Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa Dictionary

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First Edition, 2009
Published by:
Vajra Publications
Jyatha, Thamel,
P.O. Box 21779, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel.: 977-1-4220562, Fax: 977-1-4246536
e-mail: bidur_la@mos.com.np
www.vajrabooks.com.np
Distributor:
Vajra Books
Kathmandu, Nepal
by Authors
Cover photo by Nicolas Tournadre
ISBN: 978-9937-506-35-9
Printed in Nepal
Table of contents
Foreword....... .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Preface........... .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. 13
Overview....... ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 17
1. The Sherpa people and the Sherpa-speaking area ................................................................. 19
2. The Sherpa language .............................................................................................................. 21
2.1 Linguistic afliation ....................................................................................................... 21
2.2 Dialect variation ............................................................................................................. 21
2.3 Languages closely related to Sherpa .............................................................................. 22
2.4 Emergence of a writing system for Sherpa .................................................................... 22
2.5 Previous studies of the Sherpa language ........................................................................ 23
3. Sherpa romanization .............................................................................................................. 24
3.1 Pronunciation of the letters ............................................................................................ 24
3.2 Tone registers ................................................................................................................. 29
3.3 Tone contours ................................................................................................................. 30
3.4 Vowel length ................................................................................................................... 30
4. Sherpa script in the dictionary ............................................................................................... 30
4.1 The alphabet ................................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Spelling issues ................................................................................................................ 32
4.3 Syllable structure ............................................................................................................ 33
4.4 Pronunciation of the second syllable .............................................................................. 41
5. Guide for the user of this dictionary ...................................................................................... 43
List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 44
Sherpa-English-Tibetan-Nepali dictionary ..................................................................................... 45
English-Sherpa dictionary ............................................................................................................... 155
Nepali Sherpa dictionary ................................................................................................................. 203
Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 255
Appendix 1 Transliteration ........................................................................................................ 257
Appendix 2 Choosing a script for Sherpa ................................................................................. 259
Appendix 3 The main phonological and morphological
characteristics of the Sherpa language ...................................................................................... 262
1. The phonemic system ........................................................................................................... 262
2. Phonological correspondences of Literary Tibetan in Sherpa .............................................. 264
2.1 Sufxed letters.............................................................................................................. 264
2.2 Initial consonant clusters .............................................................................................. 267
2.3 Loss of aspiration ......................................................................................................... 268
2.4 Tone shifts .................................................................................................................... 268
3. Main morphological characteristics ...................................................................................... 269
3.1 Nominal sufxes .......................................................................................................... 269
3.2 Adjectival sufxes ........................................................................................................ 270
3.3 Linking verbs................................................................................................................ 270
3.4 Verb sufxes ................................................................................................................. 271
3.5 Verb stems .................................................................................................................... 274
3.6 Variation of the stem according to the verbal sufx ..................................................... 276
3.7 Negative afxes ............................................................................................................ 279
3.8 Interrogative particles ................................................................................................... 280
Appendix 4 Irregular verbs ........................................................................................................ 281
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 291
7
Hqtgyqtf
As is the case Ior many indigenous peoples around the world, the preservation oI culture and identity
is important Ior the Sherpas. Language and scripts play an important role in this endeavor.
The Sherpas are one oI the main Himalayan indigenous ethnic groups, and their language is
widely spoken in many isolated communities. UnIortunately, its use is diminishing rapidly due to the
inIluences oI outside society and culture. Luckily, many Sherpas oI the present generation Ieel
strongly that preservation oI the language is important. ThereIore, all oI us must work hard to make
this happen. This Sherpa-English dictionary, which has been compiled by expert linguist ProIessor Dr.
Nicolas Tournadre, Lopon Gyurme Chodrak Sherpa, Dr. Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa, and doctoral student
Mr. Guillaume Oisel, is an excellent model oI the kind oI high quality work that will help conserve
the Sherpa language. I would like to thank all the co-authors Ior their dedication and contributions.
The Iinancial and logistic support oI The Mountain Institute played a vital role in completion oI
this valuable work. I trust that this dictionary will play a positive role in conservation oI the Sherpa
language.
Nawang Tenzin Zangpo,
Reincarnate Lama,
Tengboche Monastery,
the 6th oI February 2007
4
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5
Preface
The Sherpas are a minority ethnic group of &epal. Their ancestors are "elieved to have
migrated south from the Ti"etan plateau over 633 years ago, and entered into the 7hum"u, a vacant
valley on the south slopes of 8omolangma 9)ount !verest : Sagarmatha;. The 7hum"u was regarded
as a beyul one of $admasam"hava<s sacred hidden valleys. The culture and language of the Sherpa
people evolved in this isolated environment, and thus developed their own uni+ue characteristics over
the centuries.
Sherpa is one of the Ti"etic languages within the Ti"eto=urman group of the SinoTi"etan
family of languages. ,n recent years, the use of the Sherpa language has "een declining rapidly.
=ecause of unfavora"le education policies and the increasing influence of dominant cultures, Sherpa
is not "eing effectively passed on from one generation to the ne#t, and it is not properly documented
or taught in schools. ,f no action is taken, the Sherpa language could die out within several
generations, thus threatening our identity and culture.
As a mem"er of the Sherpa community, , am very proud of our uni+ue culture and traditions,
and the prospect of losing this heritage has "een worrying me. ,n the year 2333, , had an opportunity
to e#press these concerns to the Tengpoche /inpoche, &awang Ten-in .angpo. /inpoche not only
shared my concerns, "ut he himself had "een thinking a"out compiling a glossary of Sherpa words for
+uite some time. Towards this goal, he had already collected a trunk full of documents. >e agreed
that the responsi"ility of preserving a language lies with the people who speak it. Therefore, we
agreed that we must try to do something "efore it was too late.
At that time, , was working on a multiyear $ro?ect in the Ti"etan Autonomous /egion 9TA/,
$/(; which made it difficult to start up language conservation in 7hum"u. =ut in 233@, /inpoche
initiated the work of documenting the Sherpa language, with the assistance of Loppon 'yurme
(hodrak, a native Sherpa who had graduated from a program in advanced =uddhist studies in ,ndia.
=y the time , returned from Ti"et in 2336, over A3,333 Sherpa words had "een collected and
documented with e#panded definitions and e#planations to produce the draft Sherpa'i tshig mdzod
chen mo kun gsal me long 9BThe great Sherpa dictionaryC a clear mirrorB;. This compilation also
contains histories and "iographies of religious sites and personalities of the Solukhum"u region.
,n 2336, at /inpoche<s re+uest, , took over responsi"ility for completing the Sherpa dictionary
pro?ect. The first priority was to assist with completion and pu"lication of the Shar pa'i tshig mdzod
A3
chen mo kun gsal me long. The second priority was to make the work more accessi"le. >hile the Shar
pai tshig mdzod chen mo kun gsal me long is an invalua"le compilation and a great resource "ook, it
is written entirely in the Sam"hota 9Ti"etan; script, and thus cannot "e used "y younger generations of
Sherpa, who are educated only in &epali and !nglish. This led to the idea of developing a Sherpa
le#icon with !nglish, &epali, and Ti"etan translations, using Sam"hota, /oman, and %evanagari
scripts.
The challenge was that simply knowing how to speak the three languages is not enough to
develop a +uality language dictionary. ,t re+uires input from many speakers, and from e#pert linguists.
>e were fortunate that we were a"le to call on the e#pertise of %r. &icolas Tournadre, $rofessor of
Linguistics at University of $rovence, 1rance who speciali-es in Ti"etan languages. %r. Tournadre
not only agreed to colla"orate on the dictionary, "ut also involved his doctoral student, )r. 'uillaume
*isel. They took an active role in developing the Sherpa orthography and romani-ation system, in
analy-ing Sherpa phonology, and in providing Ti"etan translations. )r. *isel took on the initial
"i"liographic research, computer entry, formatting, and layout of the dictionary. )ost importantly,
they contri"uted the academic rigor and linguistic e#pertise necessary to produce a +uality work.
)r. 'yurme (hodrak, for his part, contri"uted to the writing of Sherpa words using the
Sam"hota script. )any of the Sherpa words in this dictionary were "orrowed from the Shar pa'i tshig
mdzod chen mo though it must "e noted that, in order to represent authentic spoken Sherpa, we had
to modify many words "efore integrating them into the dictionary, as they reflected the influence of
Literary Ti"etan. )y own contri"ution was not that of an e#pert, "ut rather, a ?ackofalltrades. ,
assisted with ensuring overall consistency in translations "etween languages 9Sherpa, Ti"etan,
!nglish, and &epali;, and provided information on the Sherpa words and their pronunciation. , also
raised some funds to support the operating costs of the pro?ect and served in the role of %irector for
the $ro?ect.
This dictionary thus represents a great colla"orative effort, and is the result of nearly four years
of hard work 92336 to 2335;. )y wife Helen Sherpa and our children kept asking when the pro?ect
would "e completed. )y A@ year old daughter, $asang Dang?in, once said Eit seems odd that my
father is making a Sherpa dictionary "ut , know so little of itF. This dictionary has "een prepared "oth
to help preserve the language and to help younger generations of Sherpas "ecome more familiar with
their ancestral language. %ocumentation of a language has no use unless there are people to use it. ,
AA
hope many interested young Sherpas will find this helpful to reconnect with their community and
culture.
Although there are some dialectal differences, there is generally good intelligi"ility throughout
the whole Sherpa linguistic area. Some would argue that the differences are significant "etween Solu
and 7hum"u. ,n any language, similarities and differences can "e found. ,f the aim is to take into
account all the dialectal variations, then designing a dictionary can "ecome overwhelming. Therefore,
it must "e stated here that this dictionary is "ased mainly on the 7hum"u dialect. , hope that this work
will provide a "asis for Sherpas from different regions to ?udge for themselves the similarities and
differences. As we learn more a"out the language, we hope to offer information a"out other dialects
and varieties.
Lhakpa &or"u Sherpa, $h%.,
Project Director of the Sherpa Language Preservation and Development Program,
7athmandu, &epal, 8une 2335

A2
A@
Acknowledgments
The completion of this work would not have "een possi"le without the contri"utions of a
num"er of highly motivated individuals.
The Teng"oche /inpoche, &gawang Ten-ing .ang"u, deserves our special gratitude for
initiating this work and for serving as a continued source of inspiration and encouragement.
%r. &ancy (aplow provided valua"le input throughout the pro?ect, reading the entire
manuscript several times at various stages. >e are especially grateful for her thorough review of the
,ntroduction and Appendices, and her insightful comments on aspects of the linguistic analysis and
presentation. She also checked and edited all dictionary entries, clarifying !nglish definitions and
grammatical la"eling. Her edits and her suggestions regarding overall organi-ation and structure have
greatly improved this work.
)s. $asang %olma Sherpa assisted with &epali translations and devoted considera"le time to
the typing of the %evanagari entries. )r.Du"a /a? 'himire and )r. =him &arayan /egmi reviewed
and edited the &epali translations.
*riginally from the TG area of the Ti"etan Autonomous /egion, Trulku &gawang (hokdup is
"ilingual in Sherpa and Standard Ti"etan, and is also highly educated in Literary Ti"etan. He was thus
a"le to offer to refine some of the definitions and translations, clarify and confirm the pronunciation of
Sherpa words, and also provide many useful comments on the development of the Sherpa
orthography.
)r. )ichel Tournadre edited the illustrations and converted color photographs to "lack and
white. %r. 8eremy Spoon provided information on Sherpa plant and animal names.
>e are also grateful to the many other mem"ers of the Sherpa community who took an interest
in this pro?ect and provided encouragement.
1inally, we would like to acknowledge financial support from the 1ord 1oundation and the
/oyal &etherlands 'overnment, which was made availa"le through The )ountain ,nstitute 9T),;.
The Lacito La"oratory of the (&/S 9(entre &ational de la /echerche Scientifi+ue; supported the
travel costs and time of %r. &icolas Tournadre and )r. 'uillaume *isel with $,(S grant &o. 266H.
The University of Iirginia<s Ti"etan and Himalayan %igital Li"rary 9TH%L; program and the (&/S
%allith we"site have offered to host this document on their we"sites in future.
AH
A6
Overview
There are three sections to this "ookC five introductory chapters, the "ody of the dictionary, and
four appendices.
The introductory chapters provide "ackground on the Sherpa people and the Sherpaspeaking
area 9(hapter A;, the Sherpa language 9(hapter 2;, the system of romani-ation used in this dictionary
to represent Sherpa pronunciation 9(hapter @;, the Sam"hota script as it is used to write Sherpa
9(hapter H;, and a guide for users of the dictionary 9(hapter 6;.
The "ody of the dictionary consists of three partsC first a Sherpa!nglish&epali dictionary, ne#t
an !nglishSherpa dictionary , and finally a &epaliSherpa dictionary.
The appendices provide further linguistic detail on the system of transliteration 9Appendi# A;,
factors taken into consideration in developing a script for Sherpa 9Appendi# 2;, the main phonological
and morphological characteristics of Sherpa 9Appendi# @;, and a ta"le of irregular ver" forms
9Appendi# 6;.
A0







Khumjung village with Mt. Amadablam in the background

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Thameteng, one of the last villages with a traditional architecture

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Students in a classroom of Hillary School in Thame village

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Ancient mani stones along the trail to Sewongma village

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Changing generations of Sherpas in Khumbu

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Himalayan tahr among lush monsoon vegetation in Sagarmatha National Park

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A monk dressed to perform black-hat dance

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Khumbi Yulha, the guardian deity of Khumbu, cloaked in monsoon clouds

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First view of Jomolangma (Mt. Everest) in Khumbu

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Monks offering Mandala to a Rinpoche of Thame Monastery

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Sun rises over Tengboche Monastery

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Traditional charcoal brazier and tea kettle set for serving butter tea

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Buddhist mantra carved on slate stone

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Sherpa wedding cake alongside with a chang bottle

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Wooden chang barrel in a Sherpa house

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Introduction
A4
A5
1. The Sherpa people and the Sherpaspeaking area
The Sherpas are a people of Ti"etan origin and cultural affinities. They migrated from eastern
Ti"et in several different waves in the A0
th
through A4
th
centuries, and settled in the present
Solukhum"u area of &epal, south of the Himalayas, near )t. 8omolangma 9)ount !verest;.
The Solukhum"u %istrict lies within the Sagarmatha .one, one of &epalJs fourteen
administrative -ones. The %istrict itself consists of @H Iillage %evelopment (ommittees 9I%(s;.
Three of the worldJs 4333meter peaks K (ho *yu, Lhotse, and 8omolangma K are located within the
7hum"u, the higher region of Sherpa country. This highland is drained "y the %udh 7osi and its
tri"utariesC the =hote 7osi, the ,m?a 7hola, and the Solu 7hola. The 7hum"u area is part of
Sagarmatha 9)t. !verest; &ational $ark, a U&!S(* >orld Heritage area. ,t is one of the main
mountain tourist destinations of &epal. The area is accessi"le "y road from 7athmandu as far as 8iri,
and then from 8iri on foot. ,t is also accessi"le "y airplane, via the two small airports at $haplu and
Lukla.
To the east of the %udh 7osi river valley lies the Arun river valley, whose upper slopes are
populated "y Sherpa people. Sherpas are also found in three other regions ad?acent to the 7hum"uC
Shorong 9Solu;, $harak, and /olwaling. Sherpa settlements are generally found at elevations "etween
2333 and H633 meters a"ove sea level.
The four main Sherpa villages of 7hum"u are &auche 9&epC &amche =a-aar;, 7hum?ung
7hunde, and Thame. The others are Tengpoche 9&epC Thyangpoche;, $angpoche, %ingpoche,
$heriche, Lopuche, 'orakshep, $hortse, 'okyo, %ole, Lu-a, )acharma, 7hum?ung, 7humde 9altC
7hunde;, Thamo, Thame, and Dila?ung 9altC Dula?ung;.
The Sherpa villages of $harak are Thum"uk, )on-o, $hemkaro, $hakdingma, (hhutrawa,
Dulnying, 7usum Tsangka, &acho $omdo, Lom-o, 7yongmo, =uwa, Tate, Seogma, /ime?ung,
Tshermadingma, Lukla, and %ungde.
,n the Shorung 9Solu; region there are many more Sherpa settlements, and Salleri is particularly
populous "ecause of its status as %istrict administrative center. The other Sherpa settlements in this
region are 7atidrangka 9&epC 7harikola;, )anidingma 9&epC &unthala;, Trakshingtok, /ingmo,
Salung, 8ung 9&epC 8un"esi;, Thrakto"uk, (hangma 9&epC =handar;, Thodung, $haplu, $atale,
7yilkording, 'yap-uwa, 'holila, Setra, Sakar, 8alsa, $ang 7hongma, Tsatuk, 7yama, &yimare, and
)opung.
23
A su"stantial num"er of Sherpa speakers are also found in Sankhuwasa"ha and Taple?ung
districts to the east of Solukhum"u, and in %olakha, Sindupalchok, and /amechaap districts to the
west of Solukhum"u. There are also some Sherpa speakers in /asuwa district, which is otherwise
predominantly populated "y Tamangs. Today the capital city of 7athmandu has "ecome a meeting
place for Sherpa speakers from different mountain regions. ,n Ti"et 9the TA/, or Ti"etan
Autonomous /egion;, a small population of Sherpa speakers is found in the %ram area.
=ased on a 233A census, the (entral =ureau of Statistics 9(=S; of &epal reported that there
were A6H,022 Sherpas in &epal, A5,730 of them living in the Solukhum"u area. An accurate figure for
the total num"er of Sherpa speakers is difficult to determine. According to 'raves 92337CA0;,
estimates typically range "etween A6,333 and 73,333. =radley 9A557; estimated the num"er of
speakers as 63,333. There are several reasons for the discrepancy "etween estimates of Sherpa
population si-e and estimates of Sherpa speakers. Some young Sherpas living in 7athmandu or
elsewhere outside of the Solukhum"u area no longer speak the language. Also, mem"ers of other
ethnic groups with which the Sherpa are in close contact may identify themselves as Sherpas, though
they do not speak the language.
Sherpa culture developed and evolved in a highaltitude environment. The Sherpas have
traditionally cultivated potatoes, "uckwheat, and corn, and herded yaks, cows, and yakcow hy"rids
called -omo and -o. These agropastoral activities are supplemented "y trade. ,n recent decades, the
Sherpas have "ecome increasingly involved in running tourism "usinesses such as travel logistics,
lodge operation, clim"ing, and guiding. Sherpas have also gained international recognition for their
mountaineering skills, and some of them have "ecome +uite famous.
The Sherpas practice Ia?rayana =uddhism and are followers of the &yingma school. They are
proud of their rich tradition, which they would like to preserve and develop.
Since they settled in the southern Himalayas, the Sherpas have "een in contact with other
indigenous groups in the area, such as the )agar, /ai, 'urung, Sunwar, 8irel, and Hindu hill castes.

2A
. The Sherpa language
2.1 Linguistic affiliation
The Sherpa language "elongs to the Ti"etic family
A
, which comprises at least 26 languages and
more than 233 hundred dialects. These varieties share a common historyC they are all derived from
*ld Ti"etan, a language attested at the time of the Ti"etan !mpire 97
th
5
th
centuries;.
The Ti"etic family is itself included in a larger linguistic family called Ti"eto=urman, which
comprises a"out H33 languages. Although the Ti"eto=urman languages are genetically related, they
e#hi"it tremendous diversity and they may differ entirely in their voca"ulary and synta#. This is not at
all the case with in the Ti"etic family, whose languages are closely related and share many common
features K even when they are not always readily mutually intelligi"le.
The Ti"etic languages are currently spoken in five countriesC (hina, ,ndia, &epal, =hutan and
$akistan. The main languages or groups of dialects are LTsang, 7hamHor, Amdo, Thewo(hone,
Ladakhi, =alti, $urki, Spiti, %-ongkha, %ren?ong, 7yirong7agate, 8irel, and Sherpa.

2.2 Dialect variation
>ithin Ti"etic, the Sherpa language is comprised of several dialects, named for the areas in
which they are spokenC Shorong 9&epC Solu;, $harak, 7hum"u, /olwaling, and %ram. The Sherpa
speaking community of %ram is now very small, since the Sherpas there have intermarried with
people of the TGspeaking community, and have "een gradually adopting the TG dialect.
The differences "etween the dialects involve minor elements of the phonology 9sound patterns;
and morphology 9word structure;. There is also variation in some le#ical e#pressions
9voca"ulary;.%espite these differences, however, there is still a high degree of mutual intelligi"ility.
As noted, this dictionary is "ased on the 7hum"u dialect, which is the native speech of two of the co
authors, 'yurme (hodrak and Lhakpa &or"u. Additional data was also collected from other speakers
of this dialect during fieldwork in the 7hum"u area.


A
Until +uite recently, linguists have typically used the term ETi"etan dialectsF rather than CTi"etic languagesF . However, as
descri"ed in Tournadre 92334;, this term is not appropriate, since the various Ti"etic languages are not mutually intelligi"le.
Adaptation of the term ETi"eticF parallels use of the term ESiniticF to refer to the diverse range of (hinese languages.
22
2.3 Languages closely related to Sherpa
Sherpa phonology and voca"ulary "ear many similarities with the TG and Tsang dialects of the
LTsang or E(entral Ti"etanF language, which are spoken on the northern side of 8omolangma
9)ount !verest;. Some 7ham influences can also "e identified, as well as a few features shared with
%-ongkha and %ren?ong, two Ti"etic languages spoken south of the Himalayas, predominantly in
=hutan and Sikkim. As far as morphology and synta# are concerned, one may also o"serve
similarities with TG and Tsang, "ut Sherpa has undergone its own evolution, especially in terms of
ver" morphology
2
. The influences of the TG, Tsang, and 7ham dialects on Sherpa can "e e#plained "y
historical factorsC the Sherpa migrated from Ti"et via 7ham 9in eastern Ti"et; to TG 9in western Ti"et;
"efore settling in the present Solukhum"u area.
8irel is another Ti"etic language which is closely related to Sherpa. )ost 8irel speakers live in
8iri, a village in the %olakha district, near the Solu area. 8irel has preserved a num"er of conservative
phonological features which were lost in Sherpa 9such as the final :t: sound, as discussed in section 2.A
of Appendi# @;. The mutual intelligi"ility "etween Sherpa and 8irel is not high. 8irel has "een more
strongly influenced "y &epali and Hindu language and culture than has Sherpa.
Dolmo is another Ti"etic language spoken in Sindhupalchok and &uwakot districts. ,t is often
referred to as EHelam"u SherpaF "y the &epalese people. However, as demonstrated "y Anna )aria
Hari 9233HC 055;, Dolmo is closely related to 7agate, and is not a Sherpa dialect.

2.4 Emergence of a writing system for Sherpa
,n the Solukhum"u, as in many other Ti"eticspeaking areas outside Ti"et, knowledge of the
Ti"etan or ESam"hotaF script is mainly limited to religious scholars 9monks and nuns;. Lay Sherpas
are educated mainly in &epali and !nglish. As a result, when Sherpa speakers wish to communicate in
writing, they are more likely to use the &epali or !nglish languages rather than Sherpa itself.
Another important factor leading to the decline of the Sherpa language is that many Sherpas
have settled outside of the Solukhum"u area, mainly in 7athmandu, "ut also in %ar?eeling, Hong
7ong, 'reat =ritain, and &orth America. *ver time, they K and their children K use the dominant
languages of these areas more and more.

2
The uni+ue ver"al morphology of Sherpa is discussed in detail in Appendices @ and H.
2@
Aware of this difficult linguistic situation and aware of the fact that the a"sence of a written
standard can hasten the e#tinction of a language, the Tengpoche /inpoche, an important =uddhist
leader in the Solukhum"u, has urged the development of a written Sherpa language. He has received
strong support from two of the coauthors of this dictionary, Lhakpa &or"u and 'yurme (hodrak, and
more generally from the Sherpa elite, "oth lay and religious.
Thus in the present work, we use the writing system developed "y Thonmi Sam"hota in the 7
th

century, at the "ehest of the Ti"etan king Songtsan 'ampo. >e refer to this script as the ESam"hota
scriptF, in honor of its inventor, rather than as the ETi"etan scriptF. The latter term focuses on the
connection to Literary Ti"etan and EStandard Ti"etanF M we prefer to emphasi-e its usefulness for all
of the Ti"etic languages.
,n the past, there have "een a num"er of attempts to document and descri"e Sherpa using the
Latin and %evanagari scripts. The linguistic and cultural advantages of our choice of the Sam"hota
script are discussed in some detail in Appendi# 2.

2.5 revious studies of the Sherpa language
%espite the international fame of the Sherpa people, there have "een relatively few studies of
the Sherpa language up to the present time. ,n the A573Js, a series of articles were pu"lished "y
=urkhard SchGttelndreyer 9A573, A57A, A57@, A576, A574, A543;, Heiderose SchGttelndreyer 9A57A;,
7ent 'ordon 9A505, A573;, Austin Hale 9A573, A57@, A576;, and Stephen >atters 9A555;, under the
auspices of the Summer ,nstitute of Linguistics. )ost of these articles addressed the sounds and sound
patterns 9the phonetics and phonology; of the Solu dialect, and some of them are not easily accessi"le
even for linguists "ecause of the theoretical framework used "y the authors. ,n the A543Js, Talmy
'ivNn 9A542; and Anthony >ood"ury 9A540; pu"lished articles on Sherpa evidentiality. )ore
recently, =ar"ara 7elly 9233H; pu"lished a sketch grammar and a glossary "ased on her )A thesis,
and Thomas 'raves 92337; devoted his $h% to the variety of Sherpa spoken in Hile. =oth of these
works concern the Solu dialect.



2H
A num"er of Sherpas have compiled word lists, le#icons, and glossaries. These Sherpa authors
include Ang $in?o Sherpa 9A555;, Lopon &gawang 8igdrel Sherpa 92330;, and Lhakpa %oma et. al.
92330;. The most complete le#icographic work on the Sherpa language so far is 'yurme (hodrakJs
92334; Shar pai tshig mdzod chen mo kun gsal me long, EThe great Sherpa dictionaryC a clear
mirrorF.

!. Sherpa romani"ation
,n all three sections of this dictionary K Sherpa!nglishTi"etan&epali, !nglishSherpa, and
&epaliSherpa K the pronunciation of Sherpa words is indicated using the familiar Latin alpha"et. The
system of Eromani-ationF that we have developed and adopted for use here has "een kept as simple as
possi"leC we use only letters which are availa"le on any computer, without re+uiring any special fonts.
The transcription system we have chosen allows rendering all of the phonological oppositions found
in Sherpa. The only special signs are those used to indicate the high and low tones.
Sherpa romani-ation includes the following consonantsC p, ph, #, t, th, d, tr, thr, dr, k$, kh$,
g$, k, kh, g, %, ts, tsh, ch, chh, s, ", shr, sh, &, h, lh, l, r, m, n, n$, ng, w, and $, and the following
vowelsC i, e, a, u, o, ', and (. The Sherpa pronunciation represented "y these letters is descri"ed
"elow. The romani-ed letters are shown in a plain font, with the pronunciation indicated "etween
slashes 9::;.
@


3.1 ronunciation of the letters

p C similar to p in !nglish spot or spell. ,t is not aspirated.
E.C :pOu: PskinJ, :pQnpu: Pchief, leaderJ, :pRn: Prelatives, cousinsJ
ph C similar to p in !nglish pot or poor! This sound is aspirated. The aspiration is stronger when ph
occurs in a sylla"le with a high tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone.
E.C :phRtok: PafternoonJ, :phQ: PflourJ, :phalip: P"utterflyJ, :pharak: P$harak regionJ

@
,n the "ody of the dictionary, romani-ed pronunciation is shown in plain font without slashes. ,n Appendi# A, we discuss the
system of transliteration from the Sam"hota scriptM This will "e shown in italics.
26
Some Sherpa speakers may pronounce p and ph in place of :f: in foreign loanwords such as
PphoneJC :phSn: or :fSn:. However, in native Sherpa words, ph always corresponds to an
aspirated :ph:, and never to :f:.
# C similar to b in !nglish bye"bye!
E.C :#alwa: PfrogJ, :#ermang: PcatJ, :#uta: P"ellowsJ
Some Sherpa speakers may produce b for :v: in foreign loanwords such as PTI 9television;JC
:trR#i: or :trRvi:.
t C similar to t in !nglish stop or stone, "ut with the tip of the tongue against the "ack of the teeth.
,t is not aspirated.
E.C :tOmnyeJ: PlanguageJ, :tO: PhorseJ, :tSr: Pto loseJ
th C similar to t in !nglish top# "ut with the tip of the tongue against the "ack of the teeth as in
1rench PtasseJ. The :t: is aspirated. The aspiration is stronger when th occurs in a sylla"le with
a high tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone. &ote that th is not pronounced
like the !nglish PthinkJ.
E.C :thOngpu: Pin good healthJ, :thOp: PstoveJ, :thTrme: PshortJ, :thama: PthenJ, :tharung:
Pstill, yetJ
d C similar to d in 1rench dur or in !nglish do$n, "ut with the tip of the tongue against the "ack of
the teeth.
E.C dang PyesterdayJ, dongpu PtreeJ, daasa PplaceJ
tr C This sound does not e#ist in !nglish. ,t is called a Evoiceless retrofle# plosiveF and is
pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled "ack to touch the hard palate or alveolar ridge! ,t
is roughly similar to tr in !nglish astronomy.
E.C trOapa PstairsJ, trSlum P"utter churnJ, trTm Pto crushJ
thr C The sound thr is pronounced like tr "ut aspirated, as in !nglish true. &ote that the notation thr
is not pronounced like the !nglish PthrJ, in PthrowJ. *nce again, the aspiration is stronger when
thr occurs in a sylla"le with a high tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone.
E.C thrOk P"loodJ, thriiwa P"ileJ, thra PwheatJ, thral Pta#J, thrik PknifeJ
20
dr C This sound does not e#ist in !nglish. ,t is called a Evoiced retrofle# plosiveF. ,t is roughly
similar to dr in dre$, "ut with the tip of the tongue curled "ack to touch the hard palate or
alveolar ridge!
E.C dro Pto goJ, draa PriceJ, drU PenemyJ
k$ C similar to cu in !nglish acute. ,t is not aspirated.
E.C k$V PdogJ, k$Q Pto "e "ornJ, k$Rrmu PpleasantJ
kh$ C similar to cu in !nglish acute! The aspiration is stronger when khy occurs in a sylla"le with a
high tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone.
E.C kh$Q Pto "e a"leJ, kh$orong PyouJ, kh$Swa Phus"andJ, kh$ir Pwill doJ, kh$ongpu
ProughJ
g$ C similar to the se+uence of letters gu in !nglish regular!
E.C g$alung PmirrorJ, g$alam Pmain roadJ, g$aamu PfatJ
k C similar to k in !nglish skip. ,t is not aspirated.
E.C kUlak PcrowJ, kWr P"readJ, kQltang PwaistJ
,n informal speech, the sound :k: at the end of a word is reduced to a glottal stop 9see "elow;,
and is "arely pronounced.
kh C similar to k in !nglish kill. The aspiration is stronger when kh occurs in a sylla"le with a high
tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone.
E.C khaamu Pe#pertJ, kha p PneedleJ, khQmu PcheapJ, khani PwhereJ, khangpa PhouseJ
g C similar to g in !nglish go!
E.C gu PnineJ, gomu PeveningJ, gorak PravenJ
% C This sign corresponds to a glottal stop. ,n American !nglish this sound is found at the
"eginning and in the middle of the e#pression Puh ohJ. ,t is also found in cockney !nglish in
some words such as $hat pronounced as $ha.
E.Cgye% PeightJ, kQ% PsoundJ
)ota #eneC The glottal stop sign % is also used to mark ver"s ending in :k: since this sound is
normally weakened.
27
E.C ?o% Pto putJ instead of ?ok.
ts C similar to ts in !nglish in patsy or lots!
E.C tsX PlakeJ, tsQngge PcleanJ, tsQt Pto wake s.o upJ
tsh C similar to ts in 'erman %eit PtimeJ or zehn PtenJ or !nglish patsy# "ut aspirated.
E.C tshOndi PhotJ, tshOsi PveryJ, tshTlim Pthis sideJ
ch C similar to ch in !nglish itching. ,t is not aspirated.
E.C chRndi PheavyJ, chQla PtongueJ, chQnga PfifteenJ
chh C similar to ch in !nglish chair! The aspiration is stronger when chh occurs in a sylla"le with a
high tone than when it occurs in a sylla"le with a low tone.
E.C chhT PwaterJ, chhRnpa PliverJ, chhaaram PiceJ, chhuurung Pfuneral cairnJ
s C similar to s in !nglish song!
E.C sT PwhoJ, sQm PmindJ, sYr PhailJ
" C similar to z in !nglish zoo. Alternatively, this sound may "e pronounced as a voiced dental
affricate Zdz[, i.e., d +uickly followed "y z as in adze.
E.C "opkyok Pmale hy"rid of yak and cattleJ, "Vm Pto catchJ, "eemu P"eautifulJ
shr C This sound does not e#ist in !nglish. ,t is roughly similar to sh in !nglish shoe, "ut it is
pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled "ack to touch the hard palate or alveolar ridge,
like &epali s&ad&yantra PconspiracyJ, vars&a PmonsoonJ, bis&aya ' vis&aya Psu"?ect, disciplineJ. This
sound is called a Eretrofle# fricativeF!
E.C shrO PhairJ, shrOndi PhardJ, shrVn Pto guardJ, shrVk PmonkeyJ
sh C similar to sh in !nglish shoe.
E.C shOr PeastJ, shR PdieJ, shQl PglassJ
& C similar to s in !nglish vision and pleasure, and to zh in (rezhnev! Alternatively, it may "e
pronounced as the voiced palatal affricate Zd[, i.e. j in !nglish juice or jazz.
E.C &iiwa PfearJ, &enpi Pwheat flourJ, &et Pto forgetJ
h C similar to h in !nglish hair,when it is pronounced with a high tone.
24
E.C hTru PenergeticJ, hOmpa P"rutalJ
>hen occurring with a low tone, h is pronounced as Z[, a voiced glottal fricative, which is
very weak and sometimes "arely percepti"le.
E.C horong PweJ, hin P9,; amJ, hama gaga PgrandmotherJ
lh C this sound does not e#ist in !nglish. ,t corresponds to a heavilyaspirated l, as in Lhasa.
E.C lhU Pto look atJ, lhOawa PwindJ, lhX PsouthJ
l C similar to l in !nglish long.
E.C leemu PgoodJ, laaka PworkJ, limik PkeyJ
r C similar to r in !nglish right 9"ut with retracted rather than rounded lips;.
E.C rang PhoneyJ, riki PpotatoJ, ringpu PlongJ
m C similar to m in !nglish money.
E.C maasa Psleeping "edJ, man?a PclothesJ, mar P"utterJ
n C similar to n in !nglish no.
E.C nam PwhenJ, naatriJ PforestJ, nempi PnightJ
n$ C similar to ny in !nglish canyon.
E.C n$a PfishJ, n$o Pto "uyJ, n$Qt Pto findJ
ng C similar to ng in !nglish song.
E.C ngTl PsilverJ, ngU PfiveJ, ngOmu PearlyJ
w C similar to $ in !nglish $est.
E.C weJ P9,; haveJ, wokla PunderJ, wa-ik Pfo#J
$ C similar to y in !nglish yes.
E.C $anglong PagainJ, $ampa PotherJ, $am"u P7athmanduJ
i C similar to i in !nglish machine.
E.C ch*ndi PheavyJ, ky+ PdogJ, shr+n Pto guardJ, din PsevenJ
e C similar to e in !nglish hey, or to ) in 1rench )t).
25
E.C ?et Pto forgetJ, ky, Pto "e "ornJ, ph, PflourJ
a C similar to a in !nglish father.
E.C draa PriceJ, laaka PworkJ, gyalung P mirrorJ
o C similar to o in !nglish so.
E.C gomu PeveningJ, gorak PravenJ, khy-wa Phus"andJ
u C similar to o in !nglish t$o.
E.C gu PnineJ, chh. PwaterJ, s. PwhoJ

Two additional sounds K G and \ K also occur in Sherpa, "ut they are marginal in the system.
( C does not occur in !nglish. ,t is similar to the sound eu in 1rench bleu P"lueJ.
E.C ?(ntang Pa"ilityJ, kh(n Pto dressJ
' C does not occur in !nglish. ,t is similar to the sound u in 1rench rue PstreetJ or to * in 'erman
(*cher.
E.C d'J PdemonJ, kh'n Pa lossJ
3.2 !one registers
,n our transcription system, high tone is marked "y a line over the vowel, and low tone is
marked "y a line under the vowel. High tone is produced with a high pitch, giving the impression that
the speaker is EsingingF, while low tone is produced with a low pitch corresponding to the Enormal
registerF of the speaker.
E.C :sO: PtoothJ vs. :sa: Pto eatJM :nOm: PskyJ vs. :nam: PwhenJM :lOa: Pmusk deerJ vs. :laa:
PmonthJM :nOa: Pday after tomorrowJ vs. :naa: P"arleyJM :nOng: Pto giveJ 9H; vs. :nangla:
PinsideJ.
,n words of more than one sylla"le, tone is only marked on the first sylla"le, "ecause the tone
distinction is neutrali-ed on the second sylla"le.
E.C :laaka: PworkJ, :lakpa: PhandJ, :rongpa: PlowlanderJ
@3
3.3 !one contours
,n some words, high and low tones are produced with different contoursC level, falling or rising.
,f we take into account "oth the contour and the register, we can distinguish four types of toneC high
level, highfalling, low level and lowrising. >e use a circumfle# 9]; to indicate a contour tone, so the
four possi"le tone types are indicated "y the following signsC
high level C OM high"fallingC UM lo$ levelC aM lo$ rising C U
E.C :kyRrmu: PpleasantJ vs! 'kyVrmu: ProundJ M :tSngpa: PemptyJ vs! :tXngpa: Pfermented millet
chang drunk through strawJM :dUkpu: PownerJ vs! 'dakpu: Pwe 9inclusive;J

3.4 "owel length
Iowels may "e short or long. ,n some cases, vowel length is crucial in distinguishing
meanings. Longer vowels are indicated in the romani-ed transcription "y repeating the vowel.
E.C :ra: PgoatJ vs. :raa: PcottonJM :do: PstoneJ vs. :doo: Pdough figurines and threadcrossesJM
:na: Pto "e sickJ vs. :naa: P"arleyJM :tOa: Psign, markJ vs. :tO: PhorseJ.

/. Sherpa script in the dictionar$
,n the past, entries in Sherpa dictionaries and glossaries have "een given using the %evanagari,
Latin, or Sam"hota 9ETi"etanF; alpha"ets. The most comprehensive Sherpa dictionary availa"le to
date K the Shar pai tshig mdzod chen mo kun gsal me long, EThe great Sherpa dictionaryC a clear
mirrorF composed "y our coauthor 'yurme (hodrak K is written using the Sam"hota alpha"et. This
script has "een used to write literary Ti"etan for more than a thousand years, since it was developed
"y Thonmi Sam"hota in the 7th century. ,n recent decades, languages such as %-ongkha 9the national
language of =hutan;, Ladakhi and %ren?ong 9the language of Sikkim; have also "egun to use this
script.
Since Sherpa is derived from *ld Ti"etan, its voca"ulary and its grammar e#hi"it many regular
correspondences with (lassical Literary Ti"etan. Thus it is +uite easy to use the Sam"hota alpha"et to
transcri"e Sherpa. Another o"vious advantage to using this script is that it "etter suits the Sherpa
phonology and tones than does %evanagari 9as discussed in greater detail in Appendi# 2;.
@A
The use of the Sam"hota script for writing Sherpa is descri"ed "elow.

4.1 !he alpha#et
The Sam"hota alpha"et has thirty consonants and four diacritic vowels. The ta"les "elow show
each of the consonant and vowel letters, and how they are pronounced in Sherpa.


Ta#le 10 The thirt$ consonants
________
_
kO
_
khO
_
kha

nga
_
chO
_
chhO
_
chha
_
nya
_
tO
_
thO
_
ta
_
na

pO

phO
_
pha
_
ma
_
tsO
_
tshO
_
-a
_
wa
_
sha
_
sa

ha

ya

ra

la
_
shO
_
sO
_
hO
_
O


Ta#le 0 The four diacritic vowels
_____

,n the following sections, the pronunciation of letter names is shown in parentheses, while the
sound represented "y the letter is shown "etween slashes. 1or e#ample, for !nglish, we could say that
the name of the letter P"J is pronounced 9"ee;, and that the sound represented "y this letter is :":.
Likewise, for Sherpa, we say that the name of the letter
_
is pronounced 9kO;, and the sound
represented "y this letter is :k:.
The sounds represented "y the Sam"hota letters in Sherpa are practically identical to the sounds
of Standard Ti"etan 9or Lhasa dialect; pronunciation. However, in some cases when letters occur in
certain com"inations, the Sherpa sounds differs from those of Standard Ti"etan
H
. A few specific
details of Sherpa pronunciation are provided "elowM further details can "e found in section H.@.

H
8ust as the pronunciation of the Latin alpha"et in ,talian, Spanish and 1rench is generally very similar, though some
com"inations of letters such as chi# ci# gi# etc. are pronounced in a very different way in the three languages.
_

i

_
u

_

e

_
o

@2
The letter

9ha; represents the sound of a voiced glottal fricative 9phonetically Z[;. However,
it should "e noted that

9ha; occurs only with a low tone, and is much less audi"le than the letter
_

hO; which is produced with a high tone.
The distinction in the pronunciation of some letters is neutrali-ed in certain conte#ts. This is the
case for the letters

9nga; and
_
9nya;M
_
9sha; and
_
9chha;M and
_
9sa; and
_
9-a;.
The letter

9nga; represents the sound :ng: in front of the vowel sounds :a:, :u:, and :o: 9

:nga:,

:ngu:, and

:ngo:;, "ut "ecomes closer to the sound :ny: 9?ust like the letter
_
9nya;; in front
of the vowel sounds :i: and :e: 9

:nyi: and

:nye:;. This neutrali-ation is not reflected in the

spelling.
The letter
_
9sa; represents the sound :s:, e#cept that it "ecomes :-: 9?ust like the letter
_
9-a;;
when it occurs with a written prefi#ed letter. 9This is discussed in greater detail in section H.@ "elow;.
Likewise, the letters
_
9sha; and
_
9chha; are "oth pronounced :?a: when they occur with a
written prefi#ed letter.
$om#inations used for transliterating Devanagari%Sans&rit
Apart from the @3 letters of the Sam"hota alpha"et, some additional letters such as the 0
reversed letters _ and the ^ve su"script ha are used to transliterate the retrofle# and
aspirated sounds of the Sanskrit%evanagari alpha"et. These letters are not used in Sherpa and we will
not discuss them here.
The @ letters ta t| oa are used in a marginal way to transcri"e some foreign
loanwords.
!#.C
__
:mani: E?ewelF 9"orrowed from the Sanskrit;,
__
:motra: EcarF 9"orrowed from
the !nglish motor; and

:throlar: EdollarF.

4.2 Spelling issues
The num"er of Sherpa pu"lications K in either the Latin, %evanagari, or Sam"hota alpha"ets
K is still very limited, and there has "een no standardi-ation of spelling in any of these systems. ,n this
dictionary, our general principle has "een to use the traditional spelling of (lassical Literary Ti"etan
whenever there is a clear, regular correspondence with Sherpa pronunciation. >hen the
@@
correspondence is irregular or a"sent, we propose a phonetic rendering. That is, we use the Sam"hota
letters that "est represent the Sherpa pronunciation.
This principle of using the traditional spelling whenever possi"le was also applied "y Lopon
'yurme (hodrak 92334; in his dictionary. This preserves the etymology of many Sherpa words, and
reflects the long history of the Sherpa language and its relationship to Literary Ti"etan and other
Ti"etic languages.

4.3 Sylla#le structure
,n Sherpa, as in written Ti"etan, a sylla"le consists of
_ a radical letter called
___
:mingshi: corresponding to one of the thirty consonants
introduced a"ove.
,t may additionally consist ofC
_ a vowel called
___
:yOng:. As shown in Ta"le 2, there are four vowels K
_
:R:,
_
:T:,
_

:Q:, and
_
:S: K which are indicated with diacritical marks a"ove or "elow the consonants
9note that the letter
_
9O; is considered to "e a consonant in the Ti"etan grammatical
tradition, "ecause it referred, originally, to a glottal stop;. There is also a default vowel :a,:
which is not marked "y any specific sign "ut it is inherent to the thirty consonants of the
alpha"et. &ote that there is no tones associated with the vowels themselves. The tones come
from the radical letter with which it occurs.
_ a superscri#ed letter
____
:gochen: placed immediately a"ove the radical. There are
three superscri"ed consonants C

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9sO;.
_ a su#scri#ed letter
_____
:dokchen: placed immediately "elow the radical. There are
four su"scri"ed consonants C

9ya;,

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9wa;.
_ a pre12ed letter
____
:ngon?uk: placed immediately "efore the radical letter. There are
^ve pre^#ed consonants C
_
9kha;,

9nga;,
_
9tha;,
_
9ma;, and

9ha;.
_ a suffi2ed letter
____
:?en?uk: placed immediately after the radical. There are ten first
suffi#es C
_
9kha;,

9nga;,
_
9tha;,
_
9na;,
_
9pha;,
_
9ma;,

9ha;,

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9sO;.
@H
_ a second suf12ed letter
__
:yang?uk: placed immediately after the first suffi#ed letter.
The only second suffi# letter is
_
:sO:. This is used rarely, and only for spelling reasonsM it is
never pronounced.

"owels
As mentioned a"ove, the vowel :a: is inherent to all radicals, unless a different vowel sound is
indicated "y a diacritic either a"ove or "elow the radical. The vowel signs

:i:,

:e: and

:o: are
written a"ove the radical consonant while the vowel sign

:u: is written "elow. ,n written Sherpa, as

in Literary Ti"etan, the radical is in most cases easily identified since it "ears the vowel sym"ol.
E! C

:ra:! This "asic sylla"le is simply composed of a radical letterC

:ra: with no diacritic.

:ri: This sylla"le is composed of a radical letter

:ra: with the diacritic sign

:i:. Similarly we have

:re:,

:ru:, and

:ro:.

Superscri#ed and prefi'ed letters
1rom the point of view of their pronunciation, "oth Eprefi#ed lettersF and Esuperscri"ed lettersF
occur "efore the radical consonant and may thus "e called Epreradical consonantsF. ,n modern Sherpa,
as in modern literary Ti"etan, these letters correspond to the traditional spelling, "ut are usually not
pronounced. However, their presence is reflected in the impact they have on tone and aspiration.
The three superscri"ed consonants are C

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9sO;.
!ach of these three superscri"ed consonants may appear with a limited num"er of radicals, or root
letters. The shape of the letters

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9sO; are slightly modified when they are written
a"ove the radical letters, as shown in the charts "elow.
@6
Ta#le !0 The 1 consonants with the superscript

3ra4
|a

oa


, oya
ta

o oa


b oa
tsa

z













Ta#le /0 The 15 consonants with the superscript

3la4
|a

oa
ca

,
ta

o
oa

b









||a






Ta#le 60 The 11 consonants with the superscript
_ __ _
3s74.
|a

oa


oya
ta

o oa
oa

b oa
tsa















As mentioned a"ove, all the preradical letters K "oth the superscri"ed letters

9ra;,

9la;
_

9sO; and the prefi#ed letters
_
9kha;,

9nga;,
_
9tha;,
_
9ma;, and

9ha; K are silent, "ut they play
a crucial role in indicating tone and loss of aspiration.
@0
>hen they carry a prefi#ed letter or a superscript, the radicals
_
9kha;,
_
9cha;,
_
9tha;, and
_

9pha; lose their aspiration and "ecome voiced. ,n that setting, they are thus pronounced, respectively,
as :ga:, :?a:, :da:, and :"a:.
!# .C
__
:gu: PnineJ,
__
:goo: PheadJ,
__
:gaga: Pgrandfather, elderJ,
__
:&al: Pto meetJ
9H;,
__
:&iiwa: PfearJ,
_
:dongpu: PtreeJ,
_
:dorpa: PdesireJ,
___
:#uta:
P"ellowsJ,
__
:#ermang: PcatJ.
>hen the four nasal consonants carry a prefi#ed letter or a superscript, they shift to a high tone.
,n that setting,

9nga;,
_
9nya;,
_
9na;, and
_
9ma; are pronounced respectively as :ngO:, :nyO:, :nO:,
and :mO:.
!#.C

:nga: P,J vs!

_
/ng8: PfiveJM
__
:nam: PwhenJ vs!
___
:n7m: PskyJ
>hen

9ya; is pre^#ed, it, too, takes on a high tone :yO:.

!# C
__
:y7k: PyakJ vs!

:yar: PupwardsJ
There are two specific com"inations in which the prefi#
_
has a more significant impact on
pronunciation C
__
:O: and
__
:yO:.
!# C
___
:-ngcha: PpowerJ,
__
:9: Phead 9H;J,
__
:$7ru: PsummerJ
,n rare cases, when they occur at the "eginning of the second sylla"le of a twosylla"le word,
the prefi#ed or superscri"ed letters are still pronounced. 1or e#ample, the nasal sound :n: in
___

:minduJ: corresponds to the letter

9ha; at the "eginning of the second sylla"le. The :p: in

____

:gupchu: comes from the letter
_
9pha; found at the "eginning of the second sylla"le. The same is true
for the :r: of
___
:chharguJ: PHimalayan 'riffon 9vulture;, where the medial :r: soundscomes from
the superscri"ed letter

9ra;, found in the second sylla"le 9

__
;

,n some cases, an intersylla"ic :p: which is not etymological occurs "etween two sylla"les of a
compound word. 8ust as in Standard Ti"etan, we do not note this intersylla"ic :p: in the spelling.
!# C
___
:gyupdak: P+ualityJ,
__
:tOpcha: Phorse saddle paraphernaliaJ,
___
:-opta:
PappearanceJ
@7
Su#scri#ed letters
The su"scri"ed letters correspond to sounds that occur after the radical letter, and can thus "e
called EpostradicalF. Unlike preradicals 9either prefi#ed or superscri"ed;, the su"scri"ed postradical
letters usually modify the pronunciation of the radical consonant.
There are four su"scri"ed consonants C the letters

9ya;,

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9wa;.
>hen these letters are su"scri"ed, their shape is more or less modified as follows
6
C

Ta#le ;0 <odified forms of the su#scri#ed consonants
y

|
.

Ta#le =0 The = consonants with the su#script

3$a4
|ya ||ya ||y


; c|a ; c||a c|| ; oy



`|ya






Ta#le >0 The 1! consonants with the su#script

3ra4
ta t|a t|








`ta `t|a _ t|
ta t|a t| `oa
















`s|a s|a
s|a





6
The star indicates that the com"inations are only used in literary Ti"etan "ut they are not used in Sherpa.
@4


Ta#le ?0 The ; consonants with the su#script

3la4
|a |a


|a

t
|a |a







Ta#le 150 The 1; consonants with the su#script
_ __ _
3wa4

|a ||a ||
ca oy

ta



t|



tsa ts|a
s| s
| s|a sa
|a






>e now "riefly summarise the main modifications in pronunciation induced "y the su"scri"ed
letters.

The su#scri#ed letter

3$a4
>ith the velars
_
9kO;,
_
9khO;, and
_
9kha;# the su"scri"ed

9ya; yields the palatal plosives

:kyO:, :khyO:, and :khya:, respectively 9see Ta"le 7 a"ove;. The com"ination
_
is pronounced :gya:
when it is preceded "y a prefi#ed or superscri"ed letter.

E!C
_
:kyV: PdogJ, :kyTru: PsourJ,
_
:kyQ: Pto "e "ornJ,
__
:gyema: PintestineJ
@5
>ith the la"ials

9pO;#

9phO;, and
_
9pha;# the su"scri"ed

9ya; yields the palatal fricatives

:chO:, chhO:, and :chha: 9see Ta"le 7 a"ove;. The com"ination
_
is pronounced :?a: when it is
preceded "y a prefi#ed or superscri"ed letter.
E!C
___
:chhargu: PvultureJ,
_
:chhang: PnorthJ,
__


:chhuruk: PcoralJ,
__
:chhTrwi:
PdryJ cheeseJ,
_
:?ar: Pto stickJ
>ith the nasal
_
9ma;, the su"scri"ed

9ya; yields :nya:.

E!C
____
:nyamnyung: Pe#perienceJ

The su#scri#ed letter

3ra4
>ith the velars
_
9kO;,
_
9khO;, and
_
9kha;# the dentals
_
9tO;#
_
9thO;, and
_
9tha;, and the
la"ials

9pO;#

9phO;, and
_
9pha;, the su"scri"ed

9ra; yields the retroae# plosives :trO:, :thrO: and

:thra:. 9See Ta"le 4 a"ove;. >hen they are preceded "y a prefi#ed or superscri"ed letter, the
com"inations
_
thra,
_
thra, and
_
thra lose their aspiration and are pronounced as the voiced sound
:dra:.
E!C
__
:trSlum: PchurnJM
_
:draa: PriceJM
__
:trOla: PforeheadJ,
___
:dra
chhOamu: PniceJ
The radical
_
9sO; with a su"script

9ra; is pronounced :shrO:.

E!C
_
:shrO: PhairJ,
__
:shrQlma: PpeaJ,
__
:shrRn: PcloudJ,
__
:shrOndi: Phard, solidJ
(om"inations of the letters
_
9ma; and
_
9shO; with a su"scri"ed

9ra; are e#tremely rare.

These com"inations only occur in Sherpa in the case of "orrowings from Literary Ti"etanM they do
not appear in this dictionary.
The com"ination of
_
9hO; with a su"scri"ed

9ra; is also rare "ut it occurs in some Sherpa

words. ,t is pronounced :shrO: in the same way as
_
E!C
__
:shrRlmu: PperformanceJM
____
:shrQkok: Pscrap of dried foodJ

The su#scri#ed letter

3la4
All com"inations that contain a su"script

la produce the sound :lO: with ahigh toneM the lone

e#ception is
_
zla, which is pronounced :da:. 9See Ta"le 5 a"ove.;
H3
E.C
___
:lQta: P"rainJ,
_
:lW: PsongJ,
__
:lSp: Pto teachJ,
__
:lSm: Pto fryJ,
_____
:dawa
guwa: Pthe ninth monthJ

The su#scri#ed letter
_ __ _
3wa) )) )
(om"inations including a su"scri"ed
_
9wa; are very rare and do not change the sound of the
radical to which it is attached. The su"scri"ed :wa: is used only "ecause it corresponds to the
traditional spelling.
E.C
__
:thrawa: PmonkJ,
__
:sayok: PnettlesJ.
__
:shamung: PhatJ


Suffi'ed letters
The final consonant letters are called Esuffi#ed lettersF. There are ten suffi#esC
_
9kha;,

9nga;,
_
9tha;,
_
9na;,
_
9pha;,
_
9ma;,

9ha;,

9ra;,

9la;, and
_
9sO;. !#cept for
_
9tha;,

9ha;, and
_
9sO;,
these suffi#es are pronounced more or less clearly, as we will see "elow.
The suffi2ed letter
_
9kha; is pronounced :k: as in
__
:limik: PkeyJ,
__
:gorak: PravenJ. However
the :k: is often reduced to a glottal stop which transcri"ed "y an apostrophe :J:C
__
:noJ:
Pto "e situatedJ,
__
:limiJ: PkeyJ,
__
:goraJ: PravenJ.
The suffi2ed letter

9nga; is pronounced :ng: as in

__
:shOmung: PmushroomJ,

:lang: Pto get

up: to "e enoughJ.
The suffi2ed letter
_
9na; is pronounced :n: as in
___
:din: PsevenJ,
__
:?enpi: Pwheat, flourJ,
___

:gunpu: PwinterJ.
The suffi2ed letter
_
9pha; is pronounced :p: as in
__
:nup: PwestJ,
__
:lSp: Pto teachJ,
__
:khOp:
PneedleJ.
The suffi2ed letter
_
9ma; is pronounced :m: as in
__
:lSm: Pto fryJ,
_
:lam: ProadJ,
___
:sTm:
PthreeJ .
The suffi2ed letter

9ra; is pronounced :r: as in

_
:mar: P"utterJ,
_
:kWr: P"readJ,
___
:phermiJ:
PwifeJ.
The suffi2ed letter

9la; is pronounced :l: as in

_
:phal: PwoolJ,

:rul: PsnakeJM

HA
The suffi2ed letter
_
9tha; is not pronounced, "ut instead usually generates in the final position a
glottal stop which is transcri"ed "y an apostrophe :J:C
__
:weJ: Pto haveJM
__
:kQJ: Psound,
languageJM
___
:gyeJ: PeightJM or simply disappears in the middle of a wordC
__

:khyorong: PyouJM
____
:kyRduk: PcommunityM networkJM
__
:phepa: PTi"etanJ. ,n some
instances, the :t: is maintained in the middle of a word. ,n such a case, the
_
is reduplicated
in the Sam"hota spelling
0
C
__ __ _ _ __ _
:throta: PstomachJM
__ __ _ _ __ _
:lQta: P"rainJM
__ _ __ _ _ __ __
:?ettu-a:
P9,; forgotJM
_ __ _ _ __ __
:pQttin: P9,; openedJ
The suffi2

9ha; is not pronounced "ut usually causes lengthening of the preceding vowel
_
draa
PriceJM
__
:lOawa: PsteamJM
_
:pSo: PincenseJ. ,n some cases, the

ha does not produce

lengthening, "ut rather is used in order to reflect the traditional spelling of Literary
Ti"etanC
_
:?a: Prain"owJ.
The suffi2
_
sO occurs only in a few words 9a"out 23 items; of the present dictionary and it is used
in most cases for etymological reasons. ,t mainly appears after the vowels a, e, and i. The
suffi# :s: is always mute, "ut usually generates a lengthening of the vowel in monosylla"ic
words. )oreover, when the suffi# :s: occurs after the vowel :a: it causes a change in the
preceding vowelC a b e
___
:kOle: Pdifficulty, hard workJM
___
:khOpse: PgoodiesJM
___
:nQe: Pholy placeJM
___
:nyRi: PtwoJ. ,n some rare words, we use a second suffi#
_

9sO; which reflects the traditional spelling found in Literary Ti"etan, "ut is never
pronounced.
!#.C
___
:lTkso: PcustomJ.
_____
:tsRtap: PrespectJ,
____
:sOnggye: P=uddhaJ.
4.4 ronunciation of the second sylla#le
,n Sherpa, as in most other Ti"etic languages, the onset of the second sylla"le is usually
weakened 9a phonological tendency referred to as ElenitionF;. The initial aspirated consonant loses its
aspiration, and the sylla"le does not "ear a distinctive tone. 1or instance, the word
_
:chhT: PwaterJ is
pronounced with an aspirated consonant :chh: when produced as an isolated word, "ut without
aspiration when it occurs as the second sylla"le of a compound word. Thus in the compound word
__
_
:mRkchu: PtearJ 9Lit. Peye waterJ;,
_
:chhT: PwaterJ is pronounced without aspiration. The loss of
aspiration and the a"sence of distinctive tone are represented in the romani-ation 9which shows the

0
,n the romani-ation, the :t: is not reduplicated when the word is a noun. ,n the case of a ver", one encounters a reduplication
when the ver" is followed "y some ver"al suffi#es. The second :t: "elongs to the ver"al suffi# "ut it remains silent.
H2
pronunciation;, "ut is not marked in the spellingM this is consistent with the traditional spelling in
(lassical Ti"etan. This allows preservation of the same spelling for the word $ater regardless of its
position within the compound word.
Another reflection of second sylla"le lenition is that, in some environments, the initial
consonant undergoes voicing. 1or instance, "ased on its spelling, we would e#pect the word
__

PsalivaJ 9Lit. Pmouth waterJ; to "e pronounced :khOchu:M instead, it is usually pronounced ZkhO?u[,
with a voiced :?: rather than the voiceless :ch:. Since the change from a voiceless to a voiced
consonant follows an entirely regular pattern and is predicta"le, we do not indicate it in the spelling.
And we do not mark it in the romani-ed pronunciation, eitherM instead, we consistently write :chu:
PwaterJ so that it is transcri"ed in the same way for khOchu PsalivaJ and mRkchu PtearJ.
The presence or a"sence of voicing is predicta"le, and depends on the final consonant of the
first sylla"le and the initial consonant of the second sylla"le. 1or e#ample, when the second sylla"le
of a word "egins with the letter

9pO;, this consonant remains voiceless Zp[ if the preceding consonant

is a :k: "ut it "ecomes voiced Z"[ if the preceding consonant is a vowel or a nasal. (ompare the
following wordsC
__
Zdrokpa[,
_
Zthrong"a[,
__
Zphakpa[,
__
ZtsOm"a[. The reality is
however slightly more comple#, since in many cases, the initial consonant of the second sylla"le is
neither fully voiced nor voiceless "ut in "etween the two sounds. ,n the romani-ation, we write
respectively :drokpa:, :throngpa:, :phakpa:, :tsOmpa: "ecause the voicing is entirely natural and
predicti"le.
,n "rief, following the traditional orthography of Literary Ti"etan, the loss of aspiration and
distinctive tone in the second sylla"le is not marked in the spelling, "ut appears in the romani-ation.
The parameter of voicing 9k:g, p:", ch:?, ts:-, tr:dr, t:d; is not marked in either the Sherpa spelling or in
the romani-ation.
Another important shift occurring in the initial consonant of the second sylla"le should "e
notedC the consonant
_
which corresponds to pha 9or "a; "ecomes :wa:.
E.C
_ __ __
:phalip: P"utterflyJM
_ __ __
:phamung: PcowJM
_ _ _ ___
:#uta: P"ellowsJM
__ __ _

:shOrwa: PSherpaJM
___ __ _
:thriiwa: P"ileJM
__ __ _
:"alwa: PfrogJ
H@
6. @uide for the user of this dictionar$
The dictionary is composed of three sectionsC Sherpa!nglishTi"etan&epali, !nglishSherpa,
and &epaliSherpa.
,n the Sherpa!nglishTi"etan&epali section, entries are listed according to Sherpa
alpha"etical order, indicated in the ta"le in section H.A. The Sherpa words are presented first, followed
"y the romani-ation, and then "y the translations in !nglish, Standard Ti"etan, and &epali. >hen the
Sherpa form is le#ically different from the Standard Ti"etan form, we also provide the etymology
found in (lassical Literary Ti"etan.
As noted, the romani-ation provided corresponds to pronunciation in the 7hum"u dialectM we
hope in su"se+uent editions of the dictionary to provide also Solu and $harak versions, when they
differ. ,n some rare cases, two pronunciations are given. They correspond to variations "etween the
7hum"u consultants we worked with.
1or each entry, we indicate the le#ical category, or word class, in s+uare "rackets Zn.[ EnounF,
Zad?.[ Ead?ectiveF, Zv.[ Ever"F, etc. 9A complete list of a""reviations used in the dictionary can "e
found at the end of this section.; 1or ver"s that have different stems according to the various tense
aspects and moods, the stem forms are given in a summary chart in Appendi# H at the end of the
dictionary. >e also specify whether each ver" is Zv.inv[ Einvoluntary or non volitional ver"F or
Zv.vol[ Evoluntary or volitional ver"F. ,n Sherpa, as in other Ti"etic languages, this grammatical
opposition is fundamental.
>e must thus distinguish
__
:chhet: Zv.inv.[ Pto enflame, to catch on fire, to spread 9for fire;J
vs.
__
chQt Zv.vol.[ P to light, to ignite 9on purpose;JM
__
:chhSJ: Zv.inv.[ Pto "e "rokenJ vs.
___
:chSJ:
Zv.vol.[ Pto "reak 9on purpose;J,
_____
:nyRJ tshQt: Pto wake upJ Zv.inv.[ vs.
_____
:nyRJ tsQt: Pto
wake from sleepJ Zv.vol.[.
The Sherpa ver"s are given in their present tense form without a nominali-ing suffi# 9or
infinitive marker;.
>hen appropriate, entries also indicate if the word "elongs to honorific 9H; or humilific speech
9h;. The former is used to show respect, while the latter is a special form used in Ast person speech to
show humility or deference.
HH
Aist of a##reviations

ad?.C ad?ective
adv.C adver"
alt.C alternative spelling
arch.C archaism
art.C article
au#.C au#iliary
coC connective
dem.C demonstrative
!ngC !nglish
!tym.C !tymology
HC honorific
hC humilific
idiom.C idiomatic e#pression
ind.pr.C indefinite pronoun
int. pr. interrogative pronoun
inv C involuntary or non volitional ver"
mod C modal ver"
)ong C )ongolian
n.C noun
&ep C &epali
num C numeral
pers. pr. C personal pronoun
pl.C plural
post C postposition 9like prepositions, "ut placed after the noun.;
poss.C possessive
poss. ad?.C possessive ad?ective
poss.pr.C possessive pronoun
pr. n. C proper noun
reg.C regular ver"
Syn.C synonym
sg.C singular
Skt C Sanskrit
Ti".C Ti"etan
v.C ver"
vol C volitional or controlla"le 9ver";

H6

















SherpaBnglishTi#etan)epali dictionar$
H0
H7
_
k
__
k7ka Cn.D 9Sam"hota; alpha"et
__


___
EFk7tak Cv. suff.D to "e o"liged, to "e
compelled 9Syn.C
___
kOmeJ; E!C
_
______
nga madrokOtak
chhungsung +, $as compelled to go
_
cI.c
___

__
k7tir Cn.D large copper plate
____


__
k7ni Cn.D village entrance gate with
mantras
_______
@
= @
___
k7me% Cv. suff.D to "e o"liged, to "e
compelled 9Syn.C
___
kOtak;
_
cI.c
_
__

_
k7$ungG k7$u Cn.D porcelain cup
or and "owl
__
|

_
k7re Cn.D wooden flask for serving
alchohol
_____
Hs U
|
__
kl7s Cn.D class
___

H
__
k7le& Cn.D 3HBng.4 college
______

H
___
k7mputrar Cn.D 3HBng.4 computer
____
T!
_
k7a Cn.D pillar
__

T
__
k8lma Cn.D shru" rhododendron
___
_____
"
H
__
k8lak Cn.D crow
__

"
___
k+tap Cn.D 3H)ep.4 "ook
__


_
k*lo Cn.D kilogram
___
(|}
_
k.ngpu Cn.D "utter lamp cup
__


_
k9r Cn.D pancake, "read
___

|
__
k9rmu Cn.D "oil, a"scess
____


__
k.rshi Cn.D 3H )ep.4 chair
____

|
_
k,ra Cn.D "anana
_

__
k,mra Cn.D 3)ep. H Bng.4 camera

__
4
_
k-o Cn.D leather
__
U
___
k-nam Cn.D head strap for carrying
load, tump line
_________

T
__
k-tra Cn.D 3H )ep.4 room
___

__
k-tre Cn.D walnut
__
H
_
k-piG k-fi Cn.D 3HBng.4 coffee
_
9|
H4
___
k7mitri Cn.D 3HBng.4 committee
___

__
k-mu Cn.D "room
___


_
k-re Cn.D small eating "owl made of
"rass

s
_____
k-mden Cn.D seating mat made of
animal pelt
_____
U
|
_
k$+ Cn.D dog

_


__
k$*pchang Cn.D ?ackal
__

1
__
k$*ptsa lang Cv.inv.D to come on
heat or oestrus 9for a dog;
__

| 3dH H3 ( }
__
k$*rewa Cn.D hunter
__
|
__
k$+pruk Cn.D puppy, young dog
_
__

U3
___
k$*shik Cn.D flea
___

3
_
k$*lo Cn.D year of the dog
_



__
k$+&a Cn.D dog e#creta

___


d
__
k$*% Cv.vol.D to tie
__

__

, 1
__
k$*isur Cn.D dwarf rhododendron
_
______________

H

___
k$+rtumpa Cad&.D circular, round
__

d, "
__
k$-ngk$ong Cad&.D hollow,
concave
__

~ ,
~ , d
_
tr7apa Cn.D stairs
_____
H s
___
tr*katr Cn.D 3HBng.4 ticket
__


__
tr*3t4 Cv.vol.D to lead, to guide
__

d 3, s3
__
tr*n Cn.D tin 9metal;, container made of
tin
_____

Hs
__
tr,ngen Cad&.D reluctant to "e
socia"le, shy
_

7H
_
tr,lung Cn.D ankle"one
_

"|"
__
tr-lum Cn.D wooden "utter churn
__
_
d| T
_
tr-l Cn.D custom, tradition
_

,
T
__
tr.3t4 Cv.vol.D to wash
__


__
tr.npu Cn.D water well
__


___
l,ta Cn.D "rain
__

d"
_
l9 Cn.D water serpent deity, n-ga
_

"
___
l.ptur Cn.D ritual offering to a
n-ga
___
" H
H5
___
k7le Cn.D difficulty, hard work
__
_
, "(
___
k7rchu Cn.D yoghurt
_

d|
__
k7ru Cad&.D white

__


___
k7rwi Cn.D roasted flour
9tsampa;
__

___
k7rsha Cn.D agaric 9meadow
mushroom;
___

| 3
____
k7rsur Cn.D milk and "utter
offerings to spirits
____
3

_________
k-nchok s.m Cn.D the
three ?ewels of =uddhism 9=uddha,
%harma, Sangha;
_________

@
| c
(@, ,}
_____
k-nn$er Cn.D caretaker of a holy
site 9H;

_____

H|
___
k-rmu Cad&.D scarce, rare
___

H (, d H

___
k$.ma Cad&.D ordinary, plain
____

, d
__
tr*l Cv.vol.D to wrap
__

,
"3
___
tru % Cv.vol.D to stir, to agitate
___

3dH

, H=d

___
tr.m Cv.vol.D to crush, to smash into
pieces
___

9 3, H
______
tro ktrok Cad&.D uppity, naughty
______
d,
___
k7% Cv.vol.D to split, to cut 9wood;
___


__
k7 Cn.D order, command
__

Hd
_____
k7pk$in Cv.vol.reg.D to scold, to
critici-e 9H;
_____
!3, "|
" , H " (H}
___
k7ngg$ur Cn.D =uddhist canon
___
T=
___
k7&u Cn.D =uddhist teaching 9H;
____
@ 3d
____
k7drin Cn.D kindness 9H;
__
__

, d
___
k7ndri Cn.D +uestion 9H;
___


__
k7l Cv.vol.D to spin 9wool;
_

3
H
_____
k-pa g$a% Cv.volD to order, to
direct
_______
H(3

_____
tr7shiwa Cad&.D proper, orderly
____

H "
______
tr7shi dele CidiomD "est
wishes
________

H
63
_____
tr7kshok Cn.D plastic paper
____

!1

_
k8 Cn.D irrigation canal
_

,
_
k7ngpa Cn.D foot, leg
_

,
3
___
k7ngten Cadv.D especially
__
___
"|, "|
__
k7ngni Cadv.D never
____
cI.&!'

__
k7nglak Cn.D lim", arm, leg
__


___
k7a &enpa Cadv.D "arefoot
____

|
___
k7anam Cn.D trousers Etym!C
___

Eleg clothF
__

___
k,ltang Cn.D waist
__
T
__
k-ma Cn.D weeding tool
__

"s
" HH
__
k-% Cv.vol.reg.D to carveM to dig
_

!, =
_
k-ng Cn.D sca"ies
____


__
k.rma Cn.D thief
___


__
k9p Cn.D vagina
_

|
__
k$7ngma Cad&.D single, alone
_

7
_
k$-ng Cv.vol.D to stretch, to e#tend

_

, 1 3

__
k7ma Cn.D "arren or nonmilking animal
__

$,
_
k7ra Cn.D "elt, sash
__
|,
_
k7rung Cn.D window Etym!C
__

Estar holeF

__



__
k,% Cn.D sound, language
__

_

HH,
H,
___
k,dra Cn.D fame
_____

F
____
k,% g$a% Cv.vol.D to shout, to make
noise
____

3
___
k,% g$ur Cv.vol.reg.D to translate

__
_

Hd " , 3~ "
____
k,g$urru mi Cn.D translator

__
__

Hd
___
k,dra Cn.D noise, shout
___

~
____
k,% t-ng Cv.vol.D to call
__

3
___
k,lok Cn.D noise, shout
__

~
__
k7ndiG k,ndi Cad&.D pasty, thick
9li+uid;
__
4
___
k8mtang Cn.D pincers, tongs
__

T
6A
__
k7mpu Cad&.D dry
__
F,

__
k7rma Cn.D star
__


_
k7laG k7lda Cn.D share, portion

__

H", H
_
k. Cn.D statue

_


_
k. honorific prefi
_

Hd $3
3"
__
k.k$ang Cad&.D alone 9H;
__

74 (H}
______
k.nkam sangpu Cidiom.D
How do you dod 9H;
______

(H}
____
k.md'n Cn.D in the presence of 9a
lama;
____

31
(}
_
k.par Cn.D photograph, painting 9H;
_

9, , 1(H}
__
k.tse Cn.D life 9H;
__

H|,
H=d"| (H}
_____
k.suk Cn.D "ody 9H;

_
____

| (H}
__
k.$in Cn.D wage 9H;

__

dH
__
k.rim Cn.D prevention or healing
ritual for misfortune 9H;
___
_

T= H
__
k.3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to put to work, to use
9people, animal;
_


"3, " "

_
k9r Cv.vol.D to send
_

3
__
kIk Cn.D o"stacle, vulnera"le time in a
personJs life
__

d,
__
k-n Cv.vol.D to put on, to wrap, to cover
__

3, "(d
__
k-mpa Cn.D thirst
___


_
k-r Cv.vol.reg.D to circumam"ulate, to
go around, to wander
_

H
" , T
_
k-ra Cn.D circumam"ulation

__

dH, H
_
k-rla Cpost.D a"out, regarding
_


__
k-rlam Cn.D circumam"ulation path
__
H " ,
_
k-l Cv.vol. reg.D to "oil
_
3~
___
k$7tang Cn.D dawn
__

__
k$7dingngi Cad&.D whitish

__

T
__
k$7sangngi Cad&.D crystal clear
_
_
, , 9
__
k$7kpa Cn.D faeces, e#creta, shit
__

d
62
____
k$7kpa t-ng Cv.vol.D to
defecate, to shit
____
d "
___
k$7kpa sh-r Cv.inv. reg.D to
release faeces 9involuntarily;
__
_

d 3T3
__
k$7klang Cv.inv.reg.D to get
spoiled, to get ha"ituated
__

T

___
k$7ksang Cn.D anus
__

__
_


______
k$7pch(lwa Cn.D refugee
___
___
|
__
k$7achang Cn.D housewarming
drink
___

d
" Hs
____
k$*duk Cn.D A. economic status
__
__
H H1 2. community
social support network d

" 3 , "|
__
k$*n Cv.vol.reg.D to "orrow 9food,
money;
_


( , }
____
k$*nkap Cn.D high +uality
em"roidery
____
s"| |
"
__
k$*npa Cn.D replacement

__


_
k$+r Cv.vol.reg.D to turn, to spin
_

3
__
k$*rmu Cad&.D pleasant
__

H=d, , |
__
k$+rmu Cad&.D round
__

"
___
k$*ltum Cn.D crosslegged
position

__
|
_
k$. Cn.D porridge
__

__
k$.wa Cn.D vomit
___

=
__
k$.% Cv.vol.D to vomit
__

Uq
___
k$.ngma Cn.D nausea
___


_
k$.r Cv.vol.reg.D to throw out, to
discard
_

_
94
_
k$.ru Cad&.D sour, acidic tasting
_
_

H
_
k$, Cv.inv.D to "e "orn, to grow
_

H=, 3P
___
k$,suk Cn.D la"or pain
___
c |

_
k$,a Cn.D interest 9money;

___

H
__
k$,sa Cn.D "irth place

_

__

H=1
__
k$,n Cn.D fault, defect, damage
__

d,
|, 4|
6@
____
k$,nden Cv.vol.D to critici-e
__
__
H "
___
k$,ka Cn.D present, gift
____

_
___
|, 3
__
k$-k$e Cn.D sadness, self pity

__

d4d|, |
__
k$-k$e lang Cv.inv.D to "e sad
__
_

d4d

__
k$-nang Cn.D feeling of sadness, self
pity

__

d4,
__
k$-ma Cn.D false accusation, li"el

__

4q

__
k$-p Cv.vol.D to defend, to protect
__

3, H "
_
k$-l Cv.vol.D to deliver, to carry, to "ring
_
3
_
k$-u Cad&.D weak, poor
_

____

H, "
___
k$7rma Cadv.D again, repeatedly

__
9 , 9 9

6H
_
khO
_
kha Cn.D A. mouth
_

2. surface
_


___
kh7ke% Cn.D spoken language

___

H
___
kh7 k-m Cv.vol.reg.D to "e thirsty
_
__

___
kh7 kh$,wa lang Cv.inv.D to feel
em"arrassed
___

Hd|

____
kh7 kh7amu Cad&.D elo+uent
_
___

_____
kh7 kh7amu kh$i Cv.vol.D to
flatter
____
| 4
, | F
___
kh7 khu3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "ecome
mute
____
| "T, |
3
__
kh7 kh$ee Cv.vol.D to separate, to
split

___

H"
__
kh7 kh$ongpu Cad&.D

sharp
tongued
__

___

U
___
kh7 g$aamu Cad&.D rude
____

s (|}, HP
___
kha ch*ndi Cad&.D taciturn, not
talkative person

___

~,

___
kh7 ch7kpa Cad&.D "roken mouth,
chipped edge

___

9 ,
(}
__
kh7chu Cn.D saliva, drool

__

___
kh7mchu Cn.D legal dispute

_
__


___
kh7 &ampu Cad&.D softspoken

_
__

| | H7, P,
PH|
____
kh7 t,rmu Cad&.D relia"le
____

+
_____
kha tak Cn.D silk offering scarf
_
____
d
___
kh7ndap Cn.D argument, +uarrel

_
__

___
d, $"s
_____
kh7ndap g$a% Cv.vol.D to argue,
to +uarrel

_____

$"s " ,
d "
___
kh7 thampu Cad&.D tightly sealed,
securely tight 9"ag;
___
P"
7
___
kh7 thokpu Cad&.D A. tightlipped,
taciturn

___

dd ~ 2.
fussy eater ,
3

66
____
kha dimu Cad&.D talkative
___

~, 4s
___
kh7mta Cn.D "ridle
__
"
_____
kh7 dam Cv.vol.reg.D to seal an
opening 9"ag; "y tying
___

=d
" , 1
__
kh7&ang Cn.D address
__
"
__
kh7tral Cv.inv.reg.D to "e separated,
to divorce
__
Us
___
kh7 mangmu Cad&.D of different
opinions, lacking agreement

__

9 9

____
kh7 me n$en Cv.vol.reg.D to refuse,
to disagree E!C
_____
khS nge
khOla manyen +he refused to listen to
me!
____

=, H1|
" , H

___
kh7tsek Cn.D smile
___

_____

1
______
kh7 ts-otam Cn.D vulgar talk
______

Us |
___
kha tsh7ndi Cad&.D A. sharp
tongued
__
, 2. hot
9food;, spicy
__
(}
___
kh7pse Cn.D goodies, sweets
_
__

( (H=
| (}
___
kh7$a ma kh$ii Cidiom.D donJt
respond, ignore it e 9imperative;
_
__

Us, 1 "
__
kh7 $eemu Cad&.D not fussy 9with
food;
_

F3
H
__
kh7 rakpa Cadv.D +uietly,
secretly
__

, "!
__
kh7rup Cn.D ver"al attack
__

"|
_
kha la Cpost.D on the top of, on the
surface of Etym.C
_
Eon the mouthF
_

_

__
G
___
kha la n$ermu Cad&.D o"edient
_
__
H =, H7|
__
kh7lak Cn.D A. face and hand
___

2. food
__

__
kh7 lo% Cv.vol.reg.D to talk "ack

_

__
9 3
_____
kh7lo% tsh*klo% Cv.vol.reg.D to
talk "ack

_____

9 3
____
kh7 s7lmu Cad&.D frank, open
9person;
___

9

60
____
kh7k chh,rmu Cad&.D important,
urgent
___

, H|
____
kh7kme% Cad&.D "lameless,
faultless

____

", d|
__
kha p Cn.D needle
__


___
kh7m Cpr.n.D 7hams, area in !astern
Ti"et
___

, |
H"
_____
kh7msang Cidiom.D A. to get
fresh air E!C
______

khOmsangla dri +lets go to get fresh
air.
_____

1, 2.
Cv.inv.D to "ecome alert
___
__
3 $,9

___
kh7aten Cn.D decorative rug
____

" " HU
"
___
kha rnup Cadv.D the day "efore
yesterday
___
H1
__
kh, ling Cv.vol.D A. to take
responsi"ility, to agree
___

__
_

, HT 2.
to promise

______

"

___
kh.simpu Cad&.D +uiet, peaceful
_
__
=
__
kh.ng Cn.D source, proof
__

H, P,
___
kh.ngk$ol Cv.vol.D to provide
e#planation, to prove
___


"
_____
kh.mte%: kh.ngte% Cpr.nDC
7hunde 9place name;
_____

=d
__
kh,mu Cad&.D cheap
_

1
___
kh,psang Cn.D profit, "enefit
___

9, 9d
__
kh-wa Cpers. pr.D they 9H; Etym!C
_

Ehe, this personF

__
3F
_
kh-ra Cn.D "utter container
___
3
U Hs,

__
kh-kpa Cn.D stomach Etym!C
__

Ethe inside of the trunk of the
"odyF
____

__
Hs|
_
kh-ngpa Cpers. pr.D she, he 9H;
_

3
__
kh$,par Cn.D difference
__

___

9
____
kh$,ntsaru Cad&.D unusual,
ama-ing
____

H H,
H1H
___
kh$*mpok Cn.D spoon
__

___

T

67
_
kh$, Cv. inv.reg.D to "e a"le, can
__

4, H

__
kh$,p Cn.D 3H)ep.4 times
_

__
,
~, |
__
kh$-wa Cn.D hus"and
__


_____
kh$-k phe"a Cn.D adult male
Etym!C`
__
Pyoung adultJ
___

PnephewJ
__
, 1
___
thr7tra p7tra Cad&.D variegated,
checkered
___
U ,
__
thr7k Cn.D "lood
__

"
_
thr* Cn.D throne
_

"|
__
thr-wo Cn.D wrath

__

, H
____
kha ndroma Cn.D dakini, female
celestial "eing

____

1" |
|
___
kh7amu Cad&.D e#pert
___

, 7
___
kh,npo Cn.D a""ot
___


____
thri iwa Cn.D "ile
___
d
__
kh,npa Cn.D artemisia species
9plants;
__
|
_
kh.r Cv.vol.reg.D to carry, to
"ring
_

_

4 , ~3
_
kh,l Cv.inv.reg.D to fall on, to coincide
with
_
~, "
__
kh( n Cv.inv.D to "e upset
__


3
_
kh-rlu Cn.D wheel
_

H,
4, T
_
kh-l Cv.inv.reg.D to get "oiledZ
_

3T
__
kh$7m Cv.vol.reg.D to wander, to loiter
__
Hl
_
kh$*r Cv.inv.reg.D to rotate, to spin
_

_
9= , T

__
kh$,wa lang Cv.inv.D to feel cold
__
Hs

_
kh$-l Cv.inv.reg.D to reach, to "e
delivered
_

_
thr.ng Cv.inv.reg.D to "e "orn 9H;
_
d

, H= ,
H=
_
thr.l Cv.inv.reg.D to have an illusion
_

H ,

_
thr-l Cv.vol.D to fall apart 9wooden
chang container or wooden milking pail
when they "ecome dried;
_

, 9 1

64
_
kha
__
khark$ang Cadv.D only, solely
_

_

____
khatap Cn.D a"ility

___

H
____
khamdok Cn.D facial appearance
__

____

, H
________
khamdok "eemu Cad&.D
"eautiful, pretty
__

=d, P|
_____
khamdok leemu Cad&.D
handsome
__

_____

=d,
P,
__
khani Cint.pr.D where
__

_


____
khani khani Cint.pr.D where
9enumeration;
__


____
khani khani Cidiom.D let alonee
nevermind
______
-
____
khani khani Cco.D instead of E!C
____________
___
laakala hunggup khani
khani khangpa nyRlok gaasung +/e
$ent home to sleep instead of coming to
$ork!
__


___
khanima Cint.pr.D where fromd
___


___
khanisang Cadv.D A. everywhere
_
__

H| 2. anywhere 9c
&!'.;
___
|
__
khanilang Cadv.D everywhere
__
_
H|,
__
khartse Cadv.D a while ago
__
__

| , H

_
khalu Cn.D prover", saying Etym!C
_
__
Eoral traditionF
___
H,
3
___
khone% Cn.D communica"le disease
_
__
"
_
khang Cint.pr.D what
_

_

_

__
khangkang Cint.pr.D what kind
_
_

___
khangk$asa Cadv.D everywhere, all
over
___
H
___
khang kh$aasung Cidiom.D
what happened d
____
Hd
__
khangla Cn.D house rent

__

Hs,

___
khang ng7nga Cadv.D as early as
possi"le
___

H4d s

_____
khang th.tup Cadv.D as much as
one can

_____

H4d


65
_____
khang thratrak Cadv.D as good
as possi"le

_____

H 4d
P
_
khangpa Cn.D house
_


__
khangpa maru Cn.D ?ail Etym!C
___
Ered houseF
____

_
khangla Cint.pr.D why, what for d
_
____

____
khangla sisin Cco.D "ecause
Zused at the "eginning of a clause[
_
___
H

__

khangsang Cadv.D A. everything
_

,

2. nothing
9c&!'.;
_
, =
__
khangri Cn.D snowy mountain
__

_____
khapchu% Cn.D cover, lid

______

|, |
___
kham#u Cn.D peach
___

H
_
khaa Cn.D snow
__

__

3
___
khaa g$a% Cv.inv.D to snow
____

3
_
khaapa Cn.D thangka painter, artist
Etym!C
___
Ee#pertF
___

__
khaawaG khalwa Cn.D crack

__


__
khaasha Cn.D "arking deer
__

"
_
khau Cn.D charm "o# ?ewelry
_

"3 7
"

__
khaungma Cn.D face down E!C
__
_____
miti khaungma shRnoJ
+0his person died face do$n! E!1C
_
__________
Ongati
khaungma nyRJ galnoJ +0his baby
$ent to sleep face do$n!
___

!
__
kharma Cad&.D strong 9drink,
taste;

_

s ( d }
_
khal Cn.D measure $ord for 12# twenty
Etym!C
_

Eload, "urden, standard
Ti"etan volume measure e+ual to @3
l"sF
__

|

____
khal ch*k Cnum.D twenty
__

|
____
khal n$*i Cnum.D forty
____

|
__
khalpera ng7 Cnum.D ninety
__
__


____
khalpera n$*i Cnum.D thirty
___
|

03
___
khalpera shi Cnum.D seventy

_____
d|
____
khalpera s.m Cnum.D fifty
_
__

____
khal s.m Cnum.D si#ty
___

|
___
khal shi Cnum.D eighty
____

H|
__
khal ng8 Cnum.D one hundred
__


___
khaasi% Cco.D if, in case

___

d
___
khu thokpu Cad&.D congested, slow
___

,
__
khuuwa Cad&.D idiotic, mute, stupid
___
,
__
khu $emu Cad&.D spacious, open
_
_

, 9
___
guru rinpuche Cpr.n.D
$admasam"hava


___

TH
__
khu% Cv.inv.reg.D to get: "e
"ent

__

s"
_
khung Cn.D center, middle
_

__
| H"
___
khutuk Cadv.D separately, aside, apart
from
__

___

, U
__
kh'n Cn.D loss

__

_

____
khum#u Cpr.nD 3humbu, Sherpa
area near )t. !verest
____
T,
" H 1|
_____
khum#i $ullaG khum#i
$illa Cn.D deity of 3humbu
____
_

T H d 3
_
khur Cn.D tent
_


_
khurpa Cn.D 3H)ep.4 'urkha knife
_
__

|
___
khurmen Cn.D coolie, porter
____
____
H
__
khurmu Cad&.D e#pensive

___

"
_
khuru Cn.D load, luggage
_

H|
__
khurshing Cn.D frame for carrying
load
__

H| 4d "
" 9
___
khesar g$alu Cpr.n.D 7ing
'esar 9the Ti"etan epic hero;
___

H (|
}
_
kheng Cinv.reg.D to "e full

_

H

0A
__
khem Cv.inv.reg.D to "ecome dry
__
___

4
_
khonga Cn.D collar, lapel, neck"and
__


____
khochetu Cad&.D capa"leM useful

_
__

____

, H,
3"|
_
khore Cposs. pr.D his
__
3
_
khorong Cpers. pr.D he, himself
_

3
__
khole kole Cadv.D slowly,
gradually
__

1
___
khole ph,p Cidiom.D good "ye
_
__
1 H
__
khokpu Cad&.D "ad Etym.C
__

Edilapidated, in ruinsF
_
P,
T

__
khongtru Cn.D anger
__


___
khongtru kh$i Cv.vol.D to "e
angry
___

3
__
khongtru lang Cv.inv.D to get
angry
__

3
__
kho% Cn.D misfortune, hindrance
__

_
__

dH

,
__
kh(n Cv.vol.reg.D to put on, to dress, to
wear
__
, "3
__
khompa Cn.D step

__

_
khoo Cv.inv.reg.D to hear
_

=
___
khoochen Cn.D "rocade

__
__

( "
s}
__
khawa Cn.D livestock with white mark
on its face
_

H H7
H

____

kh$aanang kh$aani
Cidiom.D EFnangFEFni doing
someting repeatedly E!C
____
na
nang nani +being sick repeatedly E!1C
__
ngunang nguni +crying
continuously
______
T
___
kh$aasin Cco.D therefore, if that is
so
___
c H7, ,
c
_
kh$i Cv.vol.D to do
__

___
"

___
kh$itang Cn.D manner, method
__
__
,
____
kh$itap Cn.D means to do something
_____
3, ,
___
kh$i m7 kh$, Cv.inv.D to fail to do
something E!C
___
dro mO khyQ
+couldnt go'reach E!1C
___
sa mO

02
khyQ +couldnt eat it
_____

"
4, H9

__
kh$irang Cpers. pr.D you 9plural;
Etym!C `
__
PyouJ 9plural;
__
_

|
__
kh$ire Cposs. pr.D your 9plural;
__
_

|F
____
kh$imtsi Cn.D neigh"our
_____

U|
_
kh$ir Cv.vol.D will do 9future of Jto doJ;
_
kh$il Cv.inv.reg.D to gather, to
accumulate 9water;
_

HT

,
HT
__
kh$en Cn.D uphill, upslope
__

3
_
kh$erpa Cn.D e#posed earth "ank:
soil
_

__

_
kh$ee Cv.vol.reg.D to dis"and, to
disperse
___
U
_
kh$ongpu Cad&.D rough, coarse, crude
Etym!C
_
Estrong, tough, self
sufficient, competentF
__
P,

__
kh$ore Cposs. pr.D your 9singular;
__
_

P
__
kh$orong Cpers. pr.D you 9singular;
__

|
_
thra Cn.D wheat
_

"

___
thrandrik Cn.D preparation
_
__

|
____
thrandrik kh$i Cv.vol.D to
prepare, to organi-e

_____

|
" , 1 "
___
thra drikpu Cad&.D welle+uipped,
wellorgani-ed
___
1,
7H
___
thrangshi Cn.D gonorrhea

___

U| | "
____
thramdok Cn.D pastelike mi#ture

_
_

d
_
thral Cn.D A. ta#

_

2. line,
row

_

,
___
thraldri% Cv.vol.D to sit down in rows
___

1
_
thri Cn.D crack

___


__
thrimungG thremung Cn.D el"ow
_
_


__
thrik Cn.D knife
_

U
__
thrip Cn.D spiritual contamination
__


____
thripk$en Cn.D epileptic fit

____

U "

0@
__
thrimpu Cad&.D fast, +uick Etym!C
__

Etight, firmF

____

_

U,
s
___
thrim Cn.D ?ustice, law, rule
___

=, ,
____
thrimkang Cn.D court,
tri"unal
____

Hd,
Hd
_____
thrim la mondro Cidiom.D
illegal, against the law Etym!4
___
__
Enot following the lawsF
____
_

"|
____
thrim la dro Cidiom.D
legal

______

|
_
thru Cn.D "oat
_

s s"
___
thrupshi Cn.D s+uare

___

,
"
__
thru3p4 Cv.inv.reg.D to achieve, to fulfill,
to complete
__

,
___
threwak Cn.D ruin of a house

__

H
__
threngge Cad&.D cold
__


___
threngka Cn.D num"er

___

F
__
throma Cn.D potentilla
__

7
=d
__
throk Cn.D windfall, une#pected
gain

__

H|
3
__
throkpa Cn.D landslide

__


___
throkpi gola Cpr.n.D 0ropke
gola, a Ti"etanspeaking area in
&epal.
___________
__


! "
___
throngma Cn.D ant
___


___
throktsang Cn.D antsJ nest

___

"s
___
throngchok Cn.D rituals performed "y
monks in village households
___

"3 " H
_
throngpa Cn.D household

_

__
throng Cv.inv.reg.D to die 9H;
__

1"

___
throta Cn.D stomach, "elly
____

__

Hs|,
_
throl Cv.inv.reg.D A. to "e untied
9shoelaces, "elt;
_
9 1, 9 4
(|, , } 2. to come on
heat or oestrus 9for a dri; Zpast

0H
tense[

| 3dH H3 (
"(1}
___
thronggu Cn.D advice Etym!C d
__

Eadvice, talksF c
__
Eto pleaseF
____
_
$
____
thronggu kh$i Cv.vol.D to advise
_______

~ d, $
d
__
throomu Cn.D ritual friend 9"etween
females;
______
|
_
throu Cn.D ritual friend 9"etween
males;
___

|
__
thrawa Cn.D monk
_


___
thrashak Cn.D monkJs +uarters

___


_
l8 Cn.D wage, salary
__

7,
__
l7wa Cn.D servant, helper
_

,
" "
__
l7rtsi Cn.D musk pod

__

1|

__
l8k Cn.D eagle
__

"
_
l7ng Cn.D o#
___

"
__
l7ngpesa Cn.D elephant tusk,
ivory
__
d| d, 1s
_
l7ngpu Cn.D elephant
___

d|
__
l8ngma Cn.D willow species

__


H
_
l7nglo Cn.D year of the o#
_

"

_
l7a Cn.D musk deer
__

1|
__
l*ngka Cn.D park, garden
__

__

"
_
l9 Cn.D song
_

___

"|
_
l9 ling Cv.vol.D to sing
_____

_
_
"| "3
__
l.umu Cn.D flute
__

|
__
l,mu Cn.D small "am"oo "asket
_
_


____
l,nk$ok Cn.D dum", mentally
retarded
__
, 1
1
___
lK g$a% Cv.inv.D to cough
___
4
____
l-mentang Cpr.n.D 5ustang, a
Ti"etanspeaking area in &epal
___
_
1s
___
l-kkang Cn.D electric powerplant
___
3cd =
_
l-o Cn.D lungs
__


94
__
gaa Cv.inv.reg.D to like, to love
__

3 , "

06
___
gaanang Cn.D e#pression of
appreciation
___

7
HH
___
gaasur Cn.D feeling of
happiness
___

7
__
gaa lang Cv.inv.D to "ecome happy
__

|

__
gu Cnum.D nine
__

|
____
gupchu Cnum.D ninety
____


____
gutuk Cn.D soup made of nine
ingredients traditionally consumed
during losar

____

|
H= 7
___
guning Cadv.D three years ago
__
_

___
gunpu Cn.D winter
____


3 d
____
gergen Cn.D teacher
____
H
____
getruk Cn.D student, pupil
____

|
___
gewa Cn.D merit, virtue
___
,

___
getsul Cn.D monk with novice vows
___
7 HH
_____
geshi Cn.D monk with advanced
degree
_____

3 H
" HH
___
gelung Cn.D fully ordained monk,
bikshu
___

U| HH
___
gomu Cn.D evening
___
$
__
gonglo Cn.D age 9H;
__

3
(H}
___
gongpa Cn.D thought, idea 9H;
___


_____
gotra kh$i Cv.vol.D to laugh
___
___
1
_____
gotra sh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to
laugh
____

c U
____
gotra lang Cv.inv.D to laugh
__
__
3
_____
gotro l-ng Cv.vol.D to ?oke, to
make someone laugh
____

3
____
gonde Cn.D monastery
___
"T
__
goo Cmod.v.D need, must
___
s s
"
__
dr8 Cn.D enemy
___


__
goo Cv.vol.reg.D to split, to
share

__

s s "

_____
gooni so Cv.vol.D to share
9food;
______

s s|

00
____
drewu Cn.D elderly man 9H;
___

@
____
dremu Cn.D elderly woman 9H;
___
_
@
___
galwa Cn.D piece of firewood
__

d3
____
gulcham Cn.D cold, flu 9H;
__
__
| (H}
___
guldar Cn.D ceremonial scarf 9H;
___
d
__
goo Cn.D A. head Etym!C
___
EheadF
__

3 2. top, ape#
__

! ,
|
___
goo k-r Cv.vol.reg.D to distract, to
take advantage of, to cheat
_____

H3,
___
goo kh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to "e
distracted
___

H
____
goo th,npu Cad&.D independent
9person;
____

H, "
4
____
goo th-m Cv.inv.reg.D to "e
pu--led, to "e confused
____

H= , d "
_____
goo dimu Cad&.D fast, clever

__
__
,
___
goo dung Cv.vol.D to "argain hard
___

____

"

____
goomen Cn.D headache
medicine

____

3 dFd

H|
___
goo$ap Cn.D grease used for hair
oil

______


"3 3
____
dronkang Cn.D guest house

___
_

,
___
dronpu Cn.D guest
___

____
gak thokpu Cad&.D narrow,
constricted
____
" 3
__
gen Cn.D responsi"ility, duty
___

HT|, dc
___
gen kh.r Cv.vol.reg.D to take
responsi"ility
___
HT|

__
gam Cv.vol.D to eat dry powdery food
__
9 4
_
gaire Cad&.D all, entire
_____


__
gu% Cv.vol.D to summon, to call, to send
for
__

3
_
geng Cv.vol.D to fill up
__
H

07
__
ge3p4 Cv.vol.D to cover
___
U3,
4
__
gem Cv.vol.D to dry
__

3
_
gel Cv.vol.D to load on, to hang
_

3, $=3
_
go Cn.D "eginning
_


___
go "u3t4 Cv.vol.D to "egin
____

"
___
gonam Cn.D woven woolen clothZ
___
3| s
__
gomala Cpost.D "efore, at first
__
_
H
__
gom Cv.vol.reg.D to step over, to step
across E!C
_______
gomni gal
noJ +he $ent by stepping
over

__


_
goo Cn.D lead, pilot
_

H"
_
gor Cv.inv.reg.D to take time
_


_
g$ang Cv.inv.reg.D to "e delayed, to "e
postponed

__

, Us

_
g$i Cv.inv.D to "e all rightM to fit
__

_
g$i Cv.vol.D to come 9presentM Syn.C

hung;

H3
___
g$iwi% Cidiom.D itJs all right
___
_
=U

, U
_
g$ur Cv.inv.reg.D to change, to
alter
_
9 ,
__
g$epa Cn.D regret, remorse
__

d, U
____
dramchak Cn.D slap on the face
____
!s
____
dramshi Cn.D foundation, "ase

_
__

H"
___
dramsa Cn.D molar teeth

___
Z
s"
__
drampa Cn.D cheek
__

"
_
draa Cv.inv.reg.D to "e full 9stomach;
_

___

H3
__
dri3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to "lock, to cover,
to shade
__

4 , U!
_
dril Cv.inv.reg.D to topple, to fall down
_

__
drulwa Cn.D traveler

_

|,

_
drengpa Cn.D tricoloma lentinus 9a
kind of mushroom;
______

7
3
____
drel sh,% Cn.D e#planation,

04
commentary

___

F,
!|

_
dro Cv.vol.D to go
_

H

___
drotang Cn.D custom, system

_
__

, |H

__
drosa Cn.D place to go, destination
_

H 3 , "=

__
drosung Cn.D e#penditure, e#pense
__

____
drosung g$a% Cv.vol.D to sponsor,
to fund

____



_
dri Cidiom.D letJs go E!C
_

horong dri +Lets go together.
__

H3
_
drol Cv.vol.D to untie 9shoelaces, "elt;
_
9 3, ~
__
gaga Cn.D grandfather, elder
__
H,
H
__
gawa Cn.D old 9male;, elder
__


=U

__
gama Cn.D old 9female;, elder

___

| =U
_
gari Cn.D 3H)ep.4 car
__

,
"s|

_____
gari t-nggu mi Cn.D driver
_
______
H,

___
genchu Cn.D living a religious life at
old age

____

H|
__
genpa Cn.D senior
__

_
gaa Cv.inv.reg.D to "ecome old
_

___
gutsuwa lang Cv.inv.D to feel hot
___

___
"|
__
g'3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to decline, to
deteriorate 9health;

__

,
1
____
gundrum Cn.D grape, raisin
__
__

H"

__
gorak Cn.D raven
_

"

_
goli Cn.D 3H)ep.4 "all
_

H s

_
gorpu Cad&.D hardworking Etym!C
__

Ecapa"le, strongF
__

H,
|

_
g$a Cn.D A. lowlands, plains, Teraf
__

(, 2. serow
_

Hs"|
7 H
__
g$agar Cn.D ,ndia
__

H

__
g$agar Cn.D ,ndian
____

H|


05
__
g$agung Cn.D "ack of human "ody
_
s
__
g$aling Cn.D clarinet, religious
instrument
__
|

___
g$achok Cn.D ta"le 9(hinese style;
__
_
(| }

___
g$a ch,rmu Cad&.D "road, wide,
e#tensive

___

9,

___
g$anak Cn.D (hina
___

|

__
g$ami Cn.D Han (hinese
__

___
g$amtsu Cn.D ocean, sea
___


__
g$alam Cn.D main path, road

__
_


_
g$alung Cn.D mirror
__


___
g$ashok Cn.D (hinese paper
___

"H
__
g$a% Cv.vol.D to make, to "uild

__

" , 3
___
g$aktre Cn.D competition,
dispute
____
1 , d
___
g$angda Cn.D congregation "ell
_
__
H " H |
_
g$ang ringpu Cad&.D far, distant
9time, space;
_
d|

__
g$en Cn.D "utter or tsampa da" placed on
wall or cups for good luck
_

" ||
____
g$en k.3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to put
auspicious markings of tsampa or "utter
on the "ride and grooms head during
the wedding
__________

"
___
g$encha Cn.D ?ewelry
___

"
___
g$aptsa Cn.D reinforcement, support
____
",
__
g$apla Cpost.D "ehind
__

Us
__
g$aamu Cad&.D fat 9person;,
fatty
___

__
g$aawi Cn.D food supply, provisions
____

__
g$aashing Cn.D part of land given for
su"sistence
_____
H
|
_
g$au Cn.D "eard
__

_

d(|
_
g$ar Cn.D millet 9grain;
__

_

d
__
g$ar"i Cn.D clay pot
____


_
g$al Cv.inv.reg.D to win
_

HH
__
g$alui ph-drang Cn.D kingJs
palace
_

Hd

73
___
g$alkap Cn.D state, nation
___

d , , 7
____
g$alwa rinpuche Cpr.n.D
%alai Lama
____
d(
__
g$almu Cn.D +ueen
__

|
_
g$aluG g$alwu Cn.D king
_
H
__
g$alsa Cn.D capital, city
__

H|
___
g$updak Cn.D +uality 9clothes, food;,
character 9man; 9Syn.C
___

pTutseJ;

___

", "1
___
g$umdre Cn.D causality,
conse+uence
___

___
g$uk Cv.D go away e 9imperative;
___

H3
__
g$ema Cn.D intestine
__

H=
__
g$erok Cn.D mustache
_

H"
__
g$eshar Cn.D ginger
___

Hd

_
gangpa Cn.D "alloon, "ladder

__

, |
__
gapcha Cn.D yak saddle set

___

|

___
gapten Cn.D saddle "lanket
___

| 4 s

_
gangpu Cad&.D all, every"ody

__

____


__
gam Cn.D "o#
__

_
gar Cn.D weight measure

__


_
g$irpu Cad&.D "ig
__


__
gu3t4 Cv.vol.D to wait
__


___
gurk$ok Cad&.D "ent, crooked
__

", "7
_
gul Cv.inv.reg.D to move, to shake
_

~3, ~

__
gerki Cad&.D private, personal
_

H|, "
_
gK Cn.D door
_


__
gotri Cn.D wooden floor

___
_

H
_
gonga Cn.D testicles Etym!C
_
EeggsF
___

Hs
____
gK ch,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to close the
door
___
=d "
__
golcha Cn.D padlock

____

~
__
godar Cn.D flag that signals the "irth of
a child
______________
________
= d
"s H
__
gK dung Cv.vol.D to knock at the door
__
3
__
gomung Cn.D plank
__
9~

7A
__
gop$ang Cn.D door plank

__

9~
_
go$ol Cn.D door curtain

_

d
__
golak Cn.D gate of a fence
___
_
"
__
gokpa Cn.D garlic, onion
__

___
gokchu Cn.D garlic sauce
___


____
goktsum Cn.D mortar and pestle 9for
chili;
_____

, |
1 Hs
_
gong Cn.D price
___

_

~
_
gong Cv.vol.D to gather, to pile
_

HT ,
__
gom Cv.vol.reg.D to meditate

__

"
____
gomchen Cn.D yogi, ascetic,
hermit

____

+|
__
g$ik Cn.D small cloth "ag

____

s $
___
g$i#ung Cn.D threestone fireplace
___
H"
_
g$il Cv.vol.D to hold "ack, to dam up
9water;
_
| = , U 4
_
g$ur Cv.vol.reg.D to change, to modify,
translate

_

" ,
9 d "
__
dramn$ang Cn.D a threestringed lute,
kind of guitar
___
|
s"|
__
dri% Cv.vol.D to arrange, to set up

__

3,
___
driklam Cn.D discipline
_____

H
__
dru3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to achieve
__


"
_____
drumchi% Cpr.n.D %rum?i, a Sherpa
religious festival
_____

s TH| (
F s}
__
drolma Cpr.n.D the goddess Tara

_
_

(d |}
__
gal Cv.vol.D went, left 9past tense of
_
Pto goJM Syn.C
__
phin; E!C
__
___
nga yam"ula gallin +,
$ent to 3athmandu!
__

_
"
_____
g$amchu% Cn.D an offering of one
hundred "utter lamps

_____


d|
____
g$apshi Cn.D e#orcism ritual

____

$9

72
__
g$alor Cn.D hundredrupee note
__
___


___
g$e% Cnum.D eight
___
H
____
g$e% t-ngpa Cn.D name of a
=uddist sutra
____

@
T=
__
g$uu Cv.vol.reg.D to string 9rosary,
rope;, to thread 9needle;
___

3=,
U3
__
g$urpa Cn.D lineage, line

___


F|

7@

nga

nga Cpers. pr.D ,

ngare Cposs.pr.D mine

_


__
ngangg$i% Cn.D patience
__




ngangpa Cn.D wild duck

H"|
__
ngandra Cn.D temper 9nature,
disposition; Etym!C
_
Ea roarF

H
_
ngampa Cn.D ledgeM wall

__

=

ngaang Cpers.pr.Fadv.D me also

n$e Cposs.ad&.D my

ngar Cn.D temper 9nature, disposition;,
energy

H, s, 9 ,

_
ngarg$al Cad&.D aggressive

_

HH
__
ngardong Cn.D shin"one
__

| s
_
ngarma Cad&.D strong, vigorous,
energetic

9 ,
__
ngaaso Cv.vol.D to rest
____

H "
__
ngiwa Cpers.pr.D we 9eclusive; Etym!C
_
E,F 9H;, EweF
_
|
_
ngirang Cpers.pr.D we, ourself
9eclusive;
_
|
_
ngire Cposs.pr.D our 9eclusive;
_

P

ngu Cv.inv.D to cry, to weep

_____
ngu"in de3p4 Cv.vol.D to
pretend to cry

____

7H1
"
_
ngulap Cn.D weeping while talking

_
= |

__
ngulap chh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to
weep while talking, to talk emotionally
___
d ~

__
ngotok Cad&.D real, true

_____

, c
__
ngodong Cn.D face
__
H
_
ngoma Cad&.D real, original

_

4|
_
ngotsa Cn.D shame
_

H
_
ngotsha lang Cv.inv.D to "e
ashamed, to "e em"arassed
_

7H

7H
_
ngolo% Cv.vol.reg.D to protest
___

" , 3H| "
____
ngoshi t-ng Cv.vol.D to
introduce
____

" ,
3
_
ngo sh,e Cv.inv.reg.D to recogni-e, to
identify, to know 9some"ody;
__

=
_
ngosu Cn.D appreciation
_

___
ngosu t-ng Cv.vol.D to show
appreciation
___
" ,
d "
____
ngopshur g$a% Cv.inv.D to tell
off, to em"arrass
__

"| "
_
ngom Cv.inv.reg.D to "e satisfied,
content, satiated
_

__


__
ngomsu Cn.D showing off, flaunting,
"ragging
__

, HsT,
sHs
____
ngomsu k.3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to
show off, to flaunt, to "rag
___

sHs "
__
ngoon"in Cn.D process of
identifying an incarnation

___

H|
___
ngoon"in kh$i Cv.vol.D to identify
an incarnation

_____

H|
"
____
ng7ngtrak Cn.D rush, panic
_
__
, Hc
_
ng.l Cn.D silver
_

d|
__
ng.lting Cn.D silver "owl for
offering water
__

| 3
d| Hs
___
ng.l"in Cn.D che+ue "ook
_
__
, d
___
ng.lsham Cn.D wooden "owl lined
with silver
____

d| s
9
__
ng7rmu Cad&.D sweet
__

"
___
ng-oshi Cn.D forethought,
prediction
____

H|
_
ng8 Cn.D drum
_

sT
__
ng7lding Cn.D drumstick
___

T H3 |
__
ng7ma Cn.D tail
__

U
__
ng7% Cv.vol.D to cut 9grass;, to harvest
_


_____
ng7msik Cad&.D magnificent,
ma?estic
_____
3 d,

76
d

____
ng7msak Cn.D greed
_____
H

__
ng.lchu Cn.D sweat
__

_
ng8 Cnum.D five

_

___
ng7pchu Cnum.D fifty
___


_
ng7alor Cn.D fiverupee note

_
___


___
ng7 threngge Cad&.D "ad, inferior,
low in +uality, mean

__

U ,
7H H7
___
ng7tok Cadv.D earlier, earliest

__
__

s
___
ng7 thronpu Cad&.D ro"ust
___
_

P, d
__
ng7mu Cadv.D early
__

s
____
ng7mu sh,p Cidiom.D may you die
soone
_______

H (}
_
ng7la Cadv.D earlier, earliest, first E!C
___
ngOla shXJ +come earlier. E!1C
___
ngOla so +eat first.J E!6C
_
_
ngOla khyi +lets do that first.
E!7C
__
ngOla dri +lets go
earlier.

____

s
_
ng7li Cint.pr.D what time d
__

, H
__
ng7lok Cn.D la"or reciprocity
____
__

,
__
ng7se Cadv.D earlier, earliest, fairly early
____

___

H s,
_
ng7a Cn.D mantra
___
=
__
ng7atri Cn.D pillow

____
|
__
ng.npu Cad&.D "lue
__

__
ng7awa Cn.D tantric priest
___

=
__
ng.rmu Cad&.D "lue 9sky;, green
9vegetation;
__
,
__
ng-$am Cn.D mould

___
|

70
_
chO
__
ch7singpu Cad&.D trou"lesome,
dangerous Etym!C
___

Etrou"lesomeF
____

H!,

__
ch7kpu Cad&.D careful, safe
____

__
__
|, H
___
ch7kpu kh$i Cv.vol.D to take care, to
"e careful
_____

______
__
| " ,

___
ch7pdar Cn.D white thin cotton
clothes

___

|
s
__
ch7alak Cn.D thing, o"?ect
__

1, "
__
ch7awi Cn.D mos+uito
___

T
____
ch*ndok Cpost.D as
____

____

H1
__
ch*ni Cn.D 3H)ep.4 sugar
___
|
_
ch*la Cint.pr.D why
_____

____
ch*la sisin Cco.D "ecause Zused at
the "eginning of a clause[
____

H
___
ch*nni Cn.D wooden cup
___

9
___
ch.ptok Cn.D "eak
___


__
ch.tu Cn.D lips
___
H
___
ch,mak Cn.D spit, spittle
___

,

__
ch,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to shine, to light a fire
Etym.C
___
Eto spread, sweep overF
_
~
___
ch-kdra Cad&.D A. similar
_

~dH~d 2. same, identical
___

d1

___
ch-ktsi Cn.D ta"le

___


______
ch-ptok Cn.D interference,
meddlingZ
______

H=dU
H=
___
ch-rten Cn.D stupa
_____
1
___
chh-rpen Cn.D altar attendant
___
__

H,
___
ch*k Cnum.D one
___

7
___
ch*kpa Cad&.D same, identical
___

31, 3|
___
ch*kparang Cad&.D e#actly the
same, identical

_

~dH~d,
73

77
___
ch*krang Cadv.D alone, only one,
?ust one
___

74 , 73
____
ch*ksang Cind.pr.D not even one
____
73
__
ch*ng Cn.D urine

___


___
ch*ng sh-r Cv.inv.D to urinate
9involuntarily;
____


9 1
__
ch.r Cv.inv.reg.D to "e s+uee-ed
__


___
ch,lang Cn.D spoiling, pampering
___

__
, d
___
chK% Cv.vol.D A. to "reak
___

H 2.
to reduce 9the price;

___

3
(~}
___
ch-m Cv.vol.D to get ready 9for a trip;,
to prepare

_____

(}
__
ch-r Cv.vol.D to meet 9h;
__
H
(H}
___
ch,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to cut 9a rope;, to
stop 9water;
___

, U 4,
=
___
ch7anang Cn.D ground floor

__
_

H
___
ch7$ik Cn.D monastery charter
__
_
"T
__
ch*ng Cv.vol.D to "ind, to tie

_


____
ch. th7mpa Cnum.D ten
__

d
_____
ch.chik Cnum.D eleven
_____

7
_____
ch.n$i Cnum.D twelve
_____

(
_____
ch.ksum Cnum.D thirteen
_____

(
____
ch.pshi Cnum.D fourteen
____

|
___
ch.ruk Cnum.D si#teen
____

(
_____
ch.pdin Cnum.D seventeen
_____


____
ch.rgu Cnum.D nineteen
____

3=
__
ch.lor Cn.D tenrupee note

____
_

d
___
ch.% Cn.D highly nutritious food,
nutrient
___

___
ch,nga Cnum.D fifteen
___

=
_____
ch-pg$e% Cn.D eighteen
_____

H
__
ch7ngma Cn.D willow tree
__



74
_
ch7a Cn.D metal, iron
___

,
9
___
ch7akar Cn.D metal sheet
_____

H1
___
ch7agam Cn.D metal trunk, chest
_____


___
ch7atak Cn.D metal chain

_____


___
ch7atap Cn.D metal hearth or stove
_____

9 ~
_
ch7ari Cn.D fence, enclosure
___


__
ch*ndi Cad&.D heavy
__

"(
_
ch,e Cn.D dung
__

"
_
ch,la Cn.D tongue

_

H


75
_
chhO
_
chh8 Cn.D pair
_
Hs|
___
chh7 &o% Cv.vol.D to respect, to
honour
_____
Hd " =
____
chh7 n$-mpu Cad&.D even, e+ual
____
7
___
chh7me% Cidiom.D , donJt know, ,Jm
not familiar with
____
U
___
chh7we% Cidiom.D , know, ,Jm familiar
with Etym!C
__
Eto "e familiar withF

___
U
__
chh7kpa Cad&.D "roken, damaged
__

9 H7
__
chh7ngpi% Cn.D chang offering to god
_
d 3( 3 Hs
__
chh7ngma Cn.D chang 9alcohol;
seller
__
Hs |
___
chh7ptruli Cad&.D indispensa"le
____
H , H(

___
chh*ppa Cn.D horse 9H;
____
s
(H}
_
chh. Cn.D water
_
|
__
chh.k$o Cn.D water ladle
____
|
3H3 ss
___
chh.ta% Cn.D water mill
_
__
|
____
chh.den Cn.D nappy, diaper
_
___

___
chh.mik Cn.D source, spring
_
__
|
___
chhutsi% Cn.D hour
___

____
chhutsi gari Cn.D 3HSherpa)ep.4
watch, clock
___
s|
__
chh.luma Cn.D pool of water from a
spring source
_
|
___
chh.pla% Cn.D "oiled water
_
_
3 |
__
chh.urimpa Cn.D wave
_
___
3U
__
chh,chung Cn.D si-e
__
,
H
__
chh,shel Cn.D magnifying glass
_
_

___
chh,shok Cad&.D "iggest, largest,
greatest
___
H=d
_
chh,rpa Cn.D punishment, penalty,
sentence
__
ds, H
_
chh,e Cad&.D "ig, large Etym!C
__

E"iggerF
_

__
chh,emu Cn.D prostitute
__


43
_
ch,u Cn.D se#ual maniac 9male;
_
_
=s
____
chh- medu Cad&.D meaningless,
aimless
___
, |
____
chh- wetu Cad&.D meaningful,
sensi"le
__
H
__
chh-m Cv.vol.D to dance 9ritual dance. ,t
sometimes refers to lay people dances.;
__

______

__
chh-% Cv.inv.reg.D to allow, to "e
allowed
__
" ~, "

,
"
__
chh-% Cv.inv.D A. to "e "roken
__
H
2. to "e reduced 9price;
__
~

___
chh-oluk Cn.D religious sect
__
__
Td
___
chh*k Cn.D a flat stone grinder
___
|
___
chh*npa Cn.D liver
___
H
____
chh,dru Cn.D colleague,
companion
______
|,
|, |
____
chh,chang Cn.D chang 9H;
___
_
Hs (H}
___
chh-pa Cn.D religious offering
___

d 3( , H|
____
chh-ndru Cn.D grain offering to "e
tossed in the air
____
H"(
3 H=, HU
_____
chh-min Cn.D "utter lamp
offering
____
3 d|
_____
chh-$ok Cn.D assistant altar
attendant
_____

______
chh-sham Cn.D altar
___
___
s, H 1
__
chh7kla Cadv.D secretly, "ehind the
scenes
___
4 , "!
___
chh7mdral Cn.D ?umping around,
not standing still
___
|
(H}
_____
chh7mdral g$a% Cv.vol.D to
?ump around, to not stand still
_
__
| |
(H}
___
chh7rshi Cn.D plan, program
_
__
H
__
chh*3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to ride
9H;
__
(s,
}

4A
_
chha
_
chha Cn.D tea
_

___
chha ng7rmu Cn.D sweet tea
_
__
"
__
chhatang Cn.D "lack tea
__


___
chhadam Cn.D thermos
___

___
chhadik Cn.D large pot for "rewing
tea
______
3~
H s
__
chhapi% Cn.D first offering of tea
__

H"( 3
____
chhapakchung Cn.D (hinese "rick
tea
____
|
____
chhamo l7ngma Cpr.n.D )ount
!verest 944H4 meters; 8omolangma 9in
&epali Sagarmatha; is the residence of
the deity called
________

8omo )iyo Langsangma.
____

"
____
chhatsak Cn.D tea strainer
_
___
U=
__
chhalu% Cn.D wasted tea Etym!C d
_

EteaF c
_
Efertili-er, manureF
____

T
__
chhakpa Cn.D "rigand, "andit
__

, s
_
chhang Cn.D local alcohol made from
grain
_
Hs
__
chhe3t4 Cv.inv.D to "e cut off 9for a rope;,
to "e short of 9"reath;
__
U=,


____
chhaptok Cn.D "edpan
____

____
chhapshi Cn.D shape, appearance
__
_
|
____
chhapsang Cn.D urine 9H;
___


___
chhamdur Cn.D tsampa mi#ed with
tea 9paste;
__


__
chhampa Cn.D flu, cold
__

|
_
chhaa Cn.D manure, fertili-er Etym!C
__

Ehorse foodF
_

___
chhaak$en Cn.D drunken argument
Etym!C
___
Echang circumstancesF
___

__
H ,

__
chhaakang Cn.D toilet, latrine Etym!C
___
Ewater houseF
____
|
____
chhaa chh*npa Cn.D maple tree
_______
F

42
__
chhaanang Cn.D ?ealousy Etym.C
___
_
Elove and hatredF
____
( ,
H
__
chhaawa Cn.D de"t, loan
__

|

__
chhaaram Cn.D ice Etym!C
____
EglacierF
___
9

__
chharwa Cn.D rain
_

__
chhe3t4 Cv.inv.D to enflame, to catch on
fire, to spread 9for fire;
___
~,
~
__
chhodar Cn.D a tall prayer flag attached
to a pole
___
H H
_
chhong Cv.vol.D to ?ump
__

9~
_
chhoo Cn.D dharma, religion
__

__
chhoowa Cn.D a religious person
__


____
chhoosem Cn.D piety, religiosity
_____

___
chhoorimpa Cn.D disciplinarian
at a pu"lic festival
_____

__
__
"T H
=U
_
chhura Cn.D platform for resting water
"asin
________
| Hs
U 3
__
chhuwang Cn.D "lister
__

_
_
| 9
_
chhuurung Cn.D funeral cairn,
tom"
_________
1
__
&al Cv.vol.D to meet, to visit
9H;
__
H
___
&alka Cn.D audience
___
d
"
___
&aldar Cn.D ceremonial scarf 9H;
___
d
__
&ala Cn.D audience, religious visit to
a monastery or a temple 9H;
_____

1 d
__
&ingpa Cn.D neck
__
" ,
|
___
&ukla Cpost.D after, later
___

___

Us, U
___
&am th*ngngi Cad&.D relieved
9from pain, agitation;
___

U 7 , H7,

____
&am th*ng kh$i Cv.inv.D A. to "e
relieved from E!C
_________
___
tshQrmangti tQnni ?am
thRng khyaasung +, $as relieved after
taking out the thorn
_______

U ~ ,

2. to "e +uiet, to "e calm E!C
___

4@
________
Ongatiwa
phRla galni ?am thRng khyaasung +,t
$as 8uiet after the children $ent
out
______
~ "
___
&amdar Cn.D flint stone, sharpening
stone
___

__
""3
"
__
&ampu Cad&.D soft 9touch;
__

, !
_
&a Cn.D rain"ow
_
= |
____
&iktenpa Cn.D layman
_
_
=
__
&i3t4 Cv.vol.D to insertM to allow
__
, H d

__
&i3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to suck, to suckle
__

1 3
__
&iiwa Cn.D terror, fear Etym!C
___

EfearF
___
s,
____
&iiwa k.3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to
frighten, to scare
____
s
d 3 3
__
&iiwa lang Cv.inv.D to "e afraid,
to fear Etym!C
___
Efear risesF
___

__
s3
_
&o Cv.vol.D to milk
_
d d


__
&otung Cn.D "am"oo milking pail
__
__

___
d d T

, d|

__
&o% Cv.vol.D to put, to leave
__
U ,
U
___
&(ntang Cn.D a"ility
___

H,
__
&om Cv.inv.reg.D to reduce 9a pain;
__
,

__
&(npu Cad&.D capa"le, hardworking,
active
__

___
H, |
_
&I Cv.vol.D to change, to
e#change
_

_
&ee Cn.D imprint, trace, mark
__
Hd-
d, 3
__
&anpa Cad&.D raw or uncooked
9food;
__
,
__
&enpi Cn.D wheat flour
___
"

|
__
&ara &ire Cad&.D messy, untidy
__

"
__
&angmu Cad&.D green
__

__
&aatsa Cn.D salt 9H;
____

(H}
__
&aalen Cn.D replyM messageM times
9H;
____
H9, =d (H}
__
&i$ang Cn.D weight
__
|
___
&e3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to forget
___



4H
_
nya
_
n$a Cn.D fish
_
U
__
n$asha Cn.D fish meat
__
U
__
n$akpa Cn.D indentation, concave
shape
__
d H
H
___
n$angma Cn.D strand 9of hair;, "lade
9of grass;
___
c=
__
n$en Cv.vol.D to listen
__
=
___
n$am Cv.inv.reg.D to diminish, to
deteriorate, to degenerate
___

, T
____
n$amn$ung Cn.D e#perience
___
_
HH
_____
n$amtsi% Cn.D e#perimenting:
feeling out
_____
" HH
____
n$amlen Cn.D religious practice,
applicationM e#perience
____

T=| 7
_
n$aa Cn.D weight measure
__

_
n$8l Cv.vol.D to lie down, to go to
sleep
_
~ H
__
n$alsa Cn.D sleeping place,
"edroom
__

__
H
__
n$ima Cn.D A. sun
__
, 2.
day
__
d Cpr.n.D @. &yima
_
_

___
n$imi khungla Cn.D daytime
__
_
d3
____
n$ishu th7mpa Cnum.D twenty
_
_
|
___
n$in khang Cadv.D whole day
___

dH
__
n$irmu Cn.D noon, midday
___

=
____
n$iwak Cn.D dou"le layer
__
___
d(

___
n$ilok Cadv.D dou"le, two times
__
__
d( ~

, d
_
n$ungnga dro Cv.inv.D to
decrease 9involuntarily;
__

__
n$ungnga t-ng Cv.vol.D to
decrease
___
3
_
n$ungme Cad&.D a little, a few

, H
__
n$ungshok Cad&.D minimum
__

H=d , =
__
n$erin Cn.D partiality Etym! C
_

EdistanceM partialityF
____
H

46
__
n$Irmang Cn.D wrath, anger
_
_
H,
___
n$Irmang kh$i Cv.inv.D to "e
angry, upset
___

3
__
n$Irmang lang Cv.inv.D to get
angry, upset
__
3
__
n$erme Cad&.D thin 9meat;, lean
___

, d

_
n$ee Cv.inv.reg.D to go wrong, to make a
mistake
_

__
"~| " , H
"
_
n$o Cv.vol.D to "uy
_
=
__
n$opcha Cn.D shopping
__

__
n$okpu Cad&.D drowsy
__

___

H" H7, Hd
_
n$ori Cn.D large amount
_

_
n$a Cn.D calf muscle
_
sl
___
n$,n Cn.D harm, in?ury, damage
___
_
, H
_____
n$*% gal Cv.inv.D to go to sleep, to
fall asleep Zonly used with the past
tense[
____
d3

____
n$*% thr-o Cv.inv.reg.D to "e:feel
sleepy
____


_____

n$*% ts,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to wake from
sleep
_____
3 $
_____
n$*% tsh,3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to wake
up, to "e woken up, to "e awakened
_____

_____

______
3 $3
____
n$*la sh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to fall
asleep
____
d3
_______
n$*tsok g$a% Cv.inv.D to "e:feel
sleepy
_______

_____


___
n$*i Cnum.D two
___
d(

___
n$*lor Cn.D tworupee note
__
_____
d(

______
n$,n s7min Cn.D relatives and
inlaws
_____
T ,
H9=, "
___
n$,rma Cn.D wrinkle
___
3|
___
n$,rmu Cn.D younger sister of
hus"and or wife
_______
|
___
n$,rtsang Cn.D storehouse
___

Hs
__
n$,e Cv.inv.reg.D to like 9H;M to "e
happy 9H;
___
3 , |

__
n$,e Cv.vol.reg.D to knead, to soften "y
ru""ing
___
U, d~
_
n$*ngpa Cad&.D old 9for things;
_

40
__
n$*ngma Cpr.n.D old school of
Ti"etan =uddhism
__
s
Td
__
n$,3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to find
__
3
___
n$-kchu Cn.D dirty water
___
9
|, |
___
n$,tsol Cv.vol.D to look for trou"le,
to annoy
___
7

,
3
___

n$7mchung Cad&.D hum"le
___

P
_
n$*ng Cn.D heart
_

__
n$*ng&e Cn.D compassion
__

___
n$*ngtsum Cidiom.D e#pressing
pleasure at someone else<s
misfortune
__
s
__
n$*ngdru Cn.D diligence,
persistence
__

_____
,
"|
___
n$*ngsang Cad&.D relieved,
without worries
___
4 ,
=
_
n$.ng Cv.inv.reg.D to "e sick 9H;
_

|

(H}
___
n$.ngshi Cn.D sickness, illness
9H;
___
d

(H}
_
n$, Cv.vol.D to "orrow
_
H
3
__
n$,n Cv.vol.D to loan
_
|
,

__
n$,rmu Cad&.D pleasant to hear,
interesting
__
,
H=dd|
_
n$-l Cv.vol.D to put to
sleep
_
3
__
n$7 Cv.vol.D to lend
__
|
d, d
____
n$7pu k$*pu kh$i Cv.vol.D to
e#change, to lend and to "orrow

___
d~,
____
n$7pcho Cn.D a"using, mistreating
______
, d

47
_
tO
__
t7sala Cn.D a round cooking pot
____


____
t,nten Cad&.D certain
____
4,

_____
t,nten kh$i Cv.vol.D to fi#, to
confirm
______
4 " ,
"
_
t* Csg.art.D the 9singular definite article;
__
t*wa Cpl.art.D the 9plural definite article;
_
t*ng Cn.D "owl for offering water
_

H"( | 3
|

______
t*ng"ila galno% Cidiom.D
completely forgot
______
H4
__
t*pli Cn.D tea kettle
___

|
_
t,ri Cad&.D all, every"ody
__

_____

, H
__
t-ke Cadv.D still
___
4
________
t-ngmar mentok Cn.D
flower of rhododendron ar"oreum
Etym!C `
_______
Eflowers with red
e#tremitiesF
____________
__
|"
___
t-ktsi Cn.D hoe
___

____
_
d
__
t-klang Cn.D Tstick used for resting
load
____
4
__
t-rwa Cn.D trap
_

___
tr7ksi Cn.D ta#i, ca"
_____
4|
__
tr,ngka Cn.D money
___

_
,

__
tr*#i Cn.D 3HBng.4 television
_____

HH
_____
t7mn$e% Cn.D language, word,
speech
___
, |, H
__
t*ng ringpu Cad&.D deep
__

"
___
t.mpi Cn.D water "ottle
__
_

__
t-ng Cv.vol.D to send
__
3
U
__
tKngpa Cn.D fermented millet chang
drunk through a straw
_____
__

__
t-r Cv.vol.reg.D to scatter, to disperse
__
U , U~

44
___
t-rma Cn.D effigy made of
dough
___
, ,
s
___
t-rwu Cidiom.D destructive "astard e
9curse;
___________
|
___
t7% Cv.vol.D to grind
__
1,
___
t9m Cv.vol.reg.D to wrap, to
pack
___
,
_
t7 Cn.D horse
_
s
__
t7pcha Cn.D horse saddle set
___

_
__
|
_____
t7mdar t-ng Cv.vol.D to race a
horse, to gallop
___
s d|s3
__
t7mang Cpr.n.D Tamang, &epali ethnic
group speaking a =odic language
__

s
_
t7lo Cn.D year of the horse
_
s

__
t7kpa Cadv.D always, regularly
__

____
t7ngma Cn.D medal, "adge
___
_
d, 4
_
t7a Cn.D sign, logo, mark
___
U
___
t7a g$a% Cv.volD to make a mark or a
sign
_____
"3
__
t,gal Cn.D horse saddle
__
|
__
t*ngting Cn.D sound of a "ell, "ell
_
_

__
|
__
t*ng n$7 Cv.vol.D to follow
_____

U3
_
t*ngpa Cn.D heel of the foot
_

s |
_
t*ngla Cpost.D after, "ehind
__

Us
_
t*u Cn.D colt
_
U s
___
t,mdril Cn.D ceremony, auspicious
occasion, cele"ration
__
_
HH
_
t-lu Cn.D hy"rid of o# and d-omo
_

U
___
t7pk$o Cn.D saucepan
_____

!
___
t7pdri Cn.D penknife
___
U|
____
t7p g$a% Cv.vol.D to fold
_______

3
_
t7ri Cn.D a#e
_
=
__
t8k Cn.D tiger
__

__
t8kpa Cn.D "irch tree
__
HH
__
t8klo Cn.D year of the tiger
__


__
t,n Cn.D seating mat, carpet
___

__

H , "

45
___
t,n&a Cn.D saddle "lanket made of
felt
___

____
| U
4 T
______
t7p dimu Cad&.D userfriendly,
easy to use
_____
H
__
tLn Cv.vol.reg.D to connect, to esta"lish
relationship
___
T U
_
t,ngla Cpost.D on, a"ove
_

__
t,ngkang Cn.D twostory house
___
_______
d( ~

__
t,% Cn.D A. upper, a"ove
__
3
1

2. TG, area in >estern Ti"et
__
, | H"
___
t,tung Cn.D ?acket
___
7
__
t,pa Cn.D TGpa, people from TG
__

, H7
__
t,nG t( n Cn.D autumn, fall
___
d

__
t,n Cv.vol.reg.D to consult a doctor,
medium
__
H3, d 3
_
t,r Cv.vol.D to give
_
d
_
t-ngpa Cad&.D empty, "lank, void
_

|, d
_
t-nglor Cn.D thousandrupee note
_
____
H
_
t-r Cv.inv.reg.D to lose Etym!C
_
Eto
lose, to scatterF
___
3
______
t7kche% Cn.D study, research,
e#amination
______
H,
H=
___
t,rmu Cad&.D sta"le, safe
___

H
____
t,ng$ur Cn.D Tengyur, =uddhist
(anon commentaries
____
|@
T=
___
t-re Cn.D compliment, praise
___

____
t-re l-ng Cv.vol.D to praise, to
admire
______

_____

"

53
_
thO
__
th8ma Cn.D to"acco, cigarette
___
|


__
th7ma Cn.D low class
____

Us7 "
__
th7kpa Cn.D rope
__
s|
_____
th7k ch,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to decide
__
___
"
__
th7 ringpu Cad&.D far, distant
__

_
th7ngpu Cad&.D in good health, well
_

__
H, 11
_
th7ngpu $e Cidiom.D How are youd
9greeting;
____
=
___
th7ngpu we% Cidiom.D , am finee
9greeting;
___
= U
__
th7ngma Cn.D food grain spread out for
sun drying
________
1

___
th,ka Cad&.D straight, direct
___

_
__
, $
__
th7p Cn.D stove
__

__
th7ama Cn.D weaver
__
s =
,
_
th7r Cv.inv.reg.D to escape
_

___
th*kshing Cn.D ruler, measuring
stick
___
, ! "H
__
th+m Cv.inv.reg.D to get a"sor"ed, to
soak
__
1
__
th*iwa Cn.D drop 9of a li+uid;
___

__
th*imu Cad&.D accurate 9divination;
___

P (7}
__
th.kpa Cn.D noodle, pasta, noodle
soup
__
4
__
th.ndi Cad&.D seriously ill
______
__
1
_
th.u Cn.D mind 9H;
___
Hc
__
th.uche Cidiom.D thank you
_____

=d
____
th.usem Cn.D heart 9H;
______

d
__
th.p Cn.D dura"ility
_____
3
__
th.3p4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "e a"le, to handle
__
4
_
th.l Cv.vol.reg.D to pack up
_____

=d " , 4
__
th.rme Cad&.D short
__

_
U
__
th,si Cn.D stamp, seal
___
U

5A
___
th,sum Cn.D dou"t
___

__
th,n Cv.vol.reg.D to go out, to come out E!C
__
phRla thQn +9et out.
__

1
____
th,pchu Cn.D "utton
____

_

__
thKk Cn.D roof, ceiling
___
U
__
th-3p4 Cv.inv.reg.D to get, to
win
__
3 , "
_
th-o Cv.inv.D to hear
__
=
___
th7ma Cn.D edge, periphery
__
U 3,

___
th.kpu Cad&.D thick
___
4
___
thL3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to connect, to
?oin
___

_

_
H
___
th,npuG th-npu Cad&.D high
___

H
_____
th,ptok Cn.D thum"
___
|
H
__
th-ng Cv.inv.reg.D to see
__
d U
______
th-li sh-k Cidiom.D sorry e
Etym!C
______
EconfessionF
___
__
9 "
__
th7mu Cn.D fight, +uarrel
___
$"s
____
th7mu g$a%Cv.vol.D to fight, to
+uarrel
_____

_____
$"s
"
__
th,n Cv.vol.reg.D to pull, to drag
__
=

52
_
tha
__
thanta Cadv.D now
__
H
__
thama Cco.D then
___

__
H
_
tharung Cadv.D still, yet
__
H$
_
thaling Cadv.D this time
__


_
thalu Cadv.D this year
_

___
thasak Cadv.D until now, up to now
_
_
HT
_
thangG tang Cco.D and
_

__
thangku Cn.D thangka, traditional
=uddhist painting
__

_
thangpu Cad&.G adv.D first, firstly
_


___
thangpo ng-nla Cadv.D in
ancient time
____
|
__
thangpo thangpo Cadv.D old
days, ancient time
____
3
3
__
thepa Cn.D faith
__
+
__
tha3p4 Cv.vol.D to measure the length 9of
an o"?ect; or the volume 9of grain;
__
__
!
___
thapsang Cn.D kitchen
___

H=
___
thaap Cn.D means, solution, treatment
___
, , 3
__
thampu Cad&.D tight,strict
__
s
__
thaashing Cn.D 1ir tree species
Etym!C
__
Epine treeF
____

" ~
___
thaasam Cadv.D around this time
_
___
HHH
___
thartak Cn.D prayer flags strung on
rope
___
s| " H,

_
thara Cn.D "uttermilk
__
|
__
tharshing Cn.D s+uare flag on
"am"oo stem
__
"
" H, s
___
thalchak Cn.D slap
___
$s
_____
thalchak g$a% Cv.vol.D to slap
with the palm
_____
$s =
__
thalmu Cad&.D rela#ed, free,
availa"le
_
9 d
___
thaltsam Cn.D ash
__
|

_
thala Cn.D dust, silt, soil
__
,

_
thi Csg.dem.D thatM s:he
_
c
__
thiwa Cpl.dem.D thoseM they
__
|

5@
__
thingsang Cadv.D nowadays, these
days
__
HH
_
thulu Cn.D turnip
_
"
__
th9k Cn.D poison
__

_
thung Cn.D conch 9shell;
_

_
thung Cv.vol.D to drink
_
3

___
thukung Cn.D chimney
___

T|
___
thuta Cn.D smoke
__

___
thuuchen Cn.D holiday, festival
__
__
H d
__
thurmu Cad&.D harmonious, getting
along well
___


__
thursa Cn.D cemetery, cremation
site
___

_
thul Cn.D down slope, downhill
_
H
____
thentok Cn.D meaning, reason
__
__
, H
__
tho% Cv.vol.D to apply, to use Etym!C
___
Eto take, carryF
______

" "
__
thokpu Cad&.D narrow, tight
__

"
_
thongla Cadv.D at first
__

__
thom Cn.D "ear
__
H
_
thoo Cn.D hammer
__
|s,
___
thor k$7ngma Cn.D improper dress
_____

_
tholpo Cpr.n.D Dolpo, name of
Ti"etanspeaking area in &epal
_

s~
___
thraakur Cidiom.D please e
____
__

__
thren Cv.inv.reg.D to remem"er, to
recollect
__
T$ " , d
"
___
threnta lang Cv.inv.D to miss, to
remem"er
__

__
T$
H3
__
threnpa Cn.D consciousness,
memory
__
,
____
thraaden Cn.D chopping "lock
_
___
H
__
thraasa Cn.D memory, recollection
__
__
d, $
_
thri Cv.vol.reg.D to ask E!C
_______

lapsheJ thriwiJ +:,; am asking :you;
_

__
thriwa Cn.D +uestion
__

__
thrima Cn.D smell
__
1, "=
____
thrin chh,rmu Cad&.D very
kind
____
d

5H
_
thril Cv.vol.reg.D to roll, to wrap
_


_
thrilu Cn.D "ell
__
|
_
thrulu Cn.D "all of yarn: thread
_
_
" s~
__
thruk Cnum.D si#
__
U
___
thrukchu Cnum.D si#ty
___
|
__
thrung$ik Cn.D secretary
_
_

_
thre Cn.D mule
_

__
thre% Cv.inv.reg.D to improve, to
recover
__
P

, =

__
threkpa Cn.D soot, dirt
__
,

_
threngpu Cad&.D honest, ?ust, fair
_

=d
__
thre3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to slip
__
!
__
throlmu Cad&.D warm
_

__
thropla Cn.D morning
___

_
_

__
thapruk Cn.D orphan
___



__
dang Cn.D rope used to tie cattle
__
__
dT
__
daa Cn.D tune, melody
___
,

___
daangen Cn.D ,mpeyan pheasant
9national "ird of &epal; Etym!C d
___
__
Eharmonious melodyF
____
______
s9
___
dungma Cn.D "eam, girder
__
_
d
__
dungla Cpost.D in front, ahead,
"efore
___
H"s
___
dongchang Cn.D welcoming
drink
___
1" d
d
___
d8kpu Cn.D owner
___

___
dakpu Cpers.pr.D A. we 9inclusive;

_
|

2. you 9singular, H;
__

_____
daadakpu Cadv.D oneself
Etym!C
___
Eowner, selfF
__
H9
___
dimu Cad&.D comforta"le
__

Hd|
___
d'%G di% Cn.D demon 9male;
___
H
___
din Cnum.D seven
___

_____
dinchu Cnum.D seventy
_____

d|
___
durmu Cn.D demon 9female;
____

H|

56
___
den Cv.inv.reg.D to "e true
___
HH

,
___
denpa Cn.D truth
___
c
__
dang Cadv.D yesterday
__

__

H
____
dang nempi Cadv.D last
night
____
H |
____
dangka Cn.D light, "rightness
_

_____
, 37
__
da Cn.D arrow
__

__
dore Cad&.D similar, alike Etym!4
___

Ecolor, appearanceF
____
H1
~dH~d
___
dopur Cn.D knot
___
"
___
dok Cn.D color
_____

____
s
____
dokge Cad&.D similar, alike
_
___
H1 ~dH~d
___
dongmu Cn.D "utter tea churn
__
_
~ sT
__
doo Cn.D dough figurines and thread
crosses prepared and discarded to get
rid of evil spirits
___
=7
9 T|
___
dampak Cn.D clay
____
!

___
dam Cv.vol.D to choose
___
U=, 7
_
dar Cv.inv.reg.D to shiver
_
T
______
darsi% g$a% Cv.inv.D to shiver
_
T
_
di Csg.dem.D this
_

__
diwa Cpl.dem.D these
__
|
_
dirang Cpl.dem.D thatJs all, thatJs
it
__

_

_
d+ng Cv.vol.D to lay
_
U3
__
den Cv.vol.D to take out 9thorn;
__

~
___
de3p4 Cv.vol.D to sow, to plant
___

!, U ,
_
dee Cadv.D here
_

__
dompa Cn.D span of a personJs
outstretched arms
__
d

9 7
_
doo Cv.vol.D to tie, to attach, to fastenM
to wear 9ornaments;
___
,
"3
_
dorpa Cn.D desire, greed
__

H,
___
dra ch7amu Cad&.D proper,
nice
____
P, 3
___
dikdra Cn.D thumping sound of
footstep
___
d 1
HH

50
_
dung Cv.vol.D to "eat
_
,
__
durpin Cn.D 3H )ep.4 "inoculars
_
_
d

_
dul Cn.D dust
_

__

_
do Cn.D stone
_
"
__
dor&e Cn.D va?ra
__

___
dopchal Cn.D stone pavement
___

U7 "
__
doprak Cn.D pe""le
___

"
_
dor Cv.vol.D to ru", to
sharpen
_
",
3, 3q 3
__
dap Cn.D dou"le, twice
__
d("

___
demchang Cn.D a stage in the
wedding ceremony
_________
_
7
___
demmi Cad&.D full 9with li+uid;
__
_
H7
_
duri Cad&.D semili+uid
_
d
_
dangpu Cad&.D harassing, nagging
_

~, d4 "3
__
dikpa Cn.D negative act, sin
__


___
dingma Cn.D flat area
_
d
__
dukpa Cad&.D hardship
__

"(,
____
dukshi g$au Cidiom.D may you
have a "ad death 9curse; H
_
dur Cv.vol.reg.D to compare
_

"
__
dermang Cn.D plate, saucer
__


_
dongpu Cn.D tree
__
F
_
dongral Cn.D cotton wick, lamp wick
__
d| ~ , "
___
da3p4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "e thrashed
__

U
___
de3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to stay, to
live
__
1,
___
den Cv.vol.D to show
__
d 3
___
daasa Cn.D placeM place to sit,
seat
___
3 , 1 3

57
_
na
_
na Cv.inv.D to "e sick
_
|

__
naning Cadv.D last year
__

__


__
natsa Cn.D sickness
__

___
namsa Cn.D clothes 9H;
___
(H}
_
nari Cadv.D fre+uently
___
T
___
naktur Cn.D tsampa porridge for
children
__

__
nakpu Cad&.D "lack
__

___
naktsong Cn.D illegal trade
___

H|
___
naksa Cn.D 3H)ep.4 photograph,
picture
_

_
9 4
_
nangla Cpost.D in, inside
_
H
___
nangtruk Cn.D civil war, internal
conflict
___
" @, H=
$"s
__
nangcha Cn.D household items
_
_
T|
____
nangtam Cn.D local language,
dialect
____
1| H
_
nangpa Cn.D insiders
_____
H9=
__
nangtsa Cn.D internal organs,
entrails
__
H=-Hs|
__
nangtsang Cn.D couple, hus"and and
wife
___
-11|
__
nangsu Cn.D age 9in years;
__

__
ne% Cn.D sickness
__
, "
__
nepu Cn.D sick person, patient
__

|, "|
___
nelok Cn.D relapse 9illness;
___

__
nam Cint. pr.D when
__

___

__
nam Cadv.D whenever
_____

H
__
namlang Cadv.D ever, never
9c&!';
__

__
namlang Cadv.D always
_____

H
____
namlang $inna CidiomD it
cannot "e e
__
H
HH
___
namsang Cadv.D always
__

d
___
nam shr-o Cv.inv.D to get dark
_
__

_
naa Cn.D "arley
___
3

54
___
naatrak Cn.D 3H)ep.4 drama
___


___
naatri% Cn.D forest Etym!C
_____

Eamid forestF
____

____

H "
__
naachung Cn.D young person
____
___
H
__
naati Cn.D 3H)ep.4 grandsonM
grandchildren
__

___
naatini Cn.D 3H)ep.4 granddaughter
_
_
|
_
naalaG naaloG naldaG nal"a Cn.D person
of the same age
__
|
__
naalokpa Cn.D right way, right hand
Etym!C
__
Eturned towards the
insideF
__
~
____
naasa t-ng Cv.inv.D to "e
perished, ruined E!C
______
____
kOmputrarti naasa tOngnoJ
+0his computer has been ruined!
_
_____
3,
__
nars Cn.D 3HBng.4 nurse
____

_
ni imperative particle
_
HT
_
ni Cco.D and, after
__
H, U
___
EFning sin Cv.suff.D already E!C
_
_____

_
nga sama sooning sin
sung +, have already eaten! E!1C
_
_______
khS laaka khyaaning
sinnoJ +/e has already $orked!
__
_
"4
__
n9k Cn.D younger "rother
__
H
__
nup Cn.D west
__

__
nu3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to sink
__
s
__
n9p Cadv.D at night
__
|
__
nupri Cpr.n.D <ubri, Ti"etanspeaking
area
____________

| (3;
__
n9pla Cadv.D at night
___

__
num Cn.D A. younger sister
__

| 2. "reast, nipple
__

___

d

=
_
nuu Cv.vol.reg.D to dare to do something
__
" , H
_
nuru Cn.D ?ewel
__
H
_
nepal Cpr.n.D 3H)ep.4 &epal
_

__
nempi Cn.D night
___

_
neule Cn.D civet cat
_

__
no% Cv.inv.D there is, there are
9sensory;
__
U
_
nor Cn.D wealth, possession, material
_

__
Td,
_
nKr Cv.inv.reg.D to make a mistake
_

"~| "

55
__
nortrul Cn.D mistake, error
__

"~|,
_
nore Cad&.D alike, similar
_
d1

,
~dH~d
___
n8k Cn.D female yak
_

___
||
______
n7ktsu#i Cad&.D dark, gloomy
__
___
H
__
n7ng Cv.vol.reg.D A. to give 9H.;
__

d (H} 2. to do 9H.;
__
"
(H}
____
n7ngpu% Cadv.D two years from
now
____
d( U

___
n7m Cn.D A. sky
___

____
H
2. weather, climate
______
|
____
n7mgang Cn.D new moon
____

H |
____
n7mdru Cn.D airplane
___
_
(HH,
________
n7mdru #apsa Cn.D
airport
____
1
____
n7mla gel Cv.vol.reg.D to hang
____
$=3
______
n7mshi Cn.D weather, climate
______
|
__
n7a Cadv.D day after tomorrow
___
__

__
n8a Cv.inv.reg.D to cost
___

_____
n7agung ch,rmu Cad&.D
valua"le, costly
_______
_
~

____
n7atang Cn.D situation
_____

1
___
n7awa Cn.D permission
___

H
____
n,kore Cn.D pilgrim
_____

| |
__
n-ng Cn.D guilt
__
H
__
n-rpa Cn.D harm "y evil spirit
___

H
___
n,n Cv.vol.D to press, to control
___

d3,
___
n7ma Cn.D "ride
___
d|

___
n7pk$ol Cv.vol.D to vow, to
promise, to swear
___

, , 7 "
_____
n7pk$al kh$i Cv.vol.D to vow,
to promise, to swear
____
__

_____
n7asam Cn.D thought, intention
Etym!C
_____
EthoughtF
____

,
__
n7l Cn.D sleep 9H;
__

__
n7l Cv.inv.reg.D to go out 9"utter lamp;
9H; E!C
_________
chhSmin nOl

A33
noJ +0he butter lamp $ent out
__
__

___
n7lam Cn.D dream 9H;
__
_
(H}
__
n-o Cv.inv.reg.D to
think
___

__
" ,
__
n8k Cn.D pus
__

___
n7mthar Cn.D "iography, life story
__
_
Hc
____
n7mtok Cn.D superstition, "ad feeling
____
H=+, H
__
n7mpa Cn.D kind, sort, type
__

__

__
n7rtsa Cn.D temple, flat part on side of the
head
__
=
__
n7chu Cn.D runny nose
__

"
___
n7tak Cn.D snuff
__

_______
n7min n7tsok Cn.D variety
_
______
H=
_
n7ung Cn.D nose
__

___
n7ktsi Cn.D ink
___
|
__
n7ngchung Cn.D holding in low
esteem, not valua"le, unimportant
_
_
"=, |
___
n73p4 Cn.D snot, nasal mucus
___
__
"
_____
n7pchi Cn.D handkerchief
_____


___
n7m#u Cn.D woolen cloth
___
3|
s
__
n7ama Cn.D yarn
__
3|, "
____
n7awa k$*rmu Cad&.D
peaceful
____
=
__
n7arak Cn.D nose "lood, "loody
nose
___
9 " "
__
n9m Cn.D oil
__

___
n9mtsi Cn.D grease
___
~,
3
_____
n,npa g$a% Cv.vol.D to
add
__
!
__
n.l Cv.vol.reg.D to grindM to
knead
_

_
1,

A3A

pO
__
p8gaga Cn.D grandfather
__

_
__
H
_
p7ta Cn.D A. leech
__

___

H

2. "elief, trust
___

c, +
__
p7ta kh$i Cv.inv.D to "elieve, to
trust
_____
c " ,
+ "

p7pa Cn.D father
_
,
____
p7la gaga Cn.D grandfather
9H;
___
H (H}
__
p7sang Cpr.n.D $asang
__

s
__
p7sang Cn.D Ienus
__
H
T
_
p7s Cn.D 3HBng.4 permit
__

H, 1|

p7ng Cn.D lap

p7ngpa Cn.D em"race, hug
__
__
H "
___
p7ngpa de3p4 Cv.vol.D to
hug, to em"race
__
H "
~
_____
p,tok sh7mung Cn.D
"oletus lecinum 9a kind of
mushroom;
_______
7
3
__
p,ma Cn.D lotus
__

______
p,mi mentok Cn.D lotus
flower
_____
9
__
p,tsu Cn.D spinach
__

"
_
p,lang Cn.D "uttock
__

__



p7u Cn.D skin, hide
__
U
__
p7rdrom Cn.D picture frame

__
9 9
_
p7rshing Cn.D wooden printing
"lock
_
d
7 U

_
p7rwa Cn.D printer

U!

__
p7ltram Cn.D variegated
__
_


p7ala Cn.D 3H)ep.4 times,
turn
_

__
|

____

p7u roti "osa Cn.D 3H)ep.4
"akery
_____
3|
3 3

p* Cco.D "ecause Zused after the ver" of

A32
the first clause[ E!C
____
_________
dang
nempi nyRJ maloJpi haring
nyokpunoJ +0oday , am dro$sy
because , did not sleep last
night!
_

_
H
__
p*tsarma Cadv.D upside down
_________ _____

3~
_
p*wang Cn.D onestringed
instrument played with a "ow

_
7 H

p*r Cn.D paint "rush

__
p*mung Cn.D knee
__
s
_
p.kaG p.kok Cn.D kiss

T,
T
__
p.ka kh$i Cv.vol.D to kiss
__

_
T "
_
p.lis Cn.D police
_____

|, |
_
p.urum Cn.D pigeon
__



p.rang Cn.D funeral cairn,
memorial
_
1

p.l Cv.vol.reg.D to offer, to give 9h;

3
_
p,n Cn.D 3HBng.4 pen
__

__
p-kshi Cn.D fermented grain
9chang;
___
U Hs
__
ch7% Cv.vol.D to clean a room, to
sweep
__

__
tr*kpe Cad&.D little, small Etym!C
d
_
Ethin, smallF
__
,

____
tr*kpechik Cadv.D a little, a "it

____
H
___
tr*ngme Cad&.D little, small
9female; Etym!C d
__
Ethin, smallF
__
|
__
tr.wa Cad&.D smaller
__
H=d

_
p7ngpu Cn.D witness
_

H|
_
p8u Cn.D hero
__
|
__
p7mu Cn.D heroine
__
|

_
p.ngpa Cn.D shoulder
_

,
_
pI Cn.D A. story
_
2. e#ample
_
3d
__
p,cha Cn.D looseleaf Ti"etanstyle
"ook
__
T=
___
p,sar Cn.D new fashion
_
__


A3@
_
p,la Cn.D conversation, discussion
__
|, U9
__
p,la kh$i Cn.D to converse, to
discuss
_____
| " ,
U9 "
__
p,npu Cn.D chief, leader
__

, ,
__
ch8ng Cv.inv.reg.D to "e
suspended 9"y rope;
__
s|
$=s
__
tr7la Cn.D forehead
___


___
p7k Cn.D tsampa dough
___

U
___
p7kpur Cn.D "owl for serving
tsampa
__

_
U
Hs
_
p7ng Cn.D meadow
__
3
__
p8m Cn.D dwarf ?uniper
__

H |
___
p7mu Cad&.D suita"le, appropriate
Etym!C
__
Esuita"leF
_

3 d, ~d
_
p7a Cn.D sauce eaten with solid food
9rice;
____

, |
__
p*ma Cad&.D ?oint, common Etym!C
_
EcollectiveF
___
$
__
p*n Cn.D relatives, cousins
__
___
73 =
_
p9 Cn.D fur, feather
_
Hc, !
___
p.utse% Cn.D +uality
____

"1, "
_
p,rangpu Cn.D poor people
_

__
"
__
p,n Cn.D fart, gas
___
d
____
p,n t-ng Cv.vol.D to fart
___
__

___
p,n sh-r Cv.inv.D to fart
9involuntarily;
____

__
p,npa Cpr.n.D $enpa
__
T
__
p,npa Cn.D Saturn
__

T
__
p,m Cn.D a"ility to cause spiritual
harm
___
4|
____
p,rtangma Cad&.D naked,
nude
___

____
"
_
p-ng Cv.vol.D to give up
_

c
__
p-3t4 Cv.vol.D to move to another
place
_
, H= H
_
p-o Cn.D incense
__

___
p-kar Cn.D plastic
__
__
s !1

A3H
_
p-r Cv.vol.D to light
_
~
__
p-orang Cn.D stick incense
__
_
=
__
ch7ngku Cn.D wolf
__

_
ch7ngpu Cad&.D clever, smart,
intelligent
_
,
__
ch,n Cn.D eye 9H;
__
H (H}
___
ch,nshel Cn.D eyeglasses
9H;
___
1 (H}
_
ch-rpa Cad&.D naughty
___

_______
d
__
tr.lku Cn.D incarnate lama
_
_
H|
_
tr,llo Cn.D 3HTi#.4 year of the
monkey
_
d

A36

phO
_
ph7lim Cn.D other side, ne#t one

___
3

_
ph,n Cv.inv.reg.D to "e useful
_



____
ph,nsem Cn.D good intentions,
helpful thoughts
____
d,
P

__
ph7anup Cadv.D three days ago
__

| d H

_
ph7awa Cn.D frugality E!C
__
___
trQnga phaOwa makhyi +Don't
be frugal $ith money .
_
___
|, U , |

__
ph7awa kh$i Cv.vol.D to "e frugal,
careful with money
______

3, U3

___
ph*kok Cn.D skin, wrapper
__
______
H

__
ph*tok Cn.D afternoon
__
d3

_
ph*mu Cad&.D late
_


_

ph*se Cad&.D latish, fairly late
_____

H

_
ph*$ap Cn.D raincoat, rainwear
___

d|

ph*la Cpost.D outside

_


__
ph* la th,n Cv.vol.D to go out, to
come out
___
1

_
ph*lok Cn.D inside out
__
3~

_
ph*lokpa Cn.D wrong way, left
9hand; Etym!C
__
Eturned towards
the outsideF
__
3~, d
(}

_
ph*imi Cn.D outsiders 9people;
__

=U

_
ph.k Cn.D cave
_
H

ph.ngpu Cn.D dead "ody

(H}

ph.ru Cpr.n.D $uru

_
9

ph.ru Cn.D 8upiter

_
1
T

_
ph.lkopi Cn.D 3H)ep.4 cauliflower
_____
9 |

ph, Cn.D flour

_


_
ph,mar Cn.D delicacy made of tsampa
and "utter
__
3 U


__
ph,"ak Cadv.D little further away

__
H 3

_
ph,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to "ite 9"y an insect,a
dog;
__
4

A30

__
ph,3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to come, to go
9H;
__
H3, H

___
ph,plam Cn.D walkway 9H;
__
_
(H}

ph,e Cn.D marmot

__
H1
H"| H|

__
ph-trok Cn.D mi#er, "lender
_____

9|, d|

__
ph-trokpa Cad&.D temperamental
_
__

ph-$ar Cn.D male calf

__
U

_
ph-% Cv.inv.reg.D to "e hit: struckM to "e
hurt 9feelings;
_
, 4

_
ph-nG f-n Cn.D 3HBng.4 phone
_

9

___
ph-n t-ng Cv.vol.D to phone
_
__
9 "

ph-o Cadv.D thither, over there

_

3

__
chh7k Cn.D hand 9H;
__
|

,
(H}

_____
chh7ngd"(% Cn.D treasurer of a
monastery
_____
"T
~ 1

__
chh*g$a Cn.D foreigner
__
d |

__
chh.rwiG chh.rpi Cn.D dry cheese
_

U| , d

___
chh.rship Cn.D powdered cheese
_
__
U|

___
thr7tok Cn.D envy
____
s

_
thr,ngnga Cn.D rosary
_
_
H

ph7r Cv.inv.reg.D to increase, to rise

9price;

, 3

ph+r Cv.vol.reg.D to ?ump, to "ound

Etym!C

Eto flyF
__
39

ph,l Cv.inv.reg.D to increase, to

multiply 9population;

,
9

ph.r Cv.vol.reg.D to fly, to take

off

3

__

thr,3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to
meet
__

__
H

____
thr.l sh,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to
flirt
___
1, H1

__
thr,% Cn.D hori-ontal 9plane;, sideways
__
|


A37
_
pha

_
phanga Cn.D grain storage "in
_
________

__
H=
U

__
phama Cn.D parents
_



___
phamak Cn.D hoarfrost
__



__
phamungG phamu Cn.D cow
_
___
"(

__
pha"i Cn.D yakhair sack
____

l| l

__
phalang Cn.D cattle 9cows and
"ulls;
__
"(", "(1,
1H3

__
phalip Cn.D "utterfly
___

|

__
phakpa Cn.D pig
_
"

__
phaklo Cn.D year of the pig
_

"

___
phaksha Cn.D pork
__
"


__
phap Cn.D yeast
_


___
phap kh$i Cv.inv.D to "e worried
______
= "

__
phap lang Cv.inv.D to "e
worried
_____
3,
=

___
pha3p4 Cv.vol.D to descend, to
land
__
$ , H

__
pham Cv.inv.reg.D to lose, to "e
defeated
_
, H

__
phampu Cad&.D 9to "e; lost,
loss
_

___
, H

___
phaa gal Cv.vol.D to go
away
_
3 H

__
phaate Cn.D shelf
__


_
phaa ph- Cadv.D thither, over
there
_
3

__
phaawa Cn.D father and son

__
3 U

___
phaamama Cn.D family
__

, H

_
phar Cpost.D middle, in "etween

_
|

___
phar kh,n Cn.D other side of the
river
_


___
phar ch*k Cadv.D sometimes,
occasionally
___
|

A34

__
pharcha Cn.D loss, harm Etym!C
___
Ecut in "etweenM hindranceF
___ _
d

__
phardo Cn.D intermediate state of
consciousness
__
cU
H| H1 "
"T Hc

__
pharnang Cn.D space,
atmosphere
__
s,
H=H

__
pharwa Cad&.D middle
_

|

____
pharak Cpr.n.D middle area
"etween Solu and 3humbu
____
____
9,
T | H"

__
phandring Cad&.D
medium
__
,
|

__
phar tsh.r Cadv.D here and
there, "ack and forth
_
__
3

___
phar tsh.r dro Cv.vol.D to
travel
_____
3
H, 3 "

_
pharla Cpost.D in "etween
_



_
phal Cn.D wool
_
3

___
phi&im Cad&.D pregnant
__
_
"H |

__
philimG filim Cn.D 3HBng.4
movie
_____
,

__
phishing Cn.D oak
__
P

__
phik Cn.D animal calf
_
U,
U|

_
phingpa Cn.D felt
__
3
H7 7 T,
H|

__
phingsha Cn.D felt hat
__
3
H7 7 |

__
phi3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to come
off
__
9 1, 1

__
phin Cv.vol.D went 9past tense of
_

Pto goJM Syn.C
__
gal; E!C

_____
nga laakala phintin +,
$ent to $ork!
__
"

__
phuchung Cn.D "oy, son
__

U,

__
phulum Cn.D sleeve
_

__
phunggu Cn.D donkey
__
"

__
phu3t4 Cv.vol.D to "low
__
9 4

__
ph9m Cn.D girl, daughter
__
U|,
|

A35

__
phumpa Cn.D ritual vase
__



_____
phum phe"a Cn.D young
woman Etym!4 `
_____
Egirl,
childnephewF
___
|

___
phegam Cn.D flour storage "in
_
________
U


__
phe% Cpr.n.D Ti"et
__


___
pheka Cn.D half
___
H|,
H

___
phe&a Cn.D Ti"etan salt tea
___

|

__
phepa Cn.D Ti"etan
__
|

____
phemen Cn.D Ti"etan medicine
9H;
____
| H

__
phenpu Cpr.n.D =onpo
__

=, 7 |


_
phee Cn.D rat, mouse
__

__


__
pheema Cn.D sand
__


___
pherkokG pharok Cn.D walking
stick
__

___
|, Us|

___
phermi% Cn.D wife, spouse
__
__
||, H|

___
phe"a Cn.D child Etym!C
___

EchildnephewF is compound of
__
EchildF and
_
EnephewF
__

__

__
9=rch!; ,


__
pho3t4 Cv.inv.D to "e moved 9from
one place to another one;

9 ,


_
phoo Cn.D ritual for releasing
consciousness
_

| Hc(
d

_
chha Cn.D "ird
_


___
chhark$ak Cn.D "ird droppings
_
__
|, P

___
chhargu% Cn.D Himalayan griffon
9vulture;
___
"@

__
chhamu Cn.D hen
__
|

_
chhalo Cn.D year of the rooster
_

__
chhasha Cn.D "ird meat, chicken
_
_


___
chhakpe Cn.D looseleaf
Ti"etanstyle "ook 9H;
__
_
1

____
chhawang Cn.D hand
"lessing
____
H| d

AA3

___
chhakri Cn.D handwriting 9H;M
letter 9H;
____
HH, 1


_
chhara Cn.D yakhair "lanket
_
_
|| l| l
T

_
chhang Cn.D &orth
_
3d

_____
chhanggung
sh7mung Cn.D "oletus suilus 9a
kind of mushroom;
_____
__
3

__
chhangshing Cn.D writing "oard
9slate;
__
U |, 1

___
chhampu Cad&.D loving, kind,
affectionate
___
d,


_____
chhe mentok Cn.D egg Etym!C
____
Ethe flower of the henF
_

Hs

_
chhau Cn.D rooster
_
H

__
chhiwa Cnum.D one million Etym!C
__
Eten millionF
____
d


___
chhiwa lota Cn.D year of the
mouse
__


_____
chhinlap Cn.D "lessing
__
___
d

__
chhuwa Cn.D traditional menJs
dress
_
"3
F

__
chhuruk Cn.D coral
_
"

__
chukpu Cad&.D rich
__
|

____
chhungma Cn.D livestock
Etym!C
____
EcattleF
___

"(1

_
chhung Cv.inv.reg.D to get, to
o"tain
_
3

__
chhermu Cn.D woman, wife
Etym.C
___
Ecook, housewifeF
_
___
H(, ||

__
thrak Cn.D rocky mountain
__
s,

___
thrakcha Cn.D echo
___



__
thre3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to scratch, to
scrape
__
=3,
3

_
thrau Cn.D "uckwheat
__
9

_
thral Cv.inv.reg.D to "e separated, to
divorce
_
U , Us
"

__
thri% Cv.vol.D to write
_
U

__
thrin Cv.vol.reg.D to "e marketa"le,
to sell
__
H|

AAA

__
threka Cn.D wooden "arrel
___

|

__
threme Cad&.D thin, small
__

,

__
thre$okpa Cn.D pika mouse
_
_
U H7 |


__
thre% Cv.vol.reg.D to cut
__

___



__
threlmu Cad&.D "usy
__

1

_
throo Cv.vol.reg.D to escape, to run
away, to flee
__
H

_
throo Cn.D taste, flavor
__
1d

__
l7ma Cn.D lama, =uddhist priest
_
_


__
l,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to chew, to
ruminate
__

__
3

____
l- dimu Cad&.D happy,
content
____

___
|,
=

___
l-pshe% Cn.D courage, "ravery
_
__
, d|

__
-ng Cn.D initiation ritual
__

d|H

___
-ngcha Cn.D power, authority
___
H,

____
-ng chh,n#u Cad&.D
powerful
____
|

___
-ngla duu Cv.vol.D to
control
___
= "

__
-l Cv.vol.reg.D to mi# Etym!C
__

Eto moveF
_____
3

__
9 Cn.D head 9H;
__
(H}

___
.tra Cn.D hair 9H;
___

(H}

____
.na Cn.D oath, pledge 9H;
__
__


___
.sha Cn.D hat 9H;
___
|
(H}

___
.rti Cn.D pressing iron
___

U|

__
.u Cn.D "reath
____


____
.u t-ng Cv volD to "reathe
______
9

____
.u th,n Cn.D to "reathe in, to
inhale
______
=

___
$7rchang Cn.D summer
festival
________



_______
$7rtsa gun#u Cn.D
caterpillar fungus 9cordiceps
sinensis;
_______

"T

AA2

__
$7ru Cn.D summer
___

( T|}

__
#akpa Cn.D mask
__
=s

_
#ar Cv.inv.reg.D to "urn, to
"la-e
_
~, ~

__
#i3t4 Cv.vol.D to take off, to pull
out
__
9 ~, $4,
~, ~

_
#u Cn.D worm, crawling insect
_


___
#uta Cn.D "ellows
__

|

__
#urwa Cn.D insect
__


__
#e3t4 Cv.vol.D to open
__
~

_
#ora Cn.D ?ute sack
__
_
H

__
#o% Cv.vol.D to unload, to take off
___
3 , $

___
#olten Cn.D cushion
_
___
H

__
#olmu Cad&.D A. a"undant,
plentiful
_

_
1
2. soft
___
,

_
&or Cv.inv.reg.D to receive, to get
_

, 3

_
draa Cn.D rice
__
, H

__
draasil Cn.D sweet "uttered
rice
___
, H,
P

__
drelu Cn.D fruit
___
,
9

___
drim"o Cn.D cross "etween nak
9female yak; and cattle 9Syn.C
_

Trang;
____

U

_
dring Cad&.D medium +uality
_

1

_
dru Cn.D grain
_
H=

__
druk Cn.D dragon
__
~
HH"

____
druk g$a% Cv.inv.D to
thunder
______
"H

__
drukpa Cn.D =hutanese
__

H =d

__
druk$ul Cn.D =hutan
__

H

__
druklo Cn.D year of the
dragon
__
HH"

__
drelwa Cn.D A. relation,
contact
__
T 2. gift to
lama
_____
_
( d dH

AA@

__
drokpa Cn.D pastoralist
__

"(1 ~

_
drongpu Cn.D lowlander
9man;

| 1
(}

__
drongmu Cn.D lowlander
9woman;
_
| 1
(}

__
#a"ar Cn.D 3H)ep.4 marketplace,
"a-aar
__
H

____
#a$sikop Cn.D cinema, movie
_____
,

____
#alap Cn.D rapids, waterfalls
Etym!C
____
EwaveF
___
U

__
#aa"a Cn.D 3H)ep.4 musical
instrument
___
H

___
#atti Cn.D 3H)ep.4 light 9from
lamp;
__
d|

____
#atti p-r Cv.vol.D to turn on
light
___
d| ~

__
#i&uli Cn.D 3H)ep.4 electricity
__
H|

_
#ela Cco.D 3H)ep.4 when, during,
while
___

___

,

___
#otr lu% Cv.vol.D
3HBng.FSherpa4 to vote
___
__
~

__
#ak$o Cn.D water scooping
ladle
____
| 3H3 ss

_
#alu Cn.D rice chang
___

Hs

__
#ashingCn.D dry "am"oo stick
_
_
"

__
#8k Cn.D a lot of
_
1

__
#ak Cn.D "am"oo mat
_______
___
(
U! "}

_____
#ak#ak gari Cn.D
3HSherpa)ep.4 motor"ike
__
__


_
#ang Cv.vol.D to soak, to wet
_

H7,

_
#angngi Cadv.D many, a lot,
plenty
____
, 1

__
#ang"a Cn.D food scraps for
animal feed
_____
s

__
#andra Cn.D share, portion,
allotment
___
H", H

___
#a#cha Cn.D stack, ream 9of
paper; Etym!C
___
EpackageF
__

_
s, ("H}

____
#andakopi Cn.D 3H)ep.4
ca""age
_____
=d|

AAH

__
#aatsil Cn.D fine "am"oo "asket
____
|

__
#arsang Cn.D scratch with
claws Etym!C
__
Epalm, finger
and nails or clawsF
__
T
s

_____
#arsang de3p4 Cv.vol.D
to claw
____
T


___
#alnakpa Cn.D thigh
___



__
#alwa Cn.D frog
_
"

___
#altsir Cn.D rice chang residue
____
Hs UH,

__
#in Cv.vol.D to give 9past of
_
;
__
d

__
#ukla Cn.D inside
___

H

___
#ukshal Cn.D cym"als
___

_
T

_
#er Cn.D 3HBng.4 "eer
__


__
#ermang Cn.D cat Etym!C
__

Epalm, finger and nails or clawsF
_
_

___

_


__
#otal Cn.D 3HBng.4 "ottle
___



__
#ompu Cad&.D thick, large, "ig
9thread, rope, post;
__
,


_
&ar Cv.vol.D to stick, to attach, to
paste
_
1

_____
&indak Cn.D sponsor, donor,
owner
_____
d,

____
&insakG &inshak Cn.D fireoffering
ritual
____
7,

_
&ong Cv.vol.D to practice, to
train
_
H "

___
&ongdar kh$i Cv.vol.D to train,
to e#ercise
____

d, H "

_
drullo Cn.D 3HTi#.4 year of the
snake
_



AA6
_
ma

_
ma negation $ith the past tense and
imperative! ,t is also used as a variant
of the negation mi for verbs ending in
the vo$el 'a'
_
H1| H3
3"

__
mani Cn.D prayer, mantra
__
=,


____
mani chh.nkur Cn.D water
driven mani wheel
____
|
~ |

___
mani laakur Cn.D handheld
prayer wheel
____
|
|

___
mani lh7ang Cn.D mani temple
__
__
|

__
mape Cn.D master copy
__



___
ma&en Cn.D cook
___

___
H=

__
martsa Cn.D principal, asset
__
H|

___
marap Cn.D unprincipled, immoral
_
__
H, @=|


___
malak kh$ii Cidiom.D do it
+uicklye 9imperative;
____
__
U "

__
malok Cadv.D ?ust now
__

c

__
makpa Cn.D soninlaw,
"ridegroom
__
7 ,

____
maksu Cn.D groom staying with
"rideJs family
____
7

__
mang ch, Cn.D ma?ority, most part
_
__

, H

_
mangn$ung Cn.D +uantity, amount
_


__
mangmu Cad&.D a lot, many
_


___
mangshok Cad&.D largest, most
_
__
H=d

__
maama Cn.D mother and children
Etym!C
___
Emother and daughterF
_
___
H UU|

__
maamo Cadv.D down there
__


__
maasa Cn.D sleeping "ed, "ed
_
_

__
HU

____
maasa ch-o Cv.vol.D to make "ed
Etym!C
_
Eto draw up, prepare,
construct, ad?ustF
____
HU
"3

___
man&a Cn.D clothes
__
s

__
mauka Cn.D 3H)ep.4 opportunity
_
___
|

AA0

_
mar Cn.D "utter
_
3

_
mar Cadv.D downwards
_
,
=

__
marku Cn.D melted "utter
_
_
" 3

_____
martip Cn.D "oletus luridus 9a
kind of mushroom;
______
7
3

_
maru Cad&.D red
__


__
maltur Cn.D "edding
___
-
s

_
mi Cn.D man, human "eing
_
H
$3 3"

_
miG m* negation $ith verbs ending in the
vo$el 'i' to the present tense or the
future
_


__
mi chh, Cn.D senior person, superior
_
_

______
=U , 8


____
mimang Cn.D people, pu"lic
_
___
H

__
mitsi Cn.D human lifespan
__
H

____
mimtsok Cn.D crowd Etym!C
_

EmanF c
___
Eto assem"leF
_
___
H|s

___
mitok Cn.D generation
___
1

___
mi"ir Cn.D ?ealousy
___
( ,


___
mishi Cn.D temperament
___

1H,

__
mishi Cn.D human death
__

__

c

__
misir Cn.D su"?ect
__
H, H

__
m*k Cn.D eye
__
H

____
m*k k7ru Cn.D westerners,
caucasian Etym!C
____
Ewhite
eyesF
_______
", |

___
m*kchu Cn.D tear 9from eye;
___

H

____
mingmar Cpr.n.D )ingmar
__
__


____
mingmar Cn.D )ars
__
__
" T

___
m*ktsar Cn.D eye mucus
____



___
m*lok Cn.D angry look
___

, H

___
m*kshel Cn.D eyeglasses,
goggles
___
1

____
m*ksang Cn.D small hole
__

_
_
!, d

_
ming Cn.D name
_


AA7

___
mita Cn.D throat
__
|

_____
mita t-ng Cv.vol.D to swallow
__
__
~

__
min Cau2.D negation of the linking verb
_
hin
__


____
minchung t-le Cn.D dwarf
__

s , 3=

____
minsin Cco.D if it is not E!C
___
________
chOlakti hore
minsin khTrni madro +,f that item is
not ours# dont take it.
___

H, H7, H=

____
mentok Cn.D flower
___
9

_
muG m. variant of the negation
_
m() mi
used to the present and future $ith
verbs ending in the vo$el
'u'
_
c H3 3"

___
mutik Cn.D pearl |

__
mutsang Cadv.D together, in group
Etym!C `
_
EwithF
_
EnestF
__
___
"",

_
mula Cadv.D together Etym.C
_

EtogetherF
____
",

____
musalman Cn.D )uslim
__



____
munnak Cn.D darkness
__

H

_
mur Cv.vol.reg.D to chew
_
3

_
me Cn.D fire
_
H"

_
meG m, variant of the negation
_
m() mi
used to the present and future $ith
verbs ending in the vo$el 'e'
_
H H3 3"

___
metak Cn.D fire"rand, spark
_
__
H" $~

__
metang Cn.D "lue pine 9pinus
wallichiana;
__

___
7
| ~

____
m,ts7ngge Cn.D menstruation
Etym.C
____
EimpureF
____

H1, |

___
mewak Cn.D rifle, gun
___
=d

__

mela sh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to catch on
fire
__


__
melang Cn.D charcoal "ra-ier
__

_

~ Hs,

___
mela shr,% Cv.vol.D to "urn
___
__
H3, ~

__
me% negation of the linking verb
__
w*+
__
H, , 3"

__
mem Cn.D fatherinlaw
______



_
moG m- variant of the negation
_
m() mi
used to the present and future $ith

AA4
verbs ending in the vo$el
'o'
_
H $3 3"

__
motrar Cn.D 3HBng.4 car, vehicle
__
_
, |

___
mone% Cn.D gynecological pro"lems
_
__
U| "

__
moowa Cn.D faith, respect
__

__

Hd, +

__
mo$am Cn.D female calf
_
__
U|

_
more Cposs.pr.D her
_
3

_
morong Cpers.pr.D she
_

_
3|

__
momo Cn.D stuffed dumpling
__
__


____
moksang Cn.D momo steamer
___

3 Hs

___
m7k Cn.D war
___
@, s

____
m7kmi Cn.D soldier
____
|

___
m7mu Cad&.D low
__


____
m7rtum Cad&.D di--y, giddy
__

" , 3

____
m7rtum lang Cv.inv.D to feel
di--y, giddy
___
"

___
m7rtsi Cn.D chili pepper Etym!C
___
_
E"loodyF
__
|

___
m-% Cn.D "ack"iting
_____
=d

____
m-% kh$i Cv.vol.D to run down
someone "ehind his:her "ack
_____
__
=d " ,

____
m-ta Cn.D curse
____
,

______
m-ta g$a% Cv.vol.D to curse
___

!

__
n$7la Cn.D hell
___


_
m8 Cn.D in?ury, wound
_
3

___
m7men Cn.D medicine for wound,
ointment
___
3 H|

__
m7pcha Cn.D peacock
__


____
m7ma gaga Cn.D grandmother
__

7

__
m*lam Cn.D dream
__

___
_


__
m-lcha Cn.D ploughshare Etym!C
_
Eto
ploughFc
___
EironFC
____
9|

___
m*kdung Cn.D pit, hole in the ground
Etym!C
__
EhoofF
_
EholeF
__

~s

_____
m*kdung g$a% Cv.volD to "ury
_
__
~ "

____
m*kdung g$au Cidiom.D may you
"e "uried in a hole e 9curse;
_____
____
s H HH (
}

AA5

____
m*lam th-ng Cv.inv.reg.D to
dream
______
d U

__
m7sur Cn.D dwarf rhododendron
__
__
| " H

_
m7areG m7ara Cn.D insult,
humiliation
__
H, 7H

___
m7ara t-ng Cv.vol.D to insult, to
down grade
____
7
~

__
m,% Cn.D lower part: region
__
~
H", H

__
m,n Cn.D medicine, drug
__
H|

___
m,nkang Cn.D hospital, clinic
___

H1, 11 ||

___
m7rchak Cad&.D making fun of,
disparaging
___
| "

__
m7rmu Cad&.D very useful
_____
_
3"|

___
m*npur Cn.D eye"row
___
H|Hl

__
m.kpa Cn.D low cloud, mist
__

d, 1

__
m.usil Cn.D light rain, dri--le
__

|

___
m-lam k$-r Cv.vol.reg.D to recite
a prayer
____
= H!

____
m-lam g$a% Cv.vol.D to pray, to
"less
______
H| d d

____
m-lam d,n Cv.vol.D to recite a
prayer
_____
= H!

____
n$*ngne Cn.D fasting retreat
_
___


___
n$.ngma Cn.D "am"oo
__
_
", "

__
n$.k Cn.D pen
__


_
n$,G n$- Cv.inv.D to "ecome mentally ill
_

|

__
n$,npuG n$-npu Cn.D madman, cra-y
man
__
|,

, "

__
n$,rmuG n$-rmu Cn.D madwoman,
cra-y woman
___
||,
|

, "

A23
_
tsO
__
ts7kli Cn.D small =uddhist
painting
__
Hd

___
ts7kdra Cn.D matches
___

__
(

__
ts,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to wake from sleep
___
__
3 $

____
ts,nden Cn.D sandalwood
__
__
|s, =d

_______
ts7mpaka mentok Cn.D
Tatelo flower
______

9

__
ts*lam Cn.D lightning
____
H|

__
ts.ruk Cn.D traditional wool
"lanket
______
3 T

___
ts.k kh$aa Cint.pr.D how
__

|

____
ts.m kh$i Cidiom.D shut up e
_
__
"

___
ts,echik Cadv.D a little "it, a little
while
___

_
|

_
ts,u Cn.D "am"oo "asket
____
s

_
tsK Cn.D lake, pond
__
, |

___
ts-kge Cn.D still position
___
1,
H

__
ts-kpu Cn.D upright position
__
__
H

_____
ts-kpu de3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to sit in
an upright position
______
|
H

___
ts-kpu l-ng Cv.vol.D to put upright
_____
| U

___
ts7ngdra Cn.D cleanliness, hygiene
___
9, 1U

__
ts7ngpu Cn.D river
__
d|,


___
ts,ngge Cad&.D clean
___
9

___
ts,3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to shred
___
H


____
ts7a g$a% Cv.vol.D to wrestle
_
_________
1| ~

__
ts*r Cv.vol.reg.D to s+uee-e, to
wring
_


____
ts-ngkang Cn.D ?ail, prison
____

H,

_____
ts-otam Cn.D vulgar words
___
___
Us d, HH| d

___
ts,% Cv.vol.D to strain, to filter, to sift
__

U=, U3

A2A

___
ts,m Cv.vol.reg.D to sew, to stitch
__

3

__
ts-ng Cv.vol.D to sell
_


___
ts-3t4 Cv.vol.D to cook
__
3

_
ts8 Cn.D vein
___


____
ts7wi l7ma Cn.D root lama: guru
_
___
F , "

___
ts7a chh,npu Cad&.D sacred, holy
_
__


_
ts7areG ts7ara Cn.D "ottom, root
__

9 d

_
ts7ala Cpost.D near, "eside, "y
__

H, U 3

____
ts7mg$en Cn.D decoration made of
tsampa
____
H

___
ts7mpi k$.u Cn.D tsampa
porridge
____


___
ts7mdar Cn.D ceremonial tsampa
marking
_____
"
|

__
ts7mpa Cn.D roasted "arley flour
__

H 3

____
ts7mdri% Cn.D strained nerve
___
__


_
ts+ Cn.D paint
__
s, "

___
ts* t-ng Cv.vol.D to paint
____
s
"3, H

__
ts*kpa Cn.D rock wall
__
"


____
ts*ksang Cn.D hole in the wall
__
_
!

___
ts*mi Cn.D game
___


____
ts*mi ts,G ts,rmi ts, Cv.vol.D to
play
____
~

____
ts*pk$ok Cn.D ri" cage
__
s

__
ts*m Cn.D ri"
___
s

_
ts*rpa Cn.D yak hair
__
l| l

____
ts*i g$a% Cv.vol.D to account, to
calculate
____
"

___
ts*wa Cn.D accountant
__


__
ts,% Cv.vol.D to pile up, to stack up
__

"3,

__
ts-m Cv.vol.D to compose
__
, U

_
ts7 Cn.D grass
_


_
ts7a Cn.D pasture, rangeland
__
3
3

___
ts7tak Cn.D grass:straw:hemp rope
___

H s|

__
ts+sa Cn.D hayfield
__
|,
|

_____
ts*tap Cn.D respect
__
__
T, Hd

A22
_
tshO

__
tsh7ndi Cad&.D hot
_


__
tsh7si Cadv.D e#tremely, very
___

__
__


__
ts7k Cn.D "rotherinlaw, soninlaw
__

HH, 7

__
tsh7kpar Cn.D newspaper
__



_
tsh7ng Cn.D A. "irdJs nest
__

"s 2. "a"y "asket
_____
H

__
tsh,% Cn.D estimation
__
H

__
tsh,3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "e woken up
___
__

______
3 $3

___
tsh,% kh$i Cv.vol.D to estimate, to
limit
____
H "

___
tsh,ta Cn.D heatstroke
__
H
7

___
tsh,nrikpa Cn.D scientist
___

7

__
tsh7p Cn.D su"stitute
__
,
~

__
tsh7m Cn.D daughterinlaw, sisterin
law Etym!C
__
EnieceF
__
_
|, H3H

_
tsh7a Cn.D fever
__
7, "

____
tsh7atsok Cn.D gar"age, trash,
ru""ish
_____
9,

_
tsh7ari Cn.D urine smell
____

"=

_
tsh7r Cn.D times
_

__

_
,
"

____
tsh7rche3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to
torture
____
1| d, d

d

___
tsh7lda Cn.D level of spiciness
__
___
|

__
tsh*nggur Cn.D "ody ?oints
____

H|

_
tsh*lu Cn.D fat
__


__
tsh.tri Cn.D 3H)ep.4 holiday,
vacation
___
d, U |

__
tsh.lim Cdem.D this side
____

~

_
tsh.r Cadv.D hither, this way
_

, c

___
tsh.r kh,n Cn.D this side of the river
__


__
tsh.rti Cidiom.D on the way "ack
_
_
9 d

_
tsh, Cn.D life
_
H|

A2@

___
tsh,kok Cn.D chest
___
U|

__
tsh,tar Cn.D animal spared from "eing
slaughtered for religious merit
__

H|d 7 H

___
tsh,wang Cn.D long life
empowerment
___
d|
H|

_
tsh, ring#u Cn.D long life
_

d| , H

_
tsh,ril Cn.D longlife pills
_

d| " d

__
tsh7ngka Cn.D relatives
_____

H9=, d

___
tsh,m#u Cn.D sewing, stiching
__

(

__
tsh,rma Cn.D green vegeta"les
__

"

__
tsh,rmang Cn.D thorn
__
s

____
tsh, ch. Cn.D tenth day of the lunar
month
____
4H dl
d, 4d|

___
tsh,wa Cn.D date
__
,

___
tsh,rang Cn.D date
____


_
tshK Cn.D group, division
__

___

, H"

_
tshong Cn.D "usiness, trade
_


__
tsh-ngkang Cn.D shop
__

, d

__
tsh-ngdi Cn.D conference, meeting
____
, "8|

_
tshongpa Cn.D merchant, trader
_

|,

__
tsh-o Cint.pr.D how much, how many
_
__


___
tsh-% lh7 Cv.vol.D to test, to
e#periment
_____
H " ,
H "

____
tsh-mkok Cn.D mortar and pestle
___
( }

_
tshoo Cn.D A. "lessed offering made of
dough
___
d 2. color
____
s

_
tsh-ru Cad&.D dirty, contaminated
___

9, d

_
tsh7 Cn.D salt
_


__
tsh7war Cn.D 3HSkt.4 clay ta"lets,
small religious images made from clay
__
- d 3F

__
tshIra Cad&.D la-y
___
H~U|

__
tsh,ra lang Cv.inv.D A. to
"ecome la-y
__

______
H~U|
, $| 2. to get
"ored
__


A2H

____
tsh,ma Cn.D twins
____

HT~, HT~|

___
tsh,re Cn.D male twins
_____

HT~ (U}

____
tsh( ncha Cn.D weapon
____



_
tsh8r Cv.inv.reg.D to grow
_


__
tsh*% Cv.inv.reg.D to get "urned
__

H~

__
tsh*kpa Cad&.D "urnt, scorched
__

s

__
tsh.3p4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "e covered
9cloud, smoke;
__


_
tsh-l Cv.vol.D to look for, to search
_
7

A26
_
-a
_____
"uptok Cn.D inde# finger
___
___
H

__
"uu Cn.D finger
____
H

__
"e Cn.D leprosy
__
8 "

____
"ene% Cn.D leprosy
____
8 "

___
"erwa Cn.D wart
__
H3
H3

____
"eemu Cad&.D "eautiful, pretty
___
_
P|, =d|

____
"opk$ok Cn.D dzo, male hy"rid of yak
and cow
__
l| "(
H= U

___
"opruk Cn.D calf of a dzo
____

U|

___
"om Cn.D female hy"rid of yak and
cow
___
l| "( H=
U g U|

__
"aruk Cn.D wooden ladle
_____

ss

___
"aptsi Cn.D scissors
___
|

___
"amling Cn.D world
___



_
"ara Cn.D snack, "reakfast
____

H

_
"ilung Cn.D handle
__
H
H"

__
"+m Cv.vol.reg.D to catch, to hold, to
arrest
__
H, "9 "

__
"em Cv.vol.reg.D to avoid, to refrain
from
__
H", |

__
"uta Cn.D 3H)ep.4 shoe
__
Hd

__
"u% Cv.vol.D to plant, to erect, to
esta"lish
___
!, ~,
"

__
"e% Cv.vol.D to clim"
__


__
"om Cv.vol.reg.D to gather, to meet
__
H

, HT

__
"ompu Cad&.D wellendowed, well
e+uipped
__
H, HT

__
"ama Cn.D clay pot
__
Hs

____
"ama k-war Cn.D yellowthroated
marten
____


__
"aarok Cn.D "ouldery area
_

" H7 3

__
"ima Cn.D eyelash
__


_
"iwu Cn.D shepherd, herder
__
"

___
"inok Cn.D lie
__
$ |

A20

____
"inok la3p4 Cv.vol.D to tell lies
__
__
$ ~

_____
"inok "o Cv.vol.D to tell lies
__
__
$ ~

__
"urma Cad&.D counterfeit, fake
___

, 4|

A27
_
wa
__
washa Cn.D fo# fur hat
__
93
l |

____
wa"ik Cn.D fo#
__
93

_
walung Cn.D >alungchung 9ola, a
Ti"etanspeaking area in &epal
_

Hs s"

__
we% Cau2.D to have, to "e located
9egophoric;
_
U

___
we"a Cau2.D to have, to e#ist
9factual;
__
U

__
wokla Cpost.D under, "eneath
_

,

A24
_
sha
__
shak Cn.D 2Hhour period
__


___
shaktsi Cn.D greasy food
___
~

_
shang Cn.D width
__
|s

___
shap Cn.D foot, leg 9H;
___
,
3

____
shapchi Cn.D servant 9H;
____



___
sha#ru Cn.D dance
____


_____
sha#ru g$a% Cv.vol.D to dance
______


_____
sha#lam Cn.D "oot, shoe 9H;
___
__
Hd (H}

_
shaa Cn.D eating "owl 9H;
___

Hs (H}

_
shaa Cv.inv.reg.D to get torn

__
shaawa Cn.D lasso
___
7

__
shaasa Cn.D place for night halt
___
1 3

__
sharwa Cn.D "lind male
__

_
H=

__
sharma Cn.D "lind female
__

_
H=|

_
shal Cn.D mouth 9H;
_
(H}

__
shalak Cn.D mealM food 9H;
_
_
(H}

__
shaldra Cn.D facial appearance
_
_
(H}

___
shide Cn.D 3HTi#.4 peace
___
=

__
&ik Csg.art.D a: an
__
73

_
shing Cn.D agricultural field
__

|

_
shingpa Cn.D farmer, agriculturalist
_

,

__
shi3t4 Cv.inv.D to melt
_
"~

___
shimu Cad&.D powdery, fine
__
_
,

___
shimdur Cn.D pasty mi#ture of
tsampa and tea 9H of
__
;
__
_


__
shimpu Cad&.D delicious, tasty
__

1d

_
shu Cv.vol.D to say, to ask 9h;
_

(H}, =| "

_____
shuk &i3t4 Cv.vol.D to let in, to
allow in
__
1 d , d

__
shetrel Cv.inv.reg.D to "e
annoyed Etym!C
__
Eto dislike, to
hateF
____
d4

A25

__
shedang Cn.D upset, anger
__

__

=,

__
shedang lang Cv.inv.D to "e
distressed, e#hausted
___
=

__
shesu Cn.D honorific speech
__

Hd |

__
shen Cv.vol.reg.D to ride
__


_
sho Cn.D yoghurt
_
d|

___
shoo chh,mu Cad&.D strong
9healthy;
____


_
shorla Cco.D while E!C
______
_____
nge sama sa drop
shorla khTrni hunggup +, $ill come
to give :it to you; $hile , go to eat!
_
_
-

__
shamung Cn.D hat, helmet
__
|,
(H}

_____
shichaawa Cn.D resident
person
______
1|

__
&u Cn.D "ow
__


__
&ung Cn.D floor
_

_

H", H

__
&ee Cadv.D three days after tomorrow
_____


__
shongpa Cn.D wooden "asin
__

H|

____
&entaG &onta Cn.D young man
___

=|

___
&ermaG &ormu Cn.D young
woman
____
|

__
&i Cnum.D four
__


__
&uu Cv.vol.reg.D to stay, to sit 9H;
____
1 (H}

__
shee Cv.vol.reg.D to eat 9H;
___

(H}

____
shetuk Cn.D noodle soup 9H;
_____

4 (H}

__
sheru Cn.D deep fried "read or dough
___
|

A@3
_
sa

_
sa Cv.vol.D to eat
_


__
sama Cn.D food
__


___
sama sa Cv.vol.D to eat a meal
___



_
saur Cn.D itch
___
3
____
sa$ ch*k Cnum.D 3H)ep.4 one
hundred
__


_
sala Cadv.D tomorrow
___

__

H

___
sangder Cn.D copper plate
___



__
se3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to run out of
__


__
sen Cn.D cooked flour dough
__
s

___
sen&ang Cn.D corn chang
___

___
_
Hs

__
saampa Cn.D "ridge
__
,

_
saa Cn.D copper
__


_
si Cv.vol.D to say, to tell
_

_
H=

__
sina Cpost.D compared to, than
___
_____
ngOr?a sina shrT?a shimpa
+?ompared to the s$eet tea# butter tea
is more tasty.
_
H=d,

__
sin Cv.inv.reg.D to finish
__

_
4
_
sir Cv.vol.D will say 9future of
_
Pto say,
to tellJ;
__
silwa Cn.D dew
_
|

__
sermung Cn.D "lood pheasant 9a kind
of "ird;
__

_____
,
(7 }

__
suk Cn.D pain, ache
__
d

, |s

_
sur Cn.D corner
_


____
sursum Cn.D triangle
____

,

__
somar Cn.D strong cheese
____
__
s "= H7 H

__
som Cn.D wooden water carrier, pail
__

| 4 Hs

_
sKr Cn.D sickle
__


__
sa$okG sa$e Cn.D nettles
_
1

__
dawa Cpr.n.D %awa
__
d

_____
dawa guwa Cn.D 5
th
lunar month
_
___
l (HH-
}

_____
dawa g$epa Cn.D 4
th
lunar
month
_____
Hl
(Hd|-HH}

____
dawa ng7wa Cn.D 6
th
lunar month
_
___
l (H-H}

A@A

_______
dawa ch.chikpa Cn.D AA
th

lunar month
_______
7l
( -}

_____
dawa ch.wa Cn.D A3
th
lunar month
____
dl ( -
s}

________
dawa ch.n$iwa Cn.D A2
th

lunar month
_______
(l
(-}

______
dawa n$*wa Cn.D 2
nd
lunar month
_____
dP (9"-
}

___
dawa thangpu Cn.D A
st
lunar month
___
(-
9"}

_____
dawa dinpa Cn.D 7
th
lunar month
_____
l (3-
Hd|}

____
dawa thrukpa Cn.D 0
th
lunar
month
____
U l
(H -3}

_____
dawa &iwa Cn.D H
th
lunar month
__
__
| (- H}

_____
dawa s.mpa Cn.D @
rd
lunar
month
_____
P
( - }

__
dato Cn.D calendar
_


___
dal"a Cn.D friend
__
|

____
dal"a kh$i Cv.vol.D to help
__
__
" "

__
"a Cn.D day of the week
__
d

____
"a n$ima Cn.D Sunday
____

H

____
"a p7sang Cn.D 1riday
__
__
H

____
"a p,npa Cn.D Saturday
____



__
"a ph.ru Cn.D Thursday
___



______
"a mingmar Cn.D Tuesday
______


____
"a dawa Cn.D )onday
___
_


____
"a lh7kpa Cn.D >ednesday
__
__


___
sarmu Cad&.D steep
__
H

__
"i Cn.D a type of precious stone 9a kind of
ony# or agate stone;
__

" " H (H|}

___
"ik Cn.D leopard
___


____
"im Cv.vol.reg.D to sleep, to lie down
9H;
____
H , ~ (H}

__
"uu Cn.D "ody
_

____
|

A@2

_
saang Cn.D restaurant
__
1 =

__
"i Cv.inv.D to get drunk
__
7 H

___
"epa Cn.D tolerance
___

|

____
"endi Cn.D 3H)ep.4 marriage party,
wedding party
__
H=|

_____
"endi kh$i Cv.vol.D to marry
__
__
"

__
"o Cv.vol.D to make, to createM to repair 9 a
car;
__

_______
3,
"

____
"o l7mu Cad&.D easy
__
H

___
"optaG "opte Cn.D appearance, shape
__
_
H, H

____
"opta leemu Cad&.D good
looking
_____
H , P
_____
"opg$ur g$a% Cv.vol.D to renovate,
to repair 9a house;
_______

_____
__
"

A@@

ha
_
haneG hana Cadv.D a while ago
___

H

_
hama Cn.D mother
__
H

___
hama gaga Cn.D grandmother Etym!C
_____
Eold motherF
__
7

_
hawa Cn.D father
_
,

__
hawa hama Cn.D parents
__
_
H-

___
hama draplang Cpr.n.D )t
Amada"lam
___
__
Hs

_
hamu Cn.D female 9animal, plant;
_

|

____
ha"ar ch*k Cnum.D one thousand
___
H

_____
ha"ar ch. th7mpa Cnum.D
ten thousand, one myriad
___
d
H

hau Cn.D male 9animal, plant;

haring Cadv.D today

_
HH

__
ham kh$i Cv.inv.D to try harder
___
__
"

___
ham#um Cn.D woman
____

H(

__
hu th9% Cv.inv.reg.D to "e desperate

__

_
hutung Cadv.D A. really
__
___
2. true
___
c

_
hulak Cn.D "onded la"or
_

7

_
hukpa Cn.D owl
_

hung Cv.vol.D to come 9present tenseM

Syn.C
_
gyi;

H3

__
hungkung Cn.D income
__

HTd|

__
hungpap Cn.D economy
_
_
H , H =

hur Cn.D noise, sound

_
~

__
h9rtuk Cn.D storm, wind
_
,
|

__
hurduk Cn.D slingshot
_

huru Cn.D noise, cacophony

__

_
HH,
__
huru den Cv.vol.D to shout at
some"ody, to scold
____

______

"| " ,

_
homa Cn.D milk
_
d

A@H

___
homi sh7mung a kind of
"oletus 9mushroom;
______
7
3

hoi Cn.D lower one, younger one

__

, =U

hore Cposs.pr.D our 9inclusive;M your 9H;

_
P

horong Cpers.pr.D A. we 9inclusive;

Etym!C

9arch.; EweF
__
PweJ

_
| (|} 2. you 9H;
__

(H}

_
ho% Cn.D light 9from sun;
_


_
honpa Cad&.D deaf man
_


_
horche Cidiom.D thank you
_____

=d

_
holma Cad&.D deaf woman
__
|

hol Cv.inv.reg.D to get mi#ed

_


A@6

ya

_
$awa Cn.D "utcher
__

_____

|,

_
$ama Cn.D sinuses
_


_
$8lak Cn.D "ranch
_
"

$aa$o Cadv.D upwards

_

3 H

_
$ang tang $ang Cadv.D again and
again, repeatedly

9 9 ,
"

$anglong Cadv.D again, once

more
__
9

_
$ap Cn.D father 9H;
_
(H}

_
$ampa Cad&.D other
___
HF

__
$am#u Cpr.n.D 7athmandu 9sometimes
used incorrectly to refer to &epal;
_
___
sl

_
$aaku Cn.D younger "rotherin
law
__________

$ar Cadv.D up

$al Cv.inv.reg.D to vanish, to fade away

, 3

_
$igi Cn.D letter, script
_
HH,

__
$idam Cn.D tutelary deity
__

d

__
$ikcha Cn.D document
__

d1H

___
$iktse% Cn.D e#am, e#amination
_
__
|H, H

_____
$iktse% t-ng Cv.vol.D to take an
e#amination
_____
|H d

_
$inG hin Cau2.D to "e 9egophoric;
_

_

,

___
$inno%G hinno% Cau2.D to "e
9inferential;
____
U

__
$in"aG hin"a Cau2.D to "e 9factual;
_



___
$insinaang Cco.D although
_
_
,

_
$in ringpu Cadv.D long time
_

__
$usim Cn.D widow
___


_
$i3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to hide
_

__
4

_
$illaG $ulla Cn.D village deity
_

"3 d 3

_
$uk Cn.D entire length of a te#tile
roll
_
, T

_
$um Cn.D A. mother 9H;
_

(H} 2. =uddhist te#t, $ra?ha
$aramita
__
|@ T=

A@0

___
$uu sh,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to seek
respect
___
7

_
$urma Cn.D weed
____
$

$ul Cn.D village

__
"3

__
$ulk$imi Cn.D villager
_
"3

$ee Cv.inv.reg.D to "e distracted

_

H~

_
$eete Cad&.D easily distracted
___

H H

_
$emu Cad&.D spacious, wide
__

9

_____
$eshi tsh-g$al Cpr.n.D
DesheTshogyal, $adma Sam"havaJs
consort
_____
q TH


_
$engge Cad&.D light 9weight;

"

___
$enchap Cn.D holy water
___

d 3( 3 |

___
$enten Cn.D knowledge, education
___
7, H

_
$erma Cn.D milking animal
_
d



_
$olmo Cpr.n.D @olmo, a Ti"etan
speaking area in &epal
____
__
T H

$ol Cn.D curtain

_
d

$olo Cn.D year of the hare

_



__
$7k Cn.D yak
__


____
$7ngguk Cn.D yangguk,
prosperitysecuring ritual
____

" " "
H

__
$7p Cn.D sun room
__
||

__
$7awa Cad&.D right
__
d

_
$9 Cn.D tur+uoise
_
| "

__
$9k Cad&.D entire, all
__


___
$,tri%G ,tri% Cn.D yeti Etym!C
_
__

_______
Pa "rown
"ear living in slate mountainsJ
_
__
|

__
$-kpu Cn.D male servant
__

, "|

___
$-kpu kh$i Cv.vol.D to serve
__
__
3, "

___
$-kmu Cn.D female servant
___

|

__
$-3p4 Cv.vol.D to step
___
3,
T3

__
$-3p4 Cv.inv.D to reach
__
T
(}, ( }

__
$,npa Cad&.D left
__
d

A@7

ra

ra Cn.D goat

_
ramu Cn.D shegoat
_
|

r8ng Cpr.D self

H9

rang Cn.D honey

__


_
rang&ung Cn.D nature, natural
_

,

_
ren Cv.vol.reg.D to call for help
__

__

3

_
ren Cv.inv.reg.D to "e the time 9to do
something;
_
H

____
ra#ne Cn.D consecration ritual
_
___
|

_
ram Cv.inv.reg.D to collapse
__

_

Hc

_
rampu Cad&.D sta"le, strong
___

H,

raa Cn.D A. cotton

_
| 2.
em"ankment
__
=,

__
raatuk Cn.D shirt, "louse
___

3H

rau Cn.D hegoat

_
ralwa Cn.D dreadlocks, matted hair

H,

r+ Cn.D mountain

ri Cn.D potato
____
H
_
riki Cn.D potato Etym!C
__
Emountain
yamF
____
H

__
riki k.r Cn.D potato pancake
____
___
H |

__
ritropa Cn.D hermit
__
1|,
H"|

_
riwa Cn.D hurry
__


_
rimungG rimu Cn.D drawing, pattern,
design
_


_
rimung Cn.D weasel
__
=3|


_
riwong Cn.D ra""it
_


_
rikpa Cn.D intelligence
_
@

___
rikpa n( npu Cn.D intelligent
_
__
@,

ringpu Cad&.D long

__
ruselG ringsel Cn.D relics
__

H1

_
rin Cn.D price
_
~, H3

__
rinpuche Cn.D precious lama
_
_
-"

_
rimpa Cn.D "y turn, in order
_

H

A@4

ril Cv.vol.reg.D to roll

_
s
3

rilu Cn.D pill

_
H| "|

ru Cn.D clan
_
"

__
rukok Cn.D "one
___
s|

_
rungarma Cad&.D shorttempered,
fierytempered

H

_
rumang Cn.D sheep and goat dropping
_
|, H

_
rumal Cn.D 3H)ep.4 towel
__

|

_
ru% Cv.vol.reg.D to collect
__
HT "

_
ru% Cn.D avalanche
___


_
ru3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D A. to pack up
___
__
$ 3 2. to gather
___
_
H| 3

r9l Cv.inv.reg.D to rot

rul Cn.D snake

_


_
rulwa Cad&.D rotten

,
s

redio Cn.D 3HBng.4 radio

___

s

_
rewa Cn.D hope
_
H

_
rewa Cidiom.D never, donJt think a"out it
e
_____
d

rIrau Cn.D Himalayan tahr 9a kind of

animal;

rere Cad&.D one each

77,

__
rere kh$aani Cadv.D one at a time
______
7 "

_
rIsa Cn.D support "ase
_
,
H

_
resa Cn.D walled "ase for tent
___
_
" 37


_
re% Cv.vol.reg.D to touch
_
U

_
rengma Cn.D fly 9generic term;
_
_
||

rel Cv.vol.reg.D to ?oin

together
_
H

rel Cn.D 3HBng.4 train

__

rK Cn.D corpse

, d

__
rotuk Cn.D upper "ack 9of the "ody;

__
s

_
ro#lang Cn.D -om"ie
_
,
c

_
ro% Cv.vol.D to read
__

rong Cn.D low elevation land

H
H H-H"

rong Cv.vol.D to count the "eads of a

rosary, to recite
_
H!

A@5

rongpa Cn.D lowlander

H
1

__
l7awa Cn.D steam
__
9

__
l*kpa Cn.D penis
__

__
",
H=

_____
l*kshup Cn.D condom
__
___
, =s

_
l.ng Cn.D air, wind
_
,

__
l.ngdar Cn.D prayer flags
__

H

_
l.ng lang Cv.inv.D to get angry
__

3

__
l,npa Cad&.D wet, damp
__
HH

__
l-m Cv.vol.D to fry
_

__
, H

AH3

la

l8 Cn.D mountain pass

H=7s

_
larg$a Cn.D reciprocity Etym!C
_

Eloyalty, patriotismF
_____
7
H |

__
laduk Cn.D high altitude sickness
__

3 |

_
la$#eri Cn.D 3HBng.4 li"rary
____
_
1

__
lakcha Cn.D tool, instrument, weapon
__
, HH

_
lakpa Cn.D hand
_


___
lakpa g$a% Cv.volD A. to use oneJs
hand 9when eating;
_____

" " 2. to "eat, to hit
_



___
lakpa t-ng Cv.vol.D to give a
hand, to help
__
d,
" "

_
lakpa ringpu Cn.D thief
___

___
lakpi th*l Cn.D palm of
hand
___
c

___
lakshe Cn.D skill
___
dH,

lang Cv.vol.D to get up, to stand up

3, 3H

lang Cv.inv.D to "e enough, to suffice

_
,

_
len Cn.D message
_

,
=d

___
len g$a% Cv.vol.D to answer, to
reply
___
3d d, H9 d

__
len la3p4 Cv.vol.D to pass on a
message, to carry a message
_
__
3

_
la3p4 Cv.vol.D to speak
_
~

_____
laptak g$a%Cv.vol.D to scold
__
____
!3, "| "

____
lapshe% Cn.D speech, talk
__
_

___


_____
lapshe% kh$i Cv.vol.D to talk, to
say
_____
" , ~

_____
lapshe% la3p4 Cv.vol.D to talk, to
say
_____
" , ~

_
lam Cn.D road
__

_
, s

___
lam den Cv.vol.D to guide
___
__
d 3

AHA

_
lampa Cn.D leader of an animal caravan
_
H" H

laa Cn.D month Etym.C

_
or
_
EmonthF
__


_
laaka Cn.D work, task, ?o", activity
__



__
laaka kh$i Cv.vol.D to work
__
__
"

__
laakam Cn.D cane, walking stick
_
__

___
|, Us|

_
laawa Cn.D organi-er
_
HH

__
laa munu Cad&.D la-y
__
H~U|

_
laase yes, okay
___
, =U

____
lak ch*k Cnum.D one hundred
thousand
____


_____
lak ch. th7mpa Cnum.D one
million
____
d

_
lauk Cn.D radish
_


_
lee Cn.D karma
_


___
lee l7mu Cn.D easy
__
H

__
limik Cn.D key
___


_
litsi Cn.D corn
___



ling Cv.vol.D to take
_


_
lingshang Cn.D round "ells for
horses
_
|

___
lumu s,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to imitate, to
copy
_____

____
4 "

_
luk Cn.D sheep
_
Hs

_
lu% Cv.vol.D to pour, to put
inside
__
~ , =3

_
luklo Cn.D year of the sheep
_

Hs

___
lukso Cn.D custom
__
_

lungpa Cn.D valley, country

3 ,
d

_L_
lum#ini Cpr.n.D Lum"ini, "irthplace
of the =uddha
_L_
T|, @
H=1

le Eclamation suffi E!C

__
PSo
happyeJ
___
PSo pleasante So niceeJ
_
P'reateJ
______

___

__

_
H

___
leewa t-ng Cv.vol.D to improve
____
,

_
leemu Cad&.D good
__

_

P, H

__
leeshok Cad&.D the "est Etym.C
__
__
Ethe "estF
___
H=d
P

lo Cn.D year, age

, 3

_
log$u Cn.D history
__


AH2

__
lotok Cn.D harvest, crop
__
|,
H=

_
loma Cad&.D leaf
_


_
loam Cn.D cup"oard Etym!C
____

Ewall "o#F
___
dH

__
losar Cn.D &ew Dear
__

loola Cpost.D with Etym!C

__
Eon
the surface, on the sideF
____

__
_
",

___
lo% g$a% Cv.vol.D to repeat
____

d, d 3

_
lo% Cv.vol.reg.D to return, to come "ack
_
9

lor Cn.D a note

___


AH@
_
shO

_
sh8 Cn.D meat, flesh
_


___
sh7 g$aamu Cad&.D fatty, good
9animal meat;
____


__
sh7mung Cn.D mushroom
__
3

____
sh7k$a th.pa Cpr.n.D Shakya )uni
____
4

__
sh7kpa Cn.D potato stew
__
__
14

__
sh7ng Cn.D "alance, weight measure
_
_


__
sh,npa Cn.D murderer, killer
__

c, |

_
sh7r Cn.D east
_


_
sh8r Cv.inv.reg.D to rise, to "loom
_

3d3, 9 ~

___
sh7rk$ak Cadv.D immediately
___

=, c

___
sh7rtuk Cn.D crystal, +uart-
___

c

__
sh7rwa Cn.D Sherpa
_


_
sh8u Cn.D 3H)ep.4 apple
__
13

_
sh7u Cn.D slaughter animal
__

T H

_
sh* Cv.inv.D A. to die
_
2. to go out
9light;, to e#tinguish E!C
______

"atti shRnoJ +0he light $ent out
___
____


__
sh*k Cn.D louse
__
HP

_
sh*ng Cn.D wood
_


___
sh*ngtok Cn.D fruit
___
9

__
sh.kpa Cn.D ?uniper
__
|
F

___
sh.k Cn.D strength, power
___
,
H

_
sh.u Cn.D paper
___
"H

___
sh, tsh7ndi Cad&.D tender, kind,
loving
__
Hc|, P

_
sh,e Cv.vol.reg.D to know, to learn
__
H=, 4

_
sh,l Cn.D glass
_
,

__
sh,ltra Cn.D glass window
__



__
sh,ldo Cn.D crystal
__
d
c, 19

_
shK Cn.D dice game
_
|s

___
sh-mak Cn.D large leaf
_


AHH

___
sh-kchaG sh.icha Cn.D kite 9toy;
_

___
"

__
sh-rung Cn.D Solu, the southern part
of the Sherpa region
__


_
sh-r Cv.inv.reg.D to "reak out, to escape
_
3T, 9 c

___
sh-rtok Cn.D wooden container
__
____
Hs

_____
sh7kcho Cn.D operation
______

9 "

___
sh*npu Cn.D dead person
___



___
sh-% Cv.inv.D to tear
__
H

___
sh-kpa Cn.D wing
___


__
sh-l Cv.vol.D to rinse
__
~,
,

__
sh-l Cv.inv.D to have diarrhea
____
__


___
sh7awa Cn.D apology, confession
____


___
sh,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to say, to tell
__
H=, 3

__
sh. Cv.vol.D A. to peel
__
Us3 2. to
copy
__
3

AH6
_
sO

_
s7 Cn.D A. soil
_
2. tooth
_

d

___
s7ptra Cn.D map
___
4

____
s7ga dawa Cn.D H
th
lunar month,
anniversary of Shakya )uniJs
"irth, enlightment and parinirvana
____
@ H=,
7 , @


__
s7cha Cn.D place, land
__
H",
3

___
s7num Cn.D kerosene, petrol
_
__


___
s7pashi Cn.D farmland
__

H"-H

____
s7pashi laaka Cn.D
farming
__
|

_____
s7ntsam Cn.D "order
_____



___
s7shing laaka Cn.D
agriculture
_____


_
s7$a Cnum.D ten million Etym!C
_

Eone millionF
__
7 s

___
s7$i lakta Cn.D signature
_
_
H U, 1H

___
s7hep Cn.D 3H)ep.4 master, sir
_
___
", H,

__
s7k Cpost.D up to, until
_
T

_
s7ng Cadv.D also

__
s7ngpu% Cadv.D ne#t year
___

__
Hl

_____
s7ng s7ng tr*nle Cn.D
Sikkimese primula 9a kind of
flower;
_______
__
4| H 9

____
s7ngg$e Cpr.n.D =uddha
__
__
@

__
s,% Cn.D frost kill
__

s

__
s7ata Cn.D 3H)ep.4 week
___
__


__
s7$kal Cn.D 3H Bng.4 "icycle
_
_


____
s, 7mchi Cn.D dentist
____

d s4

__
s7rkar Cn.D 3H)ep.4 government
____


__
s7rdar Cn.D 3H)ep.4 guide
_
__
d, d 3
, H"

AH0

__
s*naang Cco.D although, even
though, "ut E!C
_______

si khyaa sRnaang mOnyQn P, told
:her; but :she; did not listen
_



______
s*nm*nsin Cco.D e#cept for,
unless, otherwise E!C
___
__________
hore laaka
thrimpu khyaasin mRnsin misinpi
+Anless $e $ork fast# $e $ont
finish :on time;
_____

H, H

__
s*lma Cn.D small change 9money;
__
,

_
s. Cint.pr.D who
_


__
s.na Cn.D 3H)ep.4 -ero
___

=

__
s.sang Cind.pr.D A. any"ody
_

H 2. no"ody 9c &!'.;
_
|

__
s.ngma Cn.D guardian, protective
deity
__
H d 3

__
s.ngti Cn.D protective string
_
__
H-=, "

___
s.mchu Cnum.D thirty
___
|

__
s,nggi Cn.D lion
__


__
s,n Cn.D seed
__

___
3

__
s,prang Cn.D horsefly
___

s

___
s,m Cn.D mind
___


____
s,mtral Cn.D worry,
an#iety
____
=

_____
s,mtral kh$i Cv.inv.D to "e
worried, to "e an#ious
______

=

_____
s,mchen Cn.D animal
___
__
H

______
s,mshuk Cn.D courage
___
___
H,

_
sIr Cn.D hail
__
H

__
s,rka Cn.D crack, crevasse
_
_
7 9, 9
~

___
s,rken Cn.D snow leopard
__



__
s,rna Cn.D avarice, greed,
covetousness
__
=H,
H,

___
s,rna chh, Cad&.D miserly,
avaricious
____
H|

__
s,rmung Cn.D nail
___
s

_____
s,rmung de3p4 Cv.vol.D
to pinch
______


_
s,ru Cad&.D yellow
_


AH7

___
s-ngma Cn.D straw
___


__
sokli Cn.D saw
__
l|,
H

__
s-oka Cn.D spring season
___

=

___
s-rtup Cn.D ring for the finger
____
H |

___
s-ltok Cn.D charcoal
_


_
shr7 Cn.D hair
_


__
shr7dri Cn.D ra-or
__
d|

__
shr7ndi Cad&.D hard, solid
_

____
s, (

__
shr8p Cn.D horseJs "it
__
s
|

__
shr7m Cn.D otter
__
H

__
shr+k Cn.D monkey
_
d

___
shr*ngkongkong Cn.D
spider
__


__
shr+n Cv.vol.reg.D to guard, to protect
9an area;, to defend
_
d
"

__
shr*n Cn.D high cloud
__

d

____
shr*ndu laaka Cn.D guarding
work, guard duty
______
H

___
shr*ndri Cn.D ghost Etym!C
__

EdemonF c
_
EdemonF
_

___
_
H

__
shr+m Cn.D milk cream
__

__

d

__
shr.gu Cn.D protective amulets
__
H=

____
shr.ngk$op kh$i Cv.vol.D to
protect
_____
H " ,
H "

_
shr.ngnga Cn.D protective
amulets
__
H=

____
shr.tok Cn.D thread
_____

__
"

__
shr.% Cv.vol.D to shake
__

43

__
shr.% Cv.inv.D to shiver, to +uiver
_
, T

_
shr, Cv.vol.D to mi#
_
3
__
shr,me Cn.D thin 9cloth;
__


__
shr,% Cv.vol.D to "urn, to grill
__

~

__
shr,lma Cn.D pea
___
3

__
shr-k Cn.D lifeforce
__
,
7

AH4

__
l7ndi Cad&.D thin 9li+uid;
_



__
l7% Cv.vol.D to "oil 9milk;
_

3~

___
l,3p4 Cv.vol.reg.D to arrive
___

H

_
l-ng Cv.vol.D A. to put upright
_

33 2. to "eg
_
@. to
wake some"ody up E!C
_

yar lSng +$ake up .J
_

3 $3

____
l-ngken Cn.D "eggar
_

"=

__
l-3p4 Cv.vol.D A. to teach
__
3 2. to learn
_

__
4

____
l-p(nG l-wen Cn.D master,
teacher
____
H, "

___
l-oma Cn.D disciple, pupil
__
_
,

____
l-ptsen Cn.D lesson
____


__
s7ng Cad&.D secret
___
"!

_____
s7ngtam Cn.D secret talk
_____
"!

______
s7ngnang s7ngni
Cadv.D secretly
______
__
"! F

___
s,n Cv.vol.reg.D to listen, to hear
9H;
___
= (H}

___
s7mpa Cn.D new
__


_____
s7mpa "o Cv.vol.D to make
new
____
3

___
s7ng$ur Cn.D information,
news
____

___


___
s7lmu Cad&.D clear
__

1P, 9

__
s*l Cv.vol.reg.D to split, to "reak
into pieces
__
H

__
s.ng Cv.vol.reg.D to say 9H;
__

H= (H}

___
s.nglap Cn.D speech 9H;
__
__
(H}

___
s.p Cn.D stomach
___
Hs|

___
s.m Cnum.D three
___
|

__
s,r Cad&.D gold
__


____
s-wa rikpa Cn.D Ti"etan
medical knowledge 9H;
____

| H| T=|
7 (H}
___
s( npu Cad&.D alive
___

H3 d

__
s-l Cn.D meal 9H; 9Syn.C
__

shalak;
__
HH

AH5

__
s-l honorific prefi for food
__

Hd| 3"

___
s-l&a Cn.D tea 9H;
___

(H}

___
s-lwa Cn.D sauce 9H;
____

| (H}

___
s-lmar Cn.D "utter 9H;
__
_
3

___
s,3t4 Cv.vol.reg.D to kill
___


__
s7a Cn.D A. incense
__
2.
incense smoke offering,
fumigation
__


__
s*l Cv.inv.reg.D to "e cold 9H;
__

, s

__
s*luG s*lwu Cad&.D cool, chilly
9H;
__
, s (H}

_____
s.ru kh7m#ukG s.ru Cn.D
rhinoceros
__
" s

_____
s-di Cn.D luck, karma
_____

H,

A63
_
hO
__
h7 khoo Cv.inv.reg.D to understand
__



__
h7su Cn.D to "low warm "reath 9when it
is cold or raining;
___
,
4, 9 4

_
h7$ang Cn.D aluminium pot
_

H Hs

_
h7 le Cn.D 3H)ep.4 rumor
___
___
~

__
h7rame Cidiom.D 3H)ep.4 devil e
_
_
|

_
h7r Cn.D 3H)ep.4 market
__
H

___
h7pta Cn.D 3H)ep.4 week
_____
,


__
h7mpa Cad&.D aggressive, "rutal
__

HH1|

__
h*mala$a Cn.D Himalaya
__

____


__
h.lak Cn.D 3H)ep.H<ong.4 post office
Etym!C
__
Ecompulsory serviceF
___

___
h.p khang Cn.D one mouthful
___

7 ( d }

_
h.ru Cad&.D fast, energetic
_

9 , U

____
h,li k7ptar Cn.D 3HBng.4
helicopter
______
!

___
h-n t-r Cv.inv.reg.D to "ecome da-ed,
to "e forgetful
___

___

3

__
shr*lmu Cn.D performance, show,
amusement
___
,
H

____
shr,kok Cn.D scrap of dried food
___
__
7 H

_
lh8 Cn.D deity, god
_
d | d

_
lh8 Cv.vol.D to look at, to check, to watch
_
, H "

__
lh8wa Cn.D spiritual medium, shaman
_

|, $H|

__
lhamu Cn.D goddess
__
d |

__
lhasa Cpr.n.D Lhasa 9capital of Ti"et;
_
_
~ ( H|}

____
lhapsang Cn.D ritual to appease
deities
____
d $3
" H

___
lh7psu Cn.D A. propitiation ritual
_
__
d $3 H 2. cairn
for the lhapsu ritual
____

d 1, d |1

A6A

__
lh7% Cv.inv.D to "e "oiled
_
3T

__
lh7kpa Cpr.n.D Lhakpa
__
~4

__
lh7kpa Cn.D )ercury
__
T

___
lh7ngma Cn.D leftover, surplus
___

3 |

____
lh,ng$aG lh,ng$e Cpers.prD you
9plural, H;
_____
(H}

___
lh,nda Cn.D patch
__


_____
lhengen p.shi% Cn.D common
hoopoe 9a kind of "ird;
___
|

_
lh7a Cn.D cattle enclosure, corral, pen
__

__
lh7awa Cn.D wind, "ree-e
___


__
lhaama Cn.D "raid
___
~

____
lhaama lha% Cv.vol.D to "raid
___
_
~

_
lh,$ul Cn.D paradise
_
1"

____
lh,shing sh.kpa Cn.D
Himalayan hemlock 9a kind of tree;
" ~
____


_
lhaang Cn.D temple
__
H,
"T

_
lh, Cn.D navel
__


__
lh,rmu Cn.D performance, show,
amusement
___


_
lhK Cn.D south
_
dH

__
lh-wa Cn.D hungry
___
H

__
lh-wa lang Cv.inv.D to "e
hungry
_______
H

____
lh-re galup Cidiom.D may you
suffer from hunger e 9curse;
]__

_^_________
H
(}

__
lhum Cv.inv.reg.D to fall down
_

1, $

A62
_
O
_
7nga Cn.D "a"y, child
__

__
,


___
7 m- chh- Cv.inv.reg.D una"le to
do
_____
4

___
7 m- chh- Cv.vol.reg.D to refuse to
comply
____
=

____
7mchok Cn.D ear
____

__


__
7&ang Cn.D maternal uncle
__



__
7&i Cn.D elder sister
__
dd|

__
7&u Cn.D elder "rother
___
d

__
8ni Cn.D aunt
__
9 , 7

__
7ni Cn.D nun
__
H|, HH|

__
7pisG 7fis Cn.D 3HBng.4 office
_
__


__
7mung Cn.D camel
__
3

__
7tsa Cidiom.D ouche
__
H
H

_
7$i Cn.D elder sister
__
dd|

__
7rak Cn.D distilled alcohol
__
4|

_
7la Cadv.D very much, a lot, many
_
__

_
,

___
7lachik Cadv.D +uite a lot
__

,

_
7lung Cn.D earring
_

"3 =|

_______
7shi kh7tak Cn.D high +uality
khatak
_______
3
"1 d

____
7pshok Cn.D wingM feather, plume
9Syn.C
_
pW; Etym!C
______

EwingF
__
!

___
7sar Cad&.D fickle
___
H1,
d |

____
7kchowa Cn.D rhu"ar"
__

d

_
7ng Cpref.D prefi# used to address ?unior
people
__
Ang Tsering,
_
__
Ang &or"u, etc.
____

( " T

__
7ngki Cn.D num"er
___
H

__
7m Cn.D mango 9fruit;
__
H

____
7mtrokG 7mtrung Cn.D pocket
9formed "y fold of traditional
dress;
____
F
"d

___
7mchi Cn.D doctor
___
s4

__
7asu Cn.D 3H)ep.4 hope
_
H

_
7u Cn.D paternal uncle
__


A6@

___
7u kh$-wa Cn.D adult male
_

__
=U , F

___
7rk$ok Cn.D horn
_
s

__
*&i Cn.D elder sister
____
dd|

___
*skul Cn.D 3HBng.4 school
___



__
*wi Cn.D motherinlaw
______
__


____
*wi sh7mung Cn.D gomphus
clavatus 9a kind of mushroom;
__
_____
7 3

__
.ku Cn.D chin
_
3 s

__
.&u Cn.D elder "rother
___
dH

_
.rang Cn.D cross "etween yak and cow
9Syn.C
___
drim-o;
_____
__
l| "( H=
U

_
.ru Cn.D maternal aunt Etym!C
__

Ematernal auntF
__
|,


__
.kla Cn.D moon Etym!C d
___
Euncle
moonF
__
=

__
.ngku Cn.D oil lamp
__
|

__
,wa Cn.D difference, distinction
___

__
_
H=, 9

__
,ngki Cn.D womanJs sleeveless
dress
__
F

____
,n ch,3t4 Cv.inv.reg.D to "e tired
_
__

__
,prang Cn.D "lowfly
__
$"

___
,mpak Cn.D slate, flagstone
__

|-"

__
,rmang Cn.D Sichuan pepper
__

T

__
-lshing Cn.D elongated wooden
"utton, toggle
_
T


___
-ltok Cn.D rope, collar for animal
_
___
H | "3
|

_
-m initial sylla"le of many mantras with
auspicious meaning
_
H,
=F H d

A6H







A66

















BnglishSherpa dictionar$

A60

A67
A
a: an
__
?ik
a##ot
___
khQnpo
a#ilit$
____
khatap,
___
?Gntang

a#leG to #e
__
thTp,
_
khyQ

a#out
_
kSrla
a#ove 3SeeC onG upper4
a#scess 3SeeC #oil4

a#sor#edG to get
__
thVm

a#undant
__
"olmu
a#using
____
nyOpcho
accountG to
____
tsRi gyaJ
accountant
___
tsRwa
accumulate 3water4G to
_
khyil
accurate 3divination4
__
thRimu
ache 3SeeC pain4
achieveG to
__
drup 3vol.4G
__
thrup 3inv.4
acidic 3SeeC sour4
active 3SeeC capa#le4
activit$ 3SeeC work4
addG to
_____
nQnpa gyaJ
address
__
khO?ang
admireG to 3SeeC praiseG to4
adult male
_____
khySk phe-a,
___

Ou khySwa
advice
___
thronggu
adviseG to
____
thronggu khyi
affectionate 3SeeC loving4

afraidG to #e
__
?iiwa lang
after
_
tRngla,
___
?ukla

afternoon
__
phRtok

again

yanglong,
___
kyOrma
again and again
_
yang tang yang
age
__
gonglo
age 3in $ears4
__
nangsu
age 3SeeC $ear4
aggressive
_
ngargyal,
__
hOmpa
agitateG to 3SeeC stirG to4
agreeG to
__
khQ ling
agriculture
___
sOshing laaka
ahead 3SeeC front4
aimless 3SeeC meaningless4
air
_
lTng
airplane
____
nOmdru
airport
________
nOmdru "apsa
alcohol
__
Orak
alertG to #ecome
_____
khOmsang
alike 3SeeC similar4

alive
___
sGnpu
all 3Syn.C entireG ever$#od$4

all right 3it%s M4
___
gyiwiJ
all rightG to #e
_
gyi
allotment 3SeeC share4
allow inG to 3SeeC let inG to4
allowG to
__
chhSJ
allowedG to #e 3SeeC allowG to4
alone
__
kTkyang 3Syn.C onl$ oneG
single4
alpha#et
__
kOka
alread$ 3done4
____
khyaaning sin
also
_
sOng
altar
______
chhSsham
alterG to
_
gyur
although
___
yinsinaang,
__
sR
naang

A64
alwa$s
__
namlang,
___
namsang
3Syn.C regularl$4
ama"ing 3SeeC unusual4
amount 3SeeC Nuantit$4
amusement 3SeeC performance4

and
_
thang, tang,
_
ni

anger
__
khongtru,
__
nyYrmang
angr$G to #e
___
khongtru khyi,
___

nyYrmang khyi
angr$G to get
__
khongtru lang,
__

nyYrmang lang,
_
lTng lang
animal
_____
sQmchen
ankle#one
_
trQlung
anno$G to
___
nyQtsol
anno$edG to #e
__
shetrel
answerG to
___
len gyaJ
ant
___
throngma
anus
___
kyOksang
an2iet$ 3SeeC worr$4
an2iousG to #e 3SeeC worriedG to #e4
an$#od$
__
sTsang
an$where 3F )B@.4
___
khanisang
apart 3to fall M4
_
thrSl
apart from 3SeeC separatel$4
ape2 3SeeC top4

apolog$
___
shOawa
appearance 3facial M4
____
khamdok,
_
_
shaldra 3Syn.C shape4
apple
_
shUu
application 3SeeC religious practice4

appl$G to
__
thoJ
appreciation
_
ngosu
appropriate 3SeeC suita#le4
area 3#oulder$4
__
-aarok

argueG to
_____
khOndap gyaJ
argument
___
khOndap
around this time
___
thaasam

arrangeG to
__
driJ

arrestG to 3SeeC catchG to4
arriveG to
___
lQp
arrow
__
da
as earl$ as possi#le
___
khang ngOnga
as good as possi#le
_____
khang thratrak
as much as one can
_____
khang thTtup
as
____
chRndok
ascetic 3SeeC $ogi4

ash
___
thaltsam
ashamedG to #e
_
ngotsha lang
aside 3SeeC separatel$4
askG to
_
thri
asleep 3to fall M4
____
nyRla shSr 3Syn.C
go to sleepG to4
asset 3SeeC principal4
atmosphere 3SeeC space4
attachG to 3SeeC stickG toG tieG to4
audience
___
?alka

aunt 3maternal side4
_
Tru
aunt
__
Uni
authorit$ 3SeeC power4
autumn
__
tQn, tGn
availa#le 3SeeC rela2ed4
avalanche
_
ruJ
avarice
__
sQrna
avaricious 3SeeC miserl$4
avoidG to
__
-em
awakenedG to #e 3SeeC woken upG to #e4
a2e
_
tOri

A65

B
#a#$
_
Onga
#ack 3of human #od$4
__
gyagung
#ack and forth 3SeeC here and there4
#ack#iting
___
mSJ

#ad
__
khokpu
#adge 3SeeC medal4

#aker$
____
pOu roti -osa
#alance
__
shOng
#all
_
goli
#all 3of $arn: thread4
_
thrulu

#alloon
_
gangpa
#am#oo
___
nyTngma

#anana
_
kQra
#andit 3SeeC #rigand4
#arefoot
___
kOa ?enpa
#argain hardG to
___
goo dung
#arle$ flour
__
tsOmpa
#arle$
_
naa
#ase 3SeeC foundation4
#asket
__
lQmu
#asket 3for #a#$4
_
tshOng
#eG to 3egophoric4
_
yin, hin, 3factual4
_
_
yin-a, hin-a, 3inferential4
___

yinnoJ, hinnoJ
#eak
___
chTptok
#eam
___
dungma

#ear
__
thom
#eard
_
gyau

#eatG to
_
dung,
___
lakpa gyaJ
#eautiful
________
khamdok -eemu
#eautiful
____
-eemu
#ecause
____
khangla sisin,
____

chRla sisin
#ed
__
maasa
#edG to make
____
maasa chOa
#edding
__
maltur
#edpan
____
chhaptok

#edroom
__
nyalsa
#eer
_
"er
#efore 3SeeC front4
__
gomala
#egG to
_
lSng
#eggar
____
lSngken
#eginG to
___
go -u9t;
#eginning
_
go
#ehind
_
tRngla,
__
gyapla
#elief
_
pOta
#elieveG to
__
pOta khyi
#ell
_
thrilu

#ellows
___
"uta
#ell$ 3SeeC stomach4
#elt
_
kOra
#eneath 3SeeC under4
#enefit 3SeeC profit4
#ent
___
gurkyok

#entG to get:#e
__
khuJ
#eside 3SeeC near4
#est
__
leeshok

A03
#etter 3to make something M4
___

leewa tSng
Ohutan
__
drukyul
Ohutanese
__
drukpa
#ic$cle
__
sOykal 9i !ng.;
#ig
_
gyirpu 3Syn.C thickP #igger4
#igger
_
chhQe

#iggest
___
chhQshok
#ile
____
thriiwa

#indG to 3SeeC tieG to4
#inoculars
__
durpin
#iograph$
___
nOmthar
#irch 3tree4
__
tUkpa
#ird
_
chha
#irth place
__
kyQsa
#it
____
trRkpechik
#iteG to
_
phQ9t;
#lack color
__
nakpu
#ladder 3SeeC #alloon4
#lade 3SeeC strand of hair4

#lameless
____
khOkmeJ
#lank 3SeeC empt$4
#lanket 3of a saddle4
___
gapten
#la"eG to 3SeeC #urnG to4
#lender 3SeeC mi2er4
#lessG to 3SeeC pra$G to4
#lessing
_____
chhinlap
#lind 3female4
__
sharma, 3male4
_
_
sharwa

#lister
__
chhuwang
#lockG to
__
drip
#lood
__
thrOk
#loomG to 3SeeC riseG to4
#louse 3SeeC shirt4
#lowG to
__
phu9t;

#lowfl$
__
Qprang
#lue
__
ngTnpu, 3sk$4
__
ngTrmu
#oat
_
thru
#od$
__
-uu,
_____
kTsuk
#od$ &oints
__
tshRnggur
#oil 3milk4G to
__
lOJ
#oil
__
kWrmu

#oilG to
_
kSl

#oiled water
___
chhTplaJ
#oiledG to #e
__
lhOJ,
_
khSl
#one
__
rukok
Oonpo
__
phenpu
#ook 3Ti#etanst$le4
__
pQcha,
___

chhakpe
#ook
___
kVtap
#oot 3SeeC shoe4
#order
_____
sOntsam
#oredG to get
__
tshQra lang
#ornG to #e
_
kyQ,
_
thrTng 9H;
#orrowG to
_
nyQ,
__
kyRn
#ottle
__
"otal, 3of water4
___
tTmpi

#ottom
_
tsOare, tsOara
#oundG to

phVr

#ow
__
?u
#owl 3eating4
_
shaa
#o2
__
gam
#o$
__
phuchung
#ragG to 3SeeC show offG to4

#ragging 3SeeC showing off4

#raid
__
lhaama


A0A
#raidG to
____
lhaama lhaJ

#rain
___
lQta
#ranch
_
yUlak
#raver$ 3SeeC courage4
#ra"ier 3charcoal4
__
melang
#read 3SeeC pancake4

#reak outG to
_
shSr
#reakG to
___
chXJ
#reakfast 3SeeC snack4
#reast
__
num
#reath
__
Tu,
__
hOsu
#reathe inG to
____
Tu thQn
#reatheG to
____
Tu tSng
#ree"e 3SeeC wind4
#ride
___
nOma
#ridegroom 3SeeC soninlaw4
#ridge
__
saampa
#ridle
___
khOmta
#rigand
__
chhakpa
#rightness
____
dangka
#ringG to 3SeeC carr$G toP deliverG to4

#road
___
gya chQrmu

#rocade
___
khoochen
#roken mouth
___
khO chOkpa
#roken
__
chhOkpa
#rokenG to #e
__
chhSJ
#room
__
kSmu
#rother 3elder4
__
O?u,
__
T?u, 3$ounger4
__
nWk
#rotherinlaw
__
tsOk
#rutal 3SeeC aggressive4
#uckwheat
_
thrau
Ouddha
____
sOnggye
#urnG to 3vol.4
___
mela
shrQJ,
__
shrQJG 3inv.4
_
"ar
#urnedG to get
__
tshRJ
#urnt
__
tshRkpa

#ur$
_____
mRkdung gyaJ
#usiness
_
tshong
#us$
__
threlmu
#ut 3SeeC although4
#utcher
_
yawa
#utter
___
sSlmar 9H;
#utter
_
mar
#utterfl$
__
phalip
#uttermilk
_
thara

#uttock
_
pQlang

#utton
____
thQpchu
#u$G to
_
nyo
#$ 3SeeC near4


A02
C
ca# 3SeeC ta2i4
ca##age
____
"andakopi
calculateG to 3SeeC accountG to4
calendar
__
dato
calf
__
phik
call for helpG to
_
ren
callG to 3SeeC also0 summonG to4
____
kQJ
tSng
calmG to #e 3SeeC NuietG to #e4
camel
__
Omung
camera
__
kQmra
can 3SeeC a#leG to #e4

cane 3SeeC stick4

canon 3Ouddhist M4
___
kOnggyur
capa#le
__
?Gnpu,
____
khochetu
capital 3cit$4
__
gyalsa
car
__
motrar,
_
gari
care 3to take M4
___
chOkpu khyi

careful with mone$G to #e 3SeeC frugalG to
#e4
careful
__
chOkpu

carefulG to #e 3SeeC take careG to4

carpet
__
tQn
carr$ 3a message4G toG 3SeeC pass on a
messageG to4
carr$G to
_
khTr 3Syn.C deliverG to4

carveG to
__
kSJ
case 3in Mof4G 3SeeC if4
cat
__
"ermang
catch on fireG to 3SeeC enflameG to4
_
_
mela shSr
catchG to
__
-Vm 3Syn.C hold onG to4
cattle 3cows and #ulls4
__
phalang
Qaucasian 3SeeC westerners4

cauliflower
_
phTlkopi
causalit$
___
gyumdre
cave
_
phTk

ceiling 3SeeC roof4

cemeter$
__
thursa
center
_
khung
certain
____
tQnten
chain 3metal M4
___
chOatak
chair
__
kTrshi
change 3mone$4
__
sRlma
changeG to 3SeeC alterG toP modif$G toP
e2changeG to4
character 3SeeC Nualit$ of cloth:food4

charcoal
___
sSltok
cheap
__
khQmu
cheatG to 3SeeC distractG to4
checkG to 3SeeC look atG to4
checkered
___
thrOtra pOtra
cheek
__
drampa
cheese 3dr$4
__
chhTrwi, chhTrpi

cheese 3powdered M4
___
chhTrship
cheNue #ook
___
ngTl-in
chest
___
tshQkok
chewG to 3SeeC ruminateG to4
_
mur
chicken
__
chhasha

chief 3SeeC leader4

child
___
phe-a 3Syn.C #a#$4

chili pepper
___
mOrtsi

A0@
chill$
__
sRlu, sRlwu
chimne$
___
thukung

chin
__
Tku

Qhina
___
gyanak
Qhinese 3Ran4
__
gyami
chipped edge 3SeeC #roken mouth4
chooseG to
___
dam
churn
__
trSlum,
___
dongmu
cigarette 3SeeC to#acco4

circular
___
kyVrtumpa
circumam#ulate G to 3SeeC go aroundG to4
civet cat
_
neule
civil war
___
nangtruk

clan

ru
class
__
klOs
clawG to
____
"arsang dep
cla$
___
dampak

clean 3a room4G to 3SeeC sweepG to4
clean
___
tsQngge
cleanliness 3SeeC h$giene4
clear
___
sOlmu
clever
_____
goo dimuG
_
chOngpu
climate 3SeeC weather4
clim#G to
__
-eJ
clinic 3SeeC hospital4
clock 3SeeC watch4
close the doorG to
____
gX chQ9t;
clothes
___
man?a,
___
namsa
cloud
__
mTkpa,
__
shrRn
coarse 3SeeC rough4
coffee
_
kSfi
coincide withG to 3SeeC fall onG to4
cold
__
threngge 3Syn.C flu4
coldG to #e
__
sRl
coldG to feel
__
khyQwa lang
collapseG to
_
ram
collar
_
khonga
colleague
____
chhQdru
collectG to
_
ruJ
college
__
kOle?
color
_
tshoo,
___
dok

colt
_
tRu

comeG to

hung,
_
gyi,
__
phQp 9H;
come #ackG to 3SeeC returnG to4
come offG to
__
phi9t;
come on heat or oestrusG to
_
throl,
__

kyRptsa lang
come outG to 3SeeC go outG to4
comforta#le
___
dimu
command 3SeeC order4
commentar$ 3SeeC e2planation4
committee
___
kOmitri
common 3SeeC &oint4
communit$ social support network
____

kyRduk
companion 3SeeC colleague4
compareG to
_
dur
compared to
__
sina
compassion
__
nyRng?e
compelledG to #e 3SeeC o#ligedG to #e4
competition
___
gyaktre
completeG to 3SeeC achieveG to4
compliment
___
tSre
composeG to
__
tsSm
computer
___
kOmputrar
concave 3SeeC hollow4

A0H
conch 3shell4
_
thung
condom
_____
lRkshup
conference
__
tshSngdi
confession 3SeeC apolog$4
confirmG to 3SeeC fi2G to4
confusedG to #e 3SeeC pu""ledG to #e4
congested
___
khu thokpu
connectG to 3SeeC &oinG toP esta#lish
relationshipG to4
consciousness
__
threnpa
conseNuence 3SeeC causalit$4
constricted 3SeeC narrow4
consult a doctor:mediumG to
__
tQn
contact 3SeeC relation4
container
__
trRn 3Syn.C tin4
contaminated 3dirt$4
content 3SeeC happ$4
contentG to #e 3SeeC satiatedG to #e4

controlG to
___
Sngla du
conversation
_
pQla

converse 3SeeC discuss4

cook
___
ma?en
cookG to
___
tsS9t;
cool 3SeeC chill$4
coolie 3SeeC porter4

copper
_
saa
cop$G to
__
shT 3Syn.C imitateG to4
coral
__
chhuruk

corn
_
litsi
corner
_
sur
corpse

rX
corral
_
lhOa
costG to
__
nUa
costl$ 3SeeC valua#le4
cotton

raa
coughG to
___
lX gyaJ
count 3the #eads of a rosar$4G to

rong
counterfeit 3SeeC fake4
countr$ 3SeeC valle$4
couple 3hus#and and wife4
__
nangtsang

courage
______
sQmshuk,
___
lSpsheJ
court
____
thrimkang
cousins
__
pRn
cover
_____
khapchuJ
coverG to
__
gep 3Syn.C #lockG to4
coveredG to #e 3#$ cloudP smoke4
__
tshTp
covetousness 3SeeC avarice4
cow
__
phamung, phamu

crack
__
khaawa, khalwa,
_
thri
crack 3SeeC crevasse4
cra"$ 3SeeC madman: woman4
createG to 3SeeC makeG to4
cremation site 3SeeC cemeter$4
crevasse
__
sQrka
critici"eG to
____
kyQnden 3Syn.C scoldG to4
crooked 3SeeC #ent4

crop 3SeeC harvest4
crow
__
kUlak
crowd
____
mimtsok
crude 3SeeC rough4
crushG to
___
trTm
cr$G to

ngu
cr$stal clear
__
kyOsangngi
cr$stal
___
shOrtuk,
__
shQldo
cup
___
chRnni
cup#oard
_
loam

A06
curse
____
mSta
curseG to
______
mSta gyaJ
curtain

yol
cushion
___
"olten
custom
_
trSl,
___
lukso 3Syn.C s$stem4
cut offG to #e
__
chhe9t;
cutG to
__
threJ,
___
chQ9t;,
___
kOJ


A00
D
dam upG to 3SeeC hold #ackG to4

damage 3SeeC faultP harm4
damaged 3SeeC #roken4
damp 3SeeC wet4
dance
___
sha"ru
danceG to
_____
sha"ru gyaJ,
__
chhSm
dangerous 3SeeC trou#lesome4

dare to do somethingG to
_
nuu
darkG to get
___
nam shrSo
darkness
____
munnak
date
___
tshQwa,
___
tshQrang
daughter 3SeeC girl4

daughterinlaw
__
tshOm
dawn
___
kyOtang
da$ after tomorrow
__
nOa
da$ #efore $esterda$
___
kharnup
da$
__
nyima,
__
-a
da$s 3old M4
__
thangpo thangpo
da$s 3three M ago4
__
phOanup

da$time
___
nyimi khungla
da"edG to #ecome
___
hSn tSr
dead #od$

phTngpu
dead person
___
shRnpu
deaf 3man4
_
honpa, 9woman4

_
holma
death
__
mishi
de#t
__
chhaawa

decideG to
_____
thOk chQ9t;
declineG to
__
g\9t;
decreaseG to
_
nyungnga dro,

__
nyungnga tSng
deep
__
tRng ringpu

defect 3SeeC fault4
defendG to 3SeeC protectG to4
degenerateG to 3SeeC diminishG to4

deit$
_
lhU
dela$edG to #e
_
gyang
delicious
__
shimpu
deliverG to
_
kySl
deliveredG to #e
_
khySl
demon 3female4
___
durmu,
3male4
___
d\J, diJ
dentist
____
sQ Omchi
descendG to
___
phap
design 3SeeC drawing4
desire
_
dorpa
desperateG to #e
__
hu thWJ
destination
__
drosa
deteriorateG to 3SeeC diminishG toP declineG
to4

dew
__
silwa
dharma
_
chhoo
dialect
____
nangtam

diaper 3SeeC napp$4
diarrheaG to have
__
shSl
dice game
_
shX
dieG to
_
shR,
__
throng 9H;
difference
__
khyQpar,
__
Qwa
difficult$
___
kOle
digG to 3SeeC carveG to4

A07
diligence 3SeeC persistence4
diminishG to
___
nyam

direct 3SeeC straight4

directG to 3SeeC orderG to4
dirt 3SeeC soot4

dirt$
_
tshSru
disagreeG to 3SeeC refuseG to4
dis#andG to
_
khyee
discardG to 3SeeC throw outG to4
disciple
___
lSoma
discipline
___
driklam

discussG to
__
pQla khyi

discussion 3SeeC conversation4

disease 3communica#le4
___
khoneJ
disparaging
___
mOrchak
disperseG to 3SeeC dis#andG toP scatterG to4
dispute 3SeeC competition4
distant 3SeeC far4
distinction 3SeeC difference4
distractG to
___
goo kSr
distracted 3easil$4
_
yeete
distractedG to #e
___
goo khSr,

yee
division 3SeeC group4
divorceG to 3SeeC separatedG to #e4
di""$
____
mOrtum
di""$G to feel
____
mOrtum lang
doG to
_
khyi,
__
nOng 9H;
doctor
___
Omchi
document
__
yikcha
dog
_
kyV

Dolpo
_
tholpo

donke$
__
phunggu
donor 3SeeC sponsor4


door
_
gX
dou#le
__
dap,
___
nyilok

dou#t
___
thQsum
down gradeG to 3SeeC insultG to4
down slope 3SeeC downhill4
down there
__
maamo
downhill
_
thul
downwards
_
mar
dragG to 3SeeC pullG to4
dragon
__
druk
drama
___
naatrak
drawing
_
rimung, rimu 3Syn.C
photograph4
dreadlocks
_
ralwa
dream
__
mRlam,
___
nOlam 9H;
dreamG to
____
mRlam thSng
dressG to
__
khGn
drinkG to
_
thung
driver
_____
gari tSnggu mi
dri""le
__
mTusil
drool 3SeeC saliva4
drop 3of a liNuid4
__
thRiwa

droppings 3of sheep and goat4
_

rumang, 3of #ird4
___
chharkyak
drows$
__
nyokpu

drug 3SeeC medicine4
drum
_
ngU
drumstick
__
ngOlding

drunkG to get
__
-i
dr$
__
kOmpu

dr$G to #ecome
__
khem
dr$G to
__
gem

A04
duck

ngangpa
dum#
____
lQnkyok
dung
_
chQe
dura#ilit$
__
thTp

during 3SeeC when4
dust
_
thala,
_
dul
dut$ 3SeeC responsi#ilit$4
dwarf
____
minchung tSle

A05

E
each 3one M4

rere
eagle
__
lUk
ear
____
Omchok
earlier
___
ngOtok,
__
ngOse
_
ngOla

earliest 3SeeC earlier4

earl$
__
ngOmu
earring
_
Olung
east
_
shOr
eas$
____
-o lOmu,
___
lee lOmu
eas$ to use
______
tOp dimu

eat 3dr$ powder$ food4G to
__
gam
eatG to
_
sa,
___
sama sa,
__
shee 9H;
echo
___
thrakcha
econom$
__
hungpap
edge
___
thOma
education 3SeeC knowledge4
egg
_____
chhe mentok
eight
___
gyeJ
eighteen
_____
chSpgyeJ
eight$
___
khal shi
el#ow
__
thrimung, thremung
elder 3SeeC grandfatherG old manG old
woman4
elderl$ 3man4
____
drewu, 3woman4
___
_
dremu
electric powerplant
___
lSkkang
electricit$
__
"i?uli
elephant
_
lOngpu
eleven
_____
chTchik
eloNuent
____
khO khOamu
em#ankment

raa
em#arrassG to 3SeeC tell offG to4

em#arrassedG to feel
___
khO khyQwa
lang 3Syn.C ashamedG to #e4
em#arrassing 3SeeC telling off4

em#race 3SeeC hug4
em#raceG to 3SeeC hugG to4
empt$
_
tSngpa
enclosure 3SeeC fence4

enem$
__
drU
energetic
_
hTru 3Syn.C strong4
enflameG to
__
chhe9t;
enoughG to #e

lang
entire
_
gaire,
__
yWk
entrails 3SeeC internal organs4
env$
___
thrOtok
epileptic fit
____
thripkyen
eNual
____
chhO nySmpu
erectG to 3SeeC plantG to4
error 3SeeC mistake4
escape fromG to
_
thOr
escapeG to
_
throo 3Syn.C #reak outG to4
especiall$
___
kOngten
esta#lishG to 3SeeC plantG to4
estimateG to
___
tshQJ khyi
estimation
__
tshQJ
even 3SeeC eNual4

evening
___
gomu
even though 3SeeC although4

A73
ever 3F)B@4
__
namlang
ever$#od$
_
gangpu,
_
tQri
ever$thing
__
khangsang
ever$where
___
khanisang,
__

khanilang,
___
khangkyasa
e2actl$ 3the same4
___
chRkparang

e2am
___
yiktseJ
e2amination 3to take an M4
_____

yiktseJ tSng
e2cept for
______
sRnmRnsin
e2changeG to
_
?Y
e2creta 3of dog4
__
kyV?a 3Syn.C faeces4
e2erciseG to 3SeeC trainG to4
e2istG to 3SeeC haveG to4
e2penditure 3SeeC e2pense4

e2pense
__
drosung

e2pensive
__
khurmu
e2perience
____
nyamnyung 3Syn.C
religious practice4
e2perimentG to 3SeeC testG to4
e2perimenting
_____
nyamtsiJ
e2pert
___
khOamu

e2planation
____
drel shQJ
e2tendG to 3SeeC stretchG to4
e2tensive 3SeeC #road4

e2tremel$
__
tshOsi

e$e mucus
___
mRktsar

e$e
__
mRk,
__
chQn 9H;

e$e#row
___
mRnpur
e$eglasses
___
mRkshel,
___
chQnshel
e$elash
__
-ima


A7A
F
face
__
ngodong
face down
__
khaungma
fade awa$G to 3SeeC vanishG to4
faeces
__
kyOkpa
fail 3to do something4G to
___
khyi mO
khyQ
fair 3SeeC honest4

faith
__
thepa,
__
moowa
fake
__
-urma
fall 3SeeC autumn4

fall downG to
__
lhum 3Syn.C toppleG to4
fall onG to
_
khQl
fame
___
kQdra

famil$
___
phaamama
far
__
thOringpu,
_
gyang
ringpu

farmer
_
shingpa
farming
____
sOpashi laaka
farmland
___
sOpashi
fart
__
pQn

fartG to
___
pQn shSr,
____
pQn tSng
fast
__
thrimpu
fastenG to 3SeeC tieG to4
fat 3on raw meat4
_
tshRlu
father

pOpa,
_
hawa,
_
yap 9H;
father and son
__
phaawa
fatherinlaw
__
mem
fatt$ 3animal meat4
___
shO gyaamu,
3person4
__
gyaamu
fault
__
kyQn
faultless 3#lameless4
fear 3SeeC terror4
fearG to 3SeeC afraidG to #e4
feather 3SeeC furP wing4

feces
__
kyOkpa
feeling out 3SeeC e2perimenting4
felt
_
phingpa

female 3animalG plant4
_
hamu
fence
_
chOari

fertili"er 3SeeC manure4
fever
_
tshOa
few
_
nyungme
fickle
___
Osar
field 3agricultural4
_
shing
fier$tempered 3SeeC shorttempered4
fifteen
___
chQnga
fift$
____
khalpera sTm,
___

ngOpchu
fight
__
thOmu

fightG to
____
thOmu gyaJ
fill upG to
_
geng
filterG to 3SeeC strainG to4
findG to
__
nyQ9t;
fine 3SeeC powder$4
finger
__
-uu
finish
__
sin
fire
_
me
fire#rand
___
metak
first
_
thangpu
firstG at
_
thongla 3Syn.C #efore4
firstl$ 3SeeC first4

A72
fish meat
__
nyasha

fish
_
nya
fitG to 3SeeC all rightG to #e4
five
_
ngU

fi2G to
_____
tQnten khyi
flags 3pra$er M4
__
lTngdar
flagstone 3SeeC slate4
flatterG to
_____
khO khOamu khyi
flauntG to 3SeeC show offG to4

flaunting 3SeeC showing off4

flavour 3SeeC taste4
flea
___
kyRshik
fleeG to 3SeeC escapeG to4
flesh 3SeeC meat4
flirtG to
____
thrTl shQ9t;
floor
__
?ung
flour

phQ

flower
____
mentok
flu
__
chhampa,
____
gulcham
flute
__
lTumu
fl$
_
rengma
fl$G to

phTr
foldG to
____
tOp gyaJ
followG to
__
tRng nyO
food
__
sama,
__
shalak 9H;,
__
sSl
9H;
foot
_
kOngpa,
___
shap
forehead
__
trOla

foreigner
__
chhRgya
forest
___
naatriJ
forethought
___
ngSoshi

forgetG to
___
?e9t;
forgetfulG to #e 3SeeC da"edG to #ecome4
fort$
____
khal nyRi
foundation
____
dramshi
four
__
?i
fourteen
____
chTpshi
fo2
____
wa-ik
frank
____
kha salmu
free 3SeeC rela2ed4
freNuentl$
_
nari
fresh airG to get
_____
khOmsang
Frida$
____
-a pOsang
friend
___
dal-a
frightenG to
____
?iiwa kT9t;
frog
__
"alwa
front 3in M of4
__
dungla
frost kill
__
sQJ
frugalG to #e
__
phOawa khyi
frugalit$
_
phOawa
fruit
__
drelu,
___
shRngtok
fr$G to
__
lSm
fulfillG to 3SeeC achieveG to4
full 3with liNuid4
___
demmi

fullG to #e
_
kheng, 3stomach4
_
draa
fumigation
__
sOa
fundG to 3SeeC sponsorG to4

fur
_
pW

fuss$ eater
___
khO thokpu


A7@
G
gallopG to 3SeeC race a horseG to4
game
___
tsRmi
gar#age
____
tshOa tsSk
garden 3SeeC park4
garlic
__
gokpa
gas 3SeeC fart4

gatherG to
_
rup
generation
___
mitok
get upG to

lang
getG to 3SeeC o#tainG toP winG toP receiveG to4
ghost
___
shrRndri
gidd$ 3SeeC di""$4
gidd$G to feel 3SeeC di""$G to feel4
gift 3SeeC present4
___
kyQka, 3to a lama4
__
drelwa
ginger
__
gyeshar
girder 3SeeC #eam4

girl
__
phWm
give upG to
_
pSng
giveG to
_
tQr,
__
"in 9past tense;,
__

nOng 9H; 3SeeC offerG to4
glass
_
shQl, 3window4
__
shQltra
gloom$
______
nOktsu"i
goG to
_
dro,
__
phQp 9H;

go aroundG to
_
kSr
go awa$G to
___
phaa gal
go outG to
__
phR la thQnM
_
shR,
__
nOl 9H;
go to sleepG to
_____
nyRJ gal 3Syn.C lie
downG to4
go wrongG to
_
nyee

goat

ra
god 3SeeC deit$4
goddess
__
lhamu
goggles 3SeeC e$eglasses4
gold
__
sQr
good
_
leemu
good #$e
___
khole phQp
good healthG in
_
thOngpu
good intentions
____
phQnsem
goodies
___
khOpse
goodlooking
____
-opta leemu
government
__
sOrkar
graduall$ 3SeeC slowl$4
grain
_
dru
grandchildren 3SeeC grandson4
granddaughter
___
naatini
grandfather
__
pUgaga,
____
pOla
gaga,
__
gaga
grandmother
____
mOma gaga,
__
_
hama gaga
grandson
__
naati
grape
____
gundrum
grass
_
tsO
grease
___
nWmtsi, 3for hair oil4
__
_
gooyap
greas$ 3food4
___
shaktsi
greatest 3SeeC #iggest4
greed
____
ngOmsak 3Syn.C avariceG desire4

green
__
?angmu, 3for vegetation4
__

ngTrmu

A7H
grillG to 3SeeC #urnG to4
grindG to
___
tOJ,
__
nTl,

ground floor
___
chOanang
group
_
tshX
growG to
_
tshUr 3Syn.C #ornG to #e4
guardG to
__
shrVn
guardian
__
sTngma
guarding 3work4
____
shrRndu laaka
guest house
____
dronkang
guest
___
dronpu
guide
__
sOrdar
guideG to
___
lam den 3Syn.C leadG to4
guilt
__
nSng
gun 3SeeC rifle4


A76
H
hail
_
sYr
hair
_
shrO,
___
Ttra
half
___
pheka

hammer
_
thoo
hand
_
lakpa,
__
chhOk 9H;
hand #lessing
____
chhawang

handkerchief
_____
nOpchi
handle
_
-ilung
handsome
_____
khamdok leemu
hangG to
____
nOmla gel 3Syn.C load
onG to4
happiness
___
gaasur
happ$
____
lS dimu
happ$G to #e 3SeeC likeG to4
happ$G to #ecome
__
gaa lang
harassG to 3SeeC kneadG to4
harassing
_
dangpu
hard
__
shrOndi
hard work 3SeeC difficult$4
hardship
__
dukpa
hardworking
_
gorpu 3Syn.C capa#le4
harm
___
nyQn,
__
pharcha
harmonious
__
thurmu
harvest
__
lotok
harvestG to
__
ngOJ
hat
__
shamung,
___
Tsha 9H;
haveG to 3egophoric4
__
weJ, 3factual4
__
_
we-a
ha$ field
__
tsVsa
he
_
khorong
head
__
goo,
__
W
hearG to
_
khoo,
_
thSo
heart
_
nyRng,
____
thTusem 9H;
heatstroke
___
tshQta
heav$
__
chRndi
heel of the foot
_
tRngpa

hegoat

rau
helicopter
____
hQli kOptar
hell
__
nyOla
helmet 3SeeC hat4
helpG to
___
lakpa tSng,
___
_
dal-a khyi
hen
__
chhamu

her
_
more
herder 3SeeC shepherd4
here and there
__
phar tshTr
here
_
dee

hermit
__
ritropa 3Syn.C $ogi4
hero
_
pUu

heroine
__
pOmu

hide 3SeeC skin4

hideG to
_
yip
high
___
thQnpu
Rimala$a
__
hRmalaya
hindrance 3SeeC misfortune4
his
_
khore
histor$
_
logyu
hitG to 3SeeC #eatG to4
hitG to #e
_
phSJ
hither
_
tshTr

A70
hoarfrost
___
phamak

hoe
___
tSktsi
hold #ackG to
_
gyil

holdG to 3SeeC catchG to4
hole 3in the ground4P 3SeeC pit4
holida$
__
tshTtri,
___
thuuchen
hollow
__
kySngkyong
hol$ 3SeeC sacred4

honest
_
threngpu

hone$

rang
honourG to 3SeeC respectG to4

hope
__
Oasu,
_
rewa
hori"ontal
__
thrQJ
horn
___
Orkyok
horse
_
tO ,
___
chhRppa 9H;
horsefl$
__
sQprang
hospital
___
mQnkang
hot
__
tshOndi
hotG to feel
___
gutsuwa lang
hour
___
chhutsiJ
house
_
khangpa
household
_
throngpa
how
___
tsTk khyaa
Row are $ouS 3greeting4
_
thOngpu ye
how man$ 3SeeC how much4
how much
__
tshSo
hug

pOngpa
hugG to
___
pOngpa dep
human #eing 3SeeC man4
hum#le
___
nyOmchung
humiliation 3SeeC insult4

hundred 3one M4
__
khal ngU,
____
say
chRk
hundred thousand 3oneM4
____
lak chRk
hungr$
__
lhSwa
hungr$G to #e
__
lhSwa lang
hunter
__
kyRrewa

hurr$
_
riwa
hurt 3feelings4G to #eP 3SeeC hitG to #e4
hus#and
__
khySwa

h$giene
___
tsOngdra


A77
I
I am fineT 3greeting4
___
thOngpu weJ
I

nga
ice
__
chhaaram

idea
___
gongpa
identical 3SeeC identical4
identif$G to 3SeeC recogni"eG to4
idiotic
__
khuuwa
if
___
khaasiJ
ill 3seriousl$ M4
__
thTndi
illegal
_____
thrim la mondro
illness 3SeeC sickness4

illusionG to have an
_
thrTl
imitateG to
___
lumu sQ9t;
immediatel$
___
shOrkyak
immoral 3SeeC unprincipled4
important
____
khOk chhQrmu
imprint
_
?ee

improveG to
__
threJ
in #etween
_
pharla,
_
phar
in
_
nangla
incarnate lama
__
trTlku
incense
_
pSo,
__
sOa
income
__
hungkung
increaseG to

phQl,

phOr
indentation
__
nyakpa

independent 3person4
____
goo thQnpu
inde2 finger
_____
-uptok
India
__
gyagar
Indian
__
gyagar
indispensa#le
___
chhOptruli
information
___
sOngyur
inhaleG to 3SeeC #reathe
initiation 3ritual4
__
Sng
in&ur$
_
mU 3Syn.C harm4
ink
___
nOktsi
insertG to
__
?i9t;
inside
__
"ukla 3Syn.C in4
inside 3to put M4G 3SeeC pourG to4
inside out
_
phRlok
insiders
_
nangpa
instead of
____
khani khani
instrument 3musical4
__
"aa-a
insult
_
mOare, mOara

insultG to
___
mOara tSng
intelligence
_
rikpa
intelligent
___
rikpa nGnpu 3Syn.C
clever4
intention
_____
nOasam
interest 3mone$4
_
kyQa
interference
______
chSptok

intestine
__
gyema
introduceG to
____
ngoshi tSng
iron 3pressing M4
___
Trti
iron 3SeeC metal4
irrigation canal
_
kU
itch
_
saur
ivor$ 3SeeC tusk4


A74
J & K
&ackal
__
kyRpchang
&acket
___
tQtung
&ail
__
khangpa maru,
____

tsSngkang
&ealous$
__
chhaanang,
___
mi-ir

&ewel
_
nuru
&ewelr$
___
gyencha
&o# 3SeeC work4
&oin togetherG to

rel
&oinG to
___
thj9t;
&oint
__
pRma
&okeG to
_____
gotro lSng
&ump aroundG to
_____
chhOmdral gyaJ
&umpG to 3SeeC #oundG to4
_
chhong
&umping around
___
chhOmdral
&uniper
__
shTkpa
Uupiter

phTru
&ust now
__
malok

&ust one 3SeeC onl$ one4

&ustice
___
thrim
karma
_
lee
Vathmandu
__
yam"u
kerosene
___
sOnum
ke$
__
limik
Vhum#u region
____
khum"u
killG to
___
sQ9t;
killer 3SeeC murderer4
kilogram
_
kRlo
kind 3ver$ M4
____
thrin chhQrmu

kindness
____
kOdrin
king
_
gyalu, gyalwu
king%s palace
__
gyalui phSdrang

kiss
_
pTka, pTkok
kissG to
__
pTka khyi
kitchen
___
thapsang

kite 3to$4
___
shSkcha, shTicha
kneadG to
__
nyQe
knee
__
pRmung

knife
__
thrik, 3@urkha st$le4
_
khurpa
knock at the doorG to
__
gX dung
knot
___
dopur

knowG to 3something4
_
shQe
knowledge
___
yenten

A75

L
la#or 3#onded4
_
hulak
la#or pain
___
kyQsuk
la#or reciprocit$
__
ngOlok

lake
_
tsX
lama 3Ouddhist priest4
__
lOma
lamp 3#utter M4
_____
chhSmin
land 3SeeC place4
landG to 3SeeC descendG to4
landslide
__
throkpa
language
_____
tOmnyeJ
lap

pOng
lapel 3SeeC collar4
large 3SeeC #igP thick4

largest
___
mangshok 3Syn.C #iggest4
lasso
__
shaawa
last night
____
dang nempi
last $ear
__
naning
late
_
phRmu

later 3SeeC after
___
?ukla

latest 3SeeC latish4
latish
_
phRse
latrine 3SeeC toilet4

laugh 3to make someone M4P 3SeeC &okeG
to4
_____
gotro lSng
laughG to
_____
gotra khyi,
_____
gotra
shSr,
____
gotra lang
laughter
____
gotra
law 3SeeC &ustice4
la$G to
_
dVng

la$man
____
?iktenpa

la"$
__
tshYra,
__
laa munu
la"$G to #ecome
__
tshQra lang
lead
_
goo
leadG to
__
trR9t;
leader
__
pQnpu

leaf
_
loma
lean 3SeeC thin4
learn
__
lSp
learnG to 3SeeC knowG to4
leather
_
kSo
leaveG to 3SeeC putG to4
ledge
_
ngampa
leech
_
pOta

left
__
yQnpa
leftover
___
lhOngma
leg 3SeeC foot4

legal dispute
___
khOmchu
legal
____
thrim la dro
lendG to
__
nyO
leopard
___
-ik
lepros$
____
-eneJ,
__
-e

lesson
____
lSptsen
let inG to
_____
shuk ?i9t;
letter
_
yigi,
___
chhakri 9H;
li#rar$
_
lay"eri
lid 3SeeC cover4
lie
___
-inok
lie downG to
_
nyUl,
____
-im
life
_
tshQ,
__
kTtse

A43
lifeforce
__
shrSk
lifespan 3of a human4
__
mitsi
light 3lamp4
___
"atti, 3sun4
_
hoJ,
3weight4
_
yengge
lightG to
_
pSr,
__
chQ9t;

lightning
__
tsRlam
likeG to
__
gaa,
__
nyQe 9H;
lim#
__
kOnglak
limitG to 3SeeC estimateG to4
line
_
thral 3Syn.C lineage4
lineage
__
gyurpa

lion
__
sQnggi
lips
__
chTtu

listenG to
__
nyen,
___
sQn 9H;
little 3SeeC #itG fewG small4
little #it
___
tsQechik
little further awa$
__
phQ-ak
little while 3SeeC little #it4
liveG to 3SeeC sta$G to4
liver
___
chhRnpa
livestock
____
chhungma
load 3SeeC luggage4
load onG to
_
gel
loan 3SeeC de#t4

loanG to
__
nyQn
locatedG to #e 3SeeC haveG to egophoric4
logo 3SeeC mark4
loiterG to 3SeeC wanderG to4
long time
_
yin ringpu

long

ringpu
look atG to
_
lhU
look for 3trou#le4G to0 3SeeC anno$G to4
look forG to
_
tshSl
loseG to
_
tSr,
__
pham
loss
__
kh\n,
__
phampu

lot 3a M of4
__
"Uk, lot 3Nuite a M4
_
__
Olachik,
__
mangmu
lotus
__
pQma

louse
__
shRk
loveG to 3SeeC likeG to4
loving
___
chhampu 3Syn.C tender4

low
___
mOmu
lower one

hoi
lowlander

rongpa, 3man4
_

drongpu, 3woman4
__
drongmu
lowlands
_
gya
luck
_____
sSdi
luggage
_
khuru
lungs
_
lSo
lute
__
dramnyang

A4A


M
mad 3man4
__
nyQnpu, 3woman4
_
_
nyQrmu
magnificent
_____
ngOmsik

ma&estic 3SeeC magnificent4

ma&orit$
__
mang chQ
makeG to
__
-o
making fun of 3SeeC disparaging4
male 3animalG plant4

hau
man
_
mi, 3$oung4
____
?enta, ?onta
mango 3fruit4
__
Om
manner
___
khyitang
mantra
_
ngOa 3Syn.C pra$er4

manure
_
chhaa
man$ 3SeeC lotG plent$G much4
map
___
sOptra
maple tree
____
chhaa chhRnpa
mark 3to make a M4
___
tOa gyaJ
market
_
hOr,
__
"a-ar
marketa#leG to #e
__
thrin
marmot

phQe

marriage
____
-endi
marr$G to
_____
-endi khyi
<ars
____
mingmar
mask
__
"akpa
master
____
lSpGn, lSwen 3Syn.C sir4
master cop$
__
mape
matches
___
tsOkdra
material 3SeeC wealth4
matted 3hair4P 3SeeC dreadlocks4
meadow
_
pOng

meal 3Syn.C food4
mean 3person4
___
ngO threngge
meaning
____
thentok
meaningful
____
chhS wetu

meaningless
____
chhS medu
means to do 3something4
____
khyitap
means
___
thaap
measureG to
__
thap
meat
_
shU
medal
____
tOngma

meddling 3SeeC interference4

medicine
__
mQn, 3headache M4
____

goomen
meditateG to
__
gom

medium
__
phandring, 3Nualit$4
_

dring
meetG to
__
thrQ9t;G
__
chSr 9h;G
__
?al
9H;
meeting 3SeeC conference4
melod$ 3SeeC tune4

meltG to
__
shi9t;
memor$ 3Syn.0 recollection4
menstruation
____
mQtsangge
mentall$ illG to #ecome
_
nyQ
merchant
_
tshongpa
<ercur$
__
lhOkpa
merit
___
gewa
message
_
len 3Syn.C repl$4

A42
mess$
__
?ara ?ire

metal
_
chOa
method 3SeeC manner4
midda$ 3SeeC noon4

middle
__
pharwa 3Syn.C in #etweenG
center4
milk
_
homa
milkG to
_
?o
millet 3grain4
_
gyar

million 3one M4
_____
lak chT thOmpa,
__
chhiwa
mind
___
sQm,
_
thTu
mine

ngare

minimum
__
nyungshok
mirror
_
gyalung

miserl$
___
sQrna chhQ
misfortune
__
khoJ
missG to
___
threnta lang

mist 3SeeC low cloud4
mistake
__
nortrul
mistakeG to make a
_
nXr 3Syn.C go wrongG
to4
mistreating 3SeeC a#using4
mi2G to
__
Sl,
_
shrQ
mi2edG to get

hol
mi2er
__
phStrok
modif$G to
_
gyur
molar teeth
___
dramsa
monaster$
____
gonde
<onda$
____
-a dawa
mone$
__
trQngka
monk
__
thrawa
monke$
__
shrVk
month

laa, 1
st
lunar month
___

dawa thangpu,
nd
lunar month
__
____
dawa nyRwa, !
rd
lunar month
_____
dawa sTmpa, /
th
lunar
month
_____
dawa ?iwa, 6
th
lunar
month
____
dawa ngOwa, ;
th
lunar
month
____
dawa thrukpa, =
th

lunar month
_____
dawa dinpa,
>
th
lunar month
_____
dawa
gyepa, ?
th
lunar month
_____
dawa
guwa, 15
th
lunar month
_____

dawa chTwa, 11
th
lunar month
____
___
dawa chTchikpa, 1
th
lunar
month
________
dawa chTnyiwa
moon
__
Tkla
morning
__
thropla
mosNuito
__
chOawi
most 3SeeC largest4
mother
_
hama,
_
yum 9H;
motherinlaw
__
Rwi

motor#ike
_____
"ak"ak gari
mould
__
ngSyam

<ount Amada#lam
___
hama
draplang
<ount Bverest
____
chhamo lOngma
mountain pass

lU
mountain

rV
mouse 3pikaM4
__
threyokpa 3SeeC
rat4

mouth
_
kha,
_
shal 9H;
mouthful 3one M4
___
hTp khang

A4@
move 3to another place4G to
__
pS9t; 3Syn.C
shakeG to4
movedG to #e
__
pho9t;
movie
__
philim
much 3ver$ M4
_
Ola
mule
_
thre
multipl$G to 3SeeC increaseG to4
murderer
__
shQnpa
mushroom
__
shOmung
musk deer
_
lOa
<uslim
____
musalman
must 3SeeC need4
__
goo
mustache
__
gyerok
<ustang region
____
lSmentang
mute 3SeeC idiotic4
muteG to #ecome
___
khO khu9t;
m$

nye

A4H

N
nagging 3SeeC harassing4
nail
__
sQrmung
naked
____
pQrtangma
name
_
ming
napp$
____
chhTden
narrow
__
thokpu,
____
gak thokpu
nation 3SeeC state4

natural 3SeeC nature4
nature
_
rang?ung
naught$
_
chSrpa,
______
troktrok

nausea
___
kyTngma
navel
_
lhQ
near
_
tsOala
neck
__
?ingpa

neck#and 3SeeC collar4
need
__
goo
needle
__
kha p
neigh#our
____
khyimtsi
)epal
_
nepal
nest 3ant%s4
___
throktsang, 3#ird%s4
_

tshOng
nettles
__
sayok, saye
never 3SeeC ever4
never
__
kOngni
new fashion
___
pQsar

new moon
____
nOmgang
new $ear
__
losar
new
___
sOmpa
newG to make
_____
sOmpa -o
news 3SeeC information4
newspaper
__
tshOkpar
ne2t one 3SeeC 0 other side4
ne2t $ear
__
sOngpuJ
nice 3SeeC proper4

night
__
nempi, 3at M4
__
nWp, 3at M4
__

nWpla
nine
__
gu
nineteen
____
chTrgu
ninet$
__
khalpera ngO,
____
gupchu
nipple 3SeeC #reast4
no#od$
__
sTsang
noise
___
kQlok G

huru,

hur
noise 3to make M4P 3SeeC shoutG to4

noodle
__
thTkpa
noon
__
nyirmu

)orth
_
chhang
nose
_
nOung
note

lor

nothing 3F)B@.4

__

khangsang
now
__
thanta, 3until MG up M4
___
thasak

nowada$s
__
thingsang
,u#ri
__
nupri
nude 3SeeC naked4
num#er
___
threngka,
__
Ongki
nun
__
Oni
nurse
__
nars
nutrient
___
chTJ

A46

O
oak
__
phishing

oath
____
Tna
o#edient
___
khala nyermu
o#&ect 3SeeC thing4
o#ligedG to #e
___
IckOtak,
___
IckOmeJ
o#tainG to
_
chhung
occasionall$ 3SeeC sometimes4
ocean
___
gyamtsu
offerG to

pTl
offering 3religious4
___
chhSpa

office
__
Opis
oil
__
nWm
oil lamp
__
Tngku
oka$ 3SeeC $es4
old 3for things4
_
nyRngpa, 3man4
_
_
gawa, 3woman4
__
gama
oldG to #ecome
_
gaa
on
_
tQngla
once more 3SeeC again4
one
___
chRk
oneself
_____
daadakpu

onion 3SeeC garlic4
onl$ one
___
chRkrang

onl$
__
kharkyang openG to
__
"e9t;operation
_____
shOkcho
opportunit$
__
mauka
order 3in M4P 3SeeC #$ turn4
order
__
kO
orderG to
_____
kSpa gyaJ
ordinar$
___
kyTma
organi"eG to 3SeeC prepareG to4
organi"er
_
laawa
organs 3internal M4
__
nangtsa
original
_
ngoma

orphan
__
thapruk
other
_
yampa
otherwise 3SeeC e2cept for4
otter
__
shrOm

our
_
ngire,

hore
outside

phRla

outsiders 3people4
_
phRimi
over there

phSo,
_
phaa phS

owl
_
hukpa
owner 3SeeC sponsor4
___
dUkpu

o2
_
lOng

A40
P
pack upG to
_
thTl,
_
rup
packG to
___
tWm
padlock
__
golcha

pain
__
suk
paint
_
tsV
paint #rush

pRr
paintG to
___
tsR tSng
painter 3of thangka4
_
khaapa
painting 3SeeC photograph4
pair
_
chhU
palm 3of hand4
___
lakpi thRl
pampering 3SeeC spoiling4
pancake
_
kWr
panic 3SeeC rush4
paper
_
shTu
paradise
_
lhQyul
parents
__
phama,
__
hawa hama
park
__
lRngka
partialit$
__
nyerin

pass on 3a message4G to
__
len lap
pasta 3SeeC noodle4
pasteG to 3SeeC stickG to4
pastoralist
__
drokpa
pasture
_
tsOa
past$ 3liNuid4
__
kOndi, kQndi
patch
___
lhQnda
paternal uncle
_
Ou
patience
__
nganggyiJ
patient 3SeeC sick person4
pattern 3SeeC drawing4
pea
__
shrQlma
peace
___
shide
peaceful 3SeeC Nuiet4
peaceful
____
nOawa kyRrmu
peach
___
kham"u
peacock
__
mOpcha
pearl
___
mutik
pe##le
__
doprak

peelG to
__
shT
pen
_
pQn,
__
nyTk
penalt$ 3SeeC punishment4
penis
__
lRkpa
penknife
___
tOpdri

people
____
mimang
pepper 3Sichuan species4
__
Qrmang
performance
__
shrRlmu

peripher$ 3SeeC edge4
perishedG to #e
____
naasa tSng
permission
___
nOawa
permit
_
pOs
persistence
__
nyRngdru
person of the same age
_
naala
personal 3SeeC private4

petrol 3SeeC kerosene4
Pharak region
____
pharak
phone
_
phSn, fSn
phoneG to
___
phSn tSng
photograph
___
naksa,
_
kTpar 9H;
picture 3SeeC photograph4
picture frame
__
pOrdrom

A47
piet$
____
chhoosem

pig
__
phakpa

pigeon
_
pTurum
pile upG to
__
tsQJ
pileG to
_
gong

pilgrim
____
nQkore
pill

rilu
pillar
_
kOa
pillow
__
ngOatri
pilot 3SeeC lead4
pincers
___
kUmtang
pinchG to
_____
sQrmung dep
pine 3#lue pine tree4
__
metang
pit
___
mRkdung
place
__
sOcha 3Syn.C seat4
place for night halt
__
shaasa

plain 3SeeC ordinar$4
plains 3SeeC lowlands4
plan
___
chhOrshi
plank
__
gomung,
__
gopyang
plantG to
__
-uJ 3Syn.C sowG to4
plastic paper
_____
trOkshok
plastic
___
pSkar
plate
__
dermang,
pla$G to
____
tsRmi tsQ
pleasant 3to hear4
__
nyQrmu
pleasant
__
kyRrmu
please T
___
thraakur
pledge 3SeeC oath4
plentiful 3SeeC a#undant4
plent$
_
"angngi
ploughshare
__
mSlcha
plume 3SeeC wing4
pocket
____
Omtrok, Omtrung
poison
__
thWk
police
_
pTlis
pond 3SeeC lake4
poor 3SeeC weak4
poor people
_
pQrangpu

pork
___
phaksha
porridge
_
kyT
porter
___
khurmen

portion 3SeeC share4
possession 3SeeC wealth4
post office
__
hTlak
postponedG to #e 3SeeC dela$edG to #e4

pot 3cla$ M4
__
-ama
potato

ri ,
_
riki
pourG to
_
luJ
powder$
___
shimu
power
___
Sngcha 3Syn.C strength4
powerful
____
Sng chhQn"u
practice 3religious M4
____
nyamlen

practiceG to
_
?ong
praiseG to
____
tSre lSng
pra$G to
____
mSlam gyaJ
pra$er wheel 3handheld M4
__
_
mani laakur
pra$er
__
mani
prediction 3SeeC forethought4

pregnant
___
phi?im
preparation
___
thrandrik
prepareG to
____
thrandrik khyi 3Syn.C to
get read$ for a trip4
presence 3in the M of a lama4
____
kTmd\n

A44
present
___
kyQka
pressG to
___
nQn
pretend to cr$G to
_____
ngu-in dep
prett$ 3SeeC #eautiful4
price
_
gong,
_
rin
principal
__
martsa
printer
_
pOrwa
prison 3SeeC &ail4
private
__
gerki

profit
___
khQpsang
program 3SeeC plan4
___
chhOrshi
promiseG to
__
khQ ling 3Syn.C vowG to4
proof
__
khTng
proper
___
dra chOamu,
____
_
trOshiwa
prostitute
__
chhQemu

protectG to
__
kySp,
____
shrTngkyop
khyi
protestG to
_
ngoloJ
proveG to
___
khTngkyol
prover#
_
khalu
provisions
__
gyaawi

pu#lic 3SeeC people4
pull outG to 3SeeC take offG to4
pullG to
__
thQn
punishment
_
chhQrpa
pupil 3SeeC discipleG student4
pupp$
__
kyVpruk

put onG to 3SeeC wrapG toP dressG to4
putG to
__
?oJ
pu""ledG to #e
____
goo thSm

A45
k l /
Nualit$
___
pTutseJ,
___
gyupdak

Nuantit$
_
mangnyung
Nuarrel 3SeeC argumentG fight4
NuarrelG to 3SeeC argueG toP fightG to4
Nuart" 3SeeC cr$stal4
Nueen
__
gyalmu
Nuestion
__
thriwa,
___
kOndri 9H;
Nuick 3SeeC fast4
Nuiet
___
khTsimpu
NuietG to #e 3SeeC relieved fromG to #e4
Nuietl$
__
khO rakpa
NuiverG to 9SeeC shiver, toM shake, to;
ra##it
_
riwong
race 3a horse4G to
_____
tOmdar tSng
radio

redio
radish
_
lauk
rain
__
chharwa
rain#ow
_
?a
raincoat
_
phRyap
rainwear 3SeeC raincoat4
rangeland
rapids
____
"alap
rare 3SeeC scarce4
rat
_
phee

raven
__
gorak
raw
__
?anpa

ra"or
__
shrOdri
reachG to
__
ySp 3Syn.C deliveredG to #e4
readG to
_
roJ
read$ 3to get Mfor a trip4
___
chSm
real 3SeeC originalG true4

reall$
_
hutung
ream 3of paper4P 3SeeC stack4
reason 3SeeC meaning4
receiveG to
_
?or
reciprocit$
_
largya
recite 3a pra$er4G to
___
mSlam kySr,
_
___
mSlam dQn
reciteG to 3SeeC countG to4
recogni"eG to
_
ngo shQe
recollectG to 3SeeC remem#erG to4
recollection
__
thraasa

recoverG to 3SeeC improveG to4
red
_
maru
reduce 3a pain4G to
__
?om 3Syn.C #reakG
to4
reducedG to #e
__
chh-%
refrain fromG to 3SeeC avoidG to4
refugee
______
kyOpchGlwa
refuse to compl$G to
___
O mS chhS
refuseG to
____
khO me nyen
regarding 3SeeC a#out4
regret
__
gyepa
regularl$
__
tOkpa
reinforcement
___
gyaptsa

relapse 3illness4
___
nelok
relation
__
drelwa
relationship 3to esta#lish M4
__
tjn
relatives and inlaws
______
nyQn sOmin

relatives
__
tshOngka
rela2ed
__
thalmu
relia#le
____
khO tQrmu
relics
__
rusel, ringsel
relieved fromG to #e
____
?am thRng khyi,
_____
?am thRngngi gal
relieved
___
nyRngsang,
___
?am

A53
thRngngi
religiosit$ 3SeeC piet$4

religious 3person4
__
chhoowa
remem#erG to
__
thren 3Syn.C missG to4
remorse 3SeeC regret4
renovateG to
_____
-opgyur gyaJ
rent 3of house4
__
khangla
repairG to 3SeeC renovateG toP makeG to4
repeatG to
___
loJ gyaJ
repeatedl$ 3doing someting4
___
_
khyaanang khyaani
replacement
__
kyRnpa
repl$
__
?aalen 9H;
researchG to 3SeeC stud$4
resident 3person4
_____
shichaawa
respect
_____
tsRtap
respectG to
___
chhO ?oJ

responsi#ilit$ 3to take M4P
___
gen khTr
3Syn.C agreeG to4
responsi#ilit$
__
gen
restG to
__
ngaaso
restaurant
_
saang
returnG to
_
loJ
rhinoceros
_____
sTru khOm"uk, sTru
rhu#ar#
____
Okchowa
ri#
__
tsRm
rice
_
draa
rich
__
chukpu

rideG to
__
shen,
__
chhRp 9H;
rifle
___
mewak
right
__
yOawa

right wa$
__
naalokpa
ring 3for the finger4
___
sSrtup
rinseG to
__
shSl
riseG to
_
shUr 3Syn.C increaseG to4
river
__
tsOngpu
road 3main one4
__
gyalam

road
_
lam
ro#ust
___
ngO thronpu
rock$ 3mountain4
__
thrak

rollG to

ril,
_
thril

roof
__
thXk

room
__
kStra
rooster
_
chhau
root 3SeeC #ottom4
rope
__
thOkpa
rosar$
_
thrQngnga

rotG to

rWl
rotateG to
_
khyRr
rotten
_
rulwa
rough
_
khyongpu
round
__
kyVrmu 3Syn.C circular4
row 3SeeC line4
ru#G to
_
dor

ru##ish 3SeeC gar#age4
rude
___
khO gyaamu
ruin 3of a house4
___
threwak
ruinedG to #e 3SeeC perishedG to #e4
rule 3SeeC &ustice4
ruminateG to
__
lQ9t;

rumor
_
hO le
run awa$G to 3SeeC escapeG to4
run down 3someone #ehind his:her #ack4G
to
____
mSJ khyi
run out ofG to
__
se9t;
rush
____
ngOngtrak

A5A
S
sacred
___
tsOa chhQnpu

sadG to #e
__
kySkye lang
saddle 3horse M4
__
tQgal
sadness
__
kySnang,
__
kySkye
safe 3SeeC carefulG sta#le4
salar$
_
lU
saliva
__
khOchu
salt
_
tshO ,
__
?aatsa
same
___
chRkpa 3Syn.C similar4
sand
__
pheema

sandalwood
____
tsQnden
sash 3SeeC #elt4
satiatedG to #e 3SeeC satiatedG to #e4

satisfiedG to #e
_
ngom

Saturda$
____
-a pQnpa
Saturn
__
pQnpa

sauce
___
sSlwa
saucepan
___
tOpkyo
saucer 3SeeC plate4

saw
__
sokli
sa$G to
_
si,
___
shQ9t;G
_
shu 9h;,
__

sTng 9H; 3Syn.C talkG to4
sa$ing 3SeeC prover#4
sca#ies
_
kSng
scarce
___
kSrmu
scareG to 3SeeC frightenG to4
scatterG to
__
tSr
school
___
Rskul
scientist
___
tshQnrikpa
scissors
___
-aptsi
scoldG to
_____
laptak gyaJ,
__
___
kOpkyin 9H; 3Syn.C shout atG to4
scorched 3SeeC #urnt4

scrap 3of dried food4
____
shrQkok
scrapeG to 3SeeC scratchG to4
scratch 3with claws4
__
"arsang
scratchG to
__
thre9t;
script 3SeeC letter4
sea 3SeeC ocean4
seal 3the opening of a #ag #$ t$ing4G to
_
____
khO dam
seal 3SeeC stamp4

sealed 3tightl$ M4G 3SeeC securel$ tight4
searchG to 3SeeC look forG to4
seat
___
daasa

secret
__
sOng
secretar$
__
thrungyik
secretl$
______
sOngnang sOngni,
__
chhOkla 3Syn.C Nuietl$4

sect
___
chhSoluk

seeG to
__
thSng
seed
__
sQn
seek respectG to
___
yuu shQ9t;
self

rUng
sellG to
__
tsSng 3Syn.C marketa#leG to #e4
semiliNuid
_
duri
sendG to
_
kWr,
__
tSng

senior
__
genpa,
__
mi chhQ
sensi#le 3SeeC meaningful4

sentence 3SeeC punishment4
separateG to 3SeeC splitG to4
__
khO khyee

A52
separatedG to #e
__
khOtral,
_
thral
separatel$
___
khutuk
serow
_
gya
servant
__
lOwa,
____
shapchi,
3female4
___
ySkmu, 3male4
__

ySkpu
serveG to
___
ySkpu khyi
set upG to 3SeeC arrangeG to4

seven
___
din

seventeen
_____
chTpdin
sevent$
___
khalpera shi,
_____

dinchu
sewG to
___
tsQm
sewing
___
tshQm"u
se2ual maniac 3male4
_
chQu
shadeG to 3SeeC #lockG to4
shakeG to
_
gul,
__
shrTJ 3Syn.C shiverG to4
shame
_
ngotsa
shape
___
-opta, -opte,
____
chhapshi
share foodG to
_____
goni so
share
_
kOla, kOlda,
__
"andra
shareG to
__
goo 3Syn.C splitG to4
sharpenG to 3SeeC ru#G to4

sharptongued
__
khO khyongpu,
__
_
kha tshOndi
she
_
morong
sheep
_
luk
shegoat
_
ramu
shelf
__
phaate
shepherd
_
-iwu
Sherpa
__
shOrwa
shin#one
__
ngardong

shineG to
__
chQ9t;
shirt
__
raatuk
shit 3SeeC faecesG feces4
shitG to
___
kyOkpa shSr,
____

kyOkpa tSng
shiverG to
______
darsiJ gyaJ,
_
dar
shoe
__
-uta,
_____
sha"lam 9H;
shop
__
tshSngkang
shopping
__
nyopcha

short ofG to #e 3SeeC cut offG to #e4
short
__
thTrme
shorttempered
_
rungarma
shoulder
_
pTngpa

shoutG to
__
huru den,
____
kQJ gyaJ
show 3SeeC performance4

show appreciationG to
___
ngosu tSng
show offG to
____
ngomsu kT9t;
showG to
___
den
showing off
__
ngomsu

shredG to
___
tsQp
shut up T
____
tsTm khyi
sh$
__
trQngen
sick person
__
nepu
sickG to #e
_
na,
_
nyTng 9H;
sickle
_
sXr
sickness
__
natsa,
__
neJ,
___
nyTngshi
9H;

side 3other M 4
_
phOlim,
___
phar
khQn
side 3this M4
__
tshTlim,
___
tshTr khQn
sidewa$s 3SeeC hori"ontal4
siftG to 3SeeC strainG to4
sign
_
tOa

A5@
signature
___
sOyi lakta
silt 3SeeC dust4
silver
_
ngTl
similar
___
chSkdra

similar
__
dore,
____
dokge,
_
nore
sin
__
dikpa
singG to
_
lW ling
single
__
kyOngma
sinkG to
__
nup
sinuses
_
yama
sir
___
sOhep
sister 3elder M4
__
O?i,
_
Oyi,
__
R?i,
3$ounger M4
__
num
sisterinlaw 3SeeC daughterinlaw4
sit downs in rowsG to
___
thraldriJ
situation
____
nOatang
si2
__
thruk
si2teen
___
chTruk
si2t$
____
khal sTm,
___
thrukchu
si"e
__
chhQchung
skill
__
lakshe
skin

pOu

skin
___
phRkok

sk$
___
nOm
slander
__
kySma
slap
___
thalchak,
____
dramchak
slapG to
_____
thalchak gyaJ
slate
___
Qmpak
sleep 3to put to M4
_
nySl

sleep
__
nOl 9H;
sleepG to
____
-im 9H;
sleep$G to #e:feel
____
nyRJ thrSo,
_____
__
nyRtsok gyaJ
sleeve
__
phulum

slingshot
__
hurduk
slipG to
__
thre9t;

slow 3SeeC congested4
slowl$
__
khole kole
small 3male4
__
trRkpeG 3female4
___

trRngme

smaller
__
trTwa
smart 3SeeC clever4
smash into piecesG to 3SeeC crushG to4
smell 3urine M4
_
tshOari
smell
__
thrima
smile
___
khOtsek
smoke
___
thuta
snack
_
-ara
snake

rul
snot
___
nOp
snow leopard
___
sQrken
snow
_
khaa
snowG to
___
khaa gyaJ
snow$ mountain
__
khangri
snuff
___
nOtak
soakG to
_
"ang 3Syn.C a#sor#edG to get4
soft
__
?ampu,
__
"olmu
soften #$ ru##ingG to 3SeeC kneadG to4
softspoken
___
khO ?ampu
soil
_
sO
soldier
____
mOkmi

solel$ 3SeeC onl$4
__
kharkyang

solid 3SeeC solid4

A5H
Solu region
__
shSrung
solution 3SeeC means4
sometimes
___
phar chRk
son 3SeeC #o$4
song
_
lW
soninlaw
__
makpa 3Syn.C #rotherin
law4
soot
__
threkpa

sorr$ T
______
thSli shSk
sort 3SeeC t$pe4
sound
___
kQdra,
__
kQJ
sour
_
kyTru
source 3SeeC proofG spring4
south
_
lhX
sowG to
___
dep

space
__
pharnang
spacious
__
khu yemu,
_
yemu
spark 3SeeC fire#rand4
speakG to
_
lap
speech
____
lapsheJ,
___
sTnglap 9H;
spic$
___
kha tshOndi

spider
___
shrRngkongkong

spin woolG to
__
kOl
spinG to 3SeeC rotateG to4
spinach
__
pQtsu

spiritual medium
__
lhUwa
spit
___
chQmak
spittle 3SeeC spit4
splitG to
__
sRl 3Syn.C separateG toP shareG
toG cut woodG to4
spoiled
__
kyOklang
spoiling
___
chQlang
spoken language
___
khOkeJ
sponsor
_____
?indak
sponsorG to
____
drosung gyaJ

spoon
___
khyRmpok

spouse 3SeeC wife4

spring
___
chhTmik, 3season4
__
sSoka
sNuare
___
thrupshi
sNuee"eG to
__
tsRr
sNuee"edG to #e
__
chTr

sta#le
___
tQrmu,
_
rampu
stack upG to 3SeeC pile upG to4
stack
___
"a"cha
stairs
_
trOapa
stamp
__
thQsi

stand upG to 3SeeC get upG to4
star
__
kOrma
startG to 3SeeC #eginG to4
state
___
gyalkap
statue
_
kT
status 3economic4
____
kyRduk
sta$G to
___
de9t;,
__
?u 9H;
stead$ 3SeeC sta#le4

steam
__
lOawa
steep
___
sarmu
step acrossG to 3SeeC step overG to4
step overG to
__
gom
step
__
khompa
stepG to
__
ySp
stew 3potato M4
__
shOkpa
stiching 3SeeC sewing4
stick 3walking M4
__
laakam,
_
__
pherkok, pharok
stick incense
__
pSorang
stickG to
_
?ar

A56
still
__
tSke,
_
tharung

still 3position4
___
tsSkge
stirG to
___
trTJ
stitchG to 3SeeC sewG to4
stomach
__
khSkpa,
___
sTp,
__
_
throta
stone
_
do
storehouse
___
nyQrtsang

storm
__
hWrtuk
stor$
_
pY

stove
__
thOp
straight
___
thQka

strainG to
___
tsQJ
strained 3nerve4
____
tsOmdriJ
strand 3of hair4
___
nyangma

straw
___
sSngma
strength
___
shTk
stretchG to
_
kySng
strict 3SeeC tight4
stringG to
__
gyuu
strong 3health$4
___
shoo chhQmu,
3powerful4
_
ngarma, 3taste4
__

kharma
struckG to #e 3SeeC hitG to #e4
student
____
getruk
stud$
______
tOkcheJ
stupa
___
chSrten

stupid 3SeeC idiotic4
su#&ect
__
misir
su#stitute
__
tshOp
suckG to
__
?ip

suckleG to 3SeeC suckG to4

sufficeG to 3SeeC enoughG to #e4
sugar
__
chRni
suita#le
___
pOmu
summer
__
yOru
summonG to
__
guJ
sun
__
nyima
Sunda$
____
-a nyima
superstition
____
nOmtok
support 3SeeC reinforcement4

support #ase
_
rYsa

surface
_
kha

surplus 3SeeC leftover4
suspended 3#$ rope4G to #e
__
chUng

swallowG to
_____
mita tSng
swearG to 3SeeC vowG to4
sweat
__
ngTlchu
sweepG to
__
chOJ
sweet
__
ngOrmu
sweets 3SeeC goodies4
s$stem
___
drotang

A50
T
ta#le 3Qhinese st$le4
___
gyachok
ta#le
___
chSktsi

taciturn
___
kha chRndi,
___
khO
thokpu
tail
__
ngOma
take advantage ofG to 3SeeC distractG to4
take offG to
__
"i9t; 3Syn.C fl$G toP unloadG
to4
take out 3thorn4G to
__
den
takeG to

ling
talk 3SeeC speech4
talk #ackG to
__
khO loJ,
____
_
khOloJ tshRkloJ
talkG to
_____
lapsheJ lap,
____
_
lapsheJ khyi
talkative
____
kha dimu
task 3SeeC work4
taste
_
throo
tasting 3SeeC sour4
tast$ 3SeeC delicious4
ta2
_
thral
ta2i
___
trOksi
tea 3Ti#etan salt M4
___
phe?a
tea kettle
__
tRpli

tea strainer
____
chhatsak

tea
_
chha,
___
sSl?a 9H;, 3#lack M4
__

chhatang, 3sweet M4
___
chha
ngOrmu

teachG to
__
lSp
teacher
____
gergen 3Syn.C master4
teaching 3Ouddhist M4
___
kO?u
tear 3from e$e4
___
mRkchu
tearG to
___
shSJ
television
__
trR"i
tell liesG to
____
-inok lap,
_____
-inok
-o
tell offG to
____
ngopshur gyaJ

tellG to 3SeeC sa$G to4
temper
__
ngandra,

ngar
temperament
___
mishi
temperamental
__
phStrokpa
temple 3for a deit$4
_
lhaang, 3of the
head4
__
nOrtsa
ten
____
chT thOmpa
ten million
_
sOya
ten thousand
_____
ha-ar chT thOmpa
tender
___
shQ tshOndi
tent
_
khur
TeraW 3SeeC lowlands4
terror
__
?iiwa
testG to
___
tshSJ lhO
testicles
_
gonga
thangka
__
thangku
thank $ou
__
thTuche,
_
horche
that
_
thi
that%s all
_
dirang

that%s it 3SeeC that%s all4

the 3singular4
_
tR, 3plural4
__
tRwa
then
__
thama
there isG there are 3factual4
___
we-a
3sensor$4
__
noJ

A57
therefore
___
khyaasin
thermos
___
chhadam

these
__
diwa
the$
__
khSwa 9H;
thick
___
thTkpuG
__
"ompu 3Syn.C
past$4

thief
__
kTrma,
_
lakpa ringpu
thigh
___
"alnakpa
thin
__
threme, 3meat4
__
nyerme,
3cloth4
__
shrQmeG 3liNuid4
__

lOndi
thing
__
chOalak
thinkG to
__
nSo
thirst
__
kSmpa
thirst$G to #e
___
khO kSm
thirteen
_____
chTksum
thirt$
____
khalpera nyRi,
___

sTmchu
this
_
di
thither 3SeeC over there4
thorn
__
tshQrmang
those
__
thiwa
thought 3SeeC ideaG intention4
thousand
____
ha-ar chRk
thrashedG to #e
___
dap
thread 3needle4G to 3SeeC stringG to4
thread
____
shrTtok
three
___
sTm
throat
___
mita
throne
_
thrR

throw outG to
_
kyTr
thum#
_____
thQptok

thunderG to
____
druk gyaJ
Thursda$
__
-a phTru
Ti#et
__
pheJ

Ti#etan
__
phepa

ticket
___
trRkatr
tieG to
__
kyRJG
_
dooG
__
chRng
tiger
__
tUk
tight 3securel$ M4
___
khO thampu
tight
__
thampu 3Syn.C narrow4
time 3ancient M4P 3SeeC da$s4
time 3in ancient M4
___
thangpo ngSnla
time 3one at a M4
__
rere khyani
time 3this M4
_
thaling

time 3to #e the M to do something4
_
ren
time 3to take M4
_
gor
times
__
khyQpG
_
tshOr
tin 3metal4
__
trRn
tiredG to #e
____
Qn chQ9t;
to#acco
__
thUma

toda$

haring
together
_
mula,
__
mutsang

toggle
__
Slshing
toilet
__
chhaakang

tolerance
___
-epa
tomorrow
_
sala
tongue
_
chQla
tool
__
lakcha
tooth
_
sO
top
__
goo, 3on the M of4
_
khala

toppleG to
_
dril
tornG to get
_
shaa
tortureG to
____
tshOrche9t;

A54
touchG to
_
rek
towel
_
rumal
trace 3SeeC imprint4

trade 3illegal M4
___
naktsong

trade 3SeeC #usiness4
trader 3SeeC merchant4
tradition 3SeeC custom4
train

rel
trainG to
___
?ongdar khyi 3Syn.C
practiceG to4
translateG to
___
kQJ gyur 3Syn.C modif$G
to4
translator
____
kQgyurru mi
trap
__
tSrwa

trash 3SeeC gar#age4
travelG to
___
phar tshTr dro
traveler
__
drulwa
treatment 3SeeC means4
tree
_
dongpu
triangle
____
sursum
tri#unal 3SeeC court4
Tropke @ola region
___
throkpi gola
trou#lesome
__
chOsingpu

trousers
___
kOanam
true
__
ngotok,
_
hutung

trueG to #e
___
den
trunk 3metal M4
___
chOagam
trust 3SeeC #elief4
trustG to 3SeeC trustG to4
truth
___
denpa
tr$ harderG to
__
ham khyi
Tuesda$
______
-a mingmar
tune
__
daa

turn 3#$ M4
_
rimpa
turn

pOala 3Syn.C times4

turn on 3light4G to
____
"atti pOr
turnG to
_
kyVr
turnip
_
thulu
turNuoise
_
yW
tusk 3of an elephant4
__
lOngpesa
twelve
_____
chTnyi
twent$
____
khal chRk,
____
nyishu
thOmpa
twice 3SeeC dou#le4

twins
____
tshQma,
___
tshQre
two
___
nyRi
t$pe
__
nOmpa

A55
U & V
una#le to doG to #e
___
O mS chhS
uncle 3maternal side4
__
O?ang
under
__
wokla
understandG to
__
hO khoJ
unimportant
__
nOngchung
unless 3SeeC e2cept for4
unloadG to
__
"oJ
unprincipled
___
marap
untid$ 3SeeC mess$4

untieG to
_
drol
untiedG to #e
_
throl
until
__
sOk 3Syn.C up4

unusual
____
khyQntsaru
up

yar
uphill
__
khyen
upper
__
tQJ
uppit$ 3SeeC naught$4
upright 3position4
__
tsSkpu
upright 3to put M4
___
tsSkpu lSng
upright 3to sit in an M position4
_____

tsSkpu de9t;
upset
__
shedang 3Syn.C anger4
upsetG to #e
__
khGn 3Syn.C angr$G to #e4
upside down
__
pRtsarma
upslope 3SeeC uphill4
upwards

yaayo
urgent 3SeeC important4
urinateG to
___
chRng shSr

urine
__
chRng,
____
chhapsang 9H;

useG to 3SeeC appl$G toP put to workG to4
useful 3ver$ M4
__
mOrmu 3Syn.C
capa#le4
usefulG to #e
_
phQn

userfriendl$ 3SeeC eas$ to use4

vacation 3SeeC holida$s4
vagina
__
kWp
va&ra
__
dor?e
valle$

lungpa
valua#le
_____
nOagung chQrmu
vanishG to

yal
variegated
__
pOltram
variet$
_______
nOmin nOtsok
vegeta#les 3green4
__
tshQrma
vein
_
tsU
Eenus
__
pOsang

ver$ 3SeeC e2tremel$4

vigorous 3SeeC strong4

village

yul
villager
__
yulkyimi
virtue 3SeeC merit4
visitG to 3SeeC meetG to4
voice 3SeeC noise4
void 3SeeC empt$4
vomit
__
kyTwa
vomitG to
__
kyTJ
voteG to
___
"otr luJ
vowG to
___
nOpkyol,
_____

nOpkyal khyi
vulgar talk
______
khO tsSotam
vulgar words
_____
tsSotam
vulture
___
chharguJ

233
>
wage
__
kTyin 3Syn.C salar$4
waist
___
kQltang
waitG to
__
gu9t;
wakeG to 3from sleep4
__
tsQ9t;G
_____
nyRJ
tsQ9t;, 3some#od$ up4
_
lSng
walkwa$
___
phQplam 9H;
wall
__
tsRkpa 3Syn.C ledge4
walnut
__
kStre
Xalungchung @ola region
_
walung
wanderG to
__
khyOm
war
___
mOk
warm
__
throlmu
wart
___
-erwa

washG to
__

trT9t;
watch
____
chhutsi gari
water mill
___
chhTtaJ

water
_
chhT
wave
__
chhTurimpa
wa$ 3on the M #ack4
__
tshTrti
we 3e'clusive4
__
ngiwa, 3e'clusive4
_

ngirang, 3inclusive4
___
dakpu,
3inclusive4

horong
weak
_
kySu
wealth
_
nor
weapon
____
tshGncha
wearG to 3SeeC dressG toP tieG to4
weasel
_
rimung
weather
______
nOmshi,
___
nOm
weaver
__
thOama
wedding 3SeeC marriage4
Xednesda$
____
-a lhOkpa
weed
_
yurma
week
__
sOata,
___
hOpta
weepG to 3SeeC cr$G to4
weight
__
?iyang 3Syn.C #alance4
well 3for water4
__
trTnpu
wellendowed
__
-ompu
welleNuipped 3SeeC wellendowedG well
organi"ed4
wellorgani"ed
___
thra drikpu
west
__
nup
westerners
____
mRk kOru

wet
__
lQnpa
wetG to 3SeeC soakG to4
what
_
khang
what for S 3SeeC wh$4
what happened S
___
khang khyaa
sung
what kind
__
khangkang
what time S
_
ngOli
wheat flour
__
?enpi
wheat
_
thra
wheel
_
khSrlu
whenG while
_
"ela
when S
__
nam
whenever
__
nam

where from S
___
khanima
where
__
khani, 3enumeration4
____

khani khani
while
_
shorla 3Syn.C when4

23A
while ago 3aM4
__
khartseG
_
hane, hana
white
__
kOru
whitish
__
kyOdingngi
who
_
sT
wh$
_
khanglaG
_
chRla
wide 3SeeC #roadG spacious4

widow
__
yusim
width
_
shang
wife
___
phermiJ 3Syn.C woman4
willow species
__
lUngma
willow tree
__
chOngma
winG to
__
thSp,
_
gyal
wind 3SeeC airG storm4
wind
__
lhOawa
windfall
__
throk
window
_
kOrung
wing
___
shSkpa,
____
Opshok
winter
___
gunpu
wishes 3#est M4
______
trOshi dele
with

loola
witness
_
pOngpu

woken upG to #e
__
tshQ9t;G
_____
nyRJ
tshQ9t;
wolf
__
chOngku

woman
___
ham"umG
__
chhermu,
3$oung4
___
?erma, ?ormu,
3$oung4
_____
phum phe-a
wood
_
shRng
wool
_
phal

woolen cloth
___
nOm"u
word 3SeeC language4
work 3to put to M4
__
kT9t;
work
_
laaka
workG to
__
laaka khyi
world
___
-amling
worm
_
"u
worriedG to #e
___
phap khyiG
__

phap langG
_____
sQmtral khyi
worr$
____
sQmtral
wound 3SeeC in&ur$4
wrapG to
__
trRl,
__
kSn 3Syn.C rollG toG
packG to4
wrapper 3SeeC skin4

wrath
__
thrSwo
wrestleG to
____
tsOa gyaJ
wringG to 3SeeC sNuee"eG to4
wrinkle
___
nyQrma

writeG to
__
thriJ
wrong 3wa$4
_
phRlokpa


232
Y, Z
$ak
__
yOk
$arn
__
nOama
$ear

lo, $ear of the dog

_
kyRlo, $ear
of the dragon
__
druklo, $ear of
the hare

yolo, $ear of the horse

_
tOlo, $ear of the monke$
_

trQllo, $ear of the mouse

___

chhiwa lota, $ear of the o2
_

lOnglo, $ear of the pig
__
phaklo,
$ear of the rooster
_
chhalo, $ear of
the sheep
_
luklo, $ear of the
snake
_
drullo, $ear of the tiger
__
tUklo.
$east
__
phap

$ellow
_
sQru
$es
___
lase, lase lase, laa lase
$esterda$
__
dang

$et 3SeeC still4

$eti
___
yQtriJ, QtriJ
$oghurt
___
kOrchuG
_
sho
$ogi
____
gomchen

Yolmo
_
yolmo
$ou 3plural4
__
khyirang,
__
__
lhQngya, lhQngyeM
__

khyorong 9singular;,

horong 9H;,
___
dakpu 9H;
$oung 3person4
__
naachung
$ounger one 3SeeC lower one4
$our 3plural4
__
khyire, 3singular4
__

khyore,

hore 9H;
"ero
__
sTna
"om#ie
_
ro"lang

23@

















)epali Sherpa dictionar$
| d


23H

236
H HH H
H"

pOngpa
H" ~
___
pOngpa dep
H
______
nOktsu"i
H
____
munnak
H 9ZH"}
HH
_
yigi,
___
chhakri 9H;
H"s
__
dungla
H"
_
goo
H
___
thQnpu
H3
_
draa
H
_
hane, hana,
__
gomala
H (Z

}
H
__
Ongki
H"
____
gundrum
H$
_
tharung

H (SeeC 1}
H
_____
chSpgyeJ
H3 (SeeC H 4

H "
___
tshQJ khyi
Hs
_
gonga
Hs
_____
chhe mentok
Hc (SeeC }
Hd
____
thrimkang
Hd
__
gyeshar
H
___
Sngcha
H
______
tOkcheJ
H
__
thama,
_
ni
Hd (SeeC H" H7}
HH
____
nyamnyung (Syn.C "}
H d (SeeC }
H (SeeC 1 }
H
___
nOawa,
_
pOs
H
__
tshQJ
Hd "
___
kQJ gyur
Hd
____
kQgyurru mi
H
___
driklam

H= (SeeC H}
H
__
ngodong
H
___
marap
H=H (SeeC s}
H=+
____
nOmtok
H=|
__
sharma
H=
__
sharwa

H=
_
dru (Syn.C |}
H= H (SeeC }
H=
____
goo thSm
H
_
mOare, mOara

H (SeeC }
H (SeeC H=+}
H!
__
chOsingpu

H
_
phRse
HH (SeeC dH}
H "
_
?ong (Syn.C d}
H
_
kyTru
HF
_
yampa
H (SeeC }
H = (SeeC H}
H
____
chhS wetu

H"
__
khO khyee

230
H
___
goo khSr
H s
__
ngOse

H
_
nyungme,
____

trRkpechik
H~U|
__
tshQra lang
H~U|
__
laa munu,
__
tshYra
H~

yee
H9

(SeeC " 4;

H
_
leemu 9Syn.C P}
H
_
sYr
H|
___
khal shi
H1
___
kharnup
H1
__
rusel, ringsel
H1
___
Osar
H1
___
mQnkang
H1H (SeeC HH}
H1 H3 d
____
mimang
H-3 (SeeC Hd d}
H
__
thanta

H(3
_____
kSpa gyaJ
Hl
__
sOngpuJ

237
H HH H
H
__
mRk,
__
chQn 9H;

H|Hl
___
mRnpur
H
______
sQmshuk
H (SeeC " }
H
__
Om
H
___
mRkchu
H
____
-a nyima
H
___
lQp
H(
___
ham"um 9Syn.C ||}

H3

hung,
_
gyi,
__
phQp 9H;

H
____
-opta leemu 9Syn.C
P}
H
___
-opta, -opte (Syn.C }
H
___
nOm
HH
_
ngargyal

H"
_
me
H" $~
___
metak
HH

haring
HH H|
___
thaasam

HH
__
thingsang
H7|
___
khala nyermu
H
___
gyeJ
Hc
___
nOmthar
Hc
_
thTu
Hc|
___
shQ tshOndi
Hd (SeeC }
Hd
__
moowa (Syn.C T}
Hd "
___
chhO ?oJ

Hd
__
kO
H (SeeC H|}

H
__
khTng (Syn.C }
H|
___
pheka
H=dd| (SeeC }
H=d
__
kyRrmu
Hd
__
nyokpu
H|
__
Oni
H= $"s (SeeC " @}

H=d

(SeeC 3dH

}
H=
__
gyema
H=-Hs|
__
nangtsa
H9=
__
tshOngka
H9

rUng (Syn.C 3;
H9 (Syn.C 3}
_____
daadakpu

H
_
hama
Hs
___
hama
draplang
H-
__
hawa hama
HTd|
__
hungkung
H
__
mitsi
HH
_
laawa
H (SeeC ||}
H "
__
ngaaso
H
_
thOngpu
Hd|
___
dimu
H (SeeC (}

H
___
kham"u
H (SeeC l|}
H
__
hungpap
H H
____
khyQntsaru

234
H

ri,
_
riki
H "
____
kyQnden (Syn.C
!3}
H
__
goo
HH

huru,
__
kQJ
H
__
Oasu,
_
rewa
H|d
____
chhawang

H|d d
____
mSlam gyaJ

235
3 33 3

_
logyu

__
trTnpu
= |
_
?a
=d
_
threngpu

U|
___
Trti
(
___
mi-ir,
__
chhaanang

3 H

yaayo
3
__
khyen
3
___
dra chOamu

3 1


__
tQJ
3U
__
chhTurimpa
3H| " (SeeC " }
37 (SeeC }
3

lang (Syn.C }
3

phTr
3 H
___
phaa gal
3
_
phOlim
3

phSo,
_
phaa phS
3d
_
chhang
3d d
___
len gyaJ
3dH

___
trTJ
3d3
_
shUr
3d
_
pY

3q 3 (SeeC "}

3
_
more
3|
_
morong
3=
____
chTrgu
3=
__
gyuu
3"| ( M;
__
mOrmu (Syn.C
}
31 (}
____
kTmd\n
3
____
khyitap (Syn.C }
3
___
kyRshik
39

phVr

3H 9SeeC 3}
3 |
___
chhTplaJ
3~
_
kSl,
__
lhOJ,
__
lOJ
3
__
gonglo (Syn.C }
3T
_
shSr
3P (SeeC H=}
3T
_
khSl
3~
_
phRlok,
__
pRtsarma,
_

phRlokpa
3~ " (SeeC Hd " }
3
_
naa
3
_
khore
3 (SeeC 3;
31
___
chRkpa
3
_
khSngpa
3F
__
khSwa
3 3
__
thangpo thangpo
3
__
Omung
3
_
khorong
3 H
__
kOl
3
_
phal

3|
__
nOama
3| s
___
nOm"u

2A3
7 77 7 H HH H

__
chhaawa

73
__
?ik
7
___
chRk
7 7 "
__
rere khyani
7 s
_
sOya
77

rere
7
____
chhO nySmpu

7
__
kyOngma
74
___
chRkrang

74
__
kTkyang
7
_____
chTchik

_
gyalung

H
__
kStre
H
__
tQn
HU
__
maasa
HU "3
____
maasa chOa
H
__
chTtu

H
_
phTk

H
_
thul
H (SeeC $ }
H U
___
sOyi lakta
H |
___
sSrtup
H
__
-uu
H |
____
nOmgang
HH (SeeC }
H|
__
trTlku
H|
__
mQn


2AA
H HH H
H
__
klOs

___
mRktsar


___
kOle (Syn.C "(}
s
__
kharma,
__
thampu,
_
_
shrOndi
s !1
___
pSkar

__
tshSo
H (SeeC }

_
pY

d " (SeeC " }
=
__
nOrtsa
=H
__
sQrna
=s (SeeC }
=3
__
thre9t;
s
___
man?a

_
shrO,
___
Ttra
9|
_
kSfi
~
___
kha chRndi

(SeeC }
H
_
kySu

__
pQma


__
"olmu

___
throngma
T!
___
kOmputrar
T
___
kQltang

_
thral
s
__
tsRm
3
____
kQJ gyaJ


__
nyRng?e
l|
__
sokli

__
nyQrmu

_
lee,
___
gyumdre

_
pQn,
__
nyTk

_
khonga
H
__
kOle?
H
___
chhRnpa

___
nOpkyol,
_____

nOpkyal khyi
|
___
tsTk khyaa
|
_
yawa
1|
_
lOa
1
__
kyRJ (Syn.C =d "}

__
khani


____
khani khani

___
khanima

__
nam

__
kOngni
|
___
phar chRk
|
___
khanisang
(SeeC }
(SeeC }

s
__
tshQrmang
(SeeC }


_
Ou
|
_
Tru

pOng
"
__
kUlak
"H
_
shTu
"H (SeeC dH}

2A2

___
chQ9t;
__
threJ
__
ngOJ


_
shRng
T
__
Slshing
sl
__
yam"u
|
__
tQgal

____
Omchok
(SeeC }
|
____
thrim la dro
=U (SeeC H=d m;
__
trTwa
=U (SeeC }
=
_
ngampa

4
_
thTl

_
laaka
"
__
laaka khyi
"3
__
kT9t;
T
______
darsiJ gyaJ
T
_
dar,
__
shrTJ

__
motrar,
_
gari

____
thentok

__
Opis
H|
___
naktsong


__
nakpu
~ HH"
__
druk

___
kVtap

_
khangla,
_
chRla
H
____
khangla sisin,
__
__
chRla sisin

__
nyopcha

(SeeC U 3}
=
_
nyo

_
"u
(SeeC 4|}
(|}
_
kRlo

_
shingpa

_
kyV
|
__
chhamu


__
kSmu

_
dung

_
ngOli

_
sur

_
pTngpa

(SeeC =d " }

___
sTnglap 9H;
|
_
pQla

| "
__
pQla khyi

|
__
kTrshi
(SeeC }
1| ~
____
tsOa gyaJ
(SeeC }

__
thrimung, thremung

_
rulwa

___
thraakur

____
kOtrin
(SeeC }

___
sOshing laaka

__
khangkang
HS
___
khang khyaa sung

_
khang
"| (SeeC }
|
__
phWm

__
phuchung

_
kQra
3
__
shrQlma

2A@

__
khangsang
|
__
khartse
|
___
tsQechik
|
___
-aptsi

_
sT

___
sSltok
H
_
tshOng
3 (SeeC =3}

__
kStra
d
___
tSktsi
d
_
gyar


____
chhaptok

"
__
ham khyi
|
___
kyQka
|
__
sTsang
|s
_
shX
4
__
kQmra
H
_
rimpa
H
__
thrSwo
H (SeeC , }
H| (SeeC }

H
____
khatap
___
?Gntang (Syn.C
}

2AH


_
thre
(SeeC H!}

= (SeeC !}
=3 (SeeC ~}
3
__
len lap
T
_
kOa
| 9SeeC |}
|
___
thaltsam

_
riwong
|-"
___
Qmpak

____
drosung gyaJ


__
drosung

|
___
"uta
1 (SeeC }
1
__
lhum
P
__
phishing

P
_
khyongpu
d
___
ngO thronpu
H
_
-ara
(SeeC s4

__
sama,
__
shalak 9H;,
__
sSl 9H;

___
sama sa,
_
sa,
__
shee 9H;
Hs
_
shaa
|
_
tSngpa
|
___
kOa ?enpa
~ (SeeC 9}
~
__
kySngkyong
~ "
_____
mRkdung
gyaJ
~s
___
mRkdung
"|
___
kOngten
c U
_____
gotra shSr
=

__
shedang lang
=
__
shedang
| "
___
mOrchak
|
_
khurpa

_
thrSl

_
kOngpa,
___
shap

__
sRlma
| (SeeC c}
T
____
khum"u
|
___
mOrtsi

__
khu yemu
T=
__
pQcha

|
____
lS dimu
|

__
gaa lang (Syn.C
3}
|
___
chhOmdral
| |
_____
chhOmdral
gyaJ
|
_
shing
(SeeC }

|
____
sOpashi laaka

pOala,
__
khyQp,
___
tsRmi
~
____
tsRmi tsQ
4
___
lX gyaJ
7
_
tshSl

2A6
!
__
kSJ

_
lhOa
(SeeC d|}

_
kyT
~
__
"e9t; (Syn.C 9 ~G !}

2A0
" " " "
"|
_
thrR

"
__
phunggu
"=
__
drosa

"= (SeeC 1}
"
_
pQrangpu 3Syn.C H}

"4
____
khyaaning sin
"
__
lUk
"
__
?ingpa

" ~
__
chhSJ
" 4
___
khyi mO khyQ
"
_
khyi,
__
nOng 9H;
"H |
___
phi?im
"|
___
gutsuwa lang
" (SeeC H }
"~| "
_
nXr,
_
nyee

"~| 1| (SeeC 9 }
"~|
__
nortrul
"
___
gyencha
"
__
tRng ringpu

"

_
thra
"

|
__
?enpi
"(
__
chRndi
"
___
dopur

"(
__
phamung, phamu

"("
__
phalang
"(1
____
chhungma
"(1 ~
__
drokpa
"3

yul
"3
__
yulkyimi
" (SeeC !}
"
____
khOkmeJ
"
__
drampa
"| "
____
ngopshur gyaJ,

__
huru den,
_____
laptak
gyaJ,
_____
kOpkyin 9H;
"(
__
dukpa
"( (SeeC }
"@
___
chharguJ

"9 " (SeeC H}
"|
_
lW
"| "3
_
lW ling
" (SeeC "1}
"
___
gyupdak

"1
___
pTutseJ (Syn.C "}
" (SeeC }
"T
____
gonde,
_
lhaang
"
___
sOhep (Syn.C H}
"
__
ngOrmu
"
___
chha ngOrmu

" @
___
nangtruk

" s
_____
sTru khOm"uk, sTru
"|
_____
thrim la mondro
"
_
-iwu
"

ru
"! F
______
sOngnang
sOngni
"!
__
sOng
"! (SeeC 4 }

"! (SeeC }

2A7
"
_
chQe
"
_
lOng
"
____
mRk kOru

" (SeeC d}
"|"
_
trQlung
"
__
kyVrmu
"8| 9SeeC }
T= ( M4
___
kOnggyur
T|
__
yOru
3
__
nyungnga tSng

_
nyungnga
dro,
__
?om,
__
g\9t;
s|
____
chhutsi gari

___
chhutsiJ
|
_
thrilu

(SeeC |s}
P (SeeC Hc|}

_
khangpa
H
___
threwak

_
throngpa
Hs
__
khangla
|
___
mita

_
tsO
|
__
tsVsa
3
_
mU (Syn.C }

__
kh\n

__
nyima
3
_
mar,
___
sSlmar 9H;
3 (SeeC ~}
s
__
pRmung

(7 M}
___
hTp khang
3
_
kyVr
3 (SeeC " }
T
_
khyRr,
_
kSr

__
hurduk

__
chi9t;
s
_
tO,
___
chhRppa 9H;
s |
_
tRngpa

!
__
khaungma
(SeeC ~}


2A4

3
_
pOng

(SeeC d}
c
___
shOrtuk
4 (SeeC H}
H
_
khSrlu
"
___
shSkcha, shTicha
3

pTl

__
shen,
__
-eJ,
__
chhRp 9H;
=d (SeeC |s}
=
__
Tkla
3
_
mur,
__
lQ9t;
T
___
khyRmpok


_
chha
3 3
_
tsOa
"s
_
tshOng

__
khaawa, khalwa,
_
thri 3Syn.C
9 }
|
__
chhaakang


__
philm, filim

_
trSl

_
chOngpu,
_____
goo dimu
~ (SeeC ~3}
1
___
mRkshel,
___
chQnshel
s
__
ngOmu,
___
ngOtok,
_
ngOla

s (SeeC U}
d|
_
ngTl
3|
___
nyQrma


_
pQlang

s
___
"a"cha

_
draa

__
?i

___
thrupshi
(SeeC H}

___
lukso,
___
drotang
|
____
khal nyRi
(SeeC H}
3 s
__
Tku

3 (SeeC 7

}

___
-ik

_
rimung, rimu,
_
kTpar 9H;

_
khaapa


__
gyami
|
__
chRni
=
____
sQmtral
= "
___
phap khyi
=

_____
sQmtral khyi,
__

phap lang
=
_
ngo shQe
!
__
thre9t;

!
__
?ampu

_____
sQrmung dep
T
___
kUmtang
T|
___
thukung


_
chha,
___
sSl?a 9H;,
___
phe?a
|
__
tRpli

U=
____
chhatsak

9 "
_____
shOkcho

___
kOJ

2A5
3
_
saur
~
___
nWmtsi,
___
shaktsi

__
threngge,
__
sRlu, sRlwu

__
sRl

__
thursa
"3
___
tOa gyaJ
|
___
gyanak
| (SeeC }
3
__
phOawa khyi
|
_
phOawa

___
chTptok
9SeeC }
"T
____
tsTm khyi
T
_
pTka, pTkok
T "
__
pTka khyi
(SeeC |}


__
thOp
~
____
lhaama lhaJ

~
__
lhaama

3 (SeeC 1}

1
__
?ip


__
khO rakpa

___
ngTl-in

____
khO khOamu
(SeeC }
| 3SeeC }

_
lakpa ringpu,
__
kTrma
H
_____
-uptok
|s
_
shang
|
____
chTpshi
3
__
shOmung
7
__
shaawa

_
shaa
H
___
shSJ

__
chTr


223
U UU U
U
__
thruk
Us| (SeeC |, |}
U (SeeC 9 }
U
_
khyee
U
__
tSr
U9 (SeeC |4

U9 " (SeeC | "4

U3
__
gep
U3
__
kyVpruk

U|
___
tshQkok
Uq
__
kyTJ
U
__
thXk

U=
___
tsQJ,
___
dam
U
__
thQsi

U!
_
pOrwa
U
_
kSo,

pOu

U
__
thrimpu
U=
__
chhe9t;
U|
____
khyimtsi
U~ (SeeC U }
U3 3SeeC 3=}
U
___
thrOtra pOtra
U
___
ngO threngge
U |
__
tshTtri
U (SeeC }
U3 (U=}
U
_
rek
U
__
thrik
U| ( M4
___
tOpdri

U|
__
chhTrwi, chhTrpi

U 3
___
thOma
U 3 (SeeC H}
U 4 (SeeC | =}

U "
_
thral
U
__
thTrme
Us3
__
shT
U (SeeC 3 G U G 4}
U| 9SeeC |}

U (SeeC }

22A
H $ H $ H $ H $
H3
__
tQn
H"
____
dramshi
H"
__
sOcha
H"-H
___
sOpashi
H"|

ngangpa
H
_
ralwa
H
___
khangkyasa
H 4d P
_____
khang
thratrak
H4d
_____
khang thTtup
H4d s
___
khang ngOnga
H (SeeC H}
H
_____
sQmchen
H=|
____
-endi
H= 9SeeC H=}
H=
_
kyQ,
_
thrTng 9H;
H=1
__
kyQsa
H
_
thrQngnga

H!

rong
HH1|
__
hOmpa
HT (SeeC H}
HT "
_
ruJ
HT
_
gong

HT

_
khyil
H (SeeC ds}
H| (SeeC c }
H
__
shrOm

H3
___
mela shrQJ
H~
__
tshRJ
H
__
naachung
H9
__
?aalen 9H;

H9 d (SeeC 3d d}
H1
____
chRndok (Syn.C ~dH~d}
H|
___
khanisang,
__

khanilang
H (SeeC 4
H
__
namlang

H
__
nam

H " (SeeC H " }
H " (SeeC H "G 4
H (SeeC |H}
Hs

__
khyQwa lang
H
_
dro

H=
_
shQe
HH

___
den
H3 d
___
sGnpu
HH
_
gyal
H=d"| (SeeC H|}
H
_
chQla
HT
__
khQ ling
HT|
__
gen
HT|
___
gen khTr
H1 (SeeC 1}
H|
_
tshQ,
__
kTtse
H"
__
gyerok
H
_
pOta

H (SeeC |}
Hd
__
-uta,
_____
sha"lam 9H;
Hd (SeeC |}
HP
__
shRk

222
HT~
___
tshQre,
____
tshQma
H
____
tsSngkang
H
__
sTsang
H"
__
-em
Hs|
_
chhU
H

rel,
___
thj9t;
H|
__
tshRnggur
H
__
ngandra
H
_
rungarma
7
___
yenten
7
___
tQtung
7 (SeeC }
7
_
lU
7
_
tshOa
7 (SeeC H}
7
__
makpa (Syn.C HH}
$"s
__
thOmu (Syn.C d}

$"s "
_____
khOndap gyaJ
$| (SeeC H~U| }
$
___
phap 9Syn.C 1}
$H| (SeeC |}
$s =
_____
thalchak gyaJ
$s
___
thalchak
$
_
yurma
$ (SeeC 3 }
$"
__
Qprang
$4 (SeeC 9 ~}
$ |
___
-inok
$ ~
____
-inok lap,
___
__
-inok -o
$=s (s| M4
__
chUng

$=3
____
nOmla gel
$=3 (SeeC 3}
$ 3
_
rup

_
kOrung

__
khangpa maru 9Syn.C
H;


22@
s s s s
43
__
shrTJ

____
thQpchu
1
_
?ar
3
__
goo,
__
W


__
pOltram (Syn.C U 4

__
thOringpu

___
lhQnda

___
trRkatr
3
__
thTp

Hs
__
trRn
!| (SeeC F}
T
__
Qrmang
|
__
Tngku
H
___
tsQp,
__
sRl (Syn.C 9 3}
H7 (SeeC 9 }
!
__
goo



__
thapruk

___
chSktsi

HH
__
trR"i
4
_
phQ9t;
|
__
shamung,
___
Tsha 9H;
4|
___
trOksi
s (SeeC }
s (SeeC

;
3
___
daasa

s
___
khO gyaamu

(SeeC HH

}
U (SeeC =U

}

_
gyirpu,
__
"ompu
"
__
gorak
"
__
khO?ang
4 9SeeC }
s
__
tshRkpa

s d 3
____
?iiwa kT9t;
s
__
?iiwa
s3
__
?iiwa lang
s (SeeC }
s
__
sQprang
s4
___
Omchi
s
___
thrOtok
s s"
_
thru
s nup
s-3 (SeeC d 3}
s|
__
thOkpa
s~
_
tholpo

H
_____
gari tSnggu mi
3 ( M}
__
gX dung
| (SeeC |}
( M;
__
lQmu
~
_
nyUl

__
tshTp
4
__
drip (Syn.C U3}
s
__
gyagung

_____
lRkshup

_
gyang

_
phRmu (Syn.C }

4
___
nyRngsang

"
_
do

22H
|
__
ngSyam


_
gX
sT
_
ngU

226

4 (SeeC d}

__
phaate
=

raa
sHs "
____
ngomsu kT9t;
sHs (SeeC d |4

sHs "
____
ngomsu kT9t;

c
__
malok(Syn.C =}

=|
____
?enta, ?onta
+|
____
gomchen

1|
__
ritropa

horong,
___
dakpu

____
lhQngya

__
shrRlmu

(SeeC 3}

___
chSm
| "
____
thrandrik khyi
|
___
thrandrik
|
___
sSlwa
(
_
gya
|
___
?erma, ?ormu,
_____
phum
phe-a


3 (SeeC s d 3}
(SeeC s3}

__
maamo,
__
wokla

_
mar
(SeeC 7}
1 9SeeC 9;

__
tshOndi,
__
throlmu
=
__
thQn

__
sRnaang,
___
yinsi
naang
!
___
tOpkyo

_
saa

__
kOrma
(SeeC }

__
lSm

_
tsX
d
___
?ongdar khyi
~
__
golcha


___
"alnakpa
,
____
sursum

__
pheJ

|
__
phepa

|
__
khyorong
|
__
khyirang
|F
__
khyire
P
__
khyore

__
kSmpa

___
khO kSm
|
__
thiwa
|
___
sTm
| H
___
guning
| s"|
__
dramnyang

| |
____
nQkore
|
____
khalpera nyRi,
___

sTmchu
= (SeeC "}

___
tTmpi

=
___
shOrkyak
"
_
dur

220
3SeeC H=d}

___
phamak

H

ngar
|
__
thrQJ
13
_
kySng

__
nWm
(
_____
chTksum
! "
___
throkpi gola
|
__
?iyang
|
_
rumal
c H7
___
khyaasin
c
_
pSng
c=
___
nyangma
c
_
thi

____
ngOngtrak (Syn.C s}
9SeeC "~|;

227
d d d d
| (SeeC |}

____
Qn chQ9t;
4
__
tSke

!
_____
nQnpa gyaJ
!s
____
dramchak
(SeeC T}

___
chhadam

"3
__
tsQJ

__
thangku

__
dermang,
__
kOtir
(SeeC d3}

___
chQmak
4
__
thTkpa
(SeeCHT G "3}

(SeeC }

__
thRiwa

(SeeC HG }
dH
__
lakshe
dH
_
lhX
dH
__
kTyin,
__
drelwa (Syn.C
(}
ds
_
chhQrpa
d3
___
nQn
d (SeeC }
d
___
chhampu

dH
_
loam
d "
___
?alka

d
___
dungma

d
____
chT thOmpa
d
_____
lak chT thOmpa,
__

chhiwa
d H
_____
ha-ar chT thOmpa
d
__
pharcha
d1H
__
yikcha
d|
___
kOrchu ,
_
sho
d
_
sO
d
__
O?u
d (SeeC H"}
dH
__
T?u
d
_____
?indak
dc (SeeC HT|}
d
__
yOawa

d(|
_
gyau

d3
__
phRtok,
___
nyimi
khungla

d4
__
kySnang
d4 "3 (SeeC ~}
d4

__
shetrel
d4d

__
kySkye lang
d4d|
__
kySkye
dd|
__
R?i,
_
Oyi,
__
O?i
d
__
nyima,
__
-a
d
_
tQr,
__
"in 9past tense;,
__
nOng
9H;
d"
___
lQta
d 3T3
___
kyOkpa shSr
d "
____
kyOkpa tSng
d
__
kyOkpa
d|H
__
Sng

224
d d (SeeC 1| d}
d(
___
nyRi
d ( ~ (SeeC d}

d("
__
dap

d d (SeeC 1 d}
d
___
nyTngshi 9H;

d
__
suk
dU (SeeC 1| }
d
_
homa
d d

_
?o
d (SeeC }
__
nyerme
d
__
durpin,
__
gyangshel
d1 (SeeC ~dH~d}
d (SeeC U| ;

dH
__
khoJ
d H (SeeC }
d 9SeeC }
d " (SeeC !}
d|
___
nOma
d (SeeC 9}
d 3
___
den (SeeC H3}
d | (SeeC H1;
d U
__
thSng
d
__
yQnpa 3Syn.C 3~}
d |
__
lhamu
d | d
_
lhU
d

lungpa
d 9SeeC }
d " (SeeC H= ;
d
__
kyQn
d
___
loJ gyaJ
d
___
nyilok

d 3 (SeeC d}
9SeeC Td}
|
__
chukpu


__
?u

__
da
=

____
thrin chhQrmu

=d
__
thTuche,
_
horche

_
chhoo (Syn.C }

____
dronkang
"
____
shrTtok (Syn.C 3|}
" s~
_
thrulu


_
chOa
|
__
lhUwa
3 (SeeC "s}

Td
___
chhSoluk


____
chhoosem


__
chhoowa

_
ngom


___
thuta
(SeeC }


__
trT9t;

_
pSo,
__
sOa


_
thala,
_
dul,
___
shimu

__
mangmu,
_
Ola (Syn.C
1G }

__
nganggyiJ
"
__
gom

H
__
lTngdar

__
threkpa

225

4 "
___
lumu sQ9t;
4|
__
-urma
4
___
sOptra (Syn.C 9}
"=
__
nOngchung
s
__
sQrmung
T
____
"arsang dep
H
_
tsOala
H
______
sRnmRnsin
d|
__
tsOngpu

___
kSrmu

__
?anpa


__
khalpera ngO,
____
gupchu
=
____
khO me nyen,
___
O mS
chhS
P
___
nyOmchung

___
sOmpa

___
pQsar

3
_____
sOmpa -o

__
losar
H
___
"olten

__
?ampu (SeeC !, }
!1
_____
trOkshok

___
khO ?ampu
P
__
khokpu

__
nyOla

__
nars
| s
__
ngardong

P (SeeC 7}

___
nOtak
4
___
O mS chhS

_
tsU

_
kU

_
lhQ

_
nOung

__
gom
"
____
pQrtangma

___
sha"ru

_____
sha"ru gyaJ,
__
chhSm

___
naatrak

__
naati
|
___
naatini
d
__
tshOngka (SeeC H9=}

__
chhQhung
!
__
thap
9
___
khQpsang

_
ming

___
nyam

~
__
den (Syn.C 9 ~}

___
Olachik

(SeeC U }
"
___
nyTngma

__
tsRr
H|
__
gerki

d3
____
nyRla shSr,
_____
nyRJ
gal

____
nyRJ thrSo,
_____
__
nyRtsok gyaJ

__
nOl 9H;

2@3

__
trOla

=d "
____
mSJ khyi
=d
___
mSJ

_
shR,
__
nOl 9H;
= "
___
Sngla du
(SeeC =}

____
chhS medu
"
_____
thOk chQ9t;
d| (SeeC "}

__
kyOsangngi

__
ngTnpu
~
_____
mita tSng
(SeeC 4}
" (SeeC 4 " }
= (SeeC 4 ;

__
hOsu
1 (SeeC 9 1}
7

___
nyQtsol
| "
_
yW

_
tshO

__
?aatsa

| (3}
__
nupri

__
pQnpu


_
nepal
|
___
ySkmu

lor

|
__
gu
=3|
_
rimung
=
___
thrim

2@A

3
___
tsS9t;
4
____
tQnten
4 "
_____
tQnten khyi
H
__
nyerin


__
shSl
~ 9SeeC }

___
shSkpa
"~
__
shi9t;
9SeeC ;

____
khalpera sTm,
___

ngOpchu
Us (SeeC

}
Us
__
gyapla,
___
?uklam,
_

tRngla
U
___
dap
U (SeeC H}

U3 (SeeC 34
U (SeeC |}
U3
__
tRng nyO

_
tshOr
(SeeC |}
3
____
tOp gyaJ
3
_
kWr,
__
tSng

_
roJ
H| (SeeC ||}

c "
__
pOta khyi
c
_
pOta

__
tshOkpar
d
____
tOngma

d
____
Okchowa

_
sOng
=
___
chQnga
T (SeeC }

___
sSngma
H "
_
kSr
H "
___
tshSJ lhO
H d
_____
yiktseJ tSng
"
____
ngoshi tSng

___
phaamama

__
nyRngdru
1
____
nOatang
|H d
_____
yiktseJ tSng
|H
___
yiktseJ

__
-ima

_
pTurum

__
gu9t;

__
tsRkpa
d

yol

__
ngOlok

(SeeC }

__
nOa
~ (SeeC }
~ (SeeC H}

___
tsOa chhQnpu

d
__
gyepa

__
nup
| (SeeC "4


__
tshSngkang (Syn.C |}
(SeeC |}

2@2

__
ngTlchu
1 d
_____
shuk ?i9t;

__
thrak

s

rV

__
khGn

__
trRl

__
throkpa
3
__
kSn

_
thongla

_
thangpu

_
sQru

_
ngU


__
khompa
3 (SeeC }
_
kOngpa

3
__
thSp,
_
?or,
_
chhung,
__
nyQ9t;
" (SeeC |}

____
lSptsen

_
loma

__
shrQme,
__
lOndi,
_
_
nyerme

__
dato
d
__
pQn


___
pQn shSr,
____
pQn tSng
| ( m;
__
mTusil
|
_
chhT
| =
_
gyil

| 9
__
chhuwang
|
___
chhTmik
|
___
chhTtaJ


__
dikpa
| ( M4
___
phar khQn

_
khur

__
tSrwa

___
dronpu
9SeeC 1}

3
_
thung
7 H
__
-i

___
lakpa gyaJ (Syn.C }

phQ


_
hawa,
_
yap 9H; (Syn.C }
d
____
thriiwa


_
yama

__
nUk
34
___
kha tshOndi

~
_
dangpu
(SeeC }


__
kWrmu


__
chRng,
____
chhapsang 9H;

| (SeeC }
9 1
___
chRng shSr

1
___
tOJ
|s (SeeC d }

lang,
_
khySl
U
__
ngOma

___
gewa
|
__
phalip

_
nyRngpa
3
_
kySl
(SeeC }
1
___
chhakpe
1
_
lay"eri
1
___
mitok
H|
__
martsa

2@@
H 1 (SeeC s}
H (SeeC "T}

__
thrup

_
shOr
(SeeC }
(SeeC Hs|}
|
_
kOra
d (SeeC | d}
9SeeC | }

__
kyRnpa

__
trQngka

___
tWm
| (SeeC }
|
_
hamu

__
mela shSr
~
__
shrQJ (Syn.C H3}

___
namsa

___
chTJ


__
naning

__
nOmpa

_
hoJ,
____
dangka

_
rang?ung (Syn.C 1H}
H
__
misir
7 " 9SeeC ;

___
thrakcha
3
__
shT
1
___
gyaktre
(SeeC }
"
_____
nyamtsiJ
" "
__
thoJ (Syn.C "3}
d (SeeC 1 d}

_
ngosu,
___
tSre
"
____
tSre lSng,
___

ngosu tSng
1
__
"Uk,
_
"angngi,
__

"olmu

__
thriwa,
___
kOndri 9H;
d
_____
chhinlap
| (SeeC |}
(SeeC 4
|
___
thangpo ngSnla

__
shrSk
"
__
drup 9Syn.C 3 ;
(SeeC =}
c (SeeC }
!
____
Opshok (SeeC Hc}


2@H
9 99 9
9
__
khyQpar (Syn.C H=}
9
____
pharak
9
_
yemu,
___
gya chQrmu
(Syn.C }
9
____
kha salmu
9
_
loJ
9 d
__
tshTrti
9 (SeeC s"}
9
___
shRngtok,
__
drelu
9 (SeeC }
9~
__
gomung,
__
gopyang

9d (SeeC 9}
9
_
thrau
9|
__
mSlcha
9|
__
phStrok
9 ~
__
"i9t;
9 4
__
gam
9 4
__
phu9t;

9 3
___
trTm
9
___
khO chOkpa,
__
chhOkpa
9 c (SeeC 3T}
9
__
Uni
9 ( M;
___
chRnni
9
_
ngarma

9

(SeeC 3$}
9
_
hTru
9 d
__
thalmu
9 ~ (SeeC 3d3}
9 1
__
phi9t; (Syn.C

}
9 1
_
throl
9
____
mentok
9 |
_
phTlkopi
9 d
_
tsOare, tsOara
9 d "
_
gyur
9

yanglong,
___
kyOrma
9
_
gyur
9 9
_
yang tang yang
9
__
pho9t;
9 (SeeC }
94
_
lSo
9
___
naksa,
_
kTpar 9H;
9 "
___
phSn tSng
9
_
phSn, fSn
9
_
tshSru
9
____
tshOa tsSk
94
_
kyTr
93
____
wa-ik


2@6

"
__
lRngka
s"
___
dramsa
3
__
kySp

_
Onga (Syn.C }
U s
_
tRu

H
__
"a-ar,
_
hOr
7
___
hama gaga,
____
mOma
gaga

__
dor?e
3
__
ySp (Syn.C }

__
chOJ

_
tshUr,

phQl,

phOr
3 (SeeC H=}
(SeeC }
d| ~
____
"atti pOr
d|
___
"atti
d
_
chSrpa,
______
troktrok

3
__
-o
=
_
tOri
=d "
_____
khO dam
=d " ( M;
____
gX chQ9t;
=d|
____
"andakopi
=d
___
mewak
9
__
sQrka,
__
chhaaram
|
_
rumang
d|
_
phRyap

___
shoo chhQmu (Syn.C H,
9 }
~
_
"ar,
__
chhe9t;
1
___
de9t;,
__
?u 9H;
|
__
num
|
_
holma

_
honpa

__
mang chQ
~

_____
nOagung chQrmu
|

(SeeC ||}
|
___
lhOngma
(SeeC 1}

_
thOr
ss|
_____
goni so
d
__
shrVk
(SeeC =}
7 (P" M;
___
khO thampu

__
chRng (Syn.C 1G "3}
3 U
__
phaawa
3= (SeeC s }

__
gam
4
__
kOndi, kQndi,
___
thTkpu

ra
|
_
ramu

__
tUk
s"
__
khuJ
"
___
gurkyok

U
__
phik
U| (U}
H
__
"aa-a
H
____
pOla gaga,
__

pUgaga,
__
gaga

2@0

_
lam,
___
phQplam 9H;
d 3
__
trR9t;,
___
lam den
(SeeC 4
" (SeeC ~}

____
lapsheJ
d
__
mTkpa,
__
shrRn
(SeeC dH }

__
hu thWJ,
___
kOtak,
_
__
kOmeJ
=
__
kyTwa
9
__
lOawa
s
____
minchung tSle

_
chOari

T
_
nari

_
kSrla
|
__
lotok

__
pheema

~
__
chQ9t;,
_
pSr
1
__
thrima

phRla

1
__
phR la thQn
|
____
chhapshi

__
phulum

(
_____
chTnyi
3 $
_____
nyRJ tsQ9t;,
__
tsQ9t;
3 $3
_____
nyRJ tshQ9t;,
__
tshQ9t;
3 $3
_
lSng
3 $
_____
khOmsang
3
__
sQn
H|

__
thrin
T (SeeC }

Us
__
khOtral
U3
_
dVng

H|
__
"i?uli,
__
tsRlam
d (SeeC U |}
=| " (SeeC }
9SeeC @;

__
natsa,
__
neJ,
___
nyTngshi
9H;

_
"er
|
__
nepu
|

_
na,
_
nyTng 9H;

__
"ermang
( H M;
__
lUngma
|
_____
khapchuJ

___
?e9t;
P (SeeC |}
1
__
khole kole
1 H
___
khole phQp

__
thropla

__
-a phTru
"
_____
-endi khyi
|
_
khung
|
_
phar
|
__
pharwa (Syn.C }
| (SeeC H"}
|
_
pharla
|
____
khal chRk,
____
nyishu
thOmpa

__
hO khoJ

__
genpa

| H
_____
thQptok

| =U
__
gama
@
____
sOnggye
@
_
rikpa

2@7
@
___
rikpa nGnpu
T
__
lhOkpa

____
-a lhOkpa

__
thOama

pOpa (Syn.C }

=U
__
gawa

_
gaa
@
____
dremu
7H (SeeC H}


___
khutuk

__
tsSng

_
thril

(SeeC }

_
gangpa

(SeeC 7}

__
chOngma


__
tshSngdi

rau
3
_
gel
4
_
khTr
H
___
phRkok

4|
__
pQm

__
"otal
=
__
phenpu

3
____
kQJ tSng,
__
guJ,
_
ren
| (SeeC H}
| "T
___
khO khu9t;
~
_
lap,
_____
lapsheJ khyi,
_
____
lapsheJ la9p;
~ ( M4
____
kha dimu

_
tshRlu
|
__
nyQnpu
||
__
nyQrmu
" (SeeC H|}

H
_
kyQa
(SeeC 9}


_
tshong

pRr
3H
__
raatuk

__
chOngku


2@4
H HH H
H s
_
goli
Hs
___
nyQrtsang

Hc
_
ram
H
_
khalu
H=7s

lU
H=d
__
sina
H=
_
si,
___
shQ9t;,
__
sTng
H7
___
demmi

H
_
kheng
H
___
khurmen

H
_
geng
H s
_
trOapa
H|
___
ngSoshi

H
__
chhSJ
H
___
chXJ
Hs ( M;
__
-ama
H
__
nWk
H3 (SeeC ~}
H3 (SeeC ~}
H3H (SeeC |}
H"
_
kOla, kOlda,
__
"andra
(Syn.C }
H
_
throo
H
_____
sSdi
H (SeeC }
H=
___
thapsang

H=
___
ma?en
H
__
gyagar
H|
__
gyagar
H| 3
_
rup
H|
_
khuru
H| ~
_
rup
H
__
thom
H
_
chhau,

hau
H
_____
tOmnyeJ
H (1| M4
____
nangtam (SeeC HH}

HH| (SeeC H|}
HH
__
lQnpa
H7
_
"ang
H
__
"ukla,
_
nangla
HH
__
tsOk
H=
__
Qwa
H
___
sarmu
H|s
____
mimtsok
Hs|
__
khSkpa,
___
sTp,
___
throta
H
__
?ung
H
___
chOanang
H
__
drukyul
H =d
__
drukpa
H (SeeC }
Hc
_
pW

H3
___
goo kSr
H
___
shrRndri
H " (SeeC "~| " }

H
__
thrQ9t;,
__
chSr 9h;,
__
?al
9H;

Hs
_
luk
H
__
-ompu
H
__
lhSwa

2@5
H
__
lhSwa lang
HH 9SeeC ;
HH
__
tUkpa

H
_
sala
Hl
__
khyOm
"
__
"alwa
H
_
thrTl


2H3

nga

__
melang

_
litsi
"=
____
lSngken
" T
____
mingmar

______
-a mingmar
H
_
rampu

___
sOnum
s
______
chhSsham
~
___
"otr luJ
(SeeC (}

__
phandring
1
_
dring
=
__
nyirmu


___
sQm
3
__
gaa,
__
nyQe 9H;
(SeeC }
=
_
ngOa,
__
mani

= H!
___
mSlam kySr,
__
__
mSlam dQn

__
mOpcha
H (SeeC }


__
phap


_
shR
"
_____
-opgyur gyaJ (Syn.C
3}

_
chhaa

___
kyOksang
(SeeC G }
U|
___
chhTrship
"
__
doprak

|
___
nOktsi
1
____
thrTl shQ9t;
"
__
khurmu

rang
| (SeeC "=}
c
____
khOk chhQrmu
c| (SeeC "}

laa, (-
9"}
___
dawa thangpu M dP
(9"-}
______
dawa
nyRwa M P (- }
_
____
dawa sTmpa M |
(- H}
_____
dawa ?iwa M
l (H-H}
___
_
dawa ngOwa M U l (H -
3}
____
dawa thrukpa M l
(3-Hd|}
_____
dawa
dinpa M Hl (Hd|-HH}
__
___
dawa gyepa M l
(HH- }
_____
dawa guwa
M dl ( - s}
__
___
dawa chTwa M 7l
( -}
_______
dawa
chTchikpa M (l (-}
_
_______
dawa chTnyiwa
| (SeeC H1}
|
_
thara


2HA
(SeeC "}
7 (SeeC 9 }

___
shrRngkongkong


_
lSng
U
_
nya

__
shSl

_
sO

_
yum 9H;

__
phama

__
kharkyang


_
mangnyung
(SeeC 74}


_
khala,
_
tQngla
7
___
yuu shQ9t;
|

_
nyQ
| ( 3 M4
___
mani
laakur
=U
_
mi
= (SeeC Hd " }

9 "
______
thSli shSk

__
O?ang
" (SeeC 3}
(SeeC d}

___
sQ9t;

___
dUkpu (Syn.C "G d}

" (SeeC "}

_
shU
(
___
khOpse

___
tshQrang,
___
tshQwa

___
kyOtang

__
thurmu

3
__
driJ

~d (SeeC 3 d}
~dH~d
___
chRkparang

~dH~d
___
chSkdra,
____
dokge,
__
dore,
_
nore

~
_
khQl
3
__
Sl,
_
shrQ

hol
U
__
khO khyongpu

_
kha,
_
shal 9H;
93
__
khO loJ,
_____

khOloJ tshRkloJ

____
khamdok

___
kha tshOndi
(SeeC }
=s
__
"akpa
"
__
chhuruk

9SeeC d}

___
khOmchu
(SeeC }

hoi
|
__
lTumu
d (SeeC }

_
lauk

____
musalman

_
phee

1
___
khOtsek
1s
____
lSmentang

__
shaldra

__
khuuwa

_
kT

__
mape

__
gyalam


_
lauk

2H2
~
__
chhSJ
~
_
rin,
_
gong

___
shRnpu
c
__
mishi
"H
____
druk gyaJ

ngare,

nye

(SeeC H}
(SeeC 9}

_____
"ak"ak gari

__
gyaamu
|
___
mutik
"
___
goo dung

(SeeC H ;
|
__
mauka
||
_
rengma
|
___
nOm

T (SeeC T}

2H@

3 (SeeC }
3
__
phar tshTr
3 H
___
phar tshTr dro

_
tshTr

_
dirang

|
___
yQtriJ, QtriJ
d
___
khaasiJ
(SeeC }

_
thaling


_
dee


__
yOk
|
__
drulwa
d "
__
thren
d
__
thraasa
|
__
diwa
@
___
mOk

_____
khySk phe-a

_
di
(SeeC H}

H
___
chhOrshi
|
__
kWp
| 3dH H3
_
throl
| 3dH H3 ( }
__

kyRptsa lang

_
thang, tang
H " 9SeeC 3G H " }
__

kySp
4|
__
Orak
"
_
dor
"
__
thrOk
s "3
___
tsR tSng
s
___
dok,
_
tshoo,
_
tsV

__
tsSm
H1
____
mQtsangge
H
_
nuru
=s
_
chQu
(SeeC H=d}

__
lhQrmu
d (SeeC }
H
___
d\J, diJ
H|
___
durmu
U
__
?oJ
Hd
__
gyalui phSdrang

H|
__
gyalsa
H
_
gyalu, gyalwu
7
___
gyalkap


__
nempi

___
nam shrSo

__
nWpla
|
__
nWp

_
maru
|
__
gyalmu
P|
________
khamdok -eemu,
____

-eemu (Syn.C =d}
P
_____
khamdok leemu (Syn.C
=d}
P

__
threJ
"
__
pQtsu

(SeeC 7}


2HH
"
____
mOrtum lang
"
____
mOrtum
d 3SeeC |}

__
khongtru,
__
nyYrmang
(Syn.C H}
3
__
nyYrmang lang,
__

khongtru lang,
_
lTng lang
d4 (SeeC =}
3
___
khongtru khyi,
___

nyYrmang khyi

__
phStrokpa
|H (SeeC }
d ~
__
ngulap chhSr

(SeeC P}
|
__
chhampa
|
____
gulcham
(SeeC H7}

ngu
= |
_
ngulap

(SeeC P}
(SeeC }

_____
nOpchi
F
_
dongpu
d "
__
shrVn
s

redio

rel
1 =
_
saang
7H1 "
_____
ngu-in dep
" (SeeC }, P "
__
-e,
____

-eneJ, U "
____
thripkyen,
"
___
khoneJ, U| "
___

moneJ
" (SeeC s}
"| (SeeC |}
7 (SeeC U=}
|
_
kWr

!
___
dep,
__
-uJ

__
khOchu (Syn.C }

2H6

| (SeeC }
"| (SeeC }
"3
_
doo (Syn.C ;
" (SeeC 9 9 }
"
___
khOmta
H (SeeC }
7H
__
trQngen
7H

_
ngotsha lang
(SeeC H4
|
__
laakam
s (SeeC @}

_
dril
"
__
?ara ?ire

(SeeC }
T
__
ySp
T3 (SeeC 3}

__
gokpa

_
thral
1
___
thraldriJ

____
lak chRk

_
phSJ
(SeeC d4G dd}

(SeeC dd

}
H
_
ngotsa
Hd|

___
khO khyQwa lang

____
lQnkyok,
__
khuuwa (Syn.C
}

_
hukpa

__
lOma,
__
thrawa

ringpu

____
khochetu
9SeeC =H;
"
__
lRkpa

ling
(SeeC HH}
!
___
dampak

4
_
yip

__
chhakpa

_
kSng

___
tsRwa
U
__
thriJ (Syn.C }
d
_
duri

__
khySwa

- -- -11|
__
nangtsang

yal
H (SeeC =H}
H
_
dorpa,
____
ngOmsak
H|
___
sQrna chhQ

___
khu thokpu
|
___
pherkok, pharok
~3 (SeeC 4}

2H0

3 (SeeC H=}
H "
___
naatriJ
1 (SeeC }
" (SeeC }

lo,
_
kyRlo,
HH"
__
druklo,

yolo, s
_

tOlo, d
_
trQllo,
__
_
chhiwa lota, "
_
lOnglo,
"
__
phaklo,
_
chhalo, Hs
_
luklo,

_
drullo,
__

tUklo

__
nangsu

__
chharwa
~
__
tshTlim
=
__
sSoka
1
__
chOalak
d| (SeeC }
ss "
__
goo

___
kyTngma
"
__
khQ ling

_
ro"lang
s
__
pharnang
( M;
___
tshTr khQn
ss"
_
walung
~ (SeeC }

_____
nOasam,
___
gongpa
"
__
nSo
d |
__
chhRgya
|
____
getruk

___
Rskul
3cd =
___
lSkkang

__
yusim

___
khyitang
H=
_______
nOmin nOtsok
(SeeC (HH}
1
________
nOmdru "apsa
"
_
ngoloJ

(SeeC

4
d
___
khOndap
d (SeeC 1}
___
gyaktre
d " (SeeC $"s "4
| (SeeC }
Hd (SeeC HdG "|4
7 (SeeC }
+
__
thepa (Syn.C c}
+ " (SeeC c " }
+ (SeeC Hd}
+
____
khO tQrmu

__
thWk
|
_
pUu

|
__
pOmu

|
__
tshOm
d
___
kyVrtumpa
@
____
drewu
1 T

phTru

__
chhQemu

7
___
tshQnrikpa

2H7
3
_
ren
| (SeeC }
| (SeeC " H(G " =U }
1 " (SeeC | " }
1
___
thra drikpu
1
__
threlmu
F
____
drel shQJ
|
_
tshongpa

2H4


___
shTk (Syn.C H}
|
____
Sng chhQn"u

___
thQsum (Syn.C (}

_
thung

(SeeC | "}


__
drU
T
__
pQnpa


____
-a pQnpa

____
Tna
9SeeC ;
|
______
kyOpchGlwa
d
__
tQn, tGn

|
_____
kTsuk
|
__
-uu

phTngpu,

rX
=
___
khTsimpu
=
___
shide
=
____
nOawa kyRrmu
H
____
lSpGn, lSwen (Syn.C "}
H
____
gergen
H (SeeC 7}
(SeeC ! }

___
phe-a (Syn.C }


___
lSoma
|
__
silwa
H T
__
pOsang

H
____
-a pOsang
=
__
sTna
H d
___
thuuchen
H
______
trOshi dele

__
shOrwa

____
mSta
|s
____
tsQnden
||
___
phermiJ,
__
chhermu

2H5

"

loola
""
__
mutsang

"
_
mula
$ (SeeC d;
" (SeeC ~}
H d 3
__
sTngma
H
____
shrRndu laaka
H "
____
shrTngkyop khyi

___
-amling

__
se9t; (Syn.C

}
4|
_
ngoma

4
__
thTp,
_
khyQ,
__
sin

H
____
goo thQnpu,
__
?Gnpu
H
_
gorpu
"
____
chhamo lOngma
3
___
ySkpu khyi
F
___
threngka

__
thrungyik
H H
_
yeete
H
______
tOp dimu,
___
lee
lOmu,
____
-o lOmu


__
tshOp
s (SeeC }
s (SeeC }

rWl

_
kha (Syn.C }
d|
___
khalpera shi,
_____

dinchu
c
_
hutung,
___
denpa (Syn.C
}

_____
chTpdin
d
____
phQnsem
d
___
namsang

__
namlang,
__
tOkpa
= U
___
thOngpu weJ
=?
_
thOngpu ye
=

(SeeC P

}
=
__
pRn
= (SeeC |}
=d
_
len
d U
____
mRlam thSng

__
mRlam,
___
nOlam 9H;
(SeeC }
9
___
sOlmu,
___
tsQngge
9
___
tsOngdra
H=d
__
shok

_
gaire,
__
yWk,
_
gangpu,
_
tQri

|
_
naala
( M4
_
yin ringpu


_
"ela

_
gor
(SeeC "}

H
__
-Vm
H H"
_
-ilung
(SeeC 3G }

(SeeC

}

___
kOmitri

___
gyamtsu

263

_
tshX
(SeeC ""}
T$ H3
___
threnta lang

T$ " (SeeC d " }
Td
_
nor
T
__
drelwa
T U
__
tjn
T (SeeC }
T
__
sOk

T
_____
tsRtap

__
khal ngU,
____
say chRk

__
sOrkar
d
__
sOrdar
(SeeC }
!
______
mSta gyaJ

rul
"
_
thulu
(
___
tsOkdra
~ (SeeC ~}
~
__
metang
~ d
____
thronggu khyi
| (SeeC }

__
mem
1
__
khQmu
|
___
-epa
|
____
chhQdru
" " (SeeC d}
"
___
gyaptsa

" "
____
dal-a khyi (Syn.C
d}
"| (SeeC }

_
rYsa

" 3
____
gak thokpu
"
__
thokpu


__
saampa

__
ngotokM
__
limik


_
hutung
$
___
gomu

__
sOykal
H|
_
pOngpu

"
__
tshQrma

___
chOatak
$
__
pRma
(SeeC 9 }

_
?Y
|
____
khal sTm
|
___
thrukchu

___
din

(SeeC }
(H 3 M;
__
tsOmpa

__
threnpa
(SeeC ";
-
_
shorla
|
___
dal-a
d (SeeC }

___
thaap

___
kyTma
(SeeC |}
|
___
trRngme

__
trRkpe
"s| (SeeC 4
| d
__
nyO
|
__
nyQn,
__
kyRn
| (SeeC }


26A
"
___
khTngkyol

__
gyaawi

T| (SeeC 1}
3
__
"oJ
=
____
?iktenpa


__
tshOsi


__
pS9t; (Syn.C T}

__
Tu
=
____
Tu thQn
9
____
Tu tSng

__
Rwi

1| d
____
tshOrche9t;
(SeeC H}
"
_
nuu

___
lSpsheJ
( (SeeC s}
"
___
nOp

__
sQnggi
3
__
lSp
|
__
kyRrewa

1
__
thTndi
4
__
lSp (Syn.C H=4
s
___
Orkyok
H
__
tsSkpu

___
thQka

(SeeC =}
(SeeC }
=
__
pSorang

___
khOamu

|
_
pTlis,
____
mOkmi

_____
sOntsam

__
kha p
-s
__
maltur
|
__
ngOatri
(
___
tshQm"u
3
___
tsQm

_
shQl
1
__
sayok, saye
| H
_____
tsSkpu de9t;
| U
___
tsSkpu lSng
| (SeeC dH}
"
__
phakpa

3
__
gem
4
__
khem
(SeeC H=d}
F
__
kOmpu

$ (SeeC ~}
$
___
thronggu
$ d (SeeC ~ d}
4
__
chhOkla

3
_
nySl

c |
___
kyQsuk
H
____
-im (Syn.C ~}

___
leewa tSng

__
sQr
=d (SeeC PG P|}
=
_
khoo,
_
thSo
__
nyen,
___
sQn
9H;

__
daa

H
___
tQrmu (Syn.C |}

"
___
go -u9t;

_
go

___
kOanam
3 (SeeC =

}
|
__
thUma


262
|
___
chharkyak
~
__
naalokpa
7H (SeeC 1}
1 1 (SeeC }
-11 (SeeC H}
3 d
___
pOmu,
_____
ngOmsik


___
sOngyur
|

raa
(SeeC }
T
__
kyOdingngi

__
kOru

__
ySkpu,
__
lOwa,
___
_
shapchi
" (SeeC 3}
(SeeC " }
$ (SeeC }

_
thri,
_
shu 9h;

____
-a dawa

__
shSrung
1
__
thVm

(
___
chTruk
1
___
chSrten

1|
_____
shichaawa
1
___
tsSkge
19
__
shQldo
13
_
shUu
14
__
shOkpa
1
__
kyRpchang
1U (SeeC 9}
1H
___
mishi
1"
_
lhQyul
1"

__
throng 9H;
11 (SeeC H}
1d
_
throo
1d
__
shimpu
11 || (SeeC H14
1| (SeeC H}

26@

3
_____
gotro lSng

_
sXr
H
____
ha-ar chRk
H (SeeC H}
s|
__
rukok

_
riwa

__
lakcha

____
tshGncha
c
___
lakpi thRl
c
__
shQnpa
|s
_
thoo
(SeeC "| " }
!3 (SeeC "| " }

__
sOatal,
___
hOpta

__
ngTrmu,
__
?angmu

__

khangsang

9Syn.C 77}

(SeeC 7 7}
"
_
yengge
~
___
kQlok,
___
kQdra,

hur,
_

hO le
~3
_
gul

___
lase, lase lase, laa lase 9Syn.C
=U

}
(HH
____
nOmdru
1H (SeeC H U}
1s (SeeC d| d}
"
_
yUlak
3
____
gotra lang
1
_____
gotra khyi
" "
___
lakpa gyaJ
d
___
lakpa tSng

_
lakpa,
__
chhOk 9H; (Syn.C
|

}

__
kOnglak
d|
_
lOngpu
d| d
__
lOngpesa

___
nyQn
9~
_
chhong
|
__
ngiwa,
_
ngirang,
___

dakpu,

horong
P
_
ngire,

hore

__
phampu


__
pham
~
_
luJ

__
lhOawa,
__
hWrtuk,
_
lTng
|
______
nOmshi
" (SeeC 3}
3
_
khaa
3
___
khaa gyaJ
3 d
___
gunpu
H |
____
dang nempi
H
__
dang


__
khangri

___
sQrken

_
ru

__
hRmalaya
"
____
tsRi gyaJ

_
gyi

26H
=U

___
gyiwiJ (Syn.C }
|

(SeeC }

__
hTlak
1

(SeeC d}
d
_
nyRng,
____
thTusem 9H;

____
nyOpcho

_
lhU
T H
_
yolmo
!
____
hQli kOptar
H (SeeC H}

___
mOmu
7 ~
___
mOara tSng
(SeeC }
3
___
hSn tSr
|
__
chOkpu

| "
___
chOkpu khyi



266

















Appendices

260

267
Appendi2 1 Transliteration
The principle of transliteration is that each letter of the Sam"hota script 9the Ti"etan script
developed "y Thonmi Sam"hota; is represented "y a letter 9or sometimes "y two or three letters; of
the Latin alpha"et. The simplest and most commonly used transliteration system is that developed "y
Turrell >ylie 9>ylie A567;. An advantage of this system is that it has "een adopted for use in E>ylie
>ordF, a Ti"etan fontconverter created "y the Ti"etan and Himalayan %igital Li"rary 9TH%L
7
;,
hosted "y the University of Iirginia. >ith this tool, a user can highlight a span of te#t transliterated
using the >ylie system and the Latin alpha"et, and immediately convert it to the Sam"hota script 9or
vice versa;.
4

>hile transliteration ena"les the reader to recogni-e the spelling of a word, it gives no
straightforward indication of how the word is pronounced in any particular Ti"etic language. 1or that,
we use a romani-ation system, with diacritic sym"ols added to indicate the tones.
,n the ta"le "elow, the romani-ed pronunciation is shown in plain te#t, while the >ylie
transliteration is shown in italics.
Ta#le 110 Sam#hota alpha#etG romani"ed pronunciationG and X$lie transliteration
_
kO ka
_
khO kha
_
kha ga

nga nga
_
chO cha
_
chhO cha
_
chha ja
_
nya nya
_
tO ta
_
thO tha
_
ta da
_
na na

pO pa

phO pha
_
pha ba
_
ma ma
_
tsO tsa
_
tshO tsha
_
-a dza
_
wa $a
_
sha zha
_
sa za

ha +a

ya ya

ra ra

la la
_
shO sha
_
sO sa
_
hO ha
_
O a


As an e#ample, the Sherpa word
___
P"rainJ is transliterated in the >ylie system as klad da.
Here, each letter of the Sam"hota script directly corresponds to a letter in the Latin scriptC the first
letter
_
corresponds to k, "eneath it is the letter

transliterated as l, the vowel a is marked "y default,

7
www.thdl.org
4
>ylie >ord is availa"le for free download from the TH%L we"site, www.thdl.org. ,t is a )icrosoft >ord template with a
Iisual =asic macro which can "e used in the >indows operating system. The Ti"etan fonts re+uired for use can also "e
downloaded from the TH%L site. >ylie >ord uses a slightly modified form of the >ylie system, which is referred to as the
E!#tended >ylie Transliteration SchemeF, or !>TS.

264
then comes the suffi#ed letter
_
transliterated as d. This is followed "y a space, which corresponds to
the dot used in the Sam"hota script to show sylla"le "oundaries. The ne#t sylla"le consists of the
letter d again, with the default vowel a. >riting klad da is e#actly e+uivalent to
___
M indeed, using
>ylie >ord, one can convert automatically "ack and forth "etween Sam"hota script and the >ylie
system in the Latin alpha"et.
As mentioned a"ove, it is important to remem"er that the >ylie transliteration does not
indicate the pronunciation of a word. 1or the pronunciation a romanization system is re+uired. The
romani-ed pronunciation is shown "etween slanted lines. So, for e#ample, the word
___
klad da is
pronounced :lQta: in Sherpa. The transliteration klad da indicates the spelling, while the romani-ation
:lQta: indicates the modern pronunciation.


265
Appendi2 Qhoosing a script for Sherpa
*ver the years, there has "een considera"le de"ate a"out the choice of script "est suited for the
transcription of Ti"eto=urman languages spoken in &epal, which of course includes Sherpa. Some of
these languages have come to "e written using the %evanagari script. These include )agar, Dolmo,
8irel, 'urung, Lhomi, and Tamang
5
. According to (ham"erlain 9233HC 57;, Efar fewer Zlanguages[
have "een developed using the Ti"etan script
A3
, "ut include work in )ugom and SherpaF.
&oonan 92336; notes that EUntil recently, Sherpa was written mostly in the Ti"etan
AA
script,
usually with (lassical Ti"etan spellings. /ecent pu"lications though are likely to "e in the %evanagari
script. There is a weekly newspaper, numerous teachyourself Sherpa te#ts using %evanagari in
varying degrees, and an online dictionary, along with some literary pu"lications. An informal standard
has "een emerging using moreorless standard &epali orthographic conventions and thus failing to
fully accommodate the phonological structure of the language.F
Some Sherpa glossaries and prover"s have indeed "een pu"lished in the %evanagari script. The
main reason for this is that the authors are mostly young Sherpa speakers who mastered written &epali
in school, "ut relatively few of them have had the opportunity to learn the Sam"hota script.
The Sherpa elite, however, generally support the use of the Sam"hota script. 'yurme (hodrak
92334;, under the guidance of Tengpoche /inpoche, the a""ot of Tengpoche monastery, has compiled
the Sherpa Dictionary# Shar pai tshig mdzod chen mo kun gsal me long in Sam"hota script, which is
thus far the most complete Sherpa language resource.
(ham"erlain 9233H; mentions a cooperative effort "etween the Sherpa Association 9a Sherpa
social organi-ation in 7athmandu; and the 7orea /esearch ,nstitute for Languages and (ulture. The
7orean team proposed the use of "oth Ti"etan and %evanagari to write Sherpa. Speaking generally
a"out Ti"eto=urman languages spoken in &epal, Turin 9233HC 7; wrote EThe advantage of Ti"etan
Z...[ is that the script at least derives from a language in the same language family 9Ti"eto=urman; as
many of &epalJs indigenous and unwritten languages.F ,n the case of Sherpa and even )ugom,
though, we are not only dealing with Ti"eto=urman languages, or even with =odic languages, "ut

5
See =.L. (ham"erlainJs ).A. thesis 9233H; C EThe 7henkha orthographyC developing a language in Ti"etan scriptal
environmentF. The 'raduate ,nstitute of Applied Linguistics. %allas, Te#as. 97henkha is a =odic language spoken in
=hutan.;
A3
,t refers to Sam"hota script in the present dictionary.
AA
See note previous note.

203
with languages "elonging specifically to the 0ibetic family
A2
, i.e., languages directly derived from
*ld Ti"etan and closely related to (lassical Literary Ti"etan.
Thus, there is a huge difference "etween Sherpa and, for e#ample, Tamang or even )anangi,
which are =odic 9and even =odish; "ut not Ti"etic languages. Sherpa, "eing directly derived from *ld
Ti"etan, has in its voca"ulary and its grammar regular correspondences with (lassical Literary
Ti"etan. Thus it is possi"le, in more than 56n of cases, to find the Literary refle# of a Sherpa word,
or, conversely, to derive the Sherpa word from a given Literary form. This is generally impossi"le in
Tamang and )anangi, which are not Ti"etic languagesM in these cases, even when correspondences
can "e identified, they are often highly irregular.
Another o"vious advantage to the use of the Sam"hota script to transcri"e the Ti"etic languages
of &epal is that it "etter suits their phonology than does %evanagari.
&epali phonology does not oppose palatal and dentalalveolar affricates and fricatives. Thus the
%evanagari letter cha may "e freely pronounced like either the PchJ in cheese or the PtsJ in cats 9in
"oth cases without aspiration;. The same is true of the letter U chh, which may "e freely
pronounced like either the PchJ in cheese or the PtsJ in cats 9in "oth cases with a strong aspiration;.
Similarly, the letter H ja may "e freely pronounced like either the P?J in jug or the Pd-J in adze.
These variations are trivial, and do not signify any difference in meaning in &epali.
,n Ti"etic languages, on the other hand, the opposition "etween :cha: and :tsa: 9as well as :chha:
vs! :tsha:, and :?a: vs! :d-a:
A@
; is contrastive. They cannot "e freely varied, "ecause a difference in
sound makes a difference in meaning. ,n the Sam"hota alpha"et, these different sounds are
represented "y different graphemesC
_
:chO: vs!
_
:tsO:M
_
:chhO: vs!
_
:tshO:M
_
:chha: vs!
_
:tsha:. 1or
e#ample, chha PteaJ versus tshO PsaltJ.
Another source of confusion is the a"sence of an opposition "etween the si"ilants :sa: and
:sha:
AH
since these two letters sound the same in collo+uial &epali. The corresponding Ti"etan letters

A2
The classification of Sherpa isC Ti"eto=urmanC =odicC =odishC Ti"etic C Sherpa. The term Ti"eto=urman refers to a
macrofamily of more than @63 languages, while the terms =odic and =odish refer respectively to groups and su"groups of
the T= macrofamily. Ti"etic languages, which are also commonly referred to as ETi"etan dialectsF or sometimes E(entral
=odishF, constitute again a su"group of the =odish group and are very closely related "ecause they all derive from *ld
Ti"etan. To take a comparison, although it is true that !nglish "elongs to the ,ndo!uropean macrofamily, it is much more
informative to say that it "elongs to the >est group of the 'ermanic family.
A@
,n the ,nternational $honetic Alpha"et 9,$A;, these sounds correspond to the sym"ols written in "racketsC ch [t], chh
[th], j [d], ts [ts], tsh [tsh], dz [dz].
AH
,n ,$AC s [s], sh []. >ritten &epali distinguishes these sounds "ut collo+uial &epali does not.

20A
_
:sO: and
_
:shO: are always distinguished. ,n Ti"etan
_
:sO: means Pland, placeJ, while
_
:shO:
means PmeatJ.
Thus the Sam"hota alpha"et is "etter suited for the transcription of Ti"etic languages spoken in
&epal 9and elsewhere; "ecause it uses different letters for different sounds in cases where %evanagari
may use the same letter for different sounds. The Sam"hota alpha"et makes the distinctions which are
relevant to the spoken Ti"etic languages.
1inally, the Sam"hota alpha"et has a long tradition of use for the transcription of tone
languages. =ased on esta"lished conventions, a reader will know immediately, from the letters at the
"eginning of a sylla"le, whether the sylla"le should "e pronounced with a high or low tone. This is not
the case for %evanagariM since %evanagari has not traditionally "een used to write tone languages,
there are no esta"lished and widely accepted conventions, and each author may make his or her own
decisions. 1or e#ample, 8irel, a tone language closely related to Sherpa, has "een recently transcri"ed
using the %evanagari script "y !sther Strahm and Anita )ai"aum 92336;. The authors have decided
not to mark the tones for 8irel, e#cept when they are contrastive 9They indicate the tones only in the
romani-ation;. Tones that are not contrastive are not marked at all. The conse+uence is that when a
native speaker of 8irel reads a te#t in %evanagari, s:he can produce the right tones only if s:he already
knows the words.
A6

,n conclusion, the use of the %evanagari script for Sherpa 9and for other closely related
languages such as 8irel; K unless adapted according to a general consensus K would produce a great
deal of confusion "etween the palatal and dental affricate series 9ts vs! ch;, as well as "etween high
and low tones.
Apart from the a"ove linguistic arguments, the choice of the Sam"hota script over the
%evanagari script for the transcription of Sherpa is also motivated "y historical, cultural, and religious
factors. Sherpas share Ia?rayana =uddhism K the dominant religion of the region K with Ti"etans and
other ethnic groups in Ladakh, =hutan, and Sikkim. The core te#ts of this religion are written using
the Sam"hota script. The Sherpa also share with Ti"etans other fundamental aspects of culture such as
food, traditional architecture, medicine, way of life, etc. >hile the Sherpa people have developed their
own uni+ue and ro"ust identity, they also share considera"le cultural and linguistic affinity with other
Himalayan communities such as Dolmo, &u"ri, %olpo, )ugum, Lopas, etc.
A0
. The choice of the
Sam"hota script as a common writing system will not only preserve the Sherpa language "ut also
strengthens ties with the other Himalayan groups.

A6
There is no rule that the 8irel reader can use to infer the tones from the %evanagari spelling.
A0
All these communities speak Ti"etic languages.

202
Appendi2 ! The main phonological and morphological characteristics of the
Sherpa language

,n this Appendi# we descri"e some of the main phonological and morphological characteristics
of Sherpa, primarily "y contrasting them with (lassical Literary Ti"etan and )odern Standard
Ti"etan. 1or Sherpa speakers, this section will facilitate the learning of Literary Ti"etan, the language
in which the Ia?rayana =uddhist canon is written. (onversely, for Ti"etan speakers, it will facilitate
the learning of Sherpa, or will simply give a "etter understanding of the relationship "etween Sherpa
and Ti"etan. The "asic voca"ulary is common to the two languages, and in most cases, when a Sherpa
word has a different origin from its e+uivalent in Standard Spoken Ti"etan or modern LTsang
dialects, it nevertheless still has a cognate in (lassical Literary Ti"etan. The only e#ceptions are a few
"orrowings from &epali, !nglish, or neigh"ouring Ti"eto=urman languages.
The phonological and morphological differences "etween Sherpa and Standard Spoken Ti"etan
are +uite limited. They are most significant in the area of ver"al morphology, which is discussed in
section @ "elow.

1. !he phonemic system
The chart "elow shows the correspondences "etween the romani-ation used to indicate Sherpa
pronunciation in this dictionary, and the pronunciation as indicated "y the ,nternational $honetic
Alpha"et 9the ,$A;. >hen the romani-ation sym"ol is different from the ,$A, the ,$A sym"ol is
shown in s+uare "rackets. >hen there are two ,$A sym"ols in s+uare "rackets 9as for ", & and h;, it
means that the letter corresponding to romani-ation may freely "e pronounced in two different ways.

20@
Ta#le 10 Sherpa Qonsonants
La"ial %ental alveolar /etrofle# $alatal Ielar 'lottal
voiceless p t
tr Z[ k$ Zc[
k
% Z[
aspirated ph th
thr Zh[ kh$ Zch[
kh
Plosive
Boiced # d
dr Z[
g$ Z[
g
voiceless ts
ch Zt[

=ffricate
aspirated tsh
chh Zth[

voiceless s
shr Z[ sh Z[

h Zh/[
Cricative
voiced

" Zz/dz[
r
& Z/d[

voiceless

lh Z[

Lateral
voiced l
<asal
voiced
m n
n$ Z[
ng Z[

9lide
voiced w
$ Zj[


The Sherpa consonants distinguish the following places of articulationC "ila"ial, dental alveolar,
retrofle#, palatal, velar, and glottal. (oncerning the manner of articulation, the plosives 9e#cepted for
the glottal; e#hi"it a systematic opposition "etween voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and
voiced unaspirated sounds. 1or the affricates there is an opposition "etween voiceless unaspirated and
voiceless aspirated. 1or the fricatives 9e#cept for the glottal; and the laterals, there is an opposition
"etween voiceless and voiced. There are four places of articulation for nasalsC la"ial, dental, palatal,
and velar. There are two glidesC la"ial and palatal.
The romani-ation indicating the pronunciation of Sherpa vowels is shown in the chart "elow.
>here appropriate, the ,$A sym"ols are also indicated.

Ta#le 1!0 Sherpa Eowels
front central #ack
unrounded rounded rounded
closed i \ Zy[ u
medium e Ze/[ G Z[ o Zo/[
open a Z/![


20H
2. honological correspondences of Literary !i#etan in Sherpa
As mentioned in the ,ntroduction, the Sherpa language is derived from *ld Ti"etan, a language
spoken at the time of the Ti"etan !mpire
A7
, more than one thousand years ago. Since *ld Ti"etan is
very closely related to (lassical Literary Ti"etan
A4
, it is very convenient to compare Sherpa and
Literary Ti"etan to understand the evolution of the Sherpa language. >e find regular phonological
correspondences or Prefle#esJ of Literary Ti"etan in modern Sherpa. Some of the correspondences are
common to other modern dialects particularly those of Tsang and To dialects "ut some are specific to
Sherpa.
,n the following section, we will give an overview of the specific phonological innovations of
the Sherpa language.
,t is important to note that spellings in the modern Ti"etic languages such as Standard Ti"etan
9or PLhasa Ti"etanJ;, Ladakhi, %-ongkha, Lhoke 9Sikkimese; try to preserve the traditional spelling
used in Literary Ti"etan. 'yurme (hodrak 92334;, our coauthor, has followed the same principle in
his Sherpa dictionary of the Sherpa language.
The advantage of preserving as much as possi"le the traditional spelling used in Literary
Ti"etan is that it shows how Sherpa is not only derived from *ld Ti"etan "ut is still very closely
related to Literary Ti"etan and to modern Ti"etic languages or dialects.
,n the section "elow, the e#amples are presented in the following wayC first, comes the Literary
word, followed "y its >ylie transliterationM then the adapted Sherpa spelling is shown, followed "y its
romani-ation, indicating the pronunciation.

2.1 Suffi'ed letters
,n Literary Ti"etan, the suffi#ed letters
_
ga,

nga,
_
na,
_
ba,
_
ma#

ra,

la,
_
da# and
_
sa,
A5
correspond to sounds that were still pronounced at the end of a sylla"le in *ld Ti"etan as :k:G
:ng:G :n:G :p:G :m:G :r:G :l:G :t:G and :s:, respectively. >ith the e#ception of :s: and :t: 9in most
cases;, Sherpa has preserved all of the suffi#ed consonants.
_
ga,

nga,
_
na,
_
ba,
_
ma,

ra, and

la are still pronounced, respectively:k:G :ng:G :n:G :p:G :m:G :r:G and :l:. This is in contrast with

A7
The Ti"etan !mpire 97th5th centuries; encompassed a large portion of (entral Asia, e#tending from the "order of
Afghanistan to )ongolia. ,t controlled for some decades the Silk /oad and the Tarim =asin. ,t even con+uered for a short
while (hangJan, the capital of (hina at that time 9nowadays oiJan;.
A4
Hence we simply use the term PLiterary Ti"etanJ to refer to the (lassical Literary language.
A5
The italics does not refer to the pronunciation of the letter "ut to a transliteration that reflects the way (lassical Ti"etan was
pronounced..

206
)odern Standard Spoken Ti"etan 9or PLhasa Ti"etanJ;, though, where the suffi#ed consonants
_
ga,

ra,

la,
_
sa, and
_
da have "asically disappeared and are no longer pronounced.
The Literary Ti"etan suffi#ed letter

nga 9sometimes followed "y the second suffi#ed letter

_

sa; is often pronounced :ng: in Sherpa, "ut in many cases it is simply dropped.
E!C
__
zangs p
_
:saa: PcopperJ,
__
rlangs pa p
__
:lOawa: PsteamJ,
__
btsong p
__
:tsSo: Pto sellJ 9past;,
___
dgong mo p
___
:gomu: PeveningJ
The com"ination
__
gs in the final position of a word in Literary Ti"etan often disappears in
Sherpa, "ut triggers lengthening of the preceding vowel.
E!C
___
lcags p
_
:chOa: Pmetal, ironJ,
___
rtags p
_
tOa Psign, "randJ,
___
sngags p
_
:ngOa: PmantraJ
>hen the suffi#ed letter
_
ga 9or the com"ination
__
gs; at the end of one sylla"le of a
word is followed "y a nasal
_
ma at the "eginning of the ne#t sylla"le of the word,
_
ga 9or
__
gs; is
usually nasali-ed. Since this phonological rule K nasal assimilation, in which the velar plosive :k:
changes to a velar nasal :ng: K is +uite general and natural, we note it in the romani-ation "ut not in
the spelling, and preserve the traditional orthography.
E!C
___
lhag ma D :lhOngma: PleftoverJ,
____
rtags ma p :tOngma: PmedalJ,
___
skyug
ma p :kyTngma: PnauseaJ,
___
nyag ma p :nyangma: Pstrand 9of hair;JG
___
sog ma p
:sSngma: PstrawJ,
____
mig mar p :mingmar: P)arsJ, PTuesdayJ, as well as a personJs
name
The suffi#ed letter
_
sa has entirely disappeared in Sherpa K that is, it is never pronouncedM this
is also the case in most other Ti"etic languages. ,t has "een replaced "y lengthening of the preceding
vowel. ,n some rare cases the disappearance of
_
sa may also trigger a change 9umlaut; in the
preceding vowel. ,n our spelling, we use the

+a to indicate the vowel length which has replaced

_

sa.
E!C
__
nas p
_
:naa: P"arleyJ,
_
ras p

:raa: PcottonJ,
__
spos p
_
:pSo: PincenseJ
The suffi#ed letter
_
da has also generally disappeared in final position, "ut has left in its place
a glottal stopM sometimes it also modifies the preceding vowel C a# o ":e:. The other vowels u# i# and e

200
do not change when they are followed "y
_
da. The shift from o p e in Sherpa is a specific and
unusual innovation, though it is also found in some 7ham dialects
23
C
E!C
__
bod p
__
:pheJ: PTi"etJ,
__
stod p
__
:tQJ: Pupper placeJ,
___
stod thung p
__
_
:tQtung: P?acketJ,
_
yod p
__
weJ PhaveJ,
___
bzod pa p
___
:-epa:
,n Sherpa ver"al morphology, however, the final
_
da is preserved with some of the ver"
suffi#es which indicate various tenses C
E!C
____
bcad pa yin D
_____
:chQttin: P, have cutJ,
__
phud pa yin D
___

:pRttin: P, have taken offJ
>hen the dental alveolar suffi#ed letter
_
da is followed "y a second sylla"le "eginning with
the la"ial consonant
_
ma or

pa, the refle# of da usually "ecomes :r:.

2A

E!C
___
skyid mo p
__
'kyRrmu: PpleasantJ,
__
Pdod pa D
_
:dorpa: PdesireJ,
__
__
bud med p
___
:phermiJ: PwifeJ,
____
bdud mo p
___
:durmu: Pfemale
demonJ
The change 9umlaut; a# o ":e: triggered "y the suffi#
_
da is also triggered "y the suffi#
_

na
22
!
E! C
__
dpon po p
__
:pQnpu: PchiefJ,
__
bon po p
__
:phenpu: P=on religion,
adept of =on
__
zhon p
__
:?en: Pto rideJ,
__
ston p
__
:tQn: PautumnJ,
__
g!yon
pa p
__
yQnpa PleftJ,
___
phyi la thon p
__
:phR la thQn: Pgo outJ,
__
son p
__
:sQn: PseedJ,
__
smyon pa p
__
:nyQnpu: Pcra-yJ,
___
mthon po p
___

:thQnpu: PhighJ,
____
mgo thon po p
____
:goo thQnpu: Pindependent 9person;J
2@

>hen the dentalalveolar suffi#
_
na is followed "y a second sylla"le "eginning with a la"ial
_
ma, the refle# also yields :r:. The nasal
_
na undergoes dissimilation
2H
from the following nasal
_
ma, and as a result loses its nasali-ation and "ecomes :r:.

23
>e give here only e#amples of the o ":e: refle# since the other refle# a p :e: is also found in most LTsang dialects and
is not specific to Sherpa.
2A
,t seems to "e the case with all the vowels 9open or closed;M however, we do not have e#amples with the open vowel :a:.
22
>e only mention here the case of the refle# o p e, since it is specific. The refle# a p e is found in many other modern
Ti"etic languages. 1or e#amples of this latter refle# see the dictionary.
2@
1or the two last words, the pronunciations :nyonpu: and thonpu: are also heard.
2H
A phenomenon also found in =alti language 9&orthern $akistan;, which is also derived from *ld Ti"etan.

207
E!C
___
rkun ma p
__
:kTrma: PthiefJ,
____
dkon mo
26
p
___
:kSrmu: PscarceJ,
___
_
brtan mo p
___
:tQrmu: Psta"le, steadyJ,
___
snyan mo p
__
:nyQrmu:
PinterestingJ,
___
nyin mo p
__
:nyirmu : Pnoon, middayJ
2.2 -nitial consonant clusters
>e now consider initial consonant clusters. As discussed in the ,ntroduction, the prefi#ed and
superscri"ed letters of Literary Ti"etan are silent in Sherpa, as they are in Standard Ti"etan and the
7ham languages. However, in some cases the initial clusters of Literary Ti"etan have produced a
transformation of the radical consonant in Sherpa.
Among the initial clusters, we find an innovation not reported in other Ti"etic languages and
thus apparently uni+ue to Sherpa. This concerns the com"ination
_
lta, which is produced as
_
lhO
in Sherpa.
E!C
_
lta D
_
lhU Pto look at, to watchJ,
___
ltogs D
__
lhSwa PhungryJ
*ther innovative refle#es include the com"inations
_
sbra and
_
sgra, which in Sherpa are
"oth reduced simply to

:ra:.
E! C
_
s#rul p

:rul: PsnakeJ,
__
s#rang":rtsi; p

:rang: PhoneyJ,
__
s#rang ma p
_
:rengma: PflyJ 9insect;,
_
s#rel p

:rel: Pto tieJ,

__
s#ran p
_
:ren: Pto call
for helpJ,
__
sgrug p
_
:ruJ: Pto collectJ,
___
sgrogs p
_
:roJ: Pto readJ
The com"inations
_
py,
_
phy, and
_
by yield two different kinds of refle#es. >hen followed
"y a front vowel 9i or e;, the refle#es yield "ila"ial plosivesC :pQ:, :phQ:, :phe:, :"e: or :pR:, :phR:, :phi:,
:"i:. Such correspondences are also found north of the &epalTi"et "order, among the TG dialects.
>hen followed "y a central or "ack vowel 9u, o, a;, the com"inations
_
py,
_
phy, and
_
by yield
affricate refle#es :chO:, :chhO:, :chha:, and :?a:.
20

!#amples with the vowels i and e C
__
#ye ma p
__
:pheema: PsandJ,
__
#yi ba p
_

:phee: PratJ,
_
phye p

:phQe: PflourJ,
__
#yis :pa; p
___
:phe-a: PchildJ,
__
phying ba
p
_
:phingpa: PfeltJ,
__
phyin p
__
:phin: Pto goJ 9past;,
__
s#yin p
__
:"in: Pto giveJ
9past;.

26
The nominal and ad?ectival suffi#es are also sometimes different in Sherpa than in Literary Ti"etan as discussed elsewhere.
20
The same pattern pertains with the vowels u and o.

204
!#amples with the vowels a, o and uC
__
phyug po p
__
:chhukpu: PrichJ,
_
#ya pho p
_
:chhau: ProosterJ,
___
#yams po p
___
:chhampu: Ploving, kindJM
_
s#yong .
_

:?ong: Pto practice, to trainJ.

2.3 Loss of aspiration
As in all the other Ti"etic languages, aspiration is contrastive in many sylla"leinitial
consonants. 1or e#ampleC
__
:kOa: PpillarJ vs!
_
:khO: PmouthJ. ,n most cases, the aspiration in
Sherpa corresponds to the aspiration o"served in Literary Ti"etan. However, there are a few cases in
which the sylla"leinitial consonant is not aspirated in Sherpa, even though it is aspirated in (lassical
Literary Ti"etan
27
.
E!C
_
khyi p
_
:kyV: PdogJ,
_
phud D
_
:pRJ: Ptook off 9clothes, etc.;J,

phul D

:pTl: Pto offer, to give 9h;J,
__
thag D
___
:tOk: Pto grindJ,
__
mtsho D
_
:tsX: PlakeJ
2.4 !one shifts
*ld Ti"etan did not make contrastive use of tone, and for that reason the Sam"hota alpha"et
developed in the 7
th
century does not include a means of marking tone. Some modern Ti"etic
languages such as Amdo, Ladakhi, =alti and $urik still have no tone distinctions. However, many
others K such as 7ham, LTsang, %-ongkha, %ren?ong 9Sikkimese;, and Sherpa K have developed
contrastive tones.
7hum"u Sherpa generally follows the regular correspondences "etween Literary Ti"etan and
the tones which are o"served in other Ti"etic languages.
Eoiceless consonants of Literary Ti"etan such as
_
,
_
,
_
,

, and
_
ka, cha, ta, pa, tsa and their
aspirated counterparts
_
,
_
,
_
,

,
_
kha, cha, tha, pha, tsha, etc., correspond with high tonesG while
voiced consonants such as
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
, and
_
ga, ja, da, ba, dza correspond with low tones. The
nasals

,
_
,
_
, and
_
nga, nya, na, ma are pronounced with a low tone unless they are preceded "y a
preradical. ,n that case, they are produced with a high tone.

27
,n the e#amples "elow where ver" forms are compared, the same tenseaspect is considered in "oth Literary Ti"etan and in
Sherpa.

205
*ne interesting characteristic of 7hum"a Sherpa is that, in some words, tones which are
e#pected to "e high K "ased on what occurs in other Ti"etic languages K are actually produced as low
tonesM the opposite also occurs, though even less fre+uently. This tone shift is also found in %-ongkha
and in some 7hams dialects.
Here are some e#amples of words in which the tone is high in Standard Spoken Ti"etan and in
most modern Ti"etic languages, "ut low in Sherpa.
E!C
___
lkugs pa p
__
:khuuwa: Pidiotic, mute, stupidJ,
___
bstan p
___
:den: Pto
showJ,
__
phying ba p
_
:phingpa: PfeltJ,
__
dmar po p
_
:maru: PredJ,
____
shugs che p
___
:shoo chhQmu: PstrongJ,
__
a ma p
_
:hama: motherJ,
_

a pa p
_
:hawa: PfatherJ,
_
khal p
_
:khal: Punit of measureJ
1urther research will "e needed to determine whether the tone shift of the 7hum"u dialect is
also systematic in the Solu and $arak dialects and to determine the reasons for such a shift.

3. /ain morphological characteristics
Sherpa nominal and ad?ectival suffi#es are often different from those in Standard Ti"etan, "ut
they show some similarities with the TG and Tsang dialects. The ver"al morphology has developed in
its own patterns compared to other dialects.

3.1 ,ominal suffi'es
The main nominal suffi#es are C :9w;a:, :pa:, :ma:, :mu:, :m:, :pu:, :9w;u:, :ung:, and :
ang:. The shortening of the Literary Ti"etan suffi#es ma and mo to :m:, and the complete loss of the
suffi# "ba are fre+uently o"served in SherpaM these patterns are also found in %-ongkha, the national
language of =hutan.
E!C
___
mdzo mo p
___
:-om: Pfemale hy"rid of yak and cowJ,
__
bu mo p
__
:phWm:
PgirlJ,
__
nu mo p
__
:num: Pyounger sisterJ,
__
nu ma p
__
:num: P"reast, nippleJ,
___
rtsib ma p
__
:tsRm: Pri"J,
__
zor ba p
_
:sXr: PsickleJ,
__
ser ba D
_

:sYr: PhailJ
The nominal suffi#es :ung: and :ang: are also peculiar to SherpaC

273
E!C
__
dkar yol p
_
:kOyung: Pporcelain cup or "owlJ,
__
zh$a mo p
__

:shamung: PhatJ,
__
ser mo p
__
:sQrmung: PnailJ,
_
ril ma p
_
:rumang:
Psheep and goat droppingsJ,
__
g!yer ma D
__
:Qrmang: PSichuan pepperJ,
_
_
tsher ma D
__
:tshQrmang: PthornJ,
___
sgyed bu p
___
:gyipung: Pthreestone
fireplaceJ

3.2 0d1ectival suffi'es
The main ad?ectival suffi#es in Sherpa are :pu:, :mu:, :ndi:, :ge:, and :u:. Among the
similarities "etween Sherpa and "oth TG and Tsang, we find the ad?ectival suffi#es :ndi: and :ge:.
The suffi# :ndi: is also found in other western dialects such as Ladakhi.
As we can see from the list "elow, the ad?ectival suffi#es found in Sherpa are often different
than those found in Literary Ti"etanC
E!C
_
lci po p
__
:chRndi: PheavyJ,
_
tsha po p
__
:tshOndi: PhotJ,
__
ska ba p
_
_
:kOndi: Pthick 9li+uid;, pastyJ,
__
grang mo p
__
:threngge: PcoldJ,
___

gtsang ma p
___
:tsQngge: PcleanJ,
__
dkar po p
__
:kOru: PwhiteJ,
__

skyur mo p
_
:kyTru: PsourJ,
__
gsal po p
___
:sOlmu: PclearJ,
___
mkhas
pa p
___
:khOamu: Pe#pertJ,
__
skyid po p
__
:kyRrmu: PpleasantJ,

ring po
D

:ringpu: PlongJ,
___
byam po D
___
:chhampu: PlovingJ

3.3 Lin&ing ver#s
The essential linking ver"s or copulas in Sherpa are
_
:hin:
24
Pto "eJ 9egophoric or personal
information;,
__
:hin-a: 9factual;, and
___
:hinnoJ: 9inferential;. The form :hin: usually
corresponds to P9,; amJ or P9we; areJ while the other forms :hin-a: and :hinnoJ: generally correspond
to P9you:they; areJ and P9s:he; isJ.
The negations of
_
:hin: and
__
:hin-a: are
__
:min: and
___
:min-a:. The e#istential
copulas are
__
:weJ: Pto have, to e#istJ 9egophoric;, and
___
:we-a: Pto have, to e#istJ 9factual;. The
negations of
__
:weJ: and
___
:we-a: are
__
:meJ: and
___
:me-a: Pis:are notJ. The testimonial
e#istential copula is
__
:noJ: Pis : are, there is : there areJM its negation is
___
:minduJ:.

24
The spelling
_
hin is closest to the Sherpa pronunciation :hin:, "ut the Sherpa authors of this work prefer to retain the
Literary Ti"etan spelling
_
yin.


27A
3.4 "er# suffi'es
As in other modern Ti"etic languages, tense in Sherpa is mainly indicated "y ver" suffi#es.
25

The chart "elow shows the main suffi#es used for past, perfect, present, progressive, and future tenses,
as well as the imperative, prohi"itive 9negative imperative EdonJt doF;, and cohortative 9EletJs doF;
moods.
The various tenses K past, perfect, present, progressive, and future K may "e represented "y
different suffi#es depending on evidential modality, which indicates the speakerJs source and access
to information. ,n Sherpa, as in other Ti"etic languages, there are three main types of evidentialsC
factual i.e., general or factual information, sensory i.e., testimonial information 9where"y the speaker
is a witness;, and egophoric i.e., "ased on the speakerJs personal information. The egophoric
evidential markers are normally used only with the first person 9which does not always need to "e the
su"?ect of the ver";.

Past 3simple4
I 9past; c
__
:win: C egophoric past
I 9past; c
_
:u-a: C factual past
I 9past; c
_
:sung: C sensory past
Perfect
!5

I 9past; c
___
:niweJ: C egophoric perfect
I 9past; c
____
:niwe-a: C factual perfect
I 9past; c
__
:noJ: C sensory perfect
Present 3general4
I 9pres.; c
___
:giwiJ: C egophoric present
I 9pres.; c
_
:u-a: C factual present

25
Technically, it is more accurate to say that ver" suffi#es convey not only tense, "ut also aspect and mood.
@3
The perfect is used to descri"e action that "egan in the past and has ?ust "een completed at the moment of utterance or
whose result is still present at the moment of utterance. ,n many cases the perfect implies inferential operations 9sensory
inference, factual inference, personal knowledge inference;. 1or e#ample, in the case of the sensory perfect evidential
marker, the speaker is not claiming to have seen the event, "ut only the result or trace of the eventM the statement is thus
"ased on inference.

272
I 9pres.; c
___
:ginoJ: C sensory present
Present 3progressive4
I 9pres.; c
___
:inweJ: C egophoric progressive
I 9pres.; c
____
:inwe-a: C factual progressive
I 9pres.; c
___
:innoJ: C sensory progressive
Future
I 9fut.; c
_
:up: C egophoric near future
I 9fut.; c
_
:in: C egophoric future
I 9fut.; c
_
:u-a: C factual future
I 9fut.; c
___
:giwiJ:C prospective :future;
Imperative
I 9imp.;C no suffi#
Prohi#itive 9PdonJtJ;
&egation c I 9pres.; C no suffi#
Qohortative 9PletJsJ;
I 9pres.; c
_
:gi:

Some of the a"ove suffi#es vary depending on the final sound 9consonant or vowel; of the preceding
ver" stem. These are
__
:win: 9egophoric past;,
_
:yin: 9egophoric future;,
_
:u-a: 9factual
present, future, and past;,
_
:up: 9egophoric future;,
___
:giwiJ: 9egophoric present and prospective
future;,
___
:ginoJ: 9sensory present;, and
_
:gi: 9cohortative;. The variations o"served in these
suffi#es are summari-ed in the Ta"le "elow.


27@
Ta#le 1!0 Eariation of the ver#al suffi2es depending on the ver#final consonant or vowel
verbal suffies ng

t : n
_
:
_
m
_
r

l

p:long
vowels
_
:

k 3%4
_


short
vowels
past
__
win
gin
__
tin
__
pin
__
rin
_
lin
_

win

__
future
_
in

gin
__
tin
__
pin
__
rin
_
lin
_

in

_

past' future
_
u-a
gu-a
__
tu-a
__
pu-a
__
ru-a
_
lu-a
_
u-a
_

p-a
__

future
_
up

gup
__
tup
__

pup
__
rup
_
lup
_
up
_
p
_
present:ego;

___
giwiJ
giwiJ
___

iwiJ
__

9i;wiJ
__

present

___
ginoJ
ginoJ
___

inoJ
__

9i;noJ
__

cohortative
_
gi
gi
_

i

9i;

E!C
_____
:riki lOmpu"a: P9S:he; fried potatoes.J

____
:nga shrRlmu lhUp: P, will watch the show.J
_____
:shrRlmu lhUp"a: P9S:he; will watch the show.J
_______
:kRtap "intu"a: P9S:he; gave 9someone; the "ookJ
_____
:nga yam"ula gallin: P, went to 7athmandu.J
@A

______
:nga lhOsala phintin: P, went to Lhasa.J
________
:nge phe-a "intin: P, gave 9something; to the child.J

The suffi#es
___
:giwiJ:,
___
:ginoJ: and
_
:gi: are transformed after a final
_
:k:M they
"ecome, respectively
__
:iwiJ:,
__
:inoJ:, and

:yi:. After ver" stems ending in a vowel, they

"ecome, respectively,
__
:wiJ:,
__
:noJ:, and

:i:. ,n the chart a"ove, the :i: is shown in

parenthesis "ecause it is fused with the ver" stem and, as we will see "elow, generates a change in the
ver" vowel. The other suffi#es are invaria"leC
_
:sung:,
___
:niweJ:,
____
:niwe-a:,
__
:noJ:,
___
:inweJ:,
____
:inwe-a:, and
___
:innoJ:.


@A
The ver"al suffi# :lin: is used for "oth the present and the future as shown in the ta"le, "ut here the ver" stem is a past tense
form.

27H
3.5 "er# stems
As we have seen a"ove, tense is indicated "y ver" suffi#es. However, many ver" stems e#hi"it
morphological variation according to tense, aspect, and mood. This ver"al morphology has "een
inherited from the ver"al morphology of *ld and (lassical Ti"etan, which, for some ver"s,
distinguished up to four stems. 1or e#ample, the ver"
__
gtong PsendJ has four stem forms C
__

gtong 9present;,
__
gtang 9future;,
__
btang 9past;, and
__
thongs 9imperative;. (ompared to
Literary Ti"etan, the num"er of stems has "een drastically reduced in Sherpa.
Sherpa ver#s are either invaria#le or have two or threeG and in some e2ceptional casesG
four ver# stems. *nly a few controlla"le ver"s have three different forms for past, presentfuture, and
imperative. &oncontrolla"le
@2
ver"s not only lack an imperative stem, "ut they are also often
invaria"le
@@
. ,n Sherpa, as in other modern Ti"etic languages, the present and future forms are
identical, with only rare e#ceptions.
1inally, some ver" stems consist of suppletive forms, i.e. forms that derive historically from
different synonymous ver"s which are now used to indicate different tenses.


a. Invaria#le ver#s
,n ver"s of this type, all the tenses and the imperative have the same form.
E!C
__
:-Vm: Pto catch, to holdJ,
___
:trTm: Pto crushJ,
__
:lhum: Pto fallJ,
__
:shrVn: Pto
guard, to protectJ,
__
:thQn: Pto go out, to come outJ,

:phTr: Pto fly, to take offJ

#. Eer#s with two stems
)any ver"s have two distinct stems which K together with ver"al suffi#es K are used to mark
the different tenses and the imperative. Among the ver"s having two stems, we find two different
groupings of the tenses and, in some cases, the imperativeC


@2
&on controlla"le ver"s are e+uivalent to involuntary or non volitional in the present dictionary
@@
,nvaria"le ver"s are e+uivalent to regular ver"s in the present dictionary

276
Ta#le 1/0 Stem alternations for the different ver# groups


'roup A, which comprises a significant num"er of Sherpa ver"s, distinguishes "etween the
presentfuture stem and the past stem. ,f a ver" in this group is controlla"le K and thus has an
imperative K then the imperative will "e similar to either the presentfuture stem or to the past stem.
,n the e#amples "elow, the imperative form is similar to the past stemC
E!C Pto untieJC
_
:drol: 9presfut; vs!
_
:thrSl: 9past, imp;M Pto insertJC
__
:?it: 9presfut;
vs!
___
:chRt: 9past, imp;
The following e#amples illustrate a noncontrolla"le ver" 9without imperative;C
E!C Pto meltJC
__
:shit: 9presfut; vs!
___
:?it: 9past;.
The ver"s of 'roup 2 do not distinguish the tenses with the stem, "ut do have a specific
stem for the imperative C
E!C Pto meetJC
__
:?al: 9presfut, past; vs!
__
:?ol: 9imp;M

Pto measureJC
__
:thap :9pres
fut, past; vs!
__
thop 9imp;
,n 'roup @ ver"s, the imperative form is similar to the presentfuture stemC
E!C Pto sendJC
__
:tSng: 9presfut, imp; vs!
__
:tOng: 9past;M Pto deliverJ
_
:kySl: 9pres
fut, imp; vs!
__
:kyOl: 9past;

c. Eer#s with three stems
A num"er of controlla"le ver"s distinguish a presentfuture stem and a past stem, and also have
a specific stem for the imperative.
E!C Pto load onJC
_
:gel: 9presfut;,
__
:kOl: 9past;,
_
:kSl: 9imp;M Pto takeJC

:ling
9presfut;,
_
:lOa: 9past;,
_
:lSo: 9imp;M Pto sowJC
___
:dep: 9presfut;,
___
:tOp:
9past;,
___
:tSp: 9imp
ST!) A ST!) 2
'roup A present, future past, imperative
'roup 2 present, future, past imperative
'roup @ present, future, imperative past

270
d. Eer#s with four stems
As mentioned a"ove, in Sherpa the present and future tenses are usually "oth indicated "y a
single stem form. However, there are a few rare e#ceptions. Among them we find the common ver"
_

:khyi: Pto doJ which has the following stemsC
_
:khyi: 9pres;,
_
:khyir:
@H
9fut;,
_
:khyaa: 9past;, and
_
:khyii: 9imp;.

e. Suppletive ver#s
1or the vast ma?ority of Sherpa ver"s, the ver" stem forms K whether there are two, three, or
four of them K are derived from a single le#ical root, as was the case in the e#amples a"ove. 1or a few
ver"s, one also finds suppletive forms, i.e., forms that originated from completely distinct le#ical
ver"s. The occurrence of suppletive ver" forms is found in many other Ti"etic languages, including
Standard Ti"etan, Amdo, and %-ongkha.
E!C Pto goJC
_
:dro: 9presfut;,
__
:gal: 9past; or
__
:phin: 9past;,
___
:gyuJ: 9imp.; or
__
:dong: 9imp;M Pto giveJC
_
:tQr: 9presfut;,
__
:"in: 9past, imp;M Pto comeJC

or
_
:hung: or :gyi: 9presfut;,
_
:hS: 9past;, :shSJ:
__
9imp;
3.2 "ariation of the stem according to the ver#al suffi'
Another interesting feature of Sherpa ver" morphology is that some ver"al suffi#es have an
effect on the pronunciation of the stem 9whether presentfuture or past;, and may slightly change its
final consonant 9in closed sylla"les; or final vowel 9in open sylla"les;.

Eer# stems ending in :p:G :k 3%4: or :t:
The ver"al suffi#es
__
:win:,
_
:yin:,
_
:u-a:, and
_
:up: have an effect on ver" stems
which end in the sounds in :p:, :k: or :t:. The final consonants :p: and :k: are simply dropped when
followed "y one of these four ver"al suffi#es, though they are preserved "efore all other suffi#es. ,n
the case of a final :t:, the situation is e#actly the oppositeC :t: is preserved with these four suffi#es "ut
dropped with all other ver"al suffi#es. 9
_
:sung:,
__
:noJ:, etc.;.
Eamples of verbs ending in :p:C

@H
The :r: sound at the end of :khyir: is pro"a"ly derived from the final letter d found in the (lassical Ti"etan cognate +bgyid
Pto doJ. The (lassical forms of the ver" are bgyid 9pres;, bgyi 9fut;, bgyis 9past;, and gyis 9imp;. The Sherpa ver" stems
show that modern Sherpa has partly reshaped its ver"al system.

277
:lap: Pto talkJ, :gyap: Pto makeJ 9past;, :phQp: Pto come, go 9H;J, :lQp: ParriveJ, :lSp: Pto
teachJ, :gep: Pto coverJ 9pres.;, :phap: Pto go downJ, :dep: Pto plantJ 9pres.;, :thSp: Pto
getJ, :thTp: Pto "e a"leJ, :kySp: Pto defendJ

Eamples of verbs ending in :k:
@6
C
:kTk: Pto call, to send forJ 9past;, :chOk: Pto "reakJ 9past;, :chhOk: Pto "e "roken, to "reak
9past, unvol.;J, :?Ok: Pto putJ 9past;, :lTk: Pto pourJ 9past;, :phok: Pto unload, to take
something offJ 9past;, :guk: Pto "endJ 9past;

Eamples of verbs ending in :t:C
:chRt: Pto allowJ, :trRt: Pto leadJ, :chQt: Pto cutJ, :trTt: to washJ, :chhQt: Pto catch on fireJ,
:nyQt: Pto findJ, :gut: Pto waitJ, :goo -ut: Pto startJ, :phut: Pto "lowJ, :phot: Pto "e movedJ,
:"it: Pto take offJ, :"et: Pto openJ, :shit: Pto melt, :kTt: Pto put on to workJ, :?et: Pto
forgetJ, :nyRJ tshQt: Pto wake upJ, :thret: Pto slipJ, :det: Pto stayJ, :phQt: Pto "ite 9insect;J,
:thrQt: Pto meetJ, :shQt: Pto sayJ, :thret: Pto scratchJ, :lQt: Pto chewJ, :tsSt: Pto cookJ, :set:
Pto run out ofJ, :sQt: Pto killJ

Eamples sho$ing the combination of the verb stems ending in :t:, :p: or :k' and the verb
suffiesC
Pto allowJC
_____
:chRttin:,
_____
:chRttu-a:,
____
:chRsung:,
_____
:chR
noJ:M Pto cutJC
_____
:chQttin:,
_____
:chQttu-a:,
____
:chQsung:,
_____
:chQ
noJ:M Pto leadJC
____
:trRttin:,
____
:trRttu-a:,
___
:trRsung:,
____
:trRnoJ:. 9The
pronunciations `:trRtsung: and `:trRtnoJ: are not correct.;

@6
,n the dictionary, the ver"al ending in :k: is noted as an apostrophe :J: for pedagogical purposes. The reason for this is that :k:
as a final consonant of the ver" stem is usually pronounced in a very weak way 9as a glottal stop or simply dropped.;. The
clearly pronounced :k: is limited 9at least in the 7hum"u dialect of Sherpa; to the past stem of a few ver"s 9see the list in
Appendi# H;, when occurring with the suffi#es :sung: and :noJ:. >ith most ver"s, the final :k: of the past stem is replaced
"y a lengthening of the vowel. !ven when the :k: is not heard, it is important to note a :k: or its weaker variant ZJ[ "ecause
ver" stems ending in a vowel have a different "ehaviour 9for details see ne#t page;C the final vowel is modified "y some
suffi#es. This never occurs with ver"s ending in :k: 9or ZJ[;. (ompare e.g.C :saciwiJ: p sewiJ P9s:he; will eatJ vs! :kOJcyiwiJ:
p kOyiwiJ P9s:he; will splitJM :drocyiwiJ: p driwiJ P9s:he; will goJ vs! :chS%yiwiJ: p chSyiwiJ P9s:he; will "reakJ. ,n the Solu
dialect, according to 'raveJs transcription 92337;, the final :k: seems to "e "etter preserved.


274
Pto hitJC
____
:gyapsung:, "ut
____
:gyau-a:M Pto speakJC
__
:lapsung:,
___
:lapnoJ: 9The forms `:lasung: and `:lanoJ: are incorrect.;,
__
:lau-a:,
_
__
:lawin: 9The pronunciations `:lasung: and `:lanoJ: are not correct;.

Pto callJC
____
:kTksung:M
____
:kTu-a:M Pto "reakJC
___
:chhOksung:,
___
:chOu-a:M Pto putJC
____
:?aksung:,
____
:?au-a:


These slight modifications of the stem are not recorded in the orthography of the stem "ut are
instead reflected on the suffi# spelling. 1or e#ample, the suffi# is written
__
:tu-a: after a final :t:
and
_
:u-a: after a final :p:.
Additionally the two suffi#es
_
:u-a: and
_
:up: influence the final vowelC i p e, and u po.
E!C Pto dieJC
_
c
_
:shRcup: p
__
:shQp:M Pto cryJC

c
_
:ngucup: p
_
:ngop:
The suffi#es
__
:iwiJ: and
__
:inoJ: and the cohortative

:i: 9these are the reduced forms

of
___
giwiJ
___
ginoJ and
_
gi, respectively; have an influence on the final vowels :a:, :o:, and
:u:. The vowel :a: "ecomes :e:, and the vowels :o: and :u: "ecome :i:.
E.C
_______
:thingsang nge shO sewiJ: PThese days , eat meat.J
_
:sa: p
_
:se:

E.C
__________
:thingsang nga khum"u la yangse driwiJ: PThese days ,
often go to 7hum"u.J
_
:dro: p
_
:dri:

E.C
________
:phe-a ti yangse yangse ngiwiJ: PThis child always cries.J

:ngu: p

:ngi:

,n the e#ample "elow, where the ver"
__
:"e9t;: ends in a silent final
_
9tha;, and is followed "y the
suffi#
___
:giwiJ:, the vowel of the stem is not modified C
E.C
_______
:nge go "e9t;giwiJ: P, open the door.J

The suffi#
__
:inoJ: "ehaves the same way as
__
:iwiJ:C
E.C

____
shO senoJ P9s:he; eats meat.J
_

sa p
_

seM


275
,n the e#ample "elow, the ver" ends in a final :p: and the suffi# is
___
:ginoJ:M the vowel of the stem
is not modifiedC
E.C

_____
:Ola lapginoJ: P9s:he; talks a lot.J
@0


This is also the case with the cohortative suffi#
_
:gi: and its variant

:i:.

(ompare C
_

:orong dri: PLetJs goeJ and
___
:orong phQpgi: PLetJs go 9H;.J

3.3 ,egative affi'es
&egation is marked "y the morpheme
_
:ma: which is usually prefi#ed or, in some cases,
suffi#ed to the ver". ,n the present and future tenses, when :ma: occurs "efore the ver" as a prefi#, the
vowel and tone of the negative morpheme harmoni-e with those of the ver". So if the ver" has a low
tone :u: vowel, the negative morpheme will also have a low tone :u: vowelM if the ver" has a high tone
:Q: vowel, the negative morpheme will also have a high tone :Q: vowel.
The prefi#ed negative marker used with the present and future tenses may thus "ecome
_

:mo:,
_
:me:,
_
:mi: or
_
:mu:. 1or the sake of simplicity, tone is not indicated in the spellingM it can
"e directly derived from the tone of the ver".

E.C
__
:mondro: P9,; wonJt goJM
__
:m-shSng: P9it; wonJt fitJM
__
:moroJ: P9,;
wonJt readJM
____
:m,l,p: P9s:he; wonJt arriveJM
__
:mikhyi: P9s:he; wonJt doJM
__

:misi: P9s:he; wonJt say.JM
_____________
:mi khuuwati lapshe m,sh,JwiJ:
PThis deafmute person does not know how to speak.J
______
:yigi mithri%noJ:
P9S:he; does not write.J
___
:chhang muthung: P, donJt drink changJ.
______

:shrRlmu m7lhUnoJ: P9S:he; does not watch the showJ.

Here is an e#ample of suffi#ed negation C
_______
:shrRlmu lhUinminduJ:. P9S:he; is
not watching the show.J
,n the past and imperative forms, the negative marker always remains
_
:ma:.

E.C
__
:mathri: P9he:she; did not writeJM
___
:maphin: P9he:she; did not goJM
___
:m7
lOm: P9he:she; did not fryJM
__
:malap: PdonJt speakeJM
__
:maso: P9He; did not
eatJM
_
:malaa: P9he:she; did not riseJM
___
:magal P9,; did not go.J


@0
The Sherpa spelling of the genitive :gi: does not follow the rules of alternation o"served in Literary Ti"etan spellingM such
alternations are irrelevant in Sherpa, soto show them in the spelling would "e artificial.

243
3.4 -nterrogative particles
$olar +uestions are marked "y a particle K a small independent word K at the end of the
sentence. The interrogative particles are
_
:na:,
_
:te: and
_
:ta:. Additionally, an interrogative particle
_
:i: is used in rhetorical +uestions and conveys the meaning PisnJt itdJ.
These particles are used only in polar +uestions, i.e., those re+uiring EyesF or EnoF answersM
they are not used if an interrogative pronoun occurs in the sentence.

E.C
________
:thingsang khyorong chhang thunggi ta: P%o you drink chang these
daysdJ
_____
:di pQcha hinte: P,s this a religious "ookdJ
_____
:gyurme hinna: P,s 9he; 'yurmedJ
______
:khyorongla pQn weta: P%o you have a pendJ
___
:mondrona: P9They; donJt leavedJ
____
:magalna: P9S:he; has not gonedJ
____
:masinna: J,t is not finisheddJ
___
:mondrote: P9They; donJt leavedJ
___
:muthungte: P9S:he; does not drinkdJ
____
PmidriJta% P>onJt 9S:he; write 9the letter;dJ

24A
Appendi2 / Irregular ver#s
As mentioned in Appendi# @, Sherpa ver"s may have 2, @ or even H stems corresponding to the
various tenses and the imperative mood. ,n the chart, one finds the translation of the ver" as well as
three columns, respectively for the presentfuture, past and imperative ver" stems.
,n the e#ceptional case of distinct ver" stems for the present and the future, we indicate the
tense Zfut[ or Zpres[ in "rackets 9e.g., Pto doJ;.
The morphological differences "etween the various stems are of 6 main types. Iariations of
several types may "e com"ined together.
A; differences in the vowels mainly involving a and o variationsC a : o 9e.g., Pto splitJ, Pto spinJ, Pto
meetJ;, e: a: o 9Pto coverJ, Pto loadJ, etc.;, i: a :o 9e.g., Pto takeJ;
2; differences in voicing of the initial consonantC g:k 9e.g., geng: kQng Pto fill upJ, gep: kOp Pto
coverJ, gel: kOl Pto loadJ;, d:t 9e.g.,! den :tQn Pto showJ, Pto attachJ doo:tOa;, dr:thr 9e.g.,! drol: thrSl
Pto untieJ;, ?: ch, 9e.g.,! ?it:chRt Pto insert, to allowJ;, -:tsh 9e.g.,C -uJ:tsTu Pto plantJ;, etc.
@; loss of the final consonants :ng:, :t:, :k: in the past stem 9e.g., chRng: chRi Pto "indJ, ?ong: ?aa Pto
trainJ, "ang: "aa Pto soakJ;
H; differences in vowel length 9e.g., ngu:nguu Pto cryJ;
6; differences in tone 9e.g., chhe9t;: chhQ9t; Pto enflameJ, chhe9t;: chhQ9t; Pto "e cut offJ;

)ota #eneC As e#plained in Appendi# @, when ver" stems ending in :p:, :t: or :k: are used in
com"ination with certain suffi#es, these final consonants are simply dropped. Since the rule is
not dependant on the stem form, "ut rather, on the ver"al suffi#, we only provide the long form
in the chart "elow. Also, note that the ver" stems given in the chart "elow correspond to the
forms found in the 7hum"u dialect. There are some differences in the Solu dialect, "ut we find
the same fundamental characteristics of the ver"al morphologyC alternation of stem vowels
9"etween the present, past and imperative;, loss of the final consonant :ng: and :t: in the past
stem, loss of the final consonants :k, p, t: with some ver"al suffi#es, alternation in voicing of
the initial consonant, and tone shifts.
Ier"s are listed in the ta"le "elow in alpha"etical order according to the Sam"hota script.

242
Ta#le 160 Stem alternations for the different ver# groups

Bnglish Present Future
________

Past
____

Imperative
___
to lead
__
trRt

_
trRi

_
trRi

to wash
__
trTt

_
trTu

_
trTu

to agitate
___
trTJ

__
trTu

__
trTu

to split
___
kOJ

__
kOa

_
kSo

to spin
__
kOl

__
kOl

_
kSl

to tie
__
kyRJ

_
kyRi

_
kyRi

to stretch
_
kySng

___
kyOng

__
kySng

to vomit
__
kyTJ

_
kyTu

_
kyTu

to "e "orn, to
grow
_
kyQ

_
kyQe



to deliver, to
carry
_
kySl

__
kyOl

_
kySl

to fall apart
_
thrSl
_
throl


_
khyi
Zpres.[

to do

_
khyir Zfut.[

_
khyaa

_
khyii


24@

to eat dry
powdery food

__
gam

___
gam

__
gom

to summon, to
call
__
guJ

___
kTk

__
kWJ

to fill up
_
geng

__
kQng

_
kQng

to cover
__
gep

___
kOp

___
kSp

to dry

__
gem

____
kOm

___
kSm

to load on, to
hang

_
gel

__
kOl

_
kSl

to wait

__
gut

_
guu

_
guu

to start, to "egin
_
__
go -ut
__
go tshTu


__
ga9l;

___
gyuJ to go
_
dro

__
phin

__
dong
to untie
_
drol
_
thrSl

_
thrSl

to make,
to "uild
__
gyaJ

___
gyap

___
gyop

to hold
"ack,
to dam up
_
gyil

__
kyRl

_
kyRl


24H
to gather,
to pile

__
gong

__
goo

_
goo

to arrange, to set
up

__
driJ

__
drii

_
drii

to cry, to weep

ngu


nguu


nguu

to harvest
__
ngOJ

__
ngOa
_
ngSo

to "reak
___
chXJ

___
chUk

__
chXJ

to get ready

___
chSm

____
chOm

___
chSm

to meet 9h;

__
chSr

__
chOr

__
chSr

to "ind,
to tie
__
chRng

__
chRi

__
chRi

to make 9"ed;
__
chSo
__
chOa
__
chSo
to "e "roken
__
chhSJ

__
chhOk



to dance
__
chhSm

___
chhOm

___
chhSm

to "e cut off

__
chhet

__
chhQt



to enflame, to
catch on fire
__
chhet

___
chhQt



to ?ump
_
chhong

_
chhSo

_

chhSo
to insertM to
allow

__
?it
___
chRt
___
chVJ


246
to put,
to leave

__
?oJ

___
?ak

__
?oJ

to meet
__
?al

__
?al

__
?ol

to change
_
?e

_
?ee

_
?ee

to lie down, to
go to sleep
_
nyal

_
nyal

_

nyol
to "uy
_
nyo

_
nyoo

_

nyoo
to "orrow
_
nyQ
_
nyOa
_

nySo
to loan
__
nyQn
__
nyQn
__

nyYn
to put to sleep
_
nySl
_
nyOl
_
nySl
to follow
__
nyO

_
nySo

_
nySo

to send
__
tSng

__
tOng

__

tSng
to grind
___

tOJ
__

tOa
__

tSo
to give
_
tQr

__
"in

__
"in

to measure
__
thap

__
thap

__
thop

to drink
_
thung

_
thuu

_

thTng
to apply,
to use
__
thoJ
_
thoo
_
thoo

to lay
_
dVng

__

tRng
__

tRng

240
to choose
___
dam
___
dam
___
dom
to take out

__
den

___
tQn

___
tYn

to sow, plant

___
dep

___
tOp

___
tSp

to tie,
to attach
_
doo

__
tOa

__

tSo
to ru",
to sharpen
_
dor
_
dar
_
dor
to "eat

_
dung

__
duu

_
duu

to show
___
den
__
tQn
__
tQn
to press
___
nQn
___
nQn
___
nYn
to sweep

__
chOJ

_
chOa

_
chSo

to give up
_
pSng
_
pOng
_
pSng
to light

_
pSr
_
pOr
_
pSr
to descend
___
phap
___
phap
___
phop
to "low

__
phut

_
phuu

_
phuu
to move
__
phot

_
phoo



to write
__

thriJ
_
thrii

_
thrii

to take off
__
"it

_
pRt

_

pVJ
to open
__
"et

_
pQt

_

pYJ

247
to unload, to
take off
__
"oJ
__
phok
__
phXJ

to soak,
to wet
_
"ang
_
"aa
_
"oo
to stick,
to paste
_
?ar
_
?ar
_
?or
to practice, to
train

_
?ong
_
?aa
_
?oo
to strain,
to filter
___
tsQJ

__
tsQe

__

tsQe
to sell
__
tsSng

__
tsSo

__
tsSo

to cook
___
tsSt
__
tsSo
__
tsSo
to play
_
tsQ

_
tsQe

_
tsQe

to pile up, to
stack up
__
tsQJ

_
tsQe

_
tsQe

to compose, to
write
__
tsSm

____
tsOm

__
tsSm

to look for, to
search
_
tshSl

_

tshOl
_
tshSl


244
to plant, to
erect
__

-uJ
__
tsTu

_

tsTu

to clim"
__

-eJ
_
-ee
_

-ee
to melt
__
shit

___
?it



to say
_
shu

_
shuu

_

shuu
to eat
_
sa

_
soo

_

soo
_

si Zpres.[ to say, to tell

_

sir Zfut.[
__

sikya
_

sii
to get drunk
__

-i
__

-ii


to make,
to "uild
__
-o

__
-oo

__
-oo

to step
__
ySp

___

yOp
___
ySp

to collect
_

ruJ

ruu

ruu

to read
_

roJ

raa

roo
to recite

rong


raa

roo
to fry
__

lSm
__

lOm
___

lSm
to get up,
to stand up


lang


laa


loo

to speak
_

lap
_

lap
_
lop


245
to pour, to put
inside
_
luJ

___
lTk

___

lWJ
to take


ling

_
lOa

_
lSo

to die
_
shR

_

shRi


to tear
___
shSJ

__
shOa

_
shSo

to rinse
__
shSl

__
shOl

__
shSl

to have diarrhea
__
shSl

__
shOl



to peelM
to copy
__

shT
__

shTu
_

shTu
to shake
__
shrTJ
_
shrTu
_
shrTu

to +uiver
__
shrTJ

_
shrTu



to mi#
_
shrQ

__
shrQe

_

shrQe
to "urn,
to grill
__

shrQJ
_

shrQe
_

shrQe

to get dark
_
shrSo
_
shrSo


to "oil 9milk;
__

lOJ
__

lOa
_
lSo

to put
uprightM
to "eg
_

lSng
___
lOng

__
lSng

to teach
__

lSp

____

lOp

___
lSp


253

hung

to come
_

gyi
_

hS

__
shXJ

to look at
_
lhU

_
lhOa

_

lhSo
to "e "oiled
__
lhOJ

_
lhOa



to "raid
__

lhaJ
_

lhaa
_

lhoo
291
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Useful websites on Tibet and the Himalayas
www.digitalhimalaya.com Digital Himalaya
www.thdl.com Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library
http://dallith.vjf.cnrs.fr/index.htm Documentation and archiving of Tibetan and Himalayan
Languages and Linguistics.
www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/ Himalayan linguistics
http://stedt.berkeley.edu/ Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus.
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http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/index.html Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir.
A comparative and etymological dictionary of the Nepali language. London: K. Paul, Trench,
Trubner, 1931.
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/ Schmidt, Ruth Laila. A Practical dictionary of modern
Nepali. [S.l.]: Ratna Sagar, 1993. 1994.
http://www.thdl.org/reference/dictionary/nepali/index.php Banu Oja, Shambhu Oja, Mark Turin, and
Elisabeth Uphoff. Cornells NepaliEnglish & EnglishNepali Glossary. Cornell University,
2004