BSNL

Optical Fiber
Communication
and
Systems
By

OFC FACULTY
ALTTC, Gzb.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 1

BSNL CONTENTS

• Optical fiber concept &type

• Fiber characteri stics
• Fiber classification
• Optical communication advantages
• Transmission windows
• Transmission challenges

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 2

 Optical Principle
BSNL
(Internal reflection theory)

Ray Theory:
• A number of optic phenomena are adequately explained by
considering light as narrow rays.
• The theory based on this approach is called geometrical optics.
• These rays obey a few simple rules:
1. In a vacuum, rays travel at a velocity of c =3x108m/s. In any
other medium, rays travel at a slower speed, given by
v = c/n n =refractive index of the medium.
2. Rays travel straight paths, unless deflected by some change in
medium.
3. If any power crosses the boundary, the transmitted ray direction
is given by Snell’s law:
n1 sin Øi = n2 sin Ør

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 3

 (Principle of total internal reflection)
BSNL

1
n1 = 1.48
n2 = 1.46
INCIDENT RAYS 1
2 ¢i REFLECTED RAYS

N1 core3 3

¢r 1
N2 cladding
REFRACTED RAYS
OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 4
 BSNL The Optical Fibre

Refractive index

6-10 mm 125 mm
Core

Cladding

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 5

BSNL
Light propagation in fibre

2
3

3
2
1

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 6

BSNL
Light propagation in fibre

2
3

3
2
1

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 7

 CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL
BSNL
FIBRE CABLE
Basic Fibre
• core with RI n1
supported by
concentric cladding
CORE
layer with RI n2.
• RI of core is greater
than cladding (n1 >
n2).
• The cladding layer is
surrounded by one or
more protective
coating.
• Change in RI is
achieved by CLADDING
selectively doping the
glass perform.
OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 8
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BSNL
OPTICAL FIBRE

Modal classification :
• Similar to metallic wave guides, there are stable propagation
states of electromagnetic waves in an optical fiber called modes.
• Fibers can be classified based on number of modes available
for
propagation :- single-mode (SM) fiber.
- Multi-mode (MM) fiber.

Classification based on refractive index profile :

• step index (SI)
• Graded index (GRIN) fiber.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 9

BSNL

2a 8 - 12 mm 125 mm

a) Single mode step-index fiber

2a 50 - 200mm 125-400mm

b) Multi mode step-index fiber

2a 50 mm 125-400mm

C) Multi mode GRIN fi ber

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 10
 Window Concept in Spectrum
BSNL

5
~ 190 THz
4 ~ 50 THz
OH- OH -
3

1
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
0 Wavelength (mm)
First window Fourth window
Second window
Fifth window
OF Comm&s
Third window OFC Faculty 11
BSNL LOSSES IN FIBER ( Attenuation)
• There are several points in an optic system where losses occur.
• These are: coupler, splices, connectors and the fiber itself.
• Losses associated within the fiber classified as under:
• Losses due to absorption. Even the purest glass will absorb
heavily within specific wavelength regions. Other major source
of loss is impurities like, metal ions and OH ions.
• Losses due to scattering: caused due to localized variations in
density, called Rayleigh scattering and the loss is:
L = 1.7(0.85/l)4 dB/km
l is in micrometers
• Losses due to geometric effect:
– micro-bending.
– macro-bending.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 12

BSNL Dispersion - Pulse Spreading

• Optical fibres that carry data consist of pulses of light

energy following each other. The fibre has a limit as
to how many pulses per second can be sent to it and
be expected to emerge intact at the other end. This is
known as pulse spreading which limits the Bandwidth
of the fibre.

• The pulse sets of f down the f ibre with a square wave

shape. As it travels along the f ibre, it progressively
gets wider and the peak intensity decreases.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 13

BSNL WHAT IS SDH ?
SYNCHRONOUS :
One master clock & all elements synchronies with
it.

DIGITAL:
Information in binary.

HIERARCHY:

Set of bit rates in a hierarchical order .

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 14

BSNL
WHAT IS S D H ? (CONTD)

SDH is an IT U-T standard for a high capacity

Telecom Network.

SDH is a synchronous digital transport system,

aim to provide a simple, economical and flexible
telecom infrastructure.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 15

BSNL
PDH HIERARCHIES

EUROPE (Mbps) USA (Mbps) JAPAN (Mbps)

565 400
274 x4
x4
140 x6 100
x4 45 x3
34 32
x7 x5
x4
6 6
8
x4 x4 x4
2 1.5 1.5

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 16

BSNL
LIMITATIONS OF PDH

• Non standard experiences:

-Three different hierarchies with diff erent signal
formats and line encoding methods.

• Basis of today ’s high capacity network

-Elaborate arrangement for dropping

• Network requirement

-Changing requirement

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 17

 BASIS OF TODAY’S NETWORK
BSNL

M
U
LINE M
U
X X
M M
U U
X X

M M
U DDF DDF U
X X

DDF DDF

DDF DDF

• ELABORATE DROPPING ARRANGEMENT

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 18

BSNL
SDH- ADVANTAGES

Simplification (ability to directly drop lower trib)

Can accommodate both existing and future signals

Improved service quality (through supervision )

Advanced N/W management and mtce capabilities.

N/w survivability

Dynamic N/W capacity management

Multi vendor networking (mid fibre meet)

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 19
 SDH ACCOMMODATES
BSNL
EXISTING SIGNALS

1
140M
34M C4
S
D
34M 3
8M C3 H

2M
8M M
U
63
2M X
64K C12
1

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 20

BSNL SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET vs SDH BIT RATES
SONET SDH
Synchronous Optical Bit Rate Synchronous
Transport Signal Carrier Mbps Transport Module
STS-1 OC-1 51.84 ----
STS-3 OC-3 155.52 STM-1
STS-9 OC-9 466.56 ----
STS-12 OC-12 622.08 STM-4
STS-18 OC-18 933.12 ---
STS-24 OC-24 1244.16 ---
STS--36 OC-36 1866.24 ---
STS-48 OC-48 2488.32 STM-16
STS-192 OC-192 9953.28 STM-64

*Bit rates for higher order is n-times the lower order

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 21

 BSNL
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

AU-3 VC-3 C-3

TUG-2 VC-2 C-2

TU-2

TU-1 VC-1 C-1

(GENERALIZED MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE/ G.708)

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 22
BSNL
REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140Mbps

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3 34Mbps

TUG-2

TU-1 VC-1 C-1 2Mbps

(Reduced Diagram For SDH-Multiplexing)

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 23

BSNL DWDM BASICS

SINGLE FIBRE

SDH OPTICAL SIGNALS

NEW REQUIREMENTS:
OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 24
BSNL
BLOCK SCHEMATIC

OPTICAL Tx Rx
SIGNALS. l1 MUX DEMUX
STM-1 l2
STM-4 W OFA W
.
STM-16 .
D D
.
ATM .
M M
IP l16

TRANSPONDERS

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 25

 Wayside Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
BSNL

TM TM
l1 WDM WDM
MUX DEMU
l2 X
O O
A A
l 15

l
16
l l 5-8
1-4

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 26

 DIFFERENCES FROM OLD
BSNL
SYSTEM

• REGs
• FIBRES REQUIREMENT
• LASERS
• TYPES OF COMPONENT S
• CAPACITY
• FIBRE TRANSMISSION BEHAVIOUR

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 27

BSNL
ADVANTAGES OF DWDM

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 28

BSNL
OPTICAL NETWORK ELEMENTS

TP

ODEMUX
OMUX

TP
OA OADM OXC

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 29

 TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR /
BSNL WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR

Electrical
O/E REGENERATION
E/O

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 30

BSNL TRANSPONDERS
• Converts broadband optical signals to a specific wavelength
via optical to electrical to optical conversion (O-E-O)
• Used when Optical LTE (Line Termination Equipment) does
not have tight tolerance ITU optics
• Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function
• Receive Transponders perform reverse function

OEO l1
l2

From OLTE OEO To DWDM Mux

ln

OEO

Low Cost Wavelengths

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 31
IR/SR Optics Converted
BSNL Optical Amplifier
Advantages:
•Design simplicity &high reliability .
•Fewer components and economical.
•Very low noise level.
•Ability to amplif y multiple wavelength signals in the operating
band.
•No interchannel interference .

Careful design can remove the dispersion

problems also.

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 32

 Erbium Doped Fiber
BSNL Amplifier (EDFA)
v EDF Amplifier Characterti cs

1. Highly Efficient

2. High gain

3. Low Noise figure.

4. Low Cost

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 33

 Erbium Doped Fiber
BSNL
Amplifier

Isolator Coupler Coupler Isolator

Erbium-Doped
Fiber (10–50m)

Pump Pump
Laser Laser

“Simple” device consisting of four parts:

• Erbium-doped fiber
• An optical pump
• A coupler
OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 34
• An isolator to cut off backpropagating noise
BSNL
Optical Supervisory Channel - OSC

• OSC mainly carries order wire and network

management information.
• signals at 1510 nm or 1480 nm
• 2.048 Mb/s

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 35

 Optical Supervisory Channel
BSNL (OSC)
Line Terminal Equipment In-line Amplifier Line Terminal Equipment

l1 l1
Tx l1 Rx
l2 l2
Tx l2 Rx
l3 l3
Tx l3 Rx
DATA IN

l4 l4
Tx l4 Rx
l5 l5
Tx l5 Rx
l6 l6
Tx l6 Rx
l7 S l + l supervisory l7
Tx l7 Rx
l8 l8
Tx l8 Rx
Tx lsup Rx Tx Rx lsup

System Control System Control

Processor OSC Processor

OF Comm&s
Network Management OFC Faculty
Network Management 36
 ITU –T G.692 Frequency Grid
Nominal Central l Nominal Central l Nominal Central l
BSNL
Central Ú (nm) Central Ú (nm) Central Ú (nm)
(THz) (THz) (THz)

196.1 1528.77 194.7 1539.77 193.3 1550.92

196.0 1529.55 194.6 1540.56 193.2 1551.72
195.9 1530.33 194.5 1541.35 193.1 1552.52
195.8 1531.12 194.4 1542.14 193.0 1553.33
195.7 1531.90 194.3 1542.92 192.9 1554.13
195.6 1532.68 194.2 1543.73 192.8 1554.94
195.5 1533.47 194.1 1544.53 192.7 1555.75
195.4 1534.25 194.0 1545.32 192.6 1556.55
195.3 1535.04 193.9 1546.12 192.5 1557.36
195.2 1535.82 193.8 1546.92 192.4 1558.17
195.1 1536.61 193.7 1547.72 192.3 1558.98
195.0 1537.40 193.6 1548.51 192.2 1559.79
194.9 1538.19 193.5 1549.32 192.1 1560.61
194.8 1539.77 193.4
OF Comm&s 1550.12
OFC Faculty 37
BSNL
Thank You

OF Comm&s OFC Faculty 38