CHEMISTRY ANSWERING TECHNIQUES

GUIDELINE FOR ANSWERING ESSAY PAPER 2 ( SECTION B AND C)

SECTION B
Consists of RESTRICTED RESPONSE (close end)
Normally FACTS / CONCEPT
Require explanation on concepts/facts


SECTION C
Consists of OPEN RESPONSE (open end)
Normally FACTS / CONCEPT / EXPERIMENTS / PROCESS
Multiple answers for FACTS / CONCEPTS / EXPERIMENTS
Require explanation









SECTION B [CLOSE END]
QUESTION 1
Diagram shows the chemical symbols which represent three element X, Y and Z. These
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.

(a) Explain the formation of the bond that is formed between
(i) element X and element Y
(ii) element Y and element Z [12 marks]

(b) Compare the melting points of compound formed in (a). Explain your answer.
[6 marks]
ANSWER

(a) (i) X and Y
The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.2 and atom Y is 2.8.7.
Atom X release 2 electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement
X
2+
ion is formed/
Atom Y accept 1 electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement
Y

ion is formed.
Two electrons are transferred from one atom X to two atom Y.
X
2+
ion and Y

ion are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic force.
An ionic compound with the formula of XY
2
is formed.

(ii) Y and Z
The electron arrangement of atom Z is 2.4 and atom Y is 2.8.7.
Atom Z contributes 4 electrons for sharing
Atom Y contributes 1 electron for sharing
One atom Z share 4 pairs of electrons with four Y atoms to achieve a stable octet
electron arrangement.
A covalent compound with the formula of ZY
4
is formed.




(b)
Compound XY
2
(ionic) Compound ZY
4
(covalent)
1. High melting point
2. Ions (X
2+
ion and Y

ion) are attracted to
each other by strong electrostatic force
3. More heat energy is needed to overcome
the forces of attraction
4. Low melting point
5. Molecules (ZY
4
molecules) are
attracted to each other by weak
intermolecular forces
6. Less heat energy is needed to
overcome the forces of attraction

QUESTION 2
The following information is about hydrochloric acid solution and ethanoic acid solution.
Acid Concentration (mol dm
-3
) pH
Ethanoic acid solution 1.0 4
Hydrochloric acid solution 1.0 1

Explain why these two solutions have different pH values. [4 marks]

ANSWER


Hydrochloric acid solution is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

Hydrochloric acid ionize completely in water to form high concentration of
hydrogen ion// ethanoic acid ionize partially in water to form low concentration
of hydrogen ion.

The concentration of hydrogen ion in hydrochloric acid is higher than ethanoic
acid.

Therefore, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ion, the lower the pH value.



QUESTION 3
The following information is about sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution.
Alkali Concentration (mol dm
-3
) pH
Sodium hydroxide solution 1.0 14
Ammonia solution 1.0 11

Explain why these two solutions have different pH values. [4 marks]

ANSWER

Potassium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali and aqueous ammonia is a weak
alkali.

Potassium hydroxide ionize completely in water to form high concentration of
hydroxide ion// Ammonia ionize partially in water to form low concentration of
hydroxide ion.

The concentration of hydroxide ion in potassium hydroxide is higher than
ammonia.

Therefore, the higher the concentration of hydroxide ion, the higher the pH
value.

QUESTION 4
A group of students carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting
the rate of reaction. The table shows information about the reactants and the
temperature used in each experiment.
Experiment Reactants Temperature / C
I Large marble chips and 25 cm
3
of 0.5
mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
30
II Large marble chips and 25 cm
3
of 0.5
mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
40
III Small marble chips and 25 cm
3
of 0.5
mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
40
Based on the table, compare the rate of reaction between
Experiment I and II
Experiment II and III
In each case, explain the difference in the rate of reaction with reference to the collision
theory. [10 marks]

ANSWER

Experiment I and II
The rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher.
The temperature of solution in Experiment II is higher.
The kinetic energy of hydrogen ions in Experiment II is higher.
The frequency of collision between carbonate ions and hydrogen ions in
Experiment II is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between carbonate ions and hydrogen ions in
Experiment II is also higher.
Experiment II and III
The rate of reaction in Experiment III is higher.
The particle size of marble chips in Experiment III is smaller.
The total surface area of marble chips exposed to collision in Experiment III is
higher.
The frequency of collision between carbonate ions and hydrogen ions in
Experiment III is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between carbonate ions and hydrogen ions in
Experiment III is also higher.
QUESTION 5
A group of students carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting
the rate of reaction. The table shows information about the reactants used in each
experiment.
Experiment Reactants Time taken to collect 25 cm
3

hydrogen gas (s)
I Excess zinc granules and 25 cm
3
of
0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
50
II Excess zinc granules and 25 cm
3
of
1.0 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid
20
III Excess zinc granules and 25 cm
3
of
0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid with
2 cm
3
of copper(II) sulphate
solution
15
Based on the table, compare the rate of reaction between
Experiment I and II
Experiment I and III
In each case, explain the difference in the rate of reaction with reference to the collision
theory. [10 marks]

ANSWER

Experiment I and II
The rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher.
The concentration of hydrochloric acid in Experiment II is higher.
The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume hydrochloric acid in Experiment II
is higher.
The frequency of collision between zinc (atom) and hydrogen ions in Experiment
II is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between zinc (atom) and hydrogen ions in
Experiment II is also higher.


Experiment I and III
The rate of reaction in Experiment III is higher.
Copper(II) sulphate catalyst present in Experiment III provide an alternative
path with lower activation energy.
More particles that collide be able to achieve this lower activation energy.
The frequency of collision between zinc (atom) and hydrogen ions in Experiment
III is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between zinc (atom) and hydrogen ions in
Experiment III is also higher.



ANSWER

Experiment I Experiment II
Observation at anode Gas bubbles are released Copper anode becomes thinner
Observation at cathode Brown solid deposited Copper cathode becomes thicker
// Brown solid deposited
Product at anode Oxygen gas Copper (II) ions
Half equation at anode 4OH O
2
+2H
2
O + 4e Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
QUESTION 6
Diagram shows the apparatus set- up of two experiments to investigate the electrolysis
of copper(II) sulphate solution using different electrodes.


Compare Experiment I and Experiment II in terms of the observations at the anode and
cathode, the name of the products formed at the anode half equations for the reactions
at the anode. [10 marks]



QUESTION 7
(a) Describe how the process of iron rusting occurs naturally in daily life.

(b) Why metal easily corrodes in the area closer to the sea? [9marks]

ANSWER
(a)
Rusting of iron occurs in the presence of water and oxygen.
Iron becomes anode which is in contact with water and oxygen.
Iron atoms release electrons to form iron(II) ions// Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
The electron flows to the edge of the water circle at cathode where a lot of
dissolve oxygen can be found.
Oxygen and water accept electron to form OH
-
ion //O
2
+ 2H
2
O +4e
Hydroxide ions, OH- ions combined with iron(II) ions to form iron(II) hydroxide//
Fe
2+
Fe(OH)
2

Iron(II) hydroxide is then further oxidized to form hydrated iron(III) oxide known
as rust.

(b) Sea water contains salt . Salt solution acts as an electrolyte.



SECTION C [OPEN END]
QUESTION 1
You are required to prepare dry copper (II) sulphate salt.

By using suitable chemicals, describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. In
your description, include the chemical equations involved. [10 marks]

ANSWER

Chemicals/Materials:
Copper(II) oxide powder, 0.5 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid, distilled water.

Procedure:
1. Measure 100 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid solution by using measuring cylinder
and then pour into a beaker. Heat the solution gently.
2. Add copper(II) oxide powder little by little until in excess.
3. Stir the mixture with glass rod.
4. The heating is stopped when copper(II) oxide is no longer dissolve in acid.
5. Filter the mixture.
6. Heat the filtrate of copper(II) sulphate solution until one-third its original volume.
7. Cool the saturated copper(II) sulphate solution to room temperature.
8. Filter the copper(II) sulphate crystals.
9. Rinse the copper(II) sulphate crystals.
10. Press the copper(II) sulphate crystals between two filter papers.

Equation:
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O







QUESTION 2
Silver chloride is insoluble salt. You are required to prepare dry silver chloride salt.
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. In your description, include the
procedure, observation and ionic equation. [10 marks]

ANSWER

Materials:
0.5 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate, 0.5 mol dm
-3
sodium chloride, distilled water.

Procedure:
1. Measure 20 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate solution using measuring cylinder and
pour into a beaker.
2. Measure 20 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
sodium chloride solution using measuring cylinder
and pour into the same beaker.
3. Stir the mixture with glass rod.
4. Filter the mixture.
5. Rinse the residue of silver chloride with distilled water.
6. Press the silver chloride salt between two filter papers.

Observation:
White precipitate is formed. Silver chloride is white solid.

Ionic equation: Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl














QUESTION 3

You are given a solution that contains a mixture of iron(III) nitrate and iron(III)
chloride.
Describe the confirmatory tests to determine the presence of cation and anion in the
solution. Your description must include all reagents used, observation and conclusion.
[10 marks]
ANSWER
Test for iron (III) ion:
1. Pour 2 cm
3
of solution into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution into the test tube.
3. Shake the test tube.
4. Observation: Dark blue colouration is formed.
5. Iron(III) ion is confirmed present.

OR
Test for iron (III) ion:
1. Pour 2 cm
3
of solution into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of potassium thiocyanate solution into the test tube.
3. Shake the test tube.
4. Observation: Blood red colouration is formed.
5. Iron(III) ion is confirmed present.

Test for nitrate ion:
1. Pour 2 cm
3
of solution into a test tube.
2. Add 2 cm
3
of dilute sulphuric acid followed by 2 cm
3
of iron(II) sulphate solution into
the test tube.
3. Add concentrated sulphuric acid drop by drop slowly into a slanted test tube using a
dropper.
4. Observation: Brown ring is formed.
5. Nitrate ion is confirmed present.






Test for chloride ion:
1. Pour 2 cm
3
of solution into a test tube.
2. Add 2 cm
3
of dilute hydrochloric acid followed by 2 cm
3
of silver nitrate solution into
the test tube.
3. Shake the test tube.
4. Observation: White precipitate is formed.
5. Chloride ion is confirmed present.

QUESTION 4

Describe two chemical properties to verify the solution is an acid.
In your answer, include example of an acid, procedure, observatiom and chemical
equation for the reaction involved. [8 marks]

ANSWER

Example of acid: Hydrochloric acid

Reaction of hydrochloric acid with Magnesium:
1. Pour 3 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid into a test tube.
2. Add 1 cm of magnesium ribbon into the test tube.
3. Place a lighted wooden splinter near the mouth of the test tube.
. bservation: Gas bubbles are released. A pop sound is produced.
5. Equation: 2HCl + Mg MgCl
2
+ H
2


Reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate:
1. Pour 3 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric acid into a test tube.
2. Add 1 g of calcium carbonate powder into the test tube.
3. Close the test tube with stopper fitted with delivery tube. The delivery tube is
immersed into lime water.
4. Observation: Gas bubbles are released. Lime water turns chalky.
5. Equation: 2HCl + CaCO
3
CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O






QUESTION 5
Substance Molecular formula
V C
6
H
14
T C
6
H
12
Table above shows two hydrocarbon compounds V and T which are colourless liquids at
room temperature. Describe one chemical test used in the laboratory to differentiate
liquid V and T. In your explanation, include observation, conclusion and chemical
equation. [8 marks]
ANSWER

Procedure:
1. Pour 3 cm
3
of liquid V into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of bromine water into the test tube.
3. Shake the test tube.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated using liquid T.

Observation:
Compound Observation
Liquid V No change
Liquid T Brown solution turns colourless
Equation:
C
6
H
12
+ Br
2
C
6
H
12
Br
2

Conclusion: Liquid V is alkane and liquid T is alkene.
OR
Procedure:
1. Pour 3 cm
3
of liquid V into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII) into the test tube.
3. Shake the test tube.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated using liquid T.

Observation:
Compound Observation
Liquid V No change
Liquid T Purple solution turns colourless
Equation:
C
6
H
12
+ [O] + H
2
O C
6
H
12
(OH)
2

Conclusion: Liquid V is alkane and liquid T is alkene.
QUESTION 6

A student intends to prepare an ester Q from the reaction between named alcohol and
named carboxylic acid.
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the ester. Your answer should include the
following :
A list of material
Procedure of the experiment
Observation and chemical equation
Name of the ester produced [10 marks]

ANSWER

Materials:
Ethanol, ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, distilled water.

Procedure:
1. Pour 3 cm
3
of ethanol into a boiling tube.
2. Add 3 cm
3
of ethanoic acid into the boiling tube and shake the boiling tube.
3. Add 2 cm
3
of concentrated sulphuric acid slowly into the boiling tube.
4. Heat the mixture until it boils.
5. Boils the mixture for 5 minutes.
6. Pour the mixture into a beaker containing distilled water. Record the observation.

Observation:
Colourless solution is formed.
The sweet smell product is produced.

Equation: CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O

Name of ester: ethyl ethanoate





QUESTION 7

Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in the molten state but cannot conduct
electricity in the solid state.
Name one example of the ionic compound.
Describe an experiment to prove the above statement. Your description should include
the following:
List of apparatus
Procedure
Observation [8 marks]

ANSWER

Ionic compound: lead(II) bromide

Apparatus: Crucible, pipe clay triangle, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, glass rod, two
carbon electrodes, two dry cells, ammeter, switch, connecting wire.

Procedure:
1. Fill the crucible with solid lead(II) bromide solid until it is half full.
2. Dip two carbon electrodes into the crucible.
3. Connect the electrodes to dry cells, ammeter and switch by using connecting wire.
4. Turn on the switch and the reading of ammeter is recorded.
5. Heat the crucible strongly until it melts.
6. Turn on the switch and the reading of ammeter is recorded.

Observation:
Lead(II) bromide solid: No deflection of the ammeter pointer
Lead(II) bromide molten: Ammeter pointer shows deflection