Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INSUPPORTOF:
SouthernAlbertaEnergyFromWasteAlliance
VulcanInnovationProject
VulcanCounty
102CenterStreet,Box180
Vulcan,AlbertaT0L2B0
PREPAREDBY:
4838RichardRoadSW,Suite140
WestMountCorporateCampus
Calgary,ABT3E6L1
INPARTNERSHIPWITH
FourthFloor,3292ProductionWay
Burnaby,BC,CanadaV5A4R4
List of Tables
Table1: AverageAnnualMSWDisposalRatesfromSAEWAMembers...................................................................4
Table2: SummaryofMSWDisposedfromNonSAEWAMembers..........................................................................6
Table3: SummaryofICISectorWasteDisposedatNonSAEWALandfills...............................................................7
Table4: BiosolidsDisposal/Generation....................................................................................................................8
Table5: SummaryofWasteRailwayTiesforDisposal.............................................................................................9
Table6: SummaryofTotalandAvailableWasteQuantities...................................................................................11
Table7: WasteCompositionsofWasteStreams....................................................................................................17
Table8: EstimatedHigherHeatingValueforComingledWasteStream................................................................17
Table9: SummaryofAvailableWasteforEnergyRecovery...................................................................................21
ThemembershipofSAEWAconsistsof16wasteauthoritieslistedbelowandincludedinFigure1:
BowValleyWasteManagementCommission
FoothillsRegionalServicesCommission
MDofRanchlandsNo.66
Crowsnest/PincherCreekLandfillAssociation
WillowCreekRegionalWasteManagementServicesCommission
WheatlandCounty
VulcanDistrictWasteCommission
LethbridgeRegionalWasteMgmtServicesCommission
TownofCoalhurst
TownofCoaldale
ChiefMountainRegionalSolidWasteAuthority
NewellRegionalSolidWasteMgmtAuthority
Taber&districtRegionalWasteManagementAuthority
NorthFortyMileRegionalWasteMgmtCommission
SouthFortyWasteServicesCommission
SpecialAreasBoard(BigCountry)
InJuly2010,withtheassistanceofagrantfromRuralAlbertaDevelopmentFund,theteamofHDRand
AECOMwereretainedtoassistSAEWAinfurtherexploringtheopportunitiestodevelopanEnergy
fromWaste(EFW)facilityinSouthernAlberta.Thisresearchprojectconsistsoffour(4)phases,each
withaseriesoftasksasfollows:
Phase1(CurrentPhase)
ProjectInitiation
TASK1:WASTEGENERATIONRATESANDFACILITYSIZING
TASK2:COMBUSTIONTECHNOLOGIES
ThecompletionofPhase1activitieswillresultintheidentificationofwastequantitiespotentially
availabletobemanaged,thesizeofthefacilityrequiredtomanagethesematerials;andthe
applicabletechnologiescapableofmanagingthequantityandcompositionofavailablewaste
streams.
Phase2
ThecompletionofPhase2activitieswillresultintheidentificationofwastecollection,
transportationandhandlingimplicationswithassociatedsitingopportunities;heatrecoveryand
cogenerationoptions,includingpotentialmarket/sitingopportunities;anadditionallevelofdetail
withrespecttotheenvironmentalimplications(nowincludingtransportationimpactsfromTask3),
andthefacilitypermittingandsitingrequirements.Thisphasealsoincludesthedevelopmentofa
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 2
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
Figure 1: SAEWA Membership
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 3
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
futureprojectdevelopmentschedule.Eachofthetaskscompletedinthisphasewillthenbeutilized
inPhase3toassesstheeconomicandfinancialimplications.
Phase3
ThecompletionofPhase3activitieswillresultintheidentificationoftheeconomicandfinancial
implicationsofmovingforwardwiththedevelopmentofafacilityandrequiredsupporting
infrastructure.
Phase4
ThecompletionofPhase4activitieswillincludeavisitto,andreviewof,operationalfacilitiesby
SAEWAmembers.Thisphasewillbeconcludedwiththedevelopmentofasummaryreport
documentingtheresultsofallstudytasksandrecommendationsfornextsteps.
ThefollowingreportdocumentstheresultsofPhase1,Task1WasteGenerationRatesandFacility
Sizing.
Thebaselinequantitiesidentifiedinthisreporthavebeencategorizedasfollows:
MunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)fromSAEWAmembers;
MSWfromnonSAEWAmembers;and
Otherwastesourceswithin,orwithincloseproximityto,SouthernAlberta.
Thisinitialcategorizationofwastestreamsisimportantaseachwastestreamhasitsownuniquewaste
characteristics.Inaddition,themanagementresponsibilitiesandthereforefutureavailability
considerationsforeachofthesewastestreamsisdifferentandthereforeneedstobeconsideredand
evaluatedseparately.
Thefollowingsectionsofthisreportdocumentthecurrentwastestreamsidentifiedaspotentially
availablebothwithintheRegionandoutsidetheRegionandthenexaminesthecompositionofthis
materialandprojectsthelongtermquantitiesthatcouldrequire,andbeavailablefor,managementin
thefuture.
Toconcludethistask,anassessmentofthecalorificvalue(i.e.energycontentofthewaste)hasbeen
developedandthepotentialfacilitysizeisdetermined.
Forthispurposesofthisproject,MSWincludeswastefromresidentialsources,constructionand
demolition(C&D)sitesandinstitutional,commercialandlightIndustrial(ICI)facilities.ICIwasteincludes
wastefrombusinesses,restaurants,foodprocessingplants,schools,hotelsandnonbiomedicalwaste
fromhospitals.Generally,thewastefromthesethreesourcesiscomingledattransferstationsand
disposalsites.Onlyasmallnumberofwasteauthoritiesactuallycategorizethethreewastestreams
separately.
Table1summarizesthewastedisposalquantitiesfromeachoftheSAEWAmembers.Thesefigures
representanaveragedisposalrateforthepastthreetofouryears,dependingontherecordsthatwere
submittedbytheSAEWAwasteauthorities.Thesenumbershavebeenpresentedasaveragesto
minimize,totheextentpossible,annualshiftsinwastegenerationanddisposalthatcanoccurfora
varietyofreasonsincluding,populationgrowth,economicconditions,etc.
(tonnes/
year)
C&D
Waste
(1)
(tonnes/
year)
Total
tonnes/
year)
CurrentMethodOf
Management
BowValleyWaste
ManagementCommission
11,400 12,000 23,400
TransfertoCalgary
LandfillforResidential
MSWandlocallandfill
disposalforC&Dwaste
FoothillsRegionalServices
Commission
30,100 6,800 36,900 Locallandfilldisposal
MDofRanchlandsNo.66 20 20
TransfertoFoothills
Landfill
Crowsnest/PincherCreek
LandfillAssociation
10,500 700 5,100 16,300 Locallandfilldisposal
WillowCreekRegionalWaste
ManagementServices
Commission
3,700 2,900 6,600 Locallandfilldisposal
WheatlandCounty 1,410 1,410
TransfertoDrumheller
Landfill
VulcanDistrictWaste
Commission
5,700 5,700
TransfertoLethbridge
Landfill
LethbridgeRegionalWaste
MgmtServicesCommission
2,200 50,000 52,200
TransfertoLethbridge
Landfill
TownofCoalhurst 550 550
TransfertoLethbridge
Landfill
TownofCoaldale 3,000 3,000
TransfertoLethbridge
Landfill
ChiefMountainRegional
SolidWasteAuthority
10,300 10,300
Locallandfilldisposal
plustransferto
LethbridgeLandfill
NewellRegionalSolidWaste
MgmtAuthority
12,700 6,500 2,950 22,150 Locallandfilldisposal
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 5
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
SAEWAWasteAuthorities
Residenti
alMSW
(tonnes/
year)
ICISolid
Waste
(1)
(tonnes/
year)
C&D
Waste
(1)
(tonnes/
year)
Total
tonnes/
year)
CurrentMethodOf
Management
Taber&districtRegional
WasteManagement
Authority
6,300 6,300
Transfertotwo
neighbouringlandfills
NorthFortyMileRegional
WasteManagement
Commission
1,500 1,500 Locallandfilldisposal
SouthFortyWasteServices
Commission
1,480 1,480
TransfertoNorthForty
MileLandfill
SpecialAreasBoard(Big
Country)
9,040 9,040 LocalLandfilldisposal
TOTAL 109,900 7,200 79,750 196,850
Notes: (1) Where separate volumes are known. Where blank, these categories are included with the residential quantities.
TheaverageannualMSWdisposalrateforthepastthreeyearsfromSAEWAmembersisestimatedto
be196,850tonnesperyear.Thisestimatetakesintoconsiderationfluctuationsthatwereexperienced
duringthedownturnintheeconomy.
WastedisposalratesfromtheresidentialandICIsectorsarerelativelyconsistentandgenerallydonot
fluctuatebymorethan10%eachyear.Thesetwowastestreamsareconsideredreliableandare
primarilycontrolledbytherespectiveSAEWAwasteauthorities.Therearesubstantialadditional
quantitiesofwastethatarecollectedbyprivatehaulerssuchasBFIandWasteManagementwithinthe
Region.Privatesectorwastehaulerswerecontactedandwerenotopentosharingtheirwastevolumes
withSAEWA.Moreinformationonprivatesectorwastecollectionanddisposalcompaniesisprovidedin
section2.3.1.
ConstructionandDemolitionwasterepresentsalargeportionofthematerialsdisposed.C&Dwaste
disposalquantitieswereobservedtofluctuatebyasmuchas50%fromyeartoyear.Thiscanbe
attributedtolocaleconomicconditions.Thelackofreliabilityofthiswastestreamshouldbetakeninto
considerationwhensizingafutureEFWfacility.
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,theSAEWAmembersareresponsibleforthemanagementof
approximately196,850tonnesofresidualwasterequiringdisposal.Therefore,196,850tonnesofMSW
willbecarriedforwardfurtherinthestudyaswasteavailabletobemanagedatafutureSouthern
AlbertaEFWfacility.
Inadditiontowastefromthesethreecities,therearealsoanumberofsmallmunicipalitieswithinthe
boundariesoftheSAEWAthatarenotmembersofSAEWA.TheTownofStrathmore,forexample,is
withinWheatlandCountybutisnotpartofSAEWAoranysolidwasteauthority.Thistownhas12,000
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 6
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
residentsandcurrentlydisposesanaverageof5,300tonnesperyearofresidualwasteatDrumheller
Landfill.Inaddition,asubregionoftheRegionalDistrictofEastKootenay(RDEK)inBritishColumbia
alsodisposesoftheirwastetoSouthernAlbertalandfills.Becauseofgeographicandtransportation
issues,theRDEKwilllikelycontinuedisposingoftheirwasteinSouthernAlberta.Theamountofwaste
disposedfromnonSAEWAmembersislistedinTable2.
Thethreecitiesabove(Calgary,Lethbridge,andMedicineHat)areunlikelytocontributetheirwastetoa
SAEWAEFWfacilityunlesstheybecomepartoftheSAEWAcollectiveandhaveavestedinterestin
pursuingthisinitiative.TheCityofLethbridgeiscentrallylocatedandoperatesaregionallandfillthat
alsoreceiveswastefromfiveSAEWAmembers,including:LethbridgeCounty,VulcanDistrict,Townof
Coalhurst,TownofCoaldaleandChiefMountain(overflowonly).AsperthenoteonTable2,the
quantityofmaterialfromtheSAEWAmemberssendingmaterialtotheLethbridgeLandfillareincluded
inTable1accordingtotherespectivewasteauthorityandhavebeenexcludedfromTable2toprevent
thedoublecountingofwastequantities.TheCityofCalgarygeneratessignificantquantitiesofwaste
suchthattheycouldestablishtheirownEFWfacility,shouldtheychoosetodoso.
TheRDEKandTownofStrathmorearetwosizableentitiesthatarenotpartofSAEWA.Thesetwo
organizationsworkwithlandfillownersinSouthernAlbertatoestablishcontractsforwastedisposal
capacity.Thesecontractsaretypicallydrivenbyeconomicconsiderationssuchastippingfeesand
transportationcosts.
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,thenonSAEWAmembersidentifiedaboveareresponsiblefor
themanagementofapproximately919,300tonnesofresidualwasterequiringdisposal.Ofthistotal
materialdisposed,basedonourassessment,weconservativelyestimatethatapproximately13,300
tonnesofmaterialannuallycouldbeavailabletoaSouthernAlbertaEFWfacility.
1) BroughttolocaltransferstationsandmanagedbySAEWAmembersystems(quantitiesincluded
inTable1above);or,
2) ThesematerialsarecollectedbyprivatesectorhaulerssuchasBFIandWasteManagement.BFI
ownsandoperatesalandfilloutsideCalgaryandoperatestheLethbridgeRegionalLandfillon
behalfoftheCityofLethbridge.ThelandfilloutsideCalgaryhasbeenrumoredtocloseinafew
yearsalthoughofficialinformationisnotavailableastothetimingofthisclosureorany
considerationforreplacingthisdisposalcapacity.
Inadditiontoprivatesectorlandfills,publicallyownedlandfillsalsoreceivewastefromtheICIsector.
ThethreeCityofCalgaryownedlandfillsreceiveapproximately510,000tonnesperyearofwastefrom
nonresidentialsources,ofwhich25%isC&Dwaste.TheLethbridgeLandfillalsoreceivesapproximately
79,000tonnesofwastefromtheICIsector.
AcommonpracticeinSouthernAlbertaisforICIfacilitiesandsmallsubdivisionstorentcontainersand
binsfromwastehaulersfordisposingofwastefromtheirpremises.Table3listsnonSAEWAlandfills
thatreceiveICIsectorwasteandthequantitydisposedfromthatsector.
BiosolidsfromlargerwastewatertreatmentplantscanbeareliablefeedstockforEFWfacilities.
ReportedbiosolidsdisposalfiguresatSouthernAlbertalandfillsaresummarizedinTable4below.
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,weestimatethatapproximately1,232tonnesofmaterial
annuallycouldbeavailabletoaSouthernAlbertaEFWfacility.
CityofLethbridgeRegionalLandfill 17,800t/yr
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 9
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
Crowsnest/PincherCreekLandfill 28,700t/yr
DrumhellerRegionalLandfill 20,000t/yr
Theheatingvalue(dependantonthetypeofcontamination)andthelongtermavailabilityofthesesoils
canvarysignificantlyandtherefore,thesequantitiesshouldnotbeincludedasaconsistentavailable
feedstockforfacilitysizing,butratherasapotentiallyavailablefeedstockthatcouldbeutilizedona
casebycasebasis.Inaddition,theabilitytomanagethesetypesofmaterialsisverytechnologyspecific
andtheequipmentmaintenanceimplicationscanbeadeterrenttoprocessingthismaterial.
ConclusionContaminatedsoilsshouldbeconsideredonacasebycasebasisandshouldnotbeincluded
asconsistentavailablefeedstockforfacilitysizingpurposes.
HazcocurrentlytruckstheirprocessedmaterialstoafacilityinBuffalo,NewYorkortoLafargein
Kamloops,BC.Tippingfeesare$440pertonneand$100pertonne,respectively.Hazco
managesapproximately1,000tonnesperyearofoilfieldwasteresidue.
RBWilliamssendstheirprocessedwastetotheWainwright,ABEFWfacility.RBWhasindicated
interestinfindinganalternativefacilityastheWainwrightfacilityisnotalwaysableto
accommodatethiswastestream.RBWmanagesapproximately1,500tonnes/yearofoilfield
wasteresidue.
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,weestimatethatapproximately2,500tonnesofmaterial
annuallycouldbeavailabletoaSouthernAlbertaEFWfacility.
2.3.6Railway Ties
CanadianPacificRail(CPRail)andCanadianNationalRail(CNRail)werecontactedwithregardto
spent/wasterailwayties.Bothcompaniesindicatedtherearelimiteddisposaloptionsforrailwaytiesin
WesternCanadaandtheywouldsupportanEFWfacilitythatprocessestheirwasteinWesternCanada.
Thetworailwaycompaniesestimate800,000railwaytiesperyearrequiredisposalinWesternCanada
(i.e.,westofManitoba).Therearealsolargestockpilesofwasterailwaytiesthatareestimatedto
exceed6.5millionrailwayties.Consideringrailwaytiestypicallyweigh0.09tonnespertie,thepotential
feedstockfromrailwaytiesaresummarizedinTable5below.
TherailwayfirmsalsonotedthefollowingconsiderationsforafutureEFWfacility:
TheEFWfacilityshouldbelocatedalongtherailwaysystemsothatwasterailwaytiescouldbe
deliveredeconomically(thiswillbeincludedintheTask3analysis)
1
;
Asmallproportionofthestockpiledrailwaytiesarecoatedwithpentachlorophenol(PCP).PCP
coatedrailwaytiesmakeup510%ofexistingwasteinventory.ThefutureEFWfacilitymustbe
certifiedtobeabletodestroycreosoteandPCPinanenvironmentallysafemannerbeforeany
railwaytieswouldbedelivered.
AccordingtoCPRail,disposalcostsforrailwaytiesareunder$50pertonnewhenthermally
treatedintheUnitedStates.
PCPcoatedrailwaytiesrequireadditionalpollutioncontrolworksthatwillescalatethecapitalcostfor
anEFWfacility.Duetothesmallquantityofthismaterial,itisrecommendedthatPCPtiesnotbe
includedasavailablefeedstockandthattheavailablestockpiledrailwaytiesbereducedby10%andthat
theavailabilityofrailwaytiesisadjustedto124,650tonnesperyear.
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,weestimatethatapproximately124,650tonnesofmaterial
annuallycouldbeavailabletoaSouthernAlbertaEFWfacilityforthefirsttenyearsofoperation.Once
thecurrentstockpilesofmaterialshavebeenreduced,thisannualquantitywouldbereducedto72,000
tonnes/year.
DisposalmethodsforSRMmustbeapprovedbytheCFIA.Currently,SRMfromAlbertaandBritish
ColumbiaarerenderedbyWestCoastReductioninCalgarybeforebeingdisposedinasecurelandfillin
Alberta.Therenderingprocessremoves60%ofthemoistureandproducestwotypesofmaterial,Tallow
andMeatandBoneMeal(MBM).Tallowisfatextractsfreeofproteinthathasahighmarketablevalue.
MBMistheconcentratedproteinproductthatisfreeoffatandmoisture.TheMBMisdisposedina
securelandfill.Thesecurelandfillreportsreceivingbetween25,000and30,000tonnes/yearofMBM.
1
Note:IncorporatingrailhaulintotheEFWfacilitycouldsignificantlyexpandtheserviceareaofthefacility
beyondwhatiscurrentlyassessedinthisreport.ThiswillbeinvestigatedfurtheraspartofTask3:Waste
Collection,TransportationandHandling.
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 11
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
ConclusionOnanaverageannualbasis,weestimatethatapproximately27,500tonnesofmaterial
couldbeavailabletoaSouthernAlbertaEFWfacility.
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 13
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
4.0 Tipping Fees
ThetippingfeesfordisposalofwasteintheSAEWAcommunitiesrangefrom$30pertonneto$95per
tonne,andhaveamedianrateof$55pertonne.Thesefeesdonotincludetransportationcosts.
AdetailedfinancialanalysiswillbeconductedatalaterdateinTask7ofthisresearchproject.Each
wastecommissionappliesitsownratestructurethatisnotcomparablebetweenSAEWAmembers.The
financialanalysiswillcomparethecostsandbenefitsofafutureEFWfacilitywhencomparedtothe
statusquo.
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
A
n
n
u
a
l
D
i
s
p
o
s
a
l
AverageSeasonalVariationinDisposal
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 14
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
SeasonalvariationscansignificantlyaffectthedailythroughputforEFWfacilities.Totakeintoaccount
seasonalvariations,twoscenarioswereexaminedwhenconsideringfacilitysizethatassumedthe
following:
Scenario1DailyMSWprocessingratesbasedonseasonalvariationsforMSWandaconstant
throughputfornonMSWmaterials.
Scenario2DailyMSWprocessingratebasedonseasonalvariationsforMSW,constantthrough
putforbiosolidsandSRMmaterial,andtopupquantitiesforrailwaytiestobalance
wasteflows.
ThedailydisposalratesforScenarios1and2areillustratedinFigures4and5.
Figure 4: Daily Disposal Rate with a Constant Flow of non-MSW material.
Theabovefigureillustrateshowthedisposalratecanfluctuatebyasmuchas500tonnesperday
dependingontheseason.
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
T
o
n
n
e
s
p
e
r
d
a
y
DailyDisposalRate Scenario1
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 15
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
Figure 5: Daily Disposal Rate with a Top up of Railway Ties to Balance Waste Flows.
Theabovefigureillustrateshowrailwaytiescouldbeusedtosupplementthefeedstocktomaintaina
constantprocessingrate.Basedonpotentiallyavailablewastestreams,thetargetEFWprocessingrate
isapproximately1,000tonnes/day.
TargetEFWProcessingRate=366,032tonnes/year=1,003tonnes/day
365days/year
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
T
o
n
n
e
s
p
e
r
d
a
y
DailyDisposalRate Scenario2
Railway MSW
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 16
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
6.0 Waste Composition
ThecommunitiesintheSAEWAaregenerallylessthan10,000people.Thewastecomposition
2
forsmall
townsinAlbertaisillustratedinFigure6below.
WiththeinclusionofnonMSWmaterialssuchasrailwayties,SRMandbiosolids,thecompositionofthe
wastethatcouldfueltheEFWfacilitywouldsignificantlychange.Belowisatablethatsummarizesthe
wastecompositionforScenarios1and2.Asyouwillnote,theoverallmixofmaterialswillvaryinthe
Scenario2examplesduetoseasonalvariationsintheMSWstreamandtheincreaseintonnageofnon
MSWmaterialstooffsetthesechanges.
2
Provincial Waste Characterization Framework, A J oint Project of Alberta Environment, Government of Canada, Action Plan 2000
on Climate Change (Enhanced Recycling Program) and the Recycling Council of Alberta, dated October 2005.
Organics
23%
Paper
21%
Plastic
8%
Glass
2%
Metal
4%
Misc.
3%
Garbage
6%
C&DWaste
14%
YardWaste
19%
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 17
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
Table 7: Waste Compositions of Waste Streams
Scenario1 Scenario2(Summer) Scenario2(Winter)
Organics 13% 15% 11%
Paper 12% 14% 10%
Plastic 4% 5% 4%
Glass 1% 1% 1%
Metal 2% 3% 2%
Misc. 2% 2% 1%
Garbage 3% 4% 3%
C&DWaste 8% 9% 7%
YardWaste 11% 12% 9%
Biosolids 1% 1% 1%
SRMMBM 7% 7% 7%
RailwayTies 37% 27% 45%
AsshowninScenario2,thewastecompositionchangesbetweenthesummerandwintermonths.
7.0 Energy Content
Oncetheoverallcompositionofthewastefeedstockwasdetermined,theenergycontentorHigher
HeatingValue(HHV)ofindividualmaterials,andthewastestreamasawhole,wasdetermined.These
heatingvalueswereidentifiedthroughvariousliteraturesourcesidentifiedbelow
3
4
.Table8belowlists
theidentifiedwastecategoriesandtheirrespectivehigherheatingvaluesinkilojoulesperkilogram.
3 Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy dated, May 2007 Energy Information
Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585
4
GrahamKissack Director, Environment, August 2003, Crofton Division, #4 Power Boiler Alternative Fuels Trial Plan, Norske Canada.
Definition: Higher Heating Value The amount of heat produced by a specific material type when combusted under specific
conditions. Higher Heating Value is usually expressed in Calories or Kilojoules per kilogram (i.e., Cal/Kg or KJ/Kg).
ConclusionTheenergycontentofthewastestreamsforthetwoscenarioswerecalculatedusingthe
wastecompositionsandthetypicalHigherHeatingValues.Theresultingaverageheatingvaluesare
summarizedbelow:
Scenario1: 14,447KJ/Kg
Scenario2(summer): 13,970KJ/Kg
Scenario2(winter): 14,954KJ/Kg
AlbertaEnvironmentswastediversiongoalistoreducethedisposalrateto500kgpercapitaperyear.
ThisisinstarkcontrasttotheSAEWAdisposalratewhichiscalculatedtobeover1,000kgpercapitaper
year.TheAlbertaEnvironmentgoalandtheSAEWAdisposalratebothincluderesidential,ICIandC&D
waste.Currently,theaveragedisposalratefortheProvinceofAlbertais750kgpercapitaperyearand
thisisachievedthroughcomprehensivewastediversionmeasuresaturbancommunities.
AlbertaEnvironment'swastediversiontargetof500kgpercapitayearrequirescomprehensivewaste
reductionmeasuressuchascurbsiderecycling,materialdisposalbans,organicwaste(foodandyard)
collectionandC&Dwastediversionprograms.Theseprogramswouldtarget85%ofthewastestream.
Wastereduction,reuseandrecyclinginitiatives,alongwithExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)and
morestringentpackaginglawsareimportantconsiderationswhensizingafutureEFWfacility.The
effectivenessoftheseprogramswillinpartreducetheneedforexpansionofanEFWfacilityinthe
future,butwillnotintheforeseeablefutureresultinashortageofwastetobemanaged.
Itisimportanttonote,andwillbediscussedfurtherinTask2,thatthetypesofEFWfacilitiesbeing
consideredhavetheabilitytoincreasewastediversionthroughtherecoveryofrecyclablematerials
eitherthroughfrontendprocessingand/orthroughtherecoveryofmetals(ferrousandnonferrous)
fromtheash/charproducedbythefacility.Itisalsoawelldocumentedfactthatwhensizedproperly,
EFWfacilitiesdonotcompetewithwastediversionefforts,butratherprovideanotheroptionfor
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 19
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
additionalmaterialsrecovery.Whenlookingtootherjurisdictions,itiswelldocumentedthat
municipalitieswithEFWfacilitiestomanageresidualwaste,alsohavethehighestwastediversionrates.
AccordingtotheStatisticsCanada,mediumgrowthscenarioforAlberta,thepopulationisexpectedto
grow5.4%between2011and2015,thefirstyearwhenafutureEFWfacilitycouldbeginoperations.
After2015,populationcouldgrowanadditional12%by2026,andafurther10%by2036.Thisgrowth
canbeusedtoprojecttheincreaseinMSWexpected.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatStatistics
Canadaonlylookedattheprovinceasawhole,andtheactualgrowthrateofruralareascouldbelower.
Furthermore,ruralareasmakeup19%ofthepopulationinAlberta.TheAlbertaMunicipalAffairs
profileofmanytowns,villagesandmunicipaldistrictsshowsverylittlerecentgrowth,butmakesno
projectionsintothefuture.Therefore,forplanningpurposes,itwouldbeprudenttouseamore
conservativegrowthrate.
Wastedisposalratesareexpectedtoremainconsistentthroughouttheplanningperiod.Althoughthere
willbeaslightpopulationgrowthinSouthernAlberta,itisexpectedthatanyincreaseinMSW
generationwillbeoffsetbynewwastediversioninitiatives.Factorsthatcaninfluencewastedisposal
rates,capacitiesandneedsarelistedbelow.
IncentivesforeachwasteorganizationandICIsupplierstomeettheirplannedwastediversion
targets;
Implementationofpackaginglegislationandextendedproducerresponsibility;
Identificationofadditionalwastestreams,notcurrentlyknowntodaythatcouldbemanagedby
theSAEWAfacility;
Shiftsinthecurrentdisposalmarketplace(i.e.landfillclosures,limitedaccesstocurrentdisposal
markets,etc.);and
Economicgrowthfactorsasshownfromnewresearchshowswastegenerationisdirectly
relatedtoeconomicprosperity.
Railroadtiesupplywillbegenerousuntiltheexistingstockpileisusedwhichisestimatedtobe10to12
years.Afterthat,onlythestatedreplacementamountfromtherailwaycompanieswillbeavailable.
SRMmaterialisdependentoneconomicactivityinthefoodindustry.Forstudypurposes,supplyhas
beenassumedtoremainconsistentyearoveryear.
Eachofthesefactorshastheabilitytoimpactthequantityandcompositionofwastebeinggenerated
andthereforethequantityofwastepotentiallyavailabletobemanagedatthefacility.Figure7
illustratesthelongrangewasteprojectionsforaSAEWAfacility.
SinceEFWplantsneedtobeoperatedatnear100%capacityallthetime,initialsizingmusttakeinto
considerationthewastestreamsthatcanbeconsideredreasonablysecure.Other,moredifficultto
securewastematerialscollectedbytheprivatesectorcanbeconsideredforfacilitysizingifinitial
calculationsshowthattheEFWfacilitystippingfeeiscompetitivewithlandfilling.Shouldthisnotbe
thecase,thesematerialsmaybecomeavailableinthefutureiflandfillcostsriseabovethoseforEFW.
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Year
1
Year
3
Year
5
Year
7
Year
9
Year
11
Year
13
Year
15
Year
17
Year
19
Year
21
Year
23
Year
25
Year
27
Year
29
T
o
n
n
e
s
p
e
r
y
e
a
r
LongRangeWasteProjections
MunicipalSolidWaste Biosolids&OilfieldWaste SpecifiedRiskMaterials
RailwayTies TotalWasteStream
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 21
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
InTable9,thewasteasfeedstockispresented,alongwithasummaryofwhatisrealisticallyavailable,
whatcarriesarisk,andwhatmightbeavailableforfutureexpansion.
Thewastetonnagerealisticallyavailableisapproximately365,000tonnesperyear.Thisisanadequate
amountformassburncombustion,whichisthemostcommontechnologyforEFWfacilities.This
Phase 1, Task 1: Waste Generation Rates & Facility Sizing
Southern Alberta Energy-from-Waste Alliance 22
Energy-from-Waste Research Project
February 17, 2011
volumeofwasteisalsoadequateformanyofthealternateoremergingtechnologiesforenergy
recoveryfromwaste.Thetype(s)oftechnologiesbestsuitedforthesubjectwastestreams,quantities
andcompositionsarefurtherexploredinTask2CombustionTechnologies.Thisincludesalookatinitial
sizingandfutureexpansionpotential.