International Aquafeed May June 2014 - FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Assessing the potential

of polychaete meal in
shrimp feeds
Prospects on dietary trace minerals
aquafeeds & aquaculture
Use of a heat-stable
protease in salmonid feeds
experiences from Canada and Chile
Fish Farming Technology supplement
Nets and cages

Recirculating aquaculture
systems
Vo l u m e 1 7 I s s u e 3 2 0 1 4 -
M AY | J U N E
AQUA
FEED
CONTENTS
AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Volume 17 / Issue 3 / May-June 2014 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2014 / All rights reserved
Aqua News
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4
6
7
7
8
9
People are counterfeiting what!

UK population failing in healthy eating
Costs added to the burden of EMS
Muyang changes brand name to FAMSUN
New prawn farm approved
Queries on antibiotics
From granite to gold in phosphorus production
FIndia and Aquaculture - a promising avenue
Features
10
14
18
24
30
34
Assessing the potential of polychaete meal in shrimp feeds

Rainbow Trout fry syndrome
Prospects on dietary trace minerals: aquafeeds & aquaculture
Algae and animal nutrition
Use of a heat-stable protease in salmonid feeds - experiences from Canada and Chile
Evolution in Extrusion of Aquatic Feeds
Regular items
7 THE AQUACULTURISTS
28 PHOTOSHOOT
40 EXPERT TOPIC - TILAPIA
48 INDUSTRY EVENTS
How do we grow Aquaculture in USA?

Future Fish, SEG Brussels

Oceanology 2014 London Aquaculture Conference review
52 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS
54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
56 INDUSTRY FACES
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2014
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Also in
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Our Fishhis issue:
F
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Technolo
gy centr ming
e section
supple
Nets an ment:
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Recircula cages
aquacult ting
u
systems re
www.perendale.co.uk
Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
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Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design & Page Layout
James Taylor
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Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
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International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
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Creoso - welcome
ts glorious May summer sunshine in Plymouth and the exam season is over for our
undergraduate students with the campus much more relaxed in tone with students
enjoying outdoor food markets, the nearby beaches and the famous Dartmoor Moor.
There is a definite end of term atmosphere here in SW England. My grading is complete
and students will be waiting for their degree results in July.
However, I manage a masters programme in sustainable aquaculture
and these students are now in the middle of some exciting projects
based in local trout farms in Cornwall and two students working on the
potential of dietary inclusion of seaweed for juvenile cod in Ireland with
a further lad based in Virginia Tech working on clownfish nutrition. It is
so welcome to receive the support of contacts in other institutions and
the enhancement of my students experiences. It is much appreciated.
One of the major issues in aquaculture research is the question
of ethics and the legislation governing animal (including fish) work in
research. I am a firm believer in best practice and the application of good pragmatic governance
towards compliance for high standards of care and welfare in fish experiments in laboratories and
aquaculture installations in practice.
However, wherever I travel and in particular specific areas of Europe, especially the UK, this
now seems to have become stifling with over-bureaucracy, conflicting opinions and interpretation
of rules (EU directives often down-played in most of Europe) and a general lack of understanding
of officials (mainly non-practicing veterinarians) with little training or appreciation of the aquaculture industry, fish biology and standard good husbandry.
Indeed, this is now becoming a serious concern undermining and constraining our ability to
conduct excellent applied research in the UK and leading to more aquaculture research being
conducted overseas. I will come back to this issue in a forthcoming feature.
In the last two months I had the pleasure to conduct a public doctoral examination in Bergen,
Norway, for a candidate working on cataracts in salmon that had produced already three scientific papers. Lenticular cataracts in salmon may be attributed mainly to dietary histidine deficiency,
although other environmental factors are involved.
I was also an invited speaker for the 2014 annual meeting of the British Society of Animal
Science, held in Nottingham University in late April. This society addresses all areas of animal production systems, ruminant and monogastric, but fish is quite unusual although I had great comfort
in reminding the audience that fish production had now eclipsed beef production globally. My
talk was on the development of novel feed ingredients and additives for aquaculture. I think fish
have now come of age in the animal production world of scientists.
In the current issue we have the following main articles and features;
First, we focus on providing good sources of trace elements and minerals for healthy fish and
crustacean production.
Prospects on Dietary Trace Minerals: Aquafeeds & Aquaculture by Sungchul Charles Bai
covers the major biological and management question of providing effective bioavailable trace
elements for fish serving an excellent mini-review.
We include: The Nutritional & Immune Impact of AZOMITE in Tilapia and Shrimp by
Damon Fodge & Doug Fodge, DF Intl., LLC Dirk Lorenz-Meyer, Behn Meyer EU, Gmb William
T.H.C. Chang, Lytone Enterprise, Inc.
Topically, we have an article from France on sea weed teechnology for animal nutrition with
potential for aquafeeds as well as a special report on automation and control of live food production so vital to modern hatcheries.
A interesting report examines stable enzyme (protease) additives for salmonid feeds from
a Chilean and canadian perspective by M A Kabir Chowdhury, PhD, Jefo Nutrition Inc., SaintHyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Dr. Pedro Cardenas Villarroal, Alinat Chile, Chile.
Ever mindful of the increasing risks of fish disease and health, we include an article on rainbow trout fry
syndrome that examines the historical background of this significant disease problem. The report details
treatments such as traditional chemo-therapeutic and potential vaccine development but highlights
the use of the product Orego-Stim. This is a natural feed additive based on oregano, developed by
Meriden Animal Health. The oregano essential oil acts as an immunity enhancer and growth promoter,
with further benefits including antibacterial and antimicrobial properties as a prophylactic natural agent.
Our current issue has all, the main news reports, contemporary topics and interviews with
leading experts in the field. Please enjoy and keep up with your contributions.
Have a most wonderful summer and a good fish and shrimp harvest wherever you are! Not
forgetting the wine.
Aqua News
People are counterfeiting what?!
his sounds like one of

those crazy ideas
stealing fish crates we
understand but counterfeiting
them?
A few weeks ago the Sydney
Fish Market (SFM) was advised
that operators have been
receiving poor quality crates
stamped with the SFM logo.
The matter was investigated
and SFM was given photographs and subsequently
sample crates, and were able to
immediately deduce that these
crates had not been produced
nor issued by SFM and are in
fact, counterfeits.
Gus Dannoun at SFM said
These crates are not only an
inferior product but because

they bear the SFM logo, they
infringe our trademark. We
advised our solicitors who
immediately commenced
an investigation. SFM will be
doing everything that the law
permits to seek damages and
costs for this breach of our
trademark.
He added The SFM logo on
the counterfeit crates is the
same as that which was first
introduced in 2003 though
the obvious difference in the
crates is that the logo on the
genuine crates is hot stamped
while the logo on the counterfeits has been screen
printed.
UK population
failing in healthy
eating
and calories and are not a good

choice for children.
Government advice recommends that no more than 11%
of our diet should come from
added sugars but the National
Diet and Nutrition Survey for
2008-12 shows that added
sugar made up an average of
14.7% of the diet of kids aged
under ten.
The nationwide sur vey is
based on research into the
eating habits of 1,000 people
a year. It found all age groups
exceed recommended daily
levels of saturated fat and salt
and despite a huge publicity
campaign encouraging people
to eat five por tions of fruit
and veg a day, just 10% of boys
and 7% of girls aged between
11-18 hit the target.
Dr Tedstone added: The
findings, from the four years
covered by the survey, confirm
that eating habits do not
change quickly. It is clear that
we all need to work together
to help people improve their
diets.
damning report from

Public Health England
this week said British
kids are going over their recommended sugar intake
by more than a third and it
blames the nations sweet
tooth on fruit juice as well as
soft drinks and cereals.
Dr Alison Tedstone, chief
nutritionist at Public Health
England which published the
repor t, said: The new data
highlights that children are
drinking too many sugar y
drinks. The best drinks for
school-aged children are water
and low fat milk. Fruit juice is
also a good choice as it can be
included as one of your five
portions of fruit and vegetables
per day. However, it should only
be drunk once a day and with
a meal because it can be high
in sugar and cause tooth decay.
Fizzy drinks can be high in sugar
FEATURES
Every issue of International Aquafeed is
available to view online in our Archive
section. Both full online editions and
individual features can be viewed, and it
is completely free.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php
The (invisible)
market gaps
Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant
professor of food chemistry,
university of Athens, Greece
n aquaculture, but also in food

industry, there is often a fear-gap
between research & development
and marketing departments.
Lots of novel and innovative ideas
stay locked in some drawers and
they are never presented to the
appropriate sales/marketing people.
Some of them are around the development of natural products and the
valorisation of by-products.
This fear-gap is a two-way
reaction.
Researchers do not have a strong
belief in the marketing potential of
a novel product and marketers are
hesitant to take some considerable
risks.
However, we need to find ways to
tackle this fear in a constructive way
and produce novel, functional and
sustainable products.
One of the main fears when
working with carnivorous aquaculture species is this: For how long
can we be sure that fishmeals and
fish oils (FO) are going to be available in competitive prices?
Past experience has shown that
the fatty acid profiles of fishmeals
and FO are like moving sand. Can
we rest assured that the next batch
we order of FO will have the same
profile as the last two ones? If not,
what can we do in order to tackle
this uncertainty?
Complete substitution of FO
with vegetable oils (VO) (that is,
with blends containing rapeseed oil,
palm oil and linseed oil) may induce
lower transcription levels of certain
stress and antioxidant-related genes
in the intestine, according to latest
research.
Feed trials with the same oil blend
partly substituting FO in combination with plant proteins at different
inclusion levels has shown that in
response to acute physiological
stress, high levels of plant-derived
dietary ingredients can enhance
COX-2 induction and synthesis of
pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in
the intestine of salmon [1]. These
pro-inflammatory compounds may
impose a considerable risk in a dual
May-June 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3
way: first, by affecting negatively

the health of aquaculture fish and
second by decreasing the nutritional
value of our end product.
However, we could tackle this
aquatic food security problem in a
different way by exploiting olive oil
and olive industry by-products as fish
feed ingredients and hence enriching
fish flesh with anti-inflammatory
compounds of olive origin [2].
Going back to the fear-gap, we
could propose to marketers that an
olive-fed fish could replace partly the
existing ones by bringing a novel marketing and functional angle into the
(commercial) game. The consumers
need though to be properly informed
on the functional properties of the
novel fish before being asked to pay
the higher dividend.
All in all, information is the best
medicine against (any type of) fear
and leading aquaculture companies
should take a leading role bringing to
the consumers the benefits of novel
fish diets.
How many leading companies are,
though, prepared to spend some
valuable resources (time, money,
website updating) in order to disseminate R&D information?
I want to believe that a few companies are (or would be) prepared to
take the chance and come on board
in this innovation experiment. After
all, marketing novel food has been
the most rewarding experiment for
quite few years now
For further reading
1. Substitution of Dietary Fish Oil
with Plant Oils is Associated with
Shortened Mid Intestinal Folds
in Atlantic Salmon http://www.
thefishsite.com/articles/1846/
substitution-of-dietary-fish-oilwith-plant-oils-is-associated-withshortened-mid-intestinal-folds-inatlantic-salmon
2. Exploiting the anti-inflammatory
properties of olive (Olea europaea) in the sustainable production of functional food and
neutraceuticals
http://link.springer.com/article/10.
1007%2Fs11101-014-9350-8
Aqua News
Benefits of
integration of feed
safety and feed
responsibility
Johan den Hartog, managing

director of GMP+ International,
Rijswijk, The Netherlands
bout a year ago, GMP+ International introduced the first standard

requirements for assurance of specific responsibility items in feed.
This standard was published in a new module of the GMP+ Feed

Certification scheme: the GMP+ Feed Responsibility Assurance (FRA) module.
The standard is the first of a range of standards which will be published in this
new module.
The GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance scheme was renamed as GMP+ Feed
Certification scheme, now containing two modules: Feed Safety Assurance
(GMP+ FSA) and Feed Responsibility Assurance (GMP+ FRA), both with their
own specific logo.
Next to the existing and widely used GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance logo, a
new logo was developed which can be used by feed companies successfully
audited and certified against the GMP+ FRA standards.
The reason to create this special module within the GMP+ Feed Certification
scheme was the fact that GMP+ FSA certified feed companies are more and
more confronted with questions and request from customers and stakeholders
in the production chain to demonstrate not only compliance with high feed
safety standards but also the assurance of certain responsibility standards.
The GMP+ Feed Certification scheme offers individual feed companies
already a lot of elements to meet these requests. First of all, clear and practical requirements to establish, operate and update a sound and robust management system.
In order to assure either safety or responsibility standards, a feed company can
use the same procedures and systems. When there is already a GMP+ feed
safety management system implemented, a company has already implemented
within one integrated management system:
an exhaustive prerequisite program to create a necessary basic level
for assured operation;
HACCP-procedures to identify, control and monitor the risks;
Procedures assuring that not only today but also tomorrow and next
month and year, all systems and procedures are working correctly;
Involvement of management in order to a.m. assure that necessary
resources are supplied, and communication within the chain is guaranteed.
Next to this, the GMP+ Feed Certification scheme offers independent thirdparty certification. This type of verification should give stakeholders and customers trust that a certified feed company complies with their requirements.
Clear rules for certification, approval of auditors and certification bodies, and a
complete supervision program, focused on harmonising and improving the level
of performance of both auditors and certification bodies are key pillars of the
GMP+ Feed Certification scheme.
To include these standards for feed responsibility in the same certification
scheme as the feed safety standards, gives a company certain benefits. As said
before, the standards to assure feed responsibility require a company to use the
same procedures and systems as required for feed safety assurance.
The standards will be structured more or less in the same way, and will be
familiar and recognizable for companies. Standards for feed safety and feed
responsibility are easy to combine.
Besides this, auditing both standards can be combined and the idea is to avoid
overlap as much as possible. This will result in reducing extra costs for auditing
and certification to a minimum.
In one combined audit all aspects will be covered and two certificates will be
granted: one stop shop multiple certification.
The standards for GMP+ FSA certification and the standards for GMP+ FRA certification can be found on the website of GMP+ International: www.gmpplus.org.
Costs added to the

burden of EMS
ardly a day goes by

without a seafood
news item which
involves the dreaded Acute
Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
Syndrome (AHPNS), more
commonly known as Early
Mor tality Syndrome (EMS),
a disease which is crippling aquaculture shrimp/
prawns.
Dr Farshad Shishehchian of
Blue Aqua International Pte
Ltd and current President of
World Aquaculture Societys
Asian Pacific Chapter, has
seen this issue escalate to
such a level that he has
decided to organise The
EMS Forum which will aim
to engage all sides of the
issue for discussions.
This event will be held
in Bangkok on 28-29 June
2014 and features many of
the wor lds exper ts (see
http://bit.ly/1nDxOAG for all
updated information) which
will include sessions on different perspectives of the
disease covering research,
government and industr y;
myths and facts; current
status; economic aspects
and predictions for the
future, and solutions.
Blue Aqua have joined
forces with the newly formed
Association of International
Seafood Professionals (AISP)
and Perendale Publisher s
Limited to ensure that this is
not just a talk fest but that it
may be a catalyst for getting
on top of the issue and
aiming to find some solutions for all.
EMS is it a plague
or not a plague?
Tony Emms, a business

strategy consultant in
Singapore, who has recently
under taken a major investment study on the ASEAN
aquaculture industr y commented, When I first heard
about the EMS outbreak at
GOAL 2012, I actually raised
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014
a question as to whether or
not it was a plague because
it seemed to be , when
compared to terrestrial livestock disease outbreaks.
I received a response
from an industr y exper t
that it was a plague, but
most commentators advised
that such outbreaks were a
normal par t of operational
life in the shrimp industry it has happened in the past
with other significant disease
outbreaks, e.g. past wipeouts
in Taiwan.
This was a bit of shock
having been involved in
wor k on the impacts of
BSE and AI on terrestrial
livestock businesses and
industr y, where outbreaks
are stopped from spreading
on a ver y rapid basis, he
adds.
We now have a clear indication of par t of the financial impact of this disease,
EMS or AHPNS and it is
huge. The losses repor ted
and oppor tunity losses,
when translated into the
whole value chain will be
truly spectacular.
Even more so, when one
brings in the whole industry
and value chains in Vietnam,
China and Malaysia, where
trade sources and industry
technicians still actively
repor t that the EMS/AHPNS
disease scenarios are bad
with no end in sight.
It now seems to be time
for the regulator s across
the Asian region to stop
and rethink their policies,
operations and activities in
future, so such economic
damage can be eliminated
or reduced significantly,
as it would be in an AI or
FMD breakout in the terrestrial livestock industry. It
is apparent that one benchmar k for this stop and
rethink lies in how Chile
dealt with its recent ISA
disease crisis.
Aqua News
Prawn attack
Over the last few year s

the major diseases that
have attacked prawns have
been:
Yellow Head Virus (YHV)
Infectious Hypodermal
and Hemalopoietic
Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)
Infectious Micro-necrosis
Virus (IMNV)
White Spot Syndrome
Baculovir us complex
(WSSV)
White Feces
Bamboo Shaped Disease
Acute Hepatopancreatic
Necrosis Syndrome
(EMS/AHPNS)
All of them have impacted
in some way, some worse
than others, but the latest
disease , known simply as
Ear ly Mor tality Syndrome
(EMS), has many people concerned because it has not
been fully diagnosed despite
the mighty effor ts of the
worlds exper ts.
E M S f u l l t i t l e i s E a r ly
Mor tality Syndrome/Acute
Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
Syndrome and the tell-tale
signs relate to significant
atrophy of the hepatopancreas (HP), often pale/yellow
or white within the HP with
black spots or streaks occasionally visible. The HP does
not squash easily between
the thumb and forefinger.
As the name suggests EMS
affects prawns in the first
10 to 40 days after stocking.
Mor tality rate is 40 to 90
percent no matter on the
species and it has been documented that survivors display
slow growth.
The most traded

fish
Prawns/shrimp are the most

traded fish in the international
market ahead of salmon and
tuna and whilst EMS has been
a burden for China, Thailand,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Mexico,
etc. it has opened the market
for other producers, including
Ecuador, Indonesia, India and
Bangladesh, which have not
been hit by the disease.
Based on financial repor ts

of many public listed companies and the likely scale up
from this to a whole industry
and value chain picture ,
the overall impact that this
disease now appears to have
is immense, affecting both
the supply and consumer
end of the valuable seafood
chain.
The disease has not only
found a way into some countries on the farm side, but it
has crushed both large and
small operations and created
inflated prices which are now
impacting jobs and menu
planning. A figure of well
over US$15 billion is mentioned by various industr y
sources.
AISP spokesper son said,
This is a crisis for the seafood
industr y is of massive proportions in respect of money,
jobs, trade and confidence
and, whilst many are working
on gaining more knowledge
about the disease and how
it may be beaten, there are
many gaps in the communication about the disease,
its impacts and on the processes through which it can
be beaten.
All par ties needed to
under stand the consequences of diseases and that
health management should
be a shared responsibility
with primary industry, the full
supply chain and government
investing to build resources
and capacity so that aquatic
animal disease emergencies
and prevented and better
managed.
The final words on prawn
farming and the issues that
have to be faced go to a
legend in the industr y, Dr
Chingchai Lohawatanakul,
President and Vice Chairman
of Charoen Pokphand Foods
Public Co., Ltd., who, when
p r e s e n t i n g a t G OA L i n
2012, said, Shrimp business
is like marriage: The outsiders want to get in and the
insiders want to get out. For
those in IAF recommens
engaging in the EMS Forum
in June.
Updating to meet the

challenges of the new world
Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture
without Frontiers
ike any organisation going

through what might be called
growing pains, Aquaculture
without Frontiers (AwF) knows that
it has to change if it is to succeed in
achieving its strategies and goals.
Change is never easy and for organisations like AwF, which rely strongly
on volunteers, it is very difficult. But
change we must!
As part of the new broom we
have revisited the website (www.
aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org) and
re-organised many of the headings
and created new areas of activities
and news. We have now posted our
Strategic Plan 2014-17, added more
volunteer information and completely
revamped the Giving & Funding area
and created a new Education Area.
Please have a view of the website and
give us your comments and importantly your ideas to value add to what
we have done.
An important new development
in the Giving & Funding section is
the involvement of Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) into our
program.
A new element of leadership
is making a profound difference in
gauging business performance: corporate social responsibility.
In the past companies were judged
on high performance by measuring against key business imperatives including competitive differentiation, sales, attracting and retaining
talent, operational efficiency, return on
investment and profitability. But today
that is no longer enough.
According to Edelmans Good
Purpose Study, 67 percent of consumers say they are more likely to
buy products and services from a
company if they know it supports
good causes, up more than 11 percent
from the year before. This has seen
CSR surge passed its tipping point.
A plethora of research points to a
majority of stakeholders agreeing that
CSR is a must do, Kristian Darigan
Merenda, Edelmans senior vice president of brand and corporate citizenship was reported to say.
AwF also learned about research

conducted earlier this year by Impakt
Corp. which revealed that corporations that are considered leaders in
terms of business performance take
a common approach to CSR.
According to the research, there
are five interrelated criteria which
form a new blueprint for the way
corporations can maximize their
investments in CSR: business-based
social purpose; clear theory of
change; quality and depth of information; concentrated effort; and partnering with experts.
As a result of being born from a
world association of seafood experts
and academics and engaged heavily in
aquaculture AwF believes that its key
corporate social leaders are within
the very same industry. As a key
ingredient in business strategy and
execution, the AwF CSR program
can play a central role in helping corporations to be seen as leaders.
In the world of business astute corporations are allocating increasing
internal resources to CSR investments that feature clear objectives and deliver measurable social
outcomes
AwF is keen to partner organisations
offering the opportunity for companies to put back into developing countries through aquaculture (the worlds
fastest growing primary industry producing a renewable sustainable highly
nutritious protein/food). By working
together we can find ways where we
can help develop capacity and build
capability in aquaculture. Of course,
any company can get involved.
Many of the importers would
likely be keen to do something but
maybe have been lacking the experience that AwF can bring to the table.
Hence a partnership collaboration
could achieve so much for all.
If you believe that involvement in
AwFs CSR program would be beneficial to your organisation, please
complete the CSR Registration form
(https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/
CSRRegistration ) and we will contact
you to discuss possibilities.
AQUACULTURE
view
by Dominique P Bureau, member of

the IAF Editorial Panel
Does Better Nutrition

Equals Better Disease
Resistance? A Paradigm
Shift May Be Occurring
The emerging treat of antibiotic
resistance among pathogenic bacteria and the creation of "super
bugs" (bacteria resistant to almost
all the currently available antibiotics) is leading some medical experts
to predict a very dim future for
our health care system. Through
careless use of these wonderful
tools that are antibiotics, we may
have been shooting ourselves in
the foot. To some experts, including Dr. Gerry Wright, Scientific
Director of the Michael G.
DeGroote Institute for Infectious
Disease Research at McMaster
University (Hamilton, Canada), we
will very likely face catastrophic
consequences in the not too distant future.
This grim perspective need to be
a wake-up call for all of us, including us working in the aquaculture
industry. When I hear of very
powerful "human" antibiotics illegally used in fish and shrimp culture
in Asia, I cringe! We truly need
to invest in novel solutions to deal
with bacterial disease in aquaculture species. These solutions may
need to be based on completely
different approaches. Nutritionists
probably have an important role
to play in addressing this challenge.
However, we may need to experience a paradigm shift.
As a student, I have always been
taught the adage that "better nutrition results in better disease resistance". In aquaculture, in response
to a disease outbreak or simply
to prevent one, we often assume
that one should resort to supplementation of the diet with a variety of nutrients and other dietary
compounds (vitamin C, vitamin E,
omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, zinc,
glucans, nucleotides, alginates, etc.)
that may positively influence the
immune system and thus the ability
of the animal to resist pathogens. I
have been following pretty distantly
the whole area of research on
the effects of the large array of
nutritional supplements on disease
resistance. I may be a little too
skeptical at times but so far, I have
been largely unimpressed.
What if the solution was

not in better nutrition
(more, more, more)
but rather in less good
nutrition (less is more)?
Would that be a change in paradigm for our field?!
Think about it. What is good
"motherly" advice when we catch a
cold or suffer from the flu? Isn't it
"get plenty of rest, drink plenty of
fluids and eat very little solid food"?
The equivalent approach was common practice in animal agriculture
before the advent of antibiotics.
I was told by a friend that in the
old days, when pigs were sick,
they would simply be taken out of
the herd and allowed to heal on
their own with very simple diets
(grass, vegetable residues, etc.). I
am not sure it worked perfectly
but it probably did not too much
harm and perhaps even prevented
the spread of disease to the entire
herd.
As a graduate student, I was
fascinated by the work of the
research group of Dr. W.D. (Bill)
Woodward at the University of
Guelph who showed that the
very significant depression of the
immune of highly malnourished
mammals could be reversed
through simple interventions (notably thyroid hormone injections)
and this prior to addressing the
malnutrition problems, something
that common wisdom took as an
essential corollary of improving the
immune response of the animals.
Almost 20 years ago, Dr. Hugh
Ferguson, the former head of the
Fish Pathology Laboratory at the
Ontario Veterinary College (OVC)
told me his team had found the
nutritional "silver bullet" to cure
bacterial gill disease in salmonid
fish species. What was this silver

bullet? Fasting the fish for several
days!
Dr. Ferguson's team found that
fasting fish that were challenged
with the bacterial disease agent
(Flavobacterium branchiophyllum)
provided absolute protection to
these animals. The fish that were
fed during and after the challenge
with the pathogens died rapidly.
Refeeding the fasting animals prior
to clearing of the bacterial load
from the gills resulted in resurgence
of mortality (for detailed results,
readers can consult: McPhee et
al. 1995. Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms, 21: 163-170).
My research group recently collaborated with the team of Dr.
John Lumsden who now heads
the Fish Pathology Laboratory at
OVC on the effect of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on
resistance of rainbow trout to cold
water disease (Flavobacterium psychrophyllum). Previous research
from my group had shown that
rainbow trout was extremely sensitive to DON. Surely, this extreme
sensitivity would be translated into
a decrease resistance to disease
when DON was included in the
diet of this species. What we saw
was the exact opposite! The
incorporation of DON in the diet
of rainbow trout appeared to significantly increase resistance of the
animal to the disease agent, in part
through reduction in the appetite
of the animal and in part through
another mechanism.
What are the mechanisms at play?
I have not carefully looked into this
myself. However, so far through
some consultation with a number
of experts, my feeling is that
nobody really knows. Pathogens
are living organisms. When we are
feeding the animal we may also be
feeding the pathogens? However,
attempts to restrict the dietary supply of nutrients (iron, glucose, etc.)
to infected fish had very limited
effect so far.
It is strange thing to write but
poorer nutrition may, in some
cases, improve disease resistance
of animal. We definitely need to
look more carefully at this new
paradigm!
Agree or disagree? Please don't
hesitate to contact me. dbureau@
uoguelph.ca
See Dominique Bureau's previous
columns, and have your say in
the comments section on the
Aquaculturists website.
http://bit.ly/1pc1DWL
Aqua News
Muyang changes
brand name to
FAMSUN
uyang Co., Ltd. recently

announced changing its
brand name from Muyang
to FAMSUN starting May 2014.
This move is prompted by the idea
of better illustrating the company's business and the farm-to-table
industry chain it serves. It is consistent with Muyang's global strategy
and it aim of becoming an integrated solution provider in the agroindustry
FAMSUN originates from "famous,
farm, family, sun and union"; it represents Muyang Co., Ltd.'s development concept and vision, which is
to build a green and healthy supply
chain from farm to table together
with its customers and to convert
traditional agriculture into a more
modern, profitable and sustainable business integrating solutions
in feed manufacturing, grain milling,
grain handling, storage and food processing, as well as automation.
The creative design of the FAMSUN
logo features a beveled letter "F", a
curvy letter "A", a stretching letter "S"
and a friendly letter"U". It will be the
only signage representing Muyang's
business, products, service and solutions. Meanwhile, the company will
continue to operate in its current
structure, providing follow-up
services based on a relevant agreement, and its business contacts will
remain unchanged.
FAMSUN will make its publish
debut at the 12th China Animal
Husbandry Expo between May
18th and 20th in Qingdao, China
and VIV Europe 2014 - between
may 20th and 22nd in Utrecht,
Netherlands.
AQUACULTURE
UPDATES
The two latest Lery Aurora
farms join the three existing
Lery certified operations, two
certified Marine Harvest farms
in Norway and Tassals site in
Australia. The number of ASC
certified salmon farms is now
eight in total. An additional
eleven farms in Norway, Australia,
Canada and Chile are also
awaiting the outcome of their
assessments.
Queries on antibiotics
ietnamese Government
through the National
Agro-Forestr y-Fisheries
Quality Assurance Depar tment
(Nafiqad) said it had received
warnings from the EU and Japan
about the Oxytetracyline antibiotic found in Vietnams shrimp
shipments.
In Januar y-April alone, these
two mar kets detected 11
shrimp shipments with high
Oxytetracyline antibiotic residues.
Japan has found four more shrimp
batches from Vietnam having
Oxytetracyline antibiotic residue
problems since March 14 when
that country launched checks on
all the raised shrimp shipments
from Vietnam after detecting the

antibiotic residue excess in two
batches of shrimp.
Although Oxytetracyline antibiotic is allowed in seafood farming,
the fact that Vietnamese raised
shrimp had been warned of the
excessive antibiotic content by
the two major shrimp importers
indicated that this substance was
being overused in local shrimp
farming, Nafiqad said.
Currently, the allowable level of
Oxytetracyline antibiotic in the
EU is 0.1ppm. This is also the permissible rate for seafood products
that the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development specifies
in Circular 15/2009/TT-BNN.
NUMBER CRUNCHING
The Scottish crusacen industry

14% is the increase in production tonnage
of mussels in 2010 equaling approximately
7,199 tonnes.
1,400,000 3,190,000 - is the difference in Pacific oyster shell production

from 2011 to 2012.
Source: Scottish Government, www.scotland.gov.uk
9.8 million is the estimated value of the

Scottish shellfish industry in 2011 with a total
value of 8.7 million in 2012
The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside the aquaculture industry
Aquaculturalists: 400,000 thank yous!
Today, at 4pm on May 9, 2014 we achieved 400,000 views.Thank you to all our
readers over the past three years! And in order to thank everyone for supporting us on our journey of keeping you up-to-date with the latest news and
information related to aquaculture and aquafeeds, we are offering a contest
that we simply cannot put a value on:
Its our 500,000 Readership Contest:
Applicants submit their best guess as to when our blog will hit 500,000 views
(please supply your name and your best guess to seanp@perendale.co.uk)
The two individuals who guess closest to the time we tick over the 500,000
mark will win the prize: A free subscription to International Aquafeed for both
winners that will run uninterrupted until we reach 1 million views!
We would like to thank each and everyone of you again for continuing to
support us as well as the aquaculture industry - no matter where you are!
http://bit.ly/1jyhSNl
Sharing the goal of responsible aquaculture

Today the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Global Aquaculture Alliance
(GAA) and GLOBALG.A.P came together to develop the next steps towards
.
achieving efficiencies across the three programmes.
A year on since the memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed, the
three competing organisations once again met at Seafood Expo Global to
demonstrate how their collaborative working will provide greater access for
producers.
http://bit.ly/1iGeAmj
Regional Cooperation for Improved Biosecurity

Raising awareness of the link between genetics and disease will be addressed
by the global aquaculture community at a special session on regional cooperation for improved biosecurity on 11 June at World Aquaculture Adelaide
2014 (WAA14).
Aquatic animal health issues cause massive losses in the aquaculture industry
each year. It is estimated that across the global tropical shrimp industry alone
around 40% of production is lost to disease.
http://bit.ly/1g1Kpew
4% is the increase in production tonnage of

pacific oyster in 2010 equaling approximately
2,900 tonnes
2010 - was the year that king and queen
scallop production increased by 83 per cent
with a 33 per cent increase in the prior year
2009.
i i i i i i
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i
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i i
i
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i i
Salt Interception Scheme pipeline,

but it will now drill its own bores
looking for between 20 and 30
million litres initially and then
topping up from there.
The aquaculture farm will have
a hatchery, three 500-tonne fish
farm units and a processing plant
and if plans go as expected the
company will process about
1,500 tonnes annually employing
45 people.
i i i i i i
i
i i
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i
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xpected to cost AD$5.5

million a new prawn and
fin fish farm has been
approved at Waikerie on the
River Murray, South Australia, and
construction will soon commence
enabling the business to be operating in 2015.
A-Culture Holdings managing
director, John Henderson, says the
company had initially planned to
draw water from the Woolpunda
i i i i i i
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i i
New prawn farm approved
i i i i i i
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Aqua News
New joint Turkish feed company will focus on feed efficiency, technical
service, and sustainability
The BioMar Group, a leading international fish feed specialist, and the Sagun
Group, one of the leading Turkish companies within aquaculture, fish processing
and trading, announced at the Seafood Show in Brussels the formation of a
Joint-Venture fish feed company in Turkey, which also includes the construction
of a fish feed factory in Turkey.
The President of the Sagun Group Mr. Ahmet Tuncay Sagun and the CEO
of the BioMar GroupMr.Torben Svejgaard used the celebration of the 10th
Anniversary of the Turkish Pavilion at the Seafood Show in Brussels to sign
a Memorandum of Understanding as the basis for forming a Joint-Venture
company in Turkey. The factory is expected to enter operation towards the
end of 2015, and will supply fish feed to both Turkey and some of the neighboring countries.
http://bit.ly/1lcPlJK
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Aqua News
From granite to
gold in phosphorus
production
illeting waste contains high
levels of phosphorus, but
a large fractionis bound
in poorly soluble mineral complexes in fish bones. Salmon have
alimited ability to digest phosphorus from fish bones, and most
of thisphosphorus in the feed is
therefore excreted in an undigested state into the environment.
waste may be a significant source

of phosphoruswith this technology, says Albrektsen.
Its difficult to obtain the phosphorus present in herring filletingwaste, which has alower
content of bone than other raw
materials that we have experience ofusing. But we managed
it after careful adaptation of a
method we use for othermarine
raw materials to process and
acid treat filleting waste. Our
resultsshow that herring filleting
waste may be a significant source
of phosphoruswith this technology, says Albrektsen.
Biotechnology
innovation
An excellent source for

salmon smolt
The food research institute

Nofima has long been working
to develop biotechnology solutions that can make the nutrients
in fish bones more readily available for salmon.
Senior researcher Sissel
Albrektsen and her colleagues at
Nofima haveworked on a project
financed by the Norwegian
Seafood Research Fund (FHF).
They have managed to garner
a large fraction of thephosphorus present in herring filleting
waste.
Its difficult to obtain the phosphorus present in herring filletingwaste, which has alower
content of bone than other raw
materials that we have experience ofusing. But we managed
it after careful adaptation of a
method we use for othermarine
raw materials to process and
acid treat filleting waste. Our
resultsshow that herring filleting
We have shown that salmon

fry during star t-up feeding and
salmon smoltafter release to the
sea can both take up and use
the phosphorus extremelywell,
says Albrektsen. The results
suggest, however, that salmon fry
areslightly more sensitive than
salmon smolt with respect to
the neutralisingagent that is used
as buffer during the production.
We need to examine thismore
closely, and it will be important in
whether commercial production
can besuccessful.
The phosphorus in fish bone
hydrolysate can be absorbed
from theintestines just as other
readily soluble phosphorus salts
used in salmon feed.
The results
for rate of growth, phosphorus
digestibility and the amount
ofphosphorus from the feed that
is stored in the fish all show that
this is thecase. Our experiments
have also shown that the skeleton
AQUACULTURE
UPDATES
farms; which are expected to play a

role in the long-term sustainability
of the global food supply.
The recent report by the Food

and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations has highlighted
the growing role of fish in feeding
the world. According to the latest
edition of FAOs The State of
World Fisheries and Aquaculture
Global fisheries and aquaculture
production totaled 158 million
tonnes in 2012 10 million tonnes
more then 2010. This large scale
of production has been primarily
driven by small-scale aquaculture
The Marine Stewardship Council

(MSC) announced that Aramark
and its client par tners at the
University of Virginia and James
Madison University have achieved
MSC Chain of Custody certification
resulting in the first MSC certified
Aramark properties in the United
States. The cer tification of these
two universities will provide more
than 40,000 students, faculty and
employees daily with seafood
that can be traced back to a
develops normally whenthe fish

obtain sufficient phosphorus from
the diet, and this is very important avoid deformities in
to
farmed salmon.
Environmental and
financial benefits
Phosphorus is a limited resource

and Albrektsen points out that
we willhave to find more efficient
ways of using the resources we
have.
We h a v e s h o w n t h a t
upgrading bone raw material,
which has sometimes been seen
as hazardous waste fromthe
production of fishmeal, has a
large potential and may be enormouslybeneficial as an ingredient
in feed. There are indications that
fish bonehydrolysate has further
positive proper ties, such as an
ability to improve thedigestibility of several other nutrients
and to give improved growth.
We planto continue to work on
this in order to understand fully
the potential of thenew ingredients.
par ticularly ifthe new production lines are located at existing

fish landing or fishmealproduction facilities. The greatest
investment is needed during
the initialphase , concludes
Albrektsen.
Phosphorus
Commercial use
The method is not yet ready

for industrial use, but Nofima is
involvedin the Forny project, with
the goal of commercialising the
new technology.
We do know that the production process for acid hydrolysis requiresrelatively small and
simple changes in a company, and
the requirements forincreased
exper tise to handle the new
processes and product lines are
alsorelatively small. The investment required is also reasonable,
fishery that has been certified to

the science-based, global MSC
standard for sustainable wild-caught
seafood.
Future Fish Eurasia, the 7th
International Fair for Fish Imports/
Expor ts, Processing, Aquaculture
and Fisheries will be organised by
Eurasia Trade Fairs at the Izmir
International Fair Centre between
05 07 June 2014. Future Fish
Eurasia 2014 will be organised in
a 11,000m hall, where products
and services from over 250 local,
international and represented
companies will be on display. The
The EU has identified a

reduced availability of phosphorus as one of the greatest
challenges facing Europe in
the 21st century.
The production of phosphorus is currently controlled by China, the US and
Morocco, where thelargest
sources are located.
Even though large reserves
of phosphates are found in
the Ear th's soil and under
the oceans,reserves that can
be economically exploited
are limited - and this means
that measures must be taken
to eliminate the way phosphorus is currently overused
and wasted.
There is a huge global
requirement for phosphorus:
demand is high, particularly
for use in fertilizers (90%),
and is growing year by year.
It has been estimated that
the volume of marine byproducts from the pelagic fish
sector, farmed fish and the
fishing industry in Norway
amounts to approximately
929,000 tonne (2012).
Phosphorus from pelagic
fish alone corresponds to
60-70% of the amount of
phosphorus that is currently
added to salmon feed.
concept of Future Fish Eurasia is

a combination of fish products,
aquaculture and fish processing
equipment, catering to fish traders,
fish farmers & processors.
Lery Seafood Group and Bureau
Veritas hosted a joint ceremony at
Seafood Expo Global in Brussels last
week to celebrate that three Lery
Aurora farms have been certified
against the ASC Salmon Standard
for responsible aquaculture.
Aqua News
India has done pretty well in
viding overall guidance on all

important facets of the aquaculture industry.
The additional capacity of feedmills can be used to produce
more feed and help develop
inland and coastal cage farming
which is almost non-existent
today.
Driving India onto consumption of value-added or processed
forms of fish (fillet, steaks and
other ready to cook products) will
bring in a pull affect, supporting
more fish production.
Half of Indias population in the
age band below 25 years are
FAO (2012) puts India in the

band of 5-10kg per capita fish
supply in live weight equivalent.
When low-value fish used for
fishmeal is deducted and actual
per capita fish meat consumption
is estimated, it figures out close
to that of chicken consumption
3.07kg/person.
Yet another assessment carried
out by the FAO puts India in the
<2g fish protein in total animal
protein consumed in the country.
This indicates that fish is not very
popular across most of the population and therefore offers a
establishing capacity for production of aquaculture feeds.

Its 26 mills have the installed
production capacity of 2.88
million tonnes/annum and the
country produced and marketed
1.25 million tonnes feed in 2013
(indicating a capacity utilisation of
43.40 percent).
Currently these mills cater to
shrimp and fish feed from pond
based farms.
USSEC has largely been responsible for establishing the fish feed
sector in India and continues pro-
sure takers of such convenience

products.
India has 2.40 percent of worlds
land mass, four percent as water
resources and carries 17 percent
of the worlds population. The
country cannot afford to underutilise water resources or waste
it. The aquaculture industry has
to rapidly adopt better farm
management techniques, engage
better and efficient species, use of
feed and better water management systems to optimise production.
huge potential for consumption

growth.
India is a protein deficient
countr y and supply of this
nutrient component in any form
has a ready use, benefit and
market, given the huge population base.
Aquaculture prospects for the
country are huge, given underutilised inland water bodies, a rather
long coast line and a significant
gap in fish protein consumption
via potential customer opportunities.
India and Aquaculture
- a promising avenue
by Dr P. Emmanuel Vijay Anand ,Director, Indian Animal Feed,

Aquaculture and Soy Meal Program, US Soybean Export
Council
ndian aquaculture is recognised

well by the global audience
because it has emerged as a
major player in shrimp production and exports.
It stands four th as a shrimp
producing region and fifth in the
Asian shrimp production (FAO/
GOAL).
India also enjoys the status of
being the second in aquaculture
production after China worldwide with a production of 4.64
million tonnes in 2010 (FAO,
2012). India no doubt has these
hallmarks, but has to do better
to gain an even more prominent status in the global aquaculture.
The country also has a mighty
social responsibility to generate
more protein and feed its
ever increasing population.
Aquaculture is definitely one
promising avenue.
in the spotlight of farmed shrimp.

Value addition and increasing fish
protein consumption are key
areas that India needs speedy
progress and some work has
been initiated on these lines.
Capacity increase
Significant change
Aquaculture industr y has

undergone significant changes in
the past eight years.
A single farmed fish group
(carps) has transitioned into two
groups with the Pangasius catfish
becoming popular.
India is on its way to fur ther
diversify species but is rather slow
on this front.
Development of commercially viable hatcher ies for
species like snakeheads, Cobia,
Sea Bass, Pompano and the kind
could significantly turn around
Indias aquaculture perspective.
Localised consumption markets
for fish are becoming decentralised, facilitating a better reach for
fish. India still needs to work on its
cold chain infrastructure and post
harvest handling techniques.
Some improvements are seen
on the chilled fish packaging by the
use of insulated ice boxes.
There has been an almost
total shift in the shrimp species
cultivated since the Indian
Government allowed the farming
of Penaeus vanameii putting India
FEATURE
Assessing the potential

of polychaete meal
in shrimp feeds
by Ingrid Lupatsch, PhD, Center for Sustainable Aquaculture Research, Swansea
University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
etritivorous marine polychaete

worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport
angling and most recently as an
ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
Polychaetes are considered as an important constituent for shrimp maturation diets
and as live feeds for flatfish. They contain longchain fatty acids, prostaglandins and bromophenols, with the latter attributed to enhance
the seafood flavour of the farmed products.
Especially members of the Nereidae (e.g.
Nereis virens, N. diversicolor) are currently
being used and cultured for this purpose.
The following study evaluated the use
of formulated feeds containing polychaete
meal (from Nereis virens) in the culture
of Litopenaeus vannamei combining both
digestibility and growth trials.
Livestock, culture conditions

and experimental design
Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei spawned and subsequently reared

at the Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture
were used for all the trials in this study.
Those shrimp were offspring of a broodstock acquired from a commercial hatchery
(Bonaire, Caribbean).
Polychaete meal was obtained as freeze
dried product from a polychaete farm in
South Wales and marketed by Prochaete

Innovations Ltd. Detailed composition is
described in Table 1.
All the trials were set up indoors as part
of a recirculation system, which included
mechanical and bio-filtration units, a protein
skimmer and a sand filter. Water temperature was kept at 28C, salinity at 32%, and
photoperiod was set at 12 hours of light
daily. Temperature and dissolved-oxygen levels were measured daily, while total ammo-
Table 2: Formulation and composition of experimental feeds (per kg as fed)
Fish meal*
Dry matter %
Polychaete
meal**
69.4
72.7
Protein %
84.5
85.2
Organic matter %
78.1
74.4
Energy %
82.2
76.2
* Composition of fish meal per kg as fed:

Dry Matter 933g, Crude protein 646 g,
Lipid 99g, Ash 183g, Gross energy 18.39
MJ.
** Composition of freeze dried polychaete
meal per kg as fed: Dry Matter 950, Crude
protein 543 g, Lipid 110, Ash 120g, Gross
energy 20.5 MJ.
Fishmeal
30%
Polychaete
60%
Polychaete
100%
Polychaete
520
340
180
180
340
520
Wheat gluten
Table 1: Apparent digestibility coefficients
(percent) of polychaete and fishmeal as
determined in shrimp
Ingredients
100
100
100
100
Wheat starch
280
270
260
255
Formulation
Fish meal
Polychaete meal
Vitamin &Mineral
10
10
10
10
Di-Calcium- Phosphate
10
20
30
Fish oil
50
50
50
45
Binder (Alginate)
20
20
20
20
Dry matter, g
918
920
925
922
Ash, g
130
128
127
125
Analyzed Composition
Lipid, g
102
106
109
107
Crude Protein, g
410
413
400
392
Gross Energy, MJ
18.40
18.51
18.67
18.77
352
354
344
338
Digestible Energy*, MJ
Digestible Protein*, g
14.83
14.72
14.67
14.53
DP/DE ratio g/MJ
23.7
24.1
23.4
23.3
* incorporating results from digestibility trial

FEATURE
nia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and pH were
measured weekly.
Feeds were prepared by mixing the dry
ingredients with a binder and water, extruded
through a meat grinder and afterwards dried
in a 45oC oven for 24 hours. The resulting
pellets had a diameter of 2.5mm and were
stable up to 24 hours in water.
Table 3: Performance parameters of juvenile L. vannamei after 42 days of growth at 28oC

(average STD)
Fishmeal
30%
Polychaete
60%
Polychaete
100%
Polychaete
Weight initial (g)
1.74 0.06
1.73 0.06
1.78 0.00
1.75 0.03
Weight final (g)
5.38 0.37
6.24 0.22
6.33 1.01
5.40 0.45
SGR*
2.69 0.09
3.05 0.01
3.01 0.37
2.68 0.23
Feed intake g/
day/shrimp
0.21 0.01
0.22 0.02
0.21 0.03
0.21 0.02
FCR**
2.44 0.19
2.01 0.07
2.00 0.19
2.43 0.16
Survival (%)
86.7 6.7
88.9 6.9
85.6 16.4
84.4 5.1
Diet treatment
Digestibility
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC)

for dry matter, crude protein, gross energy
and organic matter of fish meal and polychaete meal were determined in replicates in
shrimp of ~ 15g size according to Lupatsch et
al. 1997. Chromic oxide was used as the nonabsorbed marker (0.8 percent inclusion) and
faeces were collected by siphoning. Faecal
matter from a given tank was pooled over the
trial period until a sufficient amount had been
collected for subsequent analyses.
Digestibility of ingredients were calculated
using well established equations and are presented in Table 1.
Growth trial
Thirty shrimp of 1.7g initially were stocked

in 300L tanks providing triplicates per treatment. Feeds were formulated to contain
40 percent protein and 10 percent lipid
and to gradually include polychaete meal at
the expense of fish meal (Table 2). Shrimp
* SGR = Specific growth rate

** FCR = Feed conversion ratio = g of feed fed per g of live weight gained.
were fed manually to apparent satiation up

to three times daily. Any uneaten pellets
were collected at the end of the day and
accounted for.
Feed intake was thus quantified and evaluated in relation to growth response.
The trial lasted for 42 days and shrimp
were sampled initially and at the end of the
trial for subsequent chemical analyses. Through
comparative body composition of the shrimp
carcass the relationship between dietary protein and energy intake and protein and energy
deposition was assessed, which allowed estimation of the utilization efficiency of the feed
ingredients incorporated in the diets.
21-22 Kuntai Hotel

Beijing, China
SEPTEMBER
2014
Results and discussion
Polychaete containing feeds were well

accepted by the shrimp and results indicated
that digestibility and efficacy of polychaete
meal was equivalent to fishmeal. Survival of
shrimp on all dietary treatments was above 84
percent with no significant difference among
treatments. There was also no significant
difference in growth and FCR of shrimp at
any time during the experiment (Table 3).
Nevertheless, there is a trend that shrimp on
the combination diets were growing slightly
faster than the diets based on a single ingredient (Table 3).
Equally, no difference in whole body com-
EMS Forum:
Managing the Shrimp Epidemic
part of:
First reported in Asia in 2009, Shrimp Early

Mortality Syndrome has caused major production
problems in the cultivation of shrimp in countries
such as China, Malaysia,Thailand, and Vietnam.
27-28 JUNE
Supported by
Throughout the world consumers behaviour

and attitude towards food has been
changing and, as a result, the industries
supplying food need to focus on the
exchange of information in order to meet
these new demands.
Kasetsart University, Bangkok,Thailand
Organised by
Beijing
Aquatic China 2014
2014
A focus on how to best manage the

issues facing shrimp farmers in the
Asian territories
The emphasis of the Aquatic China 2014 two-day

conference is creating an opportunity pathway for those in
Chinas aquaculture industry to connect with some of the
worlds experts on aquaculture research, science, nutrition,
feed formulation, economic production, food safety,
quality assurance and certication.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina
www.asianaquaculturenetwork.com
FEATURE
position of shrimp was detected among the
different treatments (Table 4).
The efficiencies of energy and protein
utilization were calculated from energy and

protein gained in relation to energy and
protein consumed. Here, the superiority
of the mixed feeds was more apparent.

Gross energy retention efficiency was 15.1
percent for L. vannamei fed the 60%
polychaete meal, which was significantly
higher than the energy efficiency of shrimp
on the fish meal and polychaete meal only
diets (Figure 1). Similarly the crude protein retention efficiency was significantly
higher for L. vannamei fed the 60 percent
polychaete at 22.7 percent compared to
shrimp fed the single ingredient diets
(Figure 1). No significant difference was
observed for energy or protein retention
efficiency for shrimp fed the polychaete
only diet compared to the 100 percent
control fishmeal diet.
Conclusion
Fig. 1: Protein and energy retention efficiency in shrimp fed the experimental feeds
Table 4: Proximate composition of juvenile L. vannamei fed diets containing polychaete meal at
increasing levels (per g wet weight).
Dietary
treatment
Initial
Fishmeal
30%
Polychaete
60%
Polychaete
100%
Polychaete
Dry matter, g
210
230 6.6
233 8.4
244 9.1
232 11.6
Ash, g
30.0
29.3 1.8
27.1 2.0
28.3 0.7
28.0 0.5
Protein, g
144
162 3.7
162 6.5
170 8.2
161 8.9
Energy, kJ
3.92
4.61 0.1
4.81 0.3
5.13 0.2
Polychaete meal inclusion in the diets of

L. vannamei supported equal growth performance
and feed efficiency compared to a standard
fish meal diet. Freeze-dried polychaete meal
could thus serve as a total substitution for fishmeal. The final decision however is dependent
upon availability and price of the product.
4.84 0.3
More Information:
Ingrid Lupatsch, PhD,

Email: i.lupatsch@swansea.ac.uk
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FEATURE
RAINBOW
TROUT
fry syndrome
Aquaculture in its brief, modern

history has been hit by a number
of different diseases. Bacteria,
viruses and parasites can cause
serious problems for a fish farmer
by Kat Konstanti, International Technical Support Specialist, Meriden Animal Health
almonid aquaculture has suffered

from a number of different ailments.
Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused
by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of
the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry
in Chile, dramatically reducing production
numbers.
Ectoparasitic conditions such as sea lice
infestations and amoebic gill disease are affecting the salmon aquaculture industry throughout the world, causing major economic losses.
Bacterial infections are also common, causing diseases such as Furunculosis or Bacterial
Kidney Disease.
One of the bacteria that causes problems
in salmonids is Flavobacterium psychrophilum.
The first time it was isolated, it was from the
kidney and external lesions of diseased coho
salmon in Washington, USA [3].
At that time, the disease was given the
name peduncle disease [12]. Infections with
F. psychrophilium have since been labeled
with many different names [3, 39, 26, 49,
7, 28, 25] but currently the names Bacterial
Cold Water Disease (BCWD) [17, 22] and
Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (RTFS) [40, 14]
are commonly used in the USA and Europe
respectively [1].
Until the 1980s the disease was only found
in North American salmonids at low water
temperatures (6-10C) [15]. Now it is found
throughout the world.
RTFS has been identified in North America
[17, 16], nearly every country in Europe [2, 43,
49, 53, 27, 38], Australia [44], Chile [52], Peru
[25], Japan [52, 19] and Korea [23]. It can now
infest non-salmonid hosts, like common and

crucian carp [24], European and Japanese eel
[24, 20], ayu [52, 23], pale chub [19], roach
[29] and tench [24].
The bacterium probably affects all types
of salmonids [36] but the most susceptible
species are rainbow trout and coho salmon
[11, 22, 8].
The most severe outbreak of disease
occurs in sac fry, where mortalities can reach
up to 50 percent. In fingerlings, mortalities can
range between 5-20 percent [15].
Furthermore, it has recently been noted
that it is capable of causing disease at much
higher water temperatures [15].
The bacteria
Flavobacterium psychrophilum are Gramnegative bacteria cells that are flexible, weakly
refractile, slender rods with rounded ends [17,
41, 30, 36]. The disease starts with the presence of the pathogen in the water. Infected
fish shed bacterial cells into the water and

dead infected fish shed cells at much higher
numbers [31, 29]. The bacteria can also survive for several months in fresh water outside
the host [54, 51, 32, 35, 50]. Such infections,
from one fish to another or from environmental sources, are called horizontal pathogen
transmissions. Vertical transmissions are from
the parents to the offspring. This type of transmission is also probable with RTFS [5, 47].
The bacteria have been found on the exterior
of the egg, the ovarian fluid and in milt [5,
47, 33]. Taking all this into consideration, it
is assumed that the bacteria can enter the
host via a combination of routes [36] and its
adhesive properties can help in the successful
colonisation of its tissues [36].
There are many environmental strains
of F. psychrophilum and not all of them are
pathogenic. There are at least three main
serotypes [27, 21, 48] and several distinct
genetic lineages with considerable genetic
Table 1: Haemocytic activity of white leg shrimp

Parameter
Month 1
Control
Enro
10ppm
OS
500ppm
OS
1000ppm
OS
2000ppm
Pool SE
Phagocytosis (%)
13.12
10.29
10.02
13.32
15.74
1.821
Phagocytic Index
Month 2
2.05
0.77
0.72
1.96
2.43
0.7281
Prophenol Oxidase Activity
0.17
0.21
0.5
0.59
0.58
0.0689
10.34
12.89
10.91
11.38
13.82
2.6784
1.15
1.16
0.98
1.19
2.6
0.6926

Month 3
Phagocytosis (%)
Phagocytic Index
0.07
0.09
0.14
0.2
0.2
0.0228
Phagocytosis (%)
44.95
52.44
69.71
77.76
82.09
5.5831
Phagocytic Index
30.01
34.6
62.21
81.61
82.35
13.9416
0.59
0.94
1.25
1.59
1.57
0.384
FEATURE
Table 2: Phagocytosis Activity of Catfish under normal conditions
Parameter
Control
Enro
10ppm
OS
500ppm
OS
1000ppm
OS
2000ppm
Pool SE
Phagocytosis (%)
42.55
54.55
23.72
56.85
70.31
5.59
Phagocytosis index (%)
20.31
44.62
33.57
45.61
87.12
14.02
Month
Month 1
Month 2
Month3
Phagocytosis (%)
9.54
10.57
14.23
14.22
17.00
4.84
1.36
1.45
4.06
4.19
4.18
2.21
Phagocytosis (%)
32.73
33.34
29.77
33.85
40.42
5.53
12.72
13.93
18.92
22.07
24.99
4.23
and virulence variation [9, 29, 20, 45, 46, 37,

16, 38, 1]. This fact turns this disease into a
bacteriology minefield.
Treatment
The main method of treatment is use of

antibiotics. Oxytetracycline has often been
used around the world against RTFS [39, 4,
22, 28]. Amoxycillin and oxolinic acid have
widely been used In Europe [4, 6]. However
the development of antibiotic resistance
makes antibiotics an unsustainable method of
treatment [15].
A lot of effort has been put into developing a vaccine but little progress has been
made so far [15, 1]. Some experiments with
injectable vaccines, that have used either
formalin-killed or heat-inactivated bacteria,
have shown some promise but such vaccines
will be very impractical for farm scale fry

inoculations [15, 1]. Until a viable vaccine is
produced, the industry will have to rely on
the use of antibiotics for treatment, along with
good biosecurity and husbandry measures to
possibly avoid the outbreaks.
Barnes & Brown (2011) [1] suggested
that dietary research is warranted, such as an
evaluation of novel dietary ingredients in feeds
or improved feed formulations that lead to
changes in RTFS susceptibility.
Orego-Stim Aquatract L
Orego-Stim is a natural feed additive

based on oregano, developed by Meriden
Animal Health. The oregano essential oil acts
as an immunity enhancer and growth promoter, with further benefits including antibacterial
and antimicrobial properties.
A/S
This section will be divided into two subsections. The first outlines the mode of action
of oregano essential oil and the second demonstrates its immunity-boosting properties
in aquaculture species. All the data in these
sections is obtained from studies conducted
by Meriden Animal Health.
Note: As the scope of this paper focuses
on the antimicrobial and antibacterial effects
of Orego-Stim, growth promoting results
are not shown in the main text, however
results from commercial trials studying the
growth promoting effects of the product on
Rainbow trout, are shown in appendix 1 for
reference.
Mode of Action
Indirectly, Orego-Stim acts as a growth

promoter and an appetizer. It improves feed
intake and digestion, boosts immunity and
has antioxidant and anticoccidial properties.
Primarily however, it is an antibacterial.
In general, gram-negative bacteria, in
contrast to gram-positive bacteria, have
both a cytoplasmic membrane and an outer
lipid cell membrane with a much smaller
peptidoglycan in between. As the ancestral
types of bacteria do not have the outerlayer, it has been suggested that this extra
outer-layer in the gram-negative bacteria
has evolved as a protection against antibiotics. This is a theory that could explain why
FEATURE
gram-negative bacteria are more resistant

to antibiotic treatment.
Unlike antibiotics, OS has a very primitive
mode of action. Orego-Stim contains unique
levels of Carvacrol and Thymol which are
natural phenols that act like disinfectants. The
active ingredients of Orego-Stim can alter
the bacterias cell membrane, increasing its
permeability and resulting in water imbalance
and cell death. This inhibitory effect is not due
to the transfer of any chromosomes, neither
do they affect the cytoplasmic components
of the cells, thus there is no risk of increasing
bacterial resistance, like in the case of penicillin
or streptomycin (Hui, n.d).
Immunity boosting
Two studies conducted at the Kasetsart

University in Thailand, focused on determining the effectiveness of Orego-Stim as
an antimicrobial agent against pathogenic
bacteria. The first study was conducted on
white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei.
Five treatment groups were reared for three
months. During that time, three groups were
fed Orego-Stim at different concentrations (500ppm, 1000ppm & 2000ppm), one
group was treated with the commonly used
in-feed antibiotic, enrofloxacin (10ppm) and
a control group fed with the normal diet.
The phagocytic index and the prophenol
oxidase activity were measured monthly.
Phagocytes are cells that protect the animal
by ingesting foreign organisms such as bacteria. Prophenol oxidase activity measures the
volume of enzymes produced which aid the
phagocytes in clearing pathogens from an under two conditions; normal temperature

organism. Table 1 shows the results of the (27-32C) and low temperature stress (22study. It can be seen that the Orego-Stim 24C). The results are shown in tables 2 and 3.
treated groups show
better immune function.
Appendix 1: Growth Promotion
Following the three
Study on Rainbow Trout
months, the shrimp
A commercial trial conducted by a Denmark fish feed producer
where challenged with
studied the growth-promoting effects of Orego-Stim in rainbow
the virulent gram-negtrout. Table 1 shows the results after the 49-day study.
ative bacteria Vibrio
It can be seen that the inclusion of Orego-Stim in the feed
harveyi. The challenge
increases the number of production while decreasing the FCR.
lasted for 10 days. The
On this study, it was further calculated that (including the cost
bacteria were introof feed and Orego-Stim) the OS group added value of more
duced in two ways,
than 3000
by bath treatment and
by oral administraTable: Commercial Trial Data on the growth promoting effects of
tion. In both cases, the
Orego-Stim on Rainbow Trout
vibrio bacteria count
Orego-Stim
on the intestine and
Control
Difference
500ppm
the hepatopancreas
in the Orego-Stim
2000ppm group was
Average Start Weigh (g)
64.6
67.6
equal or lower than
Average Final Weight (g) 107.3
114.3
the control or the
enrofloxacin treated
Weight Gain (g)
42.7
46.7
+9.4%
groups. Furthermore,
Starting Biomass (Kg) 1,250
1,250
the
Orego-Stim
2000ppm group exhibFinal Biomass (Kg) 2,087.5 2,212.5
ited a significantly highBiomass Gain (Kg) 837.5
962.5
+14.9%
er survival rate.
A study with the
Production of Fish (Kg) 51,450
57,330
+11.42%
same outline was conFeed Used for Production (Kg) 47,849
51,597
+7.8%
ducted on hybrid catfish
to evaluate the immune
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
0.93
0.90
-3.2%
status of the fish, studied
FEATURE
Table 3: Phagocytosis Activity of Catfish under Temperature Stress Conditions
Parameter
Control
Enro
10ppm
OS
500ppm
OS
1000ppm
OS
2000ppm
Pool SE
Phagocytosis (%)
23.55
26.62
28.50
41.24
41.60
4.51
8.95
8.23
11.43
27.64
27.04
6.60
Month 1
Month 2
Phagocytosis (%)
5.05
5.66
5.82
5.97
8.48
2.14
0.41
0.50
0.53
0.55
1.23
0.40
Phagocytosis (%)
28.98
31.53
31.77
33.26
34.62
3.23
10.52
13.10
13.86
13.66
15.54
1.25
Month3
It can be seen that in both the normal

and stress conditions, the fish exhibit greater
efficiency to enhance phagocytosis activity and
percentage of phagocytosis, especially during
the first month.
Subsequently they were challenged with
the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. During the bath treatment challenge, the
groups treated with Orego-Stim were as
effective as the group being treated with
antibiotics in preventing mortalities (100%
survival rate). However the Orego-Stim
1000-2000 groups were significantly more
effective in eliminating A. hydrophilia in the
intestines, without compromising beneficial
lactic acid bacteria.
Conclusion
Rainbow trout fry syndrome has been
plaguing the salmonid aquaculture industry

and has been causing severe economic losses
through mortalities and cost of treatments
which are becoming less effective as resistance
develops. Currently this disease is in the top 5
diseases that cause economic problems in the
UK aquaculture sector, possibly higher in the
EU and USA sectors.
The use of antibiotics is becoming less
and less sustainable. Certain antibiotics have
been banned in animal use in many countries
as they have been proved to be harmful for
human consumption. The antibiotics that are
available are becoming less effective from
overuse or misuse. Furthermore, even when
the antibiotics do work, their use requires
what is called a withdrawal period to
allow for any chemical residues that can
be attained in the flesh to dissipate. During
this time, the fish are vulnerable to further

infections.
As disease outbreaks will probably occur
during a farming cycle, alternative preventative
or therapeutic treatment options have to be
put in place to help the farmers protect their
livestock. With public opinion rapidly shifting
against the use of chemicals and medications
in their food, use of natural products that can
fulfil that job would be the best option for both
worlds.
With Orego-Stim being this effective
in combating bacteria directly and boosting
the immunity of the organism, alongside its
growth promoting effects, further research on
its ability to prevent outbreaks of RTFS is warranted. The easy in-feed application method
for the farmers, along with the increased food
consumption, the improved gut health and
the antibacterial properties that pathogenic
bacteria cannot defend against, all this turns
Orego-Stim to the 100% natural additive
everyone has been waiting for.
References
Available at www.aquafeed.co.uk/ref4872
More Information:
Kat Konstanti
katkonstanti@meriden-ah.com
FEATURE
Prospects on dietary trace minerals:

Aquafeeds & Aquaculture
by Sungchul Charles Bai, Professor/Director, Deptartment of Marine Bio Materials & Aquaculture, Feeds and Foods Nutritional
Research Center (FFNRC), Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea
Dietary trace minerals must be supplied in adequate quantity to ensure the optimal
growth and health of farmed aquatic species. The significance of trace mineral
bioavailability has become more important as the aquaculture practice has gone under
phenomenal intensification worldwide. Moreover, the composition of majority of
commercial fish feed has been changing and there is an increased use of dietary plant
protein. As a result, the bio-availability of trace minerals are being adversely affected
by the presence of antagonistic factor such as phytic acid in plant protein.
ven though, our knowledge in fish

nutrition has advanced significantly,
the information on trace minerals
requirement is still limited and
fragmentary.
Whereas, the sustainability issue has put
a new dimension in aquafeed formulation
with a wide array of new ingredients and
additives, on the other hand, the importance
of basic nutrient such as trace minerals is still
in sideline.
Substantial investment and integrated scientific efforts are warranted to bridge the
knowledge gap and further improve our
understandings on the significance of dietary
trace mineral in fish nutrition and health at the

least cost to environment.
An overview
The importance of trace minerals supplementation in fish feed formulation has

been well accepted since some of the trace
minerals from ambient water and feed itself
cannot supply the optimal level required by
the cultured aquatic species.
The reluctance among researchers to
determine the trace mineral requirement has
been partly due to the related difficulty of
conducting research on mineral nutrition.
Problems associated with the quantification
of mineral requirements include identification
Table 1: Trace Minerals their functions and deficiency signs in aquatic species
Microminerals/
Trace Minerals
Functions
Deficiency Signs
Impaired growth and reduced

activity of copper-containing
enzymes
Copper
Metalloenzymes,
Fe metabolism
Cobalt
Vitamin cyanocobalamin ( B12 )synthesis
Chromium
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Anemia
Impaired glucose utilization
Iodine
Thyroid hormones, energy production
Thyroid hyperplasia
Iron
Hemoglobin, enzyme, lipid oxidation
Impaired growth, anemia
Manganese
Organic matrix of bone
Impaired growth, skeletal

abnormalities, cataracts
Molybdenum
Xanthine oxidase
Reduced enzyme activity
Selenium
Zinc
Glutathione peroxidase, component of

amino acid selenocysteine
Metalloenzymes,
Reduced growth, anemia,

exudative diathesis, reduced activity
of glutathione peroxidase
Reduced growth, anorexia,
cataracts, skeletal abnormalities,
Source: Adopted and Modified from NRC, 2011 and S. C. Bai, 2011, Nutrient Metabolism &
Feeds in Fish, pp. 41
of the potential contribution of minerals from

the water, leaching of mineral from the diet
prior to consumption, availability of suitable
test diets that have a low concentration of
the targeted mineral and limited bioavailability
(NRC, 2011).
The trace minerals including copper, manganese, iron, zinc, selenium, chromium, iodine
and fluorine participate in a variety of metabolic processes. Some of the vital biochemical
processes involving minerals are the formation
of skeletal structures and other hard tissues
(ex. Fin, rays, scales, teeth and exoskeleton),
electron transfer, regulation of acid: base
equilibirium, the production of membrane
potentials and osmoregulations.
In strict sense, except the osmoregulation,
rest of the basic metabolic functions of various
elements are same for aquatic and terrestrial
animals. Trace minerals or micro-minerals are
important components of hormones and
enzymes serve as cofactors and/or activators of a variety of enzymes as well as
participate in a wide variety of biochemical
processes (NRC, 2011). Only a few scientific review including, Davis & Gatlin (1996)
and NRC 2011 summarizes the estimate of
mineral requirement in few commercially
important aquaculture species.
However, the trace mineral requirements in several other aquaculture species
are still unknown and the practical feed
formulation follow the general estimation.
Table 1 summarises the function and
common deficiency symptoms of trace
minerals in aquaculture. The deficiency
symptoms depend upon the degree and
duration of deprecation of that certain trace
mineral in certain species under certain
environmental condition.
In strict sense, one cannot define the
sub-optimal level of trace mineral for an
aquaculture species applicable for all kind
of culture environment. The requirement
FEATURE
level and deficiency symptoms for
trace minerals under appropriate
and stressful environmental condition remains to be investigated
in aquaculture.
At this point, we must appreciate what is known today and
try to further improve our understanding in the significance of
trace mineral in fish nutrition,
health and environment.
Lower requirement
Even though, trace minerals

are typically required in much
lower quantity in fish diet but
its supplementation at optimum
level is a critical issue in fish feed
formulation.
Scientific reports gathered
over last two decades indicate,
few trace mineral are quite sensitive and proper care should be
taken to ensure their inclusion
at optimum level in fish feed
formulation. For instance, trace
mineral selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in animals and is
required for normal growth and
development.
However, high selenium concentrations in an animals diet can
result in toxic effects.
Selenium is similar to sulfur
with regard to its basic chemical
and physical properties (it has
the same valence states, forms,
and analogs of hydrogen sulfide,
thiosulfate, sulfite, and sulfate)
and mammalian studies show
that cells do not discriminate
well between the two elements
as proteins are being synthesized
(it is assumed that the mechanistic features underlying toxicity
are essentially the same for fish,
because the resulting pathology
and teratogenic features are the
same).
When present in excessive
amounts, selenium is erroneously
substituted for sulfur, resulting in the formation of a triselenium linkage (Se-Se-Se) or a
selenotrisulfide linkage (S-Se-S).
Either configuration prevents
the formation of the necessary
disulfide chemical bonds (S-S).
The result is distorted, dysfunctional enzymes and protein
molecules, which impair normal
cellular biochemistry (Ganther
1974; Stadtman 1974; Diplock
and Hoekstra 1976; Reddy and
Massaro 1983; Sunde 1984).
Consequently, there has been

public awareness and governmental efforts including in the
Republic of Korea to establish
an upper limit of selenium in
aquafeeds to prevent both cultured fish and consumers from
selenium toxicity.
Consecutive studies conducted in my laboratory, investigated
the requirement and toxicity
level of dietary Se in few commercially important species (Kim
et. al., 2003; Lee et al., 2008; Lee
et. al., 2010; Arshad et. al., 2010).
Based on our experimental
results, we concluded that a
dietary Se level above 7.38mg
Se/kg is likely toxic and with a
long-term feeding trial, a dietary
Se level of 4.13mgSe/kg may
cause toxic effects in juvenile
olive flounder.
While the overall performance from our preliminary
feeding trail, a dietary Se level
of 0.21mg NaSeO3/kg diet was
concluded to be optimal for
proper growth performance and
a dietary Se level of 12.3mg Na2
SeO3/kg was anticipated to be
toxic to juvenile black seabream.
Likewise, various other studies have reported the toxicity
level for Se in different aquaculture species. Overall observations in our experiments in
different species and taking into
account other reports, it appears
the requirement and toxicity
level for Se is species specific and
therefore proper care should be
taken to avoid its adverse effects.
Further few other trace
mineral such as dietary Copper
(Cu) toxicity has also been documented by various other authors.
Therefore, dietary trace minerals
should be supplemented in judicious manner, keeping in mind a
delicate balance must be maintained between the ingestion,
digestion and absorption of trace
minerals.
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Fish health management
The concept of maintaining the health of fish through

the best possible nutrition is
well-accepted in modern fish
farming.
Scientific evidence gathered
over the past 30 years indicates
that dietary nutrients as well as
additives could stimulate the
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ET-248B.indd 1
3/18/14 4:33 PM
FEATURE
Table 2. Growth performance and hematological characterstics of juvenile Black seabream fed
different levels of dietary Se for 15 weeks.
Diets1
WG(%)
FE(%)
SGR(%)
PER
PCV(%)
Hb(g
/100ml)
RBC
(X106cell/
l)
Se 0.21
327.4a
93.3a
2.70a
1.72a
42.2
15.3
3.34
Se 0.30
357.5a
94.9a
2.88a
1.79a
38.2
16.5
3.69
Se 0.52
325.6a
91.9a
2.69a
1.72a
38.6
16.1
3.59
Se 1.29
349.7a
94.3a
2.80a
1.78a
32.5
17
3.12
Se 12.3
254.4b
84.2b
2.23b
1.53b
26.6
13.1
2.9
13.0
1.40
0.08
0.03
2.46
0.72
0.16
Pooled SEM9
1Diets Se 0.21, Se 0.30, Se 0.52, Se 1.29, Se 12.3 contained 0.21, 0.30, 0.52, 1.29, and 12.3
mg sodium selenite (Na2Seo3)/kg diet.
Note: For more detail, please refer Lee. et. al., 2008
immune system of fish and help to fend off

diseases (Kiron, 2014).
Consequently, the last decade has witnessed a great deal of attention paid to develop safe and cost effective immunostimulants,
probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and so on.
Worthy to note that functional feed has
been defined as the feed which can supply the
nutrient beyond the basic requirements of a
cultured species. Nutritionally well-balanced
and properly processed diets are the prime
importance in intensive aquaculture, where
fishes are frequently reared in stressful environment.
Deficiency of any nutrients, especially vitamins and micro minerals could be an ample
reason to trigger the disease epidemic in an
aquaculture operation.
Trace minerals being the integral part
of several metalloenzymes have significantly
greater impacts on preventive health management and success of an aquaculture venture.
For example, Lim et al., (2001a) attributed
the imbalances in Iron (Fe) would compromise the immune system and the resistance
of fish to disease. The effects of dietary zinc
on immune response and disease resistance
in fish has also been reviewed by Lim et al.
(2001b).
Observations reported include enhanced
chemotaxis of macrophages, a lower phagocytic ability, improved or attenuated disease
resistance and reduced or negligible effect on
antibody production.
Selenium is another important trace element for fish because it is a constituent of
selenoproteins and has structural and enzymatic roles similar to glutathione peroxidase
(the antioxidant enzyme). This mineral modulates the immune functions such as inflammation and virulence development (Rayman,
2000; Kiron, 2012).
In channel catfish selenoyeast and selenomethionine as the source of Se were
observed to increase the antibody titer corresponded to their dietary concentrations
(Wang et al., 1997).
Furthermore, Se is an integral part of the
enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),

and it has some complementary biochemical
functions with vitamin E (Gatlin et. al., 1986a).
GSH-Px is part of the cellular defence system
against oxidative damage, together with the
antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins C and E.
Hilton (1989) mentioned that these nutrients
do not act independently and are interrelated
with other nutrients in terms of function and
metabolism.
A few studies on the interactions of these
vitamins in fish have been investigated in
rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson)
(Hung & Slinger 1980) and channel cat fish,
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) (Gatlin et.
al.,2003 1986b).
Vitamin E and Se function synergistically in
animal tissues to form an important antioxidant defence system. The interactions of Se
and vitamin E in fish have been reported in
channel cat fish (Gatlin III et al. 1986a; Wise,
et. al., 1993), Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
(Poston et. al., 1976), rainbow trout (Bell et.
al., 1985) and chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha (Thorarinsson et. al., 1994).
In addition, high dietary supplementation
of vitamins C and/or E and Se showed positive effects on growth and immune response
in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
(Poston & Livingston1969), channel cat fish
(Durve & Lovell1982; Li & Lovell 1985; Li
et. al., 1993), Atlantic salmon (Salte et. al.,
1988; Hardie et. al., 1990) and rainbow trout
(Navarre & Halver 1989).
In a study conducted in my laboratory
to study the synergetic effects of vitamin C,
E and selenium, observation suggested that
dietary supplementation of vitamin C and E
over required values had positive effects on
growth performance, but there were no synergetic effects of dietary vitamin C, E and Se
supplementation over minimum requirement
levels on the growth performance and disease
resistance in fingerlings Nile tilapia.
Altogether scientific evidences suggest, in
depth investigations are warranted to explore
the opportunities to use the dietary trace
mineral in preventive health management in
aquaculture.
Plant protein in aquafeed & trace

minerals bioavailability
Feed formulations for farmed aquatic animals have historically relied on fishmeal to
provide a major part of their nutrient requirements.
However, economic and sustainability
issues have exerted substantial pressure for
the reduction of fishmeal in aquafeeds.
Numerous scientific studies in last three
decades have investigated the efficacy of
different plant protein as an alternative to
fishmeal.
Consequently, there has been a massive
shift towards the use of plant protein in
aquafeed formulation. Plant protein contain a
wide array of antinutrients, among them the
presence of antagonists factors such as phytic
acid has been acknowledges as the major
Table 3 . Efficacy of chelated trace minerals in aquaculture

Minerals
Fish/Crustacean
Remarks1
Reference
Se
Channel catfish
Higher Bioavailability
Wang & Lovell, 1996
Zn
Channel catfish
Equivalent
M.H.Li & Robinson , 1996
Zn
Abalone
2~3 times
Tan & Mai, 2001
Cu
Grouper
2~4 times
Lin et al., 2010
Cu
Olive flounder
2 times
Mohseni et. al., 2011
Cu
Sturgeon
2 times
Mohseni et. al., 2011
Cu
Pacific white
shrimp
3~4 times
Bharadwaz et al., 2014
Korean rockfish
2~4 times
Katya et. al.,2014
Premix (Cu, Zn
& Mn)
Pacific White
shrimp
4~6 times
Katya et. al., 2014 (Unpublished)
Premix (Cu, Zn
& Mn)
Rainbow trout
2 times
M..J.S. Apines et al., 2003, 2004
Premix (Cu,
Zn, Mn & Fe)
1 Remarks represent the reported comparative efficiency of chelated trace mineral Vs Inorganic
source in respective experiment
FEATURE
barrier hindering the bioavailability of trace lower Ph in fish gut apart from its high cost.
mineral. Phytic acid (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6- Deterioration of phytase activity at high temhexakisphosphate) is the major phosphorus perature of fish feed processing, especially in
(P) storage compound in plant seeds and can the case of extrusion processing are additional
account for up to 80 percent of total phos- factors, all together limiting the use of phytase
phorus. Phytic acid binds with divalent cationic in aquafeed formulation.
Another approach to increase the bioavailtrace minerals rendering them unavailable to
the animal and these are consequently lost to ability of trace mineral as highlighted in NRC
the environment as waste (Cheryan, 1980; (2011), as the aquatic animal feed industry
Davis and Gatlin, 1996; Davis et al., 1993; Li increase its use of plant feedstuffs, the need
for mineral supplementation should increase.
and Robinson, 1997).
Since environmental pollution due to high
The limited bioavilability and potential
dietary deficiency of trace minerals are serious rate of mineral excretion by mineral antagoconcern as adequate trace mineral ensuring nisms at higher level of dietary inclusion
the optimum growth and health of cultured has been a common problem in livestock
husbandry. It remains an important research
species in aquaculture.
An ideal approach to improve the bio- area for scientific community to clearly underavailability of trace mineral has been recom- stand the ultimate fate of trace minerals at
mended as the inclusion of microbial phytase higher level of dietary inclusion in aquafeed
in fish diet. Phytase is an enzyme chemically formulation.
known as myo-inositol-hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase (Class 3: Hydrolases), produced Trace mineral form and sources:
either by microorganisms or present in some Critical issue
plant ingredients.
Inorganic form (sulfate/nitrate) of trace
Monogastric animals cannot produce this mineral has traditionally been used in aquaenzyme.
feed formulation.
Presence of phytase in Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme:limited Shellfish Diet
some animals is of
However, the Ad-1 bioavailability of
Reed Mariculture, Inc. | 2014
microbial origin. Microbial phytase either as inorganic source of trace mineral due to its
lacement: International Aquafeed | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm
a dry powder or as a liquid is available com- higher affinity to antinutrients has hastened
mercially ( Baruah. et. al., 2004).
the search for alternative form of inorganic
However, microbial phytase has been trace minerals.
reported to have limited efficiency due to
As a result, scientific communities have
attempted to develop more stable and bioavailable form of trace minerals suitable for
aquaculture. For instance, tri-basic copper
chloride (TBCC) has been reported as the
more concentrated form of copper than copper sulfate (58% vs 25% Cu).
Since it has low hygroscopicity and is
insoluble in neutral water, it should be a less
reactive and less destructive form of copper when combined with vitamins in diets
(Cromwell et al., 1998). Shao et. al., (2010)
suggested TBCC could be a new dietary copper source as more bioavailable than copper
sulfate for crucian carp.
However, the supporting information is
scanty and needs further research to justify
the bioavailability of TBCC in aquaculture.
In last decade, research is increasing shedding light on the potential benefit of using
organic/chelated form of trace mineral in
aquaculture.
Typically, organic trace minerals are more
stable in the digestive tract and less prone
to interactions and antagonisms as they are
bound to organic molecules and less available to interaction and binding. Some of
the commonly Version: 1
Design: A | available organic trace minerals are metal proteinates, metal amino acid
complexes and metal amino acid chelates.
Earlier studies have demonstrated improved
bioavailability, growth and disease resistance
in fish fed metal proteinates (zinc protein-
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FEATURE
EXCELLENCE IN YEAST
EXCELLENT FOR FISH
Figure 1: Average mortality (Mean SD) of juvenile olive
flounder exposed to dietary selenium for 10 weeks.
Diets Se0.61, Se4.13, Se7.38, Se18.6, Se35.9, Se66.0, and
Se146, contained 0.61, 4.13, 7.38, 18.6, 35.9, 66.0, and146 mg
Se/kg diet respectively
Note: For more detail, please refer Lee. et. al., 2010
Figure.3. Survival rate (%) of Olive flounder fed different

levels of dietary chelated Cu for 12 weeks.
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Diets contained 7 (Cu0), 10.4 (CuM5), 15.8 (CuM10), 24.9

(CuM20), 43.4 (CuM40), 82.1 (CuM80), 158 (CuM160), 308
(CuM320), 658 (CuM640),
and 1267 (CuM1280) mg Cu/kg diet
Note: For more detail please refer, Mohseni et. al., 2012.
in G
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de
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Aquakultur 90 x 270 AquaFeed magazine.indd 1
ate) and metal amino acid

complexes (zinc methionine)
compared to fish fed inorganic
sources (Hardy and Shearer,
1985; Paripatananont and Lovell,
1995a,b, 1997).
The glycine chelates of trace
minerals have been shown to
improve performance, tissue
mineral retention, hematology
parameters, immune function
and disease resistance in the
rainbow trout (Apines et al.,
2003; Apines-Amar et al.,
2004a,b; Satoh et al., 2001)
and in red sea bream (Sarker
et al., 2005), despite the presence of dietary antagonists
such as phytic acid or tricalcium phosphate (Bharadwaz
et. al., 2014).
Table 3 summarises the few
scientific reports on the efficacy
of chelated mineral in aquaculture. Nevertheless, a cross comparison among these reports on
chelated trace minerals could be
perhaps misleading.
Since, fish species, fish size,
diet composition and other
experimental condition vary
among different experiments.
Further, a fundamental difference among different experiment comparing chelated trace
mineral and inorganic trace minerals is the balancing of ligand in
all experimental diets has been

10.01.14 10:03
overlooked by various research

groups.
Since, ligand could be an
additional source of nutrients
in chelated trace minerals,
researchers must give importance to balancing the ligand in
inorganic treatment as well, to
prevent the bias that difference
in results could be due to ligand.
Available scientific reports particularly published in last decade
evidenced that there is a significant increase in the efficiency of
chelated minerals in aquaculture.
Nevertheless, every manufacture claim their product to be
best and making a right choice
is often a challenge. Recently,
consecutive studies in my laboratory investigated the efficacy
of chelated minerals consisted
of a range of divalent cationic
minerals chelated to two molecules of HMTBa (2-hydroxy4-methylthiobutanoic acid or
hydroxy analog of methionine;
Mintrex, Novus International,
St. Louis, USA) claimed to have
in an extremely stable configuration.
The stability of these molecules renders chelated trace
minerals less available to binding
to phytic acid and to interference from other dietary antagonists.
These molecules are thus
FEATURE
Figure 2: Cumulative mortality rate (%) of Nile tilapia

challenged by E. tarda.
Diet Control: (150mg AA,100mgTAand 0.2mg Se per kg diet)
Excessive ascorbic acid (eAA): (2000 mg AA, 100mg TA and 0.2mg Se per kg diet)
Excessive a-tocopheryl acetate (eTA): (150mg AA, 240mg TA and
0.2mg Se per kg diet) Excessive selenium (eSe): (150 mg AA, 100 mg
TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet)
Excessive all (eALL): (2000 mg AA, 240 mg TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet)
Note: for more detail please refer, Kim et. al., 2003
able to reach the receptors in the

gut epithelium where they are
absorbed into the circulation of
the animal (Eide, 2004; Wang and
Zhou, 2010; Yi et al., 2007).
Overall performance observed
in our experiments vouched the
potential benefit of using chelated trace mineral, Mintrex Cu
in marine fish, Olive flounder and
fresh water fish white sturgeon
(Mousheni et. al., 2011), Mintrex
Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe premix in Marine
fish Korean rockfish (Katya et. al.,
2014) and Mintrex Cu, Zn & Mn
premix in marine shrimp, Pacific
white shrimp (unpublished).
Worthy to note that, chelated
trace minerals and their premix
should also be supplemented at
optimum level, high level of dietary inclusion could also be toxic.
Table. 4. shows the toxic
effects of chelated mineral premix observed in Olive flounder
(Mohseni et. al., 2012).
Overall trend shows, chelated
trace minerals and premix is holding a great potential as safe and
effective alternative to traditional
inorganic source of trace minerals in aquaculture. Even though
despite of potential benefit, the
high cost of chelated trace mineral often acknowledged as the
major factor limiting its use in
aquafeed industry.
Thus, complementary inclu-
sion of chelated with inorganic

trace minerals could be logical
step to encourage the inclusion
of alternative dietary mineral
source in aquafeed formulation.
Conclusion
The significance of dietary

trace minerals should get due
recognition, for the vision of
aquaculture sustainability.
The true value of any high
quality fish feed is non-existent,
if the basic nutrient requirement
has been compromised in feed
formulation.
We need to have a clear
understanding on the species
specific trace minerals requirements in aquaculture.
As the aquafeed formulation
has been shifting to dietary plant
protein from fishmeal, emphasis
should also be placed to revise
the inclusion level of as well as
efficacy of new perspective to
ensure the bioavailability of trace
mineral.
At this point, we must appreciate what is known today and try
further improving our knowledge
on the significance of dietary trace
minerals in fish nutrition and health.
Acknowledgement:
I wish to thank my PhD student,
Kumar Katya for his input in
articulating this article.
FEATURE
ALGAE
and animal
nutrition
hether brown, red or green,

algae are resources with
huge potential, however
they are largely untapped,
particularly in Europe.
Even if the implementation of viable economic sectors still seems distant, more and
more projects are based on the valorisation of
this promising raw material for food and feed
industries: A process for which scientists and
industrialists have everything to gain in moving
forward together.
The earth has seven production basins of
brown seaweed, Asia being widely ahead (75
percent).
Northern Europe comes far behind with
two percent of world production.
The required conditions for the cultivation of seaweed are cold water with no
ice, recalls Marc Danjon, deputy director of
Ceva, the Centre dEtude et de Valorisation
des Algues, which emphasises that seaweed
culture sector has increased by eight percent
every year for 30 years.
Do you know many sectors having such
exponential growth ? Its an impressive market, notes the scientist who regrets that
France still produces less than 100 tonnes
per year.
Here stands the challenge of BreizhAlg
project, which aims to establish a seaweed
industry and bring the development of seaweed culture within a process of regional
development.
For Marc Danjon, its time to think of
a range like we do for vegetables and to
develop a real industry for sea vegetables.
All the more since seaweed are full of

qualities offering enormous opportunities
to exploit: they do not need fertilizers, nor
freshwater, nor pesticides and require on
average one-sixth of the surface needed by
terrestrial cultures.
In contrast with the terrestrial plants that
draw nutrients from their roots, algae absorb
nutrients on their entire surface, thus greatly
increasing their productivity.
Moreover, their colloidal structure, which
allows greater water retention, provides to
algae twice more dry matter than terrestrial
plants. A well-known quality for Canadians
and Norwegians, who are developing a significant production of Ascophyllum meal,
widely used in agriculture and animal nutrition,
including cattle.
Brown seaweed of the Fucales family,
Ascophyllum is particularly interesting for its
vitamins, minerals and proteins supply, but
also for its powerful binding properties. Setalg,
based in Brittany, commonly uses it for animal
feed, mainly for petfood (read RAA 649, p36).
Nutritional value
Our interest in seaweed is not new: it

dates back to the Neolithic, where they were
used as fertilizer, feed, fuel, etc.
As for research on algae, it really started
in the second half of the 19th Century, with
the creation of marine stations of Concarneau
(1859) and Naples (1872), followed by the
start in 1872 of the laboratory of experimental zoology now known as biological Station
of Roscoff.
Raw material with several interests, macroalgae are too often reserved for specialty
markets, therefore with sometimes a prohibitive cost.

The nutritional value of algae stands yet in
the joint presence of minerals (particularly rich
mineral fraction), fiber, protein, vitamins and lipids,
depending on the species (see descriptive table).
In the feed industry, seaweed meals are
increasingly used as a dietary supplement, but
seaweed extract still remain quite inaccessible
economically.
Valorisation
This is exactly Cevas role (Center of

study and valorization of seaweed), based in
Pleubian, Ctes d'Armor, to clear the knowledge before considering possible applications,
so that the operation is economically viable.
Idealg project, born in late 2010 (coordinated by the European University of Brittany
and Roscoff Biological Station), aims to develop a sector of algae for industrials.
It is part of The Great Loan Project,
"which amounts to consider for the first time
algae in the same way as wheat or corn!" Said
Jean-Franois Sassi, product division manager
of Ceva.
The idea is to increase volumes by intensive selection work; this project complements
Breizh'Alg intention, which is to develop an
economic sector of seaweed in Brittany.
"This is the second floor of the rocket,
Marc Danjon likes to imagine. Both projects
are advancing in parallel: Idealy must feed itself
from the results and difficulties of Breizh'Alg.
Todays priority is to find areas of culture,
which actually happens in the recovery of concessions, especially from the shellfish industry
in trouble.
FEATURE
The next step after seaweed farming will

be offshore marine aquaculture, with shellfish
and seaweed culture on the same site as fish
farming (open ocean aquaculture).
Algae have a detoxifying effect that is
particularly interesting in a closed system: the
co-culture shrimp / green seaweed, commonly practiced in Mexico and Asia, thus
improves the sanitary status of the farm,
reduces feed costs and has a positive effect
on pigmentation of crustaceans raised under
these conditions.
Applications of seaweed are - theoretically numerous: cosmetics, human and animal
nutrition, chemistry.
Until now, the latter sector has known the
heaviest investments from large groups.
"Today, three large groups share
the global market of transformation of
seaweed
in bio-products, says JeanFranois Sassi: FMC Biopolymer, Cargill
and Dupont, all three directed towards
the production of alginate or carrageenan,
in other words, gelling agents for food and
industrial use.
At the other end of the chain, there are
also some small seaweed farmers that we
count on the fingers of one hand in Brittany.
In between, it is missing SMEs working on the
very diverse transformation of algal material,
he adds
Some manufacturers, like Olmix, understood the market opportunity that could
represent the algal resource exploitation.
A project like Ulvans aims to implement a
complete green algae industrial sector.
The scientific literature begins to abound
to demonstrate the positive effects of sea-
weed in health and

nutrition of humans
and animals.
Henri Salmon,
researcher
at
INRA, presented
at Olmix 1st Algae
Symposium
in
September 2012,
the result of his
research on immune
action and antiinflammatory effects
of marine sulfated
polysaccharides
(MSP).
"Depending on
the considered type
of polysaccharide,
there is a general
action on innate
immunity, with different mechanisms
of cell recognition
and many types of
pathways - activation of the complement, of the lymphocytes, production of cytokines.
The scientist also
notes that more and
more publications
have reported very
successful results
in many areas of
human and animal
health,
"Whether
in
the field of antiviral
activities (Influenza,
H5N1), in the regulation of inflammation and anticoagulant properties or
anti-tumoral activities, to mention only
the most important
ones. Most of these
activities have been
observed or measured in cell cultures
or
experimental
animals (rat); all
these properties are
potentially applicable to livestock species."
A lot of
perspectives
For now France

is still far from using
these resources on
an industrial scale.
LIPTOFRY
PHYTOBIOTIC GROWTH
PROMOTER FOR FINGERLINGS
Improved survival and growth rate

Improved health status
Immune boosting effect
Shortened production cycle
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FEATURE
requires very specific conditions.
Green seaweed are rich in indigestible fiber so they are good
Brown seaweed: 5-11 % DM
Protein
for health but not directly for
Red seaweed: 30-40 % DM (quantitatively
animal growth. In culture, it is
equivalent to soybean)
therefore necessary to enrich the
Green seaweed: 20% DM
Microalgae : Between 12 and 65 % DM
Ulva in protein and in digestible
fiber.
Macroalgae : low lipid content value of 1 to 3%
Fat
DM (up to 5% in Ascophyllum nodosum)
Further research is needed to
Green seaweed: high content in oleic (C 18:1)
reduce the obstacle represented
and alpha-linolenic (w3-C 18:3) fatty acids.
by the fibers for protein digestRed seaweed: high content of polyunsaturated
ibility, in order to transform seafatty acids, EPA (w3-C20-5) and arachidonic acid
weed matter in real raw material
(w6-C20: 4). Presence of linoleic and linolenic
fatty acids.
for all species.
Brown seaweed: comparable to other families,
We can get a complete food
with a high concentration of linolenic fatty acids.
quite easily as long as we control
Microalgae: Can accumulate over 50% of
the conditions of biomass protheir dry weight in fat. These consist mainly of
duction, says Jean-Franois Sassi.
triglycerides, phospholipids and glycolipids. They
contain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Brown, red or green, seasuch as omega 3 : ALA,EPA,DHA, or omega 6
weed have the potential to feed
:ARA.
but these products are not caliAverage total content: 32 to 50% DM
Fibers
brated.
(macroalgae) Insoluble fiber is found in small amounts in the
Significant variations of chemiform of cellulosic fractions and floridean starch.
cal composition of seaweed
Soluble fiber (or phycocolloids), more interesting,
actually make their operation
are better represented:
Red seaweed: 51-56% in the form of agars,
difficult, hence the necessity for
carrageenans and xylans
further research on this issue.
Green seaweed: 51-56% in the form of ulvans,
Regarding microalgae, operatrhamnanes and arabinogalactan
ing conditions are even more delBrown seaweed: 67 to 87% in the form of
icate and complex, which makes
laminaranes (B-glucans), alginates and fucans
their cost prohibitive (around
The mineral fraction can represent up to 36% DM.
Mineral
Euro3600 per kilo). Their fat
Macro-nutrients: sodium, calcium, magnesium,
component
(macroalgae) potassium, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus...
content is particularly interesting
Trace elements: iron, zinc, copper, selenium,
for the biodiesel industry and
molybdenum, fluorine, manganese, boron, nickel,
many projects are being set up
cobalt
to develop its use in animal and
Case of iodine: exceptionally rich in iodine,
human nutrition.
especially for brown seaweed (kelp) and red
seaweed (Gracilaria) and can reach 10 000mg/
We are still a long way
kg.
from producing protein meal,
Red seaweed: provitamin A
Vitamins
reports Marc Danjon, who is
Green seaweed: vitamin C
calling for a real technological
Brown seaweed: vitamins E,C
revolution to develop the use
The B vitamins are well represented (B2 and B3 in
of microalgae.
particular), with originality for B12 normally not
The fields of research
found in plants.
Microalgae: vitamins B1, B6, B12, C,E, K1
are numerous and very
promising but algae suffer
Antioxydants Macro and microalgae: Caratenoids between 0.1
and 0.2 % (Fucoxanthin, B-carotene, violaxanthin,
from being excluded from
zexanthine and lutein)
plant crops," observe Cevas
Macroalgae: polyphenols (phlorotannins) can
researchers.
represent from 5 to 20% dry weight of brown
Europe has no agronomic
seaweed.
approach towards algae like Asia
Seaweed are underutilised, regrets Marc does, "where they grow algae the same way
as vegetables," he adds.
Danjon from Ceva.
Probably also for cultural reasons algae
come marginally in the human diet, compared About Olmix & the
to the use that is made in Asia.
Ulvans project
Regarding the specific case of green seaOlmix, a specialist in green chemistry,
weed, Marc Danjon asserts that their potential quickly saw the potential of algae in aquaculuses in food are underutilised worldwide. ture and agriculture. Green seaweed polyTheir protein content can achieve a significant saccharides, ulvans, combined with micronrate of 30 percent of dry matter and are also ised clay from Montmorillon gave birth to
rich in fiber.
Amadite in 2004 and this patented product
Nevertheless, Cevas researchers warn the is now introduced in various feed suppleindustrials: "Wild resources do not present a ments for animals.
very important energy supply and their culture
Today with the support of Oso (up to
Composition of seaweed used in animal feed
Euro10 million for a project which amounts

to Euro25 million euros of investment),
Olmix wishes to structure the valorisation
of seaweed at an industrial scale and to
develop the use of algae as proteins substitute to fishmeal, fertilizer and biostimulant
for plants.
In all, four plants are mobilised around the
pilot project: two sites for the collection and
initial processing, in Plouenan and Nantes, and
two high-tech stations for the development of
finished products:
"Our technique is to hydrolyze the algae
to isolate active principles and to extract the
proteins.
The valorisation in animal nutrition is
driven towards nutraceuticals and aquaculture,
where seaweed offer a real alternative to fishmeal. Our pilot plant in Plouenan will reach a
processing capacity of 15,000 tonnes of algae.
In Indonesia a project to develop algae for
bioethanol and food (human and animal) is
being developed with volumes of two million
tonnes. It is clear that the raw material is over
there, says the company.
About Ceva
Ceva, based in Pleubian on the Northern

coast of Brittany, is the only technical center
in Europe dedicated to the study and valorization of marine plants.
Originally created in 1982 to study the phenomenon of green seaweed, Ceva expanded its
applied research on algae (macro and micro),
marine plants and marine biotechnology.
The center is equipped with a laboratory of analysis, focusing on the research of
seaweed active principles. It combines the
resources needed for R&D projects on the
development of new process (extraction,
purification) and the physio-chemical characterisation of products stemming from these
projects or specific customers requests.
It is strongly focused on the chemistry of
algal polysaccharides, but also of proteins,
polyphenols, pigments and minerals.
Ceva also ensures the transfer of scientific
knowledge from academia to the industrial
field: it is well equipped with a pilot platform providing the full transformation process
to develop various semi-industrial products
according to the requests. With a staff of 25
members, Ceva is organised in three main
departments that are environment, culture
and products.
Created with the support of Breton
communities and industrials of algae sector, Ceva is a private research organisation
open to any type of industrialists. It is part
of Actia network, which is certified as Agroindustrial Technical Institute (Itai) by the
First Ministry.
Reference: La Revue de l'Alimentation Animale
N 664, mars 2013 by Sarah Le Bl and Caroline
Morice.
FEATURE
Die and roll re-working machines
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Phone: +45 75 14 22 55
Fax: +45 82 28 91 41
mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk
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21/11/2012 15:08
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PHOTOSHOOT
The South American countries are increasingly

adopting aquaculture instead of Fishing unlike its
growing remains quite static.
Not a week goes by without one or more
reports on the governments of Central and South
America showing their support behind his fledgling
aquaculture. From Paraguay to Brazil, opportunities
in sustainable aquaculture development are pursued
with vigor, and according to a recent report from
Fitch Ratings, New York, Peru is expected to remain
a major player in the business of international
aquaculture, being the largest exporter of fishmeal
in the region
On the other hand, Chile is also a major player
in the industry; remains No. 3 in the production
of fishmeal, No 2 in fish oil and No 1 in the
production of salmon.
Brazil is the second largest aquaculture producer in
Latin America. However, its 8,400 miles of coastline
and extensive inland waters, make this activity has
an enormous potential. With 76,266 tons produced
in 2004, shrimp culture is the most important
aquaculture resource in Brazil, followed by the
culture of freshwater species such as tilapia.
FISH FARMING
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
Nets and cages

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
- Benefits and disadvantages of
modern basic systems
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
NETS
CAGES
&
A
t Boris Nets all

our fish cages are
manufactured
to
the highest standard
using drawings and technical
information gathered throughout our years of experience in
the industry.
The company works closely
with each customer so that its
cages are crafted using a mix of
traditional methods and modern
technology with great attention
to individual specifics and site
conditions. The result is a premium quality product with an
excellent reputation.
Cages are predominantly
made using knot-less nylon netting. Good for its strength elastic-
ity and resistance to abrasion with

a relatively high uv resistance.
Together with the comparatively
low cost this makes it an excellent
choice for fish cage manufacturing.
Nylon netting size ranges from
first feeder to larger mesh size
higher-grade netting, perfect for
offshore heavy weather conditions. There is some shrinkage
but this is taken into consid-
The old and the

new makes for a
premium product
eration during our manufacturing
process.
We have conducted large
scale trials with polyester in comparison to traditional nylon cages.
Although it is perceived that
the lower elasticity, decreased
shrinkage and higher UV resistant properties are advantageous
it is not proven that these are
significant. Nylon remains the
preferred material of the two for
most of our customers, says the
company.
Dyneema has been widely
used in production for several
years. Although more expensive
than other materials it provides
3-4 times greater strength by
weight than traditional nylon netting and retains this strength for a
longer period leading to
an increase in longevity
in the life of the cages.
Dyneema is favoured
by freshwater clients as
it is easy to handle being
light and the increased
strength offers superior
protection from predators such as otters. It
is also widely used in
cages for sea bream as they have
a tendency to chew at the cages.
Again the increase in strength
provides better resistance to this.
We have used dyneema in
the production of seawater cages.
However due to lack of elasticity we would recommend an
increase of at least a 25 percent
in strength to compensate for this
and ensure that the integrity of
the cage is left uncompromised.
These specifications make the

dyneema cages approximately
half the weight in comparison to
a conventional nylon cage. Due
to the nature of dyneema it is
critical that nets are produced to
the correct size with the correct
amount of slack added evenly.
In our opinion this makes the
need for hand mounted ropes
greater to ensure the probity of
the product. There is a propensity by many manufacturers due
to the raised costs and machine
mounted roping to use considerably less than the amount
required to make a premium
quality cage.
More recently there's been a
significant interest in the use of
Ultra high tenacity PE.
Generally, knotted provides
the advantage of being around 20
percent stronger in comparative
weight to nylon. It has very good
abrasion resistance and is very
low stretch. These properties
make it excellent in cages where
in situ net washers are used. That
said it is difficult to obtain in sizes
below 18-20mm which could
lead to restrictions in its use.
The majority of our ropes are
made from polysteel due to its
superior abrasion resistance. We
use the traditional hand mounting
method in preference to machine
sewing as it allows for more even
strain distribution reducing future
repair needs, says the company.
In situ net washing processes
have necessitated a change in
design of cages.
The amount of slack incor-
02 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology
porated into the netting for the

manufacture of the cages has
had to be reduced to allow a
firmer surface to allow the washer to operate efficiently. If too
little slack is used the integrity
is comprised. The ropes will no
longer form the framework of
the cage and too much strain
will be placed on the netting
itself leading to potentially catastrophic results. For this reason
it is imperative that all ropes are
hand mounted to ensure even
and consistent distribution of the
netting therefore minimising the
risk of unnecessary damage.
Working closely
with customers
We work closely with our

customers to develop anti predator methods with great success.
A large number of our customers
use predator screens permanently attached to the outside of their
cages for extra protection and
allowing the net itself to be tighter which is also a good deterrent
.Along with weighting systems
and in particular the froya ring
support system which helps to
maintain net shape in strong current reducing the potential loss
from seal attacks, excellent results
have been achieved and the loss
of fish has greatly reduced.
We are currently involved in
a research and development program and have successfully trialled
a new sewing machine for use
in the manufacture of treatment
tarps on a larger scale using very
heavy duty materials .

diamond style on all or part of
the net has proven very beneficial
in keeping the integrity of our
nets in bad conditions around
the world, whilst still allowing for
good aeration from water flow.
The use of gussets, chaffer panels and double netting
on areas of the net that are
prone to more abrasion is
extremely effective. Together
with the hand mounted roping,
attention to specifics, excellent
design, highly skilled net makers and machinists Boris Nets
produces cages often classed
as some of the best in the
world.
Next generation for Lift Up
aily
morts
removal
and
handling are part
of best practice
in fish farming and Lift Up AS
has, since 1989, supplied many
thousand morts collection
systems from it factories in
Norway and Chile.
The systems use the age-old
air-lift principle and are simple in construction and efficient
in operation. A souser-shaped
cone is lowered to the bottom
of the floating net-cage and from
there a hose allows morts to
be lifted from the bottom of the
cage to the surface by means of
compressed air introduced into
the cone at the base.
Lift Up has a wide range of
models for different species of

fish and various sizes of nets,
and exports its products to fish
farmers worldwide.
Its newest generation of collection systems incorporate a
full enclosed systems to bring
morts from the bottom of
cages all the way to a central collection point on a service barge or onto shore for
dewatering and disposal. This
allows for all waste water to
be disposed away from the live
fish in the cages and minimises
contamination.
Lift Up AS will again be
exhibiting at this years
Aqauculture UK 2014 show in
Aviemore, Scotland, with special focus on its newest and
fifth generation of collection
systems.
Star netting introduced to Scotland
&J Knox has

been making
nets for aquaculture since
the inception of the industry in
Scotland. Traditionally, knotless
nylon netting has been utilized
for cage nets; however in the
past year, Knox has started
to introduce cage nets to
Scotland which have been

produced from star netting, a
modified HDPE developed by
Garware-Wall Ropes of India.
Star netting is flexible
and easy to handle, weighing
approximately 25 percnet less
for the same strength as nylon.
The key benefits are that there
is less algae formation and no
antifoulant is required.
Both the structure and
the raw material make it
more suitable than nylon
for machine cleaning.
Samples of star netting and further details
will be on display at
Aquaculture UK at the
Knox stand
Association of International
Professionals
eafood that is fish

from both fishing and
aquaculture - is the
most traded food commodity in the world and it is an
essential product for the health
of humans globally and critical
for many under developed
countries for food security.
As professionals, we all need
to be aware of issues covering
everything from food safety
to environmental sustainability,
trade barriers to fraud, etc,
are all important as we move
forward.
The aim of this association
is to network, share, educate,
communicate and promote all
activities relating to creating a
better seafood world.
There are no boundaries as
this a large and diverse industry
but our aim is not to duplicate
what others are doing and to
work with all dedicated seafood organisations and people.
We have created a website, blogs, LinkedIn, Facebook
and Twitter (see details below)
to enable there to be a terrific flow of information and
to enable us all to promote
the exchange of ideas and
information, foster interaction, understanding and professional collaboration among
individuals, organisations and
governments, disseminate
UP-COMING ACTIVITIES
This has resulted in a company in Australia ordering and

shipping one of our largest
ever products over, with great
potential for further purchases
in the near future.
Our cages have proven a
great success in some of the
worst storms on record both
nationally and internationally
offshore. Leaving them intact
and uncompromised when
other machine sewn cages
have been destroyed with
devastating fish losses.
Changing the method in
which netting is mounted from
the usual square hanging form to
knowledge about fish, seafood

and associated products and
promote advancement of the
state-of-the-art in fish research,
development, extension and
education.
Our association does not
aim to charge for membership
as we believe that it is best to
engage as many industry people as we can and we do not
want fees getting in the way.
We plan to create services
and opportunities for all our
members and for those services there will be charges.
You will get to choose if you
want to sign up to the services
or not. If the services are not
what you want then you will
not have to pay for them. The
emphasis is on us to ensure the
services will be seen as being
seen to be worthwhile to you,
otherwise you will not sign up.
We can all grow and
improve ourselves and our
industry simply by learning
from each other and nature.
We use the Canadian Geese
as an example - Scientists
believe that the characteristic v-shaped flock of geese
migrating serves two purposes.
First, it creates a current of air
along the lines of geese that
makes it easier for individuals
to fly. Second, it allows for better communication and unity of
the flock while in the air.
7-11 June 2014 Association engaged in many events at

World Aquaculture Conference, Adelaide, SA, Australia
28-29 June 2014: Association assisting with EMS Forum, Thailand
1-2 July 2014: Association invited to speak at
Monaco Blue Initiative, Santiago, Chile
6-8 August 2014: Association organizing in conjunction
with VASEP the Vietfish Conference, HCMC, Vietnam
21-22 September 2014: Association invited to
speak at Aquatic China, Beijing, China
9-11 November 2014: Association organizing
SEAFEX Seafood Summit, Dubai, UAE
11-13 March 2015: Association assisting
Seafood Processing Conference at VIV
Cer ti
Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
fica
tion
seafoodprofessionals.org
Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 03
R AS
RECIRCULATING
AQUACULTURE
SYSTEMS
Benefits and disadvantages of modern basic systems
very fish farmer hopes to achieve

the same goal of high quality fish to
a minimum production cost.
RAS with degassing tanks and

fixed bed up flow bio filters
In fixed bed up-flow filters with fixed substrate, the water is distributed evenly throughout
the bottom of all the bio filters. This is done to
secure a low water flow speed up through the
bio filter media - in order to also remove the
smaller particles. It also reduces the amount of
solid material the bio filter has to break down
as there is settlement in the bottom of the bio
filters prior to entering the bio filter media. The
media has an open structure (media is 15%
of the volume) which helps to secure a low
water speed. This low water speed helps the
media and the bacteria that grow on them to
effectively catch the microscopic particles. In
fixed bed up-flow bio filters the whole surface
of the media is used to remove particles and
ammonia, and the result is cleaner water. Back
flush of the bio filter is a simple operation that
doesnt significantly affect the water quality. The
bio filter is separated in sections meaning that
one can be cleaned while the other sections
are still running. The cleaning intervals are 8-16
weeks depending on the amount of feeding. It is
possible to implement a semi-automatic cleaning
system to the bio filters which ease the cleaning
operation of the bio filters significantly. Efficient
removal of micro particles reduces the need for
ozone treatment to get clean and clear water. If
ozone is used, then only a small doze is needed
due to less particles in the water.
The degassing system contributes positively to the water temperature in the RAS
because the air blowers heat up the air blown
into the water and degas the CO2 in the
water simultaneously. So in addition to the
improved water quality, heating costs are
reduced thanks to the design.
Due to the design of the bio filter, settlement in the first part of the bio filter is
impossible.
The use of 2-3 bio filters gives each
bio filter less volume this will result in significant higher water speeds in the bio filters.
High water speed makes it difficult to catch
micro particles. The cleaning of the bio filter
blocks has shown to be very time consuming
sing, there is a need to have a high water flow

to keep the CO2 level down as trickling filters
have lower efficiency compared to degassing
tanks.
The water enters the trickling filter just
after the drum filter and still has a lot of
organic material in the water. Organic material creates a lot of sludge in the bio filter, the
trickling filter, drops off of old sludge that
Benefits
Disadvantages
Trickling filter does 2 jobs - CO2 stripping and

ammonia removal.
2 times pumping gives higher power

consumption. CO2 stripping is cooling the
system down at winter and heating it at summer.
Labor intensive to clean bio filters. Need higher
water flow to control CO2.
Benefits
Disadvantages
Trickling filter does 2 jobs - CO2 stripping and

ammonia removal.
2 times pumping gives higher power

consumption. CO2 stripping is cooling the
system down at winter and heating it at summer.
Labor intensive to clean bio filters. Need higher
water flow to control CO2.
Benefits
Disadvantages
Low energy consumption of the pumping of

the water due to the one-time pumping. No
cleaning of the bio filter.
Makes dirty water when running at full capacity.

Little CO2 degassing capacity.
Benefits
Disadvantages
Low energy consumption due to one time

pumping. Best mechanical capture of particles
in the bio filter! This makes clean water. Less
oxygen consumption due to clear water = less
CO2 production = less power consumption.
A little higher area requirement. Not full

automatic cleaning of the bio filter.
because it sometimes needs to be taken out

of bio filter for manual cleaning.
It is a known fact that the relatively large
amount of air needed for trickling filters cools
the water significant because of the evaporation. This technology is actually well known in
cooling towers.
When using trickling filters for CO2 degas-
goes back to the fish tanks as small particles

(circa 70% goes to fish tanks and circa 30% to
fixed bed filters). This design makes the water
dirty due to low cleaning efficiency. The fixed
bed bio filter has more chambers which runs
in series at 4 times the speed of the water
compared to fixed bed up-flow filters were
the water runs parallel.
The trickling filter is made of bio block

systems which requires cleaning 1-2 times a
year with a high pressure cleaner.
The water is pumped 2 - 3 times which
gives higher power consumption.
The high water speed in fixed bed up- and
down-flow filters makes it difficult to remove
the micro particles. In combination with a
trickling filter this makes the water unclean.
As described before, the relatively large
amount of air needed for a trickling filter
cools the water significant because of the

evaporation.
Moving bed filters are self-cleaning
because of the air that is blown into the bio
filter medias to keep them moving. When
the layers of dead micro-organisms grow too
thick it will peel off causing dirty water. The
smallest particles that come into the moving bed filter will not be caught in the filter
but go back into the fish tanks causing very
unclear water.
Blowing air into deep water columns as it is

done in moving bed bio filters gives high super
saturation of Nitrogen which requires significant vacuum degassing systems to remove
the super saturation of Nitrogen in the water.
Dirty water in the fish tanks creates a
significant higher oxygen consumption and
CO2 production of up to 50% which requires
up to 50% more electricity consumption for
oxygen injection and CO2 removal as well as
50% more oxygen purchase.
The BOC SOLVOX range
Better conditions for fish, cost efficiencies for fish

farmers.
BOC is a leading end-to-end supplier to fish farms, offering:
gas supply, specialist oxygenation and control equipment,
installation and consulting services.
Key Benefits
Reduced feed conversion rate
Reduced fish mortality
Improved growth rate
Higher stock densities
at
Visit us
K 2014
TURE U
UACUL
AQ
5
stand 3
Contact us
UK www.BOConline.co.uk/aquaculture, Tel 0800 111 333
IE www.BOConline.ie/aquaculture, Tel 1890 355 255
507955-MPG Aquaculture Landscape 216mm x 303mm Advert 02.indd 1
30/04/2014 11:09
Pharmaq in holistic
distribution deal with
Leiber to expand its global
product portfolio
wo key companies to the aquaculture sector have entered into

a distribution agreement that will
benefit fish farming operators
when it comes to combining fish health with
fish nutrition.
By signing a distribution agreement with
the German ingredient manufacturer, Leiber
GmbH, Pharmaq AS teams up with a very
competent partner in the interesting segment
of yeast products and immune stimulation for
its global aquaculture customer base.
Pharmaq is very happy to add the quality
products of Leiber GmbH to its portfolio.
It will make a basis for early entry into new
geographies and species, as well as strengthening the relationship with customers in our
present markets," says Jan Oppen Berntsen,
Director Feed Products and Equipment in
Pharmaq AS.
For 60 years, Leiber GmbH, located in
Bramsche in Lower Saxony, Germany, has
Interview - Pharmaq
International Aquafeed interviewed Jan
Oppen Berntsen, Director - Feed Products
and Equipment based in Pharmaqs Oslo
office, Norway, who answered questions
with interesting insights and depth.
How will Leibers products

benefit Pharmaqs customers?
Traditionally, Pharmaq AS has had its main

focus on vaccines for farmed fish. And as
such our vaccines are specific products,
meaning one component in any given vaccine is designed to solve one specific disease
in one specific specie.
A vaccine can contain many different
components and thus solve many disease
problems in one injection. The most commonly used injection vaccine in Norwegian
salmon farming today contains six different antigens and protects against as many
pathognes.
Leiber's products are delivered through
feed and their basic ingredient is beta-glucan.
Beta-glucans boost the animals unspecific
immune system and as such is a more
been
one of the
leading manufacturers of specialist yeast
products. The natural raw material of
brewers' yeast is processed using an innovative biotechnological method to form highquality products which are used in the areas
of animal nutrition, food, food supplements
and biotechnology.
Our customers are found in the salmonid,
tilapia, pangasius, sea bass/bream as well as
the shrimp segments of the global aquaculture
industry.
By adding a high-quality beta-glucan man-
general way of helping animals overcome

general stress periods.
Feeds containing immune stimulating
substances such as beta-glucan are often
recommended during stress periods caused
by for example change in temperature,
change in feeding regime, before handling
such as sorting and vaccination.
At what stage is it now and

what is the long-term goal
of the agreement? Is this
a world-wide agreement
or for specific regions?
Leiber wanted to strengthen their presence

in the aquaculture segment and chose to do
so through the collaboration with Pharmaq
AS.
Pharmaq AS is recognised as the world's
leading pharmaceutical company specialising
in aquaculture. We provide environmentally
sound, safe and efficacious health products
to the global aquaculture industry through
targeted research and the commitment of
dedicated people.
The agreement gives Pharmaq access
to Leiber's products exclusively to
ufactured by Leiber to our Pharmaq product

portfolio, we will support unspecific immunity
to products administered by the oral route,
says Jan Oppen Berntsen.
Pharmaq AS provides environmentally
sound, safe and efficacious health products
for the global fish farming industry. Besides a
range of therapeutic products, the company's
core products are fish vaccines with a broad
portfolio of 25 different vaccines for various
markets.
aquaculture in a few selected markets

(Greece and Spain) and as our own
branded products to aquaculture on a
global basis.
Leiber's brands are BioLex MB40 and
Beta-S. Pharmaq's corresponding brands are
Vetregard and ALPHA Beta 80. The latter
products (Beta-S and AB 80) are purified
and with a very high content (> 80%) of
Beta-glucan.
The long term goal is to build a stronger
presence in the feed additive segment for a
product portfolio that fits our business idea.
(Pharmaq provides environmentally sound,
safe and efficacious health products to the
global aquaculture industry.) Leiber products
fit this perfectly.
Has there been a history of

working with fish farmers
that use Leiber products
anyway? Has it been a
naturally, gradual process?
No, we have a small product portfolio in

selected markets in this segment. Some
of our present customers will naturally be
interested in the Leiber products.
Interview - Leiber
nternational Aquafeed
interviewed
Karen
Mrler, Marketing Animal Nutrition at
Leiber GmbH in Bramsche in
Lower Saxony, Germany who
also answered question about
the agreement in detail.
How will Leibers

products benefit
Pharmaqs customers?
Leibers high quality made in

Germany products for aquaculture include the highly purified 1.3-1.6--D-glucan Leiber
Beta-S and the yeast cell wall
product Biolex MB40, which
are both delivered through the
feed.
The famous phrase prevention is better than cure
gains more and more importance in todays aquatic animal husbandry. Following this
approach, the overall aim and
result of these prophylactically
administered products is to
boost the immune and health
status of fish and shellfish in
order to increase their resistance against the variety of
stress factors that occur during
the production cycles in intensive aquaculture.
As a result, the efficiency
and profitability of the aquaculture farms is improved, mainly
but not exclusively through a
reduction in mortality rates.
How important is the

health of fish to Leibers
current customers, and
does Leiber's immune
stimulation products
match well for fish
farmers with Pharmaqs
products and expertise
in fish vaccination
and fish health?
The health status of fish

and shellfish is the decisive
factor in why Leibers customers are using the health

promoting products Leiber
Beta-S and Leiber Biolex
MB40.
In todays intensive aquaculture fish and shellfish are
often subjected to a plethora
of various stress factors in
their living environment. A
chronic stress response is generally believed to suppress or
dysregulate immune functions
and makes the organism more
susceptible to pathogens with
the eventual risk of causing
diseases.
Among others one frequently occurring stress factor
is handling, and this is where
Leibers and Pharmaq's products complement each other
perfectly.
Especially Leibers -glucan
product Leiber Beta-S prepares the fish to better overcome the stress of a vaccination procedure and, in addition, subsequently improves
the effect of the vaccination
through its proven, adjuvant
effect.
What links will this

distribution partnership
bring, are there
long-term goals?
Leiber wants to further

strengthen its presence in
aquaculture and Pharmaq as
the market leader in aquaculture pharmaceuticals, with a
direct link to the farmers, is
an ideal partner.
The combination of both
companies products will
generate a more holistic
approach to the improvement of fish health and ultimately to the profitability
of aquaculture operations
for the farmers benefit in a
sound, safe and sustainable
way.
SEAFEX Middle
East/North Africa
Seafood Summit
n ever increasingly crowed ocean

where increasing demands are being
made by various activity groups is
putting unnecessary pressure on the
fishing and aquaculture industries.
Thats the message delegated attending the
inaugural Seafood Summit event which was part of
the Seafex Seafood Exhibition (which in itself was
part of a massive program covering all activities seafood related from world hospitality competitions
through to various trade shows and meetings), at
Dubai World Trade Centre earlier this year.
The Association of International Seafood
Professionals (AISP) was engaged to put together
the Summit program.
The opening of the Summit included a message
from Carl-Christian Schmidt, Head of Fisheries
Policies Division at OECD with a video which
sets the scene for the challenges ahead for what is
describes as the Green Growth Period.
Starting proceedings with a session Corporate
Ocean Responsibility: Regional Ocean Industry
Collaboration was Paul Holthus from the World
Ocean Council (WOC). Mr Holthus highlighted
how complex and challenging it is when we are
dealing with an ever increasingly crowded ocean
with everyone demanding their needs should get
priority.
The WOC session brought together representatives from shipping, desalination and fisheries/
aquaculture and much was learned about the challenges and opportunities in each sector.
Captain Anshuman Singh, a legal expert in
shipping matters, explained that at the moment
many shipping companies were economically challenged and this has seen many vessels simply left an
anchor, that is, dumped. Captain Singh also spoke
about water ballast issues and action plans in case
of oil spillages these can both have incredible
impacts on fisheries/aquaculture.
Prathapchandra Shetty, Emirates Star Fisheries,
commented that in addition to fisheries, aquaculture, shipping and desalination, these same waters
host an increasing level of many other economic
activities - oil and gas, ports, dredging, coastal development, tourism and their ocean uses - which
collectively create challenges to maintaining marine
ecosystem health and productivity in the region.
Felix Dent, FAO Globefish, gave an excellent
presentation on Status and Trends of Global
Fisheries & Aquaculture and gave some basic
information on FAO and Globefish roles.
Certification Benefits beyond the Demands
was a presentation by Peter Redmond, Global
Aquaculture Alliance. Through the development
of its Best Aquaculture Practices certification stand-
ards, GAA has become the leading standardssetting organisation for aquaculture seafood.
Trading seafood in MENA, especially the
Middle East is an important activity that people do
not know enough about. Sadaf Murad, an AISP
member based in UAE, gave her views on Import,
Consumption and Re-Export business.
Sadaf highlighted that the area has become a
large re-processing hub for the MENA area.
Sadaf gave information on import patterns
(species, sources and connections); the spectrum
of seafood products (the top echelon, masses,
bottom of the pyramid consumption, species
and movements, etc.); inter trade and cross trade
(re-processing, re-export, etc.). The presentation
created a taste for the next subject Fishing &
Aquaculture including Financing and Investing in the
Arab Region led by Izzat Feidi, Fisheries Consultant
based in Egypt and a panel of people he had
engaged.
The panel consisted Salih Salem Bahawini,
Al-Qalzam (Sea Global Co, Saudi Arabia);
Professor Jean-Yves Mevel, UAE University, UAE;
Prathapchandra Shetty, Emirates Star Fisheries,
Yemen/UAE and Max Goulden, MacAlister-Elliott
Partners Ltd, UK.
We learnt that whilst the overall resources of
the Arab region in general constitute a small part
in the international fisheries scene they are considered a very important economic activity especially
in the traditional, artisanal communities in these
countries where it provides employment, food
and a source of income from the various activities
associated with the fisheries industry.
With this background, and in order to increase
the benefits of a largely low level industry in terms
of returns of the industry to the various national
economies as well as to the various sectors of
the industry including the fishermen communities,
there is a significant need for more attention and
prospective of development in the region in order
to raise the potential of food security.
Major investments will need to be injected
in the sector to increase the future benefits of
aquaculture in these countries of the region, commented Izzat.
A successful day one was wrapped up with
a presentation on Aquaculture without Frontiers,
highlighting the issues regarding the alleviation of
hunger and poverty and the activities of the AwF.
Day Two at SEAFEX was focused on how to
make money from our oceans/water responsibly.
Dr Jed Brown, of the MASDAR Institute, gave
us an insight into Integrated Seawater Aquaculture/
Agriculture Project for Bioenergy Production in
UAE.
The importance of seafood as it relates to
individuals health was a GILLS presentation. The
catch cry is that everyone knows the importance of
seafood and health but if that was true then surely
we would not be getting anti-seafood activities
and surely every country would address their food
security needs as far as seafood is concerned.
Importantly, we would not have eating disor-
ders as we have with both hunger and obesity

around the world and seafood would be given
priority in areas relating to space/access. We know
that is not the case so we need to continue to find
new ways to spread the message globally.
Roger Gilbert, International Aquafeed, just
returning from an important Chinese Nutrition
Conference which focused on aquaculture feeds,
etc., gave an excellent presentation on the challenges we face on how to feed a growing population in the future.
He stressed that aquatic organisms like fish,
have an advantage in efficiency (very effective feed
converters) compared to land animals which is
due to their advantage of having ambient body
temperature,and requiring less energy for keeping
body in balance, as they live in water. As feed
resources become scarce and more expensive this
advantage will become stronger he believed.
Despite these facts, there is a perception,
mainly outside the aquaculture society, that feed
is a major sustainability issue for aquaculture. Most
concern is related to the use of fish as feed for
fish but he believed that as long as there is good
management of fisheries ensuring that fish harvest
is sustainable, due to the efficiency benefits of fish,
aquafeed is the best allocation for fishmeal and oil.
However, he pointed out that the industry has
invested in substantial knowledge allowing use to
reduce fishmeal input in diets with many feed companies reducing the inclusion of marine ingredients
by 50 percent over the last 10 years, and clearly
had more gains to make.
Marketing and Lessons in Fishing & Aquaculture
was presented by Professor Jose Fernandez
Polanco, Universidad de Cantabria, who has a
wealth of experience in these areas stressed that
marketing is an imperative in driving the industry
from being commodity driven to consumer driven.
Through various case studies which he has
completed over the years he highlighted that marketing was still an important issue to be overcome.
Dr Farshad Shishehchian from Blue Aqua,
Thailand, spoke about Making Profit in Aquaculture
and attracted a good audience.
The IASP launched its website (http://seafoodprofessionals.org/) highlighting that its aims were to
create a professional association representing all individuals from all sectors of the global seafood industry
community enabling interaction, understanding and
collaboration; disseminating knowledge about fish,
seafood and associated products; lifting values by
promoting advancement in seafood research, development, extension, education and standards that will
lead to a professional accredited industry.
The event closed with the International
Premiere showing of Drawing the Line, an
80 minute movie, a concept of Bruce Davey, a
Northern Territorian Spanish Mackerel fisherman
who was keen to get some factual issues on record
about the previous Australian Governments push
for Marine Parks and with the added value of
explaining the Super trawler issue as it unfolded
in Australia.
According to FAO, Argentina leads the world

rankings in terms of its potential to develop
mariculture, but one of the biggest obstacles
to develop aquaculture in general, is its strong
agro - livestock culture, and low consumption of
fish resources. Argentina captures about of 750
thousand tons of fish per year (average), of which
only 26% is consumed.
The heavy losses that occurred several years ago
by the white spot virus, did jeopardize the future
of the Ecuadorian shrimp industry. According to the
Cmara Nacional de Acuicultura de Ecuador (CNA),
the production currently exceeds 200 thousand
tons per year, becoming the shrimp, the first
aquaculture export product of the country.
March-April 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 29
FEATURE
Use of a heat-stable protease in salmonid feeds

- Experiences from Canada and Chile
by M.A. Kabir Chowdhury, PhD, Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
Dr Pedro Cardenas Villarroal, Alinat Chile, Chile
olatility of supply, price and quality of commonly-used

ingredients and lack of proper characterisation of their
components are forcing aquaculture feed manufacturers to
use high safety margins for nutrients while formulating a feed.
Techniques such as cooking, conditioning, soaking and finally, using

enzymes for various components are increasingly used to improve the
quality of ingredients in feed or to reduce the variations in their quality.
Besides phytase (for phosphorus) and some carbohydrases, dietary
proteolytic enzymes are gaining attention in recent years, mainly
because of the need for better utilisation of proteins from existing
sources.
Protease breaks down large, indigestible and insoluble proteins to
highly digestible smaller peptides and some free amino acids. These
small chain peptides may also contain some bioactive properties
influencing ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of nutrients
in animals.
These intrinsic properties of protease enzymes are encouraging for
nutritionists and feed formulators as they allow them to include more
low-digestible protein ingredients without compromising the quality of
the feed.
The influence of exogenous protease
In the intestine of animals, polypeptides are digested to smaller

peptides and amino acids by several enzymes derived from pancreas
or secretory cells of the intestinal epithelium in slightly alkaline environment achieved by pancreatic secretion of bicarbonates and bile acids
from the gall bladder (see Figure 1).
The absorption of nutrients occurs in the intestine by optimising
the intestinal surface area within the constraints of the coelomic cavity.
Presence of exogenous protease can influence the rate of reactions
in the intestine enhancing nutrient utilisation efficiency of the animals.
Effects of protease in aquaculture feed can be manifested in more
digestible proteins in feed, improved digestibility of nutrients in an
ingredient, better mucosal health, growth and feed conversion of the
farmed aquatic animals.
Trials with shrimp, crab, salmonids, carps, tilapia, pangasius, seabream
and other species have shown significant improvement in growth, feed
conversion or nutrient utilisation efficiency. In studies with salmonids
species, addition of protease in feed not only improved the protein
30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2014
FEATURE
quality of the feed but also stimulated
gut health, growth, and feed conversion helping the bottom line of feed
manufacturers and producers.
Table 1. Growth performance and intestinal villi height of rainbow trout fed diets containing graded level
(0, 175, 250 ppm) of Jefo protease
Treatments
Improving protein quality
Initial
body
weight
(g)
Final
body
weight
(g)
Specific
growth
rate
(SGR, %)
Thermalunit Growth
Coefficient
(TGC)
FCR
Villi size
(m)
In several in-vitro and in-vivo studies with the Jefo protease, a marked
Control
390
850a
0.92a
2.52a
1.43b
630a
improvement in protein digestibility
Control + 175 ppm protease
402
971b
1.05b
2.94b
1.35a
663b
of ingredient and feed was observed.
Control + 250 ppm protease
399
987b
1.07b
3.03b
1.33a
737b
In a study conducted at the
Notes: Different letters in a column denote significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatments
University of Saskatchewan of Canada,
addition of the protease to a coThe protein digestibility of a feed was then determined using the
extruded canola-pea based diets resulted in significant improvement
in apparent digestibility of crude protein, energy, lipid and dry matter following equation:
Protein Digestibility (%) = 100 x (Initial CP Final CP)/Initial CP
(P<0.05) in rainbow trout (see Figure 2A) (Drew et al. 2005).
The protein digestibility was analysed in three different hydrolysing
The improvement was less pronounced in the co-extruded flax-pea
conditions (temperature and pH). In all three cases, significantly more
based diets.
Availability of more digestible nutrients also resulted in improved digestible protein was reported in feeds containing the protease than
feed conversion and growth of rainbow trout fed diets containing with in those without (see Figure 3).
the protease (see Figures 2B and 2C).
In another in-vivo study conducted at the Universidad Catolica de Growth performance and intestinal health
Temuco with three species of salmonids (coho salmon, Atlantic salmon
Several growth and digestibility trials conducted in Canada and
and rainbow trout), both protein and carbohydrate digestibility were Chile showed significant improvement in performance of the test
improved significantly in fish fed the treatment diets containing the animals fed diets containing the protease compared to those fed the
protease than those fed the control diets (Chowdhury 2012).
control diets (see Table 1).
In an in-vitro digestibility study at the Universidad de Concepcion of
Similarly, height (m), density and structure of intestinal villi also
Chile, protein digestibility of commercially extruded (extrusion temp. showed a marked improvement in fish fed the protease diets (see
120oC) salmonids feeds with and without protease was determined Figure 4).
using the HCl-Pepsin method. The method involved grinding of the
Increased availability of nutrients coupled with increased intestinal
feed samples followed by HCl-Pepsin digestion for 16 hours and then, nutrient absorption capacity resulted in the better growth and feed
separation of solids.
conversion in treatment animals.
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FEATURE
Challenges for using a protease enzyme
Issues with heat-stability have been a major hindrance

for the use of enzymes in aquafeed.
Very few enzymes in the market today are truly heatstable.
In addition, it is difficult for feed manufacturers to
compare efficacy of various enzymes to improve the
protein quality of their feed using traditional or prescribed
enzymatic activity assays. Traditional or prescribed enzymatic assays rely on specific substrate, which may not be
suitable for a feed.
Feedmills must be able to rapidly and accurately
test complete feeds for the presence of a protease
as part of their QA/QC process. The in-vitro protein
digestibility assays provide a solution to this problem
enabling feed manufacturers to test the effects of an enzyme not
by measuring activity but in real term, the quality of proteins.
This innovative solution should be standardised and utilised as a tool
to compare effects of different enzymes on a particular feed.
Preference to multi-enzyme containing protease-complex has also
been a rising phenomenon.
All enzymes are proteins and adding a protease in the cocktail creates a situation where other enzymes become the nearest substrate
for the protease. While it is acceptable to use all the carbohydrases
together, using protease in a cocktail usually reduces the efficacy of
other enzymes.
Several published and unpublished trials with carps, shrimp and
salmonids showed lower beneficial effects of multi-enzyme compared
to a single protease or a protease-complex.
If intended, it is recommended to use protease either separately or
in a protected form in a multi-enzyme cocktail to prevent hydrolysis
of other enzymes.
Conclusion
Apart from their availability and poor nutrient characterisation, imbalanced amino acid profiles, poor digestibility
of nutrients, presence of various anti-nutritional factors has
been limiting the use of some novel ingredients in aquaculture feed.
Using a protease enzyme would therefore be a useful solution to
address these unknown factors.
It can be assumed that in the near future, similar to phytase,
protease enzymes would become an essential component of feed
as a cost-effective solution to improve the quality of salmonids
feeds.
References:
Chowdhury, M.A.K. 2012. Aquafeed: Advances in Processing & Formulation,
Autumn Issue.
Drew et al. 2005. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119:117-128
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FEATURE
Various aquatic
feeds by extrusion
cooking
Evolution in
Extrusion
of Aquatic Feeds
by Joseph P. Kearns, Wenger Manufacturing, Inc, Sabetha, KS, USA
quatic feed production has undergone tremendous changes as the

industry has advanced towards
efficiency and sustainability of the
aquaculture industry.
SustainableBusiness.com, published in
2011, stated that aquaculture is in a rapid
industry growth phase, that is Driving the
scientists' research is the recognition that
aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food
production sectors in the world.
It has grown at an average annual rate of
8.4% since 1970 and total production reached
65.8 million tons in 2008 according to the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).
Today, aquaculture is a US$100-plus billion industry that provides more than half
of all seafood consumed in the world,
surpassing wild-caught seafood.
If it is a food fish it can be fed
Lets review here how the art of

production of feed, for aquatic animals
by extrusion, is prepared and advancing
for various species; predominately the
major species are carp, eel, salmon, trout,
shrimp tilapia, catfish and a collection
of additional species that are regionally
farmed.
Basically, if it swims and is a food fish
then feeds can be prepared for their
consumption.
The aspects of the feed are defined
by researchers for those specific species.
Generally, this includes the nutritional
requirements and physical characteristics
required in the feed for select species.
Historically, aquatic feeds were simply
other fish caught to feed the more
valuable marketable species. The shift
occurred when advanced feed produc-
tion methodology was applied which initially

centered on the use of pellet mills. This would
be the art of compounding feed ingredients
into pellets which were sinking in design due
to the equipment abilities, compounding or
pressing the ingredients by force into a pellet
shape.
Today, this method is still used as there
are various values applied to the final product,
the fish.
Economics apply even in aquaculture as
some species do not have the market value
for advanced feed production methods, or
simply they are not required for that species.
Extrusion does have advantages in formulation abilities and in some cases the feeds
are actually less costly due to mainly the
reduced starch requirement in sinking feeds.
Less starch give more room for nutritional
Example of a
Large Aquatic
Feed Production
Plant, Skretting,
Norway
building blocks allowing lower cost protein

uses in the feed.
As this industry in whole is advancing
technically other methods of feed production
emerged, mainly extrusion cooking. Why?
Initially, it was seen that the density of a
feed from an extrusion cooker was floating.
Researchers found they could monitor the fish
and feed consumption easily with the use of a
floating feed for many species in effect changing the feed pellet characteristics desired.
This effect was seen in the catfish industry and others where additional advantages
including formulation cost reduction and feed
production methods allowed for feed cost
improvements.
Thus, aquaculture became a business, a
big business, with entrepreneurs studying all
aspects of it.
Any advantage that could improve
the bottom line was of interest. Small
aquatic farmers with a few ponds turned
their operations into large 1000-hectare
farms, small feedmills turned into huge
bulk feed production plants, usually in
specially designed configurations.
The implication of change
Lets review extrusion and the implications of changes effecting this individual method of production.
A definition of extrusion cooking:
Extrusion cooking is the process where
expandable biopolymers such as protein
and starch are plasticized in a tube by
a combination of heat, shear, and pressure resulting in the denaturation of the
protein, the gelatinization of the starch,
and the exothermic expansion of the
extrudate.
Explained on the basis of aquatic feed
production expandable biopolymers,
starchy ingredients and functional pro34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2014
FEATURE
teins, are required to hold the pellets together

and to impart the needed ingredients to make
the feed float, sink slowly or sink rapidly.
Usually the starch requirement in extrusion
is in the 10 percent range for sinking and 20
percent range for floating.
Proteins are added for the nutritional
value with good quality functional proteins or
ones which have not been overheated before
extrusion also allow binding of the pellet.
Extrusion is usually a high temperature/short
time (HT/ST) process with extreme changes
occurring in the extruder barrel.
In about 30 seconds the powdery raw
material is melted into a plastic state by heat
via friction, shear by design of the barrel components and pressure by forcing the material
through this device. T
he result is the final product. The question
is how to control all of these parameters and
make an individual feed or many different
styles of aquatic feeds with the same machine?
Historically, this process started out very
simply, that is what the industry had to offer,
simple but an advanced extruder which was
designed to expand products.
Honestly, these machines came from the
petfood industry and it just happened they
were the driver for extrusion in aquatic feed
applications. The industries mirrored each
other - believe it or not. At that time it was
typically eight to ten tons per hour

maximum capacity with restrictions.
Early on the restrictions were
how much fat or fresh meat can
be placed in the extruder as well
as capacity, smaller diameter feed
capacity, was greatly reduced when
compared to larger feed sizes. Pellet
of 15mm or larger were unheard of
and when someone asked for sinking
feeds, heads were scratched.
Over the years the petfood
industry asked for more fat in the
extruder, more fresh meat, density
control, control of the air cell sizes in
the pellets, more durable products to
mention a few.
Coincidentally, many of these topics matched the questions from the
aquatic industry.
Advancements in
extrusion equipment
Large Capacity Single Screw Extruder for

Salmon and Floating Feed Applications, 17
tons per hour dry rate after extruder
Open Twin Screw Extruder Barrel. Discharge

on right where the plasticized mass is about
to exit the extruder. Shows the flow to
melted state phase changes
Lets review these based on the flow

through an extruder.
Early on it was seen that the dry feed flow
rate to the extruder needed to be even. Same
for the liquids. If they varied the pressure in
the barrel changed and the expansion then
varied or yielded different diameter pellets.
Advancements of using loss-in-weight feed
systems advanced this area greatly, even

allowing for compensation while the bin empties at different fill levels. Dry ingredient flow
coupled with the liquid flows as a percentage
greatly increased the accuracy of complex
formulation extrusion.
In other words as oils or fats, water, steam,
startup waste streams, ground meats and any
TX-3000 RAISES ThE BAR ON AQUATIC FEED PRODUCTION

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Leave it to Wenger to redefine aquatic feed production

via twin screw extrusion. Based on the proven Wenger
Magnum twin-screw series, the new TX-3000 features
barrel geometries that allow greater capacities than
any other extruder in its class.
The combined features allow increased production
capacity of up to 30 percent compared to previous
and competitive aquatic machines totally
redefining cost/benefit. The TX-3000 can be equipped
with either the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) or

the High-Shear Conditioner (HSC) to match specific
process and capacity requirements, making it ideal
for processing a full range of aquatic feed products.
Contact us now. With new concepts and visionary
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FEATURE
Photo of small cell structure needed for vacuum

coated feeds for elevated oil content
0.5 mm Shrimp Feed, example of small diameter

extruded feeds
Photo of a large diameter aquatic feed. Center

hole in pellet to aid in drying and digestion. Hole
can be left out for semi moist feed production for
large marine fish such as tuna
Sample off of a HIP Preconditioner, 50% fresh meat,

11.5% steam added, 3.4 minutes retention time and
a 35% moisture content. The perfect conditioned
free flowing powder ready for the extruder
other solutions added could be done

very accurately. Tremendous improvement as the mix became very exact
going into the extruder.
A major step forward in predictability on the extrudate coming out
of the machine. All of this could be
done with flow meters and manual
operation. Computers are generally the
operations control method today for
advanced production and profitability.
Preconditioners, a standard device
on most extruders as well as pellet
mills, was the device that takes the
ingredients both dry and wet and
prepares them for the actual extruder
barrel.
Many designs are available from
single cylinders, multiple cylinders and
dual shaft conditioners. All work as they
were designed for at the time.
Current technology would include
dual-shaft conditioners with each shaft
having speed and rotational control.
Residence time is considered one of
the main advancements between cylinder designs.
Water and steam could always be
added, the question is how do you like
cleaning an extruder?
The older cylinder designs mixed
everything together but in some cases
the result was so sticky that flow from
the conditioner to the extruder barrel
stopped: The point downtime and
cleaning started. Newer designs over
the years, improved residence time,
eliminated this problem area as the
increased time allowed for absorption
of the liquids into the dry feed allowing
for a non-blocking, free-flowing powder
to easily flow into the extruder barrel.
The petfood industry pushed for
more meat addition which offered
advantages in the aquatic sector also.
The development of a High Intensity
Preconditioner, HIP, has allowed for
unsurpassed inclusion of protein sources such as terrestrial land
animal liquid streams or
ground up fish waste up
to 50 percent when making a finished feed.
That is 50
High Intensity
Preconditioner with
Dual Drive, Speed and
Rotational Control
percent meat and 50 percent cereal or

dry ingredients extruded into pellets.
Eighty-five percnet has been
achieved when extrusion of an ingredient is required. Combination of soybean meal and fish waste dried to
be stored for future use, other dry
ingredients can be used also.
Extruder barrel advancements center on gaining control of the process as
well as increased capacities.
In the case where a single product
is made the extruder can be set up for
that application, such as a plant always
making salmon feed. Of course, there
can be differences within this sector
requiring modifications or various controls to achieve the range of products
needed.
How about the aquatic feed manufacturer in an area where there are
numerous styles of feeds required? This
extruder application would require a
higher degree of flexibility to make all
the style feeds.
Tools to assist in
extrusions success
Buoyance of aquatic feeds still

receives attention and this is mainly
due to the fact that formulations are in
constant flux.
Price variations of ingredients and
the nutritional knowledge for the species is most definitely moving aquatic
feeds to least cost formulations. As
more is known about the use of indigenous and wide varieties of ingredients
technology will assist the feed makers
in achieving the required feed densities.
Traditionally, the method for changing density is to modify the open area
of the extrusion die in relation to the
energy needed to cook and expand
the product. Low density requires less
open area and the opposite is true for
heavy feeds.
Imagine you make a feed and the
formulator modifies the formula slightly
for cost advantages and you have a
range of lets say 50 formulas you
manufacture in various different diameters. Different diameters have different capacities and different rates of
expansion in each die design. Each is
FEATURE
scheduled to be made depending on
the requirement by your clients. This is
almost an impossible situation to manage effectively.
Either you restrict the formulation
changes so as the extruder setup is well
defined for that product or you might
elect to use technical devices to assist
in the management of the required
equipment changes so the formulation
can move slightly due to market costs.
There are a number of devices
depending on your extruder supplier
that can assist in this area allowing
elevated flexibility while greatly reducing down time.
Flow restrictors in the extruder barrel are designed to change the rate of
passage through the barrel.
Anytime you restrict the flow
you increase friction or energy input.
Increased energy input generally
increases expansion. Reduced energy
input or opening the barrel up for
easier flow makes the feed heavier or
less expanded. Where in the barrel to
place a device depends on the actual
application.
The extruder barrel can be taken
apart and the screw configuration
changed to achieve flow restriction.
Devices have been developed to avoid
costly down time as much as possible

with the use of devices that can be
changed while running.
Typically they are used at the end
of the barrel or midway in the extruder
barrel thus Back Pressure Valves and Mid
Barrel Valves. Back Pressure Valves are
used at the end of the extruder and Mid
Barrel towards the center. Devices at the
end of the extruder usually assist in making a difficult to float formula float easier.
Mid barrel valves are typically used
when making slow sinking or sinking
style feeds. Exceptions do exist as other
technology can be combined with the
above flow restricting devices.
In the case of requiring more open
area than traditional possible, design
changes with larger dies and cone head
designs has allowed for increased open
area greatly improving the capacity on
sinking feeds predominately the smaller
sizes.
When controlling density the open
area is an important factor in the
floatability of the feed thus more open
area results in higher capacities on
sinking feeds. Larger extruders can also
do the job but if a smaller extruder
is used and achieve a higher rate the
investment cost just went down per
ton produced.
This photo shows a specialized CTX, Conical

Twin Screw extruder for shrimp feed production,
notice the single shaft tapered conditioner, High
Shear Conditioner. Also show it the Oblique Tube
Die at the discharge with a Back Pressure Valve
directly behind
Extruder Barrel with an Atmospheric Vent (shown

closed) and Manual hand crack operated Mid
Barrel Valve. Motorized version also available
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de
www.akahl.de
FEATURE
cook allowing highly elevated meat

inclusion rates.
Species-by-species review
Feeds for farmed aquatic animals

will always need work to elevate
improvements and to handle the
new technology related to varieties of ingredients so the industry
continues to move forward.
Recently, reviewing an article
by Mike Urch published in World
Twin Screw Extruder complete with a Density
Management System, included vent and
Fishing and Aquaculture (Jan. 13,
vacuum pump system. For those mid-range fat
2014), he stated in the article on
level sinking feeds, formula dependent
cobia, Cobia is a beautiful fish with
a firm, white flesh,
Mr Myrseth says, So we had
great hopes for it. But we did have
some production problems.
It seemed to eat a lot, but at a
certain size it stopped growing or it
grew too slowly. So the feed factor
was very high and we had problems
making money on it.
There seems to be a problem
with using dry feed for this fish.
Right now work is progressing
on aquatic feeds with the Thermal
Twin-Screw design mentioned
Thermal Twin Extruder making a high inclusion
above.
level wet fish paste seen in tank to left pumped
into the HIP Conditioner at 50% of the capacity
Possible use for new technology
to change the way of making some
select marine fish feeding situations
The development of the Oblique Tube
Die has increased the open area by about viable. If you can take half the formula or so
three times effectively allowing extruders and use ground waste aquatic material such
to achieve as an example four tons per as head, frames etc and couple this with the
hour of sinking shrimp feeds of 1mm in semi-moist concept of not drying the feeds,
diameter. Technology is just starting that then you can in effect make a soft feed that
can perhaps double this to the eight to has a texture that might be more conducive
10 tons per hour on small diameter feeds to select species.
Tuna, cobia, grouper and other
using traditional twin-screw extruders.
As mentioned above increased pressure in
the extruder barrel yields floating feeds. Thus
an early solution was to vent the barrel and
allow escape of pressure and some moisture
for sinking feeds. The result was an increase
in density.
Further developments showed that there
could be an advantage for pulling a vacuum
out of this vent to enhance the sinking effect.
This technology is used for aquatic feeds on
a limited basis when special combinations of
ingredients are passed through the extruder.
Typically this would be a mid-range fat level
sinking feed.
Also discussed was the requirement of pet
food manufacturers to increase meat inclusion
levels. History has shown that cooking high
levels of fresh meat type products does not
work well in frictional designed extruders. The
challenge was met and the design of the thermal twin-screw extrusion allowed 10 times
the steam inclusion moving the operational
conditions from frictional cook to thermal
marine fish might do well on different feed design

then what is traditionally available in dry form.
It must be better than feeding whole fish
which is considered not sustainable. It would
also allow for furthering the studies of what
they require nutritionally to allow reduced
feed cost and increase their acceptance as a
possibility for increased farming.
Terrestrial land animal waste products
should also be considered as protein sources
or as amino acid building blocks which in
some cases might partially replace the ever
decreasing availability of fish meal.
Salmon feed is a good example of improving feed techniques.
These feeds went from single digit oil levels
years ago to nearly 40 percent oil in the feeds
at this time. This caused a complete reversal
in equipment design. The industry went from
making sinking pellets off the extruder to
floating pellets which were then later infused
with oil via atmospheric coaters and later
with vacuum coaters for the extreme high oil
inclusions.
The oil added externally filled the air sacs
in the pellets eliminating the air resulting in
sinking pellets.
Communication between researchers and
equipment designers allowed for discussion
which resulted in the process we have today.
It was not that simple and one point that
stood out was keeping the oil in the pellets
after vacuum coating. Protein sponges need
to be made that did not release the oil in the
bag. Studies showed that energy input was the
key. Higher specific mechanical energy inputs
gave a smaller cell structure which hold the
oil effectively.
Shrimp feeds is one that stands out as an
unusual feed. 100 percent sinking, good
water stability, small diameters and
FEATURE
differences in formulations have shown that
special feed production equipment might be
the answer for this animal.
Single-screw extrusion has been used and is
still used in some areas. Everything needs to be
exact as any change in the formula can disrupt
the production. Twin-screw extrusion is more
forgiving in this case. Twin-screw extruders
are more positive pumping devices thus less
susceptible to screw wear changing the cooking effect in the barrel. Not to mention the
need for pressure to shove feeds through die
holes which are sometimes in the 0.8mm and
above ranges. The above mentioned OTD was
designed for this sector specifically as well as
other micro feed diameters.
Traditional floating feeds is the most stable
of the aquatic sectors. Large capacities are
desired due to the low margin on catfish,
carp and tilapia feeds. In some cases these
feeds are easily formulated for the nutritional aspects required however the struggle
is in filling the formula with inert or high fiber
lower cost ingredients. This is where devices
to impart more energy come into play as
discussed above. Also better grinding of the
fibrous ingredients do make extrusion easier.
Post extrusion processes
As one part of the process advances the

rest need to do the same to keep pace.
The two main areas here are drying and
Atmospheric Coater for effective

external application of liquids from
0.5% to 8% to 10% range
Coating is another topic. High oil levels

use vacuum coating. Low oil levels use atmospheric coaters.
Ever consider how to apply probiotic
or prebiotics as well as the other liquid
ingredients which are showing great interest?
At what percent are they applied? Real low
percentages? New atmospheric coaters with
control allow for low Coefficient of Variance
application down into the 0.5 percent application range.
Controls have had tremendous

advancements.
Source Technologies Principal Device

to take samples in line while on
line for moisture, density and other
product attributes for advanced
equipment computer control
coating. Dryers have advanced for better
and more even water removal, +/- 0.5 percent moisture variance. Sanitary dryer designs
improve downtime for cleaning with easier
internal access. Floor space requirements are
reducing based on equipment designs.
Density check, moisture checks, NIR, photo

recognition, float or sinking rates and other
aspects can now be monitored on line and
computer control adjustment based on the
data for corrective action to move the process
back in the characteristic ranges needed.
In summary, the feed production support
industries for the aquaculture industry are in
the same exponential growth phase keeping
pace with the research and advancements in
this industry ensuring the needed improvements for advancements.
Better cages, pond designs, water quality
systems, novel ingredients, the feeds themselves and the feed production equipment
are all moving forward as communication
between disciplines in this industry continue
to challenge each other to improve.
EXPERT TPIC
EXPERT TOPIC
TILAPIA
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
EXPERT TPIC
2
3
4
6
5
Tilapia a well
travelled fish
that finds
a market
everywhere
People have been cultivating
Tilapia for years: a bas-relief
on a 4000-year-old Egyptian
tomb shows tilapia held in
ponds. Tilapia are low on the
food chain and adaptable.
USA
Whitefish USA
Despite the overall decline in per capita fish

consumption in the US, popularity of tilapia
continues to grow.
According to the National Fisheries
Institute, consumption of whitefish in the USA
(cod, pollock, tilapia and pangasius) surpassed
that of shrimp and rose by 6.2 percent in
2012. Together with pangasius, tilapia is the
main driving force behind the growth in whitefish consumption in the USA in recent years.
According to the USDA, the USA market
consumes close to 226,000 tonnes of tilapia a
year, more than four times the amount only
a decade ago.
Nearly all tilapia farmed in the USA are
7
raised in recirculating aquaculture systems
often employ bio-filters microorganisms
that feed on nitrogen to treat wastewater.
Bacteria break down some fish waste into
nitrogen (which the microorganisms absorb
for fuel) and other organic compounds that
can be used to grow plants and algae, which
are fed back to the fish. Sediment is removed
from the tanks mechanically, and 99 percent
of the water is recycled.
FAO Globefish reports that demand
for tilapia, including high value fresh fillets,
has grown strongly. Indeed, from January to
September 2013, imports of fresh/chilled (airflown) tilapia fillets into the USA increased significantly by more than 40 percent in volume
and 44 percent in value compared with the
same period in 2012.
During the JanuarySeptember 2013 period, imports from almost all major suppliers
were higher except from Ecuador, which
dropped its shipments to the USAby 17 percent compared with the same time period in
2012. Fresh tilapia fillets from Honduras, now
the number one supplier of fresh product,
were up by almost 30 percent. Amounts from
Costa Rica and Colombia increased by 86
percent and 47 percent respectively.
During the first nine months of 2013, a
total of 137,300 tonnes of frozen tilapia were
imported, down eight percent from the same
period the previous USA year.
However, import values were up 17 percent
to US$693 million. The frozen fillet category,
which makes up the largest share of frozen tilapia product, experienced a 12 percent decline in
volume due to significant drop in supplies from
China, Indonesia and Honduras.
In addition, much of the production in
China is being diverted to African markets.
China
China unassailable
In China, the worlds largest producer of

Tilapia, had major issues in 2012 with damaging weather, disease and low prices which
forced many farmers out of business.
However, production remained stable in
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan,
which are the major producing regions. Since
the latter part of 2013, demand for tilapia
fry from farmers has increased. Production
in 2014 is expected to be an improvement
over 2013.
According to FAO Globefish, total tilapia
exports from China during the first nine
months of 2013 were up seven percent in volume compared with the same time period the
previous year, reaching 268,000 tonnes. The
most popular category, frozen fillet, declined
in volume by four percent while significant
increases were noted in whole frozen (+19
percent) and breaded (+16 percent) categories. In terms of value, exports experienced
a 16 percent growth to US$925 900 million.
According to national sources, during the
first three quarters of 2013, exports of frozen fillets to the US, Chinas largest market,
declined by about 18 percent, while Mexico
imported 34 percent more.
Exports of frozen fillets to the EU markets increased, including Spain (+32 percent),
Poland (+62 percent) and Germany (+19
percent). Exports in this product category
to Costa Rica, Peru and Colombia also grew,
while exports to Iran and Southeast Asia
(Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand) increased by
a total of 138 percent.
EXPERT TPIC
For the first three quarters of 2013, the
whole frozen category experienced a 39
percent increase in value to US$196 million.
This category also took a larger share of the
total export volume at 36 percent compared
with 32 percent in the same time last year.
This growth was largely facilitated by higher
exports to African and Middle Eastern markets.
Alternative markets for China, such as in
Africa, are being explored due to the stringent
quality requirements the processing facilities
must meet for export to the USA and EU.
Supply constraints have also led processors to
either reduce processing or focus on whole
products to gain higher margin returns.
Taiwan
Taiwan on film
Taiwan PC produces an average of 70,000

tonnes of tilapia annually, 60 percent of which
is exported to the US, Canada, Saudi Arabia
and Republic of Korea.
In terms of frozen tilapia, Taiwan PC
exported 24,189 tonnes in the January
September 2013 period, a 31 percent increase
compared with the first three quarters in
2012. The majority of the frozen category was
taken by whole tilapia at a 90 percent share.
Exports of whole frozen tilapia increased to
almost all markets except for Saudi Arabia,
Japan and Qatar.
In recent news, the Fisheries Agency
Asia
Asias Lunar New Year
Asia has a strong affinity to Tilapia and

in response to the Lunar New Year
demand, prices of live tilapia have peaked
in retail markets as well as in restaurants
in Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan PC. In
Malaysia, live tilapia comes almost entirely
from local sources, while Singapore generally imports its supplies. In Malaysia,
ex-farm prices of live tilapia have risen
from US$2.8 per kg in November 2013
to US$3.75 per kg in January 2014.
As part of the Lunar New Year
promotion, wholesale live fish retailers
in Kuala Lumpur are offering fish bundle
deals, which feature tilapia (sold as Red
Pearl) and jade perch sold together.
Prices for bundles in January 2014 ranged
from US$37 per kg to US$105 per
kg. Meanwhile, live tilapia are sold at
US$5.60 per kg and are expected to be
1020 percent higher during the Lunar
New Year week. In seafood restaurants,
live tilapia is priced at US$1519 per kg.
announced that Taiwan PC will be taking

active steps to promote tilapia raised in the
country. Marketing plans include producing
films to introduce Taiwans high-quality tilapia
production industry to promote Taiwanese
tilapia and help improve the image of the
industry.
Additionally, several of the Republic
of Koreas importers were invited by the
Fisheries Agency and local industry groups
to visit tilapia farms in Taiwan and were
reported to have approved of the high quality
of the fish farms. The Republic of Korea is a
major importer of Taiwanese tilapia, mostly as
frozen fillets.
Vietnam
Vietnams potential
In recent years, Vietnams tilapia exports have

been recorded in small volumes.
During January to September 2013,
Vietnam exported about 1000 tonnes
of tilapia to the EU and US. The EU
absorbed the majority, at 80 percent.
In light of the challenges being faced
by the Pangasius industry, Vietnam is now
looking to tilapia production as another
potential for export. It was reported that
the An Giang province will be a hub to
develop tilapia farming for export, with
the Aquatic Breeding Production Center
training farmers to produce fingerlings in
the province and ensure sufficient seed
supply.
growing since 2013, after the Ministry of

Food Production embarked on a promotion
campaign and introduced initiatives to open
more markets for local farmers.
There are also plans to boost production from farmers with not enough capacity to meet the growing demand. The Sugar
Cane Feeds Centre (SFC) in Longdenville has
developed an arrangement to purchase tilapia
from farmers and process and market the fish
themselves. The SFC report that consumers
have been buying more farmed-raised fish
because of concerns regarding pollutants following the oil spills in December 2013.
Australia
Strange Australia
Strangely, in Australia Tilapia is considered a

noxious pest!
One of the main species found in
Australian waters is Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique Tilapia) and that is a
species that normally lives in brackish water.
In many parts of Australia there are issues
in arid land areas with salty water. It makes it
very difficult to use the land/water for growing
crops and vegetables but is ideal for growing
fish and certainly growing tilapia but regrettably it is not allowed as Australia would rather
invest in silver bullets.
Tilapia is a popular food fish in Asia, Africa
and the South Pacific.
However, the use of tilapia for consumption in Queensland is illegal, states
Europe
Amazed by Brazil
The European Union

connection
Brazil
Amazingly, Tilapia production in Brazil is growing at an average rate of 17 percent annually. According to The Ministry of Fisheries
and Aquaculture (MPA), tilapia production
exceeded 253,000 tonnes in 2011, showing
strong growth compared with 2010 (+63
percent), when production amounted to
155,000 tonnes.
The Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture
(MPA) plans to invest BRL 252,000 (US$107
860) in tilapia genetic improvements. The
project aims to train researchers and develop
new products for the Brazilian tilapia industry.
Trinidad
Trinidad surprise
Trinidad is the surprise packet as there has

been a significant increase in demand for
farm-raised tilapia. This demand has been
In the EU they imported 24 percent

more frozen tilapia fillets during the first
nine months of 2013 compared with the
same time period in 2012. This confirms
the positive trend from the first quarter
of the 2013 with close to 17,000 tonnes,
up 28 percent from the same period
in 2012.
Supplies from Indonesia, Vietnam and
Thailand continue to contribute marginally to the EUs imports while China
remains the dominant source, supplying
99 percent of the market. Spain, Poland,
Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium
are the largest importers of tilapia within
the EU.
EXPERT TPIC
the Queensland Government in FAQs
on Deciphering Legal Jargon (http://www.
daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Fisheries_
PestsAndDisease/Stop-the-spread-Module-3.
pdf).
However in the very same document the
New South Wales Government states Can
people eat tilapia? It is not illegal to consume
tilapia in New South Wales, as long as the
species isnt being possessed alive. However,
you are strongly advised not to use the species for consumption, as it is in the best interests of the environment to keep the species
out of circulation in Australia. Confused now?
In another part of CSIRO they have
produced a document Our Future World
Global Megatrends where they state
whilst the state of biodiversity is in decline
and the pressure is rising so too is the human
response.
(Are we to save what we cannot and

miss out what we need? Tilapia produces a
relatively cheap, white, skinless filleted fish that
does not taste like fish and demand for the
product worldwide is expanding so Australia
has made a strange decision Publisher).
ing competition from lower value species,

namely Pangasius in the frozen fillet segment.
In turn, exporters are targeting alternative
markets. However, overall tilapia production
is expected to increase in 2014.
FAO last word
According to FAO Globefish demand for

tilapia, particularly for the live market, has
peaked in many Asian markets corresponding
to the Lunar New Years high consumption
period. In China, there is concern over ris-
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EXPERT TPIC
The nutritional &

immune impact of
Azomite in Tilapia
and Shrimp
by Damon Fodge and Doug Fodge, DF
Intl., LLC, Dirk Lorenz-Meyer, Behn Meyer
EU, GmbH and William T.H.C. Chang,
Lytone Enterprise, Inc.
zomite is the trade name for

a naturally occurring mineral
product that has been used to
supplement livestock and aquatic
diets throughout the world for over a
decade.
During this time, a significant amount of
data has been accumulated from the use of
the product in farm trials, university tests and
private research organisations. At this point, it
is clear that azomite improves the quality of
animal feed and this leads to improvements in
performance, but a solid understanding of the
exact mode of action remains illusive.
The name is an acronym for A to Z of
minerals including trace elements.
It is mined from a deposit rich in trace minerals in the central part of the state of Utah
in the United States. Millions of years ago
this region was part of a freshwater lake and
the azomite site was formed when a volcano
spewed millions of tons of ash into that lake.
Today, the deposit exists as several large
hills and the site provides the source of the
natural inorganic mineral, which typically contains approximately 70 trace elements. The
chemical composition reflects both the volcanic and freshwater sources (www.azomite.
com).
The material is listed in the US Code of
Federal Regulations (21 CFR 582.2729) as
an anticaking agent for livestock feed and is

generally recognised as safe (GRAS) by the
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Agriculture and livestock producers have
used azomite to improve feed quality and as
everyone knows improving feed quality leads
to better livestock health and plant nutrition.
Azomite falls well within the guidelines for use
in animal feed by the Association of American
Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
Hundreds of years ago it was used by
the local native people in agriculture. This
eventually led European settlers to explore
the natives use of it for their animals and
gardens. In modern times, an entrepreneur
named Rollin Anderson mined the product in
the 1940s and gave samples to friends, some
of whom were skilled at testing agricultural
products. Mr Andersons activity paved the
way for azomites use in sizeable international
animal and agriculture markets.
Poultry, shrimp and tilapia farmers have
used it in their feed in conjunction with their
regular trace mineral mix for many years
and claim that it boosts the quality of their
feed and leads to improvements in weight
gain, feed conversion and livability. Examples
of the impact that the product has on live
performance in tilapia and shrimp (Burapa
and Shanghai Ocean Universities, respectively)
are shown here. This research has shown
improvement in weight gain and feed conversion of up to 10 percent in multiple scientific
tests.
Improved availability
Trace minerals are essential in animal

diets because they participate in biochemical
processes required for normal growth and
development.
However, examination of azomite and its
typical amount of 70 elements reveals that
Table 1:
AZOMITE %
0%
0.8%
0.2%
0.6%
0.4%
1st Deaths (O2)
50% Death (O2)
100% Death (O2)
4th Hr (1.2 mg/L)
11th Hr (0.05 mg/L)
14th Hr (0.03 mg/L)
5th Hr. (0.6 mg/L)
>5th Hr. (<0.6 mg/L)
14th Hr. (0.03 mg/L)
14th Hr. (<0.03 mg/L)
16th Hr. (0.025mg/L)
17th Hr. (0.02 g/L)
there are not enough of the essential trace

and ultra trace elements to be the sole mineral source for the proper nutritional development of animals and plants (Hooge, 2008).
Moreover, perhaps no more than one
percent of this inorganic product is soluble
in water (Ba, B, Ce, Co, Cr, Ln, & Zn are
sparingly soluble, Larsen 1990s), and X-ray
diffraction analysis reveals that the product
exhibits <18 percent physical structure (due
to a small amount of granite and pseudo
granite in the product) and the remainder of
the product is amorphous, without discernible
physical structure.
Perhaps this lack of physical structure
improves the availability, but that has not yet
been tested.
Although the product is an HSCAS
(Hydrated Sodium Calcium Alumina Silicate)
the lack of physical structure makes it an
atypical HSCAS.
When the materials was introduced to the
meat industry, researchers already knew that
natural inorganic minerals in use at that time
were poorly absorbed and did not fully satisfy
an animals nutritional needs.
Efforts to increase the absorption and
metabolism of six or seven of the well-known
trace minerals are still underway, but efforts
have already provided metal chelates that
exhibit much improved bioavailability due
to unique chemical characteristics (AAFCO,
1997). The use of natural inorganic minerals
in animal diets has decreased because they
typically provide <25 p[ercent of the minerals
needed by animals.
Significant improvement
Azomite does not appear to fit the generalisations about inorganic minerals.
Two decades of animal scientific testing of
the product for weight gain, feed conversion
and livability improvements revealed that >85
percent of the tests yielded significant (p <
0.05) improvements.
In these tests, all feeds contained the
regular commercial trace minerals to which
azomite was added. These successes raise a
question: with a trace mineral content that is
low and practically insoluble in water, what
EXPERT TPIC
could explain these benefits? That question
leads to a multitude of hypothetical explanations, but we tested two simple hypotheses:
1) that azomite inclusion in feed leads to
improvements in animals because digestive
enzymes are boosted and;
2) improved livability is due to increases in
innate immune enzymes (Liu et al. 2009) and
(Fodge et al. 2011).
A few other supportive tests were also
conducted.
Studies in feed
Researchers added test amount of azomite

to standard tilapia and shrimp rations.
An equal amount of flour was replaced in
the experimental diets by the azomite, and
the diets were not isocaloric. Three or four
replications per test group were used in the
tests. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, etc.
were maintained as close to normal as possible. Enzyme activities were measured using
standard test materials available commercially.
In addition to the measurements of enzyme
activities, investigators also measured weight
gain, livability and feed conversion (FCR) and
although not shown, weight gain boosts were
@15%, FCR improvements @10% and livability was better in the presence of the material.
As is clear from the study on digestive
enzymes shown below, 0.2% to 0.5% azomite
boosted the activity of 4/5 of the proteo-
lytic enzyme activities that

were measured and also
increased lipase activity in
the shrimp. Some enzyme
activities were increased as
much as 30-40%, and this
result helps explain why
one obtains weight and
FCR improvements.
Although not shown,
dry matter and crude
protein digestibility were
assayed in the tilapia and
both were improved (p
<0.05) 9.9% and 1.75%,
respectively.
Enzymes of tilapia and shrimp innate
immune systems were examined next, and
the table below shows the results.
azomite in the feed boosted tissue concentrations of lysozyme (+ @40%), superoxide dismutase (+ @15%), phenoloxidase
(+ >90%) and alkaline phosphatase (+25%).
The increases in both digestive and immune
enzymes may be a hint that the explanation
for the mechanism is quite complex.
To illustrate the potential complexity,
azomites contribution of individual trace minerals to feed would contribute @0.1 to 1.0mg/
kg to the feed of aquatic animals that require
several trace minerals at the level of many mg/
kg of each.
To add to the potential complexity of

the mechanism, anecdotal reports indicate
that less diseased pepper, tomato and grapes
occur in the presence of azomite than in its
absence. It is known that plants depend on an
innate immune system that somewhat resembles that of invertebrates (Jones and Dang,
2006). Could it be that something more than
simple availability or ratio of trace mineral X
to Y would be required to explain azomites
mechanism?
Although the mechanism for induction of
such large amounts of enzymes may elude us
at this time, shrimp and fish are subjected to
more challenges by pathogens and opportunistic pathogens than other commercial
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EXPERT TPIC
animals, and it is interesting that feeding
animals a small amount of asomite appears to
more adequately equip them to meet such
challenges.
To establish that an increase in immune
enzymes was not an artifact, the researchers
challenged shrimp with Vibrio alginolyticus
and measured the accumulated mortality four
days after infection.
Only 13.5% of the shrimp that did not
receive any AZOMITE in their diets were
alive after four days, but @ 43.5% of those
with @ 0.4% azomite in their feed were still
alive.
The aquaculture research and development teams did not measure antibody synthesis +/- azomite, but poultry researchers have,
as the test result below indicates.
There were four test groups with eight
baby chicks per test group.
Feed for each group received 0.5% of sand
or calcium bentonite or sodium bentonite
or azomite, all of which were similar particle
size. At 16 days, each chick was injected with
sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and six days
later blood samples were taken from each
bird to measure total antibody and IgG activities/ml specific toward SRBC.
As is clear, the antibody level in blood from
the birds eating azomite contained @66%
more antibody activity than any of the other
groups (p < 0.05).
Next, the aquaculture researchers wanted
to determine if azomite-treated feed would
help shrimp survive hypoxia. They subjected
shrimp that had consumed azomite in the
feed to gradual oxygen deprivation (see
below).
The group with 0.4% azomite in the
feed withstood hypoxia the best, but in our
opinion more rigorous testing is needed to
confirm this result.
Nonetheless, lack of dissolved oxygen
for shrimp and fish has a profound impact
due to the extreme growth densities of
commercial animals. Invertebrates depend
on hemocytes to phagocytize pathogens
identified by innate immune receptors.
Movement of hemocytes to sites of invasion and the total number of hemocytes
produced under low oxygen tensions would
be stressed if animals depend on anaerobic
energy metabolism (Direkbusarakom and
Danayadol, 1998 and Le Moullac et al.,
1998).
Studies when added to shrimp pond soils
Shrimp farms have tested azomite by
fertilizing the soil of the ponds between
grow-out periods. Pond soils are treated with
@200kg/ha. Live performance, mortality, pH,
phytoplankton and zooplankton and dissolved
oxygen levels are measured.
In one thorough field study (six matched
ponds three were control and three were
test ponds), an average of 17% increased
weight and 30% less mortality were observed

in the azomite ponds.
Moreover, both zooplankton and phytoplankton levels were boosted 800-900%.
pH values taken in the morning and at noon
were numerically slightly higher in the test
group than the control, but dissolved oxygen
in the test group was increased @30% in the
morning and was still 8% better at noon than
the control values.
Currently, asomite is added to the pond
soil between grow-outs at shrimp farms,
especially extensive farms, in several countries.
For years it has been known that it is
necessary to have the correct forms of trace
minerals available for animals and to provide
those trace minerals in the correct proportions - an observation that is perhaps as
important as the presence of a 100% available
metal-chelated mineral.
Little research is underway that explores
the ratios of ultra trace minerals to each other
as university personnel who might be able to
provide answers are faced with limited available funding for such exploratory research.
Our conclusion is that the proportions of
trace minerals should receive higher priority in
future research.
Conclusion
Azomite appears to enhance tissue protein

synthesis (perhaps even beyond simply digestive and innate immune enzymes) leading to
improvements in weight gain, feed conversion
ratio and lean yield in aquatic species.
Moreover, the product improves the survival rate, apparently due to its ability to boost
the immune enzyme response and perhaps
also increase mucosal and shell strength.
It is clear to us that azomite provides some
trace minerals that are important in animal
nutrition. It will be satisfying to determine the
exact nature of those minerals that are not
currently being added in most animal diets.
References
Hooge, D. Natural Minerals Can Benefit Broiler
Diets, Feedstuffs 80(3): 24-26, 2008.
Boyd, J. N. and L. E. Burnett. Reactive oxygen
intermediate production by oyster hemocytes
exposed to hypoxia. J Exp. Biol. 202, 3135-3143,
1999.
Direkbysarakom, S. and Y. Danayadol. Effect
of oxygen depletion on some parameters
of the immune system in black tiger shrimp
(P. monodon), Adv in Shrimp Biotech., ed. T.
W. Flegel, Natl Ctr for Gen. Eng. and Biotech,
Bangkok, 147-149.1998.
Le Moullac, G., C. Soyez, D. Saulnier, D.
Ansquer, J.C. Avbarre, and P. Levy, Effect
of hypoxic stress on the immune response
and the resistance to vibriosis of the shrimp
Penaeus stylirostris, Fish and Shellfish
Immunol. 8, 621-629, 1998.
Liu, A., X. Leng, X. Li, L. Wang, Y. Luo, and R.
Zhu. Effects of AZOMITE on Growth,
Intestinal Structure and Non-Specific Immunity
of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus),
Chinese Journal Animal Nutrition 21(6): 10061011. 2009.
Fodge, D., S. Rattanagulvaron, N.T.M. Huong.
Making strides in aquaculture with natural trace
minerals AQUA CULTURE Asia Pacific ,Vol. 7(3):
24-25. May/June. 2011.
Rodriguez, A., I. Lopez, E. Sujka, S. De la Cuesta,
C. Lopez, and R. Nieto. Chelated minerals in
aquaculture INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED, July/
August: 22-24. 2013.
Cook, M., N. DiNicola, W. Wu, E. Smalley, Effects of
clay products on Fusarium mycotoxins in broiler
chicks. Report from University of Wisconsin,
Dept. of Poultry Science and Immunology, 13
pages, May 26, 1992.
Larsen, C. Trace elements in AZOMITE that was
dissolved in water. Western Analysis, Inc., 1 page,
@ 1992.
Jones, J.D.G. and J. L. Dang. The plant immune
system. Nature, 444(16): 323-329, 2006.
EXPERT TPIC
Adding Value
cover artwork courtesy of AZTI-Tecnalia
Donostia San Sebastin

SPAIN
October 14-17, 2014
www.easonline.org
Organised by
the European Aquaculture Society
in cooperation with AZTI-Tecnalia
INDUSTRY EVENTS
VIV Europe, Utrecht, the

Netherlands
Contact: Ruwan Berculo
Tel: +31 3029 52879
Email: viv.europe@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: www.viv.net
25th - 30th May 14
XVI International Symposium on Fish

Nutrition and Feeding, Queensland,
Australia
Contact: Dr Brett Glencross
Tel: +61 7 3833 5926
Email: brett.glencross@csiro.au
Web: www.isfnf2014.org/index.php
28th - 29th May 14
28 - 30 May 14
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Forum do mar
Porto, Portugal
Contact: Jos Martins
Tel: +351 22 998 1459
Email: jose.martins@exponor.pt
Web: www.exponor.pt
5 - 7 June 14
Future Fish Eurasia, Izmir

International Fair Center, Izmir,,
Turkey
Contact: Eurasia Trade Fairs
Tel: +90 212 347 10 54
Email: info@eurasiafairs.com
Web: www.eurasiafairs.com
17 July 14
ILDEX Thailand on the move,

Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Contact: Nalinrat Ananamnuaylap
Tel: +662 670 0900 ext 118
Email: nalinrat.ana@vnuexhibitionsap.
com
Web: www.ildex.com
18 20 June 14
IndoLivestock, Jakarta, Indonesia

Contact: Ika Angelia
Tel: +62 2186 44756 ext 108
Email: comdept@napindo.com
Web: www.indolivestock.com
Aquaculture Europe 2014, San

Sebastian, Spain
Contact: Mario Stael
Tel: +32 9233 4912
Email: mario@marevent.com
Web: www.easonline.org
15 - 17 October 14
Vietstock, Saigon Exhibition and

Convention Center, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam
Contact: Chau Tran
Tel: +84 8 5401 2718
Email: chau.tran@ubm.com
Web: www.vietstock.org
16 October 14
Ildex Thailand on the move

Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
Contact: Nalinrat Ananamnuaylap
Tel: +662 670 0900 118
Email: nalinrat.ana@vnuexhibitionsap.
com
Web: www.ildex.com
11 - 14 November 14
Eurotier, Hanover Fairground,

Germany
Contact: Karl Schloesser
Tel: +49 06 924 788 254
Email: k.schloesser@dlg.org
Web: www.eurotier.com
3 5 September 14
9th Shanghai International Fishery &

Seafood Expo (SIFSE2014), Shanghai
New International Expo Centre,
2345 Longyang Road, Shanghai,
China
Contact: Lewis Liu
Tel: +86 21 6775 9097
Email: Lewis.liu@gehuaexpo.com
Web: www.sifse.com
Events on the go
Get your f
11 - 13 September 14
Ildex Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar

Contact: Ms. Nathaporn Vasinyont
Tel: +662 670 0900 ext. 109
Email: nathaporn.vas
@vnuexhibitionsap.com
Web: www.ildex.com
23 September 14
Aquatic China (in conjunction with

VIV China)
New China International Exhibition
Center (NCIEC) Beijing, China
Contact: Anneke van Rooijen
+31 30 295 2772
anneke.van.rooijen@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: http://www.viv.net/en/Portal.
aspx
7th - 11th June 14
World Aquaculture Adelaide,

Adelaide, Australia
Contact: Mario Stael
Tel: +32 9233 4912
Email: mario@marevent.com
Web: www.was.org
14 - 17 October 14
e APP h r
e APP her
r
re
Aquaculture UK, Aviemore, Scotland

Contact: David Mack
Tel: +44 1862 8921 88
Email: info@aquacultureuk.com
Web: www.aquacultureuk.com
5th Congress of the International

Society for Applied Phycology
(ISAP)
Sydney, Australia
Contact: Pierre Erwes
Tel: +33 678 078 284
Email: pierre.erwes@biomarine.org
Web: www.isap2014.com
23 - 25 September 14
VIV China, New China International

Exhibition Center (NCIEC), Hall
West 1 and 2, 88 Yu Xiang Road,
Tianzhu Area, Shunyi district, Beijing,
China
Contact: Anneke van Rooijen
Tel: +31 30 295 2772
Email: anneke.van.rooijen
@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: www.viv.net
Our Events register contains all the

information that you need about all
of the up-coming industry events,
and forms an essential part of our
app for all industry professionals
EMS Forum:
Managing the Shrimp Epidemic
First reported in Asia in 2009, Shrimp Early

Mortality Syndrome has caused major production
problems in the cultivation of shrimp in countries
such as China, Malaysia,Thailand, and Vietnam.
27-28 JUNE
2014
A focus on how to best manage the

issues facing shrimp farmers in the
Asian territories
Kasetsart University, Bangkok,Thailand

Supported by
May 20th 22nd 14
22 - 27 June 14
Organised by
European Algae Biomass

Seville, Spain
Contact: Dimitri Pavlyk
Tel: + 44 2031 410627
Email: dpavlyk@acieu.net
Web: www.acieu.net
6 7 May 14
www.asianaquaculturenetwork.com
INDUSTRY EVENTS
How do we grow Aquaculture in USA?
by Roy Palmer, IAF Correspondent
The US industry was predominantly cottage industry and it must collaborate to create large-scale operational businesses to enhance productivity and technology, says one participant on Aquaculture Americas
2014 Emerging Issues session.
he National Aquaculture
Extension Steering
Committee (NAESC)
created an Emerging Issues Session
at Aquaculture America 2014 in
Seattle and was honored to be
invited to be engaged.
The Convener/Moderator for
the session was Dave Landkamer
(Oregon Sea Grant Aquaculture
Extension Specialist) while Tetsuzan
Benny Ron from Hawaii University
was engaged in video production
so that the session could be communicated to others who were not
able to attend.
Each of panelist was allowed five
minutes to present what they saw
needed to be part of a new strategy.
The panel had well over 350 years
of combined experience in aquaculture and consisted: Max Holtzman,
U S DA ; G e o r g e L o c k w o o d ,
Aquaculture Advocate and Past
WAS President; Michael Rust,
NOAA; Daniel Benetti, University
of Miami, Marine Aquaculture and
Policy; Frank Asche, University of
Stavenger, Norway; Carol Engle,
University of Arkansas; Perry Raso,
Matunuck Oyster Bar; Bill Martin,
Blue Ridge Aquaculture; Daniel
Brophy, Oregon Culinary Institute
and myself.
Max concentrated on the issue of
food security pointing out that USA
had a trade deficit in seafood of
some US$13 billion yet the overall
food category was in surplus. He
highlighted that US people were
for tunate that such a small percentage of their disposable income
was going on food when compared
to many countries. The need for
creating more aquaculture in USA
was well overdue.
George, who could remember
being at the fir st Mariculture
meeting in Seattle back in 1975
stressed the need for an active
industr y organisation based in
Washington DC, a domestic review
of domestic aquaculture, an organic
aquaculture strategy and the ability
of having a regular conference in

Washington DC to be in the face
of politics.
Michael said: If you want to
predict the future, then create it!
and stressed that generally speaking
the industr y was its own worst
enemy. How many people know
their regulator and have gone to
the regulator with solutions instead
of problems? He also mentioned
that seafood was clearly the health
medicine food of the nation.
Daniel mentioned the lack of promotion of the industry, too many
laws/regulations and the natural
apathy, angst and anger that dulled
the great news that should be hitting
the airwaves. Carol highlighted the
need for research and extension
to investigate harmonization of
all the regulations and the potential of a Producer Association to
better organise the industry. Frank
hit hard by saying that compared
to Norway (and some other countries) the US industr y was predominantly a cottage industry and
it must collaborate to create large
scaled operational businesses to
enhance productivity and technology that was available. He suggested that it would be hard to
be globally competitive until that
occurred and that regulations need
to be streamlined and costed to
ensure they were not a burden on
aquaculture business.
Bill Martin was surprisingly lost for
words but agreed with Franks view
on the need to become a volume
industry, the need for bigger and
better infrastructures and looking
towards the future algae for feed
and improvements in genetics.
Stressed that this cannot be done
with lots of money and highlighted
that he has committed to the longterm with massive investment
himself.
Perry, Daniel and myself added
value in suggesting getting better
understanding of consumers and
those that communicate and deal
with them, for example restaurants,

retailers, etc. The average consumer
was still confused and had little
knowledge about seafood. Worst
was that even the people dealing
directly with the consumers generally knew very little about the
seafood they were selling.
In summary, this was an excellent session which created lots of

audience questions and participation. The key issues were education and extension at all levels, less
in-fighting and uniting the industry
through strong lobby association
and funding and finance.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
FUTURE
FISH
nternational Aquafeed magazine

is an official media par tner of
FutureFish Eurasia and is looking
forward to this years event.
Eurasia Trade Fairs have organised this years event which will be
the 7th time it is held. The location
of the event is within the large
Kltrpark Fuar Alan in the central
of Izmir, Turkey, for the FutureFish
Eurasia exhibition from June 5-7,
2014.
There will be over 250 exhibitors
from Turkey, Ireland, Switzerland,
Germany, Canada, Russia, Korea,
Portugal, Australia, Israel, Sweden,
Poland, Slovenia, Japan, Czech
Republic, Austria, Greece, India,
SEG
BRUSSELS
INDUSTRY EVENTS
nder its new name of

Seafood Expo Global,
Brussels took place May
6-8, 2014 and whilst seemed as
busy as usual was lacking any
strong theme.
The usual suspects of Salmon,
Cod and Pangasius/Basa were
strongly focused and Shrimp/
Prawns were much in vogue
bearing in mind the issues re
supply and price due to tropical
product being under pressure due
to disease problems.
The Global Aquaculture Alliances
(GAA) Best Aquaculture Practices
(BAP) program announced it
had been the first organisation
to sign up to pilot the Global
Seafood Sustainability Initiatives
(GSSI) certification benchmarking
program.
Also on the Cer tification front
GAA, Aquaculture Stewardship
Council (ASC), and GlobalGAP
came together to develop the next
steps towards achieving efficiencies
across the three programs.
A year on since the memorandum of understanding (MoU)
was signed, the three competing
Norway, France, USA, China, Iceland,

Belgium, Spain, The Netherlands,
Denmark, Italy, South Korea and
the UK.
Over 6000 local and international
visitors are expected this year.
The focal point in visitor promotions has been The Middle East,
North Africa, Eastern Europe,Turkic
Republics and the Balkans.
The total floorspace of this
years exhibition will be 11,000m
for a combination of aquaculture
hardware, minerals, feed and fish
processing equipment, catering for
fish traders, fish farmers and processors.
For those not aware of Turkish
aquaculture here is a breif background: Turkey has 8333km of
coastline which runs from the
Mediterranean Sea through the
organisations once again met at

Seafood Expo Global to demonstrate how their collaborative
working will provide greater access
for producers.
Last year the three organisations identified and published
common requirements on responsible sourcing of fishmeal and fish
oil across the programs standards. More recently, GAA and
GlobalGAP have taken up an active
role in ASCs work on developing
its feed standard, which will lead to
ASC certified feed which can be
used by farms seeking or holding
ASC certification.
GAA and GlobalGAP, which
already have operational feed
standards, are taking par t in the
ASC Feed Dialogue steering committee meetings (as obser vers)
and are actively participating in the
technical working group on marine
ingredients.
The ASC feed standard should
be ready by the end of 2015.
The involvement of GAA and
GlobalGAP will promote further
common elements across the
three programs to benefit the
feed industry and suppliers of raw
materials.
The MOU recognises the continued integrity of each program
but there is still a substantial
Aegean Sea and leading all the

way up to the Marmara and the
Black Sea, (along with rich inland
freshwater resources) provides
Turkey with ideal conditions for
many kinds of aquaculture. The
country is expecting total production of 90,000 tonnes of Seabass
and Seabream, and 80,000 tonnes
of rainbow trout in this calendar
year of 2014. Seatrout, Dentex,
Meagre, Shi Drum and Sharpsnout
Seabream are other species that are
also farmed in Turkish waters.
A good percentage of the
seabass/ seabream production is
exported fresh and/or processed
throughout the world whereas
rainbow trout is exported mainly
to Europe as a hot smoked vacuum-packed product.
The dynamic structure of Turkish
amount of work identified so

GAA, ASC and GLOBAL G.A.P
have prioritised the activities.
Over time together the organisations will:
Reduce duplication of effort
for farms that undertake certification against more than
one standard (status: standards
comparison process started)
D e ve l o p c o m m o n fe e d
requirements (status: initial
overlap determined and published)
Develop common approaches
to auditor training (status:
relies on standards
comparison)
Develop shared approaches
to chain of custody certification (status: not yet started)
Encour age accur ate and
objective messaging regarding
the claims made for cer tified aquaculture products
(status: this process has begun
through mutual recognition of
common objectives. Detailed
messaging will rely on the
standards
comparison work.)
Explore common approaches
to the management of certificate information potentially
through shared IT platforms.
(status: not yet started).
aquaculture and Future Fish

Eurasia form a perfect platform for
those in this industry. This event
will provide an oppor tunity to
introduce your aquaculture and
processing technology to Turkey
and its neighbouring countries,
meet key decision makers and
network.
Future Fish Eurasia is organised
with the full support of the Ministry
of Food, Agriculture and Livestock,
Aegean Expor ters Association,
stanbul Exporters Association, zmir
Fish Producers Association, Turkish
Seafood Promotion Committee
and Eurofish Organisation.
If you are attending the event,
do meet Tom Blacker from
International Aquafeed magazine at
stand No 426 throughout all days
of the show.
Aquatic China
21-22 September 2014
hroughout the world consumers behaviour and

attitude towards food has
been changing and, as a result, the
industries supplying food need to
focus on the exchange of information in order to meet these new
demands.
For example, retailers are
demanding traceability; evidence
of sustainable environmental activities including welfare (both social
and animal) in addition to their
usual tight specifications and this is
particularly relevant in aquaculture
where consumer acceptance is still
being questioned.
Consumers are demanding
healthier food and questioning
the supply chain on all nutritional
aspects, from the feed through to
the food.
The emphasis of the Aquatic
China 2014 two-day conference
is creating an opportunity pathway
for those in Chinas aquaculture
industry to connect with some of
the worlds experts on aquaculture
research, science, nutrition, feed formulation, economic production,
food safety, quality assurance and
certification.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Oceanology 2014 London Aquaculture
Conference review
by Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed
n Wednesday March
12, 2014, at Londons
ExCel exhibition hall
in a small conference room with around 120 chairs
for delegates, the first aquaculture
conference called Oceanology
International took place.
There was anticipation that there
would be visitors from the accompanying exhibition hall.
Amazingly, there was a wide range
of solely aquaculture researchers,
industry companies and organisations and public bodies in attendance. International Aquafeed participated as the sectors only media
representative.
Neil Auchterlonie from CEFAS
was invited around a year in
advance to develop a programme
and co-chair the event.
He gathered a working group to
tackle the challenges of technology
transfer and to locate aquaculture
and other marine activities together
so as to create a relation with the
established core of Oceanology
Internationals make up, which
is primarily marine and oceanographic industries.
It was a good cross-section and
an interesting and varied set of
players from aquaculture.
There were many short speeches
in both of the days sessions. Here
are some highlights with some
interesting technical understandings
and explanation included:
Tom Pickerell from Seafish
gave an overview the 900
species in 190 countries of
the world in aquaculture,
with most in low technology
and simplistic means and to
stimulate growth in the EU
and UK is a priority.
When questioned about substitution of feed components
apart from fishmeal for feeding farmed fish, he claimed
to have even heard a 0.9 to
1 rate of substitute sources,
which was very interesting.

Willis Aquaculture's Dan
Fairweather detailed some
constraints to growth and
barriers for aquaculture from

his professional perspective
as an insurer for fish farming
enterprises.
They included: technology;
disease and health management; sustainability of feed;
lack of support, regulation and
co-ordination from government and industry; negative
public education and perception through a lack of marketing and a better needed level
of capital investment levels to
keep up with demand
Alex Adrian from The Crown
Estate talked about the
existing aquaculture and the
new kid on the block being
seaweed (macro-algae).
One main and pertinent raison
d'tre for the organisation
to the industry in marine
terms, is seeking to complement existing seafood and
environmental interests, create mutual benefits between
offshore wind farms and
aquaculture, secure sustainable feed sources and the
marketability of the products,
to fuel and improve consumer
demand.
A point especially for readers
unfamiliar with this organisation, there is a difference with
The Crown Estate's version
of sustainability compared to
a purely commercial one profits are sought for the UK
government, rather than a
self-interested or competitive
motive.

The Scottish Aquaculture
Research Forum's Richard
Slaski started a trend for the
day to discuss offshore aquaculture farms, as part of developing the marine agronomy.
This would mean aquaculture
in Scotland moving from the
shore to the higher energy
environments further from
the shoreline.
As one example, this change,
as steady as it could be would
still require a quantum leap
from regulators, according to
Richard. This was certainly

food for thought.
Session two
Richard's talk dovetailed nicely

into the second session, which
was 'Aquaculture in Oceanic
Environments'.
Dr Pogoda from Ger many
described how the spherical aquaculture cages, as featured previously in this magazine and even
Time magazine, could in theor y
be tethered to offshore wind farm
windmills.
The afternoon then continued
on to more technology and
projects.
Recirculation systems (RAS)
in many guises and scales were
shown and discussed by the floor.
All credit to the range and breadth
of these projects but International
Aquafeed was probably most
impressed by one talk about the
IDREEM project (see more at
www.idreem.eu).
This was an interesting look
ahead to Integrated Multi-Trophic
Aquaculture, delivered by one you
all may wish to look further at.
There were general leanings to
the UK aquaculture industry and
salmon, therefore, dominated the
talks but there was a good level
of international context brought

about too.
The call from many speakers
for more aquaculture via onshore
recirculation systems (RAS) and
offshore farms was a fascinating
vision of the diversity and thinking
needed for aquaculture production
to grow.
After all was over in the conference room, and had been highlighted often by those in the know
in this industry, the demand from
the growing human populace is
there and business is waiting to be
won.
The pioneers and technically brilliant ideas are still there for the creatively minded in aquaculture and
this cer tainly stimulated all who
attended.
There was one general criticism
that the depth of discussion was
light and the brevity of 15-minute
speeches was not effective in
truly providing a conference with
depth.
Overall, we here look forward
to the next time this conference
occurs again, in London from March
8-10, 2016!
More Information:
Website: http://www.oceanology
international.com/en/Sessions/3911/
Aquaculture
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our
friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)
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Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
Insta-Pro International
+1 515 254 1260
www.insta-pro.com
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
Palletisers
Feed
www.aller-aqua.com
www.kepler.com.br
PAYPER, S.A.
Novus
Obial
+34 973 21 60 40
+1 314 576 8886
Wynveen International B.V.
+55 11 4873-0300
www.ehcolo.com
+45 70 22 19 10
Kepler Weber Group
+45 75 398411
Aller Aqua
www.novusint.com
Silos
Ehcolo A/S
+90 382 2662120
www.payper.com
www.obial.com.tr
Pellet binders
MYSILO
Akzo Nobel
+31 26 47 90 699
+90 382 266 2245
+46 303 850 00
www.wynveen.com
www.mysilo.com
www.bredol.com
Hatchery products
Symaga
Borregaard LignoTech
+34 91 726 43 04
+47 69 11 80 00
Reed Mariculture
www.symaga.com
+1 877 732 3276
www.lignotechfeed.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
PellTech
Tornum AB
+47 69 11 80 00
+46 512 29100
www.pelltech.org
www.tornum.com
Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
Pest control
+1 402 434 9102
+886 2226 96789

www.fine-tek.com
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.rentokil.co.uk
www.aqualabo.fr
Pipe systems
Agromatic
Jacob Sohne
www.binmaster.com
FineTek Co., Ltd
Aqualabo
+44 0800 917 1987
Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls
Sensors
Rentokil Pest Control
www.bastak.com.tr
+41 55 2562100
+49 571 9580
www.agromatic.com
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Dol Sensors
Used around
all
Plantsindustrial
sectors.
+45 721 755 55

www.dol-sensors.com
Andritz
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Vega
+45
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu
72 160300
www.andritz.com
+44 1444 870055

www.vega.com/uk
Shrimp feed additives

Dishman
Buhler AG
+31 318 545 754
+41 71 955 11 11
Moisture analyzers
www.dishman-netherlands.com
www.buhlergroup.com
CHOPIN Technologies
+33 14 1475045
www.chopin.fr
Training
Muyang Group
+86 514 87848880
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
Probiotics
Recruitment
JCB Consulting
www.nir-online.de
Packaging
+44 7805 092067
www.cbpackaging.com
Mondi Group
+43 1 79013 4917
www.mondigroup.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Vacuum
Wynveen International B.V.
www.jcb-consulting.com
+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
OJ Hojtryk
+45 7514 2255
CB Packaging
+44 1635 579516
+44 161 427 2402
www.seedburo.com
+49 6227 732668
Ridgeway Biologicals
www.biomin.net
+1 312 738 3700
NIR-Online
Vacines
+43 2782 803 0
Seedburo
NIR systems
www.nabim.org.uk
Biomin
Hydronix
www.hydronix.com
+44 2074 932521
www.muyang.com
www.doescher.com
+44 1483 468900
nabim
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Safety equipment
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
Rembe
www.leibergmbh.de
+49 2961 740 50
Lesaffre Feed Additives
www.rembe.com
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
The aquafeed interview
The aquafeed interview

D
r Pedro Encarnao is Portuguese and a marine biologist. He did his undergraduate work at the University of Algarve, Portugal, in
1994 followed by a masters in aquaculture - before working there as a research associate until 2000. Later on he gain his PhD in
animal and fish nutrition at the University of Guelph, Canada, which he completed in 2005.. In 2005 he joined Biomin in Austria before
re-locating to Singapore in 2006 as its aquaculture specialist.
How did you come to work for one of the leading

ingredient suppliers when at that time aquaculture
was not a significant activity for the company?
Biomin being a livestock company saw the opportunity in
aquaculture and that it could transition its livestock concepts to apply
to aquaculture.
We started in the sector as a one man show with the thought
that I would be supporting the existing sales team. It soon
became clear we needed to expand and specialize in the
aquaculture field if we were to succeed in this transition of
technology. We had to develop a strategy in aquaculture so
Biomin formed an aquaculture department. Since then we have
been adding more aquaculture specialists to our group in the
R&D department and also technical sales people in countries
such as Thailand, Indonesia, India, China and Vietnam.
How important is research and the feed

industry when it comes to improving the
performance of aquaculture farms?
Then theres the economics, the measure and maximizing of profitability.

Profitability is mainly driven by crop yield and price of shrimp and fish
sold in the market. By using simple economic modeling, it is possible to
calculate feed value under different production scenarios. . Sometimes
optimization of performance and profit is not achieved when least
cost is applied. Reducing nutrient density will lower price of feed ($/
kg) but can result in lower feed efficiency and can increase the cost of
feeding ($/kg fish produced), so ultimately profit is lost. . Then theres the
environment: if you create problems outside the pond that means you
probably have problems within your ponds.
Are there too many species of fish to

focus on? Should we be more selective
in the species we attempt to farm?
We need strategies and solutions to grow our industry. Aquaculture
is more risky than farming other livestock species as it largely depends
on the species and the individual focus of the industry involved.
Salmon is the stand-out example of controlled feeding, environmental
management and adoption of new technologies across regions.
Dr Pedro Encarnao, Biomin
Research is very important, but the impact of its results in the field
are even more important. Im a fish nutritionist and I recognize that in
Asia, nutrition and feed quality have allot of room for improvement.
There is a need for us to work with feed millers, to push for research
outcomes that can be applied and can improve the performance
of the feeds. With regard to feed mills, weve been focusing on
inefficiencies and trying to develop feed additives that can improve
profitability while improving nutrition and health of the animals. To a
feed formulator additives are often seen as added expense, but we
have to change this mind set and work with the industry to show that
feed additives can be a usefull tool to create more flexible formulations
and can improve the efficiency of the diets. Mycotoxin binders/
deactivators can reduce the negative impact of mycotoxin in some
ingredients, phytogenics and organic acids can improve feed efficiency
and reduce pathogen challenges in the animal gut Enzymes can
improve utilization of certain nutrients and anti-nutrients, free amino
acids can improve the aminoacid balance in the diet.
The problem is aquaculture is leading to a growing variety of

species being farmed. To counter this means that industry has to be
prepared to collaborate in order to focus on a range of species that
have the highest potential. That currently includes salmon, Tilapia,
Shrimp/Prawn and catfish.
The salmon industry is a good example of where concepts have been

successfully applied and salmon farming is now comparable with chicken
and swine production in terms of overall efficiencies. Thats not the case
in Asia with freshwater species; only shrimp farming is comparable.
We need to reduce the risk of disease in our farmed fish stocks.

We also need to develop strong fish farming management. We
need to inform the public of the benefits of fish as being more
efficient in delivering food protein and high-quality nutrition. We
need to improve our water management as water in many parts of
the world is a limited resource. We need to develop marine and
brackish water aquaculture as we do not have to rely on fresh water
as beef and chicken farming need to.
Without sound science behind production systems the industry is

inclined to go from boom-to-crash. This tells us there is still a lot that
can be improved educating farmers to take on new concepts that
enhance their performance is one of them.
What is the key reason for poor

performances in aquaculture?
In many countries and especially in Asia the focus on costs and my
feed is cheaper is a good reason! Farmers still focus too much on
price of feed and feed producers follow that, but they need to focus
on efficiencies and outcomes. Its not what feed costs, but what is the
cost of production. How much does it cost me to produce a kg of
fish? That means you have to look at more than feed price; you have
to look at conversion, growth rates and the environment. Its all about
profitability and we call this nutri-economics where you look at what
is nutritionally required, what are the correct characteristics needed in
the feed and how we utilize them to achieve maximum biomass gain?
If we focus on these high-potential species we can develop and

compete with pigs and poultry as a supply of renewable, sustainable
protein for consumers. Lots of fragmented effort dilutes them and
delays an outcome. If we look at cows, pigs or poultry, we see that
they have been domesticated over thousands of years. That should
tell us that we cant start with several new species all at once in fish
farming. The industry should focus on few of those species that have
higher potential and develop a sustainable and efficient production
with strong marketing promotion
What are the key factors holding us back?
Fish should be an important part of our diet. In the Americas and

some EU countries, for example, fish consumption is low while in
countries such as China and Indonesia the percentage of fish in the
human diet is high. The economic logic is that where fish forms a
significant share of food supply, we will see growing demand for
more fish, not from fisheries but from aquaculture.
Growing incomes and population will also mean greater demand
for terrestrial animal protein, but will those sectors be able to meet
demand? Fish is a great alternative.
In Asia we eat whole fish not fillets. Consumers see the quality of
fish when they buy it whole. Fish is the center of a meal. If you eat fish
this way it is delicious and thats why Asians love it. They see its really
fresh and they appreciate fish more than meat. Thats something we
can learn from in the West.
An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.
New Director General of NACA Dr Cherdsak Virapat
r Cherdsak Virapat has been elected as the new Director General of NACA; he will
commence duties in June 2014 and serve for five years. Dr Virapat obtained his BSc in
fishery management from Kasetsart University, Thailand and his MSc in fishery science
from the University of Helsinki, Finland later obtaining a PhD in fisheries management
from Dalhousie University, Canada.
Dr Virapat currently stands as Executive Director of the International Ocean Institute (IOI) where he has
been active since May 2008. During his service of 27 years under the Royal Thai Government as an officer he was awarded the Royal
Decorations of the Exalted Order of the White Elephant and the Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand.
Francois Fraudeau appointed as chief operating officer at Novus
ovus Internationals Board of Directors has appointed its Chief Operating Officer
Francois Fraudeau to the position of Chief Executive Officer. His predecessor Thad
Simons will retire from his position as CEO and will become the Senior Executive
Advisor to the Board.
During his time in Novus, Fraudeau has held various positions in Europe, Asia and the USA. Using
his extensive knowledge in feed additives and methionine he has helped lead the way in the development of sustainable products used in animal production.
Storvik Aqua appoints Rune My as its new manager of sales.
torvik Aqua announced that Rune My has been appointed as its new manager of sales.
Rune brings with him eight years as a sales manager in TINE Ingredients as well as an
extensive background as a food technologist. His versatile work experience in both production and marketing makes him the ideal candidate for this position. Runes promotion
represents Storviks new adaption to a market-oriented model.
Stig Jarle Pettersen joins Cermaq as CFO
ermaq ASA has recently appointed Stig Jarle Pettersen as CFO of Cermaq ASA. Mr
Pettersen currently acts as the CFO to the Danish Biotech Company Affitech AS and is
recognised as a Norwegian state authorised public accountant. Mr Pettersen received
his degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in
Bergen, Norway. He will bring to the table 20 years of experience from working with Actavis,
Alpharma, Hafslund Nycomed, Xellia Pharmaceuticals and Helicopter Services Group
Obituary: Dr George Pigott
n April 6, 2014 Dr George Pigott passed away in Bellevue, Washington State, USA at the
age of 85. As an officer in the Army Chemical Corps he had served in Korea and participated in the Nevada A-Bomb Tests. He received his BS, MS and PhD degrees in Chemical
Engineering from the University of Washington where he would later teach in the Institute
of Food Science, College of Fisheries for 37 years spending 10 of those years serving as its director.
Dr Pigott acted as the founding editor of The Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology and was responsible for
authoring over 200 published technical papers.
by Marnie Snell
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY FACES
Aquafeed complete solutions

from a single source.
Turn to Bhler for one of the most comprehensive lines of aquafeed process technology available anywhere: from raw
material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying and coating of finished products. With an extensive
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sanitation and safety. Bhler gentle processing at its best. www.buhlergroup.com/aquafeed
Innovations for a better world.

International Aquafeed May June 2014 - FULL EDITION

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G

Assessing the potential

Fish Farming Technology supplement

Nets and cages

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

People are counterfeiting what!

Assessing the potential of polychaete meal in shrimp feeds

People are counterfeiting what?!

his sounds like one of

inferior product but because

and calories and are not a good

damning report from

n aquaculture, but also in food

May-June 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

way: first, by affecting negatively

Johan den Hartog, managing

bout a year ago, GMP+ International introduced the first standard

This standard was published in a new module of the GMP+ Feed

Costs added to the

ardly a day goes by

Tony Emms, a business

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014

Over the last few year s

The most traded

Prawns/shrimp are the most

Based on financial repor ts

Updating to meet the

ike any organisation going

May-June 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

AwF also learned about research

by Dominique P Bureau, member of

Does Better Nutrition

What if the solution was

fish species. What was this silver

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014

uyang Co., Ltd. recently

from Vietnam after detecting the

The Scottish crusacen industry

1,400,000 3,190,000 - is the difference in Pacific oyster shell production

Source: Scottish Government, www.scotland.gov.uk

9.8 million is the estimated value of the

Sharing the goal of responsible aquaculture

Regional Cooperation for Improved Biosecurity

4% is the increase in production tonnage of

Salt Interception Scheme pipeline,

xpected to cost AD$5.5

New prawn farm approved

May-June 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

waste may be a significant source

An excellent source for

The food research institute

We have shown that salmon

farms; which are expected to play a

The recent report by the Food

The Marine Stewardship Council

develops normally whenthe fish

Phosphorus is a limited resource

par ticularly ifthe new production lines are located at existing

The method is not yet ready

fishery that has been certified to

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014

The EU has identified a

concept of Future Fish Eurasia is

India has done pretty well in