ARCHIE EQUATION

ARCHIE EQUATION
F . F . Rw Rw
Sw Sw
n n
= =
Rt Rt
Basic assumption Basic assumption : :
Non Non shaly shaly (clean) (clean)
fromations fromations
Homogeneus Homogeneus intergranular intergranular
porosity porosity
Where: Where:
Sw Sw = water saturation of the = water saturation of the uninvaded uninvaded
zone (Archie method) zone (Archie method)
Rmf Rmf = = resistivity resistivity of the mud filtrate at of the mud filtrate at
formation temperature formation temperature
Rxo Rxo = shallow = shallow resistivity resistivity from Laterolog from Laterolog- -
8*, 8*, Micropherically Micropherically Focused Log*, or Focused Log*, or
Microlaterolog Microlaterolog* *
f f = porosity = porosity
a = a = tortuosity tortuosity factor factor
m = cementation exponent m = cementation exponent
n = saturation exponent which varies n = saturation exponent which varies
from 1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to from 1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to
2.0 2.0
a a
F F = =

m m
Archie Equation for
Archie Equation for
Sw
Sw
&
&
Sxo
Sxo
Water saturation ( Water saturation (Sw Sw) of reservoirs ) of reservoirs
uninvaded uninvaded zone zone is calculated by the is calculated by the
Archie (1942) formula. Archie (1942) formula.
a . a . Rw Rw
Sw Sw
n n
= =

m m
. . Rt Rt
Where: Where:
Sw Sw = water saturation of the = water saturation of the uninvaded uninvaded zone zone
(Archie method) (Archie method)
Rw Rw = = resistivity resistivity of formation water at of formation water at
formation temperature formation temperature
Rt Rt = true = true resistivity resistivity of formation (i.e. of formation (i.e. RIld RIld or or
RLLd RLLd corrected for invasion) corrected for invasion)
= porosity = porosity
a = a = tortuosity tortuosity factor factor
m = cementation exponent m = cementation exponent
n n = saturation exponent which varies from = saturation exponent which varies from
1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0 1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0
Water saturation of a formations Water saturation of a formations
flushed zone ( flushed zone (Sxo Sxo) ) is also based on is also based on
the Archie equation, but two variables the Archie equation, but two variables
are changed: are changed:
a . a . Rmf Rmf
Sxo Sxo
n n
= =

m m
. . Rxo Rxo
Where: Where:
Sw Sw = water saturation of the = water saturation of the uninvaded uninvaded zone zone
(Archie method) (Archie method)
Rmf Rmf = = resistivity resistivity of the mud filtrate at of the mud filtrate at
formation temperature formation temperature
Rxo Rxo = shallow = shallow resistivity resistivity from Laterolog from Laterolog- -8*, 8*,
Micropherically Micropherically Focused Log*, or Focused Log*, or
Microlaterolog Microlaterolog* *
f f = porosity = porosity
a a = = tortuosity tortuosity factor factor
m m = cementation exponent = cementation exponent
n n = saturation exponent which varies from = saturation exponent which varies from
1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0 1.8 to 2.5 but is normally equal to 2.0
Water saturation of the flushed zone Water saturation of the flushed zone
( (Sxo Sxo) can be used as an indicator of ) can be used as an indicator of
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon moveability moveability. .
Archie Equation for
Archie Equation for
Sw
Sw
&
&
Sxo
Sxo
Penentuan
Penentuan
Rw
Rw
..!!!
..!!!

Ratio Method
Ratio Method

Rwa
Rwa
Method
Method

SP Method
SP Method

Picket
Picket
Crossplot
Crossplot
Method
Method

Hingle
Hingle
Crossplot
Crossplot
Method
Method

Analisis
Analisis
conto
conto
air
air
formasi
formasi

Katalog
Katalog
Rw
Rw
(database
(database
seluruh
seluruh
dunia
dunia
)
)
Penentuan
Penentuan
Rw
Rw
: Ratio Method
: Ratio Method
The Ratio Method identifies hydrocarbons from The Ratio Method identifies hydrocarbons from
the difference between water saturations in the difference between water saturations in
the flushed zone ( the flushed zone (Sxo Sxo) and the ) and the uninvaded uninvaded
zone(Sw zone(Sw). ).
Sw Sw Rxo Rxo / / Rt Rt
( ( ) )
2 2
= =
Sxo Sxo Rmf Rmf / / Rw Rw
Where: Where:
Sw Sw = water saturation = water saturation uninvaded uninvaded zone zone
Sxo Sxo = water saturation flushed zone = water saturation flushed zone
Rxo Rxo = formations shallow = formations shallow resistivity resistivity from Laterolog from Laterolog- -8*, 8*,
Microspherically Microspherically Focused Log*, or Focused Log*, or Microlaterolog Microlaterolog* *
Rt Rt = formations true = formations true resistivity resistivity ( (RIld RIld or or RLLd RLLd
corrected for invasion) corrected for invasion)
Rmf Rmf = = resistivity resistivity of the mud filtrate at formation of the mud filtrate at formation
temperature temperature
Rw Rw = = resistivity resistivity of the formation water at formation of the formation water at formation
temperature temperature
Penentuan
Penentuan
Rw
Rw
F . F . Rmf Rmf
Sxo Sxo
n n
= =
Rxo Rxo
a a
F F = =

m m
Sw Sw Rxo Rxo / / Rt Rt
( ( ) )
2 2
= =
Sxo Sxo Rmf Rmf / / Rw Rw
F . F . Rw Rw
Sw Sw
n n
= =
Rt Rt
didalam didalam formasi formasi kandung kandung air ( air (Sw Sw
= 100%) = 100%)
Sw Sw = 1 = 1
Ro = Ro = Rt Rt
Where : Where :
Ro : Ro : resistivitas resistivitas dalam dalam formasi formasi kandung kandung air air
Sw Sw = = Sxo Sxo = 1 = 1
Sehingga Sehingga
Di Di daerah daerah asli asli : Ro = F . : Ro = F . Rw Rw
Di Di daerah daerah rembesan rembesan : : Rxo Rxo = F. = F. Rmf Rmf
Maka Maka, ,
: Ratio Method
: Ratio Method
Rw
Rw
=
=
Rmf
Rmf
. Ro/
. Ro/
Rxo
Rxo
.for example: .for example:
Based on the logs reading, we assumes Based on the logs reading, we assumes
that the water bearing zone is at that the water bearing zone is at
3012.40 meter with parameters as 3012.40 meter with parameters as
follows: follows:
T T = 68.5 = 68.5
o o
F F
Rmf Rmf = 0.374 = 0.374 ohm.m ohm.m @ 68.5 @ 68.5
o o
F F (surface) (surface)
BHT BHT = 295 = 295
o o
F F @ 3292 m @ 3292 m
T T = 275.763 = 275.763
o o
F F @ 3012.4 m @ 3012.4 m
Rmf Rmf = 0.09964 = 0.09964 ohm.m ohm.m @ 3012.4 m @ 3012.4 m
Rt Rt = 9.89 = 9.89 ohm.m ohm.m @ 3012.4 m @ 3012.4 m
Rxo Rxo = 6.17 = 6.17 ohm.m ohm.m @ 3012.4 m @ 3012.4 m
The final water The final water resistivity resistivity ( (Rw Rw) at ) at
3012.4 m is 0.15971 3012.4 m is 0.15971 ohm.m ohm.m, which is , which is
calculated from: calculated from:
Rw Rw = = Rmf Rmf ( (Rt Rt / / Rxo Rxo) )
Rw Rw = 0.09964 ( 9.89 / 6.17 ) = 0.09964 ( 9.89 / 6.17 )
Rw Rw = 0.15971 = 0.15971 ohm.m ohm.m
Penentuan
Penentuan
Rw
Rw
: Ratio Method
: Ratio Method
R2 = R1[(T1 + 6.77) / (T2 + 6.77)]
O
F
didalam didalam formasi formasi kandung kandung air air
( (Sw Sw = 100%) = 100%)
Sw Sw = 1 = 1
Ro = Ro = Rt Rt
Rwa Rwa = Ro / F = Ro / F
In water In water- -bearing zones ( bearing zones (Sw Sw = 100%), = 100%),
then calculated then calculated Rwa Rwa value is equal to value is equal to
Rw Rw. However, if hydrocarbons are . However, if hydrocarbons are
present, present, Rt Rt will be greater than Ro, and will be greater than Ro, and
Rwa Rwa will be greater than will be greater than Rw Rw ( (Fertl Fertl, ,
1978). 1978).
The The Rwa Rwa curve is plotted as a dashed curve is plotted as a dashed
line along with the SP curve. The line along with the SP curve. The Rwa Rwa
curve will deflect to curve will deflect to the left the left in in wet wet
zones zones and and to the right to the right in in hydrocarbon hydrocarbon- -
bearing zones bearing zones
Penentuan
Penentuan
Rw
Rw
:
:
Rwa
Rwa
Method
Method
F . F . Rmf Rmf
Sxo Sxo
n n
= =
Rxo Rxo
a a
F F = =

m m
Sw Sw Rxo Rxo / / Rt Rt
( ( ) )
2 2
= =
Sxo Sxo Rmf Rmf / / Rw Rw
F . F . Rw Rw
Sw Sw
n n
= =
Rt Rt
WBZ WBZ
WBZ WBZ
Rwa
Rwa
Method
Method
SP Method (:
SP Method (:
Rxo
Rxo
/
/
Rt
Rt
curve)
curve)
..remember that SP equation is:
SP = SP = - -K x log ( K x log (Rmf Rmf / / Rw Rw) )
In water zones (Sw = 1.0)
Rxo = F x Rmf and Ro = F x Rw
From the above equations, the SP equation can be rewritten as:
SP = -K x log (Rxo / Ro)
Where:
K K = 60 + (0.133 x formation temperature) = 60 + (0.133 x formation temperature)
Rxo Rxo = shallow = shallow resistivity resistivity from Laterolog from Laterolog- -8*, 8*, Microspherically Microspherically Focused Log*, or Focused Log*, or
Microlaterolog Microlaterolog* x * x
Ro Ro = wet = wet resistivity resistivity (Ro = (Ro = Rt Rt when when Sw Sw = 100%) = 100%)
In water-bearing zones, the measured values for Rxo and Ro (Rt for Sw = 100% ; RIld or RLLd) can be used
to calculated a value for SP. This calculated value for SP should duplicate the measured value of SP from
the spontaneous potential log in a wet zone. The presence of hydrocarbons results in Rt values which are
greater than Ro. This means that when SP is calculated from Rxo and Rt values, it will be lower than the
measured value of SP.
Pickett Crossplot Method
The Pickett crossplot (Picket,
1972) is one of the simplest
and most effective crossplot
method in use. This technique
not only gives estimates of
water saturation, but can also
help determine:
(1) formation water
resistivity(Rw),
(2) cementation factor (m),
and
(3) matrix parameters for
porosity logs (Dtmaand
rma).
The Pickett method is based on the observation that true resistivity
(Rt) is a function of porosity (f), water saturation (Sw), and
cementation factor(m).
A Pickett crossplot is developed by plotting porosity values with
deep resistivity(RIldor RLLd) values on two-by three cycle log-
log paper
Hingle Crossplot
The procedure for constructing a The procedure for constructing a Hingle Hingle
crossplot crossplot to determine water saturation to determine water saturation
is: is:
Select the correct Select the correct corssplot corssplot graph paper graph paper
(sandstone or carbonates). (sandstone or carbonates).
Scale the X axis on a linear scale Scale the X axis on a linear scale
Plot deep Plot deep resistivity resistivity values ( values (RIld RIld or or
RLLd RLLd) on the Y axis versus the porosity ) on the Y axis versus the porosity
log data. log data.
Construct a straight line through the Construct a straight line through the
most northwesterly points , and most northwesterly points , and
extrapolate this line until it intersects extrapolate this line until it intersects
the X axis the X axis
At the intersection point of the X axis At the intersection point of the X axis
and the Ro line, determine the matrix and the Ro line, determine the matrix
value and scale the X axis in porosity value and scale the X axis in porosity
units. units.
Calculate a value for Calculate a value for Rw Rw from any from any
corresponding set of f and Ro values. corresponding set of f and Ro values.
Determine lines of constants Determine lines of constants Sw Sw based based
on the formula : on the formula :
Formation Water Test Method
Metoda formation water test merupakan metoda penentuan Rw
berdasarkan jumlah air formasi yang telah dites pada sumur
tertentu. Kemudiandilakukanpenentuankadar Cl- (dalamppm),
dan diplot pada Resistivity of NaCl Solution Chart untuk
mendapatkannilai Rw.
0.15
Resistivity of NaCl Solution Chart
271.88
o
F
0.15 0.15
Resistivity of NaCl Solution Chart
271.88
o
F
for example:
This Water Test method is
based on the amount of water
formation that was tested in
DST-2 (2949-2956 m) in
KRT-1. The amount of Cl- is
13215 ppm with depth
temperature 271,88
o
F. Using
Resistivity of NaCl Slution
chart, water resistivity is
found approximately 0.15
ohm.m.