VIRTUAL CURRENCIES AND

BITCOINS: IN FOCUS
WHITE PAPER
Authors
Vijay Kumar SL
Kiran Nandavarapu
2013 was phenomenal year for virtual currencies, with Bitcoins catching the eye of many around the
world - receiving attention from law enforcement agencies, the business community, the financial
sector and government authorities, all who are trying to understand and analyze how the instrument
fits into the existing financial and regulatory frameworks. The nature of virtual currencies, Bitcoins in
particular, and their prospects has been keenly and broadly debated. The virtual currency market was
valued at US$47.5 billion in 2012 and is projected to grow 14 percent over the next five years to US$55.4
billion in 2017
25
. Without question, the multifaceted virtual currencies market is large and ramping up
at a good pace.
Although countries have taken different stances, it is clear that virtual currencies are here to stay and
will continue to influence monetary transactions. However, the extent of regulation and how current
shortfalls will be addressed remains to be seen. This paper provide a basic overview of virtual currencies
and higher level insights about Bitcoins, including its appeal, structural benefits and challenges, and
regulations. It also covers investors perspectives of Bitcoins and how the virtual currency space is
aligning with their own interests. blueocean market intelligences study demonstrates that the virtual
currency space is undeniably a sizeable and growing one, and it remains to be seen what new
applications are developed alongside.
Abstract
2
Table of Contents
3
Defining Virtual Currency
Evolution of Virtual Currencies
Classifying and Sizing the Virtual Currency Market
Introducing Bitcoins
Currency Needs
Functional Parts of Bitcoins
Transactions and Scripting
Bitcoin Appeal and Benefits
Structural Problems
Theft or Loss of Bitcoins
Bitcoins Venture Capital
Challenges Ahead
Regulations
Conclusion
Defining Virtual Currency?
Virtual currencies are digital stores of value that can be exchanged for
goods and services at places that accept them. They are an exchange
medium, other than real or traditional currency, used to facilitate online or
other electronic transactions. The concept of virtual currency is not new. In
fact, every currency in theory could be seen as virtual, given that for
centuries they have been separated from the actual value of the goods or
services that they represent. However, traditional currencies are backed by a
central banking or financial institution that guarantees the value of the
token (currency notes, checks, electronic card transactions) as a proxy for the actual value. Virtual
currency still retains the main characteristic of traditional currency: It is proxy for a value. However, this
value can vary and is tied to an existing currency such as the USD. Virtual currency can also be tied to
other physical-world commodities such as precious metals (e-gold), or another item of value earned by
the loyalty of the participant e.g. miles flown, locations visited, advertising viewed or groceries
purchased. The concept of exchanging value without the need of a central bank is the key benefit
behind any virtual currency. In many instances where traditional currencies are too cumbersome and
inapplicable (e.g., for retailers, coupons trump cash as a means of delivering value to consumers),
virtual currencies are leveraged as a quick and seamless means of exchange between parties.
Virtual currencies can take a variety of forms and use across the payments landscape. Of all the
prominent applications of virtual currencies, their use as a marketing and loyalty tool has been the most
prolific, helping propel it into widespread use today. Leveraged by enterprises for more than a century,
virtual currencies can trace their roots to 1887 as a marketing strategy, when Coca-Cola issued the
first-ever coupon.
As the success of Coca-Colas bold and creative move was realized and replicated, more advanced
forms of corporate-issued currencysuch as retail loyalty points and air miles were soon developed.
Then of course, no conversation on the evolution of virtual currencies is complete without highlighting
one of the most widely used today - credit card rewards. In 1984, Diners Club unveiled a credit card
points and rewards system, and in 1986, Discover introduced a cash back program for accumulated
points. Credit card points have proven to be a powerful motivator and loyalty mechanism for
customers, and they are often seen as the key differentiator for card preference. Since its inception, the
credit card-points model has been emulated to varying degrees across a wealth of industries.
Technological advances over the past decade have increased the application and usage of virtual
currencies even more. The current landscape is evolving at a rapid pace, especially in these key areas:
4
The Evolution of Virtual Currencies
Virtual currencies are
digital stores of
value that can be
exchanges for good
and services at
places that accept
them.
5
Online tokens:
Thanks to social network games and mobile apps, online token have gained recent attention. In the
case of Zyngas Draw Something and Imangi Studios Temple Run, success largely hinges on obtaining
virtual coins, which can be either earned by completing tasks within the game or purchased using real
money. Under this model, coins can be used to buy various upgrades in the game and, depending on
the circumstance, make purchases in the real world. However, this is not just limited to games. HitBliss
provides users with virtual points for engaging with targeted advertisements and in turn, they can be
cashed in for movie and television show downloads. The emergence of monetization platforms
including Tapjoy, SessionM and TrialPay, which provide users with virtual currencies in exchange for
engaging with advertisements, also show further promise.
Peer-to-peer currencies:
Peer-to-peer currencies have come into the spotlight lately given the uncertainty and diminishing trust
surrounding traditional banking systems. At the forefront of this revolution are Bitcoins, which
originated in 2009 as an open source, country-agnostic currency that is controlled by its users rather
than by a single entity. Despite qualms about its security and legitimacy, Bitcoin are experiencing
growing popularity and acceptance today.
Mobile payments and location-based rewards:
The proliferation of the smartphone has allowed for new payment structures where merchants reward
consumers with tokens if they use their mobile devices to pay or check in. LevelUp, for instance, offers
users discounts at select merchants when they use their app to pay. Shopkick, on the other hand,
provides users with points that can be redeemed for goods by simply shopping in a store or scanning
a certain item. As mobile payments and location-based rewards gain traction, virtual currencies will be
an essential value-added tool in sparking merchant and consumer adoption.
6
Classifying and Market Sizing Virtual Currencies
The European Central Bank
24
(ECB) defines three schemes for virtual currencies, focusing on their
interactions with real money and real economy.

The virtual currencies market includes air miles, coupons, retail loyalty
points, credit card points, Bitcoins, game-based currencies and personal
information, and ad views/time. In 2012, the virtual currency market was
valued at US$47.5 billion and is projected to grow 14 percent over the next
five years to US$55.4 billion in 2017
25
. Without question, the multifaceted
virtual currencies market is large and set for continued growth.
Bitcoins have suddenly risen to prominence and caught the eye of many,
including venture capitalists. This, even as the regulatory bodies are
watching closely for virtual currencys possible connection to money laundering and other illegal
activities.
Closed virtual
currency scheme
Real economy
money
Real economy
money
TYPES VIRTUAL CURRENCY SCHEMES
Real economy
money
Virtual Money Virtual Money
Can be used for
virtual and real
goods and services
Can be used for
virtual and real
goods and services
Ex : Facebook Credits,
Airlines Frequent-
fyer programmes,
Amazon Coins
Ex : Second Lifes
Linden Dollars
Bitcoins
Virtual Money
Used only for virtual
goods and services
Ex : World of
warcraft gold
Virtual currency
scheme with
unidirectional
flow money
Virtual currency
scheme with
bidirectional flow
In 2012, the virtual
currency market was
valued at US$47.5
billion and is expected
to grow 14 percent
over the next five
years to US$55.4
billion in 2017.
Bitcoins are a decentralized open-source, peer-to-peer digital cash system
or currency, primarily designed and developed by Satoshi Nakamoto (who
ironically has not been heard from since 2011). In October 2008, Nakamoto
self-published a paper1 which laid the basis for Bitcoin design and an
open-source project registered on the source code repository,
SourceForge
2
. This open source project set the cryptographic protocol for
the Bitcoin system. The genesis block was established on January 3, 2009, and the project was
announced on the Cryptographic mailing list3 on January 11, 2009. Since their invention, Bitcoins have
gained amazing popularity and a good deal of media attention. At the time this paper was written,
approximately 12,232,450 Bitcoins were in circulation with a market capitalization of US$11.5 billion.
Approximately US$7 million to US$10 million worth of transactions take place each day in Bitcoin and
about 40 Bitcoin exchanges
5
exist offering exchange services with many real world fiat currencies, (e.g.
EUR, US$, CAD, GBP, PLN, JPY, HKD, SEK, INR, AUD, CHF and so on). Bitcoins exchange rate has varied
widely, reaching a peak of US$1159 per Bitcoin over the last few weeks (though when this paper was
written, it hovered) around US$900 per Bitcoin).
With eCurrency based on cryptographic proof, without the need to trust a third party middleman, money
can be source and transactions effortless. Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin Developer
Despite some criticisms and disbelief, Bitcoin has admittedly witnessed huge success over the last two
years. The idea of digital currency or virtual cash is by no means a new concept to the security and
cryptographic community. As early as 1982, David Chaum6 outlined his blueprint of an anonymous
e-cash scheme in his paper Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments
7
. Ever since, numerous
academic papers have been published around improving the efficiency and security of digital currency
constructions, see [8-15].
One wondersDespite three decades of research on digital currency, why have other digital currency
schemes not taken off, while Bitcoin a system designed the unknown, that does not include
sophisticated cryptography, and by no means perfect has enjoyed a swift rise to success? Looking
forward, does Bitcoin have what it takes to become a serious candidate for a sustainable and stable
currency, or is it yet another transient fad that will pass by?
7
Introducing Bitcoins
Bitcoin is a
decentralized
open-source,
peer-to-peer digital
cash system.
Digital currencies existed before the advent of Bitcoin, but what sets Bitcoin apart relative to others,
including the fiat currency, is the absence of third-party intermediaries.
With eCurrency based on cryptographic proof, without the need to trust a third party middleman, money
can be source and transactions effortless. Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin Developer
Enormous legacy systems, with enormous investments in human and
technical infrastructure, have formed the basis of our money systems. The
cost to produce, distribute, secure, and collect printed money is in the
hundreds of billions. In addition, the majority of our payments take place
using credit or debit cards, where banks and card processors generally
charge a 2-3% fee, effectively a personal or business transaction tax. Those
swipe or interchange fees amount to over a trillion of dollars every year.
Consumers that send money across borders (global consumers remittance
transfers are a US$534 billion
4
a year business), are also charged an average
transaction fee between 7-9%. These punitive fees are often struck against consumers with the least
amount of savings and financial stability. This accounts for trillions of dollars in economic value that is
not going into the hands of consumers and businesses for productive use and investment. The need for
enabled, secure and easy global payments and money transfers between buyers and sellers become
more apparent.
The 2008 financial crisis, which involved many financial institutions, in all likelihood contributed to the
need for a more mainstream global digital currency. Consumer trust in financial institutions was
shattered at that very moment. It became a practical move for the enterprising inventors to design,
build and operate a new globally available, highly secure, and free to use and operate international
monetary system and solution. Specific technical and market innovations are paving the way for more
of this type of innovation.
There are a number of trends and innovations that have converged in a mutually reinforcing manner and
enable breakthrough innovations like Bitcoin. These innovations include:
- Mass adoption of mobile phones and smartphones as a core personal computing device
- Continued, global hyper-growth in broadband connected households
- Advances in distributed and peer-to-peer computing over the past decade
- Specific design breakthroughs in the use of cryptographic methods and digital signatures
- Significant and continued growth in online payments
8
Current Needs
The 2008 financial
crisis, shattered the
consumers trust in
financial institutions
and in all probability
contributed to the
need for a global
digital currency.
Basics for a new user
As a new user, one needs to choose a wallet that can be installed on a computer or mobile phone. Once
the wallet is installed, a Bitcoins address for the exchange is generated; a process as analogous to E-mail
communication.
Balances - block chain
The block chain is a shared public transaction log on which the entire Bitcoin network relies upon. All
confirmed transactions are included in the block chain with no exception. This assures that Bitcoins
transactions can be verified as owned by the spender. The integrity and the chronological order of the
block chain are enforced with cryptography.
Transactions - private keys
A transaction is the transfer of value between Bitcoin addresses that is included in the block chain.
Bitcoin wallets keep a secret piece of data called a private key for each Bitcoin address. Private keys are
used to sign transactions, providing mathematical proof of the address owner. The signature also
prevents the transaction from being altered by anybody once it has been issued. All transactions are
broadcast between users and confirmed by the network in the following minutes, through a process
called mining.
9
How do Bitcoins Work?
Person B adds his private key to the message, then sends
the transaction to the Bitcoin network for verification.
The transaction sent to computers in the network
and is added to the block chain in a matter
of minutes. This makes it part of the public record
and ensures that Bitcoins cannot be double-spent.
Person A responds with a message that includes Person Bs
public key, determined by using the public address, and
the number of coins involved in the transaction.
Person B sends Person A his public address
Processing mining
Mining is a distributed consensus system that is used to confirm waiting transactions by including them
in the block chain. It enforces a chronological order in the block chain, protects the neutrality of the
network, and allows different computers to agree on the state of the system. To be confirmed,
transactions must be packed in a block that fits very strict cryptographic rules to be verified by the
network. These rules prevent previous blocks from being modified because doing so would invalidate all
following blocks. Mining also creates the equivalent of a competitive lottery that prevents any individual
from easily adding new blocks consecutively in the block chain. This way, no individuals can control what
is included in the block chain or replace parts of the block chain to roll back their own spends.
Once you download and run the Bitcoin client software, it connects over the Internet to a decentralized
network of all Bitcoin users and also generates a pair of unique, mathematically linked keys, which youll
need to exchange Bitcoins with any other client. One key is private and kept hidden on your computer.
The other is a public dubbed version of the Bitcoin address given to other people so they can send you
Bitcoins. An important security note, it is practically impossible, even with the most powerful
supercomputer, to uncover someones private key from their public key. Your public and private keys are
stored in a file that can be easily transferred to another computer.
10
1sd9..
1pY3..
1x4F..
1qTu..
(....)
(....)
(....)
2.00BTC
1x4F..->1pY3..
Bitcoin
Network at a glance
the
Block chain
(a shared public transaction log)
A Bitcoins address looks something like this: 15VjRaDX9zpbA8LVnbrCAFzrVzN7ixHNsC.
Stores that accept provide you with their address so you can pay for goods.
11
Transactions and Scripting
One of the reasons that make the Bitcoins system so powerful is that the input and output of
transactions do not require a fixed format, but instead are constructed using a stack-based flexible
scripting language. Transaction principals are not named users, but anonymous public keys, which users
may freely create in any amount they wish.
Transactions: Transactions encapsulate the movement of Bitcoins by transferring the value received
from its inputs to outputs (with one exception: generation transactions have no explicit input at all). An
input identifies a previous transaction output (as the hash of the earlier transaction and an index to an
output within it), and claims its full value.
An output specifies an amount; the outputs total must not exceed the inputs. Both also contain
fragments of executable script, on the input side for redeeming inflows, and on the output side for
designating payees.
Script fragments: The scripting language is a stack-based language. Operators include cryptographic
processes like SHA1 (which replaces the top item on the stack with its hash), and CHECKSIG (which pops
an ECDSA public key and signature from the stack, verifies the signature for a message implicitly
defined from the transaction data, and leaves the result as a true or false on the stack). For a transaction
to be valid, its outputs must not exceed its inputs, and its issuer must show title to each input claimed.
Title is tested by evaluating the input script fragment link with the script fragment from the output (of
an earlier transaction) that the input references.
Standard transfer: To illustrate how the stack-based scripting language can be used to designate and
enforce the recipient of a transfer, we look at the example of the standard Bitcoins transaction used for
transfer. To send coins to an address stated as the hash of a public key, the payer (Alice) creates a
transaction output with the below associated script fragment (recall that since the amount is specified
in a special record associated with the output; the script only needs to enforce the recipient):
DUP HASH160 <recipient-address> EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG (*)
The recipient (Bob) will notice the remittance since it is widely broadcasted and mark it for spending.
Later, so he can spend those received coins, he creates a transaction with an input for redemption, and
an output for expenditures. The redeeming input script is:
12
The Bitcoin Appeal
<signature> <public-key> (**)
Bob will manage to spend the coins received from Alice if his redemption is deemed valid. This is
verified by executing the concatenated script (*, **). The input fragment (*) pushes a signature and a
key on the stack, and the output fragment (**) makes sure the key hash matches the recipient, and
checks the signature against the transaction and key.
Despite three decades research on digital currency by the cryptographic community and Bitcoins
success, Bitcoins are by no means a perfect system. Though, the design actually reflects a surprising
amount of ingenuity and sophistication.
Decentralization: Bitcoins have a completely distributed architecture, without any single trusted entity.
It assumes a majority of the nodes in the network are honest, and resorts to a majority vote mechanism
for double spending avoidance and dispute resolution. In contrast, most of the cash schemes require a
trusted centralized bank for purpose of cash issuance and double-spending detections. This aspect
appeals to those who wish to freely trade currency being controls put in place by banks, governments
or authorities. Analogous to the spirit and original motivation behind the creation of the internet, such
a purely decentralized system guarantees that no single entity, no matter how initially benevolent, can
succumb to the temptation or be coerced by a government into subversion for its own benefit.
Incentives and economic system: Ingeniously designed, the Bitcoins system ensures that users are
receiving an economic benefit to their participation. First, the generation of new Bitcoins happens in a
distributed pattern at a predictable rate. Bitcoins miners solve computational puzzles to generate or
create new Bitcoins, and this process is closely coupled with the verification of previous transactions. At
the same time, miners also earn optional transactional fees for their contribution in vetting the said
transactions. This gives users (payers and payees) clear economic incentives to invest spare computing
cycles in the verification of Bitcoin transactions and the generation of new Bitcoins.
Predictable money supply: The Bitcoins system ensures that new coins are minted at a fixed rate, e.g.
the larger the Bitcoins community and total computational resources devoted to coin generation, the
more difficult the computational puzzle becomes. Early adopters of the system are provided with
strong incentives the earlier in the game, the cheaper the coins minted.
Divisibility and Fungibility
26
: One practical appeal of Bitcoins is the ease with which coins can be
divided and recombined to create essentially any denomination possible, unlike other cash systems.
And one bitcoin, is considered the same as any other bitcoin when it comes to price and acceptance.
Versatility, openness and vibrancy: Bitcoins are remarkably flexible partly due to their completely
distributed design. The open-source nature entices the creation of new applications and spurs new
businesses. Indeed, a rich extended ecosystem surrounding Bitcoins is flourishing. For example, mixer
services have hatched to cater to users who need better anonymity guarantees. There are payment
processor services that offer gadgets that vendors can embed in their webpages to receive Bitcoin
payments alongside regular currency.
Scripting: Another salient and very innovative feature allows users (payers and payees) to embed
scripts in their Bitcoin transactions. Although todays reference implementations have not fully utilized
the power of this feature, in theory, one can realize rich transactional semantics and contracts
throughscripts, such as deposits, escrow and dispute mediation, assurance contracts, including the use
of external states, and so on. It is conceivable that in the future, richer forms of financial contracts and
mechanisms are going to be built around Bitcoins using this feature.
Transaction irreversibility: Bitcoin transactions quickly become irreversible, attracting a niche market of
those concerned about credit-card fraud and chargebacks. A vendor selling specialty magazines
mentioned to blueocean that he could not conduct business with customers in certain countries where
credit-card fraud prevails. However, with Bitcoin, he is able to extend his business to these countries due
to the protection he obtains from the irreversibility of transactions.
Low fees and friction: The Bitcoins verifiers market currently bears very low transaction fees (which are
optional and chosen by the payer), an alternate with micropayments where fees can dominate. Bitcoins
are also considered appealing for their lack of additional costs traditionally included with international
money transfers due to disintermediation.
Readily available implementations: Last but not the least, in comparison with other cash schemes,
Bitcoin has provided readily available implementations, not only for the desktop computer, but also for
mobile phones. The open-source project is maintained by a vibrant community with healthy
developments.
In theory, Bitcoins are an elegant solution to a difficult and technical problem. Unfortunately, that alone
wont move millions of people towards adoption. Bitcoin has three advantages capable of driving its
adoption:
1) Decentralizes trust and reduces the control of governments and banks over the money supply;
2) Offers anonymity and freedom from censorship over individuals use of their money;
3) And reduces the fees on online purchases and money transfers.
13
Transactions and Scripting
Bitcoin Benefits
Whether by accident or design, the Bitcoins system in the present defines a currency with extreme
deflationary characteristics built-in. Coins are minted by verifiers (i.e., block creators, or miners) as an
incentive to keep the Bitcoins ecosystem running, but minting is poised to expire gradually (and rather
soon) resulting in a hard cap on the coins total. Moreover, coins whose private key has been forgotten
or destroyedor zombie coinscan never be replaced, resulting in further shrinkage of the money
base. For perspective, of the 21 million coins maximum, 12.5 million have already been minted; and of
those, tens of thousands have reportedly become zombies.
The potential deflationary spiral in a decentralized system like Bitcoin has security implications that
should not be neglected.
Deflationary Spiral: In capped supply, Bitcoins have no choice but to appreciate rapidly should the
system ever gain more than marginal acceptance. Even in a mature market scenario with, lets say, a
stable 1% of the US GDP transacted in Bitcoins and 99% in dollars, the real purchasing power of coins
would still increase over time, as each coin would capture a corresponding constant fraction of the
countrys growing wealth. Put another way, while the Federal Reserve can increase the number of dollars
in circulation to accommodate economic growth, in a Bitcoins economy the only outlet for growth
would be the currency appreciation. While it has been observed that the money supply cap could lead
to a severe deflationary spiral, ironically, the intrinsic strength of the Bitcoin currency could be its
greatest weakness, causing even more catastrophic unraveling than through mere deflation.
Hoarding: Bitcoins, much more than any other currency, derive their value from the presence of a live,
dynamic infrastructure loosely constituted by the network of verifiers participating in block creation.
Due to their appreciation potential, Bitcoins will tend to be saved rather than spent. As hoarded Bitcoins
vanish from circulation, transaction volume will dwindle and block creation will become less profitable
(fewer fees to collect). If circulation drops too much, it can precipitate a loss of interest in the system,
resulting in bit rot and verifier dearth, until a point at which the system will become too weak to heal
or defend. Of particular concern is unavoidable large-scale fraud that we describe in the next section,
and whose aftermath includes sudden loss of confidence, collapse of value, and repudiation.
Towards decentralized organic inflation: An antidote to this above-mentioned predicament could take
the form of Bitcoins-like electronic currency with a built-in, decentralized inflationary feedback that
could control the global minting rate based on transaction volume statistics. While we leave the
devising of monetary parameters for such an organically inflationary currency as an open problem, we
will show next how deflationary expectations negatively impact the long-term structural security of the
Bitcoins system.
14
Structural Problems
Despite wider adoption of Bitcoins around the world, this success has also attracted the attention of
fraudulent parties who have taken advantage of operational insecurity and transaction irreversibility.
Since Bitcoins are public knowledge (in the form of unredeemed transaction outputs), what enables a
user to spend a coin is the actual possession of the associated private key. Theft or loss of private keys,
or signature forgeries, will equate to loss of money. In its relatively short lifespan, Bitcoin wallets and
processors have been a target for hackers. In fact, recently, one of the most prominent European
exchanges reported it had lost over US$1 million worth of Bitcoins to hackers.
Apart from malware, system failures or human errors can cause the accidental loss of the wallet file
(which stores the private keys needed to spend coins) that in turn leads to the loss of coins (turning
them into zombies). For example, Bitomat, the third largest Bitcoin exchange, recently lost about $200K
worth of Bitcoins (at the exchange rate at the time) due to the loss of its private wallet file the cause
was later identified to be human error, as the developer hosted the wallet on non-persistent cloud
storage.
Venture capitalists (VCs) see a much larger narrative surrounding Bitcoins,
and future potential capital exceeds the US$1.4 billion of Bitcoins value
currently in the system. In 2014, more than US$100 million of venture
capital is expected to flow into Bitcoin startups.
There are three major vectors for investment: 1) exchanges, 2) service
offerings for individuals, and 3) service offerings for businesses. The first is
the gateway for the Bitcoins system, allowing users to swap Bitcoins for
dollars, euros, or whatever form of money they choose. The other two make
it convenient and safe for people and institutions to use the system.
Venture capitalists face a tremendous challenge in making Bitcoins
user-friendly and secure enough to be ready for mainstream consumers.
Bitcoin hackers are ferocious, attacking the weakest link in the system to drive prices down, then
scooping up the currency during the confusion and waiting for the rebound. The fact that shorting
Bitcoins is difficult at best is one of the saving graces at the moment. They can most easily profit by
eventually betting that prices will rise again. In turn, that actually limits the damage because no one
benefits from Bitcoins going to zero.
15
Theft or Loss of Bitcoins
Bitcoins Venture Capital
There are three major
vectors for
investment:
exchanges, service
offerings for
individuals, and
service offerings for
businesses. US$100
million of venture
capital is expected to
flow into Bitcoin
startups in 2014.
VCs must address the system security issues first, and then work on making Bitcoins a relevant currency
for global financial transactions. Progress on both fronts would remove a good deal of the price
volatility, since real transactions would have a more weights versus buy and sell side orders. Right
now, the Bitcoins market is thin and limited on supply unless there is a panic. Thats not to say that the
currency upward bias of Bitcoins prices is irrelevant, for it does validate the sustainability of the currency
while VCs get their ducks in a row and make their initial investments.
The Bitcoin ecosystem is implicated by speculation and hoarding, hyper-deflation
problem and security attacks.
Digital currency is part of our future, even if in a less revolutionary form than Bitcoins decentralized,
algorithm-based variety.
The Bitcoin ecosystem is dominated by speculation and hoarding, and it remains to be
seen whether it can transition to an everyday currency for consumers. If it does go
mainstream, it will likely lose some of its most revolutionary aspects. However, it can still
act as a hedge against the global monetary system (if not replace it) and the potential
implications are about as easy to predict as the effect of the Internet during the days of
ARPANET. If nothing else, Bitcoins make an interesting test case for the implications of
future digital currencies.
The hyper-deflation problem has to be countered. Basi cally, with Bitcoin prices surging,
no one will want to purchase but save instead. Conversely, when Bitcoins collapse,
nobody will want to sell.
Bitcoins has powerful, well-funded opponents who can cripple the system, including
payment processors, banks and governments. For example, business accounts of the
Canadian Bitcoin exchanges CADBitcoin and Canadian Bitcoins were frozen by Royal
Bank of Canada and TDBank.
The Bitcoins system has to protect itself from the various kinds of attacks possible,
including protocol attacks, price manipulation, regulatory attacks, and hacking.
16
Challenges Ahead
Although Bitcoins may seem like an unstoppable force in digital payments,
they can still be impacted, sometimes severely, by regulatory authorities,
depending on the nature of the platform and the point at which virtual
currencies interact with real-world currencies.
In March of 2013, the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Unit (FinCEN)
announced that businesses acting as brokers or transmitters for virtual
money services must be registered as Money Service Business (MSBs). This
year, two separate accounts (one with Wells Fargo and one with online payment provider Dwolla,) held
by Mt. Gox. the worlds biggest Bitcoin currency exchange, were seized by the Department of Homeland
Security, reportedly due to the fact that Mt.Gox did not register as an MSB. Such moves by regulatory
bodies highlight the fact that while trade for goods and services in virtual currencies cannot be directly
regulated, the point at which these currencies interact with real currencies remains directly under strict
financial controls.
It will be everywhere, and the world will have to readjust. World governments will have to readjust.
John McAfee, founder of McAfee Inc.

17
Regulations
Countries around the
world have taken
varying stances to
regulating the Bitcoin
operations, a few of
them even deciding to
play wait and watch.
When this paper was written, FinCEN was the only US federal regulator to release official guidance on
the use of Bitcoins. In March 2013, FinCEN published interpretive guidance clarifying the application of
the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act to Bitcoins and other convertible digital assets by
stating that any administrator or exchanger of Bitcoins (or other convertible digital asset) must be a
registered MSB under FinCEN's money transmitter regulations. The release indicated that individual
users of Bitcoins not operating a business would not be considered MSBs, and therefore would not be
required to register, report or perform recordkeeping. Such clarification also requires administrators or
exchangers of Bitcoins to comply with applicable state law and register with certain state regulatory
agencies.
The rate of Bitcoins adoption of Bitcoins will directly relate to storefront acceptance both on and
offline. If the currency can fall, or rise in value dramatically, it will be exceedingly difficult for stores to
charge using the currency due to its relative value vs. traditional standards, such as the US Dollar. If
Bitcoins continue to realize any further traction, however, there will be more flux in this marketplace
before there is less.
For a crypto-currency to thrive, it needs to detach from a cross paper currency altogether. If Bitcoins
were only exchangeable with virtual currencies (crypto currencies), there might be an opportunity for a
legitimate currency system. It would weed out speculators and possibly create some stability in
crypto-currency markets.
There are two perspectives about the future of Bitcoins. First, the short-term: if this is a bubble, when
will it burst? Its notoriously difficult to predict the end of a speculative bubble. Those lucky enough to
time it correctly can make a lot of money, but that wont be true for the everyday person. The price chart
for Bitcoins reminds us of the NASDAQ from 1995 to early 2000.
Second, the long-term: what will the Bitcoins market look like in 5-10 years? Thats even harder than
calling the peak of a bubble. A significant contribution of the Bitcoins market is the proof-of-concept
for a decentralized crypto-currency. Two Bitcoin benefits are transactions are inherently deflationary
and anonymous. Given the recent slew of fiscal chaos and increasing concerns about online privacy,
these are two strong points in its favoror whatever future crypto-currency arises.
18
Conclusion
19
1. http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
2. http://sourceforge.net/projects/bitcoin/
3. http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/maillist.html
4. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/
EXTPAYMENTREMMITTANCE/0,,contentMDK:22121552~menuPK:5978015~
pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:1943138,00.html
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin#Exchanges
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecash
7. http://www.cs.ut.ee/~lipmaa/crypto/link/protocols/ecash.php
8. J. Camenisch, S. Hohenberger, and A. Lysyanskaya. Compact e-cash. Proc.
Eurocrypt,2005.
9. S. Canard and A. Gouget. Divisible e-cash systems can be truly
anonymous.Eurocrypt 2007.
10. D. Chaum. Blind signatures for untraceable payments. Proc. Crypto, 1982.
11. R. Gennaro, S. Jarecki, H. Krawczyk, and T. Rabin. Secure distributed key gen
eration for discrete-log based cryptosystems. J. Cryptology, 2007.
12. B. Laurie. Decentralised currencies are probably impossible but lets at least
make them efficient. www.links.org/files/decentralised-currencies.pdf.
13. P. MacKenzie and M. Reiter. Two-party generation of DSA signatures. Proc.
Crypto, 2001.
14. S. Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. www.bitcoin.org.
15. T. Okamoto. An efficient divisible electronic cash scheme. Proc. Crypto, 1995.
16. http://thegenesisblock.com/
17. http://markets.thegenesisblock.com/
18. http://mining.thegenesisblock.com/
19. http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/05/why-do-vcs-care-about-bitcoin/
20. http://www.cbinsights.com/blog/trends/bitcoin-industrystartups
21. http://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/top-security-
stories/hackers-hit-european-bitcoin-payment-processor-bips-1-million/
22. https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/2013/12/the-
present-status-of-bitcoin-regulations-in-the-united-states/
23. http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/03/india-wakes-up-to-bitcoin/
24. http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf
25. http://www.mobilemarketingwatch.com/mobile-users-prefer-ad-
engagements-over-paying-to-receive-premium-content-32719/#more-32719
26. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fungibility.asp
Sources
blueocean market intelligence
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