Type of disease Dengue Cholera

(waterborne disease)
Tuberculosis Malaria
Factor of causal Spread through the bite of
the Aedes mosquito.
Small, comma-shaped
motile bacterium called
Vibriocholerae.
Bacteria multiply in small
intestine and release
enterotoxin called
choleragen ( epithelium
lining of small intestine )
Inflammation of the
intestine occur.
Spread of fungus-like
bacterium, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
(primary TB infection, post-
primary infection)
Increase in drug
resistant forms of Plasmodium
Increase in insecticide
resistant forms of Anopheles
Difficulties in producing vaccine
Increase in the number of
epidemics because of climatic
and environmental changes
Vectors - Female mosquito of
Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus.
- 4 types of this virus
(Serotype 1-4), namely
DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3
and DEN-4.
- contaminated water Tubercle bacillus
(rod-shaped bacterium)
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium khowlesi
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium malariae
Symptoms/ effects - high fever (39-41C)
- chills
- headache
- pain behind eyes
- severe joint and muscle
- rashes or red spots on
the skin
- bleeding in the mouth
- loss of appetite
- nausea
- vomiting

- Severe watery diarrhea
- Abdominal cramps, severe
dehydration, vomiting
nausea, dry mucus
membrane or mouth, dry
skin, excessive thirst,
glassy or sunken eyes, lack
of tears, lethargy, low urine
output, unusual sleepiness
or tiredness, leg cramps,
unusual sleepiness or
tiredness, leg cramps.
- 2-3 days
- Infected persons develop to
severe virulent diseases.
- Chronic cough
- Weight loss
- Sputum may contain blood
- Infection of lungs
- Excessive sweating
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Chess pain on coughing
- Deep breathing, breath
difficulty and wheezing.
- Shivering
- Vomiting
- Nausea
- Headache
- Muscle pain
- Sweating
- Anaemia
- Inflammation and convulsions
- Fever
(10 to 15 days after being bitten by
infective mosquito, infected person
develops fever and body
temperature increases rapidly to
dangerously high temperature
(40.6C- 41.7C)
- Jaundice
Mode of
transmission
- through bite of a striped
Aedes mosquito that has
previously bitten on
- Drinking or washing food
or utensils in water
contaminated by the faeces
- Droplet inflection
( breathing in air droplets from
the cough/sneeze of an infected
- Infected female Anopheles
mosquito
- Blood transfusions
infected person
- occurs in the tropical and
subtropical regions of the
regions of the world and
usually increases in the
hot and humid months
of a person infected with
cholera.
- Poor hygiene
- Bacteria is also found in
slow-flowing rivers
person)
- Drinking milk from infected
cattle
( bacterium can be present in
cattle and can enter the milk of
cows which is very resistant and
can remain alive for long period
in milk products)
- Risk of contracting TB
increases if individual is in
frequent contact with people
who have TB, especially in
overcrowded conditions and
poor ventilation.
- Vertical transmission

Treatment/ activity - For severe headache, for
joint and muscle pain,
paracetamol or
acetaminophen and
codeine may be given.
- For severe body ache,
painkillers may be
needed.
- Sponged down with the
water at room temperature
using a wet, squeezed out
towel for about 20
minutes at a time.
- Bed rest is important for
quick recovery
- Consume plenty of water
- Oral rehydration therapy
- Intravenous drip
(drip feed into vein)
- Antibiotics (tetracycline
and chloramphenicol)
Treatment :
a) Choloroauine
inhibits protein synthesis
effectiveness rapidly
decreasing because of drug-
resistant forms of Plasmodium
b) Proguanil
slight hair loss, mouth ulcers
c) Mefloquine
vomiting, dizziness, disturbed
sleep
d) Artemisnin
preventing progression of the
disease.
Activity:
a) Mosquito eradication
b) Add larvicide to the water
c) Fogging or spraying with
insecticide in malaria prone
areas
d) Sleeping beneath long lasting
insecticide- treated nets ( ITN)
e) Use mosquito repellent while
outdoors