Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
"Act No.186 of 1955." Atomic Energy Basic Act. Web. 22 Dec. 2013.
The Atomic Energy Basic Act, a law passed by Japan 1955, constitutes that
research for nuclear energy will be encouraged but strongly state that nuclear
energy will only be used for safe peaceful purposes. This act shows how the
Japanese worked to promote peace for nuclear energy throughout the last
century because it was constantly revised, even through the 21st century.
Antinuclear Protest. 1976. Sunday Star-Times Archive, Aukland.
This image is a primary source that depicts the rally against disarmament in
New Zealand. We used this image to show the antinuclear sentiments of
people outside of Japan who were part of the Nuclear Free and Independent
Pacific Movement.
Atomic Bomb Test, 1946. 1946. Photograph. Fine Art America. Web. 27 Dec. 2013.
This primary source is an image of the 1946 atomic bomb tested by America.
We used this for quote card to go with David Snells quote.
Benke, Richard. "New Details Emerge About Japan's Wartime A-Bomb Program."
Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 01 June 1997. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.
This primary source acted as one of the most important jigsaw pieces to our
research puzzle. Published in the Los Angeles Times, this article addressed the
uranium boat that was headed from Germany to Japan, but was intercepted by
the Americans. The information in this article supported the claim that Japan
was working to build an atomic bomb.
Clark, Ed. Billboard at the Oak Ridge Facility Warning Worker... 1945. Photograph.
The LIFE Picture Collection. Getty Images. Web. 22 Dec. 2013.
This image is of a billboard at the Oak Ridge Facility in Tennessee, where
research for the Manhattan Project was done. The secrecy of the entire project
is emphasized by this photo, which warns workers that what happens at Oak
Ridge, stays at Oak Ridge.
Einstein, Albert. Letter to F. D. Roosevelt, President of the United States. 2 Aug.
1939. N.p. Manhattan Project: Einstein's Letter to Roosevelt. Department of
Energy's Office of History and Heritage Resources. Web. 22 Dec. 2013.
This primary source document is a letter from Albert Einstein to President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which served as a warning about uranium and the
dangers of nuclear chain reactions. This established the significance of
uranium to the overall Manhattan Project, and helped us understand that the
scientists who were researching the atomic bomb knew how dangerous their
job was.
Eisaku Sato: Island of Stability in Asia. 1967. TIME Magazine Cover.
Eisaku Sato, the Prime Minister of Japan, had his own TIME Magazine Cover.
We used the cover to depict how prominent and influential Sato was.
Eisenstaedt, Alfred. J Robert Oppenheimer (right) Talking to Albert Einstein. N.d.
Photograph. A Life in Writing: Ray Monk. Guardian News and Media, 10 Nov.
2012. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.
This image is of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb,
discussing with Albert Einstein. It provided a better idea of who J. Robert
Oppenheimer was as a man, and as a scientists and showed us his passion for
quantum physics and his work. We used this image as a quote card for the
Historical Context page.
First Plutonium Bomb Successfully Tested. 1945. Photograph. Alamogordo. NNSA.
Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
This image is of the crew working with testing the atomic bomb on July 16,
1945 in New Mexico, which was the day of the first full scale test of the
plutonium bomb. This picture was used with Leslie Groves quote about the
atomic fission bomb test in Los Alamos, New Mexico on the Historical
Context page.
Groves, Leslie. "Memorandum on Alamogordo Air Base Atomic Fission Bomb Test."
Letter to Henry Stimson, Secretary of War. 18 July 1945. Nuclear Files:
Library: Correspondence: Leslie Groves: Memorandum, July 18, 1945. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.
This primary source document is a memorandum from Brigadier General
Leslie Groves, who was a leader in the Manhattan Project, to Henry Stimson,
the Secretary of War at that time. This document is dated two days after the
first full scale test of the atomic bomb on July 18, 1945, and described the
explosion in great detail. It helped us understand how the test was conducted,
with impressions from Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, who helped us
understand just how large and awe-inspiring the atomic bomb seemed to the
people there.
Groves, Leslie R. "Military Intelligence: Alsos I - Italy." Now It Can Be Told: The
Story Of The Manhattan Project. New York: Harper, 1962. 187. Print.
Groves memoir, Now It Can Be Told, was an important part of our website
because it was a full account of his experience leading the Manhattan Project.
He talks about the secrecy of the entire project, as expressed by his title, and
gave us insight into how dedicated the crew was to the program.
How We Kept the Atomic Bomb Secret. 1945. Photograph. Meet the WWII Reporter
Who Almost Blew the A-Bomb's Cover. By Joseph Marshall. Who2. Web. 17
Nov. 2013.
This picture is of a sign and a worker at the Manhattan Project site. It
emphasizes the secrecy of the project and the serious consequences of not
keeping the project hidden.
Kenneth Royall, Secretary of the Army; Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg Chief of Staff, U.S.
Air Force and Gen. Omar Broadly, Chief of State U.S. Army, Waiting to
Testify before the Senate Armed Service Committee. N.d. Photograph. Rogers
Photo Archive. Images - Kenneth Royall. Argenta Images. Web. 14 Dec. 2013.
This image of Kenneth Royall, Secretary of the Army and later Secretary of
War, was used for a quote card on the US Disconcern page. The image of
Royall discussing with the generals matched well with the quote about the
destruction that the atomic bomb would cause. It helped us realize exactly how
the atomic bomb changed the way that wars were fought after its invention.
Mydans, Carl. Hiroshima: Photos of Survivors of the Worlds First Atomic Attack |
LIFE | TIME.com. 1947. LIFE. Web.
LIFE Magazine released unpublished images of the Peace Festival that was
held in Hiroshima two years after the bomb was dropped on the city. The
pictures accurately showed the sadness and the resolve of the Japanese public
that fueled them in their movement against nuclear research.
"North Korea Map - North Korea Satellite Image." Photograph. Geology.com, n.d.
Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
This map was used to show the area where the atomic bomb program would
have been researched in present day North Korea. During World War II,
Korean cities were called by their Japanese name; in this case, Konan was the
Japanese name for present-day Hungnam. This map was used to show the
cities of Hungnam and Hamhung today.
Oppenheimer, J. Robert. "J. Robert Oppenheimer Now I Am Become Death..."
Atomicarchive.com. National Science Digital Library, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2013.
This video is a very emotional one, in which Oppenheimer is tearing up when
talking about the first Trinity test of the atomic bomb. He explains the feeling
that all the scientists had after the successful testing of the first atomic bomb.
This helped us understand that the scientists knew that they had, in their
presence, the power to destroy the entire world.
Oppenheimer and Groves Inspecting the Remains of the Trinity Test Tower. 1945.
Photograph. The Manhattan Project (and Before). The Nuclear Weapon
Archive. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.
This image was one of the most important pictures in our entire website
because it told us so many things. Oppenheimers suit is not able to cover up
how thin he became during the Manhattan Project and showed how hard the
crew of the Manhattan Project worked. This picture, which showed the
happiness of the two men after the successful Trinity test, helped us
understand the amount of dedication that went into the Manhattan Project.
Prime Minister Eisaku Sato Meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon. 1969.
KYODO, Washington, D.C.
This is a picture taken during the meeting between President Richard Nixon
and Prime Minister Eisaku Sato. The agreement between Japan and US to give
the island of Okinawa back to Japan was an extremely important moment
because it actually went against Satos Three Nuclear Principles.
"Report That Japs Developed Atom Bomb Meets Disbelief." The Milwaukee Journal
3 Oct. 1946: 2. Print.
This primary source document is a page of The Milwaukee Journal. The
article in the paper that was of interest to us was Report that Japs Developed
Atom Bomb Meets Disbelief, which provided a quote from an important
scientist in the building of the Japanese atomic bomb, Dr. Yoshio Nishina. The
quote stated that the Japanese had never attempted to build an atomic bomb,
which was used in our analysis of whether or not David Snell had been merely
sensationalizing when he wrote his report on the possible existence of a
Japanese atomic bomb.
Richards, Alan W. J. Robert Oppenheimer - June 14, 1954. 1954. Photograph. TIME
Magazine Cover. Time. Time Inc. Web. 14 Dec. 2013.
This cover of Time Magazine was of J. Robert Oppenheimer, and spoke to us
with the words Beyond loyalty, the harsh requirements of security, which
was about the Manhattan Project and the secrecy that came with it.
Sato, Eisaku. "The Pursuit of Peace and Japan in the Nuclear Age." The Nobel Peace
Prize 1974. Nobelprize.org, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.
Prime Minister of Japan, Eisaku Sato, received the Nobel Peace Prize for his
efforts with representing the Japanese people and his work with the Non
Proliferation Treaty. His speech for the prize made clear the Japanese
sentiment against the nuclear bomb. It made us realize that Japan, the only
victim of an atomic bomb, felt that it was their duty to protect other nations
from experiencing the same horrors.
Science Magazine 13 January 1978 Vol 199. 1978. Photograph. Science The World's
Leading Journal of Original Scientific Research, Global News, and
Commentary. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Web. 5
Jan. 2014.
Deborah Shapleys article on the Japanese atomic bomb was featured in
Science Magazine in 1978. This image is of the cover of Science Magazine on
Volume 199 and was used next to a quote from Deborah Shapleys article on
the US Disconcern page.
Shapley, Deborah. Nuclear Weapons History: Japans Wartime Bomb Projects
Revealed. 13 Sept. 1978. Science. 152-157. Print.
Deborah Shapleys article, published in 1978 in the Science Magazine, acted
as a very significant piece to our research about Japans atomic bomb. Shapley
provided more details about the atomic bomb program than Snell did more
than 30 years before this was published. She brought back speculation about
the atomic bomb program that Japan allegedly had more than three decades
after the end of World War II.
Snell, David. "Japan Developed Atom Bomb Russians Grabbed Scientists."
Article.The Atlanta Constitution 3 Oct. 1946: 1. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.
This was the transcript and image of David Snells original article about
Japans atomic bomb program. Although David Snell was a sensationalist, this
article provided the basis for our research because his coverage of the
Japanese atomic bomb led us to other sources and served as an introduction to
our topic.
Stimson, Henry, Secretary of War. "Henry Stimson: Statement, August 6,1945."
Statement. NuclearFiles.org. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 6 Aug. 1945.
Web. 30 Nov. 2013.
This primary source document is a transcript of a statement by Henry Stimson,
Secretary of War. This statement discusses the use of the atomic bomb on
Japan, which gives insight into the motivation behind the Manhattan Project
and how the research done by the scientists in the project culminated to
become important to the use of nuclear energy in the future.
"Tactical Pilotage Chart of Wonson, North Korea." Photograph. USS Pueblo in
Wonsan Harbor. GlobalSecurity.org, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
This image was used to show the possible site where the Japanese had
allegedly tested their atomic bomb. This map was important because it
provided a clear idea of the possible site.
"The Manhattan Project (and Before)." The Manhattan Project. Nuclear Weapon
Archive, 30 Mar. 1999. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This page about the Manhattan Project discussed the details of the crew and
how the project came together. It also included a timeline of the major events
that happened in the process of the program, which gave us insight into the
enormous amount of work, time and dedication put into the project.
"The Peoples Charter for a Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific." Proc. of Nuclear
Free and Independent Pacific Movement Conference, Vanuatu. Web. 12 Dec.
2013.
This primary source document was the charter made by the Nuclear Free and
Independent Pacific Movement Conference. The movement sparked many
global conferences that sought denuclearization and the gradual nuclear
disarmament of many nations. Its significance was the fact that the Japanese
antinuclear sentiment spread to other parts of the world as well.
Toda Calls for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons at Mitsuzawa Stadium. 1957.
Photograph. Yokohama. Declaration Calling for the Abolition of Nuclear
Weapons. Josei Toda Website. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
This source is an image of Josei Toda presenting his speech on the abolition of
nuclear weapons. This picture, taken in 1957, establishes Todas intense
opposition to the proliferation of atomic bombs.
Toda, Josei. "Declaration Calling for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons." Diss. N.d.
Read Declaration. Josei Toda Website. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
This primary source is a transcript of a speech by Josei Toda, President of the
Soka Gakkai, regarding his view on nuclear weapons in Japan and in the
world. His intense words and phrases helped us understand his strong
viewpoint about the abolition of nuclear weapons.
Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. New York: United Nations
Office of Public Information, 1968. Print.
This primary source was the document of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons. The treaty was important because it recognized the
danger of a nuclear war.
"United Nations Official Document." UN News Center. UN. Web. 21 Dec. 2013.
This primary source document is a resolution that was passed by the United
Nations General Assembly regarding disarmament. We used the powerful
words of this document to create our Legacy page, where we discussed the
importance behind peace and denuclearization.

"UNODA - Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)." UN News Center. UN,
n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This introduction to the Non-Proliferation Treaty became a key piece of
evidence we used to support our thesis that the Japanese did everything in its
power to prevent the production of nuclear bombs and weapons.
"UNODA - Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)." UN News
Center. United Nations, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This text of the Non-Proliferation Treaty was a central piece to our website. It
was important because the signing of this treaty by Japan made it official that
the Japanese would not pursue nuclear weaponry research.
"Vice Defense Minister Quits over Nuclear Remarks." Article. Kyodo News
International 20 Oct. 1999: n. pag. Print.
This article about Vice Defense Minister Shingo Nishimuras resignation was
used to show how strongly the Japanese public opposed the use of nuclear
weapons. Nishimuras comment about how Japan would benefit from holding
nuclear weapons immediately brought public criticism, forcing him to resign.
This made us realize exactly how strongly the Japanese felt about atomic
weapons.
1945: US Responses to the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1945.
Photograph. Hiroshima. Libcom.org. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
This primary source is a black and white picture of the American atomic bomb
exploding. The mushroom cloud and the smoke is seen vividly, which is why
we used on our Historical Context page.



Secondary Sources
"Examples of Announcements Made by the Government of Japan on the Three Non-
Nuclear Principles." Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014 Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Japan. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
This site provided quotes of recent Japanese leaders, who commented on the
Three Nuclear Principles, stating that the stance of the Japanese government
on nuclear proliferation remained the same. These quotes showed that even
decades after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese public
still has not been able to forget, and may very well never be able to, the
horrors of the atom bomb.
"Gensuikyo." Gensuikyo. Gensuikyo (Japan Council against A & H Bombs). Web. 21
Dec. 2013.
Similar to Gensuikin (The Japan Congress Against A- and H-Bombs),
Gensuikyo was another important anti-nuclear organization that promoted
Japanese denuclearization. The site was used to get a basic idea about the
cause and mission of this organization.
Grunden, Walter E., Associate Professor. From Hungnam to Yongbyon: Myths and
Facts Concerning the Origins of North Koreas Nuclear Program. Bowling
Green: Bowling Green State University, 7 Aug. 2013. Print.
This essay by Grunden dispels myths about North Koreas nuclear program
and in doing so, discusses the importance of Hungnam, the city of the
Japanese nuclear program. This source helped us understand how the Japanese
occupation of Konan affected North Koreas nuclear program.
"Japan Congress Against A-and H-Bombs (GENSUIKIN)." Japan Congress Against
A-and H-Bombs (GENSUIKIN). Japan Congress Against A & H Bombs
(GENSUIKIN). Web. 21 Dec. 2013.
This website is the official site of the Japan Congress Against A- and H-
Bombs (Gensuikin), which played an important role in promoting the
denuclearization of Japan. We used the mission statement on this site to
provide a clear idea of the anti-nuclear sentiments of the Japanese public.
"Japan Faces Catastrophic Radiation Leak after Third Explosion in Four Days." The
Express-Times. Lehighvalleylive. Web. 4 Jan. 2014.
Naoto Kan, another former prime minister of Japan, also emphasized that the
horrors of the atomic bomb should never be relived. He used the Three Non-
Nuclear Principles to support his point, which demonstrated that the principles
are still relevant in Japans government today.
Japan's Atomic Bomb. The History Channel. 16 Aug. 2005. Television.
This documentary served as one of the most important sources for our website.
It had an organized explanation of the Japanese atomic bomb and included
interviews from former members and scientists of the program.
Johnston, Eric. "Old Deals Sowed Seeds of Unresolved Problems." Japan Times RSS.
The Japan Times. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
This article was published only a couple of years ago, and was used as a way
to gain background information on the summit meeting between President
Richard Nixon and Eisaku Sato. The meeting was significant because it
actually defied Satos Three Nuclear Principles, which was revealed through
documents later.
Kan, Naoto. "Address by Prime Minister Naoto Kan at the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Ceremony." Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, n.d. Web. 22
Dec. 2013.
This Japanese website database was a good source for speech transcripts and
quotes from important figures in Japan. This particular address is by Prime
Naoto Kan and speaks of Nagasaki, and the Three Non-Nuclear Policies. This
showed us that the Japanese sentiment against nuclear weapons stayed the
same for over sixty six years.
Koizumi, Junichiro. "Speeches and Statements by Prime Minister Junichiro
Koizumi." Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2013.
This is a transcript of a speech by Prime Minister Koizumi regarding Japans
stance on atomic bombs, in the year 2005. This established that the Japanese
opinion has not changed since the mid 20th century and is still focused on
upholding the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.
Ragheb, M. 3.1 Introduction. Japanese Nuclear Weapons Program. Champaign, IL.
N. pag. Print.
This essay by Ragheb provided many details on the Japanese atomic bomb
program, especially on how Yoshio Nishina and the Riken Lab contributed to
the project. This secondary source helped us work out the details of the
Japanese atomic bomb program and combine the information from this source
with other research.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb / The 25th Anniversary Edition.
New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2012. Print.
This book by Richard Rhodes included a very important quote from J. Robert
Oppenheimer. It helped us understand that the scientists who were producing
the atomic bomb were aware of the consequences and the disaster that could
ensue from the use of nuclear weapons. Oppenheimers words showed us that
the people involved in the research and development of the atomic bomb knew
that the bomb would change the face of war forever.
"Story." . RIKEN, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.
This secondary source is the official RIKEN Laboratory website in Japanese.
The site had an explanation of its history and included words and confirmation
that the Japanese had used the RIKEN Laboratory for nuclear research at the
time of World War II.
Streifer, Bill. "Do Sang Rok The Father of North Koreas Nuclear Weapon
Program?" NKNews.org. NK News, 16 May 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
This article by Bill Streifer offered more details on North Koreas nuclear
program, which he traced back to Japans occupation of Hungnam (then called
Konan). This source cites declassified documents that explains how the
Japanese used a fertilizer plant in Hungnam for its atomic bomb research.
Streifer, Bill. "Hungnam, North Korea: Delving into Pyongyangs Long Nuclear
Past."National Security News Service. DC Bureau, 25 June 2013. Web. 13
Nov. 2013.
Bill Streifer, the man who wrote The Flight of the Hog Wild, also published
an article on DCBureau, which discussed North Koreas nuclear past. In this
article, Streifer claims that North Koreas nuclear program began during
World War II, when the Japanese inhabited the area for their own atomic
bomb project. This article served as a lead to other primary sources and
provided basic information about the Japanese bomb project in North Korea.

"UNODA - GA Special Sessions Devoted to Disarmament." UN News Center. UN.
Web. 23 Nov. 2013.
The United Nations General Assembly created a resolution that was devoted
to disarmament. This secondary source gave us information on the resolution
itself.
Wilcox, Robert K. Japan's Secret War: Japan's Race Against Time to Build Its Own
Atomic Bomb. New York: Marlowe, 1995. Print.
Robert K. Wilcoxs book is one of the key pieces of research on the Japanese
atomic bomb program, and held many primary source documents. This book
helped us understand how and why the Japanese decided to begin a nuclear
program.
Wittner, Lawrence S. Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear
Disarmament Movement. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2009. Print.
This book was used for the infographic that we created with the statistics
about antinuclear protests and petitions. The statistics in the book clearly
depicted how strongly the Japanese public felt about denuclearization, which
is the reason why we used them to create an infographic on our Peoples
Perspective page.
" , . . YonhapNews. Web. 21
Dec. 2013.
We used this picture of Yoshihiko Noda to further emphasize our point that
the Three Non-Nuclear Principles were still in use today by the Japanese
government. The relevance of the principles in modern society shows how
long lasting the effects of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs are.