SG2215

Exam Questions
7. Describe the Fanno flow and how it can be calculated
Fanno flow refers to an adiabatic flow through a constant area where friction is
taken into consideration. The flow is assumed to be steady and one-dimensional,
and no mass is added within the duct. It is an irreversible process due to viscous
friction changing the flow properties along the duct. This is calculated by
assuming a shear stress on the wall acting on the fluid with uniform properties
over any cross section of the duct.

8. How does the total temperature vary over a stationary normal shock?
Explain!
Stationary shock wave is when the fluid travels at the same speed of the shock
but in the opposite direction. The relative velocity between the two is zero.

The total temperature doesnt change across a stationary normal shock. The
shock wave does no work and there is no heat addition, therefore total enthalpy
and total temperature are constant.

Governing equations
!!
!!
! +
= ! +
2
2
!
! = + ,
2

, ! =

!" !" ! !
=

!"
! ! !"
! !" = ! !"
!" = !"
, !" = !"

9. What is the Mach Angle?
The mach angle is the angle of the mach wave relative to the flow direction. This
mach angle is dependent on the upstream Mach number and is independent of
the gas used.
1
=



10. Show how one determines the properties across an oblique shock.
Show that the velocity component parallel to the shock does not change
across the shock.
Use the shock as a control volume. Therefore, has to satisfy continuity,
momentum and energy equation.
For steady flow,
Continuity

!.!

= 0 = ! ! + ! ! ! ! = ! !

Momentum
Steady flow without body forces

( ) =
!.!

()
!.!

() =

Tangential component

!.!

!.!

0 = ! ! ! + ! ! !

but,
! ! = ! ! from continuity
therefore,

! = !
and tangential velocity is constant across oblique shockwave

Normal component
! ! ! + ! ! ! = (! ! ) ! + ! ! ! = ! + ! ! !

Energy
! !
! !
! +
= ! +

2
2
! ! = ! ! + ! !
! ! = ! ! + ! !
! = !
therefore,
! !
! !
! +
= ! +

2
2
!! = !

!
( + 1)!! !
=

! ( 1)!! ! + 2
!
2
=1+
(! 1)
!
+ 1 !!
!
!!
+ [2/( 1)]
!
!! =

!
[2/( 1)]!!
1
! ! !
=
! ! !
!!
! =

sin( )
Type equation here.
:
!
!

11. Describe how the deflection angle, the shock-wave angle and the Mach
number are related for oblique, attached shock waves. What happens for
large deflection angles?
Deflection angle,
Shock wave angle,
Mach number, M

! ! sin! 1
tan = 2 cot !

! ( + cos 2) + 2

For a large deflection angle, the oblique shock wave is no longer attached to the
corner and is replaced by a detached bow shock.

For relatively low values of theta, there will be two solutions for beta. Therefore
there are two possible shock waves. The shockwave with the higher beta is the
strong shockwave, while the lower one is the weak shock wave. The weak shock
wave usually almost always exists and so the smallest beta can usually be used.

12. What is a Prandtl-Meyer expansion and how are the conditions
downstream the expansion calculated?
A Prandtl-Meyer expansion is when supersonic flow turns around a convex
corner. This process is also isentropic. Because this process is isentropic,
equations can be used to determine the fluid properties.

1
1 + 2 ! !
!
=

1 !
!
1 + 2 !
!
1 ! !!!
1 + 2 !
!
=

1
!
1 + 2 ! !
!
1 ! !!!
1 + 2 !
!
=

1
!
1 + 2 ! !

The mach number after the turn M2 is related to the initial mach number M1 and
the turn angle, , by
= (! ) (! )
v(M) is the Prandtl-Meyer function. This number is defined through an equation
where you can then calculate v(M2). From v(M2), M2 can be determined and thus
the properties of the fluid downstream can be calculated.

13. What is wave drag and how is it calculated for a parallelogram without
angle of attack?
Wave drag is a component of drag (forces opposing the direction of motion with
respect to a surrounding fluid) that is caused by the presence of shock waves.
Wave drag is calculated for a parallelogram without angle of attack through the
thickness of the parallelogram, t, and the pressures along the parallelogram.










P3 < P2
P2 > P1

= ! ! = (! ! )
P2

P3

23. Under what conditions is the following equation for the disturbance
velocity potential obtained?:

( ! ) +
+
=

For steady flow, the potential flow theory can be used to model irrotational,
isentropic flow. For either subsonic or supersonic (not transonic or hypersonic)
flows, at small angles of attack and thin bodies, we can assume that the velocity
potential is split into an undisturbed onflow velocity V in the x-direction, and a
small perturbation velocity
= ! +
From this assumption, the linearized small-perturbation potential equation an
approximation to the full equation can be used.


2! !
2! !
2! !

!" = 0
!"
!"
!
!
!
!


!!
!
(! + )! + ! + !
! +
=+
=+

2
2
2
1
!
! = !

(2! + ! + ! + ! )
2

,

, ,
1
! ! !
!
!
!

,
,
1
!
!
!
,
! 0 0.8 1.2 5

u
!
!
( + 1) +

!
x

!
(1 !
)

,
, .

This is a linearized equation that cant be associated with transonic flow
(extreme sensitivity to geometry changes at sonic conditions) or hypersonic flow
(strong shock waves close to geometric boundaries).

24. Derive an expression for the linearized pressure coefficient
Definition of pressure coefficient for incompressible flow
!
! =

1
!

2 ! !

When flow is compressible, more sense to use M as normalizing parameter.

1
1 !
1
!
! !! =
! !! = ! !

2
2 !
2
!
!
!
=
!
Therefore,
!
2

! =
=
(
1)
!
1
!
!
!

2 ! !

Energy Equation
!
! !
+
= ! +

2
2
= !
!
! !
+
= ! +

2!
2!
1
! =
( ! ! )
2! !

=1+
(!! ! ) = 1 +
(!! ! )
!
!
2! !
2! !
! (! ! )
=
= 1
! !
!

1 !
=1+
(! ! )
!
!
2!

1 !
=1
( !! )
!
!
2!
, ! = (! + )! + ! + !

1
=1
(2! + ! + ! + ! )
!
!
2!


!
!!!

=

!
!
!

!!!

1 ! 2 ! + ! + !
= 1

(
+
)

!
!
!
2!
!
!

!

!!!
!
= 1 ( 1)!

!
!
which is of the form, (1 )! = 1 + +
expanded using binomial theorem.
Therefore,

! 2 ! + ! + !
= 1 !
(
+
) +
!
2
!
!
2
! 2 ! + ! + !
! =
1

(
+
) + 1
!
!
2 ! !
!

2 ! + ! + !
2
=

+=

!
!
!

25. Show how the Prandtl-Glauert rule is derived. What does it mean?
Prandtl-Glauert rule allows for solving of compressible flow problems through
the use of incompressible flow calculation methods. Valid for 2D subsonic flow
over thin aerofoil.

From Boundary Conditions

=
=
! +
, ! =

=
=
!

= !

.
! !! + !! = 0
!
1 !


=
=
(, ) = (, )

= 1
= 0
= 0
=

(, ) (, )

.
1
! ( !! ) + !! = 0

!! + !! = 0
,
(, ),
(, )


1
!
=
=
=



!
=


=



2
2
2 1
2 1
! =
=
=
=

!
!
!
!
1
2
! = ( )

!
2
!" =
!
!"
! =

!
1 !

26. Show, using the linearized theory, how the position of a streamline
above an airfoil changes as the Mach number (<1) is increased?

27. Show how the pressure coefficient for linearized supersonic flow is
derived. How do shock waves influence the solutions? For the derivation
you can assume that the expression cp=-2u/u
2

! !! !! = 0
! 1
= !

= ( ) + ( + )
= 0
= ( )

=
=

=
=

=
=
! +
!
= !
!
=

2 2
! =
=
!

2
! =

! 1
!

28. What is meant by the critical Mach number for an airfoil?

The critical Mach number for an airfoil is the lowest Mach number at which the
airflow over some point of the aircraft reaches the speed of sound. A thicker
airfoil would have a lower critical Mach number because a thicker wing
accelerates the airflow to a faster speed than a thinner airfoil.

OR

Critical Mach number is the free stream Mach number at which sonic flow is first
encountered on the airfoil. This would happen at the minimum pressure point on
the airfoil.

29. Consider subsonic flow with the Mach number M over a wavy wall
described by yw=hcos(2*pi*x/l), where yw is the ordinate of the wall, h is
the amplitude and l is the wave length. The amplitude h can be assumed to
be small as compared to the wavelength l. Using linearized theory, derive
the surface pressure coefficient (cpw).
(1 ! ! )!! + !! = 0
(, ) = (). ()
!
!
!
(1 !
) ! + ! = 0

!
1
1
1 !
=

! ) !
!
(1 !

LHS is only function of x, RHS is only function of y

1 !
1
1 !
!
=

=

! ) !
!
(1 !
!
+ ! = 0 = ! sin() + ! cos()
!
!
! (1 ! ! ) = 0
!
!! !!! ! !

!! !!! ! !

!
!
= !
+ !

second term zero as disturbance should go to zero as y approaches infinity
= = !! !!!! ! (! sin + ! cos )
Cn=AnBn and C2=AnB2

Boundary conditions at the wall
!
(, ! )

tan =

! + (, ! ) !

(, ! ) = (, 0) + !
|
+ (, 0)
!!!
! (, 0)
=

!
2 !
2
2
! = cos

=
sin

!
= ! = 1 !

!!
!! !!!!

(! sin + ! cos )

2
2

! ( sin + cos )
sin
=
1 !
!
!

!
C2 = 0, k = 2*pi/l
2

!
=
1 !
!

!
2 !
1
!
! =
=

!
!
2/ 1 !
1 !
!

!
!!! !!!!

!
1 !
2! !!!
= ! =

!
1 !

!
!

sin

!
!!!!

!
!

cos

!!
!!! !!!!
2
! sin
= ! = 2!

!!
2
4
!!! !!!!
2
! cos
! =
=

!
!

1 !
4

2
! ( = 0) =
cos

!

1 !

30. Consider the same wall as in the previous problem. Derive the surface
pressure coefficient for the case of supersonic flow over the wavy wall.
!
(!
1)!! !! = 0
! 1) + ( + ! 1)
(, ) = ( !
!
No disturbances from infinity
Boundary Conditions
!

! (, 0) ! (, 0)
= tan =

=
=

! +

!
!

! 1
= ! = !

! 1
= () = !

! =

2
1
! 1)()|
2 sin
=
( !
!!!

() = 2
sin(2 )
! 1
!

2
!

() =
cos(2 ) =
cos 2
! 1
! 1
2

!
!
!
2
! 1))
(, ) =
cos( ( !
! 1

!
2

1
2
! 1))
! =
= 4
sin( ( !
! 1
!
!

1
2
! ( = 0) = 4
sin(
)
! 1
!

31. What is the difference between transonic flow over an airfoil as
compared to subsonic and supersonic flow respectively?
With transonic flow, the shockwave can appear at any point along the airfoil. For
lower mach numbers M0.79, the shockwave appears just downstream of the
leading edge. This shockwave then gets terminated by a nearly normal
shockwave as the measured pressure coefficient drops to a value below the
critical pressure coefficient behind the shock. The flow over the bottom of the
airfoil also doesnt have shockwaves and is completely subsonic. As mach
number increases, the shockwave moves further along the airfoil and
shockwaves may start to appear on the bottom side of the airfoil but further
downstream of the airfoil.

Because of the shockwave being terminated along the airfoil, the shock
wave/boundary layer interaction appears. The pressure increases almost
discontinuously across the shock wave. This represents an extremely large
adverse pressure gradient (flow moving from lower pressure to higher
pressure). Boundary layers separate from the surface in regions of adverse
pressure gradients. When the shock wave impinges on the surface, the boundary
layer encounters an extremely large adverse pressure gradient and it will almost
always separate. Along with the total pressure losses caused by shockwaves, the

shock-induced separated flows create large drag forces. This is the drag-
divergence phenomenon that is always associated with flight in transonic
regime.

32. What is meant by the area-rule for transonic flow?
The objective of the area rule is to reduce drag in the transonic regime. The area
rule is a simple statement that the cross-sectional area of the body should have a
smooth variation with longitudinal distance along the body no rapid or
discontinuous changes in the cross-sectional area distribution. For example, on a
conventional wing-body, where the wings are, will be a sudden increase in cross-
sectional area. The area rule says that to compensate for this, the point where
the wings attach to the body, the body cross-sectional area at that point should

be reduced, to produce a bottle shape and reduce the overall cross-sectional area
of the body.

Supercritical airfoil is shaped somewhat flat on the top surface in order to reduce
the local Mach number inside the supersonic region below what it would be for a
conventional airfoil. Therefore, the shockwave strength is lower, boundary layer
effects are less severe and the free-stream Mach number can be higher before
drag-divergence phenomenon sets in.

33. Show how the transonic similarity equation is derived. What is the
transonic similarity parameter? How does the pressure coefficient vary
with the thickness of the profile in the transonic flow regime?

:
+ () = 0

:
=

!
:
=

,

,
.

, ?

! !
2

(! 1)!

3( + 1)! !
!! 1 1,
,
. ,
,
.
( )

=
.
.
, .
= ! +

,
! ! !
!
(1 ! ! ) ! + ! + ! = ! ! [( + 1) ]!!

!

= /
,

,
!
(1 !
)
!
!
( + 1)! !! + !! + !! = 0
!/!



!
(1 !
)
=

!/!

!
!
( + 1)! !! + !! + !! = 0

! ,
( + 1)! !! + !! + !! = 0

!
,
,
!
= 2! = (, , , )
!/!
.


1.
2. ( )


3.



,

34. Give some examples of physical effects that appear in hypersonic flows.
Sketch the specific heat, cv, versus the temperature for atomic and diatomic
gases.