TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.

COURSE OIL AND GAS TECHNOLOGY CODE

SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
Objectives: Upon finishing this unit the trainees should be able to:
Outline a typical identification system
Recognize the most common instrument symbols and their meanings
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Outline of the identification system
3. Functional identification
. !ymbols in process control
". !ymbol recognition
Flo#
$e%el
&ressure
'emperature
Final (ontrol )lement
*iscellaneous symbols
+. !ummary
,--). 1: , typical &/I0 $egend !heet
Prepared by Danial
Ghasempour
Checked by Yeganeh
Larijani
Approved by !!"
Date #$%&$'' Date #$('$'' Date #$('$''
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS
1. INTRODUCTION
)%ery scientific and technical sub1ect de%elops a specialized language for transferring
information and ideas. 'he language usually includes #ords2 abbre%iations and symbols
that are uni3ue to that particular sub1ect. ,nyone #ho is learning a technical sub1ect must
also learn the language of that sub1ect. 'his includes the symbols and abbre%iations. For
the sub1ect of industrial process instrumentation2 a set of codes and symbols has been
de%eloped to pro%ide a satisfactory system of instrument identification and to ma4e
instrumentation dra#ings and layouts more consistent. Once you become familiar #ith
these codes and symbols2 it #ill be much easier to understand instrument dra#ings and
systems. It should be noted that in past years there ha%e been a number of different
coding systems such as those de%eloped by the !cientific ,pparatus *a4ers ,ssociation
5!.,.*.,.6. In more recent years the codes preferred2 #ere those de%eloped by the
Instrument !ociety of ,merica 5I.!.,.6. 'hese codes ha%e been generally accepted into
the International codes and standards. 'he codes and symbols used in this unit #ill be
e7amples ta4en from the I.!.,. system. &ractically2 it is al#ays #ise to loo4 at the
instrument legend be)ore attempting to read Instrument diagrams.
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
2. OUTLINE OF THE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
)ach instrument shall be identified first by a system of letters. 'hese are used to classify
the instruments functionally. 'hey gi%e information regarding #hat type of %ariable is being
measured or controlled and #hat function the instrument is performing. 'o identify the
instrument loop2 a number is 1oined to the letters. 'his number #ill usually be common to
other instruments of the loop of #hich the instrument is a part. !ometimes a suffi7 5e7tra
letter6 is added after the number to complete the loop identification.
P RC 302 A
First letter !ucceeding
$etters
$oop
-umber
!uffi7
5Usually not needed6
Functional identification $oop identification
Instrument Identification
or
'ag -umber
Table 2.1 - Syse! F"# I$e%&'y&%( I%s#)!e% Sy!b"ls
'he instrument tag number may include coded information such as the plant area location.
)ach instrument may be represented on a diagram by a symbol. 'he symbol may also
ha%e identification.
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
3. FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION
'he functional identification of an instrument shall be made up of letters ta4en from 'able
3.1 on the ne7t page. 'he code shall include one first letter2 co%ering the measured or
initiating %ariable follo#ed by succeeding letters that co%er the functions of the instrument.
,n e7ception to this rule is the use of the letter 8$8 to denote a pilot light that is not part of
an instrument loop.
'he functional identification of an instrument shall be made according to the function of the
instrument and not according to the construction. , typical e7ample is #hen a differential
pressure recorder is used to record rates of flo#. It #ill then be identified as a flo#
recorder e%en though it is actually measuring differential pressure. ,nother e7ample is
#hen a pressure s#itch is connected to the output of a pneumatic le%el transmitter. 'he
pressure s#itch 5&!6 shall be identified as a le%el s#itch 5$!6 because the pressure
change at the s#itch is due to a change in the le%el transmitter output.
In an instrument loop2 the first letter of the functional identification shall be selected
according to the measured or initiating %ariable and not according to the manipulated
%ariable. ,n e7ample is #hen a flo# control %al%e is used to control li3uid le%el. 'he %al%e
is called a le%el control %al%e 5$(96 and not a flo# control %al%e 5F(96.
'he succeeding letters of the functional identification are assigned one or more readout or
indicating functions or output functions or both. , modifying letter may be used if re3uired
in addition to one or more other succeeding letters.
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
MEANIN*S OF IDENTIFICATION LETTERS
T+&s able a,,l&es "%ly " +e ')%-&"%al &$e%&'&-a&"% "' I%s#)!e%s
FIRST LETTER SUCCEEDIN* LETTERS
MEASURED OR
INITIATIN* .ARIABLE MODIFIER
READOUT OR
PASSI.E
FUNCTION
OUTPUT
FUNCTION
MODIFIER
A
,nalysis ,larm
B
:urner Flame User8s choice User8s choice User8s choice
C
(onducti%ity
5)lectrical.6
(ontrol
D
0ensity 5*ass6 or
!pecific ;ra%ity
0ifferential
E
9oltage 5)*F6 &rimary )lement
F
Flo# Rate Ratio<Fraction
*
;auging ;lass
H
=and
5*anually initiated6
=igh
I
(urrent 5)lectrical6 Indicate
/
&o#er !can
0
'ime or !chedule (ontrol !tation
L
$e%el $ight 5&ilot6 $o#
M
*oisture or =umidity *iddle or
Intermediate
N
User8s choice User8s choice User8s choice User8s choice
O
User8s choice Orifice<Restriction
P
&ressure or 9acuum &oint
5'est connection6
1
>uantity or e%ent Integrate or
'otalize
R
Radioacti%ity Record or &rint
S
!peed or Fre3uency !afety !#itch
T
'emperature 'ransmit
U
*ulti%ariable *ultifunction *ultifunction *ultifunction
.
9iscosity 9al%e2 0amper
or $ou%er
2
?eight or Force ?ell
3
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
Y
User8s choice Relay or
(ompute
4
&osition 0ri%e2 ,ctuate
or unclassified
final control
element
Table 3.1 - Mea%&%(s "' &$e%&'&-a&"% lee#s
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
In dra#ings2 tag numbers are placed in circles called balloons. 'he follo#ing diagram
sho#s the standard balloon arrangements.
F&(. 3.1 - Ball""% a##a%(e!e%s
-ote that the functional identification is al#ays in the top half of the balloon #hile the loop
number is in the bottom half. , solid line dra#n across the center of the balloon indicates
a board@mounted instrument. , bro4en line across the center of the balloon indicates a
behind the board mounted instrument. , balloon #ith no centerline indicates that the
instrument is local or field mounted 5i.e. local to the plant and not on a panel board6.
?hen t#o balloons are touching2 multiple functions are indicated. , typical e7ample of
this #ould be a multi point recorder #here the recorder had pens to record pressure
temperature and flo#. In this case there #ould be three balloons touching2 each #ith its
respecti%e tag number. If the instrument is board mounted2 there may be a small number
on the outside of the balloon. 'his identifies the control board #here the instrument is
located.
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
5. SYMBOLS IN PROCESS CONTROL
0ifferent types of process control signals are used in industrial instrumentation. &rocess
control signals can be any of the follo#ing types:
&neumatic.
)lectronic.
=ydraulic.
!onic.
Indication radioacti%ity.
)ach type has a different symbol as sho#n belo#.
F&(. 5.1 - I%s#)!e% -"%%e-&%( l&%es
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
F&(. 5.2 - Ty,&-al +ea e6-+a%(e# -"%#"l l"",s
Figure .2 sho#s a typical diagram for a process heat e7changer. In this diagram the
steam flo#s to the heat e7changer to heat the process fluid. -ote that %arious primary
elements and different types of signals are used. 'o demonstrate applications2 electronic
and pneumatic signals are sho#n. :oard mounted recorder FR 1AA has an electronic
input #hile board mounted 'R( 1A2 has a pneumatic input. :oard mounted 'R( 1A1 has
a filled or thermal system input.
!tudying a dra#ing similar to the heat e7changer diagram can learn a lot of information
about both process and instrumentation. 'he combined loops measuring steam flo# 5FR
1A26 and steam pressure 5&R 1A36 sho# ho# symbols are applied. For e7ample2 note
ho# the locally mounted transmitter F' 1A2 sends a signal to board mounted recorder FR
1A2. 'he number 1 identifies the board location. !imilar information from the pressure
loop 5&' 1A3 and &R 1A36 includes the fact that the do#nstream pressure is recorded.
?hen compressible fluids 5gas2 air2 %apor2 or steam6 are measured2 the use of upstream
or do#nstream pressure #ill noticeably affect the final 3uantity or %olume that is calculated
from the recording charts. 'he solid line 1oining the pressure transmitter to the process is
positioned on the e7change side of the orifice2 meaning the do#nstream pressure is
recorded. In flo# loop 1AA the flo# element or primary measuring element is not the same
as the one used in the steam loop. 'he arro# #ith the letter B&B 5& stands for purge6
sho#s that the process fluid is either scale forming or a type of fluid that must not come
into contact #ith the #et parts of the transmitter. 'he output signal is electronic and not
pneumatic. In the temperature loop the final control element is a %al%e. 'he BFOB by the
symbol sho#s that the %al%e #ill be BFail OpenB if the air signal fails or if the %al%e
diaphragm bursts. 'he second balloon attached to the 'R( 5'! 1A16 means a pen
acti%ated s#itch is used to actuate a ',$ 5'emperature alarm lo#62 #hich is also located
on the central control board or panel.
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7. SYMBOL RECO*NITION
If you are to determine the meanings of loop connections2 you should be able to recognize
symbols representing primary and final de%ices. &rimary de%ices for the main process
%ariables 5i.e. flo#2 le%el2 pressure and temperature6 are sho#n in the follo#ing primary
element diagrams. Other final and primary elements e7ist in addition to those sho#n.
=o#e%er2 if you can understand the symbols sho#n here2 the others #ill be easy to
recognize.
7.1 Fl"8
*uch time and effort has gone into designing standard symbols that loo4 similar to the
actual operating mechanism. For e7ample2 F) C clearly sho#s some form of propeller
de%ice #hile F) + sho#s some form of restriction to the flo# line.
F&(. 7.1.1 - P#&!a#y ele!e%s '"# 'l"8
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7.2 Le9el
'he diagram belo# sho#s that le%el symbols and actual installations are fairly similar.
-ote the difference bet#een $' 1D and $' 1C. $' 1D has differential taps applied to a
closed or pressurized %essel #hile $' 1C is piped to an open or atmospheric %essel. -ote
also that the lo#@pressure side is %ented to atmosphere.
F&(. 7.2.1 - P#&!a#y ele!e%s '"# le9el
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7.3 P#ess)#e
'he diagram belo# sho#s some applications of pressure measurement common in
process instrumentation. In & 2D the direction of flo# is sho#n #here the pressure
measurement is ta4en. In this system the do#nstream pressure is measured. If the
process re3uirements #ere such that the upstream pressure needed to be measured the
flo# arro# #ould be re%ersed or the &' #ould be placed on the opposite leg of the F'.
F&(. 7.3.1 - ,#&!a#y ele!e%s '"# ,#ess)#e
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7.5 Te!,e#a)#e
In the diagram belo#2 B'?B s 5'est #ells6 are included #ith the primary elements. For
e7ample2 primary element 'R 31 indicates a temperature recorder that is directly
connected to a process pipe by a filled thermal system. , E'?B is usually installed #ithin
2"A to 3AA mm of the thermal element. 'he test #ell is used to test installed instruments
for accuracy #ithout remo%ing or replacing the primary element.

F&(. 7.5.1 - P#&!a#y ele!e%s '"# e!,e#a)#e
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7.7 F&%al -"%#"l ele!e%s
9al%es2 the final de%ices in a control loop are sho#n in the diagram belo#. ?hile %al%es
are the most common final elements2 other types are also used. 'hese include damper
dri%es2 speed controls or other types of positioning hard#are. -otice that any of the
actuators can be used #ith any of the bodies sho#n. Usually2 you can use only the
simplest symbols on many dra#ings and reser%e the detailed specifications for instrument
loop diagrams.
F&(. 7.7.1 - F&%al -"%#"l ele!e%s
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
7.: M&s-ella%e")s sy!b"ls
'he diagram belo# sho#s other fre3uently used symbols. :ecause many of these
symbols #ill be found in our piping and instrument dra#ings2 it is important that you
become familiar #ith them.
F&(. 7.:.1 - M&s-ella%e")s sy!b"ls
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TSP-POGC-NIGC T.T.F.
SUBJECT INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS CODE
P/TM/TRG/I.IS/001
:. SUMMARY
,n instrument identification system should include the follo#ing:
'ag numbers to define process function and instrument location.
!ymbols to identify pneumatic2 electronic2 capillary2 hydraulic2 sonic or radioacti%ity
process control signals.
!ymbols to represent primary and final control de%ices that go%ern flo#2 le%el2
pressure and temperature.
Four types of dra#ings are used in process control systems:
&iping and instrument dra#ings 5& / I0s.6 as the basis of any process design.
$ocation dra#ings to indicate the position of installed instrument e3uipment.
Installation dra#ings to pro%ide details of components and instrument positions.
$oop diagrams for calibration and trouble shooting purposes.
,s noted in the Introduction2 there are other symbols published2 so before trying to read
instrument diagrams2 ma4e sure you study the instrument legend first.
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