IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery ,Vol. 6, No.

3, J uly 1991
MULTISTORY TRANSMISSION'TOWER MODEL FOR LIGHTNING SURGE ANALYSIS
Masaru I shi i , Seni or Member, IEEE Tatsuo Kawamura, Member, I EEE Teruya Kouno, Member, IEEE
Uni versi ty of Tokyo
Tokyo, J apan
Uni versi ty of Tokyo Uni versi ty of Tokyo
Tokyo, J apan Tokyo, J apan
Ei i chi Ohsaki Kazuyuki Shiokawa Kaneyoshi Murotani, Member, I EEE Takemitsu Higuchi
The Tokyo El ectri c Power Co. , I nc. Ni ssi n El ectri c Co., Ltd. The Kansai El ectri c Power Co., I nc.
Tokyo, J apan Kyoto, J apan
Abstract - Transmission towers have been modeled
f or l i ghtni ng surge anal ysi s based on the measurements
on the towers al one. For an actual hi gh vol tage
transmi ssi on tower, however, ground wi r es are equipped
i n many cases. I n view of thi s, proposed here i s a
mul ti story transmi ssi on tower model t o be used i n the
mul ti -conductor anal ysi s by EMTP. The ci rcui t parame-
ters of the model are determined based on the measure-
ment of vol tages across the i nsul ator stri ngs on an
actual 500kV transmi ssi on tower. The f l ashover phase
and current i n response t o a l i ghtni ng stroke t o a UHV
transmi ssi on tower are al so anal yzed by usi ng both con-
venti onal and new tower models f or comparison.
Keywords: L i ghtni ng surge, Back f l ashover, EMTP, UHV.
INTRODUCTION
I n the cl assi cal method f or predi cti ng backfl ash
rates of overhead power transmi ssi on l i nes, travel i ng
wave anal ysi s of l i ghtni ng surges i s an essenti al part.
A transmi ssi on tower i s of ten represented by a uniform
transmi ssi on l i ne of f i ni te l ength 111, and the sen-
si ti vi ty of the parameters of the modeled transmi ssi on
tower i s l arge when the tower i s hi gh [21. Those para-
meters have been chosen based on the research of the
surge response of the tower al one; however, f or power
transmi ssi on l i nes equipped wi th ground wi r es, the
parameters may need t o be reviewed based on the surge
response i n such confi gurati on.
A s most of the transmi ssi on l i nes of 500kV and
above vol tages i n J apan are desi gned double ci rcui t and
equi pped wi th ground wi r es, a research has been made t o
devel op a new tower model f or l i ghtni ng surge anal ysi s
copi ng wi th such a transmi ssi on l i ne. I t i s al so
requested that the new tower model can be coupled wi th
the multi-conductor anal ysi s of l i ghtni ng surges 131
usi ng the El ectromagneti c Transi ents Program (EMTP) [4] .
BasGd on the low-current measurement of vol tage
waveforms across the i nsul ator stri ngs on an actual
500kV double ci rcui t transmi ssi on tower equipped wi th
ground wires, a new tower model i s developed. The
measurement was performed under verti cal current
i nj ecti on t o the tower. Whether ground wi r es are con-
nected t o the tower or not af f ects the ci rcui t parame-
ters of the tower model.
Those ci rcui t parameters used i n a travel i ng wave
anal ysi s are concepts under TEE1 f i el ds whereas the
f i el ds associ ated wi th a current wave on a transmi ssi on
tower usual l y di f f er from TEM. Therefore, essenti al l y,
the representati on of a transmi ssi on tower wi th the
53 IJ ?.I 193-3 PWRRD
by the I EEE Transmission and Di stri buti on Committee
of the I EEE Power Engi neeri ng Soci ety or presentati on
at the I EEE/PES 1989 Winter Meeting, New York, New
York, J anuary 29 - February 3, 1989. Manuscript
submi tted February 1, 1988; made avai l abl e f or
pri nti ng J anuary 9, 1989.
A paper recommended and approved
Osaka, J apan
I327
combination of lumped ci rcui t parameters and transmi s-
si on l i nes i s onl y an approximation except f or the case
of a coni cal tower. The newly developed tower model
approxi matel y i ncorporates the i nf l uence of the ref l ect-
ed current wave from the tower base, and i s recommended
t o be used i n a mul ti -conductor surge anal ysi s of a
doubl e ci rcui t transmi ssi on l i ne equipped wi th ground
wi r es.
PREVIOUS STUDIES ON TOWER MODEL
Theoreti cal studi es [5]-[9] are very Useful i n
understandi ng the phenomena. On the other hand, it is
i ndi spensabl e t o conduct experi mental studi es t o eva-
l uate the surge response of a complex-shaped actual
transmi ssi on tower. On the measurement of surge
responses of actual and model towers, there i s a good
revi ew [21.
The method of the measurement i s cl assi f i ed i nto
two types. One i s the ref l ecti on method represented by
the measurement by Breuer et al . [ l o ] . I n t hi s method,
a l ead t o transmi t a steep f ront travel i ng wave i s con-
nected t o the top of a tower under measurement, and the
ref l ected wave on the measuring l ead i s observed t o
esti mate the transi ent impedance at the tower top. I n
t hi s case, the whole tower i s i l l umi nated by the TEM
f i el d associ ated wi th the travel i ng wave on the
measuri ng l ead as the wave f ront arri ves at the tower
top. The transi ent impedance at the tower top shows
i ni ti al l y a hi gh val ue, and decreases wi th t i me [21.
Thi s method i s consi dered val i d i n eval uati ng ref l ec-
ti on and ref racti on of surge waves at the connecti ng
poi nt of the tower and the ground wi r es.
The other method i s the di rect method represented
by the measurement of Kawai [ l l ] . I n thi s method, a
pul se generator i s pl aced on the top of a tower, and
the vol tage across an i nsul ator stri ng i s di rectl y
measured. I n thi s case, no external f i el d exi st before
the appl i cati on of the testi ng current t o the tower
top, and the external f i el d expands spheri cal l y from
the tower top. Therefore, no TEM f i el d exi sts unti l
several ref l ecti ons i n the tower take pl ace. On a
tower wi thout ground wi res, the vol tage across an i nsu-
l ator stri ng gradual l y rises unti l the ref l ected wave
from the tower f oot i nf l uences, and i s contrary t o the
characteri sti cs measured by the ref l ecti on method. The
si tuati on si mul ates the i nci dent of a l i ghtni ng stroke
hi tti ng the tower top. I n thi s measurement al so, a
l ead connected t o the pul se generator i s necessary to
provi de a path f or the return current. I n measuring an
actual tower, it i s di f f i cul t t o pl ace a verti cal l ead
from the top of the tower, theref ore, the si tuati on i n
the measurement i s somewhat di f f erent from the i nci dent
of l i ghtni ng stri ki ng the tower.
The t er ms of hori zontal current i nj ecti on and ver-
t i cal current i nj ecti on [9] i n pl aces of the ref l ecti on
method and the di rect method are mi sl eadi ng si nce the
l ead f or the return current was hori zontal l y connected
t o the tower top i n the Kawai's di rect measurement.
Therefore, the t er ms of the ref l ecti on method and the
di rect method are used i n thi s paper. The di f f erence
of these measuring methods are al so cl earl y stated by
Chisholm et al . [9], and they developed a tower model
based on the ref l ecti on method t o cope wi th the midspan
l i ghtni ng stroke.
0885-8977/91/0700-1327$01.0001991 IEEE
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1328
The new tower model presented i n t hi s paper aims
at predi cti ng the back f l ashover at i ndi vi dual i nsul ator
stri ng when a double ci rcui t tower wi th ground wires i s
hi t by a l i ghtni ng stroke. Therefore, the resul t of
the new tower model shoul d be compared wi th the
researches based on the di rect measurement [71 [ 8 ] [ 111 .
SURGE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTUAL TOWER
Measurement Condi ti ons
Fi gure 1 shows the measurement condi ti ons and the
arrangement of measuring equipment. The tower under
measurement ( No. 7) i s a 500kV double ci rcui t suspen-
si on steel tower of 62.8m i n overal l hei ght and 10.8m
i n base wi dth. The ground wires were i nsul ated from
No. 6 tower by i nsul ators t o avoi d the ref l ecti on at
thi s posi ti on, si nce the span between No. 6 and No. 7
towers i s short. All the phase conductors were di rectl y
connected t o Nos. 5 and 8 towers t o reduce the radi o
noi se af f ecti ng the measurement (Fi g. 1 ( a) and ( b) ) .
A 50Q coaxi al cabl e of 300m i n l ength was used t o
i nj ect current i nto No. 7 tower from a pul se generator
(PG) on the ground as i s seen i n Fi g. 1 (b) and (c).
The core of the cabl e was connected t o a ground-wire
crossarm of the tower through a resi stor of lkn f or
wave shapi ng and 'a current shunt of 0.5fi. The sheath
of the cabl e was l ef t open at the tower end. Thi s con-
f i gurati on i s equi val ent t o set the PG on the ground-
wi r e crossarm, as no external f i el d exi sts before the
travel i ng wave wi thi n the coaxi al cabl e from the P G
reaches the tower top [a]. Therefore, thi s method of
current i nj ecti on i s si mi l ar t o that of Kawai [ l l ] and
i s cl assi f i ed a di rect method. No other l i nes f or
measurement wer e i nstal l ed.
' 4 4 9 ,
measurement
(a) Layout of the transmi ssi on line
12.7rn
62.8m
32 2m
( c) Layour of the tower and
the pulse generator
Opti cal coaxi al cabl e
"
(b) Na 7 Tower
Fi g. 1. Setup f or l i ghtni ng surge response measure-
ments.
The i nj ected current was measured by the current
shunt, and vol tages across the i nsul ator stri ngs were
measured by a lOkR resi sti ve vol tage di vi der. These
si gnal s were converted i nto l i ght si gnal s and were
transmi tted t o waveform recordi ng devi ces on the ground
through opti cal waveguides. Bundle f i bers were used
f or the opti cal waveguides which resul ted i n the change
of sensi ti vi ty af ter the waveguide was di sconnected and
reconnected t o the E/O transducer. Therefore, the
sensi ti vi ty was cal i brated before and af ter each
measurement by a cal i brator i ncorporated i n the opti cal
si gnal transmi ssi on system, and the accuracy was main-
tai ned wi thi n 2% of error. I n measurements wi thout
connecti ng the ground wires t o the tower, the vol tage
between an i sol ated ground wi r e and the crossarm was
al so measured. The frequency range of the measuring
system was DC t o 12 MHz, which was l i mi ted by the
el ectro- opti cal si gnal converter.
Recorded Waveforms
The PG generated a rectangul ar pul se wi th a ri se
t i me of 20ns and durati on of 4ps. I t al so generated
a sl ow-front wave wi th a ri se t i me of 3ps. Fi gure 2
shows the waveforms of the i nj ected current measured
at the tower top. I n the case of steep- f ront wave,
al though the PG sent out a neat rectangul ar pul se i nto
the 50R connecti ng cabl e, the waveform measured at the
tower top was deformed as i s seen i n Fi g. 2( a) . The
deformati on at the wave f ront was not caused by the
propagati on wi thi n the 300m connecti ng cabl e, but by
the transi ent impedance of the connecti ng cabl e
observed at the tower top, determi ned by the external
f i el d [81. A current wave associ ated wi th t hi s exter-
nal f i el d propagated on the sheath of the 300m cabl e
wi th the speed of l i ght, and was ref l ected at the PG
end resul ti ng i n the smal l di sconti nui ty observed at
2ps on the current waveform of Fi g. 2( a) . Fi gure 3
shows the waveform of vol tage between a ground-wire
crossarm and a ground wi r e when ground wi r es were i so-
l ated from the tower.
( a) Steep-front current. (b) Slow-front current,
3. 0~s wave f ront.
Fi g. 2. Waveforms of current bei ng i nj ected i nto tower
top, 1.13A/div. Sweep: 0.5ps/di v.
Fi g. 3. Waveform of vol tage between a ground-wire
crossarm and a ground wi r e. Ground wi r es
i sol ated from tower, steep- f ront current
i nj ecti on.
I n Fi gures 7 and 8 are shown the measured wave-
forms when the ground wi r es are connected t o the tower.
I n these cases, i t was i mpossi bl e t o measure the tower
top vol tage si nce there were no potenti al wi r es t o be
ref erred to. The di f f erence of the verti cal scal es i n
the osci l l ograms resul ted from the problem i n the opti -
cal transmi ssi on system as stated bef ore, which di d not
af f ect the accuracy of the measurement.
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1329
I n Fi gure 7 i s al so shown a waveform of the
current fl owi ng i nto a gound wi r e. The di sconti nui ty
at 3 p s i s the ref l ecti on of the travel i ng wave on
the ground wires from the adj acent No. 8 tower 449m
away. A t 3 . 8 p s , the ref l ecti on From No. 5 tower 566m
away i s al so seen. Decrease of the current af ter 4 p s
resul ts from the pul se durati on of the i nj ected current.
The vol tage waveforms across i nsul ator stri ngs f or
the steep- f ront current were al so used t o reproduce the
resul t f or the sl ow-front current by usi ng a convolu-
ti on techni que. The computed resul t agreed qui te wel l
t o the measured waveforms, thus veri f yi ng both the
l i neari ty of the system and the rel i abi l i ty of the
measurement.
MODELI NG OF THE SYSTEM
Equi val ent Ci rcui t of the System under Measurement
I n anal ysi s of l i ghtni ng surges on an actual
system, the coupl i ng between the ground wi r es and the
phase conductors shoul d al so be taken i nto con-
si derati on, and it i s essenti al t o examine and sel ect a
tower model that f i t s i n a mul ti -conductor ci rcui t as
shown i n Fi g. 4.
Nu. 7 No. 8
Iliase conducl or s
Fi g. 4 . Equi val ent ci rcui t of ei ght-conductor system
f or EMTP anal ysi s.
132m(Nu5-6 a Pq e Ground wi re
1 75 cm di ameter
Phase conductor
B
4 X 3 84 cm diameter
at 50 cm spacing
0 A v? I ,
400rn(No.5-6 )
260m(No.6-7)
36. 0m( No. 7 - 8 )
b--d
50cm
l-4
Fi g. 5. Conductor geometry at average hei ght.
I n Fi gure 4 , EMTP Semlyen models are used t o
represent the mutual conductor coupl i ng i n each span,
formi ng an ei ght-conductor system i nvol vi ng two ground
wi r es and si x phase conductors f or double ci rcui t t o
represent the system under measurement. For the posi -
ti onal rel ati onshi p of the ground wires and phase con-
ductors, the conductor geometry at the average hei ghts
as shown i n Fi g. 5 i s used.
I n mul ti -conductor ci rcui t anal ysi s by EMTP, the
mutual coupl i ng of the ground wires and phase conduc-
tors i s si mul ated, but the ef f ect of the f i el d retar-
dati on among the ground wi r es and phase conductors are
not consi dered at al l . The waveform of the i nj ected
current i n EMTP cal cul ati on i s a pol ygonal approxima-
ti on of the actual l y i nj ected waveform. The grounding
resi stance of the tower under measurement i s assumed
t o have a f l at resi stance-ti me characteri sti c and re-
presented by a pure resi stance of 170, which i s the
measured val ue.
The frequency characteri sti c of the ground was
al so i ncorporated i n the computation, but i ts ef f ect
turned out t o be not si gni f i cant.
Conventional Tower Models
The surge impedance expressi on proposed by Sargent
et. al . [7] has been wi del y used as a tower model f or
travel i ng wave cal cul ati on (conventi onal model ( 1) ) .
According t o thi s expressi on, the tower under measure-
ment i s approximated by a cone, and we have a surge
impedance of 170R f or thi s shape. I n thi s case, it i s
treated that the vel oci ty of surge propagati on i n the
tower i s equal t o the vel oci ty of l i ght ( 300 m/ ps) and
there i s no surge attenuati on.
On the other hand, a surge impedance of 100 t o 115
R, a surge propagati on vel oci ty of 210 t o 240 m/ ps (70
t o 80% of the vel oci ty of l i ght) and a surge attenuati on
coef f i ci ent of 0.8 t o 0.9 obtai ned by Kawai et al . [ l l ]
through experi ments on an actual tower are al so used i n
J apanese desi gns (conventi onal model ( 2) ) . Chisholm et
al . al so recommend a model wi th reduced surge propaga-
ti on vel oci ty [2], which w i l l resul t i n hi gher i nsul ator
vol tages than the conventi onal model ( 1) .
I n order t o anal yze each i nsul ator vol tage due t o
a l i ghtni ng stroke t o a ground-wired tower, conventi onal
tower models are di vi ded at the crossarm posi ti ons i nto
f our secti ons.
New Tower Model
When ground wi r es are i sol ated from a tower, the
transf er impedance of the tower potenti al ri se measured
by the di rect method i s i ni ti al l y low [ l l ] as i s seen
al so i n Fi g. 3. When ground wires are connected,
however, the transf er impedance of the vol tage across
an i nsul ator stri ng abruptl y rises and f al l s t o a rel a-
ti vel y constant val ue unti l the ref l ecti on from the
base of the tower arri ves, as i s known from the
osci l l ograms of Fi gures 2(a) and 7. Thi s i s because
the i nsul ator vol tage i s i nfl uenced by the charac-
teri sti cs of the potenti al ri se of both the tower arm
and the conductor. The tower impedance esti mated From
the i nsul ator vol tage of upper phase at 0 . 5 ~ ~ i n Fi g.
7, taki ng i nto account the coupl i ng between the ground
wi r es and the phase wi r es, i s 1250, postul ati ng the
combined surge impedance of ground wi r es as 3420. Thi s
val ue i s cl ose t o the measured tower impedance of 1190,
i ndi cated i n Fi g. 3, f or a tower when the ground wi r es
are i sol ated.
The surge propagati on vel oci ty i s cl earl y known
from the osci l l ograms of Fi g. 7, and i s very cl ose t o
the speed of l i ght. Therefore, i n the new tower model,
the surge propagati on vel oci ty i s set equal t o that of
l i ght.
When the ref l ected surge wave from the base of the
tower arri ves, the potenti al of the tower begi ns t o
decrease. The decrease i s rather slow as seen i n the
osci l l ograms i n Fi gures 3 and 7, and i s consi derabl y
di f f erent from the response of a uniform transmi ssi on
l i ne shunted wi th a l o w impedance at i ts end. Thi s
characteri sti c ori gi nates from the non-TEM f i el d 181,
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1330
model ( 1) model (2) model
Tower surge Zt1 170 n 115 Ci 220 n
impedance *1 Zt2 170 R 115 R 150 R
and i s di f f i cul t t o accuratel y express wi th a si mpl e
equi val ent ci rcui t. Kawai approximated thi s charac-
teri sti c by i ntroduci ng a surge attenuati on coef f i ci ent
i n hi s tower model [ l l ] , which physi cal l y i s very cl ose
t o uni ty. The i ntroducti on of surge attenuati on coef-
f i ci ent may resul t i n a hi gh resi dual tower vol tage as
t i me el apses, and Kawai had t o change the coef f i ci ent
accordi ng t o the steepness of the i nj ected current. I n
the new tower model, an i nductance i s connected i n
paral l el wi th the resi stance determi ni ng the atte-
nuati on coef f i ci ent, enabl i ng a more accurate approxi -
mation of the characteri sti c of the wave t ai l . Thi s
i nductance i s a parameter t o determi ne the shape of the
wave t ai l , and has nothi ng t o do wi th the lumped induc-
tance of ten used t o represent the tower i tsel f .
To enabl e cal cul ati on of each i nsul ator vol tage,
the new tower model consi sts of f our secti ons di vi ded
at the upper, middle and lower phase crossarm posi ti ons.
Each secti on consi sts of a l oss- f ree transmi ssi on l i ne
and lumped constants consi sti ng of a damping resi stance
shunted by an i nductance. Thus, the new tower model i s
mul ti stori ed as shown i n Fig. 6. The damping resi stance
i n each secti on i s determined from the resi stance per
uni t l ength of a transmi ssi on l i ne cal cul ated from the
postul ated surge attenuati on coef f i ci ent of a tower.
Fi g. 6. New mul ti story transmi ssi on tower New mul ti story transmi ssi on tower model.
Sel ecti on of Tower Model Parameters
The ci rcui t parameters of the new tower model wer e
basi cal l y determined from the measurement wi th the
steep- f ront current, as the l i neari ty of the system was
confirmed. Higher val ue of the surge impedance i s
assumed f or the upper part of the tower t o cope wi th
the i ni ti al l y hi gh transf er impedance of the i nsul ator
vol tages when ground wi r es are connected. Because the
resul t of the mul ti -conductor anal ysi s by EMTP was di f -
f i cul t t o predi ct by cal cul ati on by hand, the optimum
val ues of the tower surge impedances and the atte-
nuati on coef f i ci ent had t o be determined by a tri al -
and-error process. The determined parameters f or the
new tower model i s l i sted i n Tabl e I .
I n Fi gures 7 and E, vari ous waveforms cal cul ated
f or conventi onal and new tower models are shown f or
comparison. The employed parameters f or conventi onal
models are l i sted al so i n Tabl e I . The measured
resul ts wer e converted i nto the impedance equi val ents
as fol l ows: f or Fi g. 7, the maximum vol tage val ue was
di vi ded by the i n~ect ed current at the moment when the
vol tage reached maximum; f or Fi g. 8, the maximum
vol tage val ues were di vi ded by the peak current val ue
i rrespecti ve of thei r ti me. The i nsul ator vol tages of
upper phase, which are the hi ghest i n the measurements,
are best si mul ated by the new tower model i rrespecti ve
of the current waveform.
Tabl e I . Esti mated Values of Tower Model Constants
f or Transmi ssi on Tower Under Measurement.
I I ConventionallConventionallNew tower1
*I - Ztl = ZT1 = ZT2 = ZT3, and Zt2 = ZT4.
*2- Di storti onl ess transmi ssi on l i ne secti ons.
*3- Loss-free transmi ssi on l i ne and damping resi stor.
*4- T = H/VT: Tower travel t i me.
DISCUSSION
I n devel opi ng a si mpl e cui cui t model t o represent
a transmi ssi on tower f or l i ghtni ng surge anal ysi s, it
usual l y i s onl y an approxi mati on, si nce the i ni t i al
el ectromagneti c f i el d around a tower i s not TEM whereas
si mpl e ci rcui t el ements can best si mul ate phenomena
associ ated wi th TEM f i el d. A coni cal tower i s an
excepti on, but the ef f ect of the ref l ected wave from
the tower base can no l onger be si mul ated by a si mpl e
l oss- f ree transmi ssi on l i ne. Moreover, the surge
response of a typi cal double ci rcui t tower l i ke i n Fi g.
l ( b) i s more l i ke that of a cyl i nder than a cone as i s
known from Fi g. 3 .
The authors' approach t o thi s problem i s based on
the measurement on an actual double ci rcui t tower, and
there certai nl y i s l i mi tati on i n extendi ng the resul ts
drawn here t o other types of transmi ssi on towers.
However, from a sensi ti vi ty study of backfl ash rates,
the ci rcui t representati on of a tower become more
si gni f i cant when the tower hei ght exceeds about 40m
121. Most of such hi gh towers more or less resemble
the one i n Fi g. l ( b) , theref ore, the resul ts i n thi s
paper are sti l l consi dered val uabl e.
For a tower hi gher than about 40m, it i s physi -
cal l y more appropri ate t o si mul ate it by a transmi ssi on
l i ne than by a lumped i nductance. With thi s sel ecti on,
three parameters need t o be determi ned, namely, the
surge impedance ZT, the surge vel oci ty VT and the surge
attenuati on coef f i ci ent y . When the i nj ected l i ghtni ng
current has a l ong f ront durati on rel ati ve t o the tower
travel t i me T, the val ue of ZT/VT, proporti onal t o the
equi val ent tower i nductance, w i l l af f ect the peak val ue
of the tower potenti al r i se [ 2] . Therefore, these two
parameters i n a tower model are cl osel y rel ated each
other.
Observed val ues of the surge vel oci ty are suscep-
ti bl e t o measuring condi ti ons. I n the ref l ecti on
method, the moment of the arri val of the surge wave
ref l ected from the tower base i s usual l y more ambiguous
i n the vol tage waveform than i n the di rect method.
I n the di rect method, on the other hand, the i nsul ator
vol tage i s si gni f i cantl y af f ected by an addi ti onal
admi ttance i n paral l el t o the i nsul ator when ground
wires are not connected t o the tower [ l l ] . Physi cal l y,
the surge vel oci ty w i l l never exceed the speed of
l i ght. I n the osci l l ograms i n Fi g. 7, the moments of
the arri val of the surge wave from the tower base are
cl ear, and the speed of the surge i s very cl ose t o the
speed of l i ght. Therefore, it i s concluded that the
actual vel oci ty of the surge i s nearl y the speed of
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1331
I
Tower
top
vo 1 t a ge
Upper phase
i nsul ator
vol tage
Middle phase
i nsul ator
vol taqe
Lower phase
i nsul ator
vol tage
Current
fl owi ng
i nto ground
wi re
- . I,.' _L .., -
onventi onal model ( 1)
171 V 85Q
New tower model
'onventi onal model ( 2 ) 1
143 V 69n 184 V 968
97 V 48.Q (108%)
2IX)\
IM
r
I +* . -
-. _ _ _ _ ----&
I 2 3 2 6
20 8
' "&!
111 V 568 (100%)
:k I 2 3/ 15
Fi g. 7. Comparison between cal cul ated and measured waveforms, ground wires connected t o tower top, SteeP-front
current i nj ected.
Cal cul ated Waveforms (Fi gs. 7 and 8 ) :
Tower
t OP
vol tage
Upper phase
i nsul ator
vol t age
Middle phase
i nsul ator
vo I t a ge
Lower phase
i nsul ator
vo I t a ge
l easured ( Sweep : 0 . 5P s/di v)
__ Tower top or i nsul ator vol tage
- Vol tage at tower crossarm posi ti on
Voltage induced on phase conductor
_ _ _ -
:onventional model ( 1)
79 V 23.2Q
j w, i
zonventi onal model ( 2 )
98 V 28.8R
Fi g. 8. Comparison between cal cul ated and measured waveforms, ground wi res connected t o tower top, slow-front
current i nl ected.
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1332
t
l i ght , and t he cr ossanns of a doubl e ci r cui t t ower
do not much af f ect t he act ual sur ge vel oci t y.
Because t he t r ansf er i mpedance of t he t ower i s
t i me dependent , t he val ue of ZT cannot be det er mi ned
f r oman i nst ant aneous val ue of t he i mpedance. Because
of t he r eason di scussed bef or e, i f t he equi val ent sur ge
vel oci t y i s chosen as t he speed of l i ght , opt i mum
ZT wi l l be hi gher t han t he case of sl ower VT f or l i ght n-
i ng cur r ent of a sl ow f r ont . To cope wi t h t he case of
st eep- f r ont cur r ent t o a hi gh t ower , i t i s desi r abl e
f or t he t ower model capabl e of handl i ng t he t i me-
var yi ng nat ur e of t he t r ansf er i mpedance t o some ext ent .
Thi s i s t he r eason why t he t aper ed sur ge i mpedance and
a sophi st i cat ed t r eat ment of t he sur ge at t enuat i on
coef f i ci ent was i nt r oduced i n t he new t ower model .
The obser ved t r ansf er i mpedance of t he i nsul at or
vol t age i s i ni t i al l y hi gh and decr eases i n a shor t t i me
f or a gr ound- wi r ed t ower . But even t aki ng i nt o account
t he pr ecedi ng di scussi ons, t he sel ect ed sur ge i mpedan-
ces of t he new t ower model i s consi der abl y hi gher t han
t he measur ement wi t h gr ound wi r es i sol at ed f r om t he
t ower . I t i s known f r omt he aur t hor s' exper i ment usi ng
a geomet r i cal model , t hat t he i nf l uence of hor i zont al l y
i nst al l ed cur r ent - i nj ect i on cabl e, i nst ead of ver t i cal
i nst al l at i on, cannot be di sr egar ded i n t he measur ement
of t ower al one, but t hi s i nf l uence i s much smal l er i n
t he measur ement of a gr ound- wi r ed t ower . So er r or s i n
t he measur ement i s consi der ed not si gni f i cant .
The r eason of t he consi der abl y hi gh val ues of t he
sur ge i mpedance i n t he new t ower model mi ght be at t r i -
but ed t o t he Seml yen model used i n t he mul t i - conduct or
anal ysi s of EMTP. I n t hi s cal cul at i on, t he ef f ect of
t he f i el d r et ar dat i on cannot be si mul at ed, and t he
vol t age on t he gr ound wi r es i s i nst ant aneousl y i nduced
on t he phase wi r es. Thi s wi l l l ead t o an over -
est i mat i on of t he ef f ect of t he coupl i ng bet ween t he
gr ound wi r es and a phase conduct or dur i ng t he t i me as
l ong as about t he t ower t r avel t i me. I f compensat i ng
t hi s ef f ect by t he val ue of equi val ent sur ge i mpedance
of t he t ower , i t must be hi gher t han a val ue t o be cho-
sen i n a si ngl e- conduct or anal ysi s.
The hi gh t ower sur ge i mpedance wi l l af f ect t he
i ni t i al por t i on of t he cur r ent f l owi ng i nt o gound wi r es,
t hough t he ef f ect doesn' t l ast f or a l ong t i me. As i s
seen i n Fi g. 7, t he cal cul at ed cur r ent f l owi ng i nt o a
gr ound wi r e f or t he case of t he new t ower model i s 1. 3
t i mes of t he measur ement . But t he cor ona ef f ect wi l l
cer t ai nl y i ncr ease t he i ni t i al cur r ent i nt o t he gr ound
wi r es f r omt he case of l ow- vol t age measur ement . Fur t her
st udi es t o i ncl ude t he cor ona ef f ect ar e desi r abl e i n
t he next st ep.
Convent i onal Convent i onal Newt ower
model ( 1) model (2) model
FO I MLSC FO I MLSC FO 1 MLSC
APPLI CATI ON TO U W TRANSMI SSI ON LI NE
phase kA
Back f l ashover condi t i ons of a UHV t r ansmi ssi on
l i ne wer e anal yzed usi ng t he convent i onal t ower model s
( 1) , ( 2) and t he new t ower model . Fi gur e 9 shows t he
phase kA I phase I kA
10
1 1
12
Zo= 4000
Grouritl wires
Mi ddl e 200kA Mi ddl e 200kA Mi ddl e 18OkA
Mi ddl e 200kA Mi ddl e 190kA Mi ddl e 180kA
Mi ddl e 200kA Mi ddl e 200kA Mi ddl e 180kA
anal yzed equi val ent ci r cui t f or t he UHV l i ne.
Each phase l i ne has an ac vol t age sour ce of 1100 x
n//T cos ( wt +e ) kV on bot h ends t o account f or t he
super posi t i on of t he phase vol t age on t he sur ge vol t age.
Tower hei ght i s 107m. Li ght ni ng cur r ent was i nj ect ed
i nt o No. 3 t ower and t he i mpedance of t he l i ght ni ng
di schar ge pat h was assumed t o be 400n. Whet her or not
a f l ashover occur r ed on an ar ci ng hor n of each i nsul a-
t or st r i ng was j udged based on t he l eader model [121
f or a l ong ai r gap. Cal cul at i on was made f or gap
l engt h of 5m, whi ch was r educed f r omt he act ual l engt h
of 5. 9m, t aki ng i nt o account a saf et y f act or . Cor ona
ef f ect s wer e not consi der ed.
Tabl e I 1 l i st s mi ni mumpeak cur r ent s causi ng back
f l ashover on a UHV l i ne. The wave f r ont of t he cur r ent
i s l ps. The mi ni mumpeak cur r ent i s af f ect ed by t he
phase of t he AC vol t age, and i s 150 t o 180 kA f or t he
new t ower model , wher eas i t i s 180 t o 210 kA f or bot h
t he convent i onal model s. The use of t he new t ower
model i s r ecommended f or saf et y- si de l i ght ni ng pr ot ec-
t i on desi gn when t he mul t i - conduct or l i ght ni ng sur ge
anal ysi s i s per f or med by EMTP.
Tabl e 11. Mi ni mum Li ght ni ng St r oke Cur r ent Causi ng
Back Fl ashover On a UHV Tr ansmi ssi on Tower .
1
( Cur r ent of l i near l y r i si ng f r ont . Wave f r ont : l ps)
1 p. u. = 1100 x n/n= 898 kV.
'l'ower
Fi g. 9. Equi val ent ci r cui t f or a U W t r ansmi ssi on l i ne.
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1333
CONCLUSIONS
A rel i abl e low-current measurement of i nsul ator
vol tages on an actual double ci rcui t 500kV transmi s-
si on tower was performed usi ng a di rect method. The
transf er impedance of the tower consi derabl y vari es
depending on whether or not the ground wi res are con-
nected t o the tower.
Based on the above measurement, a new mul ti story
tower model f or a doubl e-ci rcui t tower wi th ground
wires i s developed t o be used i n the mul ti -conductor
l i ghtni ng surge anal ysi s by EMTP. Thi s anal ysi s
enabl es t o predi ct the waveform of each i nsul ator
vol tage, which i s usef ul i n determi ni ng the phase and
the i nstant of a back fl ashover. The new tower model
i s recommended i n J apan t o be used i n the mul ti -
conductor anal ysi s of EHV- and UHV-class double ci rcui t
transmi ssi on l i nes.
The new tower model and conventi onal tower models
are compared i n the anal ysi s of minimum back-fl ashover
l i ghtni ng currents at a UHV transmi ssi on l i ne. The new
model gi ves about 20% smal l er current, a more cri ti cal
esti mati on.
I t i s known from the measurement that the actual
surge vel oci ty i n the tower i s cl ose t o the vel oci ty of
l i ght, and i s not much i nfl uenced by the exi stence of
crossarms of a double ci rcui t tower. But when the
equi val ent surge vel oci ty i n the tower model i s
sel ected as the speed of l i ght, the equi val ent tower
surge impedance may need t o be a hi gher val ue than i n
the case of a slower equi val ent surge vel oci ty.
A consi derabl y hi gher tower surge impedance i s
sel ected i n the new tower model than the val ue predi cted
from the measurement of a tower wi th i sol ated ground
wi res. The di f f erence i s i nherent, however, the use of
the Semlyen model i n the EMTP i s ampl i fyi ng the di f -
f erence.
The hi gh equi val ent surge impedance of the new
tower model resul ts i n a hi gher i ni ti al current fl owi ng
i nto a ground wi re than a measured val ue. Corona
ef f ects, which i s not consi dered i n thi s paper, w i l l
al so af f ect on thi s aspect. These problems shoul d be
i ncorporated i n the f uture work.
REFERENCES
Transmission =Reference Book - 345 kV and
Above/Second Edi ti on, publ i shed by EPRI , Pal o
Al to, Cal i f orni a, 1982.
W. A . Chisholm et al . , "Travel Time of
Transmission Towers," I EEE Trans., vol . PAS-104,
NO. 10, 1985, pp. 2922-2928.
J . Ozawa et al . , "Li ghtni ng Surge Anal ysi s i n a
Mul ti conductor System f or Substati on I nsul ati on
Design," I EEE Trans., vol . PAS-104, No. 8, 1985,
El ectro Magnetic Transi ents Program (EMTP) Rule
Book Mode 31, publ i shed by B. P. A . , Portl and
Oregon, Apri l 1982.
R. Lundholm et al . , "Cal cul ati on of Transmission
Line Li ghtni ng Voltage by Fi el d Concepts,"
Trans., vol . 77, 1958, pp. 1271-1283.
C. F. Wagner and A. R. Hileman, "A New Approach
t o the Cal cul ati on of the Li ghtni ng Performance
of Transmission Li nes 111- A Si mpl i fi ed Method:
Stroke t o Tower," AI EE Trans., vol . 79, 1960, pp.
589-603.
M. A . Sargent and M. Darveniza, "Tower Surge
I mpedance," I EEE Trans., vol . PAS-88, No. 5,
pp. 2244-2254.
__I__
__
~~
1969, pp. 680-687.
[ E] A . Braunstei n, "The I nduced Overvoltages Across
the I nsul ator Stri ngs of Power Transmission
Systems due t o Di rect L i ghtni ng Strokes ," I EEE
PES Sunmer Meeting, Paper C72 559-3, 1972.
[91 W. A . Chisholm et al . , "Li ghtni ng Surge Response
of Transmission Towers," I EEE Trans., vol .
[l o! G. D. Breuer et al . , "Fi el d Studi es of the Surge
Response of a 345-kV Transmission Tower and
Ground Wire," AI EE Trans., vol . 77, 1958, pp.
1392- 1396.
i l l ] M. Kawai, "Studi es of the Surge Response on a
Transmi ssi on L i ne Tower," ~ _ _ _ I EEE Trans., vol .
PAS-83, 1964, pp. 30-34.
[12: T. Shindo and T. Suzuki , "A New Cal cul ati on
Method of Breakdown Voltage-Time Characteri sti c
of Long A i r Gaps," IEEE Trans., vol . PAS-104,
No. 6, 1985, pp. 1556-1563.
PAS-102, NO. 9, 1983, pp. 3232-3242.
ACKNObILEDGEMENT
The authors are gratef ul t o the members of the
Committee f or Surge Studi es i n El ectri c Power Systems
of the I E E of J apan f or many usef ul di scussi ons.
Masaru I shi i (SM'87) i s an associ ate professor of
I nsti tute of I ndustri al Sci ence, Uni versi ty of Tokyo,
Tokyo, J apan. He recei ved B.S., M.S. and D r . Eng.
degree i n 1971, 1973 and 1976 al l from Uni versi ty of
Tokyo. H i s speci al ty i s hi gh vol tage engi neeri ng.
Tatsuo Kawamura (5'56 - M'59) i s a prof essor of
I nsti tute of I ndustri al Sci ence, Uni versi ty of Tokyo,
Tokyo, J apan. H e recei ved B.S., M.S. and Dr . Eng.
degree i n 1954, 1956 and 1959, respecti vel y al l from
Uni versi ty of Tokyo. H i s speci al ty i s HV and power
engi neeri ng.
Teruya Kouno (M'78) i s a prof essor of the Department of
El ectri cal Engi neeri ng, Uni versi ty of Tokyo, Tokyo,
J apan. He recei ved B.S., M.S. and D r . Eng. degree i n
1957, 1959 and 1962, each from Uni versi ty of Tokyo.
H i s speci al ty i s hi gh vol tage engi neeri ng.
Ei i chi Ohsaki i s a manager of UHV Transmission Li ne
Preparati on Of f i ce, Tokyo El ectri c Power Co. , I nc.,
Tokyo, J apan. H e recei ved B. S. degree i n 1973 from
M e i j i Uni versi ty, Tokyo, J apan. H e has been engaged
mainly i n i nsul ati on desi gn and surge anal ysi s of UHV
transmi ssi on system.
Kazuyuki Shiokawa i s a member of UHV New Technology
Proj ect Team, Engi neeri ng Department, Tokyo El ectri c
Power Co., I nc., Tokyo, J apan. He recei ved B.S. degree
i n 1982 from Keio Uni versi ty, Tokyo, J apan. He has
been engaged mainly i n i nsul ati on desi gn and surge ana-
l ysi s of UHV transmi ssi on system.
Kaneyoshi Murotani (M'69) i s the deputy manager of
Power Equipment Div. 11, Ni ssi n El ectri c Co., L td.,
Kyoto, J apan. He recei ved B.S. degree i n 1960 from
Uni versi ty of Tokyo, Tokyo, J apan. He has been engaged
mainly i n research and development works on power capa-
ci tor and GI S.
~ _ _
___-
_____
Takemitsu Higuchi i s the di rector of Koyaguchi Control
Center, Kansai E l ect r i c Power Co., I nc., Wakayama,
J apan. He graduated Osaka Techni cal J uni or Col l ege,
Osaka, J apan i n 1966 and completed a speci al course of
Osaka Uni versi ty, Osaka i n 1968. He has been engaged
mainly i n the research on l i ghtni ng protecti on.
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1334
Discussion
W.A. CHISHOLM (Ontario Hydro Research Division. Toronto,
Ontario, Canada): I would first compliment the authors on com-
pleting a full-scale test of surge response on a complete tower -
skywire - phase conductor system. Scale measurements are
instructive, but do not allow modeling of magnetic permeability
and soil resistivity in a realistic way. Other full-scale measure-
ments, including those reported in reference 191, were performed
on isolated towers or partially-complete systems. While we
obtained good agreement between model and full-scale tests using
both "direct" and "reflected" techniques, we had an advantage of
very low soil resistivity (p =4-6 0-m). The authors' test geometry
is more representative of a real EHV transmission line.
The authors state that Chisholm, Chow and Snvastava
recommend a model with reduced surge propagation velocity 121.
This is not quite correct. We assume that all propagation along
tower elements takes place at the speed of light. There are no
dielectric materials near the tower, and we ignore corona effects.
The additional travel time contributed by tower cross-arms is
caused by extra path length. A part of the surge current splits at
each junction between the tower and the cross-arms. Some small
part of the surge current will travel from top to base at light velo-
city. The bulk of the current will, however, be reflected and
refracted several times. It is this additional path length that
increases the time needed to see a complete reflection from
ground. I believe that the authors' Figure 7 shows a return
reflection more than 500 ns after the initial rise. The two-way
travel time expected from a 63-m tower would beonly 420 ns. An
expanded figure would clarify this point.
The experimental technique is exciting the impedance
between the tower and the outer sheath of the co-axial feed line.
This structure can be treated as a biconical antenna, with the cone
angle changing as the wave radiates out fromtower top. The angle
associated with the coaxial cable sheath will be small, and the
resulting source impedance will be about 500-600 0. This will be
dominated by the 1-kn source resistor.
In the first 25 ns, the cross-armsupporting the skywire
is a cone with an impedance of 146 R. After encountering the
tower body, the angle decreases somewhat, and the tower
impedance increases to about 190 R. At ground level, the cone
angle increases, leading to a surge response for the ground plane
that falls to 15 fi at some distance /All.
100
to introduce a model for the travel-time delay. With this tower and
skywire model, voltages at several points were calculated for a unit
9
step current. Figures A1 to A4 show the calculated transfer -
impedances at tower top and each tower crossarmposition.
3
M i 80
The "tower-top voltage" indicates the current injected
9 "'
into the skywire. It can also be compared with the "Tower Top
Voltage" predictions for the three tower models. It is closest to
Conventional Model 1. Dividing the 80-n transfer impedance by
the 266-n skywire impedance gives a ratio of 0.30. Thus, 30% of
the injected current will initially go down the skywires and 70%
will proceed down the tower. The measured value for the initial
current split appears to be 2x0.21 or 0.42 if the "current flowing
ns, the reflection from tower base decreases slowly. After several
' 40
3 F
4 2 0 -
5
into ground wire" of Figure 7 is for a single groundwire. After 500
0
Surge Response of Ishii Tower
' " ~ ' 1 1 , I I , I , I , , ,
{/$
lri\\;\
\4\!$v\ r,
!p7\?WkdrM&
" " " " " " " " " ' .
8
c
0 1 2
Time (microseconds)
Figure Al : Calculated Tower-Top Transfer Impedance
Surge Response of Ishii Tower
0 1 2
Time (microseconds)
Figure A2: Calculated Transfer Impedance at Top Crossarm
Time (microseconds)
Figures A2 to A4 show transfer impedance waveshapes
at tower crossarmpositions. In all cases, peak transfer impedances Figure A3: Calculated Transfer Impedance at Middle Crossarm
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SurgeResponse of Ishii Tower
01 I " " " " " " " " " ' I
0 1 2
Ti me (mi croseconds)
Figure A4: Calculated Transfer Impedance at Bottom Crossarm
of nearl y 100 Q are seen. These val ues are al most doubl e the
observed i nsul ator vol tages, whi ch hi ghl i ghts the i mport ance of
coupl ed vol tages to the phase wi re i n the overal l pr obl em. Some
detai l s of predi cted waveshapes are seen i n the osci l l oscope
records. The top crossarmshows consi derabl e osci l l ati on and
other crossarms showtwo i ni ti al steps. The refl ecti onf r omgr ound
is a sl owdecrease rather than a sharp drop i npotenti al .
I amsomewhat troubl ed by the coupl i ng model . I
woul d expect thephase conductors to act as antennas, rather than
surge i mpedances over gr ound, during the peri od bef ore a
refl ecti on has returned fromt ower top. 1 woul d appreci ate the
authors' vi ews on thi s poi nt.
REFERENCE
/AI/ "Li ghtni ng Sur ge Response of Gr ound El ectrodes", W.A.
Chi shol mand W. J ani schewskyj , I EEE 88 SM 562- 1,
Presented at I EEE- PES Summer Meet i ng, Portl and, Ore-
gon, J ul y 1988.
Manuscr i pt r ecei ved Febr uar y 27, 1989
M. ISH11 and K. MUROTANI : We appr eci at e Dr. Chi shol m' s
val uabl e comment s and t he det ai l ed anal ysi s of t he f i ne
st r uct ur e of t he t r ansf er i mpedance of t he t ower .
Dr . Chi shol m' s r emar k on act ual and equi val ent
sur ge vel oci t i es i s an i mpor t ant poi nt , and we bel i eve
t hat our i nt er pr et at i on i s essent i al l y t he same. Ther e
i s no doubt t hat t he sur ge pr opagat es al ong a t ower
el ement i n t he ai r wi t h t he speed of l i ght . When t he
t ower i s model ed by a si mpl e t r ansmi ssi on l i ne, i t s
equi val ent sur ge vel oci t y i s cl osel y r el at ed t o i t s
sur ge i mpedance. And i t i s di f f i cul t t o i ndependent l y
det er mi ne t he equi val ent sur ge vel oci t y f r oman osci l -
1335
l ogr amof t he st ep r esponse of t he t ower , whi ch usual l y
does not cl ear l y show t he ar r i val of t he r ef l ect ed
sur ge wave f r om t he gr ound. I n Fi g. 7, however , t he
i ndi cat i on of t he ar r i val of t he r ef l ect i on f r om t he
gr ound i s r at her cl ear , yi el di ng t he appar ent sur ge
vel oci t y bei ng cl ose t o t he speed of l i ght . Thus. i n
t hi s st udy, t he equi val ent sur ge vel oci t y was chosen t o
be t he speed of l i ght . t hen t he sur ge i mpedance best
f i t f or t hi s vel oci t y was det er mi ned.
Al l t he wavef or ms obt ai ned i n t he f ul l - scal e t est
wer e al so di gi t i zed every l Ons wi t h 8- bi t r esol ut i on,
and t he appar ent t wo- way t r avel t i mes of t he sur ge
coul d be det er mi ned fros t he di gi t i zed r ecor ds wi t h t he
t i me r esol ut i on of 10ns. For t he wavef or ms of Fi g. 7.
t he i nsul at or vol t age of t he upper phase yi el ds t he
t wo- way t r avel t i me of 440ns, and skywi r e cur r ent
yi el ds 450 t o 46011s. Taki ng i nt o account t he l engt h of
t he t ower armof 7mand t he skywi r e suppor t of 1Om. t he
appar ent vel oci t y f or t he vol t age wavef or mof t he upper
phase i s 98%. and t hat f or t he skywi r e cur r ent wavef or m
i s 98- 100%of t he speed of l i ght . Ther ef or e, f r om
t hese f i gur es. t he i nf l uence of t he cr ossar ms on t he
appar ent vel oci t y i s not obvi ous.
On t he ot her hand, i f t he appar ent vel oci t y i s
det er mi ned based on t he hei ght of t he measur i ng poi nt ,
i t i s 87%of t he speed of l i ght f r omt he vol t age wave-
f ormof t he upper phase. and i s 91- 93%f r omt he skywi r e
cur r ent wavef or m. The appar ent vel oci t y so det er mi ned
i s sl ower f or t he i nsul at or vol t ages of l ower posi -
t i ons, because t he pr opor t i on of t he ar m l engt h i n t he
Pr opagat i on path i ncr eases. As t he t r avel t i me i n each
sect i on of t he mul t i st or y t ower model i s det er mi ned i n
t he way shown i n Fi g. 6 , i t mi ght have been more ap-
pr opr i at e to choose t he equi val ent sur ge vel oci t y as
about 90%of t he speed of l i ght . For t hat choi ce,
l ower t ower sur ge i mpedance t han t hat f or t he new t ower
model i n Tabl e 1 wi l l be sel ect ed.
Dr . Chi shol m' s det ai l ed anal ysi s on t he t r ansf er
i mpedance of t he t ower succeeds i n qual i t at i vel y ex-
pl ai ni ng t he f i ne st r uct ur e of t he measur ed wavef or ms.
I t i ndeed demonst r at es t hat st eps and osci l l at i ons seen
i n t he osci l l ogr ams of Fi g. 7 ar e not noi ses. The
r eason why hi gh f r equency component s ar e not seen i n
t he osci l l ogr ams i s not f or t he l i mi t at i on of t he f r e-
quency r esponse of t he measur i ng syst em, but f or t he
r esponse char act er i st i cs of t he i mpedance of a cyl i n-
dr i cal st r uct ur e as seen i n Fi g. 3. The val ues of i m-
pedance of var i ous par t s adopt ed i n Dr. Chi shol m' s
anal ysi s may need some adj ust ment s to expl ai n t he i ni -
t i al cur r ent spl i t of 42%t o skywi r es.
We agr ee t hat t he phase conduct or s act as ant ennas
i n t he begi nni ng. As we used EMTP i n t he sur ge anal y-
si s of t he mul t i phase syst em, we had t o si mpl i f y t he
r epr esent at i on of t he phase conduct or s. But we suppose
t hat t hi s si mpl i f i cat i on r esul t ed i n t he sel ect i on of
t he r at her hi gh i ni t i al sur ge i mpedance of 220R f or
t he new model , whi ch i s near l y t wi ce as hi gh as t he
maxi mum t r ansi ent i mpedance of t he t ower wi t hout sky-
wi r es, as seen i n Fi g. 3.
Manuscr i pt r ecei ved August 20. 1990.
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