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or more) boundaries reached 78.5%. It was also found that the steel had a high ratio
of propagation energy (average: 152 J) to the total absorbed energy (average: 212 J) during impacting at
40
C. Two crack propagation path models were observed: along the long axis direction of banded fer-
rite, and across the grains and corresponding interfaces. The improvement of impact toughness was
attributed mainly to the retained austenite, the interlocking arrangement of banded ferrite and the
ferritemartensite interfaces with high-angle misorientation, which exhibited effective resistance to the
crack propagation.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plates are widely used
throughout the world for various structural applications because
of the signicant mechanical properties of high strength and good
toughness [15]. Duetopossibleapplications insevereserviceenvi-
ronments, the low-temperature impact toughness has been given
more attentions and becomes signicant to the application of HSLA
steels. However, it becomes more difcult to achieve excellent
toughness whenthestrengthis veryhigh, especiallyat acertainlow
temperature, due tothe conict of the commonlyusedmechanisms
for improving strength and toughness.
The most common heat treatment that is applied to improve
mechanical properties of HSLA steels consists of quenching and
tempering. The intercritical heat treatment (IHT) is a newapproach
toenhanceHSLAsteels todual phase microstructurewithcombina-
tion of high strength, excellent toughness, lowyield ratio and good
uniformelongation [58]. The IHT is performed by quenching from
a suitable temperature between the lower transformation temper-
ature (Ac
1
) andthe upper transformationtemperature (Ac
3
). Inthis
intercritical quenching the austenite transforms to martensite, and
Corresponding author at: No. 11, Lane 3, WenHua Road, HePing District,
Shenyang 110819, PR China. Tel.: +86 24 83686415; fax: +86 24 23906472.
E-mail address: wwwkangjian@126.com(J. Kang).
nally a ferritemartensite structure can be obtained [912]. Pre-
vious investigations [3,13] have shown that the impact toughness
of dual phase steel is obviously inuenced by martensite charac-
teristics. It is not yet, however, clear exactly how ferrite phase
affects the impact fracture behavior of dual phase steel, in spite
of its well-known importance in improving the impact toughness.
The aim of this work is to obtain high toughness microstruc-
ture in HSLA steels through adding the IHT to the conventional
quenching and tempering treatment. The effects of the IHT on
microstructural evolution and Charpy impact fracture behavior
were investigated. And the mechanismof improving toughness by
IHT was elucidatedthroughthe microstructural considerations and
the observation of microcracks in the fractured specimen.
2. Experimental procedure
The steel used in this work was manufactured in a 150kg vac-
uuminduction furnace, then forged and cut into square ingot with
120mm thickness, 130mmwidth and 200mmlength. The chemi-
cal composition of the steel is shown in Table 1.
The rolling conditions and heat treatments used in this work
are shown in Fig. 1. The steel was austenitized at 1200
C for 2h
and then rolled to 15mmin a series of steps between 1150
C and
820
C and 831
C
for 25min, intercritically quenched from varying temperatures
between 740
C and 820
C was
used for further investigation in this study.
Metallographic specimens were prepared according to the stan-
dard procedure from the steel plates and etched with 4% nital
solution. Microstructural examinations were carried out by LEICA
DMIRMoptical microscope(OM). Inorder toidentifythemartensite
characteristics of the as-received steel, metallographic specimens
were also etched with LePera solution (4% picral +1% sodium
metabisulte solution). Volume fraction of martensite was deter-
mined by automatic areal analysis with the help of an image
analyzer. And the mean linear intercept method was used to cal-
culate the size of the phases. Measurements were carried out at
15 different areas of the specimen and average values were taken.
The thin foil specimens for further microstructural investigations
by TECNAI G
2
20 transmission electron microscope (TEM) were
prepared on a twin-jet electropolisher at 28V using the solution
composed of 8% perchloric acid and 92% ethanol maintained below
30
and 515
are
colored in red and green respectively. The percentage content of
high-angle (15
C.
40
C: (a) near the notch root, (b) higher magnication of the area indicated by the rectangle in (a), and (c) crack
propagation area.
102 J. Kang et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 553 (2012) 96104
Fig. 10. SEMmicrographs showing the microvoids andcracks underneaththe mainfracture surface of the CVNspecimentestedat 40
or more.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by National Basic Research Program of
China (no. 2010CB630800) and Fundamental Research Funds for
the Central Universities (no. N090607001).
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