
Cunto cuestan las papas?
!ambin se usan en "orma genrica para preguntar #cunto $ay#. En este caso, van seguidas
del sustantivo y luego, is / are there.
How many cars are there?
Cuntos autos $ay?
How much money is there?
Cunto dinero $ay?
% estas preguntas se responde usando There is / are, dependiendo de si se trata de singular o
plural, como ya $emos visto en lecciones anteriores.
There are nine cars.
&ay nueve autos.
There is one dollar.
&ay un dlar.
'ara $acer re"erencia a los sustantivos incontables, se pueden utilizar los envases o las
medidas de los envases (ue los contienen, los cuales s) son contables...
How much milk is there?
Cunta lec$e $ay?
There are three litres.
&ay tres litros.
There are three bottles.
&ay tres botellas.
7 We need so)e tea4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
9 We need so)e e((s4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
: We need so)e pape#4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
; We need so)e )oney4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
< 888888 %*(a#ettes do you s)o/e a day?
;o- much
;o- many
= 888888 pa%/ets o$ %*(a#ettes do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
> 888888 ,o#/ have you (ot to do?
;o- much
;o- many
? 888888 sleep d*d you (et last n*(ht?
;o- much
;o- many
@ 888888 %h*ld#en have you (ot?
;o- much
;o- many
7A 888888 .ottles o$ ,*ne a#e the#e *n the %ella#?
;o- much
;o- many
77 888888 En(l*sh (#a))a# do you /no,?
;o- much
;o- many
79 888888 -)e#*%ans do you /no,?
;o- much
;o- many
7: 888888 su(a# do you ta/e *n you# tea?
;o- much
;o- many
7; 888888 apples do you eat *n an ave#a(e ,ee/?
;o- much
;o- many
7< 888888 $#u*t do you eat *n an ave#a(e ,ee/?
;o- much
;o- many
7= 888888 #eal $#*ends do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
7> 888888 %ha*#s a#e the#e *n you# house?
;o- much
;o- many
7? 888888 $u#n*tu#e do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
7@ 888888 t#a$$*% ,as the#e on the )oto#,ay today?
;o- much
;o- many
9A 888888 t*)es )ust I tell you?
;o- much
;o- many
How much / How many
Se utilizan para preguntar por cantidades de algo.
Si se trata de sustantivos contables, se aplica How many.
Si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How much.
Estas expresiones siempre van seguidas de un sustantivo; luego, el verbo y el resto de la
oracin.
How many cars do you have?
Cuntos autos tienes?
How much money do you have?
Cunto dinero tienes?
How much se utiliza tambin para preguntar precios.
How much is this car?
Cunto cuesta este auto?
How much are the potatoes?
Cunto cuestan las papas?
!ambin se usan en "orma genrica para preguntar #cunto $ay#. En este caso, van seguidas
del sustantivo y luego, is / are there.
How many cars are there?
Cuntos autos $ay?
How much money is there?
Cunto dinero $ay?
% estas preguntas se responde usando There is / are, dependiendo de si se trata de singular o
plural, como ya $emos visto en lecciones anteriores.
There are nine cars.
&ay nueve autos.
There is one dollar.
&ay un dlar.
'ara $acer re"erencia a los sustantivos incontables, se pueden utilizar los envases o las
medidas de los envases (ue los contienen, los cuales s) son contables...
How much milk is there?
Cunta lec$e $ay?
There are three litres.
&ay tres litros.
There are three bottles.
&ay tres botellas.
7 We need so)e tea4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
9 We need so)e e((s4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
: We need so)e pape#4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
; We need so)e )oney4 888888 do ,e need?
;o- much
;o- many
< 888888 %*(a#ettes do you s)o/e a day?
;o- much
;o- many
= 888888 pa%/ets o$ %*(a#ettes do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
> 888888 ,o#/ have you (ot to do?
;o- much
;o- many
? 888888 sleep d*d you (et last n*(ht?
;o- much
;o- many
@ 888888 %h*ld#en have you (ot?
;o- much
;o- many
7A 888888 .ottles o$ ,*ne a#e the#e *n the %ella#?
;o- much
;o- many
77 888888 En(l*sh (#a))a# do you /no,?
;o- much
;o- many
79 888888 -)e#*%ans do you /no,?
;o- much
;o- many
7: 888888 su(a# do you ta/e *n you# tea?
;o- much
;o- many
7; 888888 apples do you eat *n an ave#a(e ,ee/?
;o- much
;o- many
7< 888888 $#u*t do you eat *n an ave#a(e ,ee/?
;o- much
;o- many
7= 888888 #eal $#*ends do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
7> 888888 %ha*#s a#e the#e *n you# house?
;o- much
;o- many
7? 888888 $u#n*tu#e do you have?
;o- much
;o- many
7@ 888888 t#a$$*% ,as the#e on the )oto#,ay today?
;o- much
;o- many
9A 888888 t*)es )ust I tell you?
;o- much
;o- many