A

Major Project Report on

Digital Calendar Using Embedded System
Submitted to
RAJIV A!D"I #EC"!ICA$ U!IVERSI#%& '"(PA$ )M*P+
In Partial fulfillment for award of degree of
'AC"E$(R (, E!I!EERI!
I!
E$EC#R(!ICS - C(MMU!ICA#I(! E!I!EERI!
'y
RAS"MI PA#.A )/012EC0/0/13+
RAI!I RA.A# )/012EC0/0/24+
VAIS"A$I S"ARMA )/012EC0/0003+
ARIMA S"RIVAS#AVA )/012EC003D/0+
Under the Guidance of
Mr. PANKAJ VYAS
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPAR#ME!# (, E$EC#R(!ICS - C(MMU!ICA#I(! E!I!EERI!
SAAR I!S#I#U#E (, SCIE!CE -#EC"!($(% )SIS#ec+
A!D"I !AAR& '"(PA$5678/37 )M*P*+
1

MA%58/06
SAGAR INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE Delhi, Affili!ed !o RGTU "hopl #d Gov!$ of %dhy &rde'h(
NEAR AIR&ORT, GANDHI NAGAR, "HO&AL)*+,-.+
Declaration
We hereby declare that the project entitled9DIGITAL CALENDAR /
TE%&ERATURE INDICATOR USING E%"EDDED SYSTE%:is the actual
work carried out by us in the department of E$EC#R(!ICS - C(MMU!ICA#I(!
E!I!EERI!: under the guidance of 9Mr* PA!;AJ V%AS& ASS(CIA#E
PR(,ESS(R*
!ame Enrollment !umber Signature
RAS"MI PA#.A /012EC0/0/13
RAI!I RA.A# /012EC0/0/24
VAIS"A$I S"ARMA /012EC0/0003
ARIMA S"RIVAS#AVA /012EC003D/0

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE Delhi, Affili!ed !o RGTU "hopl #d Gov!$ of %dhy &rde'h(
NEAR AIR&ORT, GANDHI NAGAR, "HO&AL)*+,-.+
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled DIGITAL CALENDAR /
TE%&ERATURE INDICATOR USING E%"EDDED SYSTE%has been
carried out by
RASH%I &AT0A 1i!h (-234EC2-2-3.(
RAGINI RA0AT 1i!h (-234EC2-2-45(
6AISHALI SHAR%A 1i!h (-234EC2-222.(
GARI%A SHRI6ASTA6A 1i!h (-234EC22.D-2(
Under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of (BACHELR OF
E!GI!EERI!G" in ELECTR!IC# $ C%%U!ICATI! E!GI!EERI!G
by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, hopal (!"#"$, during the academic
year %&'()'*"
(Dr. Ravi Shankar Mishra) (Mr.
PankajVyas)
&rof$ /HedofDepr!7e#! A''o8i!e &rofe''or
Ele8!ro#i8' / Co779#i8!io# E#:i#eeri#: &ro;e8! G9ide
(Dr$ %#i'h "illore(

&ri#8ipl
AC<NO0LEDGE%ENT
It gives me a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to
my guide Mr* Pan<ajVyasfor their valuable support and encouraging mentally
throughout the project. I am highly obliged to them for providing me this opportunity to
carry out their ideas and work during my project period and helping me to gain the
successful completion of my Project.
My special thanks to Dr* Ra=i S>an<ar Mis>ra &Prof. !ead of the "epartment of
#lectronics $ommunication #ngineering of my college% and to all o? t>e ?aculties for
allowing me and encouraging me constantly to work hard in project.
I am highly grateful to Dr* Manis> 'illore% the !onorable principle of &I&'ec% for giving
me this golden opportunity to be a part of this organi(ation for this period.
!ame Enrollment !umber Signature
RAS"MI PA#.A /012EC0/0/13
RAI!I RA.A# /012EC0/0/24
VAIS"A$I S"ARMA /012EC0/0003
ARIMA S"RIVAS#AVA /012EC003D/0

I!DE@
Contents Page no*
Abstract*********************************************************************************************************I
$ist o?,igures**********************************************************************************************II
$ist o? #ables************************************************************************************************III
0* I!#R(DUC#I(!
).) Introduction of #mbedded &ystem............................................)
).* +lock "iagram ,,,,,,,,.............................................*
8* $I#ERA#URE REVIE.
*.) -eview of Micro.controllers........................................................./
3* ME#"(D($(IES
0.) $ircuit "iagram.........................................................................)*
0.* 1$"...........................................................................................)0
0.0 Power &upply,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,..)0
0.2 PI3 "iagram
0.2.) /45) PI3 "iagram.........................................................)2
0.2.* 6"$ PI3 "iagram,,...................................................)7
0.5 $omponent 1ist
0.5.) Micro.controller 86'/9&5*:.............................................)9
0.5.* 'emperature &ensor.......................................................)9
0.5.0 6"$ ,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,..,,,,,.*)
0.5.2 ;oltage -egulator...................................................,...**
0.5.51#"..................................................................................*0

0.5.< $apacitor,,,..............................................................*0
0.5.7-esistor ,,,,,,..,,,,,.,,.,,,,,,..,..*2
0.5./ &oftware -e=uirement...........................................................*5
0.<Programming....................................................................................*<
6* RESU$# - DISCUSSI(!
4.1-esult.42
A* C(!C$USI(! - REC(MME!DA#I(!
5.) $onclusion......................................... ............................20
5.* >uture &cope..................................................................20
7* RE,ERE!CES........................................................................................22

A'S#RAC#
'his project is developed for the users to use a digital calendar and temperature
indicator. 6nembedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a
larger mechanical or electrical system% often with real.time computing constraints It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
+y contrast% a general.purpose computer% such as a personal computer 8P$:% is
designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end.user needs. #mbedded
systems control many devices in common use today.
'he main parts of this project are key pad% microcontroller unit and 1$" display. In
normal operation mode% the 1$" display displays the $urrent time% date and day like an
ordinary calendar. 6lso indicatethe updatedtemperature. 'he user can set the time% date
and day using the key pad. When the user sets the timings% the settings will be
displayed in the 1$" display. 'he settings are stored in the microcontroller memory.
'he most commonly used set of microcontrollers belong to /45) >amily. /45)
Microcontrollers continue to remain a preferred choice for a vast community of
hobbyists and professionals. We used 6'/9&5* microcontroller of /45) series and
1M05 I$ for temperature indicator.
When the function key is turned on% the microcontroller sends data to the 1$" display to
display the current time% date and day. If necessary% the user can modify the settings
using the key pad. 'his project is very cheap and compact. &ince microcontroller is
used% the operations will be very accurate. 'he microcontroller program is written in
embedded c.

I
$IS# (, ,IURES
Contents Page no*
,ig 0*0**************************************************************************************************************8
,ig 0*8**************************************************************************************************************A
,ig 0*3**************************************************************************************************************7
,ig 0*6**************************************************************************************************************2
,ig 8*0**************************************************************************************************************1
,ig 3*0************************************************************************************************************08
,ig 3*8************************************************************************************************************03
,ig 3*3************************************************************************************************************06
,ig 3*6************************************************************************************************************02
,ig 3*A************************************************************************************************************80
,ig 3*7************************************************************************************************************88
,ig 3*2************************************************************************************************************83
,ig 3*1************************************************************************************************************86
,ig 3*4************************************************************************************************************86
II

$IS# (, #A'$ES
Contents Page no*
#able no*8*0********************************************************************************************************4
#able no*8*8*******************************************************************************************************0/
#able no*8*3*******************************************************************************************************00
#able no* 8*6*****************************************************************************************************00
#ablno*3*0*********************************************************************************************************01
#able no*3*8******************************************************************************************************88
III


C"AP#ER 0
I!#R(DUC#I(!
0*0 I!#R(DUC#I(! (, EM'EDDED S%S#EM
6n embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system% often with real.time computing constraints It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
+y contrast% a general.purpose computer% such as a personal computer 8P$:% is
designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end.user needs. #mbedded
systems control many devices in common use today.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers 8i.e. $P?s with
integrated memory and@or peripheral interfaces: but ordinary microprocessors 8using
external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits: are also still common%
especially in more complex systems. In either case% the processor8s: used may be types
ranging from rather general purpose to very speciali(ed in certain class of
computations% or even custom designed for the application at hand. 6 common standard
class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor 8"&P:.
'he key characteristic% however% is being dedicated to handle a particular task. &ince
the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks% design engineers can optimi(e it to
reduce the si(e and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.
&ome embedded systems are mass.produced% benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically% embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP0 players% to large stationary installations like traffic lights% factory controllers% and
largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles% M-I% and avionics. $omplexity varies from
low% with a single microcontroller chip% to very high with multiple units% peripherals and
networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

0*8 '$(C; DIARAM

>ig.).)
"escription of "igital $alendar and 'emperature Indicator
PAW#- &?PP1B
A&$I116'A-
6"$
'#MP#-6'?-# &#3&A-
/45) MI$-A.$A3'-A11#-
1$"

C#BP6"
P(.ER SUPP$%
'he #ntire Project needs power for its operation. !owever% from the study of this project
it comes to know that we supposed to design 5v and )*v dc power supply. &o by
utili(ing the following power supply components re=uired power has been gained.
8*04@)*v 8)6 and 544m6: D &tep down transformers% full wave rectifier to converter ac
to dc% booster capacitor and E5v 87/45: and E)*v 87/)*: regulator to maintain constant
5v )* supply for the controller circuit and driver circuit.
MICR(C(!#R($$ER
'he Intel /45) microcontroller is one of the most popular general purpose
microcontrollers in use today. 'he success of the Intel /45) spawned a number of
clones which are collectively referred to as the M$&.5)family of microcontrollers% which
includes chips from vendors such as 6tmel% Philips% Infineon% and 'exas Instruments.
'he Intel /45) is an /.bit microcontroller which means that most available operations
are limited to / bits.
'here are 0 basic Fsi(esF of the /45)G &hort% &tandard% and #xtended. 'he &hort and
&tandard chips are often available in "IP 8dual in.line package: form% but the #xtended
/45) models often have a different form factor% and are not Fdrop.in compatibleH. 6ll
these things are called /45) because they can all be programmed using /45) assembly
language% and they all <2 C+ on chip program memory.)*/ bytes on chip data memory
8-6M:.
#EMPERA#URE SE!S(R

6n analog temperature sensor is pretty easy to explain% itIs a chip that tells you what the
ambient temperature. 'hese sensors use a solid.state techni=ue to determine the
temperature. 'hat is to say% they donIt use mercury 8like old thermometers:% bimetallic
&trips 8like in some home thermometers or stoves:% nor do they use thermostats.
Instead% they use the fact as temperature increases% the voltage across a diode
increases at a known rate.
'echnically% this is actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter of a
transistor. +y precisely amplifying the voltage change% it is easy to generate an analog
signal that is directly proportional to temperature. 'here have been some improvements
on the techni=ue but% essentially that is how temperature is measured. +ecause these
sensors have no moving parts% they are precise% never wear out% donIt need calibration%
work under many environmental conditions% and are consistent between sensors and
readings.
Moreover they are very inexpensive and =uite easy to use. 'hese stats are for the
temperature in the 6d fruit shop% the 6nalog "evices 'MP0< 8.24 to )54$:. ItJs very
similar to the 1M05@'MP05 8$elsius output: and 1M02@'MP02 8>ahrenheit output:. 'he
reason we went with the I0< instead of the I05 or I02 is that this sensor has a very wide
range and doesnIt re=uire a negative voltage to read sub.(ero temperatures. Atherwise%
the functionality is basically the same.
CR%S#A$ (SCI$$A#(R
6 crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance
of a vibrating crystal of pie(oelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise fre=uency.
'his fre=uency is commonly used to keep track of time 8as in =uart( wristwatches:% to
provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits% and to stabili(e fre=uencies
for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of pie(oelectric resonator

used is the =uart( crystal% so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as
crystal oscillators%
K)L
but other pie(oelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics
are used in similar circuits.

>ig ).*

$CD )07B8+
6 li=uid.crystal display 81$": is a flat panel display% electronic visual display% or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of li=uid crystals. 1i=uid crystals do not
emit light directly. 1$"s are available to display arbitrary images 8as in a general.
purpose computer display: or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden% such as
preset words% digits% and 7.segment displays as in a clock. They use the same basic
technology% except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels%
while other displays have larger elements.
1$"s are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors% televisions%
instrument panels% aircraft cockpit displays% and signage. 'hey are common in
consumer devices such as video players% gaming devices% clocks% watches% calculators%
and telephones% and have replaced cathode ray tube 8$-': displays in most
applications.


>ig ).0
'hey are available in a wider range of screen si(es than $-' and plasma displays% and
since they do not use phosphors% they do not suffer image burn.in. 1$"s are% however%
susceptible to image persistence.
ADC /1/6
'hese are used to take analog input from sensors or dividers. 1ike a &harp distance
sensor feeds M$ with analog voltage corresponding to distance from obstacle.6nalog to
digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals
from analog to digital form. 'hese digital signals are used for further processing by the
digital processors. ;arious sensors like temperature% pressure% force etc. convert the
physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature.
ADC/1/6 is a very commonly used /.bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single
channel I$% i.e.% it can take only one analog signal as input. 'he digital outputs vary from
4 to a maximum of *55. 'he step si(e can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage
at pin9. When this pin is not connected% the default reference voltage is the operating
voltage% i.e.% ;cc. 'he step si(e at 5; is )9.50m; 85;@*55:% i.e.% for every )9.50m; rise
in the analog input% the output varies by ) unit. 'o set a particular voltage level as the
reference value% this pin is connected to half the voltage. >or example% to set a
reference of 2; 8;ref:% pin9 is connected to *; 8;ref@*:% thereby reducing the step si(e
to )5.<*m; 82;@*55:.

;E%PAD
In engineering% a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit%
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. 'he most familiar
form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of
electrical contacts% which are connected to external circuits. #ach set of contacts can be
in one of two statesG either FclosedF meaning the contacts are touching and electricity
can flow between them% or FopenF% meaning the contacts are separated and the switch
is non conducting.
'he mechanism actuating the transition between these two states 8open or closed: can
be either a FtoggleF 8flip switch for continuous FonF or FoffF: or FmomentaryF 8push.for
FonF or push.for FoffF: type. 6n ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed%
and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have (ero rise time and
fall time during state changes% and would change state without FbouncingF between on
and off positions.


>ig ).2

C"AP#ER 8
$I#ERA#URE REVIE.
8*0 REVIE. (, MICR(C(!#R($$ERS
6 microcontroller is an economical computer.on.a.chip built for dealing with specific
tasks% such as displaying or receiving information through 1#"s or remote controlled
devices. 'he most commonly used set of microcontrollers belong to /45) >amily. 8051
Microcontrollers continue to remain a preferred choice for a vast community of hobbyists
and professionals. 'hrough 8051% the world became witness to the most revolutionary
set of microcontrollers.

>ig *.)

1/A0 ,amily
Intel fabricated the original 1/A0 which is known as M$&.5). 'he other two
members of the /45) family areG
1/A8 D 'his microcontroller has *5< bytes of -6M and 0 timers. In addition to
the standard features of /45)% this microcontroller has an added )*/ bytes of
-6M and timer. It has /C bytes of on chip program -AM. 'he programs written
for projects using /45) microcontroller can be used to run on the projects using
/45* microcontroller as /45) is a &ubset of /45*.
1/30 D 'his microcontroller has all the features of /45) except for it to be -AM.
less. 6n external -AM that can be as large as <2 C bytes should be
programmed and added to this chip for execution. 'he disadvantage of adding
external -AM is that * ports 8out of the 2 ports: are used. !ence% only * ports are
left for I@A operations which can also be added externally if re=uired for
execution.
#A'$E !(* 8*0
,eatures 1/A0 1/A8 1/30
-6M8bytes: )*/ *5< )*/
-AM 2C /C 4C
'imers * 0 *
&erial port ) ) )
I@A pins 0* 0* 0*
Interrupt sources < / <

VARI(US 1/A0 MICR(C(!#R($$ERS

1/A0 microcontrollers use two different kinds of memory such as ?;. #P-AM% >lash
and 3;.-6M. !ence /45) will not be seen in the part number even though it is the
most popular member of the /45) family.
12A0 D 'his microcontroller is the ?;.#P-AM version of /45). 'his chip has only 2C
bytes of ?;.#P-AM. It is re=uired to have access to the P-AM burner and the ?;.
#P-AM eraser to erase the contents inside the chip before it is programmed again.'he
disadvantage of using this memory is the waiting time of around *4 minutes to erase the
contents in order to program it again. "ue to this limitation% manufacturers fabricated
flash and 3;.-6M versions of /45).
A#14CA0 ?rom Atmel Corporation D 6tmel fabricated the flash -AM version of /45)
which is popularly known as 6'/9$5) 8N$J in the part number indicates $MA&:. 'he
flash memory can erase the contents within seconds which is best for fast growth.
'herefore% /75) is replaced by 6'/9$5) to eradicate the waiting time re=uired to erase
the contents and hence expedite the development time. 'o build up a microcontroller
based system using 6'/9$5)% it is essential to have -AM burner that supports flash
memory. 3ote that in >lash memory% entire contents must be erased to program it
again. 'he contents are erased by the -AM burner.
#A'$E !(* 8*8
Part
!umber
R(M RAM IC( pins #imer Interrupt
Vcc
Pac<aging
6'/9$5) 2C )*/ 0* * < 5; 24
6'/9$5* /C *5< 0* 0 / 5; 24
6'/9$)45) )C <2 )5 ) 0 0; *4
6'/9$*45) *C )*/ 0* 0 / 0; *4
6'/91;5) 2C )*/ 0* * < 0; 24
6'/91;5* /C )*/ 0* 0 / 0; 24
'here are different versions of packaging and various speed of the products mentioned
in the above table.

#A'$E !(* 8*3
Part !umber Speed Pins Pac<aging Use
6'/9$5).)*P$ )*M!( 24 "IP Plastic $ommercial
6'/9$5).)<P$ )<M!( 24 "IP Plastic $ommercial
6'/9$5).*4P$ *4M!( 24 "IP Plastic $ommercial

DSA/// ?rom Dallas Semiconductor D "allas &emiconductor fabricated the 3;.-6M
version of the /45) which is known as "&5444. 'he P$ serial port is utili(ed to load the
program onto the in.built -AM. 'he advantage of 3;.-6M memory is the facility to
erase the contents one byte at a time.
#A'$E !( 8*6
Part
!umber
RAM R(M #imers IC( pins Interrupts Vcc Pac<aging
"&5444./ )*/ /C * 0* < 5; 24
"&5444.0* )*/ 0*C * 0* < 5; 24
"&5444'./ )*/ /C * 0* < 5; 24
"&5444'./ )*/ 0*C * 0* < 5; 24

(ne 5 #ime 5 Programmable )(#P+ =ersions o? t>e 1/A0 D 'his version of
microcontroller is cheaper and available from various manufacturers.

C"AP#ER 3
ME#"(D($(IES
3*0 CIRCUI# DIARAM

>ig 0.)
3*8 $CD
6 li=uid.crystal display 81$": is a flat panel display% electronic visual display% or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of li=uid crystals. 1i=uid crystals do not
emit light directly. 1$"s are available to display arbitrary images 8as in a general.
purpose computer display: or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden% such as

preset words% digits% and 7.segment displays as in a clock. They use the same basic
technology% except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels%
while other displays have larger elements.


>ig 0.*
3*3 P(.ER SUPP$%
1ow.power% high.performance $MA& /.bit microcontroller with /C+ of I&P flash
memory. 'he device uses 6tmel high.density% nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry.standard /4$5) instruction set and pin out. An.chip flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in.system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer.
3*6 PI! DIARAM
3*6*0 1/A0 PI! DIARAM


>ig. 0.0
Port/ )p/*/ to p/*2+D
It is /.bit bi.directional I@A port. It is bit@ byte addressable. "uring external memory
access% it functions as multiplexed data and low.order address bus6"4.6"7.
Port 0 )p0*/ to p0*2+D

It is /.bit bi.directional I@A port. It is bit@ byte addressable. When logic N)J is written into
port latch then it works as input mode. It functions as simply I@A port and it donJt !ave.
Port 8 )p8*/ to p8*2+D
It is /.bit bi.directional I@A port. It is bit@ byte addressable.
Port 3)p3*/ to port 3*2+D
It is /.bit I@A port. In an alternating function each pins can be ?sed as a special I@A pin.
P3*/5REDD
It is an Input signal. 'hrough this I@P signal microcontroller receives serial data of serial
communication circuit.
P3*05#EDD
It is A@P signal of serial port. 'hrough this signal data is transmitted.
P3*85 )I!#/+D
It is external hardware interrupt I@P signal. 'hrough this user% programmer or peripheral
interrupts to microcontroller.
P3*35)I!#0+D
It is external hardware interrupt I@P signal. 'hrough this user% programmer or peripheral
Interrupt to microcontroller.
P3*6 5 #/D
It is I@P signal to internal timer.4 circuit. #xternal clock pulses can connects to timer.4I@P
signal.
P3*A5#0D

It is I@P signal to internal timer.) circuit . #xternal clock pulses can connects to timer.)
through this I@P signal.
P3*75F.R )bar+GD
It is active low write A@P control signal. "uring #xternal -6M 8"ata memory: access it is
generated by microcontroller. When KW-8bar:LO4% then performs write operation.
P3*25FRD )bar+GD
It is active low read A@P control signal. "uring #xternal -6M 8"ata memory: access it is
generated by microcontroller. When K-"8bar:LO4% then performs read operation from
external -6M.
@#A$0 and @#A$8D
'hese are two I@P line for on.chip oscillator and clock generator circuit. 6 resonant
network as =uart( crystal is connected between these two pin. /45) microcontroller also
drives from external clock.
FEA )bar+GCVPPD
It is and active low I@P to /45) microcontroller. When 8#6:O 4% then /45)
microcontroller access from external program memory 8-AM: only. When 8#6: O ).
FPSE! )bar+GD It is active low A@P signal. It is used to enable external program memory
8-AM: When KP&#3 8bar:L O 4% then external program memory becomes enabled and
Microcontroller read content of external memory location. 'herefore it is connected to
8A#: of external -AM. It is activated twice every external -AM memory cycle.
A$ED
6ddress latch enableG It is active high A@P signal. When it goes high% external address
latch becomes enabling and lower address of external memory 8-6M or -AM: latched
into it. 'hus it separates 64.67 address from 6"4.6"7. It provides properly timed signal
to latch lower byte address. 'he 61# is activated twice in every machine cycle. If

external -6M -AM is not accessed% then 61# is activated at constant rate of )@<
oscillator fre=uency% which can be used as a clock pulses for driving external devices.
RESE#D It is active high I@P signal. It should be maintained high for at least two machine
cycles while oscillator is running then /45) microcontroller resets.
3*6*8 ADC PI! DIARAM
PI! DIARAM
>ig 0.2

PI! DESCRIP#I(!
'able no 0.)
Pin
!o
,unction !ame
) 6ctivates 6"$P 6ctive low $hip select
* Input pinP !igh to low pulse brings the data from internal
registers to the output pins after conversion
-ead
0 Input pinP 1ow to high pulse is given to start the conversion Write
2 $lock Input pinP to give external clock. $lock I3
5 Autput pinP Qoes low when conversion is complete Interrupt
< 6nalog non.inverting input ;in8E:
7 6nalog inverting InputP normally ground ;in8.:
/ Qround84;: 6nalog Qround
9 Input pinP sets the reference voltage for analog input ;ref@*
)4 Qround84;: "igital Qround
))
/ bit digital output pins
"7
)* "<
)0 "5
)2 "2
)5 "0
)< "*
)7 ")
)/ "4
)9 ?sed with $lock I3 pin when internal clock source is used $lock -
*4 &upply voltageP 5; ;cc
3*A C(MP(!E!# $IS#
3*A*0 MICR(5C(!#R($$ER)A#14SA8+
'he /45) microcontroller is an /.bit microcontroller. 1et us see the major components of
/45) microcontroller and their functions.
6n /45) microcontroller has the following )* major componentsG
). 61? 86rithmetic and 1ogic ?nit:

*. P$ 8Program $ounter:
0. -egisters
2.'imers and counters5. Internal -6M and -AM
<.>our general purpose parallel input@output ports
7. Interrupt control logic with five sources of interrupt
/.&erial date communication
9. P&W 8Program &tatus Word:
)4. "ata Pointer 8"P'-:
'his very post is related to the -PM meter project. In fact this is the description
of 6'/9&5* with reference to that context. Bou must first of all glance over the
project here. 'his is to mention here that this post is the work of all the same team
members mentioned in the project. /45) is the name of a big family of microcontrollers.
'he device which we used in our project was the I6'/9&5*I which is a typical
/45) microcontroller manufactured by 6tmelR. 'he block diagram provided by 6tmelR
in their datasheet that showed the architecture of /9&5* device seemed a bit
complicated. 6 simpler architecture can be represented below.
'he /9&5* has 2 different ports% each one having / Input@output lines providing a total
of 0* I@A lines. 'hose ports can be used to output "6'6 and orders do other devices% or
to read the state of a sensor% or a switch. Most of the ports of the /9&5* have Idual
functionI meaning that they can be used for two different functions.
'he first one is to perform input@output operations and the second one is used to
implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses%
interrupting the execution of the program according to external events% performing serial
data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software. #ach port has
/ pins% and will be treated from the software point of view as an /.bit variable called
IregisterI% each bit being connected to a different Input@output pin.
'here are two different memory typesG -6M and ##P-AM. &hortly% -6M is used to
store variable during program execution% while the ##P-AM memory is used to store
the program itself% thatIs why it is often referred to as the Iprogram memoryI. It
is clear that the $P? 8$entral Processing ?nit: is the heart of the micro controllers. It is

the $P? that will -ead the program from the >16&! and #xecute it by interacting with
the different peripherals
3*A*8 #EMPERA#URE SE!S(R $M3A
6n analog temperature sensor is pretty easy to explain% itIs a chip that tells you what the
ambient temperature. 6s temperature increases% the voltage across a diode increases
at a known rate.
'echnically% this is actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter of a
transistor. +y precisely amplifying the voltage change% it is easy to generate an analog
signal that is directly proportional to temperature. .
Moreover they are very inexpensive and =uite easy to use. 'hese stats are for the
temperature in the 6d fruit shop% the 6nalog "evices 'MP0< 8.24 to )54$:. ItJs very
similar to the 1M05@'MP05 8$elsius output: and 1M02@'MP02 8>ahrenheit output:.


>ig. 0.5
3*A*3 ADC

'hese are used to take analog input from sensors or dividers. 1ike a &harp distance
sensor feeds M$ with analog voltage corresponding to distance from obstacle. 6nalog to
digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals
from analog to digital form. 'hese digital signals are used for further processing by the
digital processors. ;arious sensors like temperature% pressure% force etc. convert the
physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature.
ADC/1/6 is a very commonly used /.bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single
channel I$% i.e.% it can take only one analog signal as input. 'he digital outputs vary from
4 to a maximum of *55. 'he step si(e can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage
at pin9. When this pin is not connected% the default reference voltage is the operating
voltage% i.e.% ;cc. 'he step si(e at 5; is )9.50m; 85;@*55:% i.e.% for every )9.50m; rise
in the analog input% the output varies by ) unit. 'o set a particular voltage level as the
reference value% this pin is connected to half the voltage. >or example% to set a
reference of 2; 8;ref:% pin9 is connected to *; 8;ref@*:% thereby reducing the step si(e
to )5.<*m; 82;@*55:.
3*A*6 V($#AE REU$A#(R
21/A is a =oltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 7/xx series of fixed
linear voltage regulator I$s. 'he voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and
would not give the fixed voltage output. 'he =oltage regulator IC maintains the output
voltage at a constant value. 'he xx in 7/xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is
designed to provide. 7/45 provides E5; regulated power supply. $apacitors of suitable
values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective
voltage levels.



>ig 0.<
PI! DESCRIP#I(!
#able no 3*8
Pin
!o
,unction !ame
) Input voltage 85;.)/;: Input
* Qround 84;: Qround
0 -egulated outputP 5; 82./;.5.*;: Autput
3*A*A $ED
6 light.emitting diode 81#": is a two.lead semiconductor light source that resembles a
basic Pn.junction diode% except that an 1#" also emits light. When an 1#"Is anode
lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least the 1#"Is
forward voltage drop% current flows. #lectrons are able to recombine with holes within
the device% releasing energy in the form of photons. 'his effect is called
electroluminescence% and the color of the light 8corresponding to the energy of the
photon: is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. 6n 1#" is often
small in area 8less than ) mm
*
:% and integrated optical components may be used to

shape its radiation pattern. 6ppearing as practical electronic components in )9<*% the
earliest 1#"s emitted low.intensity infrared light. Infrared 1#"s are still fre=uently used
6s transmitting elements in remote.control circuits% such as those in remote controls
for a wide variety of consumer electronics. 'he first visible.light 1#"s were also of low
intensity% and limited to red. Modern 1#"s are available across the visible% ultraviolet%
and infrared wavelengths% with very high brightness.

>ig 0.7
3*A*7 CAPACI#(R
6 capacitor is an electronic component that is able to hold or store an electric charge. It
consists of two or more metal conducting plates separated from one another by an
insulator. In general% capacitors are used to block direct current 8dc: but pass alternating
current. 'he basic unit of capacitance is the ,arad ),+% but because this value is too
large for a practical work% the microfarad (uf) O )4
.<
>% nana Farad (nf) O )4
.9
>% and Pico
Farad (uf) O )4
.)*
> are used



>ig 0./
3.5.7 RESIS#(RD
6 resistor is a passive two.terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. -esistors act to reduce current flow% and% at the same
time% act to lower voltage levels within circuits. -esistors may have fixed resistances or
variable resistances% such as those found in% trimmers% photo resistors and
potentiometers.


>ig 0.9
'he current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistorIs
terminals. 'his relationship is represented by AhmIs lawG
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes% V is the potential
difference measured across the conductor in units of volts% and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms 8symbolG S:.'he ratio of the voltage applied across a
resistorIs terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance% and

this can be assumed to be constant 8independent of the voltage: for ordinary resistors
working within their ratings
3*A*1 S(,#.ARE REHUIREME!#
;EI$
C#I1 vision is the name of software dedicated to the development and testing of a
family of microcontrollers based on /45) technology% which we are going to use along
this tutorial. Bou can download an evaluation version of C#I1. Most versions share
merely the same interface% this tutorial uses C#I1 $5) vision 2 with the $5) compiler.
'o create project% write and test the source code and also create hex file.
Apen Ciel and &tart a new project. Bou will prompt to choose a name for your new
project% chose a name and click save. Window will appear% where you will be asked to
select a device for 'arget N'arget. >rom the list% select 6'M#1 and chose your
microcontroller .'he 6'/9s5* will be called your N'arget deviceJ% which is the final
destination of your source code. Bou will be asked whether to copy standard /45)
startup code click no. $lick >ile% 3ew and similar to the following window should appear.
'he blank space where your code should be written.
3AW% Bou have to click N>ile N%&ave as and chose a file name for code ending with the
extension N.cJ and click save.6fter right.clicking on Nsource group 0N% click on NAdd ?iles
to groupIN% then you will be prompted to browse the file to add to Nsource group )T%
chose the file that you just saved and add it to the source group. Bou will notice that the
file is added to the project tree at the left.
In some versions of this software you have to turn A3 manually the option to generate
!#U files. make sure it is turned A3% by right.clicking on target )% Aptions for target
Ntarget )T% then under the NoutputN tab% by checking the box Ngenerate !#U fileN. 'his step
is very important as the !#U file is the compiled output of your project that is going to
be transferred to the microcontroller.
3*7 PR(RAMMI!
VincludeWreg5).hX

VincludeWmath.hX
VincludeWstdio.hX
sfr lcddataO4x/4P
sbit rsOP)Y4P
sbit rwOP)Y)P
sbit enOP)Y*P
sbit csOP)Y2P
sbit rdOP)Y7P
sbit wrOP)Y<P
sbit intrOP)Y5P
sbit digZmin)OP0Y7P
sbit digZhr)OP0Y<P
sbit digZdate)OP0Y5P
sbit digZmonth)OP0Y2P
sbit digZyear)OP0Y0P
sbit startOP0Y*P
int hr %hr)O4P
int min%min)O4P
int sec%sec)O4P

int year%year)O)P
int month%month)O)P
int date%date)O)P
void delay8unsigned int time:
[
unsigned int a%bP
for 8aO4PaWtimePaEE:
[
for8bO4PbW)*75PbEE:
[
\
\
\
void lcmd8unsigned char sdata:
[
rsO4P
delay8):P
rwO4P
delay8):P

enO)P
delay8):P
lcddataOsdataP
delay8):P
enO4P
\
void ldata8unsigned char ddata:
[
rsO)P
delay8):P
rwO4P
"elay 8):P
#nO)P
"elay 8):P
1cddataOddataP
"elay 8):P
#nO4P
\
void init8void:

[
lcmd84x0/:P
"elay 8):P
lcmd84x4<:P @@ to scroll 47 % stable 4<
delay8):P
lcmd84x4$:P
delay8):P
lcmd84x4):P
"elay 8):P
\
void ldisp8unsigned char location%unsigned char ]d:
[
lcmd8location:P
@@delay85:P
while8]d:
[
ldata8]dEE:P
@@delay80:P
\

\
lcdZdataZint8int timeZval: @@ >unction to send number to 1$"
[
int intZamtP
intZamtOtimeZval@)4P
ldata8intZamtE2/:P
intZamtOtimeZval^)4P
ldata8intZamtE2/:P
\
int 6"$8void:
[
unsigned long "6'6O4x44P
rdO)P
wrO4P
delay8):P
wrO)P
while8intrOO):P
rdO4P
"6'6OP*P

return "6'6P
\
;oid setZyear)8: @@ >unction to set year
["elay 8)5:P
min)EEP
year)EEP
if8year)X99:
year)O4P
lcmd 84x//:P
lcdZdataZint8year):P
\
void setZmonth)8: @@ >unction to set set month of clock
[delay8)5:P
min)EEP
month)EEP
if8month)X)*:
month)O)P
lcmd84x/0:P
lcdZdataZint8month):P

ldata8I@I:P
\
;oid setZdate)8: @@ >unction to set set date of clock
["elay 8)5:P
Min)EEP
"ate)EEP
if8date)X0):
date)O)P
lcmd84x/4:P
lcdZdataZint8date):P
ldata8I@I:P
\
;oid setZhr)8: @@ >unction to set set hours digit of clock
[delay8)5:P
min)EEP
hr)EEP
if8hr)X*0:
hr)O4P
lcmd84x$4:P

lcdZdataZint8hr):P
ldata8IGI:P
\
;oid setZmin)8: @@ >unction to set set minutes digit of clock
[delay8)5:P
Min)EEP
If 8min)X59:
min)O4P
lcmd84x$0:P
lcdZdataZint8min):P
\
;oid shape8: @@ >unction to create the shape of degree
[
lcmd8<2:P
ldata8*:P
ldata85:P
ldata8*:P
ldata84:P
ldata84:P

ldata84:P
ldata84:P
ldata84:P
lcmd84x$#:P
ldata84:P
"elay 8):P
\
;oid main 8:
[
?nsigned int m%i%tempO4%voltP
?nsigned char abcK*)LP
csO4P
init8:P
rwO4P
startO)P
digZhr)O)P
digZmin)O)P
digZyear)O)P
digZmonth)O)P

digZdate)O)P
&hape 8:P
ldata8I$I:P
ldisp84x/6%F_'#MPF:P
lcmd84x$6:P
ldata8I_I:P
@@ldisp84x/4%F'#MP-6'?-# I&GF:P
While 8):
[
lcmd84x/4:P
delay8):P
lcdZdataZint8date:P
ldata8I@I:P
lcdZdataZint8month:P
ldata8I@I:P
ldata8I*I:P
ldata8I4I:P
lcdZdataZint8year:P
lcmd84x$4:P

"elay 8):P
lcdZdataZint8hr:P
data 8IGI:P
lcdZdataZint8min:P
"ata 8IGI:P
lcdZdataZint8sec:P
@@tempO4x>>P
While 8startOO4:
[
delay 8)4:P
If 8digZyear)OO4:
setZyear) 8:P
if8digZmonth)OO4:
setZmonth) 8:P
If 8digZdate)OO4:
setZdate) 8:P
If 8digZhr)OO4:
setZhr) 8:P
If 8digZmin)OO4:

setZmin) 8:P
BearOyear)P
MonthOmonth)P
"ateOdate)P
!rOhr)P
MinOmin)P
\
mOyear^2P
If 8secOO59:
[&ecO4P
If 8minOO59:
[MinO4P
if 8hrOO*0:
[!rO4P
if 8dateOO0):
[
rrG
If 8datesOO4:

[
\
#lse
[ "ateO)P
\
if8monthOO)*:
[MonthO)P
if8yearOO99:
[BearO4P
\
#lse
[BearEEP
\
\
#lse
[MonthEEP
\
\
#lse

["ateEEP
\
\
#lse
[!rEEP
\
\
#lse
[
MinEEP
\
\
#lse
[&ecEEP
'empO6"$8:P
;oltOtemp]).7P
"elay 8*0:P
ldisp84x$+%F F:P

sprint8abc%F^dF%volt:P
ldisp84x$+%abc:P
if8mOO4:
[if 8monthOO* dateOO*9 hrOO*0 minOO59 secOO59:
[
"ateO4P
MonthO0P
\
\
#lse
[if8monthOO* dateOO*/ hrOO*0 minOO59 secOO59:
[
"ateO4P
MonthO0P
\
\
If 8monthOO2 __ monthOO< __ monthOO/ __ monthOO9 __ monthOO)) :
[
If 8dateOO04 hrOO*0 minOO59 secOO59:

[
"ateO4P
go to rrP\
\
@]else if8monthOO) __ monthOO0 __ monthOO5 __ monthOO< __ monthOO/ __
monthOO)4 __ monthOO)* dateOO0) hrOO*0 minOO59 secOO59:
[
dateO4P
monthOmonthE)P
\]@
\
\
\
C"AP#ER 6
RESU$# - DISCUSSI(!
6*0 RESU$#
'he &ystem was operated successfully. It is successfully tested in the laboratory.
$ontroller takes the information successfully from digital time clock and sends the
information successfully to 1$" and successfully displays the output.
+y external 5 switch keys we can set the year% month %day% hours% minutes% to display
our output on 1$" .Ance we can set these push start button on then display on 1$" will

start to gives an output . 'he display of year will show the display up to year *499.
'here is a reset button to reset our data on 1$" .If we can switch off the display we can
again set the data to display. We can also add to display temperature on 1$".
When we set the data and push the button on to start the will automatically display on
screen. It will also display the body temperature if we touch the temperature sensor. Aur
project model were specially used in colleges% building% school% houses% hospitals%
stations% mall etc. to display date% time% temperature.




C"AP#ER A
C(!C$USI(!
A*0 C(!C$USI(!
'he project we have undertaken has helped us gain a better perspective on various
aspects related to our course of study as well as practical knowledge of electronic
e=uipmentJs and communication. We became familiar with software analysis% designing%
implementation% testing and maintenance concerned with our project. 'he extensive

capabilities of this system are what make it so interesting. Aur project are specially used
in colleges% building% campus% hostel% hospital% station% mall etc. to display time %date
%temperature .
A*8 ,U#URE SC(PE
'his project is used to display the updated time% date and temperature even switch off
the power supply.
In future this can be extending to control the temperature and monitor the weather
condition.
C"AP#ER 7
RE,ERE!CES

K)L $ programming for embedded systemsH % Cirk `urell % *444 .
K*L #mbedded Microcomputer systemH % onathan w.;alvano % *444.
K0L /45) microcontroller embedded systemsH % Md 6li Ma(idi % *449.

K2L Microprocessor interfacingH % "ouglas ;.!all % *44<.