lim sin x

x →c
sin C

lim cos x cos C

x →c

sin x 1
lim
x →0 x

1 − cos x 0
lim
x →0 x

f(x) is continuous 1. f (c) exists.

at point (c,f(c)) 2. lim f ( x) exists

x →c

3. lim f ( x) = f (c)
x →c
 Critical Numbers, or 1. x in domain of f, and
Critical Points, or either
Critical Values 2. f ' (x) = 0 , or
of f(x) 3. f ' (x) does not exist

Derivative of
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
lim y = f(x)
Δx →0 Δx at (x,f(x))

Interpretations of 1. slope of tangent line

2. instantaneous velocity
f '(x): 3. instantaneous rate of
change

Chain Rule Find f '(x) for

composite function

Given: f(x) = g[h(x)]

f '(x) = g ' [h(x)] ih '(x)
Find: f ' (x)
 slope of a curve slope of the line tangent to the
at a point curve at that point

Derivative of
f ( x ) − f (c ) y = f(x)
lim
x →c x−c at (c, f(c))

1. f(x) continuous [a,b]

2. f(x) differentiable (a,b)
Rolle's Theorum 3. f(a)=f(b)
Then ∃ c on (a,b) ∋
f ' (c) = 0

1. f(x) continuous [a,b]

2. f(x) differentiable (a,b)
Mean Value Thoerem Then ∃ c on (a,b) ∋
f (b) − f (a )
f ' (c ) =
b−a

If a function is continuous on a
closed interval, then the function is
Extreme Value Theorem guaranteed to have an absolute
maximum and an absolute
minimum in the interval.
domain of s(x) > 0
x

domain of
1 s(x) ≠ 0
s( x)

s(x) > 0
domain of ln[s(x)]

symmetry with respect to y-axis

even function or
f(-x) = f(x)

symmetry with respect to origin

odd function or
f(-x) = -f(x)
 s (t ) = ∫ v(t ) dt position function

s' (t ) = v(t ) = ∫ a (t ) dt velocity function

s ' ' (t ) = v' (t ) = a (t ) acceleration function

s(t1) −s(tc ) + s(tc ) −s(t2) total distance t1 to t2

where tc = time particle
changes direction

definition of n
definite integral lim ∑ f (ci ) Δxi
x →∞
i =1
 f(x) increasing f '(x) > 0

f(x) decreasing f '(x) < 0

f (x) concave up f '' (x) > 0

or
f ' (x) increasing

f '' (x) < 0

f(x) concave down or
f ' (x) decreasing

Change in concavity;
Point of Inflection
tangent line exists
 Acceleration function s"(t) = v'(t) = a(t)

Particle at rest v(t) = 0

v(t) > 0
Particle moving right

V(t) < 0
Particle moving left

v(t) changes sign

Particle changes direction
 right

Area between curves ∫

left
(top − bottom) dx
upper
∫
lower
(right − left) dy

b−a
Trapezoidal Rule [ f (x0 ) + 2 f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ) + ...
2n
+ 2 f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]

1 b
∫
Average Value of f(x) on
[a,b] f ( x)dx
b−a a
1

lim(1 + x) x
x →0
e 1 n
or lim(1 + )
n →∞ n

ln 2
0.693
 ∫ 0dx C

∫ csc u cot udu -csc u + C

∫ kf (u )du k ∫ f (u )du

∫ [ f (u ) ± g (u )]du ∫ f (u )du ± ∫ g (u )du

n +1

∫ u du
u
n
+ C , n ≠ −1
n +1
 ∫ cos udu sin u + C

∫ sin udu - cos u + C

∫ tan u + C
2
sec udu

sec u + C
∫ sec u tan udu

∫ csc udu
2
-cot u + C
 ∫ du u+C

du
∫u ln |u| + C

∫ e du eu + C
u

du u
∫ a −u
2 2
arcsin + C
a

du
∫ a2 + u2
1 u
arctan + C
a a
 Right Triangle:
opp
sin θ hyp

Right Triangle:
adj
cos θ hyp

Right Triangle:
opp
tan θ adj

Circular function, radius r

y
sin θ r

Circular function, radius r

x
cos θ r
Circular function, radius r
y
tan θ x

Reciprocal Identity:
1
csc θ sin θ

Reciprocal Identity:
1
sec θ cos θ

Reciprocal Identity:
1
cot θ tan θ

Reciprocal Identity: sin x csc x

or
1 cos x sec x
or
tan x cot x
Pythagorean Identities:

1 sin 2 x + cos 2 x =

Pythagorean Identities:

sec 2 x 1 + tan 2 x =

Pythagorean Identities:

csc 2 x 1 + cot 2 x =

Cofunction Identities

sin (π/2 -x) cos x

Cofunction Identities

cos (π/2 -x) sin x

 Cofunction Identities

tan (π/2 -x) cot x

Cofunctions of
are equal.
Complementary Angles

Sum/Difference Formulas:
sin u cos v + cos u sin v
sin (u + v) =

Sum/Difference Formulas:
cos u cos v + sin u sin v
cos (u + v) =

Sum/Difference Formulas:
tan u + tan v
tan (u + v) = 1 + tan u tan v
 Double angle Formula

sin 2u 2 sin u cos u

Double angle Formula cos 2 u - sin 2 u

cos 2u 2 cos 2 u - 1

1 - 2 sin 2 u

Double angle Formula

2 tan u
tan 2u ------------------
1 - tan 2 u

Power Reducing Formulas

1 - cos 2u
2
sin u 2

Power Reducing Formulas

1 + cos 2u
2
cos u 2
Power Reducing Formulas
1 - cos 2u
2
tan u 1 + cos 2u

Product-to-Sum:

sin u sin v 1
[ cos (u-v) - cos (u+v)]
2

Product-to-Sum:

cos u cos v 1
[ cos (u-v) + cos (u+v)]
2

Product-to-Sum:

sin u cos v 1
[ sin (u+v) + sin (u-v)]
2

Product-to-Sum:

cos u sin v 1
[ sin (u+v) - sin (u-v)]
2