VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

STATICS
Seventh Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
CHAPTER
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Distributed Forces:
Moments of Inertia
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Contents
Introduction
Moments of Inertia of an Area
Moment of Inertia of an Area by
Integration
Polar Moment of Inertia
Radius of Gyration of an Area
Sample Problem 9.1
Sample Problem 9.2
Parallel Axis Theorem
Moments of Inertia of Composite
Areas
Sample Problem 9.4
Sample Problem 9.5
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Introduction
Previously considered distributed forces which were proportional to the
area or volume over which they act.
- The resultant was obtained by summing or integrating over the
areas or volumes.
- The moment of the resultant about any axis was determined by
computing the first moments of the areas or volumes about that
axis.
Will now consider forces which are proportional to the area or volume
over which they act but also vary linearly with distance from a given axis.
- It will be shown that the magnitude of the resultant depends on the
first moment of the force distribution with respect to the axis.
- The point of application of the resultant depends on the second
moment of the distribution with respect to the axis.
Current chapter will present methods for computing the moments and
products of inertia for areas and masses.
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Moment of Inertia of an Area
Consider distributed forces whose magnitudes are
proportional to the elemental areas on which they
act and also vary linearly with the distance of
from a given axis.
F

A
A
Example: Consider a beam subjected to pure bending.
Internal forces vary linearly with distance from the
neutral axis which passes through the section centroid.
moment second
moment first 0
2 2
= =
= = = =
=


dA y dA y k M
Q dA y dA y k R
A ky F
x

Example: Consider the net hydrostatic force on a

submerged circular gate.

=
=
= =
dA y M
dA y R
A y A p F
x
2

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Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
Second moments or moments of inertia of
an area with respect to the x and y axes,

= = dA x I dA y I
y x
2 2
Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by
choosing d to be a thin strip parallel to
one of the coordinate axes.
For a rectangular area,
3
3
1
0
2 2
bh bdy y dA y I
h
x
= = =

The formula for rectangular areas may also
be applied to strips parallel to the axes,
dx y x dA x dI dx y dI
y x
2 2 3
3
1
= = =
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Polar Moment of Inertia
The polar moment of inertia is an important
parameter in problems involving torsion of
cylindrical shafts and rotations of slabs.

= dA r J
2
0
The polar moment of inertia is related to the
rectangular moments of inertia,
( )
x y
I I
dA y dA x dA y x dA r J
+ =
+ = + = =

2 2 2 2 2
0
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Radius of Gyration of an Area
Consider area A with moment of inertia
I
x
. Imagine that the area is
concentrated in a thin strip parallel to
the x axis with equivalent I
x
.
A
I
k A k I
x
x x x
= =
2
k
x
= radius of gyration with respect
to the x axis
Similarly,
A
J
k A k J
A
I
k A k I
O
O O O
y
y y y
= =
= =
2
2
2 2 2
y x O
k k k + =
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.1
Determine the moment of
inertia of a triangle with respect
to its base.
SOLUTION:
A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dy l dA dA y dI
x
= =
2
For similar triangles,
dy
h
y h
b dA
h
y h
b l
h
y h
b
l
=

=
Integrating dI
x
from y =0 to y = h,
( )
h
h h
x
y y
h
h
b
dy y hy
h
b
dy
h
y h
b y dA y I
0
4 3
0
3 2
0
2 2
4 3

=
=

= =

12
3
bh
I
x
=
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.2
a) Determine the centroidal polar
moment of inertia of a circular
area by direct integration.
b) Using the result of part a,
determine the moment of inertia
of a circular area with respect to a
diameter.
SOLUTION:
An annular differential area element is chosen,
( )

= = =
= =
r r
O O
O
du u du u u dJ J
du u dA dA u dJ
0
3
0
2
2
2 2
2

4
2
r J
O

=
From symmetry, I
x
=I
y
,
x x y x O
I r I I I J 2
2
2
4
= = + =

4
4
r I I
x diameter

= =
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Parallel Axis Theorem
Consider moment of inertia I of an areaA
with respect to the axis AA

= dA y I
2
The axis BB passes through the area centroid
and is called a centroidal axis.
( )


+

=
+

= =
dA d dA y d dA y
dA d y dA y I
2 2
2 2
2
2
Ad I I + =
parallel axis theorem
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Parallel Axis Theorem
Moment of inertia I
T
of a circular area with
respect to a tangent to the circle,
( )
4
4
5
2 2 4
4
1
2
r
r r r Ad I I
T

=
+ = + =
Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a
centroidal axis,
( )
3
36
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
12
1
2
2
bh
h bh bh Ad I I
Ad I I
A A B B
B B A A
=
= =
+ =


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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, ... , with respect to the same axis.
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.4
The strength of a W14x38 rolled steel
beam is increased by attaching a plate
to its upper flange.
Determine the moment of inertia and
radius of gyration with respect to an
axis which is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid of the
section.
SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of
composite section with respect to a
coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
Apply the parallel axis theorem to
determine moments of inertia of beam
section and plate with respect to
composite section centroidal axis.
Calculate the radius of gyration from the
moment of inertia of the composite
section.
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.4
SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of composite section
with respect to a coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
12 . 50 95 . 17
0 0 11.20 Section Beam
12 . 50 425 . 7 6.75 Plate
in , in. , in , Section
3 2
= =

A y A
A y y A
in. 792 . 2
in 17.95
in 12 . 50
2
3
= = = =

A
A y
Y A y A Y
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.4
Apply the parallel axis theorem to determine moments of
inertia of beam section and plate with respect to composite
section centroidal axis.
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
4
2
3
4
3
12
1
2
plate ,
4
2 2
section beam ,
in 2 . 145
792 . 2 425 . 7 75 . 6 9
in 3 . 472
792 . 2 20 . 11 385
=
+ = + =
=
+ = + =

Ad I I
Y A I I
x x
x x
Calculate the radius of gyration from the moment of inertia
of the composite section.
2
4
in 17.95
in 5 . 617
= =

A
I
k
x
x
in. 87 . 5 =
x
k
2 . 145 3 . 472
plate , section beam ,
+ = + =
x x x
I I I
4
in 618 =
x
I
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.5
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.
SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
The moment of inertia of the shaded area is
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.5
SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the bounding
rectangle and half-circle with respect to the x axis.
Rectangle:
( )( )
4 6
3
1
3
3
1
mm 10 2 . 138 120 240 = = = bh I
x
Half-circle:
moment of inertia with respect to AA,
( )
4 6 4
8
1
4
8
1
mm 10 76 . 25 90 = = =

r I
A A
( )( )
( )
2 3
2
2
1
2
2
1
mm 10 72 . 12
90
mm 81.8 a - 120 b
mm 2 . 38
3
90 4
3
4
=
= =
= =
= = =


r A
r
a
moment of inertia with respect to x,
( )( )
4 6
3 6 2
mm 10 20 . 7
10 72 . 12 10 76 . 25
=
= =

Aa I I
A A x
moment of inertia with respect to x,
( )( )
4 6
2 3 6 2
mm 10 3 . 92
8 . 81 10 72 . 12 10 20 . 7
=
+ = + =

Ab I I
x x
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
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Sample Problem 9.5
The moment of inertia of the shaded area is obtained by
subtracting the moment of inertia of the half-circle from
the moment of inertia of the rectangle.
4 6
mm 10 9 . 45 =
x
I
x
I =
4 6
mm 10 2 . 138

4 6
mm 10 3 . 92