Pel Whe MNSP

Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
1
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Introducti on:
The device which convert s hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or
vice versa is known as Hydrauli c Machines. The hydraulic machines
which convert hydraulic energy int o mechanical energy are known as
Turbines and that convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy is
known as Pumps.
Fig. shows a general layout of a hydroelectric plant.
Animation as in the PPT
H
g
h
L
H
Penstock
Turbine
Tailrace
Headrace
Head
Race
Tail Race
H
g
H
h
L
2
It consists of t he following:
1. A Dam const ruct ed across a river or a channel to store water. The
reservoir is also known as Headrace.
2. Pipes of large diamet er called Penstocks which carry wat er under
pressure from st orage reservoir to the turbines. These pipes are
usually made of st eel or reinforced concrete.
3. Turbines having different t ypes of vanes or buckets or blades
mount ed on a wheel called runner.
4. Tailrace which is a channel carrying water away from the t urbine
aft er t he wat er has worked on the turbines. The wat er surface in the
tailrace is also referred to as tailrace.
Important Terms:
Gross Head (H
g
): It is the vertical difference between headrace and
tailrace.
Net Head:(H): Net head or effective head is the actual head available
at t he inlet of the t o work on t he turbine.
H = H
g
- h
L
Where h
L
is the tot al head loss during the t ransit of wat er from the
headrace t o t ailrace which is mainly head loss due t o friction, and is
given by
d g
V L f
h
f
2
4
2
=
Where f is the coefficient of friction of penst ock depending on the
t ype of mat erial of penst ock
L is the total lengt h of penstock
V is t he mean flow velocit y of water t hrough t he penstock
D is the diamet er of penstock and
g is the accelerat ion due to gravit y
3
R.P.
S.P.
=
m
TYPES OF EFFICIENCIES
Depending on the considerations of input and output, the efficiencies
can be classified as
(i) Hydraulic Efficiency
(ii) Mechanical Efficiency
(iii) Overall efficiency
(i) Hydraulic Efficiency: (
h
)
It is the ratio of the power
developed by t he runner of a
turbine t o the power supplied at the inlet
of a turbine. Since the power supplied is hydraulic, and the probable loss is between
the striking jet and vaneit is rightlycalled hydraulic efficiency.
If R.P. is the Runner Power and W.P. is the Water Power
(ii) Mechanical Efficiency: (qm)
It is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power developed by the
runner of a turbine. This depends on the slips and other mechanical problems that
will create a loss of energy between the runner in the annular area bet ween
the nozzle and spear, t he amount of water reduces as the spear is
pushed forward and vice-versa.
and shaft which is purely mechanical and hence mechanical
efficiency.
If S. P. is t he Shaft Power
(02)
(iii) Overall Efficiency: ( )
It is t he ratio of t he power available at t he shaft to t he power
supplied at the inlet of a turbine. As this covers overall problems of
losses in energy, it is known as overall efficiency. This depends on
both the hydraulic losses and the slips and other mechanical problems
Inlet of turbine
Turbine Runner
Shaft
W.P.
R.P.
=
h
(01)
4
W.P.
S.P.
=
that will creat e a loss of energy bet ween the j et power supplied and
the power generated at the shaft available for coupling of the
generator.
(03)
From Eqs 1, 2 and 3, we have
=
h
x
m
Classificati on of Turbines
The hydraulic turbines can be classified based on t ype of energy at
the inlet , direction of flow through the vanes, head available at the
inlet , discharge through t he vanes and specific speed. They can be
arranged as per t he following table:
Turbine Type of
energy
Head Discharge
Direction
of flow
Specific
Speed Name Type
Pelton
Wheel
Impulse Kinetic
High
Head >
250m to
1000m
Low
Tangential
to runner
Low
<35 Single jet
35 60 Multiple jet
Francis
Turbine
Reaction
Turbine
Kinetic +
Pressure
Medium
60 m to
150 m
Medium
Radial flow
Medium
60 to 300
Mixed Flow
Kaplan
Turbine
Low
< 30 m
High
Axial Flow
High
300 to 1000
As can be seen from the above t able, any specific t ype can be
explained by suitable const ruction of sentences by select ing t he other
items in the t able along the row.
5
Penstock
Nozzle
Wheel
Spear
PELTON WHEEL OR TURBINE
Pelton wheel, named aft er an eminent engineer, is an impulse turbine
wherein the flow is tangential to t he runner and t he available energy
at the ent rance is complet ely kinetic energy. Further, it is preferred
at a very high head and low discharges with low specific speeds. The
pressure available at the inlet and t he out let is atmospheric.
The main component s of a Pelton turbine are:
(i) Nozzl e and flow regulating arrangement :
Water is brought t o the hydroelect ric plant site through large
penstocks at the end of which t here will be a nozzle, which converts
the pressure energy complet ely int o
kinetic energy. This will convert the
liquid flow into a high-speed jet,
which st rikes the buckets or
vanes mount ed on the runner,
which in-turn rot at es the runner of
the t urbine. The amount of wat er striking the vanes is cont rolled by
the forward and backward motion of t he spear. As t he wat er is
flowing in t he annular area between the annular area between the
Animation:
(i) The water jet has to reduce
and increase as the spear is
brought forward and
backward
(ii) The wheel has to rotate as the
jet strikes
Breaking jet
6
nozzle opening and the spear, the flow gets reduced as the spear
moves forward and vice-versa.
(ii) Runner with buckets:
Runner is a circular disk mount ed on a shaft on the periphery of
which a number of buckets are fixed equally spaced as shown in
Fig. The bucket s are made of cast -iron cast -st eel, bronze or
stainless st eel depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.
The wat er jet st rikes the bucket on the splitter of the bucket and
gets deflect ed through() 160-170
0
.
(iii) Casing:
It is made of cast -iron or fabricat ed st eel plat es. The main function
of the casing is t o prevent splashing of wat er and to discharge the
wat er into t ailrace.
(iv) Breaking jet:
Even aft er the amount of wat er st riking the buckets is complet ely
stopped, the runner goes on rotat ing for a very long time due t o
inertia. To st op t he runner in a short time, a small nozzle is
provided which directs t he jet of wat er on the back of bucket with
which t he rot ation of the runner is reversed. This jet is called as
breaking j et.
Buckets
Shaft
Runner
7
3 D Picture of a j et striking t he splitt er and get ting split in to two parts
and deviating.
Velocit y t riangles for the jet st riking the bucket
From t he impulse-momentum t heorem, the force with which t he j et strikes
tthe bucket along the direction of vane is given by
F
x
= rat e of change of momentum of the jet along t he direction of vane
motion
F
x
= (Mass of wat er / second) x change in velocit y along the x direction

Deflection
angle of jet
jet
Vane
u
1
Vr
1
V
1
=Vw
1
u
Deflection angle
Vr
2
u
2
Vw
2
V
f2
V
2

V
f1
=0
8
, ) j
2 1 1 w w
V V V a =
j
2 1 1 w w
V V V a + =
Work done per second by t he j et on t he vane is given by t he product of
Force exert ed on t he vane and the dist ance moved by the vane in one
second
W. D. /S = F
x
x u
j u V V V a
w w 2 1 1
+ =
Input t o the jet per second = Kinetic energy of t he j et per second
3
1
2
1
V a =
Efficiency of the j et =
ond Input
ond Workdone
ond Input
ond Output
sec /
sec /
sec /
sec /
=
j
3
1 2
1
2 1 1
V a
u V V V a
w w
+
=
j
2
1
2 1
2
V
V V u
w w
+
=
From inlet velocit y t riangle, V
w1
= V
1
Assuming no shock and ignoring frictional losses through t he vane, we
haveV
r 1
= V
r 2
= (V
1
u
1
)
In case of Pelton wheel, the inlet and out let are located at t he same radial
dist ance from the centre of runner and hence u
1
= u
2
= u
From outlet velocit y triangle, we have V
w2
= V
r 2
Cos - u
2
= (V
1
u)Cos - u
, ) j u Cos u V V V a F
x
+ =
1 1 1
, ) j Cos u V V a F
x
+ = 1
1 1
Substit uting these values in the above equation for efficiency, we have
, ) j
2
1
1 1
cos 2
V
u u V V u +
=
, ) , ) j cos
2
1 1 2
1
u V u V
V
u
+ =
9
, ) j cos 1
2
1 2
1
+ = u V
V
u
The above equation gives the efficiency of the j et st riking the vane in
case of Pelton wheel.
To obt ain t he maximum efficiency for a given j et velocit yand vane angle,
from maxima-minima, we have
0 =
u d
d
j , ) 0 cos 1
2
2
1 2
1
= + = u uV
u d
d
V u d
d
V
1
-2u = 0
or
2
1
V
u =
i. e. When the bucket speed is maint ained at half the velocit y of t he j et,
the efficiencyof a Pelton wheel will be maximum. Substituting we get,
, )
, ) j cos 1 2
2
2
2 max
+ = u u
u
u
j cos 1
2
1
max
+ =
From t he above it can be seen t hat more the value of cos, more will be
the efficiency. Form maximum efficiency, the value of cos should be 1
and the value of should be 0
0
. This condition makes the jet to
complet ely deviat e by 180
0
and t his, forces the j et st riking the bucket t o
strike the successive bucket on the back of it acting like a breaking j et .
Hence to avoid this situation, at least a small angle of =5
0
should be
provided.
10
Dec-06/Jan07
6 a. i)Sket ch the layout of a PELTON wheel turbine showing the det ails
of nozzle, buckets and wheel whenthe t urbine axis is horizont al(04)
ii) Obt ain an expression for maximum-efficiency of an impulse t urbine.
(06)
July 06
6 (a) With a neat sket ch explain t he layout of a hydro-elect ric plant (06)
(b) With a neat sket ch explain t he parts of an Impulse turbine. (06)
Jan 06
6 (a) What Is specific speed of turbine and state Its significance. (04)
(b) Draw a neat sketch of a hydroelectric plant and mention the
function of each component . (08)
Jan 05
6 (a) Classify the turbines based on head, specific speed and hydraulic
actions. Give examples for each. (06)
(b) What is meant by Governing of t urbines? Explain with a neat sket ch
the governing of an impulse t urbine (06)
July 04
5 (a) Explain the classification of t urbines. (08)
11
The head at the base of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is 640 m. The outlet
vane angle of the bucket is 15
o
. The relative velocit y at the out let is
reduced by 15% due to friction along t he vanes. If the discharge at outlet
is without whirl find the ratio of bucket speed to the jet speed. If the j et
diamet er is 100 mm while the wheel diamet er is 1. 2 m, find the speed of
the turbine in rpm, t he force exert ed by the j et on the wheel, the Power
developed and t he hydraulic efficiency. Take C
v
=0.97.
Soluti on:
H = 640 m; =15
o
; V
r 1
= 0. 85 V
r 2
; V
w2
= 0; d = 100 mm; D = 1. 2 m;
C
v
= 0. 97; K
u
= ?; N = ?; F
x
= ?; P = ?;
h
= ?
We know that t he absolut e velocit y of j et is given by
74 . 109 640 10 2 97 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
m/s
Let the bucket speed be u
Relative velocit y at inlet = V
r 1
= V
1
-u = 109. 74-u
Relative velocit y at outlet = V
r 2
= (1-0. 15)V
r 1
= 0. 85(109. 74-u)
But V
r 2
cos = u 0. 85(109. 74-u)cos15
Henceu = 49. 48 m/ s
But
60
N D
u
= and hence
u
1
Vr
1
V
1
=Vw
1
u
Deflection angle
Vr
2
u
2
Vw
2
=0
V
2
=V
f2

V
f1
=0
12
5 . 787
2 . 1
48 . 49 60 60
=
= =
D
u
N rpm (Ans)
Jet ratio = m = 45 . 0
74 . 109
48 . 49
= =
V
u
Weight of wat er supplied = Q = 62 . 8 74 . 109 1 . 0
4
1000 10
2 2
=
kN/s
Force exert ed = , )
2 1 1 w w x
V V V a F =
But V
w1
= V
1
andV
w2
= 0 and hence
, ) 58 . 94 74 . 109 1 . 0
4
1000
2 2
= =
x
F kN
Work done/second = F
x
x u = 94. 58 x 49. 48 = 4679. 82 kN/ s
Kinetic Energy/ second = 189.85 5 74 . 109 1 . 0
4
1000
2
1
2
1
3 2 3
1
= =
V a kN/ s
Hydraulic Efficiency = % 17 . 90 100
85 . 5189
82 . 4679
Energy/s Kinetic
done/s Work
= = =
h
Dec 06-Jan 07
A PELTON wheel t urbine is having a mean runner diameter of 1. 0 m and
is running at 1000 rpm. The net head is 100. 0 m. If the side clearance is
20 and discharge is 0. 1 m
3
/s, find the power available at the nozzle and
hydraulic efficiency of t he turbine. (10)
Solution:
D = 1. 0 m; N = 1000 rpm; H = 100. 0 m; = 20
o
; Q = 0. 1 m
3
/s; WD/s = ?
and
h
= ?
Assume C
v
= 0. 98
We know that t he velocit y of t he j et is given by
m/s 83 . 43 1000 10 2 98 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
The absolut e velocit y of the vane is given by
m/s 36 . 52
60
1000 1
60
=

= =
N D
u
This situation is impracticable and hence the dat a has to be modified.
Clearly st at e t he assumption as follows:
13
Assume H = 700 m (Because it is assumed that the t yping and seeing error
as 100 for 700)
Absolut e velocit y of the jet is given by
m/s 96 . 115 700 10 2 98 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
Power available at the nozzle is t he given bywork done per second
WD/second = Q H = g Q H = 1000x10x0. 1x700 = 700 kW
Hydraulic Efficiency is given by
, ) j , ) % 07 . 96 ) 20 cos 1 ( 36 . 52 96 . 115
96 . 115
36 . 52 2
cos 1
2
2 1 2
1
= +
= + = u V
V
u
h
July 06
A Pelt on wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s wit h a jet of wat er
flowing at the rat e of 700 lps under a head of 30 m. The buckets deflect
the jet through an angle of 160. Calculat e the power given by wat er to
the runner and t he hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume the
coefficient of nozzle as 0. 98. (08)
Soluti on:
u = 10 m/s; Q = 0. 7 m
3
/s; = 180-160 = 20
o
; H = 30 m; C
v
= 0. 98;
WD/s = ? and
h
= ?
Assume g = 10m/ s
2
52.36 Vr
1
V
1
=115.96
u
Deflection angle
Vr
2
52.36 Vw
2
V
f2
V
2
20
V
f1
=0
14
m/s 24 30 10 2 98 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
V
r 1
= V
1
-u = 24 10 = 14 m/s
Assuming no shock and frictional losses we have V
r 1
= V
r 2
= 14 m/ s
V
w2
= V
r 2
Cos - u = 14 x Cos 20 10 = 3. 16 m/s
We know that t he Work done by the j et on the vane is given by
WD/s j j
2 1 2 1 1 w w w w
V V u Q u V V V a + = + = as Q = aV
1
j 12 . 190 16 . 3 24 10 7 . 0 1000 = + = kN-m/s (Ans)
IP/s = KE/ s 201.6 24 7 . 0 1000
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
3
1
= = = = V Q V a kN-m/s
Hydraulic Efficiency = Out put/ Input = 190. 12/ 201. 6 = 94. 305%
It canalso be directly calculat ed by the derived equat ion as
, ) j , ) j 94.29% 20 cos 1 10 24
24
10 2
cos 1
2
2 1 2
1
= +
= + = u V
V
u
h
(Ans)
Jan 06
A Pelt on wheel has t o develop 13230 kW under a net head of 800 m while
running at a speed of 600 rpm. If the coefficient of Jet C
y
= 0. 97, speed
rat io | = 0. 46 and the ratio of the Jet diamet er is
1 /16 of wheel diameter. Calculat e
i) Pit ch circle diamet er ii) t he diamet er of jet
iii) t he quantit y of wat er supplied to t he wheel
10 Vr
1
V
1
=24
u
Deflection angle
Vr
2
10 Vw
2
V
f2
V
2
20
V
f1
=0
15
iv) the number of Jets required.
Assume over all efficiency as 85%. (08)
Soluti on:
P = 13239 kW; H = 800 m; N = 600 rpm; C
v
= 0. 97; = 0. 46 (Speed ratio)
d/D = 1/16;
o
= 0. 85; D = ?; d = ?; n = ?;
Assume g = 10 m/s
2
and = 1000 kg/m
3
We know that t he overall efficiency is given by
85 . 0
800 1000 10
10 13239
3
=

= = =
Q H Q
P
Input
Output
o
HenceQ = 1. 947 m
3
/s (Ans)
Absolut e velocit y of jet is given by
m/s 696 . 122 800 10 2 97 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
Absolut e velocit y of vane is given by
186 . 58 800 10 2 46 . 0 2 = = = H g u m/s
The absolut e velocit y of vane is also given by
60
N D
u
= and hence
m
N
u
D 85 . 1
600
186 . 58 60 60
=
= =

(Ans)
= =
16
85 . 1
d 115. 625 mm (Ans)
Discharge per j et = 1.288 696 . 122 115625 . 0
4 4
2 2
= = =

V d q m
3
/s
No. of j ets = 2
288 . 1
947 . 1
~ = =
q
Q
n (Ans)
July 05
Design a Pelton wheel for a head of 80m. and speed of 300 RPM. The
Pelton wheel develops 110 kW. Take co-eficient of velocit y= 0. 98, speed
rat io= 0. 48 and overall efficiency = 80%. (10)
Soluti on:
H = 80 m; N = 300 rpm; P = 110 kW; C
v
= 0. 98, K
u
=0. 48;
o
= 0. 80
16
Assume g = 10 m/s
2
and = 1000 kg/m
3
We know that t he overall efficiency is given by
8 . 0
80 1000 10
10 110
3
=

= = =
Q H Q
P
Input
Output
o
HenceQ = 0. 171875 m
3
/s
m/s 39.2 80 10 2 98 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
19.2 80 10 2 48 . 0 2 = = = H g u m/s
60
N D
u
= and hence
m
N
u
D 22 . 1
300
19.2 60 60
=
= =

(Ans)
Singlej et Pelton t urbine is assumed
The diamet er of j et is given by the discharge continuit y equat ion
171875 . 0 2 . 39
4 4
2 2
= = d V d Q

Henced = 74. 7 mm
The design parameters are
Single j et
Pitch Diamet er = 1. 22 m
Jet diameter = 74. 7 mm
Jet Ratio = 32 . 16
0747 . 0
22 . 1
= = =
d
D
m
No. of Buckets = 0. 5xm + 15 = 24
Jan 05
It is desired to generat e 1000 kW of power and survey reveals that 450 m
of st atic head and a minimum flow of 0. 3 m
3
/s are available. Comment
whether the t ask can be accomplished by inst alling a Pelton wheel run at
1000 rpm and having an overall efficiency of 80%.
17
Further, design the Pelton wheel assuming suit able dat a for coefficient of
velocit y and coefficient of drag. (08)
Soluti on:
P = 1000 kW; H = 450 m; Q = 0. 3 m
3
/s; N = 1000 rpm;
o
= 0. 8
Assume C
v
= 0. 98; K
u
=0. 45; = 1000 kg/ m
3
; g = 10 m/ s
2
74 . 0
450 3 . 0 1000 10
10 1000
3
=

= = =
H Q
P
Input
Output
o
For t he given condit ions of P, Q and H, it is not possible to achieve the

desired efficiency of 80%.
To decide whet her the task can be accomplished by a Pelton turbine
comput e the specific speedN
s
4
5
H
P N
N
s
= ;
where N is t he speed of runner, P is the power developed in kW and H is
the head available at the inlet .
25 . 15
450
1000 1000
4
5
= =
s
N <35
Hence the installation of single j et Pelt on wheel is justified.
m/s 97 . 92 450 10 2 98 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
19.2 80 10 2 48 . 0 2 = = = H g u m/s
60
N D
u
= and hence
m
N
u
D 22 . 1
300
19.2 60 60
=
= =

(Ans)
Single j et Pelton t urbine is assumed
The diamet er of j et is given by the discharge continuit y equat ion
18
171875 . 0 2 . 39
4 4
2 2
= = d V d Q

Henced = 74. 7 mm
The design parameters are
Single j et
Pitch Diamet er = 1. 22 m
Jet diameter = 74. 7 mm
Jet Ratio = 32 . 16
0747 . 0
22 . 1
= = =
d
D
m
No. of Buckets = 0. 5xm + 15 = 24
July04
A double j et Pelton wheel develops 895 MKW with an overall efficiency
of 82% under a head of 60m. The speed ratio = 0. 46, jet ratio = 12 and the
nozzle coefficient = 0. 97. Find t he j et diamet er, wheel diamet er and wheel
speed in RPM. (12)
Solut i on:
No. of j ets = n = 2; P = 895 kW;
o
= 0. 82; H = 60 m; K
u
= 0. 46; m = 12;
C
v
= 0. 97; D = ?; d = ?; N = ?
We know that t he absolut e velocit y of j et is given by
6 . 33 60 10 2 97 . 0 2 = = = H g C V
v
m/s
The absolut e velocit y of vane is given by
93 . 15 60 10 2 46 . 0 2 = = = H g K u
u
m/s
Overall efficiency is given by
H Q
P
o
= and hence 819 . 1

60 82 . 0 10 10
10 895
3
3
=

= =
H
P
Q

m
3
/s
Discharge per j et = 9095 . 0
2
819 . 1
= = =
n
Q
q m
3
/s
From discharge cont inuit y equation, discharge per j et is also given by
m d
d
V
d
q
186 . 0
9095 . 0 6 . 33
4 4
2 2
=
= =

19
Further, the j et ratio
d
D
m = =12
HenceD = 2. 232 m
Also
60
N D
u
= and hence 136

232 . 2
93 . 15 60 60
=
= =
D
u
N rpm
Not e: Design a Pelton wheel: Widt h of bucket = 5d and depth of bucket is
1. 2d
The following dat a is relat ed t o a Pelton wheel:
Head at the base of the nozzle = 80m; Diamet er of the jet = 100 mm;
Discharge of t he nozzle = 0. 3m
3
/s; Power at the shaft = 206 kW; Power
absorbed in mechanical resist ance = 4. 5 kW. Det ermine (i) Power lost in
the nozzle and (ii) Power lost due to hydraulic resist ance in t he runner.
Soluti on:
H = 80 m; d = 0. 1m; a = d
2
= 0. 007854 m
2
; Q = 0. 3 m
3
/ s; SP = 206
kW; Power absorbed in mechani cal resist ance = 4. 5 kW.
From discharge conti nuit y equation, we have,
Q = a x V = 0. 007854 x V 0. 3
V = 38. 197 m/ s
Power at the base of the nozzl e = g Q H
= 1000 x 10 x 0. 3 x 80 = 240 kW
Power correspondi ng t o t he ki net ic energy of the jet = a V
3
= 218. 85 kW
(i) Power at the base of the nozzle = Power of the jet + Power lost in the nozzle
Power lost in the nozzle= 240 218.85 = 21.15 kW (Ans)
(ii) Power at the base of the nozzle = Power at the shaft + Power lost in the
(nozzle + runner + due to mechanical
resistance)
Power lost in the runner = 240 (206 + 21.15 + 4.5) = 5.35 kW (Ans)
20
The water available for a Pelton wheel is 4 m
3
/s and the total head from reservoir
to the nozzle is 250 m. The turbine has two runners with two jets per runner. All
the four jets have the same diameters. The pipeline is 3000 m long. The
efficiency if power transmission through the pipeline and the nozzle is 91% and
efficiency of each runner is 90%. The velocity coefficient of each nozzle is 0.975
and coefficient of friction4f for the pipe is 0.0045. Determine:
(i) The power developed by the turbine; (ii) The diameter of the jet and (iii) The
diameter of the pipeline.
Solution:
Q = 4 m
3
/s; H
g
= 250 m; No. of jets = n = 2 x 2 = 4; Length of pipe = l = 3000 m;
Efficiency of the pipeline and the nozzle = 0.91 and Efficiency of the runner =
h
= 0.9; C
v
= 0.975; 4f = 0.0045
Efficiency of power transmission through pipelines and nozzle =
250
250
91 . 0
f
g
f g
h
H
h H
=
=
Henceh
f
= 22.5 m
Net head on the turbine = H = H
g
h
f
= 227.5 m
Velocity of jet = m/s 65.77 5 . 227 10 2 975 . 0 2
1
= = = H g C V
v
(i) Power at inlet of the turbine = WP = Kinetic energy/second = a V
3
WP = x 4 x 65. 77
2
= 8651. 39 kW
9 . 0
8651.39
by turbine developed Power
WP
by turbine developed Power
= =
h
Hence power developed by turbi ne = 0. 9 x 8651. 39 = 7786. 25 kW (Ans)

(ii ) Discharge per j et = /s m 0 . 1
4
0 . 4
jets of No.
discharge Total
3
= = = q
But 77 . 65
4
0 . 1
4
2
1
2
= = d V d q

Diamet er of jet = d = 0. 14 m (Ans)
(iii ) If D i s the di amet er of the pipeli ne, t hen t he head l oss through t he
pipe is given by = h
f
21
5
2 2
3 2
4
D
Q L f
D g
V L f
h
f
= = (From Q=aV)
5 . 22
3
4 3000 0045 . 0
5
2

=
D
h
f
Hence D = 0. 956 m (Ans)
The three jet Pelton wheel i s requi red to generate 10, 000 kW under a net
head of 400 m. The blade at out let is 15
o
and the reducti on in the rel ati ve
vel oci t y whil e passi ng over the bl ade is 5%. If the overall effi ci ency of
the wheel is 80%, C
v
= 0. 98 and the speed ratio = 0. 46, then find: (i) t he
diamet er of the j et, (ii ) tot al flow (ii i) t he force exerted by a j et on t he
buckets (iv) The speed of the runner.
Soluti on:
No of j ets = 3; Tot al Power P = 10, 000 kW; Net head H = 400 m; Bl ade
angle = = 15
o
; Vr
2
= 0. 95 Vr
1
; Overall effi ci ency =
o
= 0. 8; C
v
= 0. 98;
Speed ratio = K
u
= 0. 45; Frequency = f = 50 Hz/s.
We know that
400 10 1000
10 000 , 10
8 . 0
3

= =
Q H Q g
P
o
Q = 3. 125 m
3
/s (Ans)
Discharge through one nozzle = /s m 042 . 1
3
125 . 3
3
= = =
n
Q
q
Vel ocit y of the j et = /s m 65 . 87 400 10 2 98 . 0 2
3
1
= = = H g C V
v
But 65 . 87
4
042 . 1
4
2
1
2
= = d V d q

d = 123 mm (Ans)
Vel ocit y of the Vane = /s m 14 . 41 400 10 2 46 . 0 2
3
= = = H g K u
u
Vr
1
= (V
1
u
1
)=87. 6541. 14 = 46. 51 m/s
Vr
2
= 0. 95 Vr
1
= 0. 95 x 46. 51 = 44. 18 m/ s
V
w1
= V
1
= 87. 65 m/s
V
w2
= Vr
2
cos u
2
= 44. 18 cos 1541. 14 = 1. 53 m/s
Force exert ed by the jet on t he buckets = F
x
= q(Vw
1
+Vw
2
)
22
F
x
= 1000 x 1. 042 (87. 65+1. 53) = 92. 926 kN (Ans)
Jet ratio = (Assumed) 10 =
d
D
m
D = 1. 23 m
60
N D
u
=
Hence
23 . 1
14 . 41 60 60
= =
D
u
N =638. 8 rpm (Ans)

Pel Whe MNSP

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Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines

For t he given condit ions of P, Q and H, it is not possible to achieve the

= and hence 819 . 1

= and hence 136

Hence power developed by turbi ne = 0. 9 x 8651. 39 = 7786. 25 kW (Ans)

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