HISTORICAL RECORDS OF

THE SURVEY OF I NDI A

181'5 to 1830
VOLUME I 18th Century Published 1945.
VOLUME 11 1800-15
,, 1950.
VOLUME IV 1830-43 George Everest In Press.
VOLUME V 1844-61 Andrew Waugh Under preparatlon.
VOLUME I l l
Published I 954
PRI NTED IN I NDI A
HISTORICAL RECORDS OF
THE SURVEY OF INDIA
Volume Ill
1815 to 1830
Collected and compiled by
Colonel R. H. PHILLIMORE, C.I.E., D.S.O.,
( late Royal Engineers and Survey of India )
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF
THE SURVEYOR GENERAL OF INDIA
PRIN'TED AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEODETIC BRANCH.
SURVEY OF INDIA, DEHRA DUN ( U. P.), INDIA
1954
Price: Rs. 20 or 1. I I s.
( Copyrlght rezcwd )
TRIGONOMETRICAL CONTROL
One of the great objects for instituting a general office of
survey was that ... a uniformity of result might be obtained,
and a definite prospect ( however distant ) of acoomplishing
the survey ... on satiefactory principles. ... The operations of
the Great Trigonometrical Survey must ... be assumed as the
undisputed ground of Indian Geography [ 194 1.
BLACKER. 22-12-23.
PROFESSIONAL HONESTY
It has been said ... that when experienced observers, after
taking all the pains and precautions in their power, find them-
selves embarrassed by disorepancies for which they cannot
account,, they a.re on the point of making some important
discovery ; at any rate ... they may, by making a fair disclosure,
enable others ... to do so [ 176 1.
Honaso~. 1820.
It only remains to admonish the young surveyor to be dis-
trustful of himself and of his instruments, and not too confident
when he finds his operations agree with a surprising closeness,
but to examine all, and when he finds his discrepancies not to
conceal them, but patiently to investigate their cause, and
repeat the work t i U he is satisfied. Young observers think
they are always right, but, not the more experienced [ 201 1.
HOD~SON. 21-1 1-21.
ADMINISTRATION
I am an advocate for all these works, but let, it be ... on a
regular system of subordination [ 329 1.
~~ACKENZI E. 12-9-18.
The parties once set in motion should persevere on one
undeviating plan, without interruption by other employment
or duty ; by such a system alone the design and its expense
may be finally terminated within a reaaonable time [ 99 1.
~ C K E N Z I E . 14-12-15.
SURVEYORS
I t is a fixed principle with me that labour and meritorious
exertions ought to be well paid. Work well and pay well
[ 352 I.
You have now enjoyed a recess from active duty of six
months, and it therefore becomes the more necessary that you
should exert yourself to the utmoet in accelerating the progress
of the survey. Every surveyor is expected to be constantly
employed in the duties of the survey exclusively, and during
the favourable season to devote his every hour, and his every
thought, to it, and to it alone [ 200 1.
PETER GRANT. 18-10--27.
INDIA
ALI things in India are undergoing a change, and the idem
of the inhabitants are gradually altering ever since I can
recollect ; it must nee& be so in peacot~ble times of long
duration, such ~8 this country has not known before this out
of mind [ 339 1.
EVEREST. 10-8-32.
Suppl ement ar y t o l i st s on pp. vi and 305 of t h a t vol ume, md pp. v to xiii of vol. 11.
pege xvii
bet~veen Beeeon and Bion inaart
Bhuynn
Anglo-A~aamwe Relaliona 1771-1826. 8. K.
Bhuyan. Gauhati. 1060.
x k 001. I. above Land Revenue insert
Lenoaater-Jonea Gotologw of We Cdledions i n the
Scienoe Yttaeum. 80dl i Kensing-
ton. Qeode.vy & 81~rr~e. ving. E.
Lancaster-Jones. London. 192.5.
xx
South Kensington to be ifdica, aa ~ b o full 2nd line
of tifle : 3rd linr lo rend in roman
Col~qtable. Lnnclon, 1R21.
4.5
nt end of note 4, i~mert I 0 Cat. ( 649-7X ).
6d at end of note I. inderl ; survd. April-?day 1799
ro vut . ( ria ) [ 11, PI. 5 I.
63
a t eud of no& 4. irwert. Map, I 0 C d . ( 104 ).
75 et oud of note 12. odd 4-inch ninp by Gerard, aao.
T.ih P 1
- . . . . - . .
79
note 6. rrfler 1781, inscrl xtr ( 3 9 4 0 ) ; ( Ixxi. 87 ).
80 a t and of note 6, insrrl ; Bhuyan ( 97. 287 ).
a t ond of uote 11, imrrt ; Bhuyan ( 51-433 ).
82 a t en11 of note 1. in.vrr/ rnurdered Jan. 1796 : Bhuvnn ~- . .
( 433 ).
at cnd of nl ~t e (I, inuerl Bhuyan ( 29 ) ; JASB. IX.
1010 ( 826 ).
104 a t end of note 10, add ; I 0 Cnl. ( 61 ).
106 a t end of note 4, e&t ; survey in 8 sections, I 0 Cd.
( 125 ).
188 noto 4, for icriller road writer.
100 line 16. for yon reud you
109 note 7, 201 m. 1 a ~l d 3, for South Komington read
Lancustor-Jones.
230 note 10, for dr-6 read dresbe.
250 a t end of note 1, inacrl ; rival schemer discussed,
JASB. 111, 1834 ( 413-7 ).
265 at orid of note &add butin letter dsterlSurat2.9-3-06,
Reynolds refers to his "present" appt. of SG.
311 note 4. for indontity read idontitg.
313 note 0. for Lv relid its.
332 under DAW, line 2. for 1781 read 14-6-81. we d 30.
after homo inrrerl MI . Glouc. Cath.; heart bur.
I Page
332
337
3 38
345
I
I 352
359
363
377
I
1
378
i
380
394
399
i
I
in cloieters. MI.
insert ncco line 4. Son of Wm. DOTJ. K~UE'S -
Ygt.-at-law.
under C h ~ o r n a m ~ , line 2. for J. 1849 read d..
Woroeater. 7-140, aged 88.
col. 1 insert new line 0. ws.; Portrait by John
Smart. 1808. r 11. IX: IV. a1 22 1.
under ~ A R D W I ~ K ~ , link 2, fAr b. E. 1766 rend b a p t
2-10-66.
enkr w.w line 4, Son of J o k i Hanlwioke of Da r k
ton. St oh.
after botaniat enter FBS. 1813. ; ma. ; pus.
line 5, nfirr Hodsnn enter. I1 (387 ) ; IV ( 638 RE) :
Portrait presented ~ I I 11s.. Phil T r a n ~ . 1828
( a#Px. y. 7 )1
under YD, I ~ne ;J, for Cnpt. read ul[.ieut.
line (I. for nephew rerrtd CU~ I J ~ I I .
line 12, r ~ f t ~ r Ho~lnun rrrlrr, 11 ( 013 ); I11 ( 730.
810 ). Purtrnit Iby John Smnrt [ 11 ; pl. 191.
undor IMALLOCK, line 2, before riaitr!ll e a r JASB.
xn, ln43 ( 542 ) ; I;nll.?r urdord of Henry
Vnnsittart.
of kr 1764 inapri in nn unqt~ccessful at t empt to
purchnno diamo~irls jj9 ] ; line 3 dekle and.
undor ~I OTTE, line 16, nfler I799 [ 30. 39 1, i me d
JASB. . xo. 1843 ( 512-63 ).
under PLAJBTED, a t end of line 6. add Blruyan ( 02 ).
a t end of note I?. add JASB. =I. 1813 ( 1014 ) ;
xm. 1844 ( n i ).
under REYNOLDS. an]. 2, oft8.r line 3 iasert Port rsl t
by John Smart, lHl0 [ IV, pl. 22 1.
undor TOPPINO, qf kr tinr! 2, imert Portrait by J o b
Smart, bofore April 1795 [ IV. pl. 22 1.
under Wa ~ s o n , line 10, delete of 52nd Foot.
line 8 of col. 1, after Moahmarriahs inaert ref. to n m
nok lo read a rebel aommunity from E. of Dibm-
gsrh ; Bhuyan ( 85. 189. 254 ).
note 2, for nocount read nccounta and at end of fidr
in*erf ; Bhuyan ( 358110 ).
Suppl ement ar y t o l i st o n p. xiii of Vol. II.
Page vii col 2, wainst 216, lines 7 and 8, e n h refa. againat
I
Page xxvii above Qribble insert
Maohinnon and Macpheraon. lo new nolee reading
Orey & European Adrentrrera of h t h -
Rev. Donald NcKirulon, DI).. ohpn. Ben. Eur. ;
I
Garrett India. C. Grey m d H. L. 0-
arrd. India 1783 ; 17834. t o h l h i and "Uppe;
i
O m t t . Lahore, 1 9 l .
countries " to catalogue " Indostan mmuacripts . I
below Kayo i ~ e r t
Lt CoL Allan Maophorson ( 1740-1010 ). Ben. Inf.
Kinneir A Qeagraphical Xemoi r of I l b ps-
Hodson III ( 192) : with Upton's miaeion d
I
sion Empire. John Maodonald
Poona 1776-7 [ I. 30-1 1.
Kinneir. London. 1.913.
xi col. 2. delete dthparu Williamson's ... original drawing"
/ below Room~ol rr insert
and substitute Portrait of Michael 'unr. taken in
Lanoaster-
Cdologuc of the Co Uu i i m C &
~ a d r u s by John Smart before ~ ~ r d 1796.
I
Jon= Sci enu Mweurn. South Kensi-
8th para, delele note pub. Qeo Bell ...( DNB ).
h. E.
riii A & C.. Vol. 11. againat p. 403. line 6. for Bwne's
1 Lanoaster-Jones. London. 19%.
rend Burnes'.
against Markham, l i m I, for C.T. rand C.R.
xxiii wa i mt INDEX for At ond r e d 469.
i
11- *11. 1. for Part@. r. * P a r ~ i t u i n terr~ pious.
u v i above Atoher inaert
i
against RAS( mn ) for No w read NoA'w.
Anne Deane Tour through the Upper P r w i w
c01. 2, dshh whole item hut h Kensingtan.
of Hindartan ... bet wetn... 1804 a d
abom Stanton iMart
1811. Anne h e . London,
Stanley Hutton
Bt.idol a d & Fa- A&
1023. t h . Stanley Hutboa B&bL
x n l i obors Foster i ~ s r t
1907.
Fmny P a r b Wanderiryy of a Pi l gri m Fanny I
16 note 3 after 61 ins&( 8 ), 9. pert of 9.gu I.,
Psrha. 1 voh. London, 1848.
1810, *awn by C. 0. Niohob, .rat. I ib.
Ps
3, after ( el aeq 1). insert 6 sheets. I 0 Cat. ( 171.
180) ;
36
and line of aedwn GANOB~~WKNA Doi h oj kr 1810
insert rej. to new no16 b rend
Anne Da n e ( 139 ) desoribes grand tour hy theao
two Comnre., 1808-9, from Fatehgnrll t o Delhi
and back.
98 note ?/or ( 38 el aeq ) read ( 36-9 ).
37
a t end of note 3, inarrl White's map of SW Frontier,
16 m. t o inob. nmo. 170 ( 41 ).
a t end of note 6 add cf. araro. 16 ( 36 ) v. 83 [in/].
57 note 11, nj kr ( 480 ) insert ; Grey & Garrett ( 34-58 ).
68 a t end of noto 5. insert ; 160 ( 43 ).
85 a t end of Sth para from bottom. afkr 69, enler. 271.
70 line 20 from bottom, aflcr Obeervntions inaert ref.
to new note, to read
60 y. lator Montgomerie recorda t hat "Col. Craw-
fArd's trigonomotrieal aarvey and map still
supply t he most reliable data aa to t bc poaition
of Katmnnda~". SI RecorlZn vm-I ( 7 ).
71 a t end of note 5, inaerl with Crawford's handprinted
autograph, OBO Lib. C( 2 ).
81 line 2 from bottom, ajler Garhwsl ineert ref. b new
nole, to read
Gurkhas occupied Almorn 1700 ; Garhwil and Dehra
D6n 1803.
8 3 note 4, add Mup of S. part of d d and Doon valley,
-10. 16 ( 36 ) [ pl. 10 1.
nola 7, for r k e rcad rises.
127 a t end of note 9, insert, trinnglee. 1808-9, I 0 Cal.
( 26 ).
120 1st line of 10th para, jor Montgomery read >font-
gomerie.
134 note 2 delek ancl poesihly, changing comma to serni-
colon, and i n front of 03 inaide lraekel inserl3.4.
144 line 22, njkr Rir~glptobe inecrt ref. Lo new nole lo r e d
\I'm. ' robim Ringletaube ; b. 1770 ; od. HaUe ;
ordained Lutherm 1798; t o India and back
1787-0 ; to Mndrss for US. , Tranquehar 18M-6 ;
Palamcottah 1806-7 ; Tmvanoore, 1807-15; " eccen-
trio ; ... great minsionary zeal ; died in a sea voyage
toNalaeca". ThsChurch i n Modraa ( 11. 387-8);
F. Penny; puh. 1912.
165 note 8. Ben Heur. Lo be i n ilalia: a t end of note
iusek 10 cat.-( 33 1.
158 a t end of note 7, ineert 2 vole. 1820, I 0 Cat. ( 443) .
173 a t end of note 8. inaerl u. Norier. frpoe. Malcolm's
route 1801, Buahire-Tehn-Bnghdsd-hem
in sketch bv KcnncU. Shiraz to Conetantinoole
- a -
[ 11.444 n.;].
174 note 7. lust Line, bejore I)L)n. insert I 0 Cat. ( 482 ).
176 a t eud of note 2, add s v ~ d ~ c r i b e d with frequent
d a t a by Nacdomld ; neu ( 171425 ).
177 pars 4, h o 1, j ot Partigor read Prrgiter.
note 3. for $08. read BCS.
180 h e 27, af kr 28 ;mi& braclcel insert . 35. 37.
180 a t end ofnol e 1 insert I'hil Trans. l ei 2 ( 408-30 ).
101 h e 10, j w eatablishmmt r 4 mtabliahed.
1Y4 a t ~ n d of 2nd pam jor 201 r e d 261.
218 liue 3.2. for prerfeot r 4 perfeot.
221 note 6, for 47 r d -7.
223 h e 13 h m bottom, ajkrTrongbton inaerl[ 191 n.z 1,
nnd l i k re/. and ~k 6.
230 note 8, read Auran Lbid
232 note 3. jor South kensington remi Lanosstar-Jonee.
249 nuk1 Ban Rep. lo be ilrJica.
264 a t and of nota I, insert Both ubains and tho soale
ers now in Surve Musanrn a t Dehra I)Bu.
lie l aj or *.ma?&.
nds 0, for ovu~ r e d 1818 ( 480 ).
288 nds 6. a/ln ( 83 ) i n r e d , copy drawn 1831 Dom
origiod of I W.
270 nola 0, /or 10-4 r e 4 0-14.
note 7, for ih. read -ma.
a t end of now 1. imerl XHIO. 15 ( 8. 0 ) nllotv part
of oudh including Lucknlnv.
note 6, before 85 imert 76 ( 1, 2 ) ;
line 15, r e d ~eeful .
rmder Rosnonrode for His snn rend Two sonn.
against B u me , Line 7 from bottom, afkr Sr~rreyor
(ienernl i ~ e r t [ 303 1. So11 of Frn~lcia &>Iargaret
Burke : m..fleru~gapatam,'i-'347, Sophia Fulhrm.
a t end of para 5. aj kr Falour inverl [ 80 I.
col. 2, ayairaat Uiv. rcad Uividiun.
col. 2, line rl from bottom of C' aal s~r e noto jw
Persion rend Perdinn.
under C~LRRROOKE, Hcnry Tho~uue, line 12, after
DIE. add RAS ( mrt ). I\' ( 108 ).
col. I, liaro 18 j#or writen read nnt t en.
a t eud of note 6, add r~nd d. I 83i .
pl. 18 ~ ~ n d r r Alox:~nrlrr Kycl, last line of note, /or
Smesr rwd, L o ~ u o s .
col. 1. line 4 from hot t u~u. j or 000 read 314.
col. 1, line 9 from bottom. jar .'48-!) rrnd 247 n.4.
col. 2, lino 33 from botl(~ln, read Gibraltar.
oul. 1, under I)UNN, line 8 frvtn boUonl, rijler Snow
add, who d.. Brighton. 9-10--76. nged 71.
cul. 2, under FRANCELIN, line 0, re01 Wontminster.
col. 2, u ~ &r OARRANV, line 2, rtrld aL.
d end u/ lrne. i add ; their aon \Vm., Lieut. Mad.
Engrs., d., Ooty., ngod 28, 2-10-38; nr.
col. 1, liilo 16 delete 1x1 word which
uudcr GOLDI XUU. ~, line 3 from bottom UP col.. 1 jor
d. 1849 recrd d. , IYorcostur, 7- 149, aged 83.
col. 2, end of l b~o 3, for 1830 read 1832
lulu 10, drlcle junr. ol d aj kr IrlOB inaerl[lV, pl. 221.
a1 and of line 7 from bnttom, in.eer1 rvj. to new note,
b rutd cf. JABB. 11. 1833 ( 3d0-1 ).
under Usam, liuu I, rt ad Philip.
line 2, for 1744 read 17114.
h e 3, ufkr Persia a&' ar. Barrackpore.
line 6, a j h ( 318 ) add. IV ( 638 Bfl )
under UBINDLAY, add new laut lane, h t d . James
Wyldin preparatior~ of 16 m. mup, pub. 1847 ; BN.
Map Room. 7 4 3 4 1 .
under &RE. line 3, for 1780 read 1798.
s t end of note 6, rrdd; cornembared by villngcrs 30
years later, JASB. XIII, I844 ( 704 ).
001. 2, h e 4, ufkr Perrorl i~tuerl ref. to new nole lo
reod Grey & Garrett ( 53-6 ) show t hat Hearaoy
h d no capacity for lea<icralup.
a t end of note 4, add ; This entate of 36 villages Lay
nr. Rikhikesh, pnyunu Chandi [pl. g ] Williams
( 1 9 7 4 ) ; tho Hearney family wtote Hathibarkda,
3 m. N. of Uehra, weu ncq~dred by S of 1. over
100 years Later.
a t end of llljt Line of page, nfler [ pl. 10 1, inaert re/.
lo new note to read Fanny Parks ( 247-8)
visited Bharlraj 20 y. later, and found " a lnrge
atone on which is chiselld ' Lady Hood' 1814".
The PA. told hur t hat Lady Hood " o d sent a
man t o chisel out her name and t hat o f Colonel
B[ arton]. ... Slre never visited the placo in
peraon" [ 111, pl. 5 n. 1.
uncler &TEE, line 8, after DNB. insert RA9 ( mn ),
III ( 156 ) ; Stanley HutLon ( 280-1 ).
col. 2, line 27 from bottom, ajler Oreonwich, in.serl
Phil Tram. 1828 ( 183-230 ).
ool. 1, a t ond of line 2 add ( 26740 )
a t end of line 6, add ; also 1829 ( 331-8 ) ; I830
( 36941 ).
under KNOX, ut end of para. 2 aj kr 181 add -2
under Lu m. a1 end oj 2nd line, inaert MI.
u d r L ~ ~ B R I D O ~ . Is1 line, add Mad. Inf.
under Locmm, a1 end o j 2nd line add MI.
'2; under M~CARTNEP add a naw line 5, Blunt
1 13/39 i : Hodson. 111 1 109 ).
, - 7 - ,.
under Mncnona~n, last ttoo li& of page, for but no
record ... ho. been traced. rend under which name
110 nub. his Qcoaraphicd Memoir of the Persian
mii ire, London i 8i 3.
419 line 11 of col. 1, after geography insert ref. to new
nok. to read His Qengmphicnl Memoir, gi va
details of the varioun routes of Malcolm's offioerv
[ 176 n.2 ] ; see also Hielory of I)~rai a, by Watson,
nud anothor by Clementa bInrkbam.
a t end of 4th mra. nfler to come. dd El~ewlleCa he - - - - -
tells that duAng t hl attack hie Portuguae servant,,
" losin hi8 equilihrium, wnn precipitatotl endor
thc befly of the ani~nnl [riding oamel 1, and get.
ting cutangled amongst hia legs wnn...tossed liko
a football for several yardn" Kioneir ( 243 ).
a t end of lnnt para, afler Ellahire add now artb
10 C'at. ( 485 ) ; 10-m. Map of Countries JinrJ
belween the Eumhralen and Indua. ~ u b . Londoir.
- . - *
1832.
422
1st line of 3nl pnrn, fur 1903 rend !?03.
428 under MacaI m~o line 3. for Arrassoor" r a t
nr. Adesar and delek ref.
Line 10, for Aao. in read PA.,
delete note 3.
430
col. 2, line 26, for down reod dawn
431 col. 1. line 4. for profer read proffer.
433 under NULTHBOPP 3rd line, a f k r Chitaldroog, add au.
under NICHOLLB. inner1 new line 2, d. New Hampton,
Midds., 11-12-64.
above para beginning 1808 inserl nnu para.
mr o. 170 ( 39 ), survd. Thornhill's Channel, m.
of Sagnr I.. as mat. to Cudbert Thornhill, Mnater
Attdt. 1807.
442 under Sr uc~am. Charlea. line 2. for Nov. 1862.
r e d Bath, 20-1 1-62 ; Mr. Lamdown.
col. 2, 2nd line from end of S r m, afler to an inch
inaerl fresh line 1823-9. svy. and construotion
dciib canal, E. of Jumna.
a t end of note 6, add JASB. 11. 1833 ( 116 ).
444 a t ond of 4th para, afler broad add ref. b new n d e
cf. Morier ( I t 8 ).
a t end of note 1 add ; Route of minsiou by Sutherland
faces Morier ( 68 ).
note 3, nftnr DXB.. h e r 1 Sec. to Harford Jonea,
1807-9, and before 3 vola. inaert 1 vol. 1812, with
maps by Rennell and Sutherland ; 2nd edn..
446 under TICKELL, a t end of laet Line of col. 1, af t w
canal. add 1821-7, Supt. Dolhi canals.
448 under T e n ~ m , 001. 1, a t end of 2nd para afteraan.
add, Registrar & Examiner, Caloutte Lot t ev.
a t end of 3rd paw aJter 20-335. odd Settled in
Paris.
001. 2, un&r WALPOLE, line 3. for 29-1-94 read
21-9-04.
a t end of note 2 add of. ib. 111 ( 118-23 ) ; V ( 784 ).
462 undcr W~RREN, COI. 2. line 10. aj kr family. inaert
ref. b new note, lo read
pr. on thin return journny enquired a t Cape for infn.
re Ls CaiUe'a meaet. of arc; YRAB., I, 1845
( 267 ); Evereat t o CD. 3-g.21.
line 16, or Lambon rend Lambton.
468 under d a Nw WEXTE, above hat lim, i ns nt
Wo .
166 (BO), May 1826, svy. of route 9, of
Prome on IrrawPddy. beeutdull J drawn.
Page
468
480
481
462
463
404
4 6
467
408
408
470
471
472
473
474
476
againsl Akbar: 11, ajlcr Delhi dekle f rom d ajbr
1806 i me d -37;
against Bomboos afler 210 indert . 217,
againut B a d , after Ency Brit. inaert RAS(mn).
vrr ( 199 ).
against Bird, Wm.. d d e k 146, sod for 144 n.2 rsad
146 n.2,
againat Borthwick, after 1808, insert kd. in sotion
Gnnjam ;
agai n1 Burke,jor 1828 r e d I820
againat Chains for 204. 206 rend 204-8.
again81 Cornparre; sorvg. for 101 read 200.
a g a i ~ t Coorg delete 216.
against Copland for 14.4 read 143.
agninsL Coea for 220 read 300.
against Crawford for l i 79 read -1778; Bl unt
( 161/503 ) :
againat Degree, after 3. indert 215.
againat Urlhi. after Bt.roze Shl111 for about AD. 13M)
read 1350-88 and ahif1 23, 58 lo foUow 1806 C
nest line.
after ti5 insert 67 n.2,
after Akbnr 11 delele from am1 nJter 1806 inaerl -37
and nftpr 3119 inaert n.0.
against Dickens for ~i . , Mee:ut 1808 rend 1763/&1808.
agoi ~ul Duncan b~f orp ~ i i insert Blunt ( l88/614 ) ;
againat Fnroze Shah fur Emperor of Dclhi 1360 rcod
I AnFdtR - - -. . - - .
againat Fosterfor b. 1869 read 1863-1061.
beluw EFiokey, inuert Hill, Thos. ( li86-1M6 ), a d .
allrvr.. ~Xadres. 141-3. 183. 351.
against Himilayan Uintu. afler 6, inaeri 84.
against Kaitah Canta. for 40 reod -50.
againut Kh6nds for 23 real 25.
4 e r Kiahen Singh inuerl Rai Ba hdur ( 1860-1921 ).
again81 Lloyd, Geo. af f cr auth. insert d., Thebee,
Egypt, 10-10-43.
against Lognrithms for I26 real! 128.
against Longitude ; by Lambton, for 240, 269, 263
read 215. 240-1. 23943.
aguinut Lfacdonald, line 3, for J. read James Somerled
and for a t rn1. 1816-8 rend ( 1782-1843 ).
againat Mncpherson for 1800 reod 1790.
againat Measuring Rods delete 2 17.
againat Military, line 4,for 292-3 r e d 292.
againat brier for 1780 ? read 1782 and for aut h. &...
Pursit~, 1807-9 ; reud Diplomatic Serviae ; JRQB.
XIX, 1848 ( xxxviii ).
againat O'Halloran af kr 1843 ). i nsert ; Ben. Inf. ;
Kt. 1834; GCB. 1841.
againat Perron after DIB. insert ; Blunt ( 461138 ).
agai wt Planeteble Jor 120, 128 r a d 127-8 a d
dckle 322.
against Poatal Service. d&te 368.
for Ringletobe read Ringletaube and jw of Tim*
velly 1808 r ed Wm. Tobias ( b. 1770 ).
w i n d ; Soale, line 3, for 86 r e d 286.
againdl Smart dekk jonr, and after Eney Brit. ineat
DNR.
478 ag&T~homas for 1768 1 r e d 176616.
477 against Troughton for 263 r e d 262.
agaitwl Valentia before 408 ilwerl802.
ADDENDA C CORRIGENDA VOL. Ill; Fag. xvll
P R E F A C E
This third volume brings to e close the pioneer and patchwork period of our
survey story.
There was now a single department under 0110 surveyor General of
I~,-J~&, but i t was not till 1823 that the trigonometricel survey came under hi8
orders, and i t was longer yet before he exercised any close cont,rol over the surveys
of Bombay. I t is still necessary to arrange the narrative presidellcy by presidency,
for each had its own separate establishbent, with different regulations, and different
of pay.
Each presidency had its own survey organization, following its own
pattern, regardlevs of what went on in Bengal where, it might be said, there ~ L L S
hardly any pattern at all.
This
recortls the passing of two great surveyors, Lambton, the Father
of Illdian Geodesy, and RIackenzie, tlie first Surveyor General nf Madras ant1 of
and tile pioneer of ordered topographical surveys. I t tells of the sound
work of Hodgson, learning from every year's rxperience. and t,he all ~ , O O
brief appearance of Valentine Blnclrer. tthe Surveyor General who insisted on the
priority of the Great Trigonometric,zl Survey beyond ;III cllnllenge, making possible
the event,ual estnbli.qhment of "one unifonu system" of regular surveys as dreamed
of by Riackenzie. I t tells of tlie hard years of apprenticeship aervetl by George
Evnrest, which enabled him to take firm control from 1830, directing the Department
for the nsxt thirteen years, and set,ting the course that i t WDS t o follow for t,he next
half century.
Of these five great surveyors Rlacke~izie was the only Engineer, Lambton and
Hodgson were I~ifant,ry officers, Blacker a Cavalry man, and Ererest a Gunner.
I t is not generally recognized how few of the early surveyors of Indin came from
the corps of Engineers.
The period 1815 to 1830 saw n, wide expansion of British rule and of land t o be
surveyed. The Nepfil war had opcned up the mountain provinces t o the upper
Sutlej. The Mariitha war had cleared central and western India of the pi dEri
pest, and the war with Burma had brought the surrender of Assam, Arakan, and
Tenilsserim. In tlie train of topographical and geographical surveys, there followed
the special revenue surveys, so essential to sound administration.
It is hoped that this Volume IU may issue from the press somet,ime during 1953,
and that the printing of Volume rv may then be put in hand. This fourth volume
covers the period 1830-43, during which Everest was Surveyor General and Superin-
tendent of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. A start can then be made on the
sorting and arranging of the mass of material t hat has been collected for the fifth
period, that of Andrew Waugh, 1844 to 1861. Amongst the lnore interesting
stories of this period will be the discovery and naming of Mount Everest-the print-
ing of the first postage stamps of I n d i h a n d the first survey of Kmhmir. Many
correspondents have urged that the story should be carried on with the same f i ~l l
detail, even should this entail breaking the fifth period into two volumes, but
consideration should perhaps be given to a reader who found the first two volumes
"tedious", not having mastered the gentle ar t of "skipping".
I n writing of geodetic and revenue surveys for professional record, much technical
matter has to be included that wiU hardly be appreciated by the average r ader .
The tiresome dotails of revenue survey touch moreover on an important rtspect of
sociology, the relations of a Government with the tillers of the soil, who, in an
agricultural country such as India, contribute largely t o its wealth. The civil
officers of the British rGj were pre-eminently occupied with this complicated subject.
They inherited the systems of ucnainddiri and j agi rhi , or landlordism, under
which the holders pRid fixed rental t o Government, or no rent at all, whj st they
drew all they could from the oultivatom.
It is only now, more than 150 yeam
the introduction of the "permanent settlement" of Bengal, t hat the Government
of the Indian people has set out to sweep away the whole system of landlords and
raminddre. In other arells where the revenue settlement was revised periodicau~,
more and Inore relienoe was placed on the professional surveyors, who worked in
close co-operat.ion with the settlement officers, till elaborate cadastral surveys were
introduced to show the holdings of every cultivator in the smallest detail. The
development of these surreys must be of tho greatest interest to those now res-
ponsible for land revenue administration.
Attention is called to the departmental crwt on the title-page. The opportunity
was taken in 1947 to make suitable changes to the crest that had been first intro-
duced in 1883. After various small changes this was redesigned by Sir Edward
Tandy in 1924 in the form that appears on the title-pages of volumes I and 11.
The main features comprised a map of India encircled by a belt with the name of
the department, surmounted by the Tudor crown of England, and supported by
the nalnes of Lambton and Everest, and the dates 1767 and 1823.
To adapt this crest to modern conditions, the crown is now replaced by the
Asoka lions of the Indian Union, and the latin tag by e Sanskrit motto. The nalnes
of Rennell and Lambton represent the founders of Indian Geography and Geodesy,
with their dates, 1767 and 1800. The name of Everest, with his year of succession
1823, has been dropped. He wm not a founder, but a very great builder.
Though the buk of these Historical Records conles from departmental sources I
wish to thank my kind friends both in India and England who have helped me
with information that seemed beyond my reach. I wish speoially to thank the
etaff of the National Archives of the Government of India, and the Records Depart-
ment of the Commonwea,lth Relations Office in Whitehall. For the domestic details
of t.he biographical notes I am mainly indebted to Major Hodson.
The printing and making of the volume have been carried out with the utmost
patience and care by the Printing Office of the Geodet,ic Branch a t Dehra Don, and
the maps and portraits have been beautifully reproduced by the Map Publication
Branch of the Survey of India at Hathibarkela. Special attention is called to the
tail-piece on page 345, which was taken from the faded cover of an old Manual
of Surveying.
By a happy coincidence there was published last year e biography of our
great Surveyor General, Colin Mackenzie, written by a fellow Scotsman.
C O N T E N T S
GENERAL N~RRATIVE
Notable Events . . . .
Bengal . . . . . .
Madras . . . . . .
Bombay . . . . . .
Revenue Surveye . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey . .
CHAPTER I1
BENOAL & THE UPPER P R O ~ C E S
Chittagong & Sundarbans. 1815-8 . . . .
Calcutta . . . . . . . .
Bengal Rivers . . . . . .
Marine Surveys . . . . . .
Orkqa. 1818-21 . . . . . .
NepBl Frontier. 1818-20 . . . .
Oudh & Gorakhpur. 1817-20 . . . .
SahBranpur & Dehra. 1815-9 . . . .
Delhi Canals . . . . . .
Allahiiba to Agra. 1827-8 . . . .
Agra. 1829-30 . . . . . .
Roads . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 111
THE MOUNT^ PROVINCES
GarhwLl & SirmGr. 1816-8
, .. 1818-9
.. 1819-22
Upper Sutlej Valey. 1817-23
Kumaun. 1818-21 . .
CHAPTER I V
NORTH-EAST FRONTIER
Garo Hills. 1817-8 . . . .
Sylhet. 1820-9 . . . .
As am Valley. 1824-6 . . . .
Source of Brahmaputra. 18268 . .
Manipur. 1824-30 . . . .
CHAPTBIR V
BUFUUA
Chittagong-Arakan Frontier. 1823-4
Arak8n Campaign. 1824-6 . .
BURMA-( Go& . )
Irrawaddy River. 1824-6 . .
Martaban & Tenaaeerim. 1826-8 . .
Maps & General Surveys. 1824-8 . .
CENTR. ~ INDIAN PLATEAU
Bundelkhand & Niigpur. 1815-30 . . . .
Pindiiri & Mariitha Wars. 1816-9 . . . .
Quarterlnaster General's Officen. Bengal. 1822-30
Central India & Rijputiina. 1819-30 . .
Nigpur. 1822-31 . . . . . .
CHAPTER VI I
~ ~ D U S SURVEYS
R.e.organization. 181 5-7 . . . . . . . .
Military 1nst.it.ution. 1815-6 . . . . . .
Guntiir CircLr. 1817-9 . . . . . . . .
Coorg. 1815-7 . . . . . . . .
Pondicherry & Madras . . . . . . . .
Northern Circiiw ; Mmulipatam $ Riijahmundry. 1815-23
Vizagapatam & Ganjam. 1824-30 . .
CHAPTER V I I I
SOUTH PEX~SULA & NIZIX'B D O ~ I O N S
Travancore & Cochin. 1816-21 . . . .
Dindigul. 1821 . . . . . .
Nilgiri Hills. 1821-3 . . . . . .
Malabar. 1823-30 . . . . . .
Niziim's Dominions ; Garling. 1816-20 . .
Hyderiibkd Survey ; 1820-3 . . . .
Cl i p. 1823-7 . .
Webb & Morland. 1827-30
Professional Reviews. 1824-30 . . . .
CHAPTER I X
BOMBAY SURVEYS
Military Routea . . . . . . . .
Khiindesh. 1821-2 . . . . . . . .
MarBtha Deccan. 1817-30 . . . . . .
South Konkan. 181 9-30 . . . . . .
Kkthiiiwiir. 1822-5 . . . . . . . .
North Konkan & Gujariit . . . . . .
Trigonometrical Surveys. 1818-30 . . . . . .
ht c h & Smd. 1826-30 . . . . . . . .
CHAPTEB X
R~ v mv n B ~ ~ V H Y B : LOWER BENOAL
General Policy . . . . . . . .
~ l l e n e o u s Surveya . . . . . . . .
NoiLlrhBli & Chittagong. 1821-9 . . . . . .
xiii
REVENUE SURVEYS : LOWER BENGAL-( C'oncld . )
Sundarbana . . . . . .
Sylhet & Assam. 1822-30 . .
Methods of Survey . . . .
REVENVE SURVEYS : UPPER PBOVLNCES OF
Organization . . . .
Gorakhpur . . . . . .
Rohilkh~nd . . . . . .
Delhi . . . . . .
Upper dodb . . . .
Methods of Survey . . . .
Units & Btandards of Measure . .
Establishment Roll. 1829 . .
C ~ H A P T E R XI 1
REVENUE SURVEYS : MADRAS & . BOMBAY
Madrm . . . . . . . .
Bombay ; Bombay & Salsette 1s l i ds . . . .
Broach . . . . . . . .
Gujarit . . . . . . . .
Deccan . . . . . . . .
South Konkan . . . . . .
Appreciations . . . . . .
ASTRONOMICAL CONTROL
HimBlaya Districts. 181 6-22 . . . . . .
Bengal Surveys. 1816-23 . . . . . .
Burma War ; North-East Frontier & Arakan. 1825-7 . .
Burma. 1825-8 . . . . . .
Bengal. 1820-30 ; Proposed Astronomical Survey . .
Surveyor General's Observatory . .
Field Surveys . . . . . .
Madras . . . . . . . . . .
ColBba Observatory . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER XIV
PROFESSIONAL DETAILS
Policy . . . . . . . .
HimLlaya Districts. 1816-22 . . . .
Assam & Burma. 1821-8 . . . .
Plains of Bengal . . . . . .
Barometrio Heights . . . . . .
Madras . . . . . . . .
Bombay . . . . . . . .
INSTEUMENTS
Supply . .
Theodolites & ' ~om~eseeb '
. .
INSTEWENTS-( Concld . )
Sextank & Circles
Chronometers
Perambulators
Chains . .
Planetables . .
Barometers . .
CHAPTER XVI
GREAT TRIGOWONETRICAL SZTI~VEY. 1815-23
De Penning & Lawrence. 1815-7 . . . .
Transfer to Supreme Government.. 1 H 19 . .
Arrival of Everest. 1818-9 . . . .
Everest's First Task. 1819-20 . . . .
Advance to Beriir. 1821-2 . . . .
Everest's Western Branch. 1822-3 . . . .
Passing of Lambton. 1823 . . . .
Computations & Reports . . . .
CHAPTER X V I I
GREAT TRIC~ONOJ~ETR~CAL SURVEY UXDER EVEREST
Programme . . . . . . . .
The Grent Arc. 1853-5 . . . . . .
Technical Det. ails ; Luminous Signals . .
Refraction . . . .
Base-Lines . . . .
Horizontal Angles . .
-4stronomical Observations . . . .
Figure of t he Eart h . . . . . .
Computations & Reports . . . .
Instruments . . . . . .
CH APTEE X V I I I
CALCUTTA LON~ I TUD~ AL 8~am. a & OTHEB TASKS
Calcutta Longitudinal Series. 1825-30
. .
Dr . Voysey. Geologist t o G.T.S., 1818-24
. .
Other Geological Surveys. 1817-28 . . .
. .
Visual Telegraph. 1817-28 . . . .
Natural History . . . . . .
Meteorological Observations . . . .
CHAPTER XI X
MAPS & MAP MAKING
Bengal . . . . . .
. .
Ma dr a ~ . . . . . .
. .
Bombey . . . . . .
. .
General Map8 of India . . . .
. .
Atlaa of India . . . .
. .
CHAPTER XX
aaaPs ( Continued )
Maps publiehed in England
. .
. .
Rewrd & Iasue
. .
. . . .
MAPS ( C m U . )
India House . .
Projections & Scales . .
Orthograpl~y . .
Engraving & Lithogaphy
CHAPTER XXI
ADMINISTRATION
Surveyor General of India ; Appointments . . . .
Relations with Government . .
Duties . . . .
Revenue Surveyor General . . . . . .
Superintendent, Trigonometrical Survey . . . .
CHAPTER X X I I
O ~ C E ESTABLISHMENTS
Ca1cutt.a ; Assistant Surveyor General . .
Premisea . . . .
Office Staff . . . . . .
Revenue Surveyor General . .
Madras ; Riddell, 1817-8 . . . .
Mountford, 1818-23 . . . .
Mountford & Montgomerie, 1823-30
Bombay . . . . . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey . . . .
SURVEYORS
Bengal ; Topographical Surveyors
Revenue Surveyors . .
Quartermaster General's Officers
Machas ; Military Institution . .
Quartermaster General's Officers
S u ~ e y o r general'^ Officers
Trigonomctrical Survey . . . .
Bombay . . . . . .
Uniform . . . . . .
CHAPTER YS I V
PAY Sr. ALLOWAXCES
Bengal . . . .
Madras . . . .
Bombay . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey
Fieldbooks & Journals . .
CHAPTER XXV
Cr v r ~ ASSISTANTS, BENDAL
Apprentice Surveyors . . . ,
Special Engagements . . . . . .
Nominal Roll . . . . . .
Pages
292
293
297
297
xvi
CIVIL ASSI~TANTS, MADRAS & BOMBAY
Medrm .. . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey . .
Bombay . . . . . .
Nominal Roll ; Madras . .
Bombay . .
INDIAN SUBVEI- PERSONNEL
Educated Staff ; Bengal . . . . . .
Madras . . . . . .
Bombay . . . . . .
Lascars k Followers ; Bengal . . . . . .
Madras & Bombay . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey . .
PEOPBE & COUNTRY OF INDIA
Care of Health ; South India . . . . . .
Great Trigonometrical Survey . .
Guards & Escorts . . . . . . . .
Surveyore Bc the People ; General . . . . . .
Greati 'I'rigonometrical Survey . .
Commissariat Agent . .
NizBm's Territories . . . .
Posts & Communications . . . . . .
ADDENDA & CORRIGENDA ; VOL. I . . . . . . . . v
VOL. 11 . . . . . . . . v
VOL. 111 . . . . . . . . xvii
FURTEEB ABBREVIATIOXS . . . . . . . . . . 420
B ~ O ~ R ~ I P ~ C A L NOTES . . . . . .
. . . . 421
INDEX . . . . . .
. . . . . . 617
Pege
15
39
43
1.
Map of India, British Possessions 1800
2. In Pursuit of Pinderis . . . .
3. The Dehra Doon . . . .
4. Nepkl Boundary . . . .
5. Garhwkl & Sirmar . . . .
6. Sketch of Kumaon . . . .
7. Upper Brahmaputrs, . . . .
8. Country round Moelmyne . .
9. MBlwa . . . . . .
10. NBgpur Territories . . . .
11. Madras Military Institution . .
12. Malabar . . . . . .
13. NizBnl's Dominions . . . .
14. South IConkan . . . .
15. KosMiniir . . . . . .
16. Barochc Purgunna . . . .
17. Great Trigonometrioal Survey, N&gpur
18. G.T.S., Nizkm's Dominions . .
Tail-piece, Surveyor in Uniform . .
19. Sylheuaintia Frontier. . . .
20. Valentine Blacker . . . .
21. John Anthony Hodgson . .
22. William Lambton . . . .
23. Colin Mackenzie . . . .
24. General Map of India, 1829 . .
. . Front Cover
hoing Pubn. Imprint
. . facing page xxii
. . I , ,1 20
. . ,P ,, 30
. . I , I 48
. . , I ,, 64
- - 9, ., 80
. . 9 , 1, 81
. . I t 3 , 92
. . 9 , ,, 96
. 9 , 9, 114
. . ,, 120
. . , P ,, 126
. . , I ,, 164
. , ,I ,, 170
. . 9 , ,, 260
. . , ,, 236
. . 1 , ,, 345
. . ,, ,, 420
. .
9 ,, 424
. . ,, 425
. . ,, 472
. . , , ,, 473
. . ,, Back Cover
I t has been found better to bind plates 17 and 18 in reverse order.
line 5, /or Walter read William.
line 2 from bottom, read Simknnda
noto 6, before ( Iv ) i ~h~er t I,
line 10. for ovor read nearly
halfwn down pnge. read hordorlnnd as one word.
line 8 l oi n bottom read Nongkhlno.
line 11 from bottom read Attaveessy.
note 10 for 224- 18 read 22-4-16.
line 4, move ref. 1 b end of line lo follow rest.
note I. for 68 rend 16.
line 11 from bottom delek t o t he Cnpe.
line 14 from bottom for benn read been.
nt end of 3rd parn from bottom after country iruerl
[ 83 I.
para 6, read ' r ~~l l uc kws m i n two p l m .
a t end nf 2nd pnrn. from bnttom insert rrf. 6 6 ner~v
noC la rend from .Topp. 1A-12-26, I3oMC. and
renumber refi. nnd nnlea 6 and 7.
note 3, doklr Riclianl. fathor oland for 5'7 rend 61
a t end of 5th psm. from hottom for 62 read 51.
pars 0, litie 2, bellcecn Peinsn~it and Riot. i n~er t
oommn.
srrlion BURaI.4, l i nt 4, for Vrl~ie' s read Vinoe's and
yilrr rrf. IOIIOW no- to rurd SDoiual Vinoe ( 1719-
1821 ), auth. of A compIele ayrtem of Ashnomy
in t h r c ~ 4tn. vols., 1787-1808.
1
'2; at end of para. 6 before 190 i u s l 9 4 .
liue 3 from bottom rrmd c n ~ i a ~ .
I
?10 line 2 from bottom. wainat Owen enter ref. lo neu
I
mte, lo read Cnpt.. later Adru., \F. F. W. Owen.
i
RN.. in ch. of " i l l - f p d " expn., " drendful
siclo~ess and mortality . 1822-6. t o svy. 9. end
E. oosats of Africa and shores of Mndagascar ;
F i d l a y ( 3 6 4 , 316-7 ).
I
243 n.2, and 254 linn 16, rrnd Glwilgarh.
/ 244 nt end of 3rd pnra. ,~flcr frverish add [ ~ O J J.
' 267 note 0. Danger-field, omit hyphpn
! 396 line 3, rmd perse~ornnct.
i
447 ~rnder FALLOWS line 10, rend RAS ( mn ) italics
I 461 under OERARD. l i m 7 for li9B rrnri 1783
i
459 und~sr HOUCSON. ns new line 2, i r u ~ r l Ben. Inf.
462 rrder HYDE, ircsert new line 3, MI . S. Park St.
cern.
under JACKSON, l i nt 3, insert MI. 8. Park St. cern.
163 iota I. read I 0 Cat. italics.
I 484 line LO From bottom, dekte ref
406 001. 3. line 87 from bottom. for ed. at ruul from
I 407 note 9, for IGH. r t d 1. OR.
i
473 not e I. line 3. c h n g e atop lo comma brfm bsrriater
483 urrdrr MALCOLM, UN 8. i d e h r h , before
443. imrl 11,
608 unda Vs o HEYTHUYSEN. linm 9, rend Murg
REFBRENOBS TO MS. REOOBDS & OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
ADC. ..
A Q. . .
AGO. ..
ASG. . .
B to CD. . .
BCS.
BGC. ..
BGO. ..
B J C. . .
BY Addl MS.
BYC. ..
B Pol C. . .
BRC. ..
BRev Bd. . .
BSAL. ..
B S C.
BTC. ..
6ide.de-Camp
Adjutant General
Agent to Oovernor General
dsaiatant Snrveyor General
Bengal Letter to Court of Directom
Bengal Civil Service
Bengal Ceneral Consultations
Bengal Ganeral Order
Bengal Judicial Coneultations
British .Il~lueum, Additionnl Manasoript
Bongal Mlitarp Conaultatione
Bengal Political Consultations
Bcngal Revenue Consultations
Bengal Board of Revenue
Bengal Service Army Lists, &IS.: C R 0.
Bengal Secret Consultations
Bengal Territorial Consultations
Bd. Board
~en.pecl./Wiik. Bengal/EccleeiesticaI/\Ville/C R 0.
Bio. . . Biograph/iosl/y
Bo. . . Bombay
Bo t o CD. . . Bombay Letter t o Court of Directors
Bo C S. . . Bomhav Civil Service
BOG 0. . . ~ o m b a i General Onlera
Bo J C. . . Bombay Judicial Cona~~ltations
Bo If C. . . Bombay Military Consultations or Dinrp
Bo Pol C. . . Bombay Political Coneultations
BO R C. . . Bombay Revenue Consultations
Bo S C. . . Bombay Secret Consultations
Bo 8urveye . . Bomhay Survey Correspondence
Brit . hn. . . British h i a t i o n
C-in-C. Commander-in-Chief
CD to BIB^^.' Court Despatch t o Bengnl/Bombay/Madrea
CD ?disc. . . Court MisoeUanieu. C R 0.
CI. . . Central India
CI. . . Chief Juntiee
C P. . . Central Provinoe.
C R 0. . . Commonwealth Relatiolm Office
Cad PP. . . Cedet Papem
Cert. . . Certilioate
Ch &. . . Chief Secretary
CoU/r/g/n . . CoUect/or/ing/inn
Com/Corr. . . Cornmitteelof Correspondence
Comnjr. . . Commkion/er
DDa . . Dehra Dun/Survey Reoords, now a t NAI.
D (3 0 S. . . Di mt or General. Ordnence Swvey
D L R. . . Di mt or of Land Records, Weet Bengal
( Records now a t NAI. )
DSG. . . Deputy S U N ~ ~ O ~ &nerd
D~ P . . . Deputy
Dept. . . Department
Dist. . . L)istrict
Dlv. . . Diviuion
E. .. Eest
E I/C/Ho. . . Enat India/Company/Eorue
rl aeq. . . and following
Ex Engr. . . Executive Ensineer
exbt. . . oxbibit No.
Fdbk. . . Fieldbwk
Fin. . . Finanoe
F t Wm. . . Fort William
OBO/Comp/Lih. Oeodotio Branoh/Compnting Office/
Lihrarg/Dehra Dun.
m/in C. . . Quvmor General/in Council
0 0. . . General Orders
Q T 8. . . Oreat Trigonometrioal Burvey
Dov/r/t. . . ~ve r n/ or / me nt
H C Report. . .
Ho r n of Commons Report. Commitbe,
1831-2; Val. I X ( 254 e4 sag ) ; PRO.
H E I C.
I HMS.
10.
ib.
Inf.
inj.
J A G .
Jud.
/ L F E .
I Lt Govr.
1 hl.
' MCS.
' J I GO.
M M C.
, MK I O .
31 R 0.
1 MRS .
MS.
M Rev Bd.
( Memo.
Mil.
/ &c/LR.
I n.
P RI O.
/ passim
I Pol.
I Progs.
1 ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ .
Q M G.
I qv.
) ref.
I 2:.
1 Rev.
I S.
8 T 8.
ad.
See.
( a h )
(&P)
, TS.
. .
Honorable East Indin Comp~ny
. .
His Majeaty'e Ship/Home Miso. Soriea,
C R 0.
. .
India Office ( Maps or Records) ; now C R 0.
. . t he anme
. . Infantry
. . below
. . Judge .41l\,ocate Ooneral
. . Judioial 1)cpartment
. .
Typoscript biography or Cen. Everest by
hid Ron, Lancelot Feilding Everest
. . Lieutenant Governor
. .
Memoira or Journals, Suwey nf India
. . Medrae Civil Service
. . hladras Ceneral Ordora
. . JIadr~rv Military Cansultations
. . Madrer, Public Consultations
. . Map Rlrcord & Iwoo Office, Survey of India
. . Yadrnv Record OWrn
. . Mndrns Re\-enue Selsrtione
. . Manuscript
. . Bfadrus Board of Revenuo
.. M r n s
. . Ma~i st r at e
. . Memorandum
. . Militlarylia
. . BfisoeUnnooue/Lotters receivo~l ; C R 0.
. . footnote
.; -
. . Nationnl Archi v~s of India, New Dellil
. . North West Provincea of B e n d
. . Public Reoold Office, ~ o n d o 1 1 ~
. . PemollaI Rccnrds, 10.
. . Public Works Deoartment
. . here und there '
. . Political
. . Proceediogs
. . Pub/lished/lication
. . Presicl/ent/oncy
. . Quart erma~t er Genernl
. . whichlwhomlaee
. . reference
. . Regulatione
. . Reaolution
. . Revenue/Revercnd
. . South
. . Surveyor General
. . Surveyor Qoneral's OBce/Salary Bills
. . Survey of India
. . SoaieLy for Propagation of t he Gospel.
London
. . Superintendent, Trigonometrical Survey
. . aigned
. . Secretary
. . thue ; as printed
. . above
. . Great Trigonometrioal Survey ; ME. Profass-
ional Report/Tower Station
. . Territorial
. . Upper/United/Provinoes, Bengal
. . nee
. . Victoria Memorial Hsll, Caloutto
. . Vim-Prenident/in Counoil. Bengal
. . t hat is t o nay
.. Weat
. . Western Provinoea of Bengal
D.t4 : 220d A u w t 1817 or 22-847. Editorial Insertion : [ ... 1.
N n r n h of Page, aoruultatlon, or paragraph : (-286 ).
Rafsmca
pseelplate of thia volume [ 286 I/[ pl. 8 ] : of earlier volume [ 11,286 1.
Raf mc e to Buney of India Map : 72 L/12 : o. Key, vol. U, pl. 24.
FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS; PIRI 410
Drewitt
Delhi Record8
Dewar
E I M C .
E I R.
Edinburgh
Edwardea
Inacriptiom on Tombs ... Ni nm' s Dominiom.
0. S. Crofton. Hydembad. Deocan. 1041.
Didionnru of Indian Riograph!l. C. E.
- ~uckl &d. - London. 1906.
Di c t i o ~r y of Na6ional Biography. e d
Qeo. Smitb. 63 vole. 1885-1900. I n d ~
& Epitome. cd. Sidney Lee. London.
1903. Suppkmenl. 3 vola. to 1840.
Alphabetical List of the Oficcrb ... of the Army
r of HEICI. 1760-1834, Dodwell &
Qto Mug.
QwEverest
Gill
Qleaninga i n
Scienca
. ~-
Aiilea. ~oo%on. 1838. I Qleig
The Rriliah i n the M&v Indies. 8. N. I
- - -
Cupta. Lucknow. unb. [ 1949 I. I Goro
The a r ~ t Game i n As- ( 1800-1844 ). 1 h t Qaz.
H. \V. C. Davls. London, 1918. I Grant Duff
~ h e ~ e m o i r s of Hydmgaphy. Comdr. L. S.
Dawaon. RN. 2 vole. und. [ c. 18836 I.
London.
Bombny i n the days of Qwv e I V.
F. D.
Drewitt. 1935.
Punjab Governmnl Reconla.
Record8 of the
Ddhi Residency. Lahore. 1811.
Handbook lo the Pre-Mdi ny R md a . ...
UniCcd Provinces. D. Dewnr. Allah-
abad. imd. [c. LWZO].
S d ~ l i o m f ron~ the Remrd.9 of Em1 India
Bolcre ( occmional ).
EoaL l ndi a Milihry Cdmdar. John Phil-
Lippart. 3 voh. 10'23-6.
Boat l ndi u Reguter ( periodicel ).
Edinburgh Jourml of Science ( periodical ).
The UOouMeer of Bombny City & l al and.
S. LI. Edwardeu. 3 vole. Bombay.
1909-10.
EIcphnt Bill by J. H. \Yilliams ( ? ). London. 1960.
Ency Brit. Encydopadia Briknnica. edn. vn. 1842 ;
n. 1815 ; x ~ v , 1929.
Evan Cotton CalcuUa Old & New. Evan Cotton.
Greot Arc
Tablea
Grey & Qa mt t
Grigg
Hearn
Hickey
Hill
Hindu
Mythology
Calcutta, 1907. ! Hirat
Everest A S'eriea of Letters addreaaed lo H.R.H the 1
Duke of~Jllc9aez. George Evsrwt. 1838. i
v. Geo. Evereat. ~ecord-
l~~~
Exphdi ona on the N.E. Frontier during I hloN of
NE. Frontier 1911-12-13, Reconls of lhe B u w y of India ( yah-
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F-r Parha Wander i w of a Pibrim. Fanny Par b. I H0bson~Job80n
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Engliah Faclmiea i n India, vcl. 1. The
Wwltm Prcaidency 1670-1677. Cherlee
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Hiabryof l k Rwe of the M o b d u n
Power i n Indiu. ... tr. h m Pcrsian of
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A Dir wCory... oj tAe Indian Oceen, Alex.
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Descriplioe Cohlopcrc of Painting8 ... i n the
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riodical. Calcutta.
%e T o p o mp h i d 8ddion of lhr Qeneral
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Pronlier ond O u w w EzpdilioM. Vol. V.
B u m . Oenenl Bt aC Bimle. 1807.
Qrnfhmon'r d f a q k n e ( periodical). Lon-
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Quaera1 Bqori ( priodiool ).
Aewrd of the Ow d o a d of the Orrd TrC
p d i t d k v c q oj - lndia. Dehm
Don. 10 vole. I, 1870 ; 11, 1878 ; HI,
18BO ; XI. XU. 1880.
Tha f h e + i d a Magmsime. Landon ( p r i -
odlc.1).
Holdich
IHRC l' rop.
I mp Oaz.
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l ndi a Rwiew
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Indian d m r a
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An A c mn l of the ~~enal i rement of a 8tdb
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A ~ i a l o q ... of the Hoynl Obaervabry, Cope
of f2nod IIopp. 1)avid Gi l l . London.
1013.
pcriodiral. Calcutta. 1830-2. From 1833
hwame Jourruzl of the Aakt i c Socitiy of
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Life of Si r Tbmm .W~rnro. U. R. Gleig.
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f3desy. J. Howard Gort*. Lonrlon. 1891.
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Memoirs of IVilliam Ui rkry 174941. ed.
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Three Frenchmen i n Bengal. S. C. Hill.
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Hhlon'wrl Hecord of 1st illadra.4 European
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1828.
by Yule & Burnell. London. 1886. 2nd
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1903.
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the Oj kers of the Beryral Army.
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The Qaka of l ndi a. T. H. Holdioh. Lon-
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Proceedings of the Indian I l i st ori d Rum&
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Imperial Onrelleer o j India. 26 vole.
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Cdal que of Mapa & Plana. ... Imperial
Library. Calcutta, 1910.
periodical. Calcutta.
Allen's Indian Mail (
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Liow of Indi an 0&s. J. W. &ye.
2 vole. London, 1868.
Hiabry & Antiquities of Noah Allerbn.
C. J. D. Ingledew. 1868.
C w e of. ..Map8 of the Indi an Surveys ...
a1 the India OJke Clomenta Markhem.
1878.
ublinhed Tract, India Office ( occeeional
%mveb in Central Adia by Meer Iz& O a d
... 1812-13.
tr. by P. D. Hendemon.
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J o u m l of lAu A d i c 8ociety of Be qdl
Procccdingal( periodioah ). Caloutte.
J R Q S .
Jervis
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Mohan I.al
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Trebeck
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J m r d of the Royal Aeiatie Society/( Bom-
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London1
Bombay.
Journal oj the Royal Qeographicul Sociel!l
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T w Best Jervis. W. P. Jervis. Lon-
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Life & Cmqundenca of 81r John dfdcolm.
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Narratiue oj the Campaign of the A m y of
the Induu. R. H. Ketmedy., MI). 1.ondor1,
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An Aeeoctnl of Koonawur i n the Ilimnlaya.
Alexander Gornrd. ud. Cleo. Lloyd.
L,ndon. 1841.
Journule of the Yiegce of the 15f1drm Army.
... 1817. 1818, & 1819. Edward Lako.
;! vole. London. 1816.
C a e u s of #he Colleetiona i n the Yciance
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Surveying. E. Lnncnqtor-Jonea. Lon.
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Dletrnguiahml Anglo-Ind~nne. Laur~r. 1887.
-Varrutiue o j a Journey from Caunpoor lo the
Burendro Pma. Wm. Lloyd & 41ox.
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London 1840. 2nd odn. 1810.
Hietory of the Indian ,Vavll. C. R. Low.
1 h * 3 . l Club
! Oriental Qy.
I
Origin of the
Pimiaria
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P R.
Pnnkridge
I Pnrgitor
I
1 Penny
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Mairaa Army Lwt ( periorlionl ). Madras.
Memoira of the Royal Aatrono~nicul Society
( periodical ).
Selectiow jrom the R~xorda, Fort St. Oeorge.
08. vol. 9. Revenue Survey. 1855.
~Wemoira of a Highlund QenUemnn. Evan-
( l ~ r MecIvcr. Edinh~trgh. 1805.
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Veri f i di on & Ertcnaion of Ln CuiUe'a Arc
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Y d r a a Jourml oj Lileralt~r~ & Science.
1
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.
Pimsesra i n
I d i u
Pogann
Price
Prinaep
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I
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Lie1 oj Tonfbd & monumenlw o j Europeand
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A .Ve~,wir on Central India. Sir John
. ~
Mnrkhttm. 1st edn. 1773; 2nd ( t o
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Seclions oj the Xeridwnal Arc of India.
Geo. Everost. 2 vols. London. 1817
v. Everost.
Journal oj a Tour through the Panjnb.
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Muoshi Mohan Lal. &lcot,ta, 1834.
Trauele i n the Iiimalayan Protrineen. ...
L h k h & Boklrara ... 1819-25. ed. H. H.
Wilson. 2 vola. London. 1841.
A Journey lhrough Perxin ... 1808 and 1809.
J. J. blorier. 2 vole. 181R.
p~riodicnl. London.
iVorth.Eaet Frontier oj Bengal.
A. Maoken-
Z ~ R . 1.900.
PUiMatlt
A ' ( mn)'
Papera re.Ppiding the Nepatrl li'or.
General
StaB. Simln. 1924.
North Arcol Di.rtricl Manual.
A. F. Can.
2 voh. .Mndrna, 1896.
The Record oj Obi Wratminalers. RuasoU
Rnrker & Ntonnirtg. 2 vnl.. I dndot ~,
1828.
R(:S Proga.
R AV Gal.
R R Proga.
Service
Qdographique
Seton Kerr
S I Records
Taylor's -8.
The Obeervnlorg ( periodleal ). G m w i c h .
psridionI. ed. Clemonta Mnrkham. Idon-
don.
Annak of the Oriental Club. 182468.
Yteph en Wheolnr. Lonrlon. 1826.
Quarterly OIienlnl Mngazine. Review &
~e inter. 1854-8. Calcutta. 8 voh.
Bd . PP. 3799. ed. by Rev. James
Bryce; also called Culculh Quarterly
Review.
by " an ofioer in t he Sorvico o f t he HEIC."
London. 1818. repr. Allahabad. 1928.
Parliamentary Papera of the Home of Corn-
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( Ptbrlinmentary ) Repod on the &eat Trip-
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Waugh. London. 1850.
A Short History of Lhe Bengul Club 1827-
18'77. H. R. Pnnkridge. Calautta. 1927.
A Relienre Hietory of the 8 ~ n d a r b a ~ from
1i65 to 1870. F. E. Pergiter. Calcutta.
1885.
Trrulc i n the Pwt ern .Yew, 1793-1813. C.
Sortbcote Pi~rkinsr~n. Cambridge. 1037.
Report on t h ~ Emtern Frontier of Britieh
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The Church i n Madr e. Rev. Frank
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Philosuphieal Tranaactiona of the Royal
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b y Hnrry Johnaton. London. 1913.
Hi d my oj the BoodeloJ. W. R. Pogson.
1828.
Ootacamund ; A Hi et oy. Price. 1908.
A n Account of . 8 k m Veaaeb &...$barn
Ycrvigalion i n Bn'twh I ndi a Oeo. Alex.
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Projeeaonal Paper of Ihe Suruey oj I di a,
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( poriodical ).
, Tr i maact i o~ oj the Royal Asiatic Sm' el y
( poriodical ).
Proceedings of 1L Roynl Qeogmphied
Society (.porio~lilical ).
Roynl Military Calendur. John Philippart.
5 vols. 3rd edn. London. 1820.
Proceeding8 of the Royal Sociely.
London
( periodid ).
Projeeaonal Papers oj t he T h o w o n Go*
of Engi nwi ng ( periodical ). Roorkee.
The Yilifay Engineer i n India. E. W. C.
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Le Seroica QPqruphique de l'AmrPa, -
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Srlcetion.9 from the Colnrllo 13ml*s.
W. S.
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Cal. Rew. March 1860.
periodical. Calonttu & New Ihl hi .
Oriwa Propar. or Culbck. A. Stirling.
( hl aut h. 1830.
Re~orJd o Lk S m r ~ y of India ( panodi d ).
Tabl a a/ LoganUu. b y Michael Tayl m.
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Thm Jervin
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Ra n t
'Jnnla Lnw
Vibert
~ h p p h i o d No& of O m r s of R w l
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1900.
Ad* ddiversd al & Qe n g ~p h i a l S h
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4.38. T. tl. Jorvin. Printed a t Torqoap.
Hislory of h e Ikilish Empire i n India.
Edwsrd Thornton. 5 vola. London.
18413.
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Calcutta. 1851. -
Two Yeara i n Avo. by an officer of tho
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Coahin. B. 8. Ward. Mad. Govt. b s e ,
1891.
Radjdarangini; Hwbire ded Row du
K d m i r . M. A. Troyer. 2 vols. Psrie.
1 MO.
50 Peme with John Compny. Ursula Low.
London. 1030.
Mi l i bry Bwt o y of I k Modrar Engineere.
H. M. Vibart. 2 vols. 1881-3.
Vigne
Warren
Whitworth
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O h s a y
Wilson. W. J.
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Himalaya. G. T. Vigne. London, 1842.
Biogmphical Sketch o j Lhe l a k Colonel
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Miliililoy Rerninbcanud. Jsmea Welsh.
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Hi at or i d & Blobislid Memoir of Dahm
1)oon. O. R. C. Willisms. Roorkm.
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A~ g b - I n d i a D ~ c ~ M J . G. C. Whitworth
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1882. v , Momcrf p k Trebeck.
Ql usmy of J r dl cl d k Revenue Tertna.
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1856.
Hidor9 of Ue Modros Army. W. J . Wilson.
5 vols. IBW.
CHAPTER I
GENERAL NARRATIVE
HIS volume extends from May 1818 when h 5 n Mackenzio was appointed
Surveyor General of India, to October 1830 when George Everest took over
aa both Surveyor General and Superintendent of the Groat Trigonometrioel
Survey.
D u n g this period the map of India was considerably changed by luilitrtry and
pol&cal evenb.
The in-nt egreaaion of p s ' d r i maraudem from ~ G ~ w B and
Bundelkhand as far as Guntfir called for military aotion in 1818, and led to the
bith war of 1817-8 and the downfell of the Peebwa of Poona and Appoo of
-UP.
Pereistent encroachmente by the Burmese led t o the war of 1824-6, the
British occupation of Assam, ttllinmx with Manipur, end the eurrender by the King
d Avo of Ar ahn, Martaban, Tsvoy, and Teneeserim.
Wide tracta were thus opened for the advancement of geography. The o h
of the N@l War in 181 6 led to firm and lasting friendship with the Gurkhas. a d
their withdrawal to the eest of the KiiL River gave e glorious opportunity for ex-
ploring the sourcea of t b rivere and fixing tho heights of the snow pb.
With the h e 1 @ng of the Msr6tha Confederacy, and the eetabbliehment
af *ties with princes and chiefs who had remained friendly during the war.
aprpsyors could now work freely through the jungles of central India, and the
uplands of the western Deccan and Milwe. Under the lead of Elphinstone end
W l m the Bombay Government became dehi t el y map-minded.
Tho camps@ in the h m valley provoked a keen search for the muroe of tbe
Brehrnaputra, which produced strong evidence that i t came from the Tsangpo of
Tibet. Surveyors penetrated through CBchir and Manipur to Ave on the Irrs-
wddy, whilst the advance of the mein army from Rangoon allowed a caroful
wr wy of the river, though i t wer, never aafe for surveyors t o atray far afield.
Afore waa accomplished round Amheret 4 Moulmein where the country remained
d i s t u r b e d by the war.
But work was not confined to the explorstion of new territories. Madru
surveys were reorganised by Mackenzie under three main parties, one for Tmvmcons
ud the routh peninsula, a eecond Eos t he N i b ' s territories, and a third for the
* r t k Ci roh.
Rewnue mmmys rbrbd in B h y before I812 were axtended into GujarP$
and a large utaff of revenue surveyors wee employed in Ben@ m d the Upper
Aovinces, wb m it wss d u d & decided to make no firather esterasion of perme
nent settlement.
From 1st Janwry 1818 L~mbt an' s trigommetrical survey, now reaching b o n d
the.limits of the Medrsr Preaidenop, mia transferred to the control of the supre-
govemnrenb, and designated Th (kead Tn'gommd&zl Swey of Zndio. At th.
same time. Lambton, who aas now over 60 yeere af qp, was given two os*,
&e n7 Voyseg, as surgeon and geologiet, end George Evereat M surveyor. A f h the
oI oa of tb W h a war, he oarried his central ara northwards into Berk bat
d$d as hia wuy to N-r early in 1823. Eve mt &i wd the Greot Aro ab
~ g d a t i o n m m the k h a d a to Sironj, but woe eo ar i ppl d by f w r th.t he h d
to take leave t o England in 1825. and did not return till five
bk.
In 1848 the Directors decided t o stnrt- an Atlas of India to cover t he whole
oountry on the quarter-inch scale, and called on t,he Srmeyor General to send
home reductions from all surveys considered fit for incorporation. The sheets were
engraved in London as material became available, and formed t he standard luap
of-India for t he next eighty years.
The surveys lost two great men by the deaths of Colin Mackenzie and William
Lambton.
Of their suocessors, Hodgson was an experienced surveyor who gave a
good st art to t he revenue surveys of t he Upper Provinces.
Valentine Blacker had
much t o do with maps as Qnartermaater General of t he RIa*lras Army, and during
I urvey as
hfe ehort time aa Surveyor General established t he Gr mt I'rigonoinetriml S
t he only sure foundation for future surveys and t he new atlas.
George Everest
was to prove a worthy successor t o Lsmbton.
The survey of t he Himiilaynrl t,racts evnccrated by Ll~c U~~rkllari was [ ) ~r t in
halld hefore the end of 1815. a, fern ~nont hs before t he signing of t he final tretrty of
peace in March 1816.
Hodgsc,n left Sahkranpur \c.it.h three as~i st ant s and tintling no snitable
site for the measurement of n hase-line based his triangles on ast~ror~omical
He started by a general reconnaiesa.nce of t he hills, t hro~i gh S i r m~ r ,
SabLthu, a ~ l d Silnln, t o I<otgarh in t he Sutlej valley. Pising t he position of
prominent peab, he retnrned over the high passes into t he Tons bn~i n and back
ta Sirmcr, where he made t,lle Cha~i r peak hie plincil~al st:~t.ion of observation.
E u assistants who had starter1 detail survey all resigned during the year a.s t hey
found their umall allowa~nces (Lid 11ot neal - l ~ ~uect, their high rspenses.
During the winter he movetl down t o t . i ~r plaiiis, cstnblishecl :I station a t
Sahiiranpur, and then worked east~vard through 1tollill;hand t o Hureillg, fixing his
positions from the snow peaks already cut in, and sketching as ~nuch of t he hills as
he could see. Early iu 1817 he met Webb who had started an independent survey
of the Kumaun hills. During the spring nionths he worked up t o Ja1umot1-i t o locate
t he source of the .Jnmna, and t,hen crossed ovcAr t o t he Bhiigirathi t o Gnngotri,
t he repnted source of the Ganges, being joined on hi^; way by .James Herbert,
his new assistant..
They hoth got away to military dut y for a Sew months a t t he end of 1Y17, but
on hiu return Hodgson founcl himself too r~nwell to take an a,ctive part i n t he
survey, and left no st of the obeervations to Herbert. He resigmed in October
1818 and. having convinced himself t hat astrono~nical observations u.lone did not
prove a satisfactory hasifi for hin triangles, left Herbert, t,o mensure a proper bnse-
line an t he ground.
Herbert devoted the cold weather of 1818-9 t o t he measr~remeut of this base-
line, and, after connecti~lg it, with t he triangulation, found satisfactov results a t
h t . He spent the rains of 1819 a t the pleasant hill station of [<otga~-h, fifty ~ni l es
north-eaat of SimIa, and t he next tllree months in tho tipper Sutlej valley beyol ~d.
Re wae later joined by Thomas Oliver and on his tranafer t o Calcutt,a left him
t o complete the work by .June 1822.
Webb completed his eurvey of Kurnaun towarde tlie end of 1821.
Hie first
-reports on the heights of t he snow' peah, whioh included thoae of Nand& Devi and
t h e weatem giant8 of Nepal, ' created a rjeneation and so~llo scepticiern in
Europe, but hie critioe were satiefied on t he publicat,ion of professional dhaila.
During t he atruggle n,gainst pi&rin and Mariithas most of t he survey in
the Bengel Preeidencg outside the Himiilayan area was concerned with revenue
dministration, the settlement of bonnda.ries, or t he conetruotion of r ode . %venue
surveys became of incr-ing importance,~and by 1822 ha.d b n started seriously
in Sylhet, the sundarban~, ant1 the Uppor Provinoclr.
In 182.1 tho olltbreak of war c~gni~iat Rurma diverted most of the revenue
surveyor# to t,he exploration of (!Hch&iv. Assam, -4rakan and Burma, in support of
the troops. LJelnbel-ton wm the leatlir~g surveyor on the CBohiLr front, and he noon
forward into Manipur, where he continuecl for ~everel years in a ~ami -~ol i t i cal
LlulTeying the frontier with Ri~rma, ancl rutitling a line down to .-lvi~.
Bedford, \Yilaox and Burlton did most of the survey np thc Hrnhrnaputra,
reaching Ptlsigh&t on the Dihing, and the .Brahmnkuncl lifty miles east of Sadiya.
On Redford's withclrawal iri Septen~ber 1826, Wilcox was specially co~t ~mi ~si oned to
discover tllc source of the Brahn~api~tra. Abor tribesmen stopped hi^ journey LIP
the Ditlilng, hut he satisfied himself by neveral measure~nents that the Brahtnttputra
derived the great volun~e of its water through the DihLng which appeared t o flow
directly from Tibet. After several joilrneys into the Afishmi Hills, he and Burlton
traveUecl ?nutward into Burtna, and in May 1827 reached the western branch of
the Irrawaddy near Putao, or Fort Hertz. The mnall flow of water in thig branch
gave stroiig eviclence against the suggestion that the Tsangpo of Tibet lnnde one with
the River of Ava. Both surveyors were laid up with fever for several months &er
this adventurous journey, and \Vilcox then withdrew to C&lcutta t o work up his maps.
Very little work could be dolie by the surveyors in Arakan owing to the ravages
of fever, difficulties of comtnr~nication and transport, and the impossibility of
working without escorts.
The most valr~able work in Bitrtnn was done by Peter Grant, who had just
retunled from leave to the Capo, where he had spent rnost of his time with the
Astronomer Royal. He landed a t Rangoon in .Tuly 1825, armed wit,h first-class
instrunlents, and took observations for latitude ancl longitude rbt LLn~lgoon,
Prome. anrl other places up t,he Irrawnddy, whilst his assistants made detailed
surveys. After the campaign was over Bromne and Trant made indepentlent
surveys across the Arakan Yoma t o t,he west coast.
After the signing of peace in February 1826, Grant moved to Moulmein, where
he took Inore astronomical observations. He made three short trips up the Salween
and surveyed the rivers of Allherst to the Siam border. By the end of 1827
he was saturated with malaria, and had to withdraw to Calcutta. He hoped to
regain health by a sea voyage but clied a t sea in April 1828.
The close of the MarBtha War left the southern and western frontiers open for
further surveys.
During the long minority of the young chief of Nsgpur, the Resi-
dent took the oppoi-tunity to have a good one-inch survey made of the greater
part of the country, bhat ma8 carried through between 1823 and 1830 without
reference to the Surveyor General. The Quartermaster General maklteined a
number of surveyors rated as A.Q.Y.G.'~, who extended military surveys into
the sparsely habitcd territories of NBgpur, MBlwa and R&jput&na.
Of the surveys controlled by the Surveyor General, Franklin carried on in
Bnndelkhand internlittontly till 1820. Under Hodgson's direction Johnston
completed the survey of BhopBl between 1819 and 1823, and Alesander Gerard
spent two seasons from 1822, and a short one in 1827, surveying further north,
towards Nimach and Jaipur. In 1828, a more extensive survey was started
by Boileau from AllahBbHd ; he ran traverse t,hrough Cawnporc to Delhi and
Agra, incidentally correcting an error iu the longitude of Cawnpore which had
persisted .since that fixed by Reuben Burrow. He then worked westwards
towards Bharatpur, whom chief hnd a t last submitted to Brit,ieh arms. I n plan-
ning these surveys, Hodgson aimed at a system of co-ordinated and intersecting
traverse lines, controlled by regular astronomical observations : contit~uous triangn-
lation was out of the question.
Mackenzie'~ appointment as Surveyor ~e n e r a l of India found him just returned
to I\Idrtw after four years absence in Java and Bengal.
He applied himmlf at
ollce to the reogallizat,ion of the Madras snrveys on "one uniforlu s~st el n", follow-
ing the prillciples he had worlred out in JIysom and the @(led Districts.
H~ planned four fielcl part.ies which were Inter reduced t o three, each llndoran
Inilitary surx-eyer,
each with a number of country-born assistants,
end a miter or illt,erpreter.
surrey was t80 be based on La.~nbton' s trit~ngle-3 where
available, but elsen-here t,he party WM t o llWa*9Ure i t 9 Own base-line*.
Ik8ser
triangles were t o be observed ne n rule by t he military surveyor in cha%e,
end the detail filled ill by theodolite traverse or plane-table.
Survey on t he
one-inch scale,
part,y redncing its ow11 work t o t he quarter-illch scale
secleoll by seaeon,
As~istanLs wn c ~ ~ found for these new parties by closillg (low11
the separate dist,rict surveys.
The party which had just. completed t,he survey of Solltla ~ n d e r Garling was
]nored to coorg under canner.
C$a,rling raised a new part,y for t,he Niz&m's
territories, and IVard a tllircl for TI-a\-ancore. There was solne delay in forlnillg t he
foudh party intended for the Sorthern Circrirs. A st,art was made a t t he end of
1815 by sentling a small detach~nent north of the IZistna,, whilst Mountford took
&nother t o Ci ~u~t fi r, which hat1 hecn left unfinished by the closing of the Milit,ary
Institution. 3fouatford had to he withdra\vn t o taltr ovcr the BIadras office, and
i t mas 11ot till 1820 t hat an oflicer was fol~ntl t o cstentl survey north of t he
Uodlrari, beyond t,he last of Laml ~t on' s triangles.
Surrey was t o cover all detail requiretl for military and civil needs. with EL
stat,istical and descriptive men~oir of thct colultry. Mackenzie insistetl on steady
progress strictly according to progwnlme.
All piirties wcrc t o be ~l n t k r t,he
wnt,rol of his representative at thc Yresi(1ency.
Maclrenzie was so engrossed with this work at Madras t hat hc ditl not Inove t o
Calcutta till Jul y 1817. He left Riddell in charge, with a small drawing section
t,hat was fully occupiecl in maintailling records, copying maps for t he ('oul-t of
Directors. and subject to t he Surveyor General's approval compiling a,ny special
maps the local Government might call for. He kept a, tight control from
Calcutt,a. and exchanged lettcrs with 1iidclell at least once a week. On Biddell's
death in 1818. Mountfort1 was I)rought in from Guntiir: and t he post nns up-graded
t o bepoty Surreyor General in Is.::. 3Iountfortl died in 1824, ; ~ n d \vat; succeeded
by 1)uncan Jlr~ntgornerie. Ri)th otticers were good atlminist,rat,ors, ant1 did lnuch
t o nlaintain a high stanclartl of SII~I-ey ancl mapping, even though t hey were
never able to inspect the units in the tielrl.
Ward set out from Madras in Jul y 1816 and, picking up t he assistant surveyors
in Dindjgul, s t a r t 4 them on ~vorlc in Travancore, where t he country was mount-
ainous, heavily wooded, and full of fever. He mas joined early in 1818 by Connor's
par$ from Coorg, and between them t he Travancore survey was completed by
t he end of 1820. Ward t.hcn finished off t he Dindigul survey, and moved t o
Coirnbatoro t o survey t he Nilgiri Hills, for now t hat their healthy climate was
appreciated there was an urgent call for maps. Ward completed his survey with
heighb of the plateau and its peaks by the end of 1823, and then moved down bo
Malabar.
He wm now SO saturated wi t h fever that, he had t o take leave t o the Cape,
leaving two tnlsted ~8i a t a nt s tn carry on. IAittle progrees was made in his absence,
howeyer, aR both Keyes and XIacMallon were continually &k, anti Keyes died
t he fol\o\ving year. war d returned a t the end of 1825, a new lnan with a wife
to I CK) ~~ after him, and the surrey \vent stondily forward till, early ill 1~:30,
ahlahal. 1 ~ 6 completetl, together with t he N'ynid, anti soulld connection made
with al l a(lJ;lcpnt BLIrVRyH. \V!tr(l mas a title topographical his
aum(!Y of thew henr.ily wooded, intricate?, ant1 fevcr-ridden hillR of ROllt,h-WBst
pcninnl~ln wan a nlagniticent piece of work.
Idnlt)ton hat1 taken his tl.ia~~gleu into t he NizLm's soutll-easterll territories (luring
lfilB, and it ~ ~ f i conveniellt t'herefore thut Garling shoultl st art h h topograIlhic:al
sllrvey in the Rsiohcr Circgr, in the Tungabhadre-Kistna daGb.
HC stertecl work
in Joly IN16 with three msist.ante, completing ItaichCir by tho end of 1817 cand then
moving Being n mmter triangulator after Lernbton's own hwrt , he
pushed hiR 'trianglw beyond the western frontiers, n.nd fixed the positions of the
famous r~rins of BijBpur, finding his work greatly appreciabd by the Ro~nbay
Rurveyors worliing fin111 Yoona. His entarprise waa rebuked by Mackenzie, who
inPis&d tllat he had no right to eswcd hia inst.ruct,ions which conbled him to the
Niziim'~ clominionn.
Sl~n.t=y was 1n11cll interrr~ptcrl by sickness, and t.he party hat1 to retreat to
Hellary each year for the rains. One of the assint,ants died in 1819, and Garling
himeelf tlied the following year. (lonner came up from 'rra\.nncore. but died within
a month of reaching Hgderiibiid. Robert Young took charge in IJece~uber 1821, Lnlt
aft,er t,i\-o tielti seasons he also succambetl, and died in .Tuly ln23. Under Crisp,
on~, t. hc~. officer of t,he hlilitary Institut,ioll. work proceecletl steatlily sot ~t h of Hyder-
itl5tl t,ill, i l l 1825, thr Surveyor (4enc.ral ortleretl the suupcrrsion of the survey so
t.hat its ~c.~ortl* ctor~ltl be 1,rorlght up-to-date and re-arraiigc.tl Ily ntlnlinistrat,ive
rirr.cirs, C'risl) LLIICI C I I I ~ ilssir;tar~rt ~noving to (litlc~~ttn fi)r the prlrpose. 'rhr party
~.~nssetill,lotl agrriii fix l i t b l t l work in January 1827, but shortly after C'riap lranded
oh7t.r to J. T. \\:ebl~. \\'ebb took sick lea\.c to England in IS.'!), i ~nd It'ft tl~:. party
to Hcnry hIo~,l;~lrrl. i t 1 whose c ' ~ ~ R I I I c hntrtls it contiuuccl, off and on, for nearly
twrnt.y years.
The survey or tlie Sortl~crrr C'ircArs was long o\,crdne urltl esvept f i r the fertile
coastal fringe the country was ~~racticrrllp unknow~~. as there harl been none of the
military w~i i vi t , ~ t,llnt hat1 opvnetl up other parts of the peilulsuls. JIacketrzie had
lrol~c~l that, I,anibt'on \vo~~ltl he able t o 1)rovide t,he IlecezlsitC- triangulatio~r. but
his ~nnin rcntral arc h ~ ~ t l 1)rii~r claim.
After. a stnrt Irntl been made by a party of assistant.^ north of the Iiistna,
RicI1ar11 Huttges took bharge early in In20 iind me~t s~r ~~ct l R base-line near Ellore,
but died shortly aftcr. Sncll. who took over in Kovembcr I n20, Ileld on for nearly
15 years, nucl cn,wiccl tria~igulation anti detail survey right tliruugh to Canjam.
He hacl many can~raltit~s anlorlg his n?wist,ants owing to the pestilential character
of t,hc fever-ridden junglt!s, but he llurscd the party through. Jlontgolaerie was
frrq~ent ~l g roused t,o f i ~r y by the slow progress metlc, ant1 ww co~lvinced t hat Sllell
was t i shirlrcr, but tl~or~gh wide gaps were left along the western lorders they
were not of much political or military interest and reliable rnnps were protlllced
of t,hu p n B r part. of the country.
At the outbreak of the pia&ri--3IarBtlla wars of 1816 to 1818. the energies of
the Bombay snk.veyors were mainly directed to large-scale i.evenue survey&.
Willianls, who~e ofice as Surveyor General had been ebolisl~ed ill l Y I D , cont i uud
in charge of the revenue survey of Broach, ar~tl aa senior surreyor held charge of
all mappir~p, and continuecl to adriso C:overnu~e~it on sirrvex l n n t t e ~ till he retirwl
i r ~ 1821.
During the war a number of ofticera were employctl on military surveys of r o d s
and co~nmunirntion~, which under the enthusiani of ~Ialcolnl and Blacker were
compiled into valuable maps of Miilwa and the Deccan. Soon after p c e wm
signed Elphinstone, now Com~nisaioner a t Poolin. called for a ~negular sun.ey af
the Deccan, whioh wan starbed by Jarnea Sutlierland in 1818 with three or bur
Bombay 06cer anniutants and another t h m lent from M d m . Trianguletio~i wm
extended by Jopp from the eouth, starting from basea provided by Garling. h~
indepondont survey of the Southern Konkan was started in 1822 by Thomas J e ~ i a ,
who mc ae ad him own ham-lines i~ weU ee connecting to the trian@etion of
Garling and Eve-.
There were many changes amongst the officers of the Deccan survey, but work
proceeded steadily till, with the Konkan survey, it was closed down in 1830.
Sutherlend was appointed Assistant Surveyor General in 1822 and promoted to
Deputy the following year. On his departure to Europe in 1826 he handed over
to Jopp, who held the post for the nest seven years.
Neither the Deccan nor the Konhn survey was of very high standard, and
both laoked the accurate control that would have been given had Everest's longitud-
inal branch of triangles beell continued to Bo~nbay. In 1827 Jopp obtained the
Surveyor General's support for a trigonometrical survey 011 scientific lines, and
Robert, Shortrede, famolls later for his logarithm tables, started triangr~lation
from a base measured just above IChandgle Gh&t on the Bombay-Poona road.
His work waa not, however, in any way comparable with that of the Great Trigono-
metrical Survey, and was stopped by Ererest's orders in 1834.
The East Incha Coupally was a commercial concern, and the l)irrctors were
immediately interested in their trading profits, and in drawing a aubstantial and
regldar incolne from their cultivated landu. They fully realised that a contented
and hard-working peasantry was essential to the collection of land revenue, but
their officers experienced great difficultmy in making equitable assessments. The
various indigenous systems of land measurement and valuation of crops werc simple
and cheap, but had no pretensions to accuracy, and were liable to the gn~weut forl n~
of corruption and injust.ice.
After various experiments in Bengal, the permanent settlement of 1793 had
been introduced with the object of avoiding future diiliculties. The zamindara,
or landholders in possession, were to pay a fixed sum every year, based on the
estimated aseesament of their holdings in 1793, and Government renounced all
farther c l a h on the value of the crops. The drawbacks of the soheme were
innumerable, for no provision wau made for future changes of ownership, or the
subdivision of holdings. There was no record of the precise limits of the lands
oovered by the settlement, md no provision for the assessment and collection of
revenue in a m not so covered.
In Wm settlements of revenue were mado district by district accolding to
local circumstancsa. In most cases there was no regular land measurement, but
eeeessmenta were made from old recorda and continued indefinitely.
Alexander
Read in Salem, and Thomas Munro in the Ceded Districts, had made important
surveys with local Indian staff, and had introduced a trustworthy system by which
a fair waament was spread over the cultivators of those districts.
The rich lands of Bombay and SaIsette islands were subjected t o a meticuloug
survey under Thomas Dickinson and his military assiatents. Dickinson not
only made detailed measurements with high technioal skill, but also classified the
mils and crops, and aawmd the revenue to be paid on each holding. The survey
wea commenced in 181 1 and not completed till 1827.
The survey of Broach by W i m s and five or six military assistants, though
not on euch a large ecele, wea nearly as elaborate. After the experimental survey
of one vlllege in 1812, the survey of three para- was completed by 1817, and
then extended throughout Gujarkt. Cnrikshank, who took over froln Williams,
0 1 4 down field survey in 1827, but did not complete hie maps and reporb till
two yearn labr. The Direotore were greatly pleeeed to get tho detailed informetion
provided by them sumeye, but they were expensive end ebborate, and but little
by the dhtriot ofimm, who preferred to beee their revenue assessments m d
~ollecfions on the enoient oustom of the country.
- elebomte survey8 were started in the Deccan, somewhat on the lines of
lh~nro'a survey of the &.led Distriots, but were in some inatenoes unatisfactory
owing t o t he high rat e of wsecianlent.
The lfiost valuable was tltat made of S6tft.m
by Adanls, but extended elforts made under Robert Pringle, a Bombay civilian,
were t he snbject of continuecl criticism and discr~ssion and eventually led t o t he
valuable system worked out by Wingate, and followed by t he Bombay Presidency
for t he next generation.
' rhe most inlportant of the early surveys in Bengal, following t he per~nanent
settlenlent, were t,hose of t he Sundarba~i s antl of Sylhet. Heclatnat~ion of t he Sundar-
llans, which had been c~bandonerl so011 after t he deat h of Henckell, became a mat t er
solne interest after 1807, alld was mainly effected by cultivators who wished t o
eskrl t [ their fields wit,liout incre~cse of taxation. As all lanet t hat had not been
cultivated in l71):j was held t o I)elong t o Uovernmcnt, t he first requisite wm a survey
of the lilllits brtweeti cultivation ant1 waste land, and this was t he nlairl purpose
,>f the survey started by William Morrienon in LHll, and extentlet1 hin brother
~ ~ g h till the breakdown of hin healt,l~ in 1818.
In 18113 a Corn~nissiono~. WHS appointed t o wcertain how far t he mmi~r.dnr.r had
ellrrorLched beyo~ld their per~nanent l y nett,led estate^, t o resunle such encroachments
011 bchnlf of (:overnme~~t., ant1 t o aettJc t he tertns of redi st ~i hnt ~i on. I n I82 I Thoruas
J'rinYeI> wns ul~~)oilltc(I SLIP\ -C~OI. to t he Buntlerbans Co~nnlissior~. nnd srlrvey
l)roceceIeel cont~inuously for tht. next tun years, l'rinsel) being ~ucceetlrtl in t ~ ~ r n by
Mullock and Hodges. I t \\-as tluring this survey that. t he Y~unt l erba~~s Iunds w-ere
tlistriblltctl nndrr the stb~.ial lot nult~l,ers by which t,hey are still linow 11. The
surveyor co~lfi~letl hi ~nsel r t o I I ~ L ~ I I I . H ~ fent'uws only, t he k11c~lx or creeks which formed
the lot limits: he was t ~o t co11t.c.rnet1 with n~easut rment of tields or ~ssessul ent of
I'CveIIIIt'.
C ) I ~ I ~ 2,100 scluare miles ol' Sylliet clistrict came unclcr t he pe r ma ne ~~t set,tlen~ent,
t hr r r l nui ~l t l t ~~~, o v c ~ ::,olio squi ~r r ~tiiles, beiug a t t hat time uncultivated, and t he
prop~". t g of Govern~nent,. There had since been ~uuc h extension of cultivatiou.
ull(l etfol-ts were first ~nat l e to nlensnre thi* by t he doubt,ful agency of amins. In
IS?:! the ( ' o~~~n~i nxi ol ~e r obtained t,he service8 of Thonlns Fisher t o control these
roniit.s by a tnttster survey of 11loclrs and estates. Fisher cont i ~l ~red this survey until
1829, t,hough int,erruptetl fur two seasons by t he Burmese war. His accurate
survey of t he outer liniits of his bloclrs provecl a grent st i ~l l ul us k) t he accuracy
of t he CLI I LLI W, and proclucetl valuable 1.rsults without thtb excessire expetlse incurred
in Gujarkt, and t,he Upper L'rovinces.
I t was 1o11g clebated w11etht.r a per.uiunent set t l e~ue~r t shoulcl be applied t o t h e
tlist,ricts of the so-callrtl ('t-(let1 and Conquered Provinces. tnken ovcr by t he Conipany
betwce~l 1801 ant1 InOF. The 1)irectors were most reluctant t o make any settlement
without a bett.er I<rro\vletlge of t he rcsourcrs. They were much inlpressed by t he
result^ of 3Iunro's survey of t he Cetled Thstricta, and still lllore yo by \\'illiams'
survey of Broach, and they st.rongly atlvocated t he adopt,ion of thorough surveys of
this nature both i n llladras and t he Upper Provinces of Bengal. The Bengal Govenl-
ment wlts alartned a t t he probable expense and very heavy nat ure of t he work,
and referred t he quest,ion t o t he Su l ~e g o r General. Mackenzie was, however,
far too cautious to express any definite opinion. and indeed he was rlot suficierltly
acquoitited with Bc~lgal contlitions, or t.he problenis invol\:ed, t o formulate re-
conuuendat,ions on the subject.. His health was fnilulg! ~ l l d he had lost his vigour-
After his death ill 1821 Hodgso~l took up t he quest i o~l wit11 euthllsiaslll, and
with his co-operation Governnient issued instructions lnyitlg down tile gened
~~r hoi pl e s t hat shoulcl guide t he conduct of revcrlut! surveys in t he upper proYinces,
and t he extent t o which they should he used by tlle district ro\,enue staff.
During 1823 four separate surveys were st,arted in (;orakhpur, Rollilkhand,
Delhi ; each under charge of a niilitary surveyor, who had e mi l i hry aseiawt,
three or four country-born assistants, and t he aanie rlunlber of ami,na. Each party
was req~onsible for a pmfessional, or European, eurvey, ent i l i ng 8 bW-rneeeure-
merit. wit11 triangulation and traverse, and survey of maill t.opopphical feeturee,
hemides admi ni ~t rat i ve and village boundaries. Tile surveyor in wes
responsible for measurement of fields, or valnntion of soil or crops, as in Bombay,
these being left to t he district officers and their Indian st.aff. Village lllaps were
on the scale of eight inches t o a mile, and of cultivatetl and waste land werP
calculated separately. The task was colo~sal and, as t,he surreyon were a,nxious to
produce good work, progress \VRR desperately slow coilsidering t he a.rea t h ; ~ t had t o
be covered.
Tl ~e surreys ca.ine tLirectlg under tlie orde<s of t he Surveyor General unt,il l<laclier
took over from Hodgson in October ld2:i. Hodgson was then appoii~t~ed l<evenur
Surveyor General, making his headquarters nt Fatehgarh where he \V;LS i~longside
the Commissioners for whom thc work was being ci ~ni ed out. On t he oi ~t break
of tlie Burmese war all t he s~~rveyc>re except, those of Uelhi were called off for aur\-ey
with t he armies, most of t,hem clrifting back to t,he rcveuuc surveys before t,he end
of 1826. On Blacker's death Hodgson reuulned office as Surveyor General, and
continued t o ail~ninister the revenoc surveys until Herbert, took them over on his
leaving IntLia.. By 1890 t,he nr~mber of part,ies in t,he Upper Provinces had in-
creased t o five, with a total of 6 milit.a,ry officers, and 25 civil assistant^.
Go~ernment , ns well as thc, civil revenue oflicers, f ~ ~ l l y recognizetl tho great
value of t he survey, hut. were impt~tient : ~ t t l ~a tlelil,er;l.te. precise, nicthotli
followetl by t.11~ s~~r. ve> ors. Ai~sious to get ~~~fficieilt,l\- reliable survey9 a t it
much faster rat,e of progress and at lower cost, t he Ciorerr~or (ieneral, Lord \Villisn~
Bentinck. summonetl a confereilce of revenue officers and snrveyors a t AUn.hri.bstl in
1833, which led t o a considerable iucrc~asf. of o~i t t urn.
By 1815 Lambton, being in a t least his 60th year, had completetl his tnangula-
tion south of parallel 16", and carried his central arc lip to Bidar ill latitude 18".
For the next six yeaw he occupied himself a t HyderibSd with reports and
computations.
On t he basis of his great arc along ten degrees of meridian, and of
f i nch and British measures, he worked out fresh values for the figure of t he
a r t h , and with thew recomputed his work, not only once, but twice.
Field work was carried on intermittently by his assistants, though precautions
had t o he taken on account of t he war. I n addition t o estending t hc great arc
northwards to t he Godgvari during 1817, l)e Penning spent several months of l Sl . ;
on secondary connections t o t he south.
i n e n Everest joined a t the end of t he year he was, after a few months training,
c l e ~ ~ ~ t e d t o run triangles north and south between t he Kistna and Godgvari rivers
to the emt of Hyder&hid. Work lay through difticult hilly country, covered with
dense forest. Following Lambton's regular procedure he took t he field during t he
height of the rainy w o n , in order to take advantage of t he clear vi~ibility, and
he and his men were overwhelmed by malaria. After a second at t empt he waa
compelled in 1820 t o takc long leave t o t he Cape.
During his absence, tiiangulatioll of t he south-east area of t he Niztim's t erri t ori e~
was coolpletcvl under Jh Penning, and in t he rains of 1821 Lambton inoved out
to extend the great arc to Berfir. De Penning took the triangulation t o within 60
mi h of EUichpur, but then had to break off as his whole party was orippled with
fever. With Voywcy's help Lainbton measured a base a t Tikarkhera, ant1 l n d e t he
necewwaly astronomical obser\.ations, though he was no longer capable of accurate
work or prolonged exertion.
Eve mt rejoined from leave just ns Lambton wm packing up for his return t o
Hyderiibiid, end in October 16122 waa given an indopendent task, to run a chain of
thwlee wwtwards towards Poona and Bombay, whilst Lambton cl os d d o n hla
d b h h m e n t a t Hyderiibki, and set out, wick bnt determined, on t he long m~ r c h t o
% P u ~ he^ prop& t o up headquarters for his work to t he north. The
J O U ~ Y was too much for him ; he wea ncarly 70 yeam of age, anti was in all
i,~val,cc.d st,agct
c.llnsllml)tion.
Hc (IietI 1111 L'ltth . l an~~a, ry 1823, nt. Hillp;rn#llGt,
nl~out '30 u~ilcs ~llort, of Nfigl)~~~. .
Ererest I,rokr off I1i.j t,rierlgulnt~ion j ~ ~ u t short of SllolAp~~r. :~nci mt.11rnetl t o
liJrllerGhiltl to Issnnlrlt* cha~gn rtncl to fnllow out I~aml)ton'n programme in r~rrry-
i ng tht. #rent ILPC Ll ort I~wa~Is towar(Is Agrn. L111rin~ hi u i~ltlel~rnrlent operat,ions
lltul u.ol.krtl out several i~uprovementlr in technique nnci procr(111ro. He llacl
tliwcovered ancl put into practice the grwt value of night observations t o Inmps,
t,hlls tnIring aclvalltage of the rioct~~irnal increase of vel-tical refraction. He had
devised lamps for the purpose, and was now able to avoid the udlealtlly
months of the monsoon. But he had found no panacea for t,he vagaries of Indian
climate and disease, and was struclr down with fever just as he wm s t d i n g out
from Hyderibld at t.he end of the rains of 1823. This fever har~ntecl him on
and off for the next two years, but he was a man of ind~mit~able will, ~ t r ~ t l (lid not
give in 11~1 llnd cw.~,ritltl his triangles t,o r L successful clolre at Sironj, through
more than three dcaprees of arc. Such WBS his \~.r:~kneus tI1i1.t hr hit([ *.t times
t,o be held 1111 to his instruuients 11y two of his nlcn.
Setting out from Hyderiibiitl in October, he tlep~~tetl .loscl)l~ Olli\-er to carry
t,he triangles ~lorthwartls fro111 t,he point where they had broken down two seasons
earlier, whilst hc and \'oysej~ w1.11t forwart1 t o nieet Dc Penuing nt. Ellichpur.
He,rc he acceptrd La~ubtou's ~neasure~ncnt of the Tiikarkhertt hn.se, hut. took pill-ti-
cl~lar cnre in connecting it to acljace~it stnt,ions, and niatle fresh ol)ser\latio~ls for
zenith distance.
He now lost the servic~s of both De Pel l ni ~~g and Voysey.
Ile Penning had a
la.rge family t,o educate in Matlrcw, t~ntl Voysey found his sal a~y insuficient'.
He
hat1 done valuable pioneer work as geologist, though his rc,searchcs hut1 iiot revedecl
Il.ny hidden cauHes of 1oca.l attraction, the chief purpose for which Lpinbton required
his ~ervices. His health hat1 been badly shaken during hie fire years with the
survey, and ho died j u ~ t before reaching C't~lcutta after his long march from BelQr.
Left now with but t15-o traillet1 nssist~ants, Ollirer tint1 Rossenrode, Everest
carried his triangles through the tlifticult wooded hills and river \-alleye that lay
~l o~- t h of Berkr, and r.enched colup~~rativrly open country round Sironj, on parallel
2.i0, in No\-einl)er 1824. Here he spent three il~onths ~neasuring a base aud making
obwr\.ations. He was no\\, completely \vorn out and towards the cntl of 1825
handed over Olli\-er ant1 lel't for England, not to retlrrr~ till October 1830.
The years he now spent in England were all in tllr service of the trigono~uet,rical
survey. The i~uportant instrurnt~nts and equil~ment with which I,alnbton had
started the survey were da~naged ant1 worn-the great three-foot tlleodolitcthe
zenith sector-the ch;~ins-and lie was co~umission~d to study the latest develop-
rnents in Europe, and purchase for the survey the nlout up-t,o-dat.~ alld stlitable
apparat ~~u that co~ild be obtauled. Jlaliiug contact with the Ordnance Srlrvey of
Great Brit,a.in, btbsitles leacling scierlt,ists and instrulnellt makers, llc. fillNed
hiu ~nission to s~icli good effect t hi ~t on his return to India he w m ltble to
reorganize the work of thc S I L ~ V~ Y. ,LIICI bring its operatio~ls up t o the highest.
standards of ctcc~l~mcy to be fi~1111tl c~~u~nhor e a t t hat period.
An eq1l~lly importent,
task was the working out and annlysis of the results of his obaematiolls mede
betwoen 1823 and 1825, arltl t,hese he published in 1830 the tit,\c .4j1
. ~ C X O U ~ of Ch@Akf~!s~~re~ni?nl of nrh arc of tho :Jfer.idian. fh.e Pardl rk ?(.I0 3'
lbnd 2 4 O 7'.
Thc~*e bed he011 muc:h tliso~~ssion as how brst t,o e~uploy t,l~e st.aff ch~ri ~l g Rverest's
absc?nrr. Thc?~v \+.as no officer suit,nbly qnalificd who could be trusbrl to continue
the grcat aro ~iorth\vards to t,hc ~nountai~ls. ils plan~led. ant1 it wns tlecitletl that
OUiver should rlln ;L longit~~tlinal series of t,riangles frou Siro~lj to C:alcuth,
working with the best nvn.ilnhle sorvicenbln instrualent, an 18-inch tnheodolite.
Olliver completed t,his by 1832, working throl~gll t,he difficult, unhealthy, oountry
of Bundekhand, Baghelkhand, and Chota Nigpnr. Coming down t o the flat
plains of Bengd he was facet1 by tho same problenl that Lambton had met on the
conat of Tanjore, but wit, ho~~t the advantage of high pagodas to give visibility
above the serried tree-tops. Help wae found in the single line of telegraph
signalling t.owew that had been recently built between Calcutta and ChunBr,
a,nd thew were supplemented by specially built towow such as were later used for
carrying t,hc great triangles across the Ganges vallcy.
Time marches on, and the story of another epoch has been told. 1830 is a
]nost important date for the Indian surveys, for it nlarkci the triumpli of Lambtori's
p t concaption, the subordination of all survey work to the one master survey
"ascertaining t8he great geographical features of a country up011 correct mathe-
matical principles". When Eoerest became Surveyor Genural he gave the Great.
Trigononletrical Survey first priority, and was determined to pus11 it forward with
dl the means at his disposal. and t,o allow no survey to be initiated on any othor
bnais.
BENGAL t THE UPPER PROVINCES
Chi t t c~~ong n: Sundnrl~roas, 18 IS-6 - f 'rtlctfltu - BPIVJOI Rivers - .Nnri~cr. ~Yur-
veys - Orissu, 1818-21 - Sepdl Frontier, 1816-20 - Oudh & Qorakhpur, 1817-20
- Saluiralbpur 9: DeAra, 1815-9 - Dtllti Cnrlnlv - ; I l l r t l ~i d to Agm, 1837-8 -
dgra, 1829-30 - Roads.
r \HOU(>H it ww now nlorc than forty years since Rennell had compl et ~l liie
1
survey of Beogal, on scale no larger than tive iliiles to an inch, it a a s only in
a few distliots t h~t t tlemarldtr were riinde for bettor Irlapn. Such tleulnntlrr came
generally from district oficinls who wt~nted something in tlie iiaturo of (L general
revenue Rurvey shewing villages and their cultivated lands and the main features
of the country. For ~u c h purposes were the surveys of Chittago~ig and the
Suntlarbans, where large areas hnd been opened np since the tulopt.ion of the
permanent settlement. Bot,h were started before the Nepiil war, and Cheape's
survey of Chittngong was too iinport,ant to he interrupted on its account
[ 11, 19, 178 1.
His fieldbooks run from January l Ul > t o 3larc.h 1817. whilst his final maps
wore not completed till October 1810. Tho survey was conacicntious and
thorough. His maps were plotted Ar ~t on the one-inch-scale, and then reduced to
half-inoh, quarter-inch. and finally to ten miles to an inch, all clear and full of
detail1.
'Che survey wns to cover thono cultivated t.l.scta nut inrluded in existing survey8 ... for
the tinsiatance of the Revenue Depart,ment in the assessment of tlie l n~~ds , the meaqitrement of
which wan at thnt time undertaken by the .%sistnnt Collector. ...
Nowly cultivntixl lands lie conti&mous t o the tiilla and jungle, R I I ~ nearly tliroiiyhout the
whole diatriot a 11cw topogrt~phival stvb-ey ir in propreas of all Ian& lately reclairneda.
The map hw b m noonstructed from a seriea oC routes surveyed by c or npa t clmin,
excepting the sout.hern p r L . of the diatrict ... wl~em the perambulator wlle used. ...
Theee mutea have been rarriecl along the edm of thu hills and jungle. and into the
cultivated recess- and corners, so es to define the boundary of the cultivated tracts ; like.
wi e along t,he banks of the rivers. along the whole of tho rot& and, where the cultivated
tracts are of sufticient extant, ... intersecting the I-ountry so LW to form a serios crf dioqondn,
averwing a square 2 or 3 milee each side.
The ewvey heLl been rorrectetl by latitiides...liliewiaR by bmrriogs ... taken t o tl~tl p a k s of
hills when viaible. ... The longitude of Ishmnb~cl [Chittagong ] ha* boen taken from Major
Rennell' ~ map [I, 152 1. ...
The survey of the Neaf River was attentlml with s g o d deal of tlifliculty tmtl fatigue, in
conseqomce of only smdl uncovered boats being procurable. ... The Kurnilfoollee River hes
been mveyed ... by mecms of a rope 1,000 feet long, sustained on the w o k by floeta, and tlre
p i t i o n of Rn n g ~ m~ t t y determined by bearing & augle of altitude of Dolphin. the distenoe
being deduced from the height of this hill having been previo~mly determnined. ... Sundeo[,
Ld. r ie] not aurveyd, but laid down by bearinp from Seetacoo~~ Hill3 [ 1. 23 1.
Cheape made no attempt to Rurvey the wild hills t o the ecrst, but he givee
(I panoramic view shewing the "Bloo Mountain" some forty miles di whnt , with
btmring~ to individual peeks4.
MRIO, 38 ( IPIH ) ; Mac. 6-0-20.
' Ftlbk. MRIO. M 267 ; RawBMC. 26-10-10 ( 89 ).
' Si b
kund, 79 N/IO. MRIO. 38 ( 10 ) ; Misa. 40-0-19.
The p wm thm' the hill^ beiu~g so ui~nilar to mr h other, it. ww c:on*iclere:i H wwto of timo
to go tllnl' the whole of tllr~ll. ... Cn thuw t he survey hlrs I~een varrriocl through, t he pera~nbu-
lntnr hns heen wed. boiug ilnl~rncticnble for the c*heiu.
The rncolnpnrlyit~g mu], on 1I1r ~c a l o of 10 nile en to all hlch will nerve to show 111y idea of these
llills, t,llo course or tllo l i t ~l ~~r l yng Rivor., wit1 to be I I I I ~ earrtarn b o l u ~ d a r ~ [ 68 1, likewise
of t,lle nl~llahs rnnnir~g into it,, tlie r~ositicn~ of Arrnrnu [ I , X 1. L~ roecln t l ~ro' it. ... r\ltho' the
i l l f ~l m~t i on it will c8t)nvcy is very li~niterl, i111d 1 hnve no great olrit~iorl of its correatnerrs. it
will yot serve to r l ~r w the illen the lrill people und Mup' lmve of our hountlarya.
\lii\lianl Morricsoll had st~tartrtl the Sundarbu.11~ survey in l f i l l , ant1 his hrotl~eer
Hugh carrier1 on till cillled otf by ttt1r Nep81 war 1- LJ. 14-j. 177 1.
Here again t he
primary piirposc was t o ascertnill t,he ext.ent of culti\-atioll for rcvenlle asncnsment
[ 134, 139 1. \Yillialu hntl survcyetl the nreu "betweell the Hooghly on t he west and
the: Juboona mltl Koyrnungul ri\-era on t he east ", his 1,rother 111aking "considersble
progrcss ... from the Roylnnnglil lt,iver earttvard t o the ( : ~i bber d~~cl r "~. When
Hugh rcsullletl survey, 1st October lXlii, he reportetl tl1;il
n ~ l y
11a1I' ~rf tlln s ~~r v e y ... i~ co~nl)letrel.
(>re;~t tlimt.ultirs nri.;~: i l l c.rtrryil~g OII, ... the
inlmerl.le esteut 8 ~ 1 ' j u~gl u, tho ll:~bitati;~n of iygers ulill ~bthcr IJVHSL-; I I F prey, prevrr~ting t he
I)o~<il~ility of li1111li11g on ~ ~ l r n n ~ t ~vt \ r y 1)ill.t ot' this extellsivn t w t . 'l'l~c \-ariety OF tidecl.
currents. .lntl ~ ~ o ~ u ~ t ~ ~ r - r r ~ r r v ~ ~ t s . Ilowiug ~ ~ O I I I H I I I I I I I I ~PI I ~iiffore~lt (-honn~>ls, will UI some
menslur espll~in t,he intricacy of lieel)inq an rxut-t lug OII I~uarcl t,he vwael ; Lltleed nothing
hut the 1111rqt mm-l~~itl. iuy attentiol~. with the urtristi~nce of t l ~ c Imxt instrun~ent* and comtant
wries of astronr~r~~ic~nl c)hucr\-ntiuns, CIIII condr~ct H surveyor t . I ~r o~~gt , SIY.II LL l ~l >~r i l ~t h4.
Re carried on wit,ll Illany adrentures and tliilicl~lties till October 1818, when lie
had t o close dow11 o\villg t o continllcd ill-health l envi ~~g nnsi~rveycd a width of about
(il, nlile* west of t l ~ . Alrghna" 1 7. 140 I .
Another si~rl-cy intcrruptetl by tllc \vnr wa s ttll:~t uf the tlistricl bonnclaries of
Hoophly, KurtlwZl~. hli&l;~pore. and thn "Jungle Mehnls ". or A[,z~lbhutn, st art ed by
.Jackson in IS14 [ 11. 19 ] n~l d coll~pletetl 1)). him bctween .Il)ril 18 lei and duly 181T6.
Flverost remmks that thong11 the iilap "givtls i i gout1 d t ~ l i ~ ~ c ~ ~ t i t ~ ~ ~ of tlie t,opograph-
ical fratlrrrs of thv ut ~~l l t r y ", itss l)~.ojectioli i ~nt l scc~.le were u r ~ t . ~ ~ r ~ s t \ v ~ ~ ~ t I ~ y ~ .
Surveys could never keep pace wit,l~ the espsusion of Calcutta [ 11, 17-8 1, and
in Pebr ~~ur y I Sl t i lEichelrl Faithful, of t he l'ioneera, was appointed "t o correct t he
. mmep of the wuh~irbs ... at, Howrah ant1 other placen ". His maps covered .' C:o~secpo~a,
Barnagore", scale 100 yards to an inch, and t he "Suburbs of C!aloott.a between
Bsragorc, Salt Water Lakes, etc. ", scale :!00 yarcls t o an inrhn.
In the cold weather of 181H-9 n class of npprent,ice aurreyorsB made a srlrvey of
the botanical garder~a a t Sibpur, which waq heaut,ifully tlraiwn, probably by their
instructor, \tTiUiam Scott [ 19 1. It shown "General A. Ryd' s garden [ I, 347 1,
now the property of ('. 7'. Metcalf, Esq. "lo, on t he river bnnk ill the nort h-ea~t
corner, the yrewnt site of the Bengnl Engineering Collegcll. 1)uring 1821--2 they
&J nurveyed Ctilcuttu m~idGn, scale 8 inches t o a mile! from Covernmcnt house
on the north t o the jail and militia lines in Slipore on t.he sout,t~l?.
A survey of Kiddcrpore was made for t he Bol~rd of Peve~l uo by He1u.y &borne
[ 138 1, and he tells of difficultierr fmm tho
the VIAL ~rnwillinpew of tho ndjoiningownern to point o i ~ t the houodories of their o m grounth,
or m~ c l ~ w t,hey lay #:lahim to. and the remnval of the pinn whicl~ I pnt dnwn to guide me. ...
T qh111i111 r1111ch wish to have a ati~temonc of the whole quantity of prr~ontl originally takoll
1 Mul~urnmtulnt~ yuupl~: of (:llitt.lgonp.
' Report, 14-10--1U. from MRI O. His,-. 20-0-IR (t 31 257 :
r&hm U t ~ h M 233-9; Intw n1np c.ompilpd InB.'. with Ublro'~ work i~ 110rtln [ I fl-<) 1, ill. 39 ( 0-10 ). K nl. to
inch. 'M'I!. Il&+i-lB ( 2 0 ) L BMC. 24-3-18 ( 310 ).
4ib. 26-10-16 ( 83) :
8 Hi* orkinlll rougll pro-
~rct i r~nr on !-inch scale. YRLO. Miac*. 9-0--In. nn~l +-inrl~ rcductiona, Mi%. 84-18.
6 BOO. OQ. 1 ~ 4 1 6 ;
map. filu~ut 1.ini.h mule YHIO. :M ( 10- 2 ) ; f~lbk. ill. \f W2B.
7 1)T)n. 2% ( ",OS-17 ) 1 7 8 3 1 .
OMRIO. qg
( 7 4 ( I .
Poll~ill. IJitrlmtrirk L ('layt<~n I 17 n.9. 22. 154 n.61.
InChna. 'rhctiyhil~~s BIeLa~lfc~ ( 1786);
WN. LBO0 : I l Kn. ; Dlfj.
I 1 MRuJ. 40 r I n ) ; m ft. 10 incl~.
it), 43 ( I + ).
to make this rod. ... vuri- the government of Lord Mornington I... it cont ai n4 8 width
of 600 feet, and extended from the old Uarderr R m b road near Kidderpore bridge t o its
junction near tho 6th milestone, n dietanoe of about 2 t miles. ... About 280 big8aha..h&q
beer, dht,ribubd in various ways, of which it is lieceesary to render an moount by my sume~' .
This survey was not completed, "the expenses having exceeded the amount contem-
plated by Government"3, but Osborne publislied in England " Phn of Cald*,
with the latest improvements ", in one sheet-in a case-prim 82s. 6d.
from 1820 the capable nncl versatilo surveyor, John Schaloh [11, 440- I], W&R
employed by the ''Lot,&ry &llllnittee" to Aurvey t.he flak lakes and surroundings
of Calcutta, and to prepare a plan for navigable canals connecting the Hooghly with
the waterways leading to the Sundarban~, fiince Tolly's Nullah [ I, 64,65 ] could no
longer cope wit11 the t,rnffic. He made n clet,ailetl survey, laid out the canab, ant1
designed and constructeci many import,ant bridges. His nlap was engraved in
eight sheets, scale 600 feet to nn inch, and issr~cd in 1825 with a "Book of
Reference " ' ;
Map of Calcutta ... will i ~ ~ l l ~ from the prcss in the new year.
Engraved by Mr. E. La Cornbe,
Entally.
l?le rmu~sn~l lnrge size of the pl r i h, cwrd the minuteness & n c c u ~ w with which
every feature of the town k inserted, excite our admiretion. ... The engraving has been made
from the large RIS. survey execute11 under t,ho inlinediate suporu>tendence of tllo Committoe
of Improvornent, by a gentlemnn of rare attninmorlt,s and talents, whose delicacy we muj t not
wotmd by bronder alliisiol16.
It is proposed to pablkll in Cnlculttn air engraved map of that city, on t,ho beat EngliRh
drnwing pnper. 5 feet 4 inches long 1,s 2 fvr.t. 10 inches broad, rovering an area of about 20
qua r e miles. Tho map will contnir~ evorg *t,reet., Inne. and road in the town. ... Tt mill show
every puclcn. hhilcling, puhlir office, LV privnte dwelling. ... To he ready for delivery ... &lam11
1825.
Price Rs. 411. or RY. 45 nount tad^.
There were several engraved editions on veiious scales, the following legend
appearing on that of 1830 ;
Pl an of the City of Cakutkn and its c?i r; ~. of ~a, Su~.\-nyod by the late Major J. A. Sohaloh fnc
the use of the Lottery Committee, and cont,ni~lLig all t,heir improvements, with ndrlitions hoin
the Surveyor General's office, and from rec8cnt. wirveys by Captain T. Pr h e p . Engrave+ by
E. De La Combo. The publisher beg8 to return hid thanlcs to Mr. 11;. N. James of t he St~rv@or
Genernl's office for the nicl lie has Rffordorl in the surveys of the adciitions made t o this edition.
Scale nbout 500 fert t o an inch. Price per ~ e t of 4 sheets 12 mpees.
[Under the heading is A Vi e w of the Couertzn~ent Horcss, n ~ v l thc Hottees adjoining. No
evidence as to the artist-A bhang.whzla cnrrim two ghcarne of water in centre-an
mp t y
gham lies in left-linnd corner--an Indian nonml ~tani4.q t e l ki n~ t ~ t a squatting man on left
edge-a palki with servant and 4 bearem stnuda by the r o d 1'.
A reduced sket'ch, soale 6 inches t o a mile, was printed in 18% by Samuel s ~ t h e ,
and EL later edition, soale 4 inches to a nlile, with Prinsep's corrnctions, was &uecl
by Tassin in 18:12.
The L o t t e ~ Committee was the prototype of t,he modern Improre~uent Trust.
and the profitable manner in which it, rained func1.q was no doubt adapted from thp
successful lotteries run by Edwarrl Tiret.t,a [ I, 389 1.
The lotteries were closed
down in 1830 "for so-called n~ol.nl rcasons" 9.
Schalch's official tlesignation \vns "Su~~erintclltlont of C:tlnnls
id^^^^-
Accounts of his wol.1~ arc given in n let,ter to the Dbectors, alld in a volume of
Beleclion.9 , f r o l ~ RP) L~CI! Qo.uernntc.nt Pal~er.~, 1865-2904, describing t,he cnuals ;
' fie il1~llfil.it.nr.V of ' ~~rllej-' s Nullnh b ~ s IonE been n&nittcdlj.
~h~ and difficulties
which ijcc'ur ill t l l ~ 1)a~snge ... coilstitnte n seriou.;
... &ing fttllS pcr s l l ~r l \ thl,t t.llo
P ~ o P ~ ) @P ' I 1)s lrielltenallt Schdclh. ..will be very beuefirial, . . . we rt.solvd thHb t,lle under-
tnlcing ~ 1 1 ~ 1 1 illlmorliately be corninenced. ... \17c h ~ v e ... appoi nt , ~d. . . ~ cumlnittee ,ulder...whic~,
T~i eut al ~nt Snhnlch in to soc cute t,he ... work, ... and ~ l r ) ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ t d ~ ~ ~ t , ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ ) ~ or the Q ~ ~ ~ & ~
hIast,er (:r11crt1l's 1)elmrtment [ 11. 400 1 to ho their ~ ~ . ~ ~ h ~ - , ,,.
l.:ltt,r JInrq~~rua Welloaloy, 0(:. I7!)N-I8O.i.
2H f i b \ - Bd. 214-21 (23).
JCD tu B. -+10-23
( 24 1.
' f i rr HI R'.. 1U ( 15 ). 34 ( IOR ). M I I ~ of Co~rntry I ~ ~ U . P I . I I Km>lne & &lcuth .homing can&, 1 p ~ 4 1 :
I mp IV 4 P. 65 A 31 ( 1 ).
Wnd. Ckre ll-lIL% ; tlln lolie lie soy" of the W
not nrrit the
jouimeli*t of 1M5 ! J . XVIII. %t. 14'24 ( 306 ). 7 ,+ difim~lt
the eol,t,h, npwn
1895 rdn.
* >lap : NAT. Lib.
Hint ; Fvn11 Culto~~ ( 175 ).
14
BENGAL 8: THE 1-PPEX ~' ROVINCES
~ i ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t Schalch ... was accordingly appoulterl S~lperintende~lt of Callals in Dollgalr
end ~~~t for the preparation of Suepension Bridge*, with
ollownllce of 1,000 rllpe- Per
ill
ttl his military pay B. nllo\vnlncos nncl ... dloannco for b(lab alltl ntllor
inci,jRIltal expen-. ... Lielltenallt Schalch's plan and eatinlate appeur to be the result of nn
mllrate esmination of tho rount,ry, and of rnurlr cawfrrl and judic!io~~s con~ideration of the
suhjer.t. ... To aitl in the eXw~rtio~~. . . we have a~pointetl Lieutenant Taylor of the ~ t h Cavnlr.v,
Liorrtcnarlt Primep, Slmveyor in the Sundarbann. to be his assistanbl.
Schalch's acheme was
to ct~t, a canal rrom C!hitpru to t,he old east err^ Ctu~el, now know^^ ns the Circular C'nnnl, on a
line
to t l ~e Circubr Road.
It was completed irr 1R31. and t, l~e Chitpur loclc WLIS openwl
in 1833. ...
Previous to 1810, the Emtern Cannl was simply a sl~allow and t or t no~~s channel
bekmn tho salt lakes and Elitally ; in 1810, the Eastern Canal was improved, wirlenml, nud
lengt,hen~l newly up to Circular Ro d .
The E~s t er n Cwlal r on~pr i es a ohannel of co~mn~u~icatiorr, chiefly natural, hut. ~ a r t l y
&ificial, between Calcutb and Barisal ; the natural portions are the tidal channels and rivers
of the Sundarbans ; tlre artificial portions are nearly all the rasults of t,he Iahon~?r of Mnjor
8ohelclr.
One of t he major considerations was t he determination of
the difference of level between the Hooghly and Salt Water Lake. ... 3Iajor Schalvl~. Captoin
Thornson, and Captain Fitzgerald, aa well as Captain Prinsep, have left statements which do
not in some respects agree. ... The Commission have ndopted the levels of Capt,ain Prinuep ...
i n mu c h a~ he submitted a map of the Salt Lakes "prepared 1111on a very accurate clud minute
-ey carried on by a European under my o~vn inlmediate soperintendenre, and which may
be relied on for accuracy ".
Upon this rnap Captain Prinsep has drawl n puage representing the surfare level of the
lake tides, and b d , in relation to certain fixed pointa still exist,ing, such as the bench-mark
at Chandpaul Ghaut, and the sill of the old dock a t Kidderltore, ... and to the a1:e:uracy of t.l~is
guage, or scmle of levels, Colonel Sir Tho- Anburey, then Chief Engineer, beam favowable
teetimonya.
The conimittee of 1865, however, preferred Schalch's levels. whirl1 \vere connected
to the Kidderpore tide-guage [ J. 3471 and differed only slightly fro111 thosc run
about the same tune by Blechynden. Schalch expressly notices t hat his le\-ills
agreed within half an inch with those of 1783 [ I, 52 13.
Other canals "to Hoseinabad on t he Jaboona Ilit-er" welt(, sanrtie)lrrtl in
March 1823, and started by Schalch till he was calletl off t o nlilitary service
[68]. After his death Thomav Prinsep was appointed in September 1826 tro carry
on the work4. One of the scheme8 t hat mas never carried out is illustratetl in n
map of the Hooghly prepared hy Taylor in 1824, "explanatory of a plan for
opening a communication between Calcutta, 1)iamond Harbour, ant1 new anchorage
(near Dag Ckeek I", which bears a note t,hat t he southern part was token from
a survey by Thomas Prinseps.
Amo~~gat surveys of other town Charles Smith, of t he 15th liegt. N. I. , wns in
J a n u a ~ ~ 1816 allowed Rs. 400 "for surveying aad d r a wi ~~g pl a~l s ... of the cantonment
of Dacca", whilst the following month James Tetley was eml)loJ.ed to makc . . an
accurate Rurvey of t he city of Dacca", which should contrihnte "as well ... t,o the
efficiency of t he police, as to the proper arrangement ... of the c~r~stonl Ilouse chollkey ".
Tetley received "a monthly salary of sicca Rs. 200, and a.11 c ~t l t l i t i o~~~l allonance
for the establishment, ... contingencies, etc., ... amounting t o about 70 or 80 t.upees
monthly ", with theodolite, perambulator, and chain, &on, thr public stores6.
Labr in t he year Bentley Buxton, cadet of Engineers, was a p p i l l h d t o survey
Pr t of Durn Dum cantonments for t he Military Board, beillg followed by Henlay
Oeborne in 1819'. 111 1827 IVilliam Osborne, son of Henry [ 12, 138 I, was
employed by the R,evenue Board on a survey of Chinsorah" 309 1.
H to CD. ( Rev ) 30-7-23 ( 231--50 ).
' Ben 8~1. Cam&( i i 6 ).
' prtrh;~bly Ijy JInrk Wood [ 11, vi 1.
'ib. ( *7,m 1.
'hfRIO. 186 (31 1, 160 ( 11, 12 ) ; 150 ( 40). i a l t Lakcas with en~lsls, creek., nnd ToUy'e
Nolhh [ 1.63-5 1. TLor. Prinaop. Dee. Ir)?B.
* BhIC!. 15-3-18 ( 130 ).
ih. 27-n-18 ( 80 ) ; Dm Rw. 98
( 281 ).
' ih. 110 ( 418-8 ) ;Town
Rllhllrb*. Hooghly. Chinnumb ; 1,000 R. t o inch : Nor. 1828 t~ Jme 1827.
The inlluensc Hoods carried down by the great rivem of h n g a l are
sollrce of pererlnial anxict.y to this very day.
From wrlicrrt time8 effort8 have
been nlcltle to
tllom by co~ltinuous embankments, for which srtrvoyfi and
estimates were freq~iently demandetl [ 1, 22, 3 5 4 -
t,be colcl tvertber of 1816-7, UU(Q PO; $: : : !$eyed t l ~ ~ U I I ~ B for the
1%jsh&hi L)istrict along the (;angee " 1 and, during 1844-5, IViUiam Pitzgerald ulade
an extellsive sllrvey of e~nbankt ne~~t s along the rivers of Jeseore2.
In 1817. (ieorge Everedt, of the Artillery, wau deputecl t o clear the rivere
Jclltilllnti ;).lid Mr?tcil,hA~~ga of trees, ~unken boats, and other ohut.r~tctio~re to nevi-
gat.iOll ; 110 SIIP\.L.Y \vns i ~~\ . oI v~d. but tllc il~gen~lit~y which he applied to the problem
wl*r typict1,1 of his l ~ ~ t e r work in the ( i~-ext Trigonometrica.1 Sl~rvey =. His effo&s,
hout*ver, l~rovitlecl no pcbrrnane~it cure. 'rhc followin!; year Wroughton and
BlcChynden llladc it. sllrvey of the I \ l l t i i bhl ngs , ~1111 other ofticera followed ;
The obatr~~ctionfi httcl ho~.ur~~c! so mnny ant1 dungerents us ti> runso tl~r? usrwlt of innumer-
able book, imtl to mtnil hcnvy loasea. ... 'I'ho mert.l~w~rtq of Cnlrut,t,n ...I >etitic~no(l t hat s t e p
should be t~~liarl Tor rorncxlying tho ovi l ~. ... Mr. Robirwon5 wuq ttl1pointt.11 S~lpcrinterldmt and
&llector oC the JIatahnng1111, rir~d ccln~mar~c,c(l his rl11t.io3 in tho r.olrl *r;wnn I I ~ lYl9--20, and
effectecl gr wt imprvvr~nt~nts hg u1e:lring th13 r.liarmrl uf' obntrt~~, l iuus.
He nr.la snccealecl ... by Mr. 311ly ... f t ~r icpwercldof '20 years. ... l hr i ng 1820-21, Mr. May made
II curoful survey of the hc,ncls 3.11' tI!e .lellinghea ancl ,\lottbbanglia with the C;an~m &joining,
ant1 propuded to mtlke perioclicnl survrrya for awcrtaining nllil recording the chnngw of the
great rivor [ I, 64-5; 111. 21- 2 1".
At the end of lHl9 t,he old cl wst i u~~ of an artificial cut between the (inngea and
one of its outlots near .litlangi wtw resurrcc~ed, tmtl a review made of various proposals
and experiments tnildt? since l'7!)5 [ I, 64 1. Keccnt survuys and unpromising reports
hy Forbes ant1 Ecl\vartl (:nrstin were disc~~ssrd, ant1 it. wnu resolved t hat
the Suparintendont and Collector must ... culltine lrimsolf at p m m t t o t he objects nl
removing such accidental cames of obst.ruction a* may f r n~n time t o time ooct~r ; of clearing
particular portiom af t.11~ bed ; of confilling the stream in certuin placea ; and of ramking partial
cuts where they rnny be easy of execution and tlotined in t.heir rw~llt. ...
Nothilly call. ..he clefinitively ~ottlACl witho~it n careful ullrvey nf the various streams
which intemeot the delta of the Cnnges. ... Govel~unent, will ...be glad t o receive ...any
uuggcstlons which I U L L ~ occur to Colonul Mackellzie on the .subjoot generally of t he internal
navigdion of Bengal, and of the means of improving it'.
hke nz i e ' s hgl t h was, however. far too poor for l~iiu t o ;tclvist: on this difEioult
matter, and in .Tune 1821 Schalch .qobmitted a map of the river8 lying between
the Hooghly and t,ho Snnclarbans, with a plan "for opening a permanent com-
munication betwce,n the river Hooghly ant1 the great river, throngh channels not
likely to be obstructed" [ 13 18.
In 1823 (jovernnlent wrote to the Directors ;
Tbe lllops aunuully proparm1 Ily Mr. Elny ftlrnish a highly i~rt. emting view of t he workings
of the river and ... may enfl hl ~ m...to ascertain the l i d & t o which they extaad. For,
prwt and apparently cnpriciotw .w is the clentmotion and creation of laud which occm...
eaoll Year. it seem8 t hat tho p r o ms of the river is mgulnted by fixocl Iuwe, and...that
nf h~ certain periods it returnsover the space it has alrewly traversed, so t hat t,he bounds of it'a
encroachment on either hank may be trrtced [ 154 1.
We have directetl Mr. May to extent1 his survey to the head of the n h a y t k , there appear-
ing reaeon t o think that in one -on the nuvigation will be most. emily kept opm by that
fltream, in another by the Jellinghee. and in a third by the Matabhungag.
In P letter of 8th July 1825, May prophesied tha,t unless clraatic action waa taken
there was evory prospeot of the 31iitiibhiinga becoluiiig "at no very distant period,
... in the hot months, perfectly ~tnnavigahle for b o ~ ~ t s evelLof the sln&Llest Yize"lO.
21 set of Lithographed maps lrnown a8 PrinaepYs Atlas coutains H ~ t l ~ ~ t ~ &owing
the Gange~;, Bh ~ k a t h i , and Hooghly ri\,e~.s from Illlah%b8ci to C!~lcutt, ameyecl
'BMC. 28-10-IU ( 120) t 8-11-16 ( U 8 ) ; fdbk. URIO. .U 2.80.
' Jl ep. i b. 52 (9-11 ).
jBto CD.
( l bv ), 4-7-17 ( 1 3 7 4 0 ) & CL) to EL. (Huv), 24- 21 (a).
BE. 0-10-23 ( 24).
OC. K. Hobiaon [ a i e ] ;
.omv. oiv. : later ma w. C~mtte, whem he d. 1l-L-M ; rr. Ciouler Hd. oom. ; mspa of head of Y&mtbhh-
R. and of >laIda, 1820 Ben Rep. 38 (88. 133, 290); JASB. IV, 1838 ( 110. 177). .Be& M. 11. 1Wt.
'BRC. 19-3-20 (73). n,\Irrpa, 31RIO. 169 ( l j c i ) : B toCD. (Rov),3&7-23 (2%).
'ib. JO-7-rn ( P W ) .
IUB Rev Bd. 1%7-25 ( 41 ) : Inter maps by slay, 1827-S, hIR10. 183 ( IS ), 160 ( 13) .
by m e w [ I, 64-5 ; 11% ze-3 1, May, a d Fitzgerald [ 15 1, brought up- t odab
ib 1828 by ~ hmma Prineep [ 13 1'.
An account io given Lter of the exploration of h e m all(l the sllrvey of the
upper Brahmaputra [ 53-64 1. The fdowing ~ c C O U ~ ~ is give11 by Wilcox of h 0
of its lower course through Bengal, between February and June 1828-
~...d p u a chart of t b ~ mb p c mt r a . r i m from Cowalp- to J ml p o o r . made
my way do- from h r n at Mr. Scott's requesta. ... I found it adviaable to adhem to oar
I eoon -ved that. i n u k d of merely mrreoting Hennell'~ map for the altera-
tiom that I~ave t ebn place, I muat construct one anew ; so tittle reeernhlance i now to be
mo p4 wit11 the former state oft-. ...
in rqv former survey fined the position of some hills iu tlre vicinity of C;oalpm. I
-at no loae for some miles to lay down my stations with snfficient accuwcy and. ..I found my
h t protraction of the distance to Doobum3 differs but 2 furlongs from t,hat of Major Rennell'a
mpe : I was nko so surcessfu1 as to place Dugoowa within 4 furlonp of Rennen'a position. ...
From thence, as the country is open, and as I found my p r o p - ~e r y slow in t r s c h .
I dotomined to use the perambulator, md accordingly tho remaining clistance to .Tomalpoar
wm r n a s s h excepting in some impracticable places. ... The names even of some of the
former village3 have been forgotten, and the sites of ml l y remove#. Bupwa is a u p d t o
have been wh m the bed of the river now is. ... Below Burgoowa scarce any resembIanoe
- be traced to the b a n h of the Brahmapootra in the upper part of its c oum ; instead of the
b g dreary tracts of impenetrable jungle, a fine open and well cultivated countryextends8.
The Surveyor General then recommended that Wilcox should make
a awvey of the Bramahpootra from Goalpara do\vnu.ards to, and a little below, the perallel
ef Dacca, xvhwe several navigable streams join it,. The object of the surve~. would be t o M-
Eartain the channel of the main river, the rival of the Gangea, and the courses end mpbiliUim
of all bhe navigable creeks and channels which branch from and connect it wit11 the C$en(gs
and other r i m , both esst and -8 of it.
The k a b surveys of the Bramahpootra 81'0 of remote date [ I, rg-20, 138-9 1. ... For
&an 50 yeam prsl, geographical mearch and surveying operations have ... accompanied ...aw
--...in tbe North-West of India, but within a late period the Wumem War hea redlad cur
attention to the very imperfectly h o r n countries tothe north-emt,crsst,and south-embe [ p]. ...
The p t pmhabihty of obtaining abundant supplies of coal in the matern diatricta.
&out w q part of which ie accessible by water carriage, wuuld render t k dietricta d
wke. ... -her. ... a h o d e d g e of the preaen* state amd course of the Emanah-
gootra, of ita velocity, depth, and the mess of water it rolls to the eea in a given
unnot be d s e d objects unworthy of the atbution of the Government?.
The m y wa duly autlwrised, but could not be etarted before 1830 when k
d i u g that Wilmx might be given an eesietant, t he Surveyor General pointed out that
..sh & time taken plees eince the cornpihion of Maim Fbnmll'e map, that...&,
afforda little or no accurate information of this part of Bengal. ...
The method pumed by Lieutenant Wilcax ia that of trimguletion. aod Wing up the
d.bsils by meane at the plane-table, and the trigonmetrical operatiom, being conducted with
a r e and m y . will afford data for correcting the position of many pr uc i pl pointa in b
-put of .-. It is wry desirable that two officers should he employed. ... snd
m ths went d the mmovd of the principal by riclmese, or any other cause. there would be a
ta taka charge of the reeorde, and carry an the work. I t will also be nscessery
for Lieutenant Wilcox to maaeure a base-line, which ia a very tedious oparation, and
bs 4 perdormnd *halt an aeaietenta.
E-fhard w n a s p wse appointed d t s n t h m let Oat oh 1830.
Charlea C a d held charge of the Marine Survege department, Ben&, first M
Marine Surveyor and later aa Marine Surveyor General, from 1812 till his d a t h
L1O Cbl. 111-2 ) YRIO. 188 ( 30 ).
lMsp MRIO. 170 ( O, 10 ) ; Jnndpur, 7m. s b m w m w
' 11 m; h v i d f hbC, A M . NE. Fnmtbr.
'Dhubri, 70 F/l8.
'of. C & W m npmls
f U- 3 b 'Dh.231 ( l t 7) . C* h8t h1b4- 28. ~ A h 1 i l ~ n l m ~ Y o o t a 6 h s Q d 1 ~ ! 1 'DR
S l ( 1% b fPCB. ' D D ~ . 20-1 f .%sn ), 18-caa
in 1821 ( 11, 391-2 1, when he was succeeded by Daniel Ross whose chief mi s t ant
was John Crawford'. Survcye proceeded s t e d y along the coasts of Arakan and
Tenasserim [ 70, 74 1, and much ueeful work was done during the Rurmeee war of
1824-62. The surveying ship Rwearch, under Crawford, was fitted with 10 guns,
and took part in actions on the Arakan coast [6R-70 1.
Ross also fitted his ship.
the I?~vestigabr, as a man-of-war, t o support the occupation of Amheret and
~ennsserim-[ 73-4 1.
Other marine surveys t o be noticed arc those of' James Robinson on the west
coast, where he co-operated with Jervis in 1823 [ 130, 1, and a survey in 1820 of
the biakriin coast by George Brucks and Stafford HainesS.
Surveys by other officers of the Bombay Marine are described in Low'e Hietory
of t l r p I d i n n Suuy, and bfarkham's Memoir on the Indian Surveys. I n hia retrench-
ments of 1828. Bentinck ordered the marine survey department t o be broken up, but
Ross was allow rtl to rontinne survey of the Arnkan coaclt till he rcsigned in 18384.
Altllr,llgh StLckvillc llird spellt three yean froni 1809 to 1812 on 11 gt.rlCrul aurvey
of Lhtt,ark, his luap was not published, and in 1816, when the cowltry was threat-
ened with irlrasior~ by t,he tlrmcled pindcris, the n~ilitary co~n~nandirig o f i a r
represtAnted that he was
utterly i ~ l l l ~ ~ l ~ l l t . of t,lle bt~ulrclnri~s or parses illto tlicr JIahmt t a Country. I I I I ~I t he infi~rrrlation
fi unkl l l ~~l I,.\ tlro I~iro~irralra I emllloy is vnullo *nil unsatbfnctor?; t hat I can form no just
idea I I ~ KI I I the nllbjec.t [ I. 89, 241 1.
He was told that
a
of Cuttwli i ~0 0 l i t t,o be forwarrlecl ... to tho .luclgo unil hla~irrtrate of that district ;
His Lordaliip in Colincil i l o ~s not conni~ler it neossctry t hat tlw expnnoe of protracting another
for tho nno of Lt Colonol O'Halloran [ I, 384 ] shoulti be irrc-urrod. t ~n d acconlingly requwt ...
tll:~t otlicer ... to refw to tlre mnp in tlre pos~ession of tlie civil nuthority5.
Throrigl~ont 1817 the country lay ill the throes of e rebellion of tribesmen who
rose in sylnpathy with the pi ~l di r i s , with whom, however, they had nothing in
common beyond rt deairo to rid the country of the English.
The rebellion war not
sta~uped out till April 1818, when proposals were renewed for a deliberate surrey
to assist in the settlement of est'at,es, for which the CoUector had asked in 1816 for
a supply of inst,rllme~its including "sis chains, of 24 feet in length, each link 8
inches "5 Cl~ttack, it must, be remembered, had not been part of Bengal a t t he
time of the pcwnanent settlement of 1793 ; i t was conquered from the l l i ar i i t h~
(luring t,he \\.ar of 1803-5 [IT, 23 1.
Her~tlcy Huston was appointed in 1818 to make " a gcnel.11l ma.p of t,he colllit,ry
ant1 its lwillcipi~l divisiorl~. ... reservillg for future consit~erntion the rxpedienc? of
~~ndertaking marc ruinutr surveys of individrlal estates nnd villnges."7.
He was given the assistance of Marcellus Burke, one of biackenzie's assistant
surveyors from Madras, and started by making a survey of the town and vicinity
of Cuttack. After the rains, he toolr up regular triangulation, whilst Burke made
a detailed survey, wit>lr traverses of the niain roadse. He was later given two
apprentices to traing.
I I nliles N.E. of nalanore, 1st April 1820.
The survey tlt~rulg t he Ikqt rnc~rltl~ 1 1 ~ besn
extended to tlie nort~1iu~nrtl of l3alasore. ... The deep nullahe end muraheu, howevnr, whioh
ahormd in tlle vicinity of tho coast, and which are passable only in few placea, presetlt conaid--
able obntaclos. ... The wholo cowt is likewiee covered wit11 Iligll jllngle extg~lding about two
mi lo^ inlantl ; tlre villages are few and poor, nnd t he 0c~I'City of road* a11rl supplies wnder
this part of the country tlifIicult of accese.
Inot to be confused with John Crswfurd. of the oivil eat. PWI.. Java and enruy to A m
78 ).
'Maps of ~lreknn Cll~rrt by Henry Hardy, MRIO. 173 ( 8-11 ) & Chas. Wm. Montriou. ib. ( 13 ). md &
John L'rawTord nnd Clr~o. Armstrong, ih. 171 ( 73 ). & Ben Rq r . M O ( 107 ). 'MRIO. 111 ( 42 ) ; M~ r b s m
( 11-3 ). 'Low. 1 ( 400 ).
BMC. 6-7-16 ( 32 ).
' ib. 1-1 1-10 ( 147 ).
' DDn. I33 ( 7 ). I 7 4 1 8
'MRIO. Fdbk. hI 200.
'Polhill & Clsyton [ rz n.q 1.
18
BEN~AL & THE T~PPER P~~OVINCES
The apprantim - employed in filling up the details c~f prbrticuler portions, the limitcl of
-hioh I heve k d down with t he chain
theodolite1.
About 46 miles to
of cuttack. 1st June. ... Thw rains have now fairly set
in. ... I have
the work of this season, and...aln...on m y Way t o Cut.tnrk.
The
operatio,le...of the pt seeeon b v e embraced...abo~t 1800 square mil-, in whicll a purt of
.ite northern boundary hae bwn defined, as well as the boundari- of tlie Trib1chry S t a b
of ~~l~~ and Mohurbtmge, and of the Chuckle11 of Balasore. ... The survey ... woold have
inclllded a wider extent of country had not my pr oceedhp heell twice interrtlptecl by
violent atbcb of eichear among my attenclnnta, from ... which Cew heve yot thoroughly
rerovered ...
January the delay wm attended with much inconvenience as a t t hat peri r~~l ,
on accomlt of the c l a l l m of the weather, a favourable Opportunity was lost of extcn~ling t he
trianglen wnong the hd\a,
of fl&g a greater number of remarkttble points. ...
~~t t,he u n l l e a l t h ~ ~ of the clirvate is not t he only obstacle. ... The cotlntr) so
&avollrable t o travelling ; the p e a t doarth of provisions, their inferior d~c r i pt i on and t he
*=orbiWnt charges demanded for them, ... render it dificlllt t o proctwe people who will
aocompally me into this part of the district. ... Dllrhlg t l ~ e laqt neusoll it wtx' in nly power
only to cllrry on t.he triengles through bhe plains wiiilat .\h. Bllrlie followed me with t,ho details,
using t he poil~tn which I had fixed ; and as this ... W- solely contluctod by Mr. Hlwke, hiw
pereooal aid wae necessary in protracting the \vnrk allil inserting tho nnmev of I , I I ~ c ~ ~ .
cut bck.
27th June. ... Next cold eeason ... 1 shrill strike ON throl~gli the hills again where
the triangles ccm be continued, ... to obtain the extent und principnl plnrm of the tribl1tary
etatea soon as po~i bl e. ... I intend to take 3 or 4 rnont~ha provisions for servants nlxl Rrpoys
from hence, nnd perhnpa establish depot.%
The nature of the country is rertsinly again>;t
Khoor&h\
September. ... The heat on the 21ut during mout of t he day I was
in the palankeen wtls greater than 1 almost ever felt it, find one Of my violent bilious
h d a c h m the consequence. ... There seems to be a good deal of jllngle ubnut Kt~oordall with
a. few hills, which will enable me to connect my forlner trinnplos. ... At a rouxh gurfls there
ap- to be &out 500 v i l l a g ~~ in the Khoortlnh di ~t ri ct , ~ l l d many of the villaqos mentioned
in the List were destroyed in the rebellion. ... The weather has preventerl my lookirlg muoh
about the place, hut. there are. I underatand. wveral old ruins4. ... I think of atacting from
hence on Monday, but wish h t to mount the Khoordah hill t o look ttl>out nle, ment,hor
ting, it being n round, long-bncked, one, and covered with high thick jrmgle8.
Mwkenzie had come' down to Puri for a change from Calcutta, and was far
from well, though taFng a close interest in Buxton's progress. He wi t es
about three months before his deat,h ;
Your plen of triangles extended from Rhoortlnh wns sntisfactory t o rue,
1
much
YOU m y be able ta extend them so aa to embrace (3anjnm fort. My reason is t hat the positions
of Qenjam and Cottack being ascertained many yealra ago by an mtronomer of some repute,
i t will be very aatisfactory to have y a w det,nils ... conlimed by ~l r ch a1lthority. wi l l
send you t h e e pmitions ... whert 1 can lay my hancla un them7.
He wee probably referring to Topping's observations of 1786-6 [ I, 171 1.
At the request of the Commissioner the survey of Khurda was madc oLl a large
scale for revenue purposes [ 136 1, but i t had to be closed in February 1821 owulg
to the colhpee of But on' e health and was never resumed. The following is hken
from his final report ;
Tho durvey waa comnlence~l in the latter end of t he year 1918, and carried on...^,^..., aeriee
of triangles computed from a bann...me~lued on an extensive plain near the of simlee,,,
about 70 miles Y.E. of Cuttwk. ... Tho trianples being altogether of a seconllarJ. order, no
greet degree of accuracy waa to be expected, although perhaps ~uf f i ci ent i ~ correct for the
purpo~ee of a common survey of a small tract of colmtry.
The triangles were with dificulty extenaled through the plain country, which
abounded with ohtecles, ... but by the close of tho creaaon were brought to...the town of
Cutrack anrl itn vicinity. Mr. hlarc.eUus Burko ... mlrveyed lur I advmcnd with the Lritlnglea. ...
About lW0 nqu- milea were completed in t hk manner during the firat secraon. ...
The following e m , commencing apein a t the b w . I extended t r i ~ ~ ~ g l ~ in a rlorthern
dimtion, embracing a coneiderable tract of the hilly s t a t e of t he tributary
prbm the
fecilities which the hills afforded, I wes enabled t o proceed more experlitiously, +,bough tho
country in elmcat en entire expame of hilla end jungle.
1 D 4 7 ( 7 ) 'ib. ( 284). i b ( 274). ' Wurd8. 73 HIIS. bref. & c k ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ' ~ arch.
ml-I m r o h a ; of. stirling ( 161 ).
' DDn. 147 ( 296 ).
' DDn. 164 ( 123 ), 2.5-1-31,
sly progrew was, however, impeded by the prevalence of sichens among my people, which
occnaio,led me to quit the hills for their recove?, and occnaioned the 108s of a month.
The
aesistRnt Mr. Burke aho ... had been attacked by severe illnees, and rendered incapable of
rerruming dutyl. ~ ~ t , aa aub8titutes, I had heen f u d h e d with two Government approrlt,icm ...
from whose labours, however, I by no menm derived the -me aid nu from. ..Mr. Burke2.
Ill the survey of the details I fo~mtl it necessary also to detach the apprenticas t o a fleeter
distance thall I could hnve wished ... from t,he wild and barbarnun ~l a t ~l r e of the tributory s t a b
rnrl their inhabitants, the jealous eye wit,h which t,hey lo~)ketl on all who entered their ronntry. ...
and t.he pe nt scarcity of flupplien.
Fronl the early rorrunencement of the rains in C'ut,teck, and their general continuance,
leaving many parts of the country emt,irely ilntler wnt,er, u sllrveyor can seltlom prolong his
operations in the field beyond the l0th of J~l ne, or hegin then1 earlier than the 1st of Novembd.
What with Mackenzie's death and Buxton's sickness, no use whatever was
made of Buxton's survey till Everest discovered it nearly ten years later, and
had i t connected by the Sout,h Parasnath series. He writes in November 1831 that
the papers were
left in an imperfect utnte at the death of Lieut,. Bllxton4, nnd it would take some time t o
extricate the field books from the confusion in which they hnve ever since remained.
The detailed work beam appearance of great eesiduity, and tho triangles. RB far 88 they
go, seem to be credit,ably executed. They are of e secondary claas; the instruments uead
were a common theodolite and ... iron Ehain and, as the latter never appear8 to have
been compared with any standard, ... doubt...attachea to t he whole pert.~rmance. ... In
spite of this it appears t o me to rank next in accuracy t o t he survey of Curhwal [ 30-40 1. ...
It extends from Belosore t.o .Tuggernatl~~.
I hnve had a rougll [>Ian conut.r~~cterl. ... The latitudes and longitudes of thc pleceo
ara not derived from the survoy ... nnd t.he line of r o u t and Calcutta, ee well as everything
without the boundary of the work, are put down by conjecture, so t hat thie beautiful little
deteil work, though complete, or nearly so, within itself, is totelly disjointed from t he general
atlase.
During the first half of 1821 and through the rains till August, William Scott
with a claw of eight apprentices surveyed an area from Puri to the southern end
of the Chilka Lake, with a strip to the west [ ~ z , 361-21'.
Considerable intereat had long been taken in the Chilka, Lake for its possible
use as a harbourage. d survey had been made in 1812 by Charles Weston [ LI, 12 1,
and later by George Minchin of the Bombay Marinee, who records the depth of wator
in December 1890, whilst William Stephen surveyed the "outlet as it existed ia
January 1821, together with a view of the range of sand hills which separate the
lake from the sea ", and also the "outfall" into the sea8 [ 11, e( 3 1.
Surveys of the Orissa roads from Midnapore and Lht hck to Puri and Sambalpur
were made in 1827-8 by Robert Rom, an assistant surveyor10.
Under the treaty of SagnuLi of March 1816, a stretch of foothills from the Gogm
to the west border of (iorekhpur was ceded by the Gurkhas, and later transferred
to Oudhll, whilst n lz~uch longer stretch of the furai, e a s t wa d from Gorakhpur,
was ceded by the Britinh to Nepal. During the next four years several surveyors
accompanied British and Nepalese commissio~lers to survey and demarcate t he
new line.
Peter Grant surveyed the boundary with O ~ d h ' ~ ; William Garden that with
Gorakllpurla ; Pickersgill the frontier with Champaran [ pl. 4 ]I4.
Peter Boileeu,
conlnlanding the Resident's escort at Katmandu, conti~lned the survey eastward
'~rnntetl 12 mo. leuvc to Mndraa [ 360 I.
'Nap MRIO. 63 ( 1-0. 40, 41, 51 ); 50 ( 9 ),
etc.
a DDn. l(W ( 138 -0 ). 13-0-21.
'Fobruary 1815.
LDDn. 266 ( 303-8 ), 1&11-31.
sib. ( 3 l w ),
17-11-01. Fdbks. DDn. 270 ( 3 ) ; J.urrh ma . I 0 Cnl. ( 180) ; 3 obarta of trienglea. I 0 Col. ( 53).
7 DI ) ~.
147 ( m2). 28-6-21 ; skekh, ib. ( 214 ).
%pn. 180N ; Capt. 1830. oLvb YRIO. I77 ( 4 ). * &p, d
bDO yards to en inah. with en artistic stetah of the m n d U ib. i 6. 0 ).
l o ib. 47 ( 3 ). IBJ ( 48 ) ; h
Y?ippl!t Reg. 4 ( 1-28 ).
"Rated b NO@ h 106%
"YRIO. Miac. 2-0-17.
IsWbk. ib. M SOB;
Mnp. ib. Minu. 6-0-17.
I' RCO. W., 31-3-17 ; fdbh. MRIO. M 308-0; map. Miso. -17; l%O-l7.
&o
BENGAL & THE ITPPER PROY~NCES
along t he boundaries of Tirhut and Purnee.
One of his maps. ehews, in a
dead &might line running east by south from a point about 8 miles west of
Nahpur, -
e very extensive L ancient cauaeway running from the hilh near to the River Ganges, named
'Bheem Boumd md Mujoorrw Kauth', supposed to have been const,ructed to check the over-
flowing8 of the Koose R., or to divide the states of t,he Raja118 of Gow & Sirnrum Gurh'.
Boileau has left a n interesting account of the decisions made by t he com-
missioners. Unfortunately he succumbed t o t he cruel climate of t he lami in
. k m b e r 1818, leeving
nine imfhiuhed copies of boundary maps, three of the north-west borders of Chumparun,
end six of the frontier of Pwneea ... which were preparing I L ~ the time of his death, and were
dertined for the Government of Nipt~ul end the l ot d alut,lloritiesP [ 21 1.
The boundmy of eastern Nepil WM surveyed early i n 1817 by U'eston, whose
original map is still preserved a t Calcutta, and extends int,o t he hilla some twelve
miles ~iort,h of Darjeeling, which name, with t,he spot-height 7,226, has been added
in red many years late+.
Of t he few maps of Nepd itself we have some collected by Brian Hodgson, who
wee Resident for many years.
One of them is described by Markham as Hodgson'e
physical map of Nepal, shewing the river systems, ... together wit11 the routss obtained by
Mr. Hodgeon from Kathmandu to Peking ; from IiRtlimandu to Darjiling, and a measurement
of the p t militsry road through Nepal, from Kumeon to Sikk'~m~.
Them is elso p-wed at Calcutta a "map of Rhoti ( Tibet ), done at Nepal for Mr. Hodpon
by a mendicant prieet of Bhot in 1824''6.
Grant's survey of the Nepiil frontier waa spread out over several years, 1817-20,
to suit t he vagaries of the boundary commissionem. He wns imder t he general
orders of the Board of Commissioners a t FarrukhiibM, who elnployed him on t he
eeatern and western boundaries of Oudh with t he Company's district,^. and on
.various surveys in kr akhpur .
'
I n September 18 17 he waa appointed t o "survey t he western frontier of Azimghur
and Jwanpore, where i t touches t he territory of t he Newab Vi ~ i e r " ~ ;
This nurvey wsR...neceasary in ronmquenae of the encroachments ... m d e by the s~tbjec*t.* nf
the Nawab Vizier on the Briti~h temtoriee. an11 ... to I I I I ~ a stop to the freqluent afftnyn which
had occurred between the landholders ant1 village13 ill the vicinity.
He was also to recommend " a more convenient and distinct boundary " between
Jaunpur and Azamgarh. His survey covered7 pargana AtrouliaB,
inhabited principally by a race of people c ~l l e ~l Pu~lwnw. ... of n turbulent ~lisl>onit.ion. a1101
1- civilimi than the ~vther inhabitante. ... The affrays originating from their vi~~lence ~ul d
oppmi ve exwtions i~nder the plea of a prcq~riet,ary right t.0 Ianrlu a(lj11i1ling ~ I I P frg~nt,iclr
r0Ktc!fm%d it ... expedient to adopt some messurea ... of putting an end to tlre tliuorderne.
He was called off in February 1818 t o st art aurvey on t he northern houndary
of Oudh, but returned t o Jaunpur in June with little accomplished and,
having rntule e survey of the cant~nmentn and some part of the town. I availed myself of the
h t fair weather of going to Azimyarh, where 1 remained during the rainy NCRUOII, whicll XV88
et an end by the 31ut Octoberlo.
He then moved back t o t he Oudh-Nepil frontier :
I h l boen inetructd to execute thie survey in the beginir~g of 1818, bot the absence of
the Commhionm ... detained me till April in the neighbowhod of Buhrnitch".
The seo~ull
of the year was obviously too far ndvanced to leave a hope of itn being terminatetl heiore the
d of June, and in the month of April the country iu deaertml and uninhabitable from the
prevalence of ... fever. ...
MRIO. Yi . 18-0-18.
'from Rmdt.. Kiltmendu, I I-.%20 ; R Pol C. 34- 90.
'Ben P & P. XVI
( S U) ; MRI O. ~ O ( 0 ) ; 6 1 ( 4 , 5 ) .
Is ( orxvii ).
' MRIO. BO ( I ). 'BJC. 23-8-17 ; BMC. 7-1&17
; m , I . u 2 . ' 73c. 27-14,; o h . l u ( 437 1. amrb. mlo. ran. 381 ;Map@
b. 1 7 ) ;
1
' D h . 163 ( I0Q ), h. 18IV.
IaFdbk. D h . I03 ( 00 ).
11 03 E,lO.
of the
and the
Prqared for the infomatianofthe
Hlightly reduced from planetable survey. scale about 1( inohee to
a mile [ 191.
B- r i m indiitea boundary between N-I end dietrict
Chunp&sn for the n e ~ ~ t 130 years. The villege Coraean appe~un on
d a r n ma p M Qhonahan, about 20 m. routh-mat of Rsxaul.
It wss proposed, however, to resume the eurvey during the ensuing cold wason, and I wffl
accordingly
to commence it in the end of December ; the absance of t he Vizier'e
Commissioner, however, protracted tho
commencement ... till the beginning of Februey
[ 18191. The disputee that
occurred ...as to. ..the interpretation given t o the treaty ...
protracted ... the survey till the end of March, when it was found rmceesary to submit t he
whole proceedings for the final decision of Government.
According to the interprotation given by the British authoritiea, the base of the nearest
range of mountains wuu to be comidered as the boundary. ... and in those places where ...
rivora issued from tho mountains, ... pillars were t o be erected. ... Plane a t large will heroafter
be tmnqmitted of those spots where an artificial boundary may be deemed nocessaryl.
The Resident in KtEtmandu pointed out the Gurkha view ;
It is not to be suppoeed that the foot of the continuous range of hills is so distinotly marked
sa not to leave spots of ground which may be reasonably contested ; those contested gro~lnde
may ... be valuable to both parties. The recesses between the projecting ridges will in some
instances be found to terminate on the passes in the mountairrs. t u~d rigid construction on
the tarmu of cession may possibly place the very defences of the ptwaes into the hanrls of
the Nawanb Vizier.
There can bo no doubt that an apprel~onaion of this nature has had great weight with t he
administration. and induced much of the hesitation which h w attendod tho recognition of onr
demand and, if the principle be carried to its greatest length, i t must...cauae grent irritation
in this Durbara.
After spending the rains of 1819 a t Lucknow and surveying the R&mganga
above Fa~~ukhBb&d. Grant returrird to com~l et e the demarcation ; - - - . - - - -
This survov was terminated in Febru~rry 1820 ; my stay in the terai did not exceed fnuu
. ~
months. ... The primary object of the survey was to determine the line of delmrcation betwcwn
the states of Oudo and Nepaul, and I was directed to superintend the construction of
boundary pillars where no nntural boundary existeda.
The following extracts are taken from his field book^^;
On the 2nd December 1818. I received my final instructions from the Resident a t Lucknow
rnpecting the demarcation of the northern froneier of Oude : ae also a copy of the Bmt article
of a treaty concluded between the British and Oude Governments, by which t he former cede
t o the latter the province of I<hyreegurh. etc5. ...
6th Jan. 1819.
I was desiroua of obeervir~g the azimuth of some peaks in the 1 ~ t range of
hills ; but the atmosphere was so extremely hazy, and the smoke arising from the burning of
t he grms jungle was so denso, that nothing could be seen. Add to this I wea encamped in a
wide and barren waste where there wad scarcely a tree to be seen ; a cold wind blew from t he
west. The thermometer fell to 30' in the tent, and the servants and cattle without any cow?
were almost frozen. I never indeed suffered a greater degrea of cold in India. ...
1st January 1820. Haltod a t Singhni for workmen who were expected f r m L u c h o ~
t o conetruct pillam of masonry. ...
2nd. Halted. The Oude Commissioner and the workmen joined this day. ...
9th. Marched to Burelia Ghaut on the left bank of the Gograh.
From the 10th to 16th
January I halted for the Nepalese Commissioner. but finding there was no prospect of his
joining mo for some days, 1 cawed a pillar of masonry t o be constructed on t he left bank of
t he Gograh in Lat. 2 9 O 4' 00'and Long. 80" 6' 00". ...
22nd. Nepalese Commissioner joined thie day. ...
24th. Seriea of 24 lunar observations for longitude. ...
1st February.
Surveyed the Murela ... laic1 down in the survey of February 1819. Here
therefore terminates the survey of the N. frontier.
It only remained for me t o proceed to t he
Mongaoth N. and t o see that the turrai in that quarter waa evacuated, and t o superheend t he
construction of pillars in the right and left b a n b of the Rapti. ...
24th. Marched to Goruckpoor.
I propose remaining some d a p to h i e h my r e pod.
On 15th March he moved out again from Gorakhpur t o oomplete the wegtem
boundary of the district :
30th." Halt for the 0ude Commissioner, and employed in making enquiriee about the
boundary. ...
31st.- Received from t he Reeident 9 un6nished rnepe of t he Ti h u t and Mo-g
Frontier to be oompleted.
They were begun by Lieut. Boilerru. who died before oompletim
r 20 I.
DDn. 153 (,188-80 ), Deu. 1810 ; also TO Mapa. MS. 90.
' DDn. 1W ( 155 ), U-8-19.
a.lnurn&
DDn. 183 ( 371 ), 2-12-21.
'DDn. 183 ; M 390.
LBi t oeded to Nepll by the Britkh ; mI O. M 381.
BENGAL & THE UPPIDR PROVI-NCES
He closed work in the middle of June when the rains set in, and sent his maps
down to the Surveyor General the following month1.
Final maps followed ih
Maroh 1821 by the hand of Arthur Fitzpat,rick, who had been attached as assistant
for the past year [ I 2 n. g 1.
1st. ... Portion of the Goruckpoor frontier ... where it to~lchoa the dominiorl~ of the Icing
of Oude. ... Scale 1 inch to the English mile. ...
2ndly. ... Furrucksbad frontier. ... comprehending that portion of the peninsula within the
Cengm and Rnmgunga rivera which appertains to the Icing of Oude.
3rclly. ... Western frontier of Azimgarh and Jounpoor, ... 3 miles to one inch.
4thly. ... Northern frontier of Oude, ... from the Urrah Nuddee to the Kali. or Cope. ...
24 miles to one inch2. ... Bouudary pi Hers . . . established in the gorges of the mountains ... laid down
from survey combined with astronomical observation, but in a country intersected with thick
and almost impervious forests very greet aocurecy ~s to the relative longitude cannot be
expected.
The writing in all those maps has been performed by Mr. Fitzpatrick, whose zeal and rleli-
gence is highly commendible.
The mountainous parts I m).self have delineated. ...
For several importatlt reasons I made no attempt to examine the sout,hern chain of moun-
him, or even to p mu e enquiry among those who were bast qualified to afford information. ...
bthly. ... Various surveys ... from FmI kabad to the Gunduk, comprehending also t he
mountainous regions to the north of Oude, and of the district of Goruckpoor, ... 5 English
milea to one inch3.
A few months later Grant was placed in charge of the revenue survey of
Gorakhpur district [ I51 1.
For some yeam the Commissionere of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces
h d been pressing for a survey to assist asaeasment and collection of revenues,
and at the end of 1815 Alexander Gerard, whose survey of Sahiranpur had been
intempted by the Nepiil war, was again put at their disposal [ 11,180 ; 111,157 1. Aa
the "minub topographical survey" which the Commissioners aaked for would take
too much time, Gerard confined himself to a "correct trigonometrical sunrey", whioh
was no more than e, eerie8 of traverse circuits, by perambulator or pacing, with
bearings by theodolite compass, corrected for needle variation4.
He completed the
north division of Sahiiranpur which at that time included Dehre Di n, and a h
Mor5dSbid dietrict, by May 18186.
He givea a good description of the Diin [ II,82-4 ; pl. 10 ; 111, pl. 3 ] ;
The cultivation is not marked from actual measurement, but from what I euppoeed to be
nearly right, in order to give some idea of the quantity of waste land in the Doona.
Roads. The only carriage r o d t ho' the Doon are from ... Timli Peae, via Dehra, to Kern-
row Pese on the foot of Bhwm gore. From there to Dehra, and from Joolapoor to Lukughat.
The above r o d are bad, and drag ropes am trequently neceesery. Throughout the rest of the
Doon there are nothing but footpaths, often impracticable for oamels md sometime8 for
horses. ...
Ri c~ra. The canal which euppliea De h a and some of the surrounding villages with w a y
is cut from the Riapane, and rune in the hot weather. ...
HiUs. The outer range of the Doon7 ie compoeed of mudstone, with some piecea of q m a
intermixed. There ia not a single village nor the 1-t cultivation upon them, and the whole
is ent kl y covered with low sal, kanta, end amall b~mboos ; there are likewise some &, but
not in my quantity. I sscertained the height of a few of the peaks, and found them from
2.000 to 2.600 feet above the wa.
The other range whioh divides the Doon from Uarhwal ia oompoeed of a bluish kind of
clay olate, with a few piecee of limestone and quartz here and there. The north- face is in
generel covered with mk, boorahs. ..and &s, and the aouthern exposuree with thick k m b end
h d b d . Thsy are v q rugged end abrupt, and o ~ ~ t l y there h very little
1 DDn. 147 ( 180 ). 6-7-20. &pa, hfFlIO. Mine. 8-0-30.
a ib. 17 ( 22 ) I 0 Caf. ( 217 ).
8 DDn. 147
.( 160 ), 12-3-21 : Map. MRIO. 10 ( 32-7.40-1 ) : 17 ( 14-0.22 ).
' Fdbk. DDn. 138:
'Mape, 2 m. t o
I inab. MRIO. 26 ( M. 0 2 4 ) 20 ( 10) 185 ( 10 ).
' D h . 212 ( 16 ), 25-11-18.
'SiwlliL Range.
oultivntion upun them.
The fields seldom exceed 10 or 16 f wt in b d t h , and run d q
Lhe f - of tile hill Like etepa.
I heve noted in the m p the heighta of a few of the principal peeks, which are ell I oould
accurebly wccrtain trigonometrically.
I ~ l ~ i g h t have determined t he altitude of t he o t h m I
peseed over, had not my two barometers benn broke 8 few days after my arrival a t Dehra [201].
Villnoea. 'I'hmuuhout the Doon tho villages are ... very poor, consiuting of seldom more
. .. -
than 6 or 6 mutl huts.
Th o ~e on the hilla. ..are likewise small, but the h o u e ~ are better
canetructd, being built of stone two storier; high. and covored with slate or flat-roofed.
Jungle.
The dfirent k ~ n d ~ of jungle nre put down in the map.
Large sal t,imher is
m c e , being only found in Hnjbur, Wrat of the Jurnna. and near Lu k q h e t .
The g r m snd
murkhr~nda jungle gr om to n *st height, and affords cover to elephants, tigerrr, leopards,
- - -
b-, llogm, and deer, with which the valley f ~bol md~. ...
Ninee.
There are sevoral minee in the ditrtrict of Jo~lnsar', which borders upor1 the Doon.
-d belongs t o the British (;ovem~nent.
There is a copper mine a t Iialam, not worked a t
preeent owing to the lmrdnolrs of the ruck.
The Gorkhtw tried it but found the expence of
Labour too great.
There ia I L I ~ iron mine ut Uusan on the banks of the Jllmna, and both iron
rnld lead minw at ... Lohakundee. e l ~i gh mountain ... about 12 milos north west of Bhyrat ;
the latter me worlce(1.
Goltl is found in small qumtitirw in the snnds of tho Ganges. ...
Cl i pde.
From the vicinity of the llills the wetrther iu in general [ mild ? 1. I n the cold
-011 the thermometer rang- from 80' to 70' in 13tent. at noon, and a t night WRY ab~r ut 60.
In JIay and June I...fo~md the heut oppressive, the thell~lomoter being 118' in tentn.
The outer range of hills is ~ e ~ d o n l covered with unow, a1111 what falb hardly ever liqw the
whole day ~mlw it be cloutly. The other range is covered with snow for ahol ~t 4 ~nont hs
in the year, and several of the high peaks much longer. In the beginning of November mow
feu up011 Bhudrajh, the therlnomoter beiug 31" about an hour after sunrise, and I understand
in Januury the snow is from 5 to 6 feet rlcep upon Bhyrath end 1311uclrsjh [ 30-4 ; pl.5 1'.
In November 1818, Gerard reported that ho had been
&cted by the Uoard of Commiwioners to s u r v e ~ ~ the whola of the C:edstl and Conquored
Rovincas, to make out the map upon such a w ~ l e aa to include every single villaye, hamlet,,
md to define the houndariee of t,he purgtlnaq as exactly aa possible.
Last s e wn I was enlployed partly in the Dehra Dun, partly in the RIorsdebad District.
In the Doon I surveyed 224 eqnarr, miles, in Moradabd about 1636, making a total of 1760. ...
If you wish the original m p of Sahmmpoor ... I can deapatch it immediately, but I e m
in hop- you will allow me to furnish you with e fair oopy, for it ia jaqt as i t was pr ot r mM,
im 4 piecea of pnper, aatlly disfigured and blotted; it lilcewise contains part of the south-
division of Saharanpour. in the unrvey of which I have made corraiderable prop-3.
He continued survey of the sout,hern division of SahBranpur until 1st February
1810, when "the ofice of Surveyor to the Board of Commissioners" was abolished.
A portion of his half-inch map of the Diin, beautifully chawn bp his mistant
Blandford, is reproduced ns plate 3.
Proposals for the restoration of the old Jumne, canals, whioh had led to the
mweys by Tod and Macartney during 1810 and 18114, had been put aside owing
to the distr~ctions of the Nepiil war.
A survey and denign for the work of re-opening the Delhi canal wee completed ... by Lt.
Mamt ney, of the cavalry, in the year 1810; this waa further followed up, if not ~ e c l d ,
by me ml reporte by other offlcm on the euhjeot ( Lt. White of the Tnfantry [ 11. 67 ] and ~ t .
Fordyce of the Rngineenrb, amongst t he number ), and elicited suoh a variety of opinion from
Colonels Kyd. Gssstin, ~ n d Colebrooke, either es Surveyor &ne r d, or Chief -m [ n,
67-9 1. that the metter seema to have fallen into abeyance8.
The subjeot wee agoin brought t o notioe by Rodney Blme [11, 383 1, who
m t e from Delhi in 1816 ;
Being a t thia time quite unoccupied. ... i t hee occurred to me t hat if t he exietlrlg pp
md surveys relating to the Delhi Canal coultl ... be entr~lsted t o my chmge, comiderUble
'ChRkrita. 'DDn. 133 ( lW-61 ). 'Dlh. 212 (3). 25-11-18. 'Tod suweyod $. J~~
4, on left hank of Jumnr ; hlaoartnev n~lrveyed the W. Jumnm or Delhi cwd [ 11,6- 1.
LA,&,,,
Dhgwmll Fordyce. Ben. Engrs. Ens. 18b1 ; Cqt . 1810; d. st nea on p-ge home, 1812.
*,A,yB.
II. 1833 ( 112 ).
pmwtiol, might be rnnde towards carrying int,o execution the intended r epah. ... With tile
mistance of theae rnateriala, and from such on ex~minabion of the course of the cnnel between
Delhi and K-ul as may be made when I an1 returning to Loodhianab, a11 estimate of t he
expence might be hmedl .
ARer long search, Mamrtney's plans and reports were retrieved and entrusted
to Blane, who made a good start in the reconstnlotion of the canal. On his death
the work was carried on by Colvin and Tickell, Colrirl holding the al~yointn~ent of
Superintendent of Canals from 1827 till 1839%.
In 1809 Hodgson had called at,tention to the possibility of restoring the old
Ferozeshah cana,l that had once watered HariBnct [ II, 65, 69 1, and Colvirl had noticed
the same derelict canal when surveying on the Bhatti frontier hl 181S3. I n March
1820, Colvin was appoint#ed "to survey the course of the ancieut canal,
Chittang Neddie", and he completed this and the survey of the Ferozeshah canal
between November 1820 end January 1821.
He ran levels-measurecl s base-
observed triangles-and produccd a useful map showing his marches, N-ith a
separate one for the Resident a t DeLhi to sho~r administrative boundaries'.
The survey a ~l d restoration of t,hc dorib c~ri al ,
of thL, Jumna,. was carried
out by Henry l)e Hutlb i~ncl Robert Smi t h b~.tn-~.rn Is22 s.1l11 1 S:i05.
In 1891 Hodgsoll, ]low Surveyor General, obtained sanctio~r for Alexander
Boileau to resurvey the country between AllahBbSd and Cawnpore.
The accuracy
of the old maps had long been suspect owing, as Colebrooke suggested, to careless-
ness on the pa.rt of Reuben Burrow in letting his chronometeru run down [ I, 1 6 ~ ;
II, 190-1 1.
Hodgson n ~ o t e that, being
now employed m the coustriiction of an .4tlw of India on tho ~cnl e of 1 I3ritisl1 lnilej to an inch
[ 2S4-5 1, ... I am anxious that the map should bo 8s fi~ll ~nc l accurate as po~nihlw. ... The lower
part of the doab from Cawnpoor to Allahabod might be rwurvoye!l with advantage, as tho map
...p resents many blank space.^, and it ir a compilation of which I suspect the accuracy. ... A
corrected map on the ~cal e of two miles to an inch woulrl he a rlsefill clocurnent to the Judicial
well os the Military office, and ... an important component part of the atlano.
To Boileau he writes ;
The si wey ... will he of a oimory nature only, ... completed in one sensol1 or perhaps
in a l m period7. ... I t e.eema...not impossible that the compiler of tho map\..haa...protrac~d
the survey routw probably t,oo long, for those lines were surveyed by different pomor~. ...
Sufficient allowancas may not have been made for the
winding of
tho roads ant] ... it is
diffictdt for me to insvrt this tract of country into the general mal~a. ... To clear up any
doubt ...y ou are directed to...remeasure Rome of the principal lined, nnrl to trace soma new
ones. ...
When you have completed the line to Cawnpore, you will crow the doab therlce to Calpee,
end thence make diagoual eketch -...from the Jumna to the Gangm and back alternately, ...
laying down many villages which are not in the old map, and ... ascertaining tho accuracy of
your mnin line. ... The more village^ you can lay down the better, nnd your enquiries...may
be d u l l y directed ... to the distance of 8 or 10 miless [ 3 1.
Starting from Allahsba in October, Boileau ran his traverse &st to Cawnpore,
snd then made a seriea of zigzags between the Jumne and the Ganges, pmeing
through Cawnpore 1st December, KBlpi 28th, Fatehpur 23rd January 1928,
and back to A1lahkbfi.d on 11th March. He then worked up through GhgZipur
to close at Cawnpore on 30th Aprillo. The fol l ~wi . ~g notes ere taken from his
6eldbook11 ;
1 corn Bhno 12-3-10 ; BMC. 13+18 ( 31 ).
a History of t h m cnnals by hl vi n JASB I ( 105 ) . n,
March 1833 ( 105-27 ).
' Whk., 16-&to 28-0-18, MRIO. M 648 ; Oot. 1818, ib, l i ( 26 ) ;'a1 ( 12, i3 1;
1 ( 7 )
'DDn. 180, Y 408 ; MR10. M 887 ; gcnenl map in 3 aheeta, ib. 180 ( 29-7 ) ; 10 Cat. (238)
peaG~lviu'm map of Jumm ca~h Delhi T e m , ~ [ 155 n.5 I.
' J.4.W. 11,1833 ( I10 ) : map bp DR Bu&,
RIO. I I R ( 14 ).
DDn. 204 ( 325 ), K-7-27,
' ib. ( 248 ), 28-7-27.
C.G. Xicllolls [II, 433 1, MRIO.
1 ( b . 1 . 2
2 ) 7 U 7
'"rhp, MRIO. 25 ( 40 ), ( 37 ), 31 ( 33 ).
' 1 ib. M 368.
~h~ prirrmry object ... being to aecertain the longitude of Caunpoor by a wries of 8Co-b
memement a conneoting a given point at Allahabed with the garrison flageteff a t t hat
station, aa
as ... to flll in the ... u mv e y e d portions of the lower doab, ... [ I ] measured a
&ort base and laid out a triangle. ...
20th November 1827.-[Used two perambulators the whole time]-the two h n d a of
capt. aernrd3s perambuletor do not a l w~y s exhibit the m e proportional perts of a n~ile,
owing to the looseness of the shorter index. ...
uHny of the stations may appear to be unnecewnrily short ; and indeed they are, but t he
mmel-fltrg-bearers are quite new in their office, and have not yet learnt how to judge for
themsol\-w in tnl~ing up proper points when sent on ahead [11, 202 1. ...
I hHve be11 employing my apere time ...in practising with tile sextant & c:hronometer,
to b k o t.lle altitudes & times a t the aamo inatant, & find that I can already ascertain the error
of tho watch Lo within 1- tlinl~ a second. ... Hoping to improve by ~ract i ce. ...
IOtll Docenlber.
I havo a t length brought my work to a close a t the Magazine Ghat a t
hunpoor, & om very ~ n u c l ~ ellrprisod to find that I cnnnot, make my obsorvations on this spot
avoe or all with those of Mr. UtwlSow, who milst of courclo be correct, as he war one of tho h t
astrono~ners of his dnyl. ... The poramhulat.or & my sextent ayrm pretty well together, ...
but I am mortifietl a t finding iny altitudes differ so much rrotn thoso of nuch nn excellent
observar as Mr. Burrow.
He writes to the Surveyor General ;
16th Jurnulry 1828. On arriving ot Surnjpoor on tho C:ang tw... I wnu ennbled t11 I~ring
my r n ~ u r e me n t to a close. for tho t i cst time during a run of upwards of 200 ~ni l e s , on n (mint
from which I had taken a circuit of upnardn of SO miles via Cauillloor. and had tho satisfaction
to find thnt my rough protr~lctions of the route oloe~d within ) n mi10 of t,he prolwr point.
8th Fehmnrp.
'The olcl map is very incorrect in somo mat,tors. ... Thore are somo of t he
villages on the wrong ~i t l e of the Jurnna, and some of the small rivers nmning in pLiwt.5 where
I col~lil discover no trace of them. The entire zigzng to Allahahad will probahly be completed
by the middlo of ancl of >J'lsrcli.
5th hfarch. The diffprent linoe agree very well with enoh other a t the points of meeting. ...
The whole of the work is protracted from the very commoncement t o the close of this morning'e
work, and the whole of the traverses are brought up. ... The moro the old map ia examined
the more errors are discovered in it, n11tl the smaller rivers are particularly faulty. The
different routes, too, not having been laid down by the same person, differ conairlerebly
... from t.hoae which have all been taken with the same theodolite & t he same penlmbu-
latora.
27th llarcli. I am kaeping a.s irluch na possible among the blank space3 in the map, thab
them umlmown pa* may be filled in correctly. The throe lnessuremeuts from Caunpoor
to Allehabad ought to give the relative longitudes of theae places very near the truth, being
aaaisted by your Istit.lldea ( and those of Mr. I311rrow ), if I can identify your bunmlow, but
there wns no plen of cantonments in Caunpoor ... ad the Superintellding PJngineer hed taken
it on tour with him.
Ca u l i l ~ ~ ~ r , 2nd hlny.
Huving arrived a t Caunpoor so much earlier than I e-ted, there
are now nearly two months of this seuson remaiuing, in which I think I a n ma n a p both the
linea you wiaheti to huvt) measured before the raim, tllat is, from Caunpoor to Fattehwl1, &
from thence to Agra. I nm now waiting for the repair of 2 of my perambulatow, one of wllich
is much out of order & I expect to reach ht t ehgur h about the end of tbie month.
7th May. As I am act u~l l y on my way to Apra, and the westher is stiU very he, I think
that I can complete both the desired limes before the rains, a d will do my bast to
the relative longitude8 of Futtehgurh, the Taj, and Caunpoor [ 190 1.
Hodgson replies ;
You have done good work in getting through the lower doab eo well ad quickly, md
I will be glad to hear [ t hat you have reached ] shelter a t Agra, for the wenther must be very
hot.
However, I hope your health will not suffer from being in camp in hot winds ;
never
did, and I think I wrrs better in the field, ohanging ground evary day, then in a house, and,
the time certainly passed more lightlya.
Boileau compiled his survey into a "large map of the lower d-b, on a ecale
of two geographid miles to an inch which he submitted from Ape in Sepbmh, .
and Hodgeon reported the satisfactory conolusion of the e-ey ;
'Roileau'a letitude ioi Campme 28' 29' 7'.7 ; tms pmitim 86' B' N. ; 80 21' E.
a Dh. m.
1981 ), 14-628.
'Memoir describing map, 11-1-29, YRIO. 16 ( 40 ) ; other map, ib. 25 ( 6 )
( 6 7 ), .
11 ( 42 ): for detaih me a DDn. 416 ( 19). 18-10-46.
Lieutenlent Boileau, whom I guided in all the deteila of his duty by wrrespondence, hm
executed the work...in a menner very much to hia credit, end hes, under my spmiel insl;rua-
ti-, carried Ihw from my observetory st Futtehgurh [ 189 ] to the Tejh at Alye ...
The old surveys of the lower dooeb, which required reviaion aa I supposed they would.
have bem corrected, end the country between Cewnpore and Allahabed hee been treversed
and i n mc t e d in many directions, and the difference of longitude between the two p h
in now mtisfactorily settled. The old difference hes, as I eupposed it would, proved very
canaidwebly in error.
The other linas above Cawnpore were found to be correct1.
This was the last deliberate peace-time survey to be based wholly on traverae
and astronomical fixings.
The capture of Bharatpur in January 188Ba opened up new country, and after
BoileauY8
at Apa Hodgson ordered him t o measure a base-line between
Agre
Delhi, and carry triangulation into Bharatpur, from which detail survey
could be extended by theodolite tra-rerse ;
what your ~l ext seeson's work will be I cennot exactly say at, present, but either hl Bhurt-
poor or Rohilcumd, probably.
If the former. we must proceed from a measured bnse.
When
at
you m y elramine the ground.
I think 23 or 3 miles ... fit for a b ~ a e may be found near
=here General NichoU's3 division was encamped before the siege. If so, the ' bj , Secundra.
end other buddine, are points, and sides must be found to connect them to Futbhpoor Seckri,
the citadel of Bhtu%poor end the Tej are visible, and the principal forts. Iiumnr Ueig,
etc., \piU be fine points in Bhurtpoor couu~try, end we can sltetcl~ easily to Alwar, etc. [ 203 1.
Perhaps you may find ground for a base 3 way between Agra Lo Futtepoor Secri where
both are visible ; there is n chnin end coffers, etc.. in the Ap a magazine [ 250 14.
Boileau was directed first to make connection with the Jumma Musjid in Delhi,
and to traverse
from the Tej at Agrs ...to the fort ol Bhurtpoor tlvough Chaksana, and to return ... by Fettah-
poor Sikri, that the difference of longitude might be ascertained by a double measurement, ...
exemhing what ground ... would be beat adapted for the meeaurement of a baseb.
He did thin
+out, my accident or intamuption, though I l ~eve juat received a public notice ... tl~rough
the Politicel Agent at Bhurtpoor, forbidding me to carry on any surveying operations in the
Bh\rrtpaor Skt a. Though Major Locket [ 11, 4x7 ] could not publickly lend me h i assistance
in & the peremhulatore through this independant territory, yet he very kindly furnj&ed
me with such aid ...p revious to the arrival of t h i order, end the people of the country. far from
k w i n g eny obstacles in the way of tha work, were perfectly civil end obliging".
Whilst wdting for permission to crose the Bharatpur frontier, Boileeu,
being quite tired of remaining still at Agre, ... took an opportunity of running down t,o Jeypoor
wl y in Ap d 1829, taking with me a sextant end chronometer for the purpose of mcertaking
& ldtude and longitude of thet piece?. ... Being positively forbidden ... I dared not carry on
my routs s w e y beyond our frontier, but when the prohibition i removed. I hope some
opportunity will occur of verifying the above. ... I will prepare to undertake the IneaaW-
ment of a bme between . w e end Fettahpoor Swkreeo.
At laat, in August 1820, the ban wsa removedB t o his great delight ;
fur really I b v e bean M, many months bating the bread of idlenesn that I begm to be quite
eshamed of mymLf. ... Further examination will, I hope, enable me to find sllficient ground
for baee of five milee, end there will no doubt be a less objectioneble method of connecting
the Tej a t Agra with the p r o p d cKm of triengles then by the mode formerly s u g p ~l O.
He spent November and December
m a i t r i n g the country south of Agra, within the dominions of the Company, which was
dsa and d i o u l t for triangulation. ... I have found three placas southward of whioh
would form nearly en equilateral triangle with Akbar'e Tomb a t Bikandre end the gehwey
Pattahpoor ~~. ... completed
v q minute examination of a~ the oOuIltry
Jhb -* of -8,
b w month wi l l be ahie0y employed
~ , , t t ~ u .
' DLJn. 231 ( I'JH I. 22-11-2n.
' Plana auwd. during ~i rge, MRIO. n:) ( 8-11 ).
*aan Sir jaspRr
. Mol h ( 17714-IMP ) ; C-in-C.. 1 WW i DNB.
' the of the OTB. ohajiw [ a)b ] ; D&. 2m ( 331 ),
w-&m. ' DDn. 927: Fdbh. Y 314.1-1 1-'B.
'b., 16-11-28.
' Pired by Wx l g m h y a m mrlier [ ~ 1 .
*Lb. -29. ml)I)n. 231 ( 200 1, 114-2B.
"DDn. 227. 01L&?Q.
' 1 DDn. 220, )I 630; 1-1-80.
He reported later t hat
nearly the whole of the central and northern parts of the Agre and Muttra frontier have be-
very minutely surveyed, and all elevated points have been carefully noted which may maid
in carrying on the intended triangulation. No difficulty will occur in finding conveniant
etatione within the Bhurtpoor territory, and many diflicultiss have been already done away
with. ... but much vet remains to be done to the southward and weatward of Agral.
He completed his survey of Bharatpur during the next two years.
IIuring tile Markthe war of 1817-8, Quartermaster General's officers of all three
presidencieb: were employed on military surveys, and from 1st ,January 1817 e
special cadre was authorized for the Bengal army, as had been formed in lCIadrae
in 1810 [ 11, 321-2 ; 111, 3347 1. To avoid infringing on the responsibilities of
the Surveyor General, duties were restricted t o the survey of roads and communi-
cations :
or1 tile close of opercrtions ... the officers of the Quarter Master Ceneml ' ~ Departmorlt being
dieposeclble, His E~cel l or~cy the Commnnder in Chief. ..hae direoted that. t,hey shoulcl be imme-
diately employed in furthering the object of ... the Superintendent in the Western Provillcas. ...
You are. ..to commence a survey of the road@., etc., in the District of-. The surve y...ie
t o be conbed to the roads with the objmta im~nediately on them, or adj ~cent thereto, and ie
to oonsult both civil and military convenience. ...
The more immediate object being t o enablo the magiatrat- to determine on arrangemen&
for tile general convenionce and necurity of travellers, t he oflioer~ employed will carefully
examine the looalities of the several ~~ol i c e chokiw, ... and recommend such positions as in
their judgements may swm to be better ... than those a t present fixed on.
The surveyors were to make daily observations for latitude, weather permit-
ting, and t o keep close touoh with the Superintendent of Police; they were
to be employed a t least sin days in seven, unleas interruptecl by indisposition or the irlolemenep
of the weather, and during the periodical rains their attention is to be devoted t o the compil-
&ion8 end topography of their surveys, of which three copies are t o be propred, both of t he
maps and field books, in order that the Quarter Mastor General of t, l~e Army, the Superinten.
dent of Police, and the hiagistrato of the District may each have orloa.
From October 1818, all military roads were placed under t,he control of the
Quartermmter General, including that between Calcutta and Benares [ I , 368 13.
In 1620 the establishment included Ezekiel Barton [ I I , 380-1 ] as n.Q.M.a. with
headquarters a t Cawnpore ; James Franklin as A.Q.N.Q., and a number of
D.A.Q.M.G.'S [ 335-7 1. Copies of surveys were sent as a matter of routine to the
Surveyor General4, and included roads in Rohilkhand by William Gt ~ r d e n - ~ ~ ~ t -
in AllahBbLd district, and thence t o NBgpur vits Rewah and Jubbulpur, by
Becher-roads to the north of Delhi by Paton-and throngh Minkpw and
Rewah by Drummond.
Officers of the RBmgarh Battalion were still interested in surveying r o d of
Chota NBgpur, and in 1817 Ferguson surveyed the road from Gaya t o Patna6 under
the direction of Roughsedge, president of the road committee. I n 1822 Jam-
Aire, of "the Hill Bildars", was one of the officers surveying new roads of
Singbhiim6. Surveys through Central India, Miilwa, and RGjputiina, wiU be noted
in a later chapter [ 8390 1.
During the Burmese war, when most of these offiaers were on aotive servioe,
"Superintendence and Executive charge of all public roads" was tmnsferred to
"the Department of Public Works"'.
During 1819 Jackson [ 11, 409 ; 111, 12 ] surveyed the line for a road between
Midnapore and NBgpur through Keonjar and Sambalpur, receiving instruotione t bt
1 DDn. 229. M630; 1-6-30; nee alao M 315. 317, 319,11?3 which aontain t-inoh mapa of A g m - ~ ~ h
fmntlor, beautifully clenr and neat ; otlior maps are MRIO. 16 ( 6 ) ; 29 ( 3-14 ).
a DDn. 282 ( 280 ),
30-3-18. 'BQO., W.. l&I&lB. 'MRIO. M 379 ; 31 ( 30 ) ; 32 ( 1-67 ).
prssumabb thataun-
by PeaLett in 1812 [ 11,436 1. MRIO. 49 ( 36 ). ' B W . 30-8-25.
BENGAL & THE UPPER PROVINCES
the precise direction...must be faithfully laid down, giving full and diatinct reasone for all
windings, and the mast particular acoount of the nature of the soil and featurea of the country,
whether open or through jlmgle, plains, ascenta and descents. and, where low and requiring
to be raised, the probtible quantity of labour and m- of accomplishing it ; whet trenchee
or draine for water-courses, or bridges, will be necessary.
The outline of towns and villages ... must be given, with the streeta passing through them,
and defences where they have any ; also of all forts, buildings of importance, bridges, tanlce.
&.. not to mention welL wherever met with, or ... wanted for the convenience of t r oop or
other travellers. ...
A pu.rticular description will be expected of all rivers, nullahs, ghauta, pnssw, fords.
end forries, ... and the names and residences of the zemultlars to whom the villagcxq and land8
belong, or by whom rented. ... The climate, ... the populations and cnstos ; number and
deecription of their cattle and carriages, produce of the crops, and s t ub of manufactures1.
Without, perhaps, collecting quite all t he information here called for, Jackson
produced a useful map, and t he road was constructed on his
rough estimate of probable expence of constructing a road from Jlidnapoor to Nagpoor.
30 feet wide, m d clearing away 25 yards of jungle on either side-He. 3.38,448 for the part
thro' the Company's dominions-Re. 2.75,136 ... thro' Nagpoor-lis. 6,13,585 totola.
An advertisement in t he @overnment Gazette of 2 n d June 1820 read8 tiiat
Dek runners have recentlv been laid on the direct
route betwixt Calc.utta and Nugpore,
- --
route lately elrplored end-surveyed by Captain Jacluon. This line of con~municat$n with
the
of Berar rum nearly in an eaaterly diroction tlvough Kaipur, and shortens the
dak to Bombay [ 266 n.1 1.
At theendof 1820 Gilmore and Ommanney, both of t he Engineers, were deputed
sumey t he Line for a road from BurdwBn t o Bih&r, which was aftenvarcls t o
be constructed as part of the Grand Trunk Road.
There was a direct road from Burdwan to Behar formerly uaed, ... and though not now
frequented ... it appears probable that by pursuing its course the surveyors will meot fewer
than they would be likely to encounter in any other direction.
I t is also probable
that coal. lime, and other nwtarials, will he founcl...for the conetruction of any bridges t hat
might be necassarya.
The Surveyor General gave Gilmore detailed instructions ;
You will commence ... at Burdwan, and ... survey by perambulator measurements and magnetio
b h g e , intersecting all remarBable objects to right and left, and especially ... such featuree
of the country as may be useful in defining the proposed line. You will also ... report on the
nrrtural productions ... such es coal, limestone, etc. ...
It b supposed that ...y ou may survey daily from 6 to 8 miles nccording to the difficilltiee
of the wuntry. This distance you will protract, filling in all the detaile during the heat of the
day when your work in the field is suspended, as it essential to the accuracy of such a work
thet the map should keep paco with the field book.
The male of these field protractions will be 2 miles to an inoh ; theee will be afterwar&
combined and reduced to u. scale of 4 when the whole is finished. It will be neceeaary also
t o take daily azimuth for the ascertainment of the error of the needle. ... You will forward
to this office on the 1st of each month a report of your progress. ...
In the nccompanying sketch ...y ou will find laid down several triangles belonging to the
wries of the Great Trigonometrical Survey'. ... You should check your operations by con.
necting them with those fixed points. ... The simpleet method of doing t hb will be to observe
the angles subtended by any three of those stations that may be visible, by observing their
azimuths with the theodolite which has been furnbhed you6.
Gilmore reported t he complotion of the eurvey8 in e letter from Pat na dated
22nd March, and then returned t o Calcutta and discharged his etaff. His road r m
through Sni ga nj , Rupnarainpur, Pakmau, Karakdiha, t o Bih&r, about 36 mi l a
muth-east of Patna7.
DDn. 1.73 ( 62R ). 1-12-18.
'Fdbk. MRIO. Lf. 221.
'from Mil. Dept. h SG.. DDn. 283 ( 91 ).
I . 'Olliver'e longitudinal aeries [ 261-4 1.
"hat we now oaU s theodoUte resection [ 197 1;
8C. ta Gilmom. IIDo. 287 ( 1 ), 8-1-30.
'Fdbk. M 248; maps LIRIO. 48 ( 1-3 ).
7 Report. DDa. 285
( 31-9 1, 23-7-30.
CHAPTER 111
THE MOUNTAIN PROVINCES
HOUGH the glorious views of the sriow peaks had long fascinated surveyors
r
toiling in the plains, it was not unt,il the Ourkhaa hed been diapo8sessed of
their Himllayun conquests, and hacl accepted the I<Bli River as their western
boundary, that any regi~lar survey of t.he mountains wan poa~ible [ 11, 84, 891.
Robert Colebrooke, Crawford, Webb, and Hodgson, had set their hearts on
penetrating into the mountallis and discovering the secrets t,hat lay beyond the
lower foothills. Sicknew and death had robbed C'olebrooke of any greater joy than
hki ng distant observations and calculating the height8 of a few recognizable peaks
[ 11, #&7 1-('rawford had the thrill of actually working in the mount,ains of NepHl
[ n, 70-2 ; pl. 8 ]-Webb had penetrated far up the two main branches of the Ganges.
and was now given the survey of Kumaun [II, 701; pl. 91-end i t fell t o Hodgson
who had already. climbed the lo~ser spurs above t,he Dun [ I I , 82-4 ; pl. IO] t o lead
the regular survey which Lord Moira sanctioned at the end of 1815 ;
A fa\.~)rable opportunit,y now 11fTc31x lor malting a cormvt sllrvey of tlle lately liberated
of C:r~rawal. Sirmoor, 1mc1 Hindoorl, 08 well nu of t.lle countries to the north ...
-hinq to the Himalohah. a tract which cornprizes the sources of the Ganges. Jurnna, To n ~ e
( hitherto unknown thoogh larger t.llan t,he J u mn t ~ ~ ), mcl Sutledge rivers, and which is bounded
by Rome of t,he noblest mountnin~ of the world [ 111. 5 1.
The whole of those provinces nrs now ... rmder 13rit.iah protection or influence. ... A nurveg
could therefore be carried on...& leiw~re, ... ns immedint,ely beneficinl t o t.he public intereute
~rs it would add to geographical scienre. ...
An aurertninrnent of the heads and COUPSW of the four great rivers, and of the heights
end di.*t,ances of the snowy peaks, are now completely within reach of Rritiah research and
enterprise. These nre objects becoming the attention of an enlightened Government.
The prospect of a speedy termination to the present war with Nepsul, and the little pro-
bability there ia that Captain Hodgson would ever be allowed to enter t hat c o u n t r ~ in time of
peace for ... malting a leisurely and extensive survey, induced the Cornrnantler-in-Chi& t o
think 11e might be more advantageously employed in making the eurvey above described,
and he hnn wcordingly directed that officer to proaeed townxds the upper part of the dooeb,
mbject however to be recalled in the event of t.ho army on the frontier of Sarun and Tirhoota
bking the field [ LT, 43 : m. I . 2 1. ...
.' Captain Hodgson is well known a8 a prwtised trigot~ometrical surveyor of no common
gtemp. ... He purposes to mervlure a long base on t he plains of the upper part of the d-b
or of Rohilcimd. and then proceed with a seriw of grand trimgles, in wluch the higheat rind moat
remarkable mount a h woidd form stations, whence every peak and range vieible m y be laid
down with the greatest accuracy. -4t favorwnble aearonu, when the snow is sufficiently melted,
the sources of the great rivers may be visited and determined witit.h precisiod.
Hodgson was appointed to this charge from 17th October 1818, keeping as
essiahnts Ezekiel Barton and two young engineer of f i w~, Edward Garstin and
,Paton, who had been with him on the Nepd frontier [ 11,41; pl. 21 n. 1.
He reached Sahkranpur on 30th December, and after sewching without s u c o ~
for a suitable site for a bese-line, and losing severd weeks from a return of the
. .
1 or Nilagarh, one of the Sirnln Statap. m e t of SirmPr. 53 A/lZ 10.
'volume ac,tudly gmt er thm
that of Ji~rnna at conflaonm ; Inrp GJ~. )iXI11.41(1-0.
'Lord Moire hnld both offioee, (:G. & C.io-C.
* 72
.B & F. JFmm AG.. DDn. 141 ( 181 ), 27-9-15.
fever which he had picked up in bhe tmai [ 11, 42 1, he decided
~0at Pone
mmumment, and to start his survey from ctstronomical observations.
me fever & ague by wllic.11 I was conhefl since the 20th of Jany., having abated. ... I
on 11th February 1816 by the Ti di p w to the Doon. ... I reconnoitroc1 the round
near it ( s8haranpour ), which I t,houpht mi ~ h t perhaps be sutfirierltl~ level fi)r a base. but
fond it not so, 8; as no ans\\-er hat1 a ~ ~ i v e d ... to my application to ... charge t,he ostllj eKPensea
...on the me~swi ng a long base in a correct manner. and oe the season proper for H I I C ~ an
operstin~~ ww passing away. I resolved t,o thinl< no more of tho bwe t . hi ~ year, I J L I ~ t o we
differences of latit,ade of plarw very distant from each other ( but nevertheleas \.i*ible )'.
Marching through KBlsi, where the Jumna breaks out from the hills, he took 8
long series of obsenations from Singholi2-for latitude-to the hills around-
and to snow peaks. "I mean to go to the summit. of the lofty Chour-ke-Dha+,
6 days journey hence over high mountains". Passing through NLhan, capital of
Sirmar, he reached the Chaur, 11,966 feet above t,he Nea, on plat April, and started
another long series of observations [IT. pl. 10 ; 111, 175 1. He found that work on
these bills after fever was very trying :
Whether it h from the changes in t.he at.tno~phere on t~igh moi ~~~t ai ns. or t l ~e ir~convenience
of being expoaed to Revere cold & high win&. I find my obaarvat,ionn never ngree n f ot ~r t l ~ p r t
so well as on the plains. ... Had I not been dimbled by the dungeron~ inflnnunatic~n of my t,hront.
I could h v e taken a series of stare by the circular instmme~lt, but on the 28th April I waa
obliged to go clown to Nahan to consult Dr. Rusuel14. ...
28th April.
Camp on the Chaw IIedl~r mo~mtain. Snow. ... A heavy fall last night.
I purpose going to Sabat,oo, & t,hence Rampaw in Buawir" 40 ; pl. ,i 1 higlr up on the Suttleez.
Should there be a mountain barometer to be scdd in Caloott:l, I ~houl d 110 grentlx vhliged by
your buying 2 for me [ 34, 2.22 1.
In May 1816, he marched through Niihan and Sabiithu t,o Simla. where he
pitched hie tent on the ridge, and found villages distant and supplies scarce. He
then went along the track now known as the Hindustiin-Tibet road, t h~uugh
Theog and Mstiiina, to reach Kotgarhi on 27th May [ pl. 51.
Aa soon as I am relieved from the inconvenience of an inflammation of the throat, cauwd
by the frequent changaa from the heat of the vallies & the cold dry air & cutting winds on the
h i mountains. I mean to survey by Rampour 91 the valley of t,he Suttluj along the foot
of the Himelye. 91 to visit if possible the mmee of the Suttluj, as thnt cannot be done except
in June or in the re&. ...
Knaign Gamtin. a~r ht ant surveyor, is on aick cartiticate at. Ir' td~ar~. Ensign Paton joined
me a t Sabatto. & ~ccompanied ma to this place. He will ho rletachcil to survny the route
to Bullaepour & Subethoo by the Ruttluz. Ensign Garstin, wl1e11 able. will be eml)loyed in a
survey of the dintrich between Sebattoo & the Suttluz. anrl hnth the awietants generally in
l i b g up deteila between fixed pointe.
The want of mottntein bnrometam I greatly feel ; the last I had was broken on the Chour.
I have two coming from England ; they are not procurable in India, either from the publio
or in the ehope.
Leaving Kotgarh on 8th June, Hodgeon travelled by RHmpur and up the
Butlej, finding supplies very di5cult aa there was great shortage of grain.
Before the end of the month he crossed the Shatul pass, 15,6515 ft., over the high
snow range to the upper Tons, returning t o Kotgarh over another pass by 16th
July. The following extracts from hie journal describe this notable journey ;
By cletsrmining the position of the Kylss peaksB [ I . 71 ; IT, R r n.4 ]...I shall determine
the coumo of the Suttluz so far, & beyond it I believe the country i~ not. inhebited. ... As to
the source of the Xuttlaa, I hope to give more mtisfertory informet.ion hereafter, but a m
greatly inclined to believe it is not in the Himalya ; the people univemuy my t ht it,
cornea from near ... Jl mnr ar Lake ; Rome pretend to have gone along it so far ; one man whom
1 examined ...p ve me a clencription of the lake [ 11.80 ].
23rrl June.
U I I ~ ~ , t c~weds the p n ~ over the Himmalya into Swarralo. ...
24th.
Haltillg I J ~ ~ WG above pine f omt to ... foot of paw. ... The Kylespeakwl, ~lel,ceaome-
what mlnblrnl
f@)rm of the Pewe temple of Sheo-Mah~leo, r ~ l g from a broad base,
I;gll~k. MRIO. Y 3.51) Feh. I Hl H.
'7632 ft., h'. of Allrat.
F/S, aonepionoua hornKimla.
Fdbk. .I.I LRLmpur, -9.7 Ej l l .
htter to Ry~le, ANQ. DDn. 1.70 ; M. 576.
7 S~~mmer hdqrs, of
drteol~rnr~rtr of l ot lc 2r1rl S ~ r i Rstt. [ 4011.5 1.
' MRIO. Fdbk. M WI).
' Kailas. 22,028.82 E.
1oShwrs ?
en upper 'L'nnr, 53 1.
99
8.a ma& map on rmrrs .
Re d u d from 8-mile msp prepared in Burveyor -1's a c e ,
1822-3, f mm~ o f Ho dg s a n, He r be r t , ~ d OIiver, 1818-22 [2+40 1.
Meridian linea drawn at N' 1nkv8Irr from mmidian of 5 t h C b ,
wmmd t o be 77" 23' 30" Fmt of Greenwiah. Survey wae M
from th observed latitudes of at i ons at BdMs, The Ohor, Bbmt
and & w ~ . Owing to disoodant wul b caused by the wmmpckd
v#w of locd athetion i35.177 1, Herbert meam~ted a be-l i ne
early in 1819. one mile e& of Dehm (37 n.7 I, a d with Hcdpm
compiled a quarter-inch map on the triangulatio~~ valum thus revieed
I I 3aL
For exploretion of Hkdayan and of Bpiti and Butbj rivers
by Hodgaon, Herbert, and Gerard, am pp. W1,40-3, and Gerard's
fhntimpi~ce map, Lloyd, I & XT.
f i l l be gul a t i on appeer cw pla- m & rv. Asiasia B ma r c b ~
vol. mv.
k e y o m' &one, B I l d j Hill, 9 m. mt of ~ ~ r i e ,
liee 80 yards ea&t of jQkia9a hut on iowm sum&, MO ydir. w.
of pmt 1420. -Bridle trmk from Cloud End passee between
theee ~ummite. I n i W out M d e
'I t3 B. ( J h 8tephen Bolden, ( 1781-la&), w., Jt. Mte
&Mmnpm, fnrm' 1816 ).
R D 8. 7
WL G l Wm. L ~ G a a d n e r ) [ p mz 3 .
I A H (John Anthony H-, who olim3bed B e j in 1814
and 181% to obmve
p b [a, &3,407; PI. 10;
PI* 5 I 1-
A(S (Alexanrler aarsrd [nI. za-3;pI. ~]), andenambi o.
a& sorip.
InWriglht#ornmirr
hdy HooQ 1814 ( Maria, wife of Admiral Sir S a d Hood, oomdg.
EL 8 - [II,83, 407 J 1.
Fmm$ k e h telb of riding out tQ B W j o. 1836, W - -
' ~ a P ~ [ ~ d 2 4 7 - 8 ] ; u A k t t b f ~ ~ h e r o n w e f o a n d a R ~ u i r d d l -
e a t &i n e t o n e + thls idolisnow neght d. ... Near fth a'-
damon whhh b~ &hdkd4LadyHood 1814'. On npeakhg of Ohie
to the palitid mt, he lawd and aid, "You were more me-
pr%g t h LBdg Hood-you visited the M e on@ eent a matl
ta OW out her amne and that of Colonel B. on the top d BhadrBj ;
dm m f i i t ed the plaoe in per8on''.
The hut ooatains, 1961, two s h e imagm, and a hoIy man was
living hem am lab a~ 1930.
Primed at thr Survoy of Lndla
( tL b. 0.)
dm-ing by ataps cia it were.
There are orher pmkm near called IiyLm, I x ~ t tlliu is the
maet eminent. ...
Abandonal nly $i11a11 tent, to allow tho peol~lo t o help on those who were falling down
siok. ... Whether from the t hi nnw of the air. or t,ho exhalatinnq from certain plant&, very
many of the popl o were attacked wiLh faintness & laid down ; I also experienced a n ~~npl ocwwt
s ewt i on & 1 1 ~ l w, l ~ e all thia day. ... Haltod for the niuht a t the Pamori river.
Obaervationq for latitude gave 31' 29' 2.5..
At night wm preparing t o observe an imruemion
of J's srcbll~te. when I wlw ~uiewl w~t h yi~lrlinrwa & could not stand to the telwcope ; but it .. . -
was misty, h. probably the ohservt~tion w~rubl n t ~t have bt:en good.
1 fouJld that water boi l d hero nt ld8O of Fnrlrenheit.
1710 water WRN UI IL kettle in high
ebluit,ion.
I nrclerecl the penl~le to take wold in the tnonling to the top of t he ~ ) m , & to await
my arrival there, that I might try this aaino expori ~~l ol ~t there with hui l i n~ water, but had tho
vexatiol~ to fintl they 114 gono rorwn.rrl to avoid tho snowstorm them. I find i t boils a t Kot,e-
ghur at 196".
26thl. ]jaltillg l)lnc.e w r o ~ ~ tile p a * in t,ho Himalytx illtlr Swclrral. ... foth. '1.0 nolll
village. ... 1st .Jldy.
tnt,n the Pal)ur vnlley2.
He wrote to Hyde on 1st Jul y from
Camp at Roorona 011 tho Paljrot River, Ru~~nl l u.
'Vllt) H U P V ~ Y is going 011 into ... the r u b
if the thick weather tloar not oblige mo t.0 h ~v e it op.
[ m ~ ~ s t bring up my in<lrror work in
the cold suneon bolow, when those morlntauw &re buried in snow.
I hnve unrveyed up ICurnaur' [.lo. 43 1, the vnlloy ( or rather ohnnm, its so steep )...
throllgh which tho R~~t.tlez flowa, one of the rnoet r ~ ~ g p < l cotmtrier in t he worlcl t o havo
inhabitants. I usont up tw far an I coul~l get grnin for nly people, but a t thia senson tho poor
c r o p of barley are yut ~ R I I , enrl the peoplo a l l o t -ow enough for thomelves, L nro obliged
to import it from the so1t.h side of tho Iiimalya in oxchango for wool. ... I purlrose shortly
to go up into Iirrnaur again, and higher. A* 1 w~mt by the course of the river, 1 got \pithin
the Hiinnlya without pclssing the mow, I x ~t rettlnled south over the erlowy molu~taina into
Swerroa.
There are 2 riilgeu of the Hirndya, bet\voen which the Suttluj Born near e wt and weat. 1
came over the soi~thern ono, which I crosreclon the 24th a t noon, aud found it a very a r d u o ~ ~ )
undertaking. ... 'Che want of berometers ~n!,st inortifyinq in 133i ! Evon at tllk aetwo~l
people frequently perish tllere. L% Yc fc,url:l one de1.1, & wit11 dilfi~ulty preserved the lives of
several of my people, with the los.3 of some of my baggage.
Pray tell Col. 3Iaclcenzie the above when Ile errivoj, & tllnt I hav* prejervell $ome of the
roclc of t,ho Himalya for him, ~k have collect.o:l rome flower*, &c.. which grow bolow tlle snow
for the bot~knicttl proft~sor [ -18 n.a ] ; they are c.hiefly such as grow in the spring in England.
I win11 I 111~1 a nliilllll I ~ . L ~ ~ V P ~ ~ L P C L I I Q ~ fi.01t-t tho bl~LunicnI g ~ t r d c t ~ ~ wit11 tne to oollect plarlts &
preaerve them, w I tun 110 botallist.
He asked for an astronornical quadrent :
Pray ... meut,io~l thin urg:.ont,ly, idro o supply of bltrulnetere. &o., in o pilhliu wt~y, tw witllout
C4ovorn1nollt will help, 'tis in \win to run the r hk of breakin:: one's neck. or being starved or
froison to ~laath. 1 Iiolro \vhen CoI. 11aal;erlzie comes he will sot these wnntv in n proper light,
for 'ti* a sllnme that u. grunt ('iu\.ernmant s h o u l llave no bottor invtrlunenta in their store
than thove sent to Mr. Gnrstin ; so ball & rough t.llat I ronlly \rould not myself bo a t the
expenoe of carriage for them [ 212 1.
BIr. Paton iu employed a t Hincloor. Mr. Garatin I believe sick at Nahrw~.
I stiffer geat l y
from idamecl 801% throat6.
From Kotgarh he returned to Niihan, where he stayed from 10th August till
20th September, taking lunar observations for longitude when rain permitted.
I was also engaged in bringing up the map, but having doubta M to the precim latitude
of my grand station on the Chour, on which everything depends, I thought it henb to clefm
doing anything definite till I could roviait the pealr.
Thie he did during October ;
At a place like the summit of this v ~ a t moun tein... no one who hcrs not mi ded in suche
stormy region can hnve an idea of the violence of the wind, nnd the suffering of en
by night from the cold, always much bolow f mzi ng point. ... On the 10th of Oobber, we*
i mh t l y frozo when poured out a t 9 in the morning, tho' t he sun shone out, the t hermomeh
being then a t 31". Jorlge then what it is by night, mcornpmied by a wind whioh peele the
h t e also entered in mnp ; MRIO. 10 ( 18 ).
' Pabar R.i 63 E/SE. ; MFtIO. Y 968.
pb. bl y
R o h . 'Kaniwer w upper nubdim. of Bsshehr atsto, cororing upper Sutlej nUey [ ~ d . 51. Imp
h. VII ( 49-6 ). XIV ( 3729 ). 'DDn. 130, M 676. 1-7-10.
skin frolll the face, g: blows wit,Il n violence whicl~ smtna t o shake tire very gm-d,
I had 8
tent cut ol*n to tile rlorth ,t. soutll t o protect t , l ~e instrument. but a t t he time of observation
the ,+,d Rtshes in & Rllakes the inst.rument, & blows out the lights & Creet- eonfusion. &
people holding the tent to prevent its being ctlrried an-ay are apt t o touch or
the
so that 1 fouIld i t iml>omihle to keep tlie adjustments in order from night to nil5'ht.p and a m
oblipl to rnjWtt, eoIne pairs of observntiona, taken with so ~nuch trouble.
AB Mkter
comiig on, he now moved down to Sahi ranpur where
I r e ~ t e d the obser\.stionu for the altitudes 9: ~zi mr ~t l l s of the clitinrent snowy and ot, l~er peabs,
B n ~ took n,ally new obsen-atior~r, & have, from the Chaur & Seliarotlpoor. poults in the Hinlalya
a\lic-h Capt. \Vebh will also ha\re [ qc,. 47 ; pl. b 1. uo t.hat o w trinngles will join and show t he
dSerence of latitude 8: longitucle of a vast tract of c(~unt ry from the .Tunmn to tho Gourn. ...
1 hope t o cICme tlik station hp the en11 of S~\ - el nber . ... I will then trnrrrse ~ I I the eust
bnerda BereiUy. slltl fix the posit,iona of plnces in the doab d Rohilrund frortc tlie snowy peaka,
as it is no uw rrrllail~ing. in the (leep nntl [lark glens ill the ~nonntsinq in t,he cold season. ...
Ahout Febn~ory I a.ill ugaul enter t,he mountai~w. and rern~iin there. ..till next, cold
~et ~9oa, & iT I receive the ms)ru~tain bnromete w... shrill. I trr~at., 1111 1nt1c.11 ck well [ jo. 204, 222 1'.
He worked don-11 into Rohilkhand ;
24t,li Dme~nber.
At. hIorerlabntl t he tl~ie\.eu wrrieci off the h g r & es r el l e~~t Dollond'e
tlleodolite, 11avi1p olso tht. t,eleacopc & every retjnisite. They HINO stole n double berroUed
riae gull frorn nit'.
1 \ran using thia theodolite nl111. del~rived of it,, I r~)al t l (111 nothing till
I aI1o~tl~3 ami\-e at Uareilly. ... The polire ui the noigl11,onrhood of Jlorn~lnbud in very bud.
He mc he d Bareilly on S(it,h Ilece~nher, and conlpared t he bearing ant1 distance
with tho* used by Reuben BU~TOU- [ I, 160 ] and C'olebrooke [ II, 68 ] :
At Col. Gnrdner'se ramp, the *nowy pt?nkq, Al k t haw mat of it ere visible. I erected
( us ~tsual ) n pillar of tnllrt,nry for t,lle circnlar imtrutnent, t o observe them when the weather
shor~ld clmr up. ... A iR the high peak of .Towaliir. 9: is the western penk of Cspt,. Webb's
nuneg, k the ea5tent one of mine : it is very rnl~~picuorw. 9: visihlt. from most p a r a of
Hol~ilcrtr~d & tho upper dimIs1.
The views of the snow-Y are at their best on clear days iu January, but later
become obscuretl by dust haze, as noticed by Lord Moira, 2'it.h March 1818 :
We now hnlted at Pnsnh. ... Itnin hnvitig fnllen in t,lle night, 1 thia morr~ine saw again
the glnrionn mngo of' ~nortnltinu which ~tepnrntes Hin(lostn11 from Tartary 111, 891. At t hb
maon. thougl~ tho air seems p r f ~ c t l y rlenr, there rxints n lii~za which pi-@\-entn even any dim
nrlurnhrntion of the rno~~ntnillr fro111 heing porcri\-;~hle. rlnlexq after cooling .qhoworqd.
On his return through %lorAdBbBd Hodgson turned asido t o meet LVehb who was
making good progress with hi* survey of Kulnaun [46 ] ;
Tho' I was ansio~w to return to the we.qt\rnrda, 1 t,l~cruglit a few days \~~ouI11 be wrsll L%to\ved
in going up townrcb Itoorlerl~o~v to meet Capt.. \Vebh, that we might fix on so111e peab by
whi(.l~ UUI. HI U. V~YY could be connectarl. I ncror~lingly \vent np, & we fixed I,II A & D'. ~ n d con-
certed other matters. 1 ah0 re-inforced my alro~~(-ly vel u~i l ~l e collertion oL' instruments with
an excellent chror~otuetcr k a 42" 'releacope.
27th J I I ULI R~~. ... The Con~pany'u fwtory. neur T ~ ~ L H ~ L ~ ~ > O I I I ~ . ... [ chllne up here and
oh~orvecl t,ho pent, pc~l c A.
I tnltflt remain llere some rlnyu until I receive nn a(lditionnl
able chrl~nometc'r & rhher instrument3 ... for which I have ~ e n t to Allnoras.
He got back to SahHranpur on 15th February and halted t,here till "th, whell
he startetl out to t he hills, determined t o reaoh t he sources of both the Juma and
t he Gangm. He way erlcouraged by t he promhe t hat he would be joined by James
Herbert, for he had been working single-handed for n long time, Barton, Garstin,
and Yabn, bal i ng all &opped out during 1816 for orin reason or another [II, 381;
111. 3467 I. He knew t hat he would not be t he fiwt European t o reach theee
celebrated spot% for both hat1 been visited two years before by James Freaer
1: 11. 78, 398 ] ; but he intended t o be t he first surveyor t o do so.
24th %I*rch 1817. I ehdl
on t,o JnrnnoutrieS ew Roon aw the path in open, but I fear the
IlncrJmnlon quantity of ~now...will n)tllt up Gnngoutri this ymr ; however, if ~ ~ ~ b ~ f i
up,
b- we as" repair the haromotern. I mny try ; without them no thin^ nntimfnctory can be done. ...
Yrll,k. bl 3BO. 15-Il-Ill.
' Wm. Iinnnoua Onrtlnor ( 1770-1835 ) [ pl.5 n. j ; EIU. HN. 03rd
T~rof. 1783: in Manitha ncrrirr 17RH-IW; r a i d Cardner'a Home 180~); m. 1794 by mwlirn rites;
h u e at aka Khaylanj ; Fanny Parka, I ( 183. 420): Aa J. XLY 1830 ( 47 ) ; Hod-, 1V ( 607 ).
'LUllO. 51 300. 161-17.
' HwtLtgn' J o u d ( 3W ).
6G3K/10; Nsr~rln nevi [ 4b n.q j.
aMRIO. M 380.
" a t t l ~r hrwl of the .Jumnn.
Banrut'. 20th.
The heads of my work this month are--observations a t L)eyratl--ey
hm that to this-.and observations here for 8 few days. ...
31st.
Lekhn Mundul.
Lstittlde 30 43' 24" by an indifferent observation aa it was cloudy.
I
going to Jlunnoutri & s m within 10 days of it, but there ie so much snow that I
must taok abo,lt in
... ~t Uaraut I was detained 10 deys by snow & rain [PI. 5 1.
I hope to get also to Gm~goutri. ... I meun then to to Bt wl ~i r on the Suttlez, and remain
there the heavy part of the rains, aod after t.llat & before t he f h t heavy fall of snow t o remount
tile wowy Himalye Itlmge, if I receive the hammeters in time.
Since 1 left Daratlt ... I have heen obligetl to bring on grain from Eiaki, these mountain0
beirlK nlmost in a state of famine. ... I am doing mnrh good to t h ~ e h u n ~ regions by ~ l a n t -
ing potatos
1 go, and t . hu~ msiating Lord Moira's wish to introduce them into the
mountains. ... I found e crop of them on the summit of the lofty & inclement ~ e s k of Barnut,
on which the snow had laid Inore or Ie.9 sinoe laat November. ... his unlookecl-for crop must
have sprung from Rolne potat,os ~lwept out f r o~n the cookroom of an 0tficer who was a ehort
time since postecl at Earnut ...2 years tmgo 1.
I wns so pleased with this tliscovery t hat I sent
down by dawlc two of the potatos of a larger eize than wual ... to Lord 3Ioiru. ...
Znd April. ... The exnrt lengths ... I cannot ascertain ; the wheel could not go, and the man
who counts the pwes 11ad fall& down ; ir~tleed it rained so lmrd & wae so slippery 1 could not
pay attentlion to anything except my footing. ...
6th to 11th.
Halt st Geirah i11 Dctna~~t.
Aa there ia too much snow around to think of
getting to Jumnoutri for ... 20 deys, I cannot do better t l ~ ~ 1 1 t o remain llere a few clays t o t r y
the rat- of my chronometers by trnneits of stars. ... The last 2 days have been productive
of vexation. w I lost the immersion of .Tupiterla 1st. satellite hy u stnpid rniclttike in loolcing out
2 minutes too l ~ t e . ...
'rhe women here are ullcolnrnoll ugly & filthy, clremed in dirty raggod blankets; there
being little s t present to do in the tielda, their whole employment, and that an active one,
seems to be in catch in^ t,he lice which swarm on them.
17th Hannwsua, to K~lrsnlie~. This village is immediately a t the soutll fbot of t he great
Jumnoutri Himdye, and is the coldeat inhabited place 1 ever wes a t ; the snow lays deep
around $ above, and l~elow the village, ~ n d in it, except where swept away. 1710 two grand
peaks of Jumnoutri aro not visible, being hid by the lower but nearer part of the mountain.
The .source of the river iu only 9 or 4 miles dirtnnt [ 2 1.
He then describes the ~ninal pheas ant t he qooml, a wild goat - and the thar,
e wild s he e pa nd on April f l a t marched 7 miles to Jamnotri, the actual source of
the Jumna ;
I could not twcertsin t, l~e precise heat of the spring, but it was too hot to bear t he finger
in for 2 ~econds. Here then is t l ~e head of the Junma, on the ao~~t h-weet side of the w d
Hinaalaya ridge, differing from the Oangta. inasm~~cli as t hat river 11aa the upper part of its
course within the liimnlnpn3 [ 11, 77-8; 111, 36--7 ; pl. 5 1.
A h r retracing his steps he crossed over to the Bhiigirathi, or west branch of
the Ga,ngesi where he was joined by Herbert [ 11,405 ; 111, 2,1761.
Captain Webb's survey in 1808 ... was discontinued a t Reital [I1 74-71; 1 shall therefore
only give an aocount of the course of the river above tho village. ...
On tho 19th May 1817. I was joined ~t Reital by Lieut. Herbert of the 8th Regt. N.I.,
who had been appointed my nqsistant, and from his slull and zeal the eurvey has received
much benefit. Mr. Herbert came direct from Calcutta, and brought for me e pair of mountain
besometers, but the tubes filled in England had beem broken ere they arrived in Cal cut h;
there were some spare tubes whioh we filled and used, but we could not succeed in boiling the
mercury in the tubes to free it entirely of air. The height of ReiW above the see as indicated
by our barometers is 7.108 feet [ 11. 453 ; pl. 9 ; 111, pl. 5 1. ...
26th May.
Distance8 paced. ... Reached Gangotri.
Much too tired to attempt to boil
meroury in the tubes today.
At night, huving prepred the instrumante t o tnke the immar-
eioue of one of Jupiter's antellitaa, we lay clown to rest. but bet- 10 md 11 o'clook -
awakened by the roclchg of the ground and. on running out, eoon mw the effecb of
earthquake, and the dreadful eituation in which we were, pikhed
the
of mesaee of-,
some of them more than 100 feet in diameter, end which hed f d m h m the cliffs
end probably br nu~ht tlown by some former earthquake.
The scene mound us, shewn in all ita dm- by the bright moonlight, - indeed very
awful.
On the neoond shock. rocks were hurled in overy direction fmm the peaks
to
1 Bnmb, 7408 ft. pl. 5 1. &M to Kh d l i , 2 m., Upper Jumns. NLRIO. M 9d0; A* XLP.
1- ( 149 ).
'Bwrud C Hnyden ( 189).
the h i of the river, with a I I ~ ~ U O I W uoiriu nut t o I I ~ dwcri1)ed m d never t o be forgutten ; n&
the o r d rnueed by the falh Ilmr rm had ceased, wo could atill hear t he terrible aorlnda of
h a v y f e b in the more diatdlnt. recesnes of the ~nountnins.
We looked up with diarnay at t he cliffn overhed, expecting thtrt the nest allock would
d e mh some n~ilur from them ; hed they fellen we sll,~nltl not har e eecaped, as t,he fragmenb
from the m u i t would hnve flon-n o\ er our henda 11ncl we ~houl d have hem buried hy th-
from the mitldlu.
Pro\ideutially theru were nu more shock* tllnt night. Thie earthquake
wae smnrtly folL ul all pnrte of the rnoi~ntoir~u. us well nu in I.llt. plains of t he N.\V. provinoe
of l I i u d ~ ~ s t a ~ ~ . ...
We had the curic>usit~ to rllrlrsllrc tricollnnlc~tric~llly t11+% Iloigllt or the c.1 &...and found
~t to lm ?,i15 it-t.
31st.
A most won~lerfi~l scarnta.
'I'lle Uhagvatll~. cbr Gn11gw. IWUPN from ul~dt*r a very
low arc11 at the foot of the ~rnncl snow ball.
The rl\or 1s hero boondr~rl to the rieht and loft
by hiph snow anrl rocks; hut UI front ... il119 maria of ullow 18 1mrfertlv peqwndlrmlar, and
from the bod of the stream to t11c1 sulnn~it we eatimnte t he t h ~ r k n ~ nt llttle lwe t han 300 feet
of -lid f r u~on snow, probal~lv tho nccrun11lat1o1h of agau : it iu In Inyerrr of enmc fvct thiok.
-. - -
a& swmingly tho rcnlnilw (IF n fnU uf a J RI I I L ~ R~ H yew').
Hodaeon rnlculated the height of his camp at ~ a n ~ o t r i to be 12,914 feet above
the -3.
His journal contin~res :
b d )IPrC we \\.em oblipod t c , retlun !
Had it heen p c ~ i b l r to hnvu got nrrons t he chmnu
in the snow we wo111d h ~ ~ r e mnclr even exertion. un annioim wrro we to w t on : but onwerdm
their siclee were sc~ ~t oep, and tllry apprnrerl of nrlrl~ great depth, thet, I (lo not think it would
be possible to rroas tllonl ( this ycrar at. l e ~s l ) won if' tho snna wem not. ~n nt thin 11onr. aoft,
& tl10 botton~q of the cl~aslns fillilly with w~rter.
On our r e t t m a-c wero dotnullcrl 8 tlnyc c~t Sookie, then a-e prweeded by Reital t41 Hnrnhaut,
from allent.p the 8lu.vey cuntinutyl t l nm t o t.he Doon vnUeyd. R ~ h l s rot in with violence.
~o volcantw were ueen or hlcrilrcI of in tllme mountuins [ 11. 87 1'.
The surveyors now nit,hdrew to work up their maps and computations a t
SahBranpiir.
AH the weather cleared in Octohrr, Hodg~on stnrt'ed observations
"from a rcT steady pillar of masonry" to t l ~c snow peaks-and for 1nt.itude-
whilst Herbert, was sent to the Chaur for the samr purpose [ 176 1. They burnt
white lights at each stmation for reciprocal observntion.
Growing restless a t being kept oirt of military ~ervice whilat the n-i~r am on,
they both got leave to join the Keserve Army [ 7.18 1). 3 , j j j 1. Hodgnori nccompanied
the advance column to Jaipur, and surveyed the route with the help of Ezekiel
Barton, but returned in time to rerume 01)serostions at Bah&ranpur during February
1818.
Prom now onwards hc was milch troubled by ill-health.
During March
Lieut. Herhert & mysrll' 11t1,l cmplogerl oursnl v~~. . . ro\ ~i si ~~fi vmi on~ celer~letions reynrtlin~ t he
wowy peah, C the natronomiral observations we hnrl tnke~r, 8: in en(-h other mntt- ~e 1
could nttmcl b~ within doom ( Icing 111ms rl l tho gout B also sudferiny from the pain in my
h d ) ; &o taking t l ~o rntm of my r!hronorl~otora by- t11e I I ~ ~ W tmrmit. inutrun~ent.
I had great 11olm of being ahle to go to I:c~iru~lt, Lut lilding ... that t11er.e wm IIO chmce of
my boing able to travel. I t l ~or l ~l i t it bot br to drtclrl~ Lieut. Herbert nlorre : 110 nomrdirlgly
marched on the 16th.
Herbert marched up via Tunli and KBlsi, and spent April observing on the Baet
end Bhadrtij peaks [q], and wee then joined by Hodgson ;
During the Evet week of May 1818 Lirut. Herbert & myaelf were conbed by aevore i heee
a t Nahan, Mr. Herbert wit11 a jungle fever, B I with the affection of my head and @yea. When
able. we wore cmployd in roviring & mnkuig lnnny cnlculat~io~~a of which in this eurvey thore
ia n moat formidtrhle qunntity. ... Ideft Xnhtm on May 17th. ...
21nt.
I WM noL mtinfied el t o~et l ~er with the angles taker1 in the morning on nrcount of
t he unntadinem of the woorlen tripod on which the theodolite had bmn placed ; I ordered
a etone pilbr to he erected, 8 in the evening ropeated all thoee of mont comquence.
The elevntionu k dopmwions ere much more to be tlepended on than those taken yesterday,
for on the wooden tripod the inwtnunent will not mmnin level 6 minutoe.
During 31ay they worked up to the h e d of the Tone ;
Mny 31nt. ... To rource of river. ... Very dht r wi ng avrant nvor huge bloclirr of ehno
I Aac 53 h' ; Coumukh at fnot of Oangotri plseier, lallinp 17 m. Nn'. Trc~rn E.:Jrlnith. 23.420 ft.
' A8 R.
m. 1842 1 117).
'f3oui &:. 13-%lt(: Hudpsnn'u journnl r o d at \r Nne., IO-K-IR.
"ap. MRTO.
169 ( 34 I. -.lorln~,~l. YRIO. M :UY1. 31-61:.
pl l d 111 inextricable confusion.
LIounteine riae t o left to n prodigiouu height, beingpert of t he
-in rmge of the Himmaleh. ... Here we loave fowet, tree or bueh, but vegetation, either
grass or lichen, oxtonds much higher. ...
We are, tre it were, a t the foot of the snowy chain. & see the Jumnwtree peaks rising on
the left bank of the river to an altitude of 16 d e p e ~ s .
Roturn to \Vodar...in h a v y rain.
They spent the rains at Sabithu.
Hodgson was far from well, and had leR
d l recent observations to Herbert.
He writes from Sabithu ;
Tho' I have beon during these two rnont,hs on the ground of survey within the mountsine.
I was prevented by that. dintrolwing tliaorder ill my heed ... from taking en active part. ...
Lieut. Herbert & myself set out together to go to the Chour, but I sutrered so much from my
complaint. that I was obliged to relinquish the undertaking, as my suffering6 were much
increased by t,llo cold & the ~nountain was yet ill enow. ... I rnt ~ru~t ei l my vnluable circular
imtrument to Lieut. Herbert ... to mako the observat,ions. hot,h celestial & terrent,iall.
In July he asked to resign ;
I will nevertheless considor myself bound to complute and send tho ctll(:ulationa respecting
the heiglitu, distances, latitudes and longitndos, of tho Himtilnyn pc?~ll<s, so soon rw my night
ie strong enough ; bnt if it should fuil nle nltogetlicr Lieut. Herbert is fi~lly coml~etent. ...
I have very satisfactory rlota, and the grnnd bmee, the differcmce of Ilztitude of tho 2 ends
of which is no less than 3,1110 soconda. as now determined from a m~lltiplicit~y of obsen-ations
[ I 75-7 1. The enowy mountains have never been observed from the extremes of so long a line.
The calculatiom will be made according t,o the mothods used by the English and Pronch
eetronomerR employed in t.he measurement of degrees of tho meridian, and duo attention
paid to the spheroidal figure of t.he oarth as determuled by thom.
The only data we.nting aro a few more observations of altitudes mnde a t stations as neer
as poseible to the p u t peal-. ... Neverthlws tho ~~l cul at i ons will in the interim proceed
with such data aa are already in hand3.
In spite of this apparent confidence, Hodgson was really anxious about the
precision of the work, and before leaving decided that it was essential to measure
the base-line he had originally planned. He still had no suspicion of the real
oause of his difficulties, which was the disturbing effect of mountain, or torrestial,
attraction, which, some eighty years later, was proved to be abnormally irregular
in this neighbourhood4. It was not yet generally recognized that latitude derived
from astronomical observations may be a most unreliable means of calculating
horizontal distance [ 177 ; pl. 5 1.
Continuing in wretched health, Hodgson withdrew from the suwoy in October
1818, leaving Herbert to continue alone [ 2 1.
Leaving Hodgson marooned at Sabithu, Herbert moved to Kotgarh, and aet
out towards the upper Ganges, across the heads of the Tons and Jumna, in-
tending to work back to the Diin, and find o, suitable site for a base-line.
Left Kotghur 31st July 1818, to oxplore tlie head of the river Jarnubbe [ 36 n.8 1, which
joim the Bhageerettm about 5 miles below Gengotri. I determined to proceed E. from Kot -
gurh, where I had in July taken rofuge from the r a i d .
He crossed the range east of Narkanda into the Tone basin by a, paas whioh
wee considered one of the 2nd or 3rd passe8 into Tibet. Neither this one or any of the others
had been yet examined by Europeans ; indeed, previous to t he commencement of t he pr-t
s we y , the existence of euch pass= hnd not even been suspected, if we except that of Niti
[11, 80; 111. 471, tho Himmole11 having been always supposed t o form an impenetmble
barrier between Hindoostnn k Chineso Tartarye.
Having no barometer, I had reconme to the method of boiling water. & tho' t he th-0-
meter ... has a very small scale, yot ... the rosults are nearly on much t,o bo deponded upon M
thoae obtained by a barometer.
Journnl. LIRIO. BI 380. 'Sshirnnpiu4lb:uu.
DDn. 15.' ( 56 ). Sbi t hu. 11-7-18 ; d@am of
kh@l aa Aa R. XI11 pl. iv.p. 2S4[ 1 5 11. 1.
'Survey of Indie. J' rdjed9iond Papera 5, 14 ( ohart I ).
5 Plot
01 r ook Kotgnrh to Krrlnrknnhi. JRIo. 13 ( 2" ).
though o h n omurn1 hp Jmrlit rniRRionsriea [ 1. 68 1.
~~~~t end. passed the dismantled fort of Bagee1, situeted on the summit of a rid*
jnbting out from t he IVhartoo mountain.
12th. boas Tons0 on a sanaa. or bridge of spars2. ... 16th.
TO t he summit of Kedarkenk.
peak of oomider&lo elevnt,iln~, boing in round numbere 12.000 above t he seaa. ...
24th.
=-lie t,o Jumnoutri. ... 1-ery difficult path along river's erlge ; ... go up bed of
~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ . k ~ - C a d , lnrge stream 8 foet wido IYr. deep.
Vast precipit,ous craggs rise from t he bed
of the Jumna p~rpendicularly 8I ulmovt nlmt a t top.
To crest of rillge : here commencw t,he grant1 ascent of Bh p o Ghattee.
Exceedingly
, ~ p -nt up face of mountain ; path bad & ~lippery.
3l1lcll bilih, or wolf's bano4 ; 6ne
a t r a wbi e s L respberries of soveral kinds.
Still steoper ascunt to crest of Chattee J m -
noot m. Equally steep descant. All clouds and nothing visible. Easier descent into bed of
torrent t o boiling spri ne, crossing Jumna on two loose spars, a p wa g e of some danger. Vest
masses of mow.
Hi r n~l ya Rongo rives above.
On 31st August he crossed into the Btitigirathi bnsin by the same route
89 foUOwed by James Fraser in 1815 [ 11, 78 1.
Using srlow, and wit11 firewood
BpeciaUy brought up, he found water to boil a t the top of the pass a t 188O.8
Fabellheit, and computed the he,ight t o hc about 15,180 feet. From here he
descended to JhUa6 where he was kept three days
by the inattenlion of t, l~e Ruj ah' ~ mootsu~lileo [ 162 ] ~ I I C I I I ~ 110 11aJ S C I I ~ for the pur poa of
misting in procurinp uupplies, u~qteud of wl~ich I linu~rl lriln inv:lriahlg a hinclrulrce. ...
The Bramin who llnd accompn~~ied Cnl~t. Ho(lp*011 to Cangotri celno l o wait up011 me. ...
H~ informed me t hat Lieut,. Wallcer8 of (Ilc 26th had visited Cnl~putri. & had ar~iltmvoured
to penetr>rte to tho Ilead nf the Bhogeeruttee, but 11nd been proventeil hy tlro snow clnd the
difficulty of tho way. None howe\-er but ('npt. H~~~I gs on7 Iron yot I~een ublo to botrst he had
Been tho sourco of the fnr furne~l Gangos, I~i t hrrt o so 1nuc11 ~~bs c ur e ~l by fnhle.
11th Sept.
Tk~c roud hurl hitherto bee11 U I U I I ~ the right lmnk of bho Ehngeernttee. ...
14
from Kopung we tllnlecl 1111 ... tho Jun~nl t bl dr i ver . ... TLIC pat11 ptlilul~lly asrends &
then leads along the face of tho ruclcy scarp fonnillg the right bank ~ 1 ' the river, being part
of the p e a t Himnlnleh itself. ... Frequontly I was obliged to I~old by the rock ns I cautiously
turn& tho corller of a precipice, fearful to look below le.rt Ins hear1 had turned.
We oncamprrl ul tlle river bed on the banks of a small stream, ... A slnnll pince of open
p , ~ ~ d sufllcient to contain about two small hovels, almost overhu~lg 11y the bare rockp
pci pi ce whicl~ rises above i t t . l l o river rolling hy in it8 rock-obstrocted bed-with the
opposite mount,ain rising ... far abovo t he level of fi~reat~s-such is the picttue of Gurtag.
Sree liHntu8, tho peal<. is also to be seen here, nnll nfforcls an opportunity of settling the
paition of the place.
Croesing Chippila ghat nllout 800 feet above tho river, t,he pat,h than dmcends t o
the river by the Dadha wngar. Thin tile Thihetnns nflwt t o conaidor the bc~nnrl ar~, & con-
ceive tho crossing of it by a l qt ~opean t,o he Un e\.elrt of s1111m moment. The people of
~1. e ordercrl to \ v~t cl l it k. to report in~tant,l.v ally cicunmt?ulce of this kincl.
I halted at an
open ... spot calleil Kurcha ; altllough not more than 5 miles from Curtag, such were the
d&xdties of the a ny t hat it wou near scmrrt when I arrived.
12th.
Croffi an open corner of 8 proripire on n acatroldi~~g ; tllore are sover&l of theso. .,.
firat eango [ etlp 1, much wnrao that1 that of Bhyro Chatee, being like t hat in an irlolined
position, but no much l on~@r consqllently so much more olastic.
I t is very narrow, Q. the
appearance of the river bol~)w, foanl i n~ over high rocks, in rather alaming"J.
On 13th September he reached t,he village of Nclang [ 4z ; pl. 5 ] ;
The villagem aid that they had renolvoti on deserting the villuge wwln they heard of my
appro~eh. ... The 13rnllnlan hl~wevor hati porsuaded them t hat no harnl was intended, & t hat
I would not proceed any fahlrer agau1.t their will. ... Not only did they give me to un(ier8tand
t bet they eoll~itlererl my gokc: m y farther quite out of t h ~ question, but also that I should
mvmlf that no European ~ ( l u l d ever again vki t Neilang. ... I mur ed them tllnt
sa event wrrs very mllibly again to ovour ; and t hat my only nlotive wcu, curiosity...to
explore tho BnlJrCo of the river.
l'llir. howevor, iR nu object
theRe people do not
understand, & they were...to the last. very suspiciouu & nnxi o~~r t l ut I shollld return. ...
1 5 3 &BE. ; 10 m. E. of Xarkanda.
'on cantilevor principle.
553 I ; 12.600 fi. ; map.
a1 ( 70 ).
'aconite. or monks - bd.
"t. 31' 1' 30' N., 58 I.
"m. Walker ( 1781-1824 ) Ben bf. ;
&. 1808; I ~ L Xmniri Batt. IR16-8 (P. Raiiogerh nt. Sabitbu 1824.
' But what of Fraenr i The MS.
a ~ot r : ia H son's writing.
and Herbmt, my companion & Mend, the nriter of this jonmell'.
.I&rmvi I, or J% a n g h 63 Y.
. 8dki nk 20,120 ft.. 63 J/NK
lo For OOW, , ~ N. nf hmn& .
k ~ n t r i m I Y ( 1810 ). N f 1988 ).
I thml
aorne ellql+im no to the svurce of the river. the diatance of maprang [ 1, 68
I,
otller pert.iculars. ... They laic1 pnrt i c~~l ar strenn on the d a n ~ r a & di mcul t k
of the road, ... evirlRntlp with the view of tliwutuling me from ettetnpting t,he journey.
I was fortunnte cnongh t.o obtain un c~baervation of t,he eun the lest clay of my stay. from
whmce I deducetl the l at i t ~~de to be 31" 6' 40'.
7'110 longitude probably 79"'.
Contrary to hlajor Rennell. who pkcea his ~out her n branch of the Clanges in the neiphbour-
hood of Chlbprnng [I. pln. ti. 7, 14 1, tl~eno people tmeured me they Imew of no river in the in-
tarior, & stUtetl l~osit,irely there was not nny t l ~~r t flowed nenr ~!lrn~rang'.
He started back on 15th September ;
Mth.
To tile summit rlf Oochooltlroo P~l l l i ~. ... ~h"3t ed abuut 14,000 feet. Thin wad
a
htiP.rliny march nnci roold not have comumd l a~n then 12 h011m. Arrived on t he
tlhnut. 10 a.m. on the 26th.
Hore I mtablishetl a ~t nt i on for whioh the mountain is
very well fit.t,ed. hi ug close to the nnowy peaka. ... O1)~rrvod their a z i r n~~t l ~s and t he anqlea of
the mollr. 13yrtrth, nn11 Hoorkunclu, intorior at,trtiona, IIH w011 fla t,hoir cleprerrsionn. and nngles
of elevation of the snowy ~waks. 'I'lria labour, na woll IW thnt of crer,tin~ a sigl~nl. conaumed
the afternoon of the 26tl1 11ud forer~oon of the 20th. ... I ~llould tmvc devoterl more timo to
tllk work b r ~t ... C was compeller1 to dcnc!ond in con*eqtlmr.r? or ehe negligence of the Rajnll'e
peol)le in forwarding ni~pplies. ...
20th.
I rc~~cl~erl, n t 12 o'clock 11t nighr.. Heitli~~l, after a mwt ~..;houuting n ~ u r r l ~ of 12 holm.
... I was prevented surveying the l t ~t t er port ... by night, coming OIL. ...
?7th, 28th, 29tl1.
Halted for the twofc>ltl purpose of fixing this principal point by inter-
sectionq, wl~ich was hiylily deairnble, an moll). longitu,loa had been obnerved here by Captain
Hodgnoll. ... I also enlployed myself in procuring the wood necwary fur the collstmction
of roda required for the mo~nurement of a bnnos.
Ho spent from 16th to 30th October 1818 at Sfirka~lda [ 176 n.6 ; pl. 5 ] melung
similar observations, and a fine panoramic sketch of the m o ~ y ranges [39]. He
then marched down to D e b , reaching Sahgranpur by 20th Xovembcr, to take
up the important tmk of rneaauring a base-line.
The rlinr.ordanoe t hat existed between the lntitudes of Byrnth a1111 the Chour. and which
the moat cul.eful detorminetion 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 failed to clenr up, ... increased by the roaulta obtsined
a t 6oorkun~ltc, ronrlered i t quite unponnible t o pronocute the survey until a s~tiefaotory besb
could be establidled. ... A difference of 10" on the scale of 4 miles to nn inch was too comider-
able a quantity to be p~swecl over, and as the renc~ltsobtoined both by me and Capt,. HoJ g~on ...
concurred without exception in giving too hip11 a latitude t o the Choofl, i t wss seen thut, whet-
ever the muse of the discrepancy might be. ... tho measure of a baae woultl be ... the moat
satisfactory ~ol i ~t i on of the difficulty r r , 3 j. I 7 7 : p1. 5 n. 1.
He spent several days at Dehra,
employed chiefly on calculatione, ... the ~norningr and evenings being devotecl l o t l ~ e examine-
tion of the ground in the vicinity. with a viow t o the meseurement of a baae. So diWcult a
thing is it to run a line of any length free from obataolea, even in the Doon, that I -
un~ucceasful in my search.
He persisted until on 30th December he "succeeded after a great many
fruitless triah in running a linc free from obstacles extending 21,000 feetf17. He
spent January and February in constructing apparatus, and clearing and measuring
the base [ 197-8 ] ;
The labour attending this work was very severe...aa I wtls without useisttlnce of any
kind.
It omployed me from daybreak till twilight in t he evening, with the exception of
an interval of 2 hours from 11 t o 1 for refiwhment.
During March 1819 he oonnected the bege to his main triangles end then
out for enother long tour in the hills, etarting with a survey of Jaunsar [ I I , ~ n.13 1,
now Prt of Chakrgta lelrn'la. He passed the hot springe of Sgnw Dhera, [ 11,408 1
and possibly climbed the hill above R&jpur. He observed from the summits of
and chand~ur p m h and on 17th &y was on Hatu Dhar@ above Narkand&
before moving in to Kotgarh for the rains.
Nolaag. 31' 6' 30' N. ; 79' 0' 32' E:.
'Jonmah MRIO. Y 30.2. QBO Lib. A a 4 . M 985.
Uohll&r.
14.128 ft., 6 m. N. of Raitbal.
' DDn. 137. Journal. BI 322.
Original and oopy MRIO. b. W-37 ;
LO ( 21 ). Deflwtiorm of plumb-line; Sd~ilrru~pur 16.; Chsur, 30' ; h t 39' [I,;].
VLlne a ho m on
MRIO. LO ( 10 ) ; N. end between Raspas Nsls nnd D s h ~ ; 8. end near Rhpur on Bends1 N.: DDn. 191,
M. 322,aO-10-md 7-11-18. lJsmaar BLmrr. ori@inelly part of Sirmar; 181-0 under pol. oh. of Radt.
Dclhi ; from 1820 mder 8updt. Dehrs Db ; WUlisms ( 166, 170 ).
'or Whvtoo. 10.610 [ 36 ; pL 5 1.
For en invalid I should s u p p e a residence a t Kot , pr h would be fully eyunl t o 8 voyego
to t he a p e or New South Wales, having not only myself ex~erierlced the wtest beneflt
fmm the sir end climate, Imt seen i t UI the cane of ot,hem, even where t he pat,ient hnd been
much reduced by a long protrmted illness'.
&r two mont h a t this delightful health lacsort, he spent eleven weeka from
Beptember 1st on a detailed surrey of the upper Sutlej, taking as companion
Patrick Gerard, brother to Alexander [ 11, 402 1.
Herbart
out again from Kotgarh on 2nd December 1819. working down
to &hBLanpur cia Sabit,hu and NBhan.
He was now joined by Thomas Oliver
two apprentices who had been with Gerard' [22-3,360 1. -At the end of Xlarch
he set out through Hardwlr to survey GarhwB1 ;
% the 27th hhrch I rnived ])ere [ nr. Hardw&r] & have halted with a view of s e t t l i n~ t he
pition of this principnl point, ck of =ccing the ve nt periodical fair rnllerl t,he Koomb kn
Mela. ...
a 1 the hill men, both here and i l l the ~~ei ghbo~ul i oot l hevinq fled irl ktn alarm cause11 by
a f a hl accident which occlvred during the bathing, 9: by the bmalting out of t he cholera
morbus amongst the people & troops, it is only today thnt the Raja of Qar l ~u- el ~ 1in.q with
much difficnlty procured me n few people. with whom I intend proceeding tomorrow morn-
ing towards Deoparyag, tho confluence of the Al n h m~d a & Uhageerettee [ I, PI. 6 ; 111, PI. 5 ].
My object in choosing this routo is, hesid~n Itlying dow~l the lower ... course of the Bhngeerattee.
t6 fix the boundary of Gurhwal in this quarter, as being the limit of the survey. ...
Captain Oliver is with me. & would no tloubt hu able to affor~l me tho greatest ussistsnct:
but from being ~~nlortuuatol>- unl,lr)vided with inetruments, t,l~one indonted for Inet NOW.
not having yet m h e d UE. He is in want of r t road tI~eodolite, or uurveying wmpnns, u,
pemmbulator, a t el mope B: cl~ronr~nieter. 'rha q~prent~ices, Gr hnl n & Frnaer. 1 I I L L V ~ heen
compelled t o leave a t Haharur~poor [ 371-2 ]I.
Returning to Sahiiranpur, he was joined by Hodgson on 17th August 1820,
and they set to worlr to J-e-adjust the computations, and polish LIP the map
[ 39 n.11 ; pl. j 1. 'Chey aLso collaboratetl in preparing a paper entitled An Aceownt
of the Trigunomnetricc~l awl dah.ono)nicnl Operabiorw for detemi,~r.iny the heights a&
pcreitionx of IIIP Pri)~cipcr/ PFUX'B of t h ~ Ilitnnhyn - ~ot i nt ni na, that wax read a t ;I
meeting of the Asiatic Society at Calcnt,t~. 011 17th Febrlliiry I H.'15. They claimed
"the higheet of the nnowy peaks within the limit,^ of the surrey ... to be 25,589 feet,
above the seam6, and "twenty pralis Inore elevated than (!himb~lrazo, the no st
lofty summit of the Andes ".
Herbert pursued t,he deterluination of heights, and in August 1821 made a series
of barometricnl observations a t Sahiranpur, corresponding with observations
by Hodgson a t Calcutta, and deduced the height of his observatory a t BeLleville7
to be 1,013 feet above the seae.
In September I H21, Hodgeon, who war, now Surreyor (ieneral, asked for Herbel-t's
appointment M Amjetant Surveyor General a t Calcutta [ 2. 309 1 ;
He is a t pme nt a t Saharunpmr. en~flgecl in adding ... to t he hrge map. ... What remainH
to be done ... between the Ganges and Sutlej is not much. ... and I think thnt the field ope*.
tiom may be closet1 a t the oommencement of the next rains or sooner.
'ro effect this h t y
...Cap tain Oliver ...is very competent0.
At the end of October Herbert handed over to Oliver,
p i n t i t out those park which remain to be fillwl up.
1 have ... del i ver4 t he whole of the
imtruments...to him with the exoel~tion of the mountlain barornetern and the protraotor.
The former I...propow, mnking obeervatior~n wit,\> on my way down. I shall leave this place on
1 Journal. Y 367 ; GBO Lib. As-44.
'Simon Pnwar and Jobn arahnrn.
Rijn of arinogor, ojeetod
G mk h 1788; -bred 1820; WilliPm ( 177 ).
'Dh. 152 ( 1 3 W ) li--I-20.
&Aa J. XU. 1821
( 2 1 1; A l l . Xm. 1822 ( ( hl 52, 116363 I ; plan of t rw. 1821. 10 m. (35;.
b.14 26, 447 or Nand3
h v i . %, U.
' Magi&sba'a bu~gnlow 1 m. 8. of f3nbirso w; MRIO. 10 ( 18 ) 1 11, pl. lo ; 111, pl. 51.
* b e height c 908 ft. ; Qdhk. MRIO. M 308. which gives lint Jmtationa with g r o p p h i d v~luce.
*Dh.
128 ( 88 ), 1-21.
the morninE
t he ~ 1 ~ t instalit., to proceed by water. ... Mr. Frnaer Irtu, joined CZbptein Oliver
at Kurnal, from wlricl~ pltwo tlrey will prol.wI on t he lnt townrdn I.ooclheennal.
To Oliver he wrote ;
'rho principl blank ill t l ~ r mirp ... in the st at e c~f doobul, t.hrough which olrly one route
tltls yet I~een ~tur.eye(i.
The Pilrj~)re valley is r no~t l y wnlrtil~g, nlld a portiorr of t11e \.alley
of t,he Girr or...tc~ itw conl t ~~ourr with tlre .Jumna, in tho Doon. ... A fow tlotnilw ctre required
in ttre 1lellr;r Tlot~n between t,l~#. r n ~~t ( r r ~m~- n t nrrtl H~rrcloar. ... l' hnt. part of t he 13hugr emt h
I,etweelr Rikikllr* ~lrrrl Der~pruyayn, nrrcl crp~iu hetwee11 Barahat, 111111 (;oclee C:lrnt, art. want-
ing. 11s nr11c.11 ulscr of the ~?~~t l i r l ~t r r <l o 61s lie# 1ritlri11 tho linlits this snrvoy. whic11 cIoe8 not
e.rtenJ r?l~stw~trcl of GnrhwaI [ IT. pl. < I 1. 'l'hu d~) onh of t hem rivers liltcwine rerltrires filling up.
'l'hone. w-it.11 n few tlelarilu I I I I ~ of I I I L I ~ ~ I cv~n*equetrc*o in Jowunt.r ... l,otwt.r~~ tlrr ,111lnne1 and
t l ~o C4angt.s. 1u1aI nt t l ~ ~ I~rn(l of tlw li)-r~r(ll~ Uuor13. c,rnnl~riar t,he wl ~ol r t,f 1111' unsur\eyed
thnt , , f ~. rl l l ~l l ~eennr~, I I I I ~I tc, fir t111-s1. t,w41 ~>lrrc.rn tlrr 9nt wj . prrrkr, whtlw ~~o*i t i ons 1 t ~nve
~ ~ I I I . rn-ill Ilfford. if' viril,lr. 111rrx~.option111 Inctlrrn. ... At TJt~odhre;rn~~. . . tl~c ~r ~i l nut hn of
1111 tile s~rt,\r.y pr al i ~ visil,le R I I C D ~ I I ~ I
~~l ~scrvc~cl . H I I ~ I w *liet(.lr I I I ~ I ~ C of' t l ~ci r ( ~ ~ l t l i ~ ~ t . . It, w011ld
lrlso bl, i l 1t er~t i ng. . . t , ~ H R I ~ ~ * P ~ J I ~ I I 111r I I ~ H C I I I I ~ Y P of ~ I I P S I I ~ ~ I I . ~ iit t1111t IJIIII.C, 1,)- ( l e t ~* r ~r ~i ~~i : ~l : tlre
vrl,,c.it,y, l~ret1~1111. 111r t l I I I ~ * I I I I I I L' J I ~I I .
proIll 1, ~1o~l l rr~~~111t ~ tilt- *err\.,*>- ~rriglrt. 11r lrr~wwc~~tetl to R I I ~ I I I ~ , I ~ I I I I I I C~ I ~ ~ ~ I I K, il' l b o ~ s i l ~ l ~ 1)).
t . ri aoI~omet ~ri ~~l l rtl, #~~rvati~~rr-. I I r a . Irvtsls tdt,lrr river [ S11tloj ]rrt t.l~nao two ~~l t ~c, t >s. .\ r ~nl l t ~~ frorn
T{ol)l~r to Snl ~nr ~, o~.r~lrriorr~~lly (liverginu to right. nnel loft. wr~~t l t l 111)- ~ I ' P I I tl11' I'ir~jore
v a ~ ~ o y 4 . ... 'C11e I I I , I I ~~ of t,l~ta liyt~ral~r I)OOII r n i ~ l ~ t bo the11 l11icl ciowrr. wit.11 *try r+,mtwI<uble
~ > a w s leu~lirrg l'rt11n it iutgl Silclr territory. ... From ... t.11~ I ~ J O I I , operntio~r~i might be
cont i n~~erl t11r,111gt1 the Kyt~rdh I I ~LW a.ntl Si kl ~ c:111111t,ry t o S I L ~ I I I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ , \vhero JHI I I I I I P~ being n
colrl mont l ~ ... ~niytrt well I)r orc*upiocl ill prt)tructil~p.
13y tire 1st Pcbrcrnry ~~per ~~t i or r u ~rright hc i~gnir, c ~~~~~~r r r r - l r r ~nl ... by tlhe lin~rs~trc~rv paen into
t.llcr Doon t t ~ 1:il;iklrw. ... ant1 tlr Sr ee~~uggur or hiyl~ar. ... 'l'lre o~mratiorw in Joobul will con-
nunre l ) e r l ~ ~ ~ r ~ 11 I I ~I J I I I I I nr c ) \ . ~ I I no re. a1111 T thinlc by tJr11t t,i~rr(. the aj)p~.(urrlr of t he rnim will
rrndor it eupe(lient t o t,hinli t ~ f Irnltirrp. ...
Attentiorr to ~ , I I I > b~r ~~~~r l ~t r i c w trf t l ~ e hill rrt41tes ... wit11 their....l~i~rgrrrrrrt~.~ SIII)III(I ulwafe be
kept i r ~ view. ...
'rho levels of t , l ~e ... rivrrs 11ug11t. 111wnys to I)t, ohner\.eti wlrrtt rirc~~lrnste~rcrs pern~i t . a s
also their breutlt,ll. cl el ~t l ~, ur111 velocity ; t he elevtltiorl c11 lxk*stba ... ~t r o trlso ~leninrble. For
these, I~untlr~etrictll ob~ur v~I , i or r ~ \%-ill ~ I I * \ VO~ s~~t fi ri ent l y WCI I ... where r0r~~8p0n1l i ng O I J S ~ ~ Y I I -
tiorr~ nre l ~r ~>c u r d ~l o : hr ~t if' rrant,. tho?. nl1ool11 htr wnnratcxl with tlre nenrmt of t.he t,rigon~r-
metrical sh%tia)ru+'.
Oliver corllpleted the great,er part of this fo~~rnidable progalulne.
He surveyed
up to LudhiBrln by 3rd Deceml>er 18", and tlirough RBpar to Sabithu by
the middle of the nlonth? being lielcl up there by wintry weather. He the11 wor k4
to Billspur on tlrc Sutleji
I J ~ r ~ t r - .
Tlricl tnnrvl~ np(1culrecl to rno rnctrlr Ior~ger tlrtltr tlie ~mrtlrtlbultrt~r UldiwtWI ;
descent f r on~ wtution O t o ntntion 7 wtrs twir13 t,he length ntcrhl above.
'I'tle l ~ r a mh u l n t c ~ ~
knockod up the next ~lrry, ~ ~ n r l it is rrot ltnlil<eIy tlrnt it muy 1rllr.o cens d t l r t i ~~g some time
during t he march. My r o d theo~lolit,e was clanl~etl to pieceq. B I wn. q ohli@ to I l n r t,he
Inrqo one helongurg to Go v o r ~~n ~e n t ~.
He was nurreying through t8he e*stern l)dn nt tllc twgill~ling of June, wlrilat
his assistant Graham [ 38 n.z ] worked from SahLailpur to I t i i pr via Arnbitla, rettlm-
ing ttrrough Kiitrdn and Dehrag. The survey was brougllt to e close in June 1824.
The mapH completed at Ualcuttn included one on scale 4 miles h an inch with
title l'lre Mountair& Prouincw hetrueen the Rdvrra 8utlllj & t h?q~e, & bm&&
Iha North by C l ~ i n ~ r Tart nry & I - a &~k~~, and a. reductiorl t,o 8 mile scale which w-
~igned by Hodgson on 20th April 18Y311 [pi. 5 1.
5
Beside8 Herbert,' ~ panorarn* of t,he snows t,aken at, Bqkalltla [ 37 ]
wtrx token from the (liaul*. n~i ng the same referenoes. allti fair copi d at (' I
,a cutte
Innn. Iri? ( 170 ). SnhJnnlpur, 28-10-21.
' Ki i de 1)Pn U.. ttf Jenrnn, ill Sirmilr Stalk.
'' Rilyar.
B/O. ' Yi~rjaur. 2 m. S. of Kulke.
DUn. 152 ( IGt) ).Oat. 1821.
* ,UlUO. 12 ( &i4 ) eia nhmtr ocl
) inch smlc. 'Yap, ib. I0 ( 10 ).
Jolrrnnl & Fdhk.. il~. M 3tM.
@ Map, ih. 32. ( 68-19 ).
la ib. 10 ( I&.
In ). originnl & ropy.
it). I5 ( :It; ) : 17 ( ,W ) [ 111. 5 1.
rnder the title "Picturesque Section of the Mountain Y~*ovinoes, with Geometricel
elevetione of the Snowy and other Ranges". It gives a table of comparison with
other mountains of the world taken "from .Mr. Humboldt "I [44, 46 1. BRdrin%t,ll
La given as 23,441 feet above t.he sea, the present accepted value being 23,100.
The p a t surveyor Andrew Waugh has left t,he following comment on the
work accomplished ;
Tlle survey of the mountain province bot\veon t,he Sutlej nlrd (:al~ge?r rivam clelwntla on
8 md base & triangulation, the point, of depnrture being ~otronornirullp ~letermined,
& the fi~tldnmental level above t,lre sea by ban,~net,riccll observat.i~~ns. An interestins: nc.cBorlnc.
of thase c\perations is given in the =bintic Rweurclles Vc~l. 11.
The hwis is highly creditable to the scientific ~rbility of t,he ofiiccns etnployc.~l nn~l , h i ~ v i n ~
eubquent l y been connected by t he Grent, 'I'rigonr~metrical Survey, t he r n~l l t s have prt~veul
satisfactow But the interior lillhrg is scanty and inc~>mplet*., ,lull t,he drawing rif the grnl l l ~~l
inaccurnte and inertkti~:nl.
I t is t,o be regretted t,liat n work yo well cornrnence~l wns so lrastily cot1c11~1~1.
Consitler-
ing the time and means employed, 110 greater co~npleteltesq c~rr~ltl be expert,e~l ; Ibut it ~ ~ 1 1 1
only be termed a firat survey, reqr~iring to be tmkr~r up again [in rigorous principlrs. Nono
but first rate dwoghtenrelr ran be expected to rlrlrceecl io a rno~tntuinnua roicutry so ~l i f f i cl ~l t
of delineat iona.
Hodgsonls journey iuto the Sutlej raUey during lYl6 has alrcatlg bwn de3-
cribed [30-I 1, and both Alexander Gerard in 181V, 1818, and 1821, and Herbert
in 1819, kept full descriptions of more extensive journeys [ 42-3 1.
The source of the Sutlej had long been a matter of speculation.
The lamas
sent out from Peking in 1711 had confused its upper reaches with those of the
hnge s [ I , 70-1 : pl. 7 1, and the legend that it came from the snored lake of
Ykmr owa r was hardly heeded by European geographers until ~Ioorcroft visited
that lake in 181% [ 11, 81 1.
For two hundred miles the Sutlej flows through the Hundes province of Tibet,
until near Shipki it enters Kaniiwiir, the upper part of Bashahr State4 131 1, and
flows past Rimpur about 16 miles north-east of Kotgarh. Gerard's interest mas
led to this rugged gorge by visits to his brother Patrick, who wm attached to the
let Nassiri battalion of Gurlchaa a t Kotgarhs [ 37-5 1. He was naturally glad to
escape &om his survey of SahBmnpur [22-3 ] t o protract his maps in so delightfill a
olimate.
In 1817 he left Siibiithu on 27th August, and passed Mahbll on 31st, Kotgarh
on 4th Sptember, and RGmpur on 8th. He marched up the right bank of the
Sutlej and reached Rarung, 20 miles above Chini on 20th September. On llis
return he crowed the river a t Wangtu and pawed over the Shatul IIas8 t o the
Pabar River, returning to Kotgarh on jth, and Sibithu on 14th October. He was
accompanied part of the way by Dr. Goran8, and surveyed his route by theodolite,
perambulator, and chronolneter.
In 1818 he left SBbBthu three weeks later, 21st September, crossed the Borendo
pees from the south into the Bmpa valley, and reached Shipki 12th October. He
then crossed to right bank of Sutlej, climbed to over 18,000 on the slopes of Purgeoo17,
and went up the Spiti River to Shalltar, 2lst October. He was accompanied
throughout this trip by hi8 doctor brother, James, and they were back in Siibithu
on 22nd Novcmbere. They were well equipped for eurvey, which wm fortunate,
for they h8d several di~aeters on the road ;
' DDo. 132 ( 132 ). 11-2-20 ; NRIO. Jliic. 21-0-19 : witb eopy d a d 2. 9442 and alao puhd.
' I' R. ( 31 ; Dh. W ( 166 ). 20-10-60.
p i b l y s h 1818. u. Lloyd I1 ( 287 ).
4 Imp gar. Vn
( 94 ). lot & 2nd Nnmiri Hatts. r a i d after Ne@l nor with hdqra. Shi t hu and dett. Kotgarh, and Intar
1st Ourkhs Rifles, the Afahun Regt.
' Ceoqe Qovan ( 1787-1865 ), Ctevford'n Lint D 8irl turned
brok nt Mmu. 1IH)-17: R w ~ l m v ( 181 -287 ).
' Riwo Phngyul, ?4,210 R. : l3nrrprd & ~ a ~ d ~ (
).
Rtvnaww ( 271-30U ).
our lHdt t l l m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ e n were fra11g11t witlIl uceidentn ; three ban~nretem, a perltlr~l~ulet.~)r.
t,hermomr?ter wnre amu*l~a%I tu pieces ; on11 the small tlloorlolite, a very Bleat i nnt ~mer l t
hy ~ ) ~ l l ~ ~ ~ ~ l . ,li\.irlsl ulto ni~lgle 1nio11te8, with n b m ~ s atan~l, ww r e ~ ~ r l e r d unlit for h k i r ~ g
l~levntil,lls, t,tlc I l , ~ni l l s Ilnving brolcen off.
\Yo hsrl ren~ainirlg u *trong ~)ernrnhrllabr. two
t~lrc,,lrllites, tr s l c l ~ r ~ e s i r l ~ t:orn,,ass. four l~nr~)~nclter?, I L I I ~ ~ nw rnnlly thomtln~eteru, t l ~~o t h c r
I L c.c,llple sestnl~ts, ~t rcRuct,i~~y cirrlr, tin11 1% vl ~r ~) ~~or net er . so thnt nre were *till vory
\vnII silltl~lirtl wit.h instn~tnentn'.
'rhc llnl-rnt,i\.es of both these journeys are given in Gerard's Account of
I , - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
That of 1nln3 IVRH rest1 a t H inpetring of the A~iatic Society a t
('H.]cllt+H, alld rCPrOdIICed ill tllr .Jou,rtuil of 1x42, anti c~lno ill the h' rl i nht~l gh ,J~'urrlnl
of Jr111r 1H24.
Jn 1 ~ 2 1 he lllade a yet Inore enterprising jol~rriey. Leaving Sabiithu early in
June, he and James aqcended the Yhatul pass from the sor~th, and camped them on
t,he 8th. He dedllced (I height of 16,566 by a Dollond barometer, aa against 15,564
deduced by James t,he year before', the mean being accepkd as the official
value. Keeping t,o the solit11 of tlie great range, they visited the Yusu pass to the
east, Rl l ~l the11 carnpetl two days on the Borendo, before crossing t,o the Baspa
valley to visit the Cunaa mid yet other passes. Here James had t o return, and
Alexander searched without success for a pass that would lead t o Nelang [ 36 1.
He explored the difficult iiclges south of the Sutlej and on 24th July croa~ed the
Keobrung pass leading east, height 18,313 feet, longitude i SO, but was then held up
hJ, "Chinese Tarturs ", or Tibetans, from reaching his objective, Bckhur.
Recrossing the Keobruxg, he worlted north to Shipki, where he received a
letter from the G'orpun forbidding him t o proceed emt. He crossed to the north
bank, went up the Spiti t o its junction with the Parati, and wau again turned back
by messengers who were friendly but firm. Returning to the Sutlej he oroaaed
the Manirung pass t o the nort,h, and reached Manes on the road to Leh, but was
not allowed to go further. Of this last effort lie writes ;
The trip hat1 not mlded luuch to our geographical knowledge ; M~ I I ~ R, Peenoo. and Dankur,
forlnerly fixed on t,he report of the native8 and lair1 clown in the map, a p e very nearly with
their positions us now determined. The route is notwithatanding of great importance, as
it verifies the wcurncy of the ~t at , el nenb +en by the E<oonawureea ; ... they nlay consequent-
ly he relied u11on to venter extent na to remoter obje*!te6.
He now marched down the Sutlej t o RBmpur and reached Kotgarh 011 24th
September after a remarkable journey and the acquisition of much geographical
knowledge6 that he set out in clear meps7. He again had a wealth of instruments;
two perambulators-three theodolitw-two s e xt a nt e a reflecting oi r01e-t ~~
mountain barometers-a fifty-foot chain-and a five-foot standard scale.
He
master of them all ; at R.ukor he writes ;
I t wos 2 h. 10 m. r>r. when I roachecl camp, ant1 at three the transit. arrive41 ; it wll.; imnle-
diately 11ut up, nn~l gave me excellent observat,i~~ns for the time.
I fincl t l l i n is hy ftir tho
best plan, nnd the only one when yo11 (10 not reech yonr gr n~~nd till aftamooIl. in wllirh pa.%
it requires the latitl~cle to be r~bservecl to u. very great clegree of ~l i ret y to get the tirne to flCcortl ;
but with the transit,, operations are very simple.
A pillnr i~ erected in ten minutes, ant1 tho transit, is fixed witllin t~ fcw nlinutes ,,ftlle merittian,
levelled, anrl really for observing half en ho~l r after it arrives. By a short calrulation ( for
I have got table* tvl~ich r d ~ l u e the comprrtabion at least two-thinls ), if I get twct p r o l ~ p staln
which one aeldom fails to tlo in these serene regio~ls, I can obtain the time and deviati
on of
the telescope, and thence the variation of the needle.
During my halt at Murung T had nn excellent opportunity of compri ng the resulte of the
t r nn~i t with those of eqnal nltitl~rlaq, tint{ the pr at est 11iffere~~c.e wnn only c,llce a of
n ~econd.
I saw stars of the lift,]] n~agl~itncle very ~- l e n r l ~ in the rnitidle llf the , l a p !
His memoir was read by Henry ('olebrooke before the Royal Asiatic Society in
London on 6th November 1825, and reproduced in their Tro.neactimB.
lioonntc.ur ( ?R3 ).
~urluclc~* p h laall by J . & C'. IVslkrr 111 pocket in front rover.
"Wo 1
( a72 ) ; Ae J . IX. 1820 ( 587 ); J. I Sf i . . 1 ( :464-01 ).
' ahnn Jam- loqb t a-o Nervmts "f men to dmth a
midda "
my& 11 ( 256 ). ' Narrlrtivo lotter~. ~b . I1 ( 1-923 ).
%pa, ib. I, fmntiepiec- U ( 23 ).
I i . * v.1. I, ph 11 ; - 9ummny 18 .I. ~ - h IM ( JJJ 1.
AM I 8M a, 1.
ne
another journey in 1812, in company with William Lloyd [ 11, 417 1
a,,ld others, that wtls illore of a picnic party, described in garrot i v~ oj a J m~ r n e ~
from ~aunpoor
tjte Boorotl& pna~. They stopped ollc night, at Silllla. and enjoy-
etl r i gOr ol l ~i r all(l tll(: view of t,hr snow portk~ from " Hcrl~ert's ol)aer\-ator~ " at
t h ~ top of Jakllo [ 11. 417 ll.
K~~ fC,,. the jourlley ~llnde in 181:) by Herbert. and Patrick C:erard [ 40 1.
~l~~~ lefi Kotgarll on 1st September, crossecl south into the Giri valley, alld on the
30th recm8sod into t,lle B~s pn valley over the Ch~ncta pass [ pl. 5 1. Tllerl to Shipki
by 14th October, 1llakUlg their furthest point at Lori [ 4.3 1 011 the Spiti River on
~( i t h. TIley \\.el= buck nt Kot,garh on the ltith November'.
~ 1 , ~ follow"lg extracts
taken from Herbert,'rr jo~~rilnls itnd ~~' OI I I the account
ill Asiatic RuHuarcll~sS, e~ititled-"Tow ~utltle to lay down the coume and levels of
the ri\-er Sutlej. or Sat.udrrt, ... within the lunit,s of the British ~iutholity ".
He was anxiol~s t,o test tho stateinent of the rillegers of Nelang [ 30 ] that
110 great river such as the Sotlej flowed by "T~apartlrlg"~ [ I, 68 1. Hodgsonls
journey of l n l i ha,d proved the falsity of the olcl Lanle ve~.sion that this Knniwer
\ralle- formed tho southern I)~.a~lch of the upper (2a11ge~ : co~~firalatition was yet
thatt Ilnke ,tlZnwro\rar was thr sotlrcc of t 1 1 ~ Sut,lej.
Tl ~e Sutlej lras 11ee11 linoa.n Itrtcly to ~Ieri\-n its ti~~nrc.~.. if not f r o~n t l ~ r lakc I<ILWUII Hr~i d.
or the r ~ci ~l ~bct t ~r i ~i g one t ~f ~~111~1~rovl l 1' . I'r~lll llle I1ig11 ~ ~ I ) I I I I ~ ~ 1111 u-hirh tlley are? uit,tluted.
Frrmm the u,turrr, I~<,a.evcr. ... t o I{op~tr I n.3 1, .,. n rlistal~ce of' 400 n~i l m, little waa known
pullrernit~~ it or t l ~ e ro1111try it. l l ~ws t hrot ~#l ~. 'I'ill t l ~o es1111Isi0n I I ~ t11c C:nrkus ~ H V O furilitiw
to rmnrr-115. t,lw esinton~,c I I ~ I I wcntc*nm I>rnn~.h" of this great ri\vr l)eyc>r~(l t l ~o ~11owy C ~ I I I ~ U
\~-nrr not even rrr~spected. ...
Dwirrlnp of fullowing 11 r c ~ ~ ~ t v \r. l~irl~ I I I I I I not yet hwn esnn~ined, I 1letrr11li11a1 t o I ~ ~ C I I - C B ~
by ... Cl ~el ~ar in H S.1.:. tlircr.til~n. ~ I I I I nftrru.~~rtlri. ~t,ril<inp! IIH' to t011, nort l ~, to n~t.enc1 t he
Hool~in, Ibr right I)ranrh I I ~ tht? 'rnnse. nn~l fin11 IL 1 ~ s - over t , l ~e Hi~nnlalyu. ...
Our r x j ) wt n t i ~~~~s 41f tu-c.t~lnj~lislliny t,l~o parmuye of the rtingr were stre~iyt,henecl by our meet-
t.ing a ~' or t y ... c~n the ' ~ I I I I S ~ , who wuro r et . ur ~~i l ~y with nt~lt fro~n ... lir~tu~ci\vr. They l ~l ul ororfie11
tlro p~r-s H ~ I I ~ I ~ III>~III, & rn~~ort e(I the 0111 SI I I I M~ s~~fficiently tir~n. ...
Tlslse who 11n\-e trt~velled tl~rurlgl~ Hnl'll cle~crlat.e 6 ur~frerlt~cntetl 11a1.t~ will nlono t~ncler-
stnnd thv wnwtivti n-hic-l~ the meeting with t l ~ ~ n r yor...lnon1ilai11ec1.* affurtled rlrl : t l ~ c ~iglmt
OC own the limt stragglil~x alltbq~ precedi ~~g the ~ HI VI I I P I I ~ I P w-us 11ailed 111mcwt 1111 tlwt of B
frioncl. .\I\ unin~al, even u bird, tiny living tllil~g in 1'i(-t,. WPVPII to t t ~ l ~ e frnrn SI I VI I 11 sct911e t he
trlmtl~t ... de11tl1-like e1111rclcter of aolitutle. ...
Tho total clistanra to the 11ms I have no IneatLq now of u~cortuiniug, for t,he lnnt f o ~ Icctver
c~f the route-s~in.ey ...wow nft.erwunls I ) I I I WI I frc~rn tire IMIOIC 011 tlmt, dtornr~. sul~lrnit, of tile puHs.
Croa~ing thr Gunae pacls fi.0111 the sonth, Herbert describes the open waste of
snow ant1 the exhawtion of wading through it ;
'I'l~c wrvunta k l~ill f~~llowera heglnn t ~ t I)(. nlr~rnre~l nt tho length of the way, seeillg no
immediate terminntion of the wintry I~orronr thnt aurro~~r~tlerl t , l ~en~.
' r , ~ udtl to our per-
ploxity the nky h l n e c~vemut ; black rlourls collectecl overhea4l nntl, in H mno~nent of anxiety
an11 a l m , I thought I felt n flalze of snow ~lew:on<l npon Iny ~ ~ ~ t s t r e t ~ l ~ e i l IIRIIII. ... Fortu.
nately my fmm drcei\.utl me. ...
We ~ o c h e ~ l tho crwt of the (iunes PIIIU, extremely fut.igud. ... Sight wm falling. t he
k?mtcr part of tlre trnfUpge melt ha11 not started ti11 tho last ascent, ... so loads were aba~~cloned,
and t.hc lnen were wit,h tlifliculty tJrU~I$lt over. ... Between H nnd O u'cll,rk we ut length
resclrel a nlm)t w h m n few ut,unkI bnshrs of dog l~ritlr uffortlecl 1 1 ~ fuel to rent,c~re with wlumth
H litt.le ~(~t~ficlanc-r. ...
A=fil1lgelllcslllq were mldu t o bring in the fww Inen wht, 11ad spent t ho Iligllt On tllo w. ...
I t wlru \-cry aati~fartrlry tll fill11 that. a~lno~~gut, HO 111RIIy, bllt
hi d uufferetl, a c!irc,u,,stHl,ce
to Httribllt~*l ill 11 xr(. ~~t rncnnure to the
[ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 hkol l ill ,,laking t,heln provide
~ h e ~ * c l \ ~ wit11 t)lnnki%t~. rtnckinrcr. l u~d H ~ I U ~ O R ~ I I P t,hn HJW. , r t l i ~ One nlull had ,loglecteti
d"fcllcl Ili* eylu from tlrr. glnr L'... I I I I ~ I WIIA ~lerfwtly hlinol fClr
clay
t wl , 111, ( j 5 ;
111. 4 4 u.7 1. ...
The follow~lg day Herbert went. haok t o uurvey the i$ milts he had been ulieble
to Rurvey on t.hi 30th ;
I t a-nR n fino frost,y mornhlp ; RO groat wae t he cold t , h ~ t Lllo ink f r o~o, and forcorl me t o
write my not,es in pencil. ...
Aa viewed from t , hi ~ spot., the I-limmslayn is far fi'om being 11 regulrlr ri~lfze, or uingle series
of pwks : t l ~oy ~t r e seen in ever>- ~lir~c:tion, rising up from nmidat t he wihlorneea of .,snow t hat
extends 1ne.uv miles in 1,rentltlr. ... Boyotld t.he Bt ~l l i t appoitr ponkw still higher t han tlloao
of
ridfie on which wo etood. ...
hlls beell tllouR]lt by SOIIIO tlmt t.110 nor t hc r ~~ ridge ia clktil~gllished by tho name uf
~ ~ i l ~ ~ r jo
1 ,,.hilo tile southern rstaina tlrnt of Himnialaya, but I Ilnvo not myuelf obsurved
any distinc.tion of this ltitltl n l ~ d n by tho mor~ntitineers.
It has rtil.hor ~t,l#poclretl t o me t hat
they,
tho
of t110 ~rlnins, 1-all overy high plncn hy tlltl tarn1 Gi l a*, and apply
i t eqllnlly t o the uorithen~ ns t o t,ho ~l or t hcm rid^.
On
3rd they ~na.rchetl down the Rnspi~ valley to 8nngla1 :
we were n,,w in Kolrnlvnr, n Ilurytmnnl~ ,IF tllu ~nountrrin at.al,e Bi s r ~~l ~i r
.lo 1 .
Ku n ~ wa r
comprellontln +.Ilo valley of t.he Sct.lrj tlilfl it.* ~,riltcipnl fee~lew. ... On t he r~ort,lr it is co-t orrni no~~s
with the Clliucse Iloss&*~ions. a1111 on tho west wit,li tile 'l'nrtnr ~~l ~r g o n n n h of Ilrtngc~reng, rrlan
R,lhject t l , I3ktrhir. wit,h 1.11clnk at111 with Iiulu. 1lonr ~r l hj er t to I hnj i t singl12.
Sangla they turncrl up the Sntlej, bllt
frolll tIlo jc~alnLwy of tlrtr ollic-orn on t.110 f r ~~nt i er , tho HI I ~VR? ; 111~ceqwily tormuluted s t t he limit
of our lLutllority. At. Sl~i~rlii, l l ~ r litwt. villngo of C'hi~resc- ' r~%~, tnry, 1 wns rorn]~ollod t o rotrnce
rnyntqsr~1 I.
On the way back they turned up the Spiti, and reached Lori [42 ] thu first,
viUage of LodHkh, Herbert noting that "we had now reached the 32nd degree of
latitude and had left t l ~o true Hirnalu~a far to the southward". They ret,urned
over t,hc Manbang paRs to Sttnpnnln. a11d thence back bo Kotgarhs.
.-\ reduction of Herhcrt's inap appeartl in Asintic Rcvearc11.e~. Latitude was
observed at about 30 places I~csiclcs n few longitucles fro111 Jupiter's ~latellites, and
wveral peaks were fisecl by triang~rlat,ion. I t is typic111 of the t,imcs that we
find no n~ent,ion of crschange of information het,\w.cn Alexander Gerard and
Herbert regarding their ..rclrrejrs of t,he 11th nnd t,he Sutlej valley, tt~ough it is
difficult 1.0 believe that t,here was no co~nmunication I)etweer~ t , hm~.
This appears to I I ~: u suitirblr lloint nt which to ll~cntion Jlo~rcroft' s journey
to Ladiikli made in 18" \\r.t.ll Trubeck and C*ut,tlrio4 with the ultimate objective
of rc:sclling Dulth5rn I>.Y wiy. of Yurkand. Lmvillg BilZspur on the Sutlej in .July,
they truvolled through Iiangra. Klilu, Ll l ~ol ~l , und ovt-r the BBrZ Gc h a pass, t o
reach Let1 on 20th Septumber. Tho route was ~urveyed, and astrono~uical obser-
vations taken, by Trcbeck. A map by John Arrowsmith6 is included in the acoount
of MOOI-croft's travels odited by Horace Wilson, who records that
t he rneterinl~ of the rnap nro. fir&, tho field books of Mr. Tmheck, minute, carefr~l. and wourate.
The measurement is ~ntule 1)y p mq . but tho bwringa by the compass nre noted with great
precision, and correoted or c.onfirmoil hy r epent , ~l cotnparisol~.
The latitr~de of Le, of Iinslirnir, and vnrioua i nt erme~l i ~t t r lvtintr ~lctnrminud by ob-
uervation, and heiqht of I~nrolnetor nnd thermomrtor a t ~) r i u r i p ~~l nlevnt,ic>ns. [ nru ] set,
110wn6.
The latitnde which 3Ioorcroft assignetl to Leh, 36" 9' ?I", differeri considerably
from value8 previouely given-the.Lainas' map of Tibet, less t,han :1i0 [ I,
7 1-
D'Bnville, 39" 20' [I, 2101-bIa,cartncy, 37" [II, 271 1-Buchnnan, 3U0 30' [TI, 701'.
A nlap oonlpiled at Calcutta, 1823@, sllo\vs that it was cont.rolled by la,titndes
observed by Hodgson, Herbert, and Trebeck, and qilotes a letter fitom Trebeck to
hia brother in CalcuttaD explaining an error in two slzctohes of his routc to INh that
had already hen submitted,
from n lninoalculntion of t he l at i t t ~dw, in which a correction of tho ~ ~ l n ' s tlmlirlntion for longi-
tude waff omitted. ... ['rile ~ t l l t I differe not more thnn 3 or 4 n1iles from tile trlle distance..,
If13 1, 78' 18' E ; pl. 3 Sil~pln.
Sikh% oooupid K~nllrnir ~ l d KUIU IS11.
'of. G a d ' . muh two
YMIS Inter 41 1. 'En. gut. ; sub-arset. aurgmm.
10. Cot. ( -100 ). 1811, ?rcr~b uno in011 to d ~ p .
' ~mmrnj t k ~r e bwf i b ). 'TRIP I ~ I Y O . 34' 10'. * OrylimI )nap, MRlO 1 ( 1 ). 6 t h wpim 12 a 4 ),
'Chm. l'rekok, junr.. attnr~lny.
betwmll ~h~ mcl the
of Ladakh. rnt.her a near np(1rosinlatin11 ro~i ~i deri ng the
rme\.en and circuito~~s nnt,ure of the road.'
q-hey
in Lad&h for two years, 111uking severul survey expeditions,
Moorcroft won a gret~t, repatation by successfi~l ol~e~.tltions for cataract. He
hwl set his heart. on visiting Bulrhira and, on being rcfrl~ecl [)ermiosion t,o travel
via Y&rkand? decided to attempt the jounley by Pc*hii\rnr ulul Kihul.
ha vi ng L. h on 20th SepteIllber 1822, tllrp crosactl the Zoji La n~l d reached
Srina,oar
3rd xovrmbrr.
After rt l ri o~~s trilrs in the Kasl~tnir valley they eet out
&gain in Septeml,er 1823, and trsvell'u~g \-it% Pfi~lch. Jhel~lnl, and Riwalpindi,
-bed PcshiwBr on 9th I)ecembcr, stayiug t h e r t w q i s ~nonths. ARer collect-
ing a ]algt- caravcln tht?\: \vent forward again in Jlu?. 1824 and reached KiEbul on
20th Junks, Their Ka*ll~uiri tmd Ciuvkha follower* wi~ely refuaetl to accolupuny
the111 nny t' ,~rtlic~. al~tl after sis months ~ ~ I Z I L T ~ ( I I I S t'ri~vel they renrl~ed Bukhiim UI
February Ilr?.;. Fttlli~~g sick on tho ret,~lrn j o~r r ne ~ ill1 thrre tlietl solllr nis rnouths
1:1ter2.
hIoorc~uft.'s travels. nn those he made i11 1x12 [ 11, SIB I 1. covered much ground
that mvaHentirely IIFW: and contributed grc,nt,lg t'o geogri1l)hicnl knowledge3.
It is not kllo\m who was thc author of a letter datcd Saljiithu 11th 1)ecember
1823, published in the Asktic Jourrm14 of 18.23 undcr the t,itle of "Rout,e t o Ladak".
The miter followed the Spit,i River from its junction with the Sutlej to within 30
miles of the B&rZ LBcha La, on the road to Lell. He describes the immenee mow
peaks, but greatly over-rstimat,ed their height', which would not ho expected from
experienced surveyors like Herbert or Blesander Gerard.
From the angllecr of clltitudo which I obser\,cd, t,heir pale outline. and tllu broad outline
of wow, they cannot be lm elevated than 29,000 feet. ... As I had no tirue or place for fixing
their po~ition. I adoptcd Humboldt's plan of vnrt,icnl l e n~e r . ~ the rm11t.s of which would
give an approximation to their height. ...
From Sheealkd onwurde waa new gourld to me, ant1 I we* occupied in surveying.
Our
territory here confines upon Chinn and Ludak. She e a hr is part, of B d ~ i r , but thia stete
still extenda a day's journey before it im?inges upon Ludalc.
He continued up the Spit.i past the rillages Dankhar, Lare, and R a n mg ,
12,000 feet above the eea :
I surveyed. by the tract [ eic ] of tlrc yaks, and got on pretty weU tl)rollgh the Rnows-
The reflection from tlie snow dazzled me, as I took no precrtut,iw for my eyw, and sufferd
c-ully from ita effects7-My hands could no longer point tho tlmodolite, and I ceaed
surveying-Party elrhawted some milee short of Lessar,B the laat village-Hero endetl my
tour, aa it began, in disappointment-hh still 10 days journey beyond me.
The miter returned by the way he came.
Webb'e previous esperienca marked hi111 ae well fit for the survey of Kumaun,
the hill treat lying between GarhwB1 nnd NepB1.
He had aseieted Colebrooke in
the survey of Rohilkhand, and led the expedition up the Ganges above Hardw&r
[11, 32-3,73-7]. He then spent two yeure surveying northern Oudh and Gorakh-
pur before taking nick Leave to England [ 11, 33-4 1. While a t home he attanded
oourseg in astronomy et Greenwich observatory, and returned to Indie with a
bettsry of new chronometers juet in time for the Nep&l war. He joined the foroe
thet occupied Kumeun [ 11, go 1, bnd was appointed eurveyor in March 181b9.
Li h Hodgson he started without measuring any base-line, but suffered no
inoonvenience fro111 the ~egaries of local attraction [ 35 ; 111. 6 n. ] ;
A baee wcu, dctarmined by astronomical observation, ueing the difference of latitude b-
tween ite oxt mi t i m end the true azimuth ... for computing their dietence, end upon t hh baee
'dactd flrinsgar, hshml r. 21-8-23.
* & I & T ( v - )
a Psper rond at ASB. ; Q.
Qod. Ua., 1 2 6 2 6 .
An 3. XIX ( 829-a ).
R mn Alexander von Yreidricll Humboldt ( 1780-1BM ).
#8hllur, 63 I ; 16 m. above mouth of 8piil[ pl. 5, Skalkur 1.
' Herl~crrt would 111aro hron wlsc to thls [ 42 1.
'Lau. 62 H ; on Hpitl R., 77" 46' E.
*M0. 23-8-16.
nn extennlve triangulation has been formed, which now connaob Htrrdwar with Tuklakot P~8a
in longit~ltle rillo 48' E:.
~t is renlarkable that though Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb, were oblivious
of ti,,? possible effects of local attraction, George Everest, only 16 P J M later, W M
fully aware of the danger, and classed Webb's sun7ey aa u n t d w o r t h ~ ;
~ 1 , ~ RllrVUy Of Curhwlll by Captain Hodgnon ant1 Lieut. Herbert ... was commenced ... on
a bllso.lille menuorotI ~st ro~~omi cal l y, but 0s that was not found to answer, the whole dinten-
were
by n bane line memured by Captain Herbert.
This survey mey therefore
be conxilleroll
on final, aotl quite st~llioiently accurnte for geogra~1lictl.l PurPosm. ...
rylla slwvoy of li~lnlnon ... depentIs on n base moasured astronomically. of 10 minutee.
N~,,, if is
wc.ll known fact tllut a blue of H L I C ~ extent is liable, pnrticulnrly in mr ~ u n t a i n o ~
t o be ~~ffectod hy loco1 ntt,ract,ion. ... We may e t n t ~ the pmbable error es 10'.
whic,l al uol ~l l t ~ in that Intit~~rlo to 1,001l foot and upwards, so that about 100 feet per mile,
in CIXrCRH l,r dcfec~t. is tho error to Lo ~q)proherl(le~l.
,rllia survey w u ctlrrietl nrr b >...ti t r i ~o~~on~t ~t r i c nl process, but. ~t C L L I I I ~ V ~ be comprehended
unllrr tlIo terln of n regulnr triclngulntioll, for nnne of t l ~e t,riallgle* nrc synmretricrd, tho three
onp\(s: nro not, r l ~e~s~~r ecl , ond orrora oI' 4 0 feet per milc are of ircquent uccurrenco, so t hat
;+ is,
t,llo wllt~lr, littlo better t.11011 nllnt iu cnlled n wheel nrltl conlpneu survrvl.
BY Webb's own account,,
y-lle nnmbrr of etot.inns, i~~c.lo~.lir~g thoso I J ~ the borometc~r, will furniul~ ... n~ur e thnn four
tlundrc.ll points of olcl-ati~,n. ... Tllv wllolr survey Ilnving hitllerto devolvetl upon mj,self, und,
being ill qnnlified us a drauphtsrnen [ I t , 76, 45.3 1, nly att<ontic~n has been prirlcipally tlirocted
to tho ff,rlnation of tlro outline, ontl ron~pomtively little to the map, in which I havo been
in cont,illuol es1,ectation to be aided ~ J Y an 0~qi St ~nt .
1311t I hnvo on all ocraaions ~t ~r veye( l the route by which I hnve trnrelled, and the dis-
tanc-ca sirlre tho fimt neason hove been ~~~e a s u ~r e d hy on instrunlent which I hnve found very
corlvellient, ... rescrnblinp an open pair of compasses, whose points are j u t one fathom
divtllllt from each other. These serer111 routes, with tho exception of about 16 marches, ...
will fill rat l ~er more thnn me half of tho map of Iiurnaon upon a scale of about three miles t o
an inch2.
interests lay in fixing tho snow range, and exploring the T i b e h
By May 1810 he had sr~rveyed to the sources of the K&li and wm work-
~ ~ o r t h bordcr, trying to negotiate permission to visit Lake
[ IT, 79 ; 111, pl. 6 I.
I conaiderod that to ptlsa chnrlishlg nlollg t,he frol~tier, prying int,o its pa.raes and recon-
noit,ring, would 1)s more likely to excite ... than to allay the joalousy already kindled, alld there-
fore, to induce some friendly intercourse. I sent forward some of the BhootceaS rumeendars
to ~ukl akot . ~, 1le~iru1g tllom to state to the Governor the nat,ure of my ... ernploymetlt,
to oxpress n wixl~ ... to Ijo 11e1.rnittod to visit. the lalio I l ans~ur m~r , ... paying my rwpocts to hirn
pcrsonolly.
The Cl~inesc Governor, or Debu, agreed t o a meeting ;
May 28th 1816. The *now thin mt l ri ng was eight inches deel ~ upon t,lle &V,VOl1n(l, nor had
tho tllliw berotno sufflciclltly effectual to otlmit of our proceeding towartlv ~~l~~~~~~~ till
one o'clock. ... [rid(% IL yuk --meets the Deba-pern~iwion to ,.isit JItuulsarowar rofusod,
politely but firn~ly 1. ...
Tho Viceroy of Gur i l o~~ [ ICurdnln ? ] wllo I~ngl diuobeyed t,his orcler hl favour of N ~ ~ .
Moorcroft and Hearsay [ 11, 80 I, had been ron~oved from h h situation disgrace, and
~umrnoned to Oncllung where, in all probability, further punisllrnent. awaiteLl llin1.
Tho C11iefta.in relnoinorl with nlo nctw five hours ; sending for his pipo tuld largo teapot,
aa noeming to vonsitler me but an indifferent preparer of that beverage.
To Government's request that he would confine himself " to the work *ed to
Webb replied that "a proper degree of caution end cliscretion was obervedDv
and promised that he would. not "again re-ent,er Bootan till aut hor kd to do
so". His olaim for R,s. 309-8-0 for presents wea allowed.
I n a letter of June 7th he reports that he had
vkited the soun:o of t,ho river Kal~w, and with inl~ninetlt peril
tire mowy ridge...by
the pass of Lebfw". The extreme labor, g r e ~ t diWculty of reepiration, oxperiencad in the
lest untlertnking, ho8 occnaioned e pnerlhl sickness in my camp. I hope, however, to get
' DDn. 205 ( 309-8), 10-11-31.
' DDn. 160 ( 63 ). 8-10-18.
aor Tibe& [ L 2) L5 ,,
a m.
8. W. of h k e ~~~ror.
'B8C. 14-8-10 ( 35-7 ).
"pn P w , l7,8BO R.
fhe whole party under shelter tomorrow, and to aocelerate their recove q... I purpose rornain-
ing stetion& for some time.
He later reported that he had been detained "by unusually violent falls of snow
about the equinox which confined me for many days in one of the southern villages
of Dherme". He sent specimen8 of gold dust and articles of Tibetan producel.
1)rivon down to the plains by the winter weat,her, he met Hodgson at the end of
January 1817 [ 32 1.
I have been emplol-ed during the past montll in the termi. or in aitoatio~ls whenc-e ohserve-
tione of t,he Himaleea mng be taken with the p wt mt advantage.
Afzulgurh is the Iwt.
of these. tho debouche of the Ramgtmga, by whir11 route 1 purpose re-entering bhn
mountains3.
His report for 1816 gave a list of 130 points with their latitudes, longitudes, end
heights.
I t was read before a meeting of the Asiatic Society with Lord Moira in
the cha?. and tells of a peak of 25,669 feet, at 30" 21' 51" N. ; 79" 48' 39".G E.,
obviously Nanda Devi4.
He reported on t.he 1st August that he had added at least one hundred further
barometer heights, and was checking them by triangulation6. I n December he
sent a full account of his work to Mackenzie, who had iiow come up from
Madras ;
It smms neoeasery, during the present season, to ffltctblish 1))' b~wometrical obs c~at i ons
the height of that part of Rohilkhand from whence my elevfitioris commence. ... hitherto ...
wumd by estimation only [ 47 1.
It is therefore my intention to visit the brree uither
this month, or in January, in which I muat be regulated by Laidlaw's approwho. ...
It would give me great pleeaure to cornmunicato at some length the general principles
upon wllich my labours have been conducted, ... for, however flattered I certainly must feel
by Colonel Crawford's having committed the wholo arrangement to my own discretion, it
would now be very desirable that you should review the work. ...
I am tho more anxious on this subject aa I know from literacy frienrls in England that
thin w e y hae excited some curiosity there, and perhape even beyond t hat country, as Mr.
Strachey' procured from the Russian embassy, and forwarded to me from "Tibreez1'n n
number of "Le Coneervataur Impartial" dated March 11th and printed at St. Potemburgh.
which contains the following paragraph ; 'Le capitaine hglnia. Webb, qui parcourt le nord de
I'Aeie, a, dit-on, ... travem8 d'dnonnes chainea de montagnes couvertes de neige, r oga r dh
c o m e inecceaeibles, et par lesquelles on peut ouvrir mie routo par la Tartarie jusqu'en
B~e a i e ~.
The preliminary reports of Webb's work had indeed created a stir. They
d e d forth a favourable review SUT Zy6le'vation des Montagnes de l'lnde by
Alexander von Humboldtlo [ 40 1, but the accuracy of hia heights was challenged by
a writer in the Quarterly Reviewll [ II, 88 1. This sceptical attitude roused Herbert's
wrath ;
This mv c y involves ae a principal point the determination of the highest range of mom-
kina in the world, [ as rccognised by ] all except such aa at home think science confined to
Europe, and that it is impoaeihle for an officer in t.he company'^ service t o memure the height
of a mountain. ... I think I may say the national honor is concerned, u well as that of the
Bengal Army.
I...refar...to the very unhandsome remarks pesaed on Captain Webb by the Quarterly
Me we r a in return for hie his polite communication of some of the heighte 110 had determined.
It is quite clear ... that no determination of height8 will ever satisfy the curious in Europe,
that ia not accompanied with ample details aa to the original observations, as well aa a full
exposition of the methoda of calculations. ... The ordinary routine of -eying is in no way
applicable to the determination of so nice a point,, which involvm many other considerations...
[such es I the figure of the earth. ...
By such ample details alone will they be nble to judge of tho ability of the person who
gives them. and it ia only when they flee that ability fully manifeetwl, that they will plwe my
confidence in the resulta deduced12 [ 48 1.
lib. 10-11-18 ( 18 ). ' DDn. 138 ; M 675, 1-2-17.
'God. Oaz. 17417 ; Aa R. XII, 1818
( 253-83 ). 'Xar~ds Devi, 25,645 ft. ; 30" 22' 32' N. ; 70" 68' 22'.
8 DDn. 160 ( 7 ).
6 appointed M
minsnlogkt. June 1817 [ z6fj 1 ; joined aurvey 17-2-18.
' Rlohard Btraohey DCS., writer 170R ; R d t .
Loaknor 1816; r d . 1817.
'Tsbriz. Azerbaijan, NW. Penrip.
' DDn. 160 ( 22 ). 2-12-17.
1oAnMba
& Chhi e al da PhyAqw IX. Pprir.
I l No. s u m & VoL 22. 1820.
"to Ba. ; DDn. 162 ( 1 0 ). 1&11~-10.
In Ootobnr 1818 Webb eent the Surrevor Chneral sr~lother annual report, and a
kcription of the oountry that will be more fully appreoieted if wad with a modern
byered map ;
Excluding a belt of the t wa m ( morea and foreat ), whioh ekirta the baee of the mounteine
on the s. \ V. . the totel extent of the survey may be coneidered M a section of t he bank, w
butt-, which supporte the tableland of T-ry.
There h not. I believe, a single nquere
of level pound, in one plot, within its boundaries.
no lleight of the Tuklakot paas, by a geometriml prooees, apponra to be 17.706 feet above
the ma alltl tllat of the Neetoe pans by the barometer 18,978 feet'. Them mark the minimum
altitude n t ~ r ~ i ~ ~ e t l hy the crest of t,he g l ~ i e . ... The mean distance from the brae of the
rnounhins to the plataru of Tsrtary I coneider to average about 96 English miles. ...
me term Himuleen chain, or nmge. warns t o me a misnomer.
It is not, IW i t a p p m
from the +in, a r~nt~inuoue r i d~o, tlle d i p in which form the p m m to Tertary ; nor do t he
higher F,rtk* opproacl~ very near to the tnhleland [ 11. 77 1. As the traveller approecl~en the^
mor~ntnins, his road invariably lea& along the bed of a river ; M he ndvancee fsrther.
tho defile stnrightena, the rorks form perpendiculer wnlh on both sides ; there is scarcely e l m
betwmn tllern for the atrean1 of thn hmrnitlg torrent ; ... whilo avalnncl~ee tl~reflten from
above, ond the current is frequerltly buritul under snow from 40 tn 100 feet in thickneoa.
Thk portion of his ruute ( perl~aps two or three days ) in full of peril and dimculty but.
when ercomplll~ed, the l~ills agnin alo))e moro gradually. and ho rearhee tho Fllrguna.9 in.
hAbital during rnrnmcr months by our 13hntt.en eubjecta, whowe vil~lrvos are fro111 10.000 t o
12,000 foot above tho sea. Pr on~ thewe t.o Tortmy the road Lr generally good, and grRdudy
twwndklg along the bank of I\ strecun~ t.ill, on the fourth or fifth day, fl allnrp #&rent of 3.000
or 3,000 feet is erlcr~untered. from the sununit of which the plntaau oporls to view. Snow ia
seldom neon. excopt sl~eltered in ravinrw, during the latter part of the journey. ...
-wing tho ciment yenr ... tho seaaorl commenced with ewvey in the purgune of Chou.
p k l l e , pawing bnckwards and forward througll i t as roads could be found, fixing trigono-
metrical points occnaionally. and completing the course of the Surjoo River. ... In like manner
zig-zq lines were ~necwured through t.he purgunae adjacent. ...
This brought me near to t he heed of the aur a Rive*, whioh I traced to its debouoh st
Mumvmuo Chat, proceeding thence t o Pelocrbheet, find ultimately to Barelly, to receive a oem
of barometers recently f l kvod from England, some of whicir being found in good order, 1
marrhorl without loas of time ... to Kaaheepoor, where i t wss neceelurry to make a eerier of
obaervntiona, thia being the first elevation in t he survey, and pmviously estimated a t 860 feet,
inatead of i h7 feet which appears to be the oorrect vslue4.
The observutiona a t Kesheepor being completed. ... I re-entered the mountains a t the
Kottiwu~r Pnrn [ March 1818 16, nntl repaired to Lungoor Gurh, a lofty del api dat d fort-,
and the first, trigono~notricnl station in Oarhwal. Ita porrition being tletermined, I traced
several routm ... settling frequent points of connection. From one of these ... I wag enabIedto
oonnoct the triangulation of Kutnnon with Hurdwm, .,.
h soon as the road to Kednr Nath was reported open, I marched in t hat direction, c r m.
ing the Al ul u~r l ~~~l r a R. near Sireenupur, and occasionally deviating from the road to meend
high ridgw whore 1 hoprd to ortablish atations of observations. The lettor part of the &
led over extonaive fields of #now, end the height of Keder Nath'a temple, eituatetl a t the base
of the ~llowy peak NO 111, i~ 11. 879 foet above Calcutta by correspondent observetiom witll
the barometer [ 11, pi. 9 ; 111, pl. 61.
[ He returuecl to Joshimath and, after waiting a few daya for n pnmi t . worked up t o the
Niti Paw 1' .
The road followed from Jcme~ Muth b the crest of the Neotee peas woe that travelled
by Mr. Noorcroh [ 11, 80 1. but I should hardly have been able to obtain for the flmt time 8
view of tho table Innd of Trrrtary without exciting the jealouey of t he Chinese ofleere but
for thc collaternl aid I derived from being entmsted with an investment of goods belonging
to Qovernmont, and deatined for the Tartar market.
The bnromotrical obsorvationa on the mute are in t he highest degree intereatu~p;, IW they
lend to a knowledge of tho altitude of the table land. and will possibly ... mark a n o u l e
-oh in physical science. ...
Upon reviowing the work of the yam. I flnd the results less oonaintent aud s at i ef oot o~
then in former eenaone. They do not. indeed. indioate m y pa t error in the positione of
the anowy p& ( all of whioh wem settled from bwea t o the eastward... ), but d i e c r e p c k
Imodmn ma l8,dZB R. 'numra. lor &dn. trne d o e about 776. * 68 * pd&
not. Co b r . INIR. ~ I O . b~ 372.
.rs perceptible.
Thin is in a greet measure to be attributed to the want of a better ht r ume nt
th& is in my possewiodl.
He
now b t b r able to meet the challenge of the Quarterly Review, and a t a
meeting of the Asiatic Society a t Calcutta in February 1819 Dr. Wallich2 submitted
letter rneived from him, admitting the justice of some of the reviewer's remarks,
euch rn the want of a measured base, and uncertainty as to the proper correction
for refraction, but holding to the general probability of his results.
He has about 20 stations. at very unequal distances from the Himalaya, whme altitudeu
are deduced geometrically from the snowy pealcs, and bmometrimlly. Tl ~ e apeementa
between all of them are very srrtisfactor~.
Webb's let,ter, with his observations a t ICedarnath temple and the Niti Pass,
was sent to England, and the Quarkrly Review thereupon withdrew all objections,
and declared "absolute confidence " in the results4 [ 2 1.
Towards the end of 1818 he was given the assistance of a drnughtsman,
Robert Tab, who, besidea doing some survey in the field, was specially useful in
drawing the maps, which were submitted, some in 1819 and others a t the close of
the survey6 [ pl. 6 1. Webb closed field work in October 1821 and, left India for
good in February 1822.
Waugh was not so critical of Webb's work as Everest [ 45 1, and d m not
comment on the lack of a measured base-line. His verdict was ainiilar t o t hat he
passed on Hodgson and Herbert [ 41 1, viz., that the framework showed consider-
able scientific ekill, and was subsequently adjusted to the Great Trigononletrical
Survey, but that the depiction of hill features left much to be desired. He paid
a special tribute to Webb when working out the heights of the great peaks ;
I enclose ... a memo. regarding the identification of the famous mountain Dewalgiri. Our
point XLU is Webb's mountain. ... Any great numerical refinement cannot be expected in
comparing our position with Webb's, but the difference ...is not so much as to muse any doubt
es to the real identity. ... Nevertheleaa more refmement would be satisfactory, end might be
obtainable if Webb's angle booke, mapa, or reports, are forthcoming in our office, or a t the
Aeietic Society.
I should Like, when I publish, to shew a comparison more accordant. and therefore more
worthy of the memory of an old eurveyor like Webb, of whose reputation I am the natural
guardian'.
IDDn. 160 ( 6 3 4 ), 8-10-18.
rNetheniel Wullioh ( 1786-1854) a Dane; Ben Med.; Supdt.
Botenicd Cdna.. Sibpur. 181b-60. DNB.
' Aa J . VII. 1819.
' vol. 22, 1820 ( 417 ) ; latent bt. JRQS. .
IV, 1834 ( 37-18 ).
'BULIO. 26 ( 14 ), 28 ( 2R-32 ).
6 D D ~ . 666 ( 167 ) 18-1=. JASB. XI, 1 8 U
I20 ( 1 1, pp. xxio-v. gives lint of 60 snow peah, Webb's No. XIV, ht. 2k660, and kodgeonwe No. A 2:
mg same peak. Nende Devi [ j z n.5. 46 n. 4; pls. 5.61.
CHAPTER N
NORTH-EAST F'RONTIER
GGro Hills, 1817-8 - Sylh.1,' 1820-9 - Aseavn Valley, 1824-6 - Source of
Brahntaputra, 1825-8 - Munipur, 1824-30.
YWCE the withdrawal of \Velsh's force in 1794 [ I, 81-2 1, the only official
b contaot with Assam had been through petty frontier incidents. It ia a favourite
pastime of aU hill people to nwoop down on the rich villaga~ of the pla.ins for
loot.
I n 1816, "after a particularly atrocious raid" on the part of
the GBro tribes, who inhabit the thickly wooded hills a t the great bend of the
Brahrnaputra [ I, 19-20 1, David Scott, Commissioi~er of Rangpur, visited the
frontier and made terms with the tribesmen, who in return for trading facilities
were to be protected from exactions by the zamindars along the borderz. George
Wilton [ 11, 457 ] was appointed t o survey the strip of Rangpur district on the left
bank of the river, and such parts of the GBro Hills as might be accessible3.
The country was exceedingly unhea.lthy, and Wilton died aftar a few months
work. Schalch waa appointed to carly on, but after four months in t,he field, he
also fell ill, and was sent on a sea voyage to recover [ IT, 359 1. His survey was
left unfinished, and the Surveyor General had no map to produce ;
Mr. Schalch's illnaw hail prevented any written notices ... except whet are contained in
hi s field books. ... \?'hen Jlr. Schalch went away he expressed an anxious denire to have all
the papers of the slvvey preserved uutouched till his return, ~vllich I promised, and -led
them up" .... 10 unfinishetl sketches. ...
To a uurveyor it will be underrrtood that the sketchw of onc is not easily wrought up by
another. On this survey an interruption had already taken place by Mr. Wilton's death, whose
papora are a180 depoeited here, and if Mr. Schalch oannot rawme it I am afraid you will have to
oommenm again anew; this is a U H C ~ ~ comequenoe of having only one surveyor on an
extensive mountainous unhenlthy country. I t is in fact a never-ending and most hart-
breaking undertaking to employ one man in such a situation, and if health is preserved i t
muet take many yearn, or it mill bo a very i~nperfect work6.
Mackenzie'a fears were justified ; Schalch did not return t o the survey, whioh
mas left uncompleted and of little value [ 18,329 1.
InDeoember 1819 Thomas Fisher was appointed t o survey the boundary between
Sylhet and the independent state of Tripura8.
He was not able t o start tiu
in 1820 and, as the magistmte could not then attend himself, or arrange for
the Tripura representatives, Fisher spent that seaaon surveying the boundary
between Sylhet and the indepeudent territories of Jaintia and Gchar, wo r k g
from ChBgaon along the banks of the Surrua river [ pl. 19 1'.
He then
reaolved ...to... vieit Cllchar, partly in the hope of enlarging our geographioel infornution in
e oountry eo little lulown to Eurol~xine, but more particularly in the expechtion of being able
to procure eome information relative to l'ipperah ... t o illtutrate the clncient boundav be-
tween that country and Yylhet.
1 Sylhet wes s Hcngd distriot UI 1874 [ I. 82 1.
' NE. Frontier ( 29 ).
3 BQO. 1613-16.
'~h. 154 ( 120). 16-8-18. l i b. ( a), 7-9-18.
OEM). 17-12-19; Aa J. 8. 1820: DDn. 1 6 (am
m.
8qc. to hhlagte.. of Yylbet, May 19-11-19.
'Fdbk. n I O . M 411. plma I-inoh and ,-inch to mile. AO.
M~ao. 4-0-22.
1 have previously consulted ... the magistrate of Sylhet on the propriety of my visit, and he
W- of Opinion that, provided the consent of Chowjeet Singh the preaent ruler of Cacher were
obained, it would be desirable in every point of view, as in addition to the before-mentioned
objeota I should be able to obtain some account of the passes in the mountains separating
the country of Caohar from Mekhley Munnipoor, now occupied by the Ri mam, who
threeten continually to invade the former gountv, from which there would be no impedhnent
to their entrance to Sylhet'.
After an adventurous visit to Ciichsr [ 411 1, he surveyed the Tripura frontier
between May 1821 and April 1822, being now granted full responsibility for
deciding the line.
he sollthern pnrt of the district of Sylhet, which borders upon the independent hill
h b r v of t,Im Rajah of Tipperah, having been for some time the scene of frequent d i s p u h
-ing entirely from the want of a well defined and known boundar~., a survey therefore
ordered to be made ; ...
1. TO improve t.he geography of the frontier.
2. T~ rncertain...the claims of the contend& partie.9 on either side of the boundary. ...
3. T~ obtain a natural end wi l y recognizable line of frontier, aa a river or c h i n
of mountainsa.
Government accepted his line ;
xis ~ ~ ~ d ~ h i ~ in Council trusts that the field book, m d depoeitiona stnted to have befln
taken, will contain all the information that con bo desired. ... The original dapositions
sen by ~ i ~ ~ t - t Fisher &ell be deposited for eventual reference in the office of the
~~, . , , , , , i t b of Recor& a t Sylhet. He will likewise ... forward to the Committee ... a copy of the
field book of the survey.
~h~ greater pmt of the frontier line is stated to have been laid down with the concurrence
of the persons who attended on the part of the Rajah. ... Hence it is presumed that the attesta.
tion of these people will have been fixed to the documents and depositions. ... In the mean.
time...the line of demarcation ... ehould be assumed, and acted upon
forming the actual
frontier of the two territories. ...
~h~ line ... is sufficiently defined by nulln.9 and by ridgas of hills, except ... where the
boundav line - over c~~l t i vat ed fields in the valley. Unless therefore some landmarks
have b- erected, there is danger of ita being entirely lost.
Lieutenant Fieher's report is not
sufficiently particular in defining the precautions taken. ... His Lordship in Council
however, that the requisite arrmgements have been made to prevent m y future encroach-
menb by the construction of pillare or other land marks. ...
The neatness with which the plan is executed, and the apparent accuracy and care with
which it baa been constructed, have attracted the favourable notice of Covernmellt, while
the information collected in the report ... is clear, useful, and well digested' [PI. 19 1.
fi her waa now employed on the revenue survey of Sylhet until, on the
recommendation of the Surveyor General, he accompanied Scott towards C6chgr
where trouble born the Burmese was coming to a head.
Scott was now Agent
the Governor General on the North-East Frontier [ 55 1.
Captain Fisher's employment waa on the Tipperah frontier, south of Sylhet, and on that
aide hi map end informetion are very satisfactory. ... I believe Mr. Scott has
good
10-1 informstion of the fiontier on his side, but the fact is that our operatiom and atbntion
have been so little drawn to the 0aetwav.I for ages p ~ t , that we have very little of the
-tern parts of Bengal[ 16 n.7 1.
I certainly should be glad if we had a better notion of the frontiers e a t of the B ~ ~ -
pooter, eepecially the whole boundary of the Sylhet province wherever it touches on any
foreign territory, and none can give so good -...Mr. Fisher, if you coulcl borrow his
mrvicee. ... For the present I think his attention might be directed to the pi ni ng of the beet
information he can, which might be verified by a survey when the season is more guibble
end when thore in more leisure, for exact eurveye in thoae countrim
be rapidly
executed on account of the wetnew of the country and the insalubrity of the junglm4.
Scott wee directed
to prooeed in person to Sylhet with the view of bringing to an early clwe our negotiatiane
far m alliance with Cachar. ... Your p r ~ n c e in that quarter would be more especdly deck-
' DDe 212 ( 383 I. 16-21.
'ib. ( 846.443 ), &#a. to Fiher 1-3-21 . MRIO 74 ( 20-2 )
afBglhet Diat.. b Fmher. 1821-2.
' DDn. 106 ( 166 ); BJC. 6-6-22 ; bdbb. ~bn. 230:
~ 4 ;
Y 412 ; DLR. d 410. aDDn. 108 ( 1'24 ), 80. to Pol. Dept. 18-10-23.
nl,lc i f tilr ~, l r l o~l ?. . . ~l l l l c, w 111, t.lleir c l e ~i gn~ againnt t hat ~01l t 1t . r~.
In tllat, evmt it w~lllcl
fllrt,her c,,,rlll,,re ml,terially to t he public interests t,hat Ch~~t ei r l Pi*ller UcromPnrV' St1I1 for
, , . . llrveyinp~t~le IMwa w11irIl I I WI ~ frutn .Vl~trila)re ullcl Awwnll.
shortly
Fisher was required for ~i ~i l i t ary duty on the Cb h i r frontier,
and be wfit,es to the surveyor C:eneral, 27th February
regretting the delay in
copies of hb memoirs as he wan " a t present so muoh engaged havbg
the esecuti,.e ehnrgr of the Quarter Master General's and Comm~@mriat &pad-
mcnb"8. Ill Ilis plaw, Js~neq Blechynden. who had beell sent up for the revenue
[ 145 1, ~ a d e n t , t , ~ ~ c o t t for a pioneer msmh from Sylhet over the
~ l ~ ~ ~ i ill^ frl l rn . ~vnt ml l l , re 011 nc~utll to ...j unction of Kullung nlid Cc~fllw riverna. thence clown
%he ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ~ t,, jullctioll with Ilmlr~llnl,utm n1111ut 12 nriles nbove Ctblallt~ti ...
U ~ ' o ~ ~ t r y
hitherto unerl~lc~red 11y l<llrllllQII11~~.
\IT0 ere to ~ , t . c ~ w~ l on c11- l~l)tbt~t. t hr :iOtl~ inst. [ Marcl ~ 182 J ] direr1 LI) . I t ~ ~ n t ~ t ~ l l : t.henre
t o cc,nlmencr u. anrvrJ- ill n tlortllrrly ~lilr*~. tit, n ns rc~rrectly ;la I-ircwrnstr~r~r~~s ntral t.Ile rullidity
of &Ile uulmlles wl~ultl ~l t l ~ui t of. 11.; f11r us t.11~ I;iirrarnl~ootrr Mi\t.r. rlotirill~: tho f w~ . of t he
c, >mtry, till- ~lillicaultit~~ of 111~ r'uttl. V I ~ . . ... 0 1 1 O I I ~ ret11811ing t.h? Htlrrt11111111oter River 1 ww
to ret,unr I,? \v;~tc.~.. ;IS t.111. <I' II' IIIII \ \ . ~ I I I I , I b~ ... 1810 (ilr t l t l v ~ l ~ ~ c ~ ~ fol. 1 1 1 ~ to ~ttlt.111l11 t t I)II.SRH~H
ht ck over lnntl.
I tIltrlr cnl l t . l l a l r l I.i~-~ttt.tli~~tt I,'i*llt.l.. 111111 rc.~.ei\-t.(l i ~~~t r t ~c t i t a t ~s fr(1111 I I ~ I I I . ... HC \ \ - I I I I I I I not
ntlvise I I I ~ (Lttcll~l,lill:: ~I I I J . I I I . I . I I I . L ~ ~ ~ I I I ( UI *I I ~I ~~I I CI I ~ of t11c I I ~SI HI I CU I I C~ WCP I I 1.uc.11 1I41y's lrnltirry
fJ1nce, lltlt t J r I t t 1 s I I ~ ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~ I I Y * tllost- I i l ~ c - ~ iv11icI1 4141'111~t pass o\.er steo11 ~~e ~~l i vi ~i c *s , ~ I I I I rlotilw
t l ~ e ti1110 urnl~lf,>erl i l l CIII.II ~ltly' s rll;lrrl~. ...
April 1st 1R?1.
'I'lli* ~ n c ~ r ~ ~ i r ~ c : 111 qlny I I ~ I ~ I I . 111,- e.;wlrt set I I I ' I ' ; ... I left ;tt 1 I..>!. 111tm1 f-twn14
131) with t,lleln ... nft6.r a ~nun.ll of 1;; l1011rs.
211~1.
Jl nrt *l ~e~l 81t, 5 . \ . >I. wit 11 t, I~e wcbort. I I I I ~ I rt *nrl ~e~l . rc~ylltml~ 111)otlt 2 P.M.
3nl. \b. Scott joilrntl 1 1 ~ nl ~r u~t 2 .\.>I. t, lri~ morn in^. I*:rnpl~~yocl in II tri~onornt~rrical
~.t,lculntiorl to n~cc.rtllin the* 1lciL:ht of t.ho ru1lKc !elf rnountnirw over whir11 our route woulcl ley ;
tile result wlln tllat tllr Irigllrst visil~lc. 111irt of tlie fartheat runge was 1,30U fret nhovs t he level
of tlle colmt,ry. nncl t l l t ~t anc~tllrr inten-erling one n-11s 0111)- 1.200 fcet. ...
4t.11.
Receiverl c~rtlc+ra frolu Mr. Srott t o 111. very careful ill not letting the G~uaeolls h o w
~vlltkt I was about w11e11 R I I P V ~ Y ~ I I ~ . (11111 nbo\,e nll not t o use t he t11m1tlolit.e. chain, or any
instrument. on t.lloy woulrl get ult~rrnell, nnd perhalls prevent our passing t.hrough t hei r terri-
tory. but to unt* the pockel rompass nl~cl pnre tlle ~l i at unee~.
I n csonaequotrce abf t llr (liffic111t.v ... in l1r11c:uring cv~oliw. we tli~l rlol leuve our enrnn1l)ment
till 3 r.m ... The limt two O H ~ R r nr ( - I ~es W Q ~ R tllr womt of nlly we e~perienceel ; t he road wru,
very nnrrow wlcl I I I I I I ~ ) H ~ ~ ~ r r l ~ r ~ l t l i r ~ ~ l ~ w. t~lid for the most 111brt. c~overe~l wit11 slmrp et ( l ne~ OII
the airlon, whicll so nruclr 11~1rr11werl it tlrnt t he elel~hunta wit11 the utnrost. llifficulty ... could
forre t.hemse1vc.s I~elwevr~, t.vt911 nftwr 11~itlc uulonclcrl. Tho C't~lnlw~ly's bl~llorkr coulti not
proceed n quarter 111 tllr lirst t hy' s 111nrrl1 o\vinc to tlro s hnr j ~ 1111int~rl lime * t ~ ~ r ~ e s , wlric-11 split
tlloir hoe~fs, sntl wero ~~o ~~a e q u r n t l y sent, h r k tllorlce.
'I'llo rlist~nces wort. 1111cecl. the time of eucll cluy'a rnnrrh noticecl. t11111 t he b~t &r " l p t8keq
wit11 t l l ~ 11twket coml,nscsr 11s cc~rrertly 11s t,hr rupi~lity of t l ~ c rllurrhe+ n n ~ l the la1ur3 we pm-
cml a cl... u~lrlrit 11f. Tile 111tca.i I c-nlc.ulat~ nt 2 j feet o~~r l r . but sttbjrct t,) II mt r i ct i on f ~ r t he
stenp uwrnts an11 ~l r we nt n~
11. Ro 1.
At the closc of his military dnties Fisher resumed the reyenue sur\,ey [ 115 j,
and at the end nf 18% was deputed to surrey the bor~ndary betwren Sylhet and
Jaintia, with
t l ~ r ontira clrlt~. ... of I I H C C I . ~ O ~ ~ U I ~ t he l ) o~~n~I t i r y lino, I I I I I I i l i vest i ga~t i ~l ~ tile ( . l t ~i l ~b l~f...tlle liill
vlriefs nml our IJWII zrrrlirl~lan. whore it, I I I H ~ 1 ) ~ 1lis~)tltc11. ...
C'ornrnelrco yotar ntlrvey ... from t he 1)1)int nt wlli~11 tlle ln1111s n l ~ l ~ r t ~ l i ~ ~ i l ~ , c ti1 tile Kajjah
of .Inintin to t l ~ c cnatwc~rd first ronlo in c.or1tac.t with the riortllenr bank of tlre ltiver Soornlell,
t l r l ~ l prww.etL tlrerlre replllarly to tlefina tlrtx line divicling t,lre territories of tile HtIII'blR Colnpany
frnrlr t.liose of tile HH~HI I tilid ot.Irer Inill chiefs. till it apeirl cnlsa t,llc ...
At the two estrcrlie ~nIirlts 11 pillur of nlnsoliry ~ I I I ) LI I I I bo o ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ I t,, llre\.ellt filtIIIm ell-
rrf~nrhnl ent or miunp~~rc.11ensio11 t ~ o either ~i ~l e e .
Two of Fi ~h e r ' ~ IllapS were on scale four miles t,o an inch, and ah,llt olle &-
square.
The first. llt~tl ~neridian laid down t.hrougll the rircllit honsc, Sylhet, and
was compiled f r cm his Irountlr.y surveys of 1821-.1 and rct-enue
of 182-1-3.
' WC. 26-11-23 ( 5 ).
?DDri. 212, ( S3.S ).
3 Kn l w~ nt~d Hupili rirr?ra.
4 H3IS. UiS: A. J .
SIX. ( 259-Ill ). IR2.i.
' h1:11,. 1 nl. t*, nn Inch, HYS. tlin ; Dlhi. 212 ( 5.4; ).
* l)ml. .'do. 13-Wf-:%.
It included the roads from Sylhet to Dacca, Ciichkr, and Mymt?nsingh, with the
brl~nch road along the western foot of the ~nonnt i ne to I'anc111, be~idc8 vari ou~
river routes'.
The second map covered most of the cultivated area of (Xchiir, ant1 was prepared
from sketch- made during 1824-5.
I t incl~ldes the road nmde by the Pioneere
from Badarpurs through the Kumanga forest to "Jirimilla", and the rnountrin
route to " Agui ", and the course of the Barak riverg.
In 1827 the Surveyor Ceneral had to ref~tse the Quartertnastor (>ener~l ' s request
for Fisher's services on tlhe grounds that ho IVRB
employetl by ... the Territorial Deportment in Hylhet, in makin? II very ~r s t , t ~~~ui vr ~ revnnun
aurvey under t,he soperintentlenrt. of t.he Collertnr, 11ncI thut n n~lrnber of ilrttlltmnH ~ u a em-
ployeil ~ ~ n d e r ... t.he S~trveyor.
I lrn\.e ... instructml Liout,eniint. Fisher to nvuil hitnself ol' overy oppor t u~~i t y of In~.tng
down the varit111~ lines nf co~n~~~~~t l i (!at . i on. by I ~ n d and watrr, of nll t l ~ e prinri[)rtl plncaq in
HyUlet.. and by means (if certain autronomicsl observrbt.inns to rlrtorrninc, tile rnrritlittn vf
the stnt,ion of Sylhet,, t hat ( ~t l ~e r s rncty be referred to i t 4.
In July 1829 Scott s ~~bn~i t t e d
a nlap a~f Cossya territ*~ry ~~repnrrt l 1,y I,ie~~tnnrcnt Fisl~nr.
'l'he I ~ t ~ ~ ~ n < l ~ r i e s , I F r,l~u ae\-trrd
district6 lare merely t~onjert~ural. ... but ... t . hr oi ~gt ~o~~t , t.lrene 111ountninr; 11er11linr s ~~ot r i nr o t o hn
fonnrl helonqin!: to one chief, ult,l~urrph ~urrrir~ntlecl with the t erri t , ~~ry c~f tu~otltrr, ~11111 t,liat.
t\vo or more of tlleni are ~~ncusionallv I'o~lnd cxerci~ing ~ut t , ho~i t y in t.110 nllme villnhw. ...
Few \,ille:es have h e n inserted in this map oxcopt m~ r h as hnve I>mn uor\-oyer16.
For several yean the Burmese had been pushing west. They had now occupied
hni pur and reached Kaliibar a,nd Jorhit in Upper Assame. In Tlece~nber 1833
they started to invade CBchBr, but were defeated by the Hritiah in a clash on
the Sylhet frontier [ 64 1. War was declared by the Governor General on 5th
a r c h 1834, and on 13th a Britieh force advanced from Goilpira antl occupied
Oanhiti. I t waa at this juncture that Scott marched across the Khgai Hilh
[ 51 1, reached the Brahmaputra on 15th April, antl joined the troops at Gauhiti.
The force, about 3,000 strong, now under the command of Colonel Richards' [ 69 1,
advanced as far as Kaliibar witho~tt much opposition, but had to with&aw
during themins, when the Burmese again advanced wi far rte Nowgong, looting and
plundering.
At the close of the rains, the British went lip the river by boat, reached JorhiLt
17th January 1845, and occupied the capital, Rangpur near Sibsiigar, on the
30th. The Burmeee haatily evacuated t,he country, t,aking off about 30,000
Aseameae as elavesB. . .
Before the start of the expedition the Surveyor General had been aeked for
aopiw of the beat mapa extent of h m untl...the Hurrumpooter ( nupposerl t o b e . . . Wd s . ..
mv e y in 1793 ) [I, 8-2 I as also of the Gerrow frontier generally. A aopy in likewise
requiral ... of the bwt map of Sylhet, and as mimh of Cachar an may be known from s~l r vey or
report. 'Ilene sketchw, being fnr temporury u ~ e , may ... be hastily tukcn on oilell paper, nnd
will be helcl linhle to return or tranufer on the completior~ of the eervice. ...
You will take mmnurecj for the attainment of IU much geographiml knowl e~l p on or
beyond ... the eat er n frontier an the prrmnt or oxpected rnovun~entn r my a dn~i t ; your aesistant
Capbi n Cheep ki ng with the forco to the south eaut [ 67 1, Lieutenant Fisher of tho Quarter-
mut e r General'u cle~~art,ment in Sylhot [ 51 ] and Home competent officer pe r ha p avuil-
able with the n o r t h - a t detachment nt Goulparuh*.
No uwoyor w u available until the arrival of the revenue surveyors from the
Upper Provinm [ 151 ] when James Bedford wae given charge in the h e a ~ n valley,
being ordered on 20th December 1824
I t h a abo HRIO. 36 (23). 16 m. to m e inch.
'R3 Dl@, I5 m. \V. of Xilchar.
3S)LR. Pdbk. 50:
4.int:b map S. Chhi r , YRIO. 34 ( 5 ).
'BTC. 22-3-27 ( 12 ).
6 DDn. 262 ( I5 ). 28-7-29. Hhuylrn
(UB-76).
' ~ W m . R i o ~ ( 1770-1BBl);Beu. Inf. ; h. 1684; HadaonlII(BQ1-2).
'Intp f h z . ,Jsen~tr
and Fmrrliw F:z@ilimr*, V ( 10. 80 ).
* llDn. 206 ( 2A ) ; BMC. 16-2-M.
to
e,,,rry ,lrHcticrllrle expalition t o ~)roceetl t o AWIII.
I.iotrt3. \Vilc.os will n~81:~)Inf~~llY
yoll an your nwsintallt, nlld Mr. Polhill will bo nthckrche(l t o your Hclrvoy. ...
A ,,,inub ant1
s ~vvoy I I ~ t he country t l ~rough whic!l~ tho arlny Inlby ~, flnntrats
ia entrllnt,oJ to yo~r.
Tho ignorance which a t prment prevails ... rontlorn ..,a cnrroct 1 ~ 8 1
~ , l w l o l ~ g e lll. it of pw,uliar intorent rYc cnnsequerlcn. ... IAn~tvo no ~ l ~ p o r t r ~ n i t y 11ntrier1 of
pllslling t o tllo tltmorrt your enq~~iriox a1111 r m( ! ~~r r h~*~~.
Besides them written instructions,
Dec]fi,rtl nrn* vr r h~~l l g ~lircrrt~ecl to cnnni(ier tlru 13rahrnul~ulrr~ rw Ili* 18hief ohjuct. 110 wti.9 t o
onclrlLvl~ur t , , ~ lulrnVel tho n~!rste y... r e ~ ~ ~ w t i n ~ its fountain I~et~cl, l ~ y procoolling 1111 itn s t r e a m
lw fllr Ilr...tllu s~l l i - g~~ar <I 01. I L clotacl~ocl cwort might, porlnit2.
The rcrenue survc.plas were at first under Schalch's professional orders, but
were later placed under Lt ~e Surveyor General3 [ 333 1.
Thero were scveral other
surveyors wit.h tho troops, some under Bedford's orders,
and Homo working
indepelldelltly us opportunit.~ arose4.
H~trltol~, Joruas, t~11Cl Neufville were on the
Q . M . ~ . ' ~ staff, whilat Matl~e~v ulld Urdingtielcl \I-orketl for St*otts.
111 -4l)ril 1825
Scott sent in
a map l>rel~llrc'tl 1'). I.t,. Uul. lto~~, ~ > s l ~ i l > i l i ~ ~ ~ Irho I I ~ I I I C . ~ 11t11.L
... t110 ~ ( P ~ I ~ I I I I I I ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ I . or Lollfmt,
as far us it is n ~ ~ v i ~ i ~ l ~ l e ~ . ... 1.t. I%urlton's 1111-1111s ~lial not ~~t - ~. l ni t oB l~is ~ ~ I I ~ I w ~ I I K t.l~e CIIIIPSO of
ttlo ri\-or to tllo I311r1n1lh lioontl? [ I, 73 11.5 1. but t l ~ e tli~ninial~orl volunle # I wt~t,t!r, n111l the un-
broken alll,rlLranr.n 01 thv rn(~untuins. tl~yct,her with t l ~ o informution gnthcre~l froln (h19 inhabi-
t m t s of Sluliyn alrcl t l ~ ~ ~ t ~i ei gl l bo~l rl ~oo~l , 1111 tend to a belief t h t ~t it c~ni nc~t c:<une I ' ~ ~ I I I I t 110 very
disklrlt pc)ir~t n.wip.lre11 to itd Nl)lrrce by rrro~lerli u e ~ ~ ~ r a p h y .
The Dol~ong, which Lt . n u r l t o ~ ~ c~1111<1 not t ~ s a n l i ~ ~ e ... for wnnt of ~~roviaiolla, an9 ci~nsidered
by him, but not ancertni~~ctl 1,). loea8ure1ne11t, t o c.orrt,trul It lurger I~oily or water thtul t he Luheet
~ n d , froln itrr ~ k ~ e ~ul d clirocbion, i t woulcl nplmnr most grnbel)ly t hat this branull in t he con-
tinuation of tho SanpoR, if eithor of tho111 nro so. ...
!L%eee p ~ > i l ~ t ~ will no doubt he *atinfn(:torily sottlod by Capt)ain Uodforcl ant1 I,t. IVilcou
in the courso of t he ensuing yuiu.
Scott pointed out that tho discharge of the Brahmeputre, greatly exceeded
that of thc Ganges, far more so than est,ilnated by Rrnnell [ 1, 78-9 ] ; he quoted
measurements made near GoBlpBra by Bedingfield in Deccrnber 1823, and by
Burlton in the rnidclle of March 1825@.
Calcutta papers were full of correspo~ldenco about the Brahmaputrt~, an article
in the Qovern7nent Gtczette of 9th May inclining to D' hvi l l e' s beliof t hat the Tsangpo
flowed out through the I ~~a wa d d y [ 57 1. The Qa'azelte of 20th June produced a
"lithographic ~kst ch of tho uppcr part of the Brahrnt~putra ... from a map prepared
by Lieutenants Burlton and Seufville on the spot ". This takes the upper Luhit to
about ten miles above Satliya, ant1 shows the Bori Dihing and NOR Dihing in
considerable detaillo [ pl. 7 1.
1Vilcos gives tllc following account of the survey@ of l82i11 ;
\Ve arrivecl ut ( : onl p~l r ~~ ... in t he l nt hr end of Jnnunry 1825, i mn l ~ ~ l i a t o l ~ after tllu rnIpitu-
lation of the Bur ~nwe a t l <an~l , ur ; alal we wore then eager to join tho h e a d q ~ l &, ~ ~ , in full
expectation of tm attempt buing made to utlvance towarch rirnnrupura. ...
Ensi gn... W00d' ~ survey rut~c-l~oll no furt,her than Rnnppur, and ho l mvm t l ~ o s p c o beyond
e perfect blunk [I, 81 1. ...
Liout. Uurlton wu.9 ~letachocl to aurvoy t,he rivor boyontl 41. 9 far - powiblu. ... TIle nutivolr
know wen t hat t he boats of Bengal could not p a s more than one Jtry's journey bRYolld Qadiya ;
they spoke confidently of t l ~o Bramukund, t he origin of t he river, being situated in the -t
and, indeed, they had prwontod a map drawn in their own ulcorrect style. ... I t was aftem&
remarked t hat ' in thin 1)ro1luction t110 Ui b o n ~ and the ni hmg weM, not d ~t , i n g u b h d from
other tributnry stroarns.
The comrnisaion with whicl~ Liuut. Burlton way C I I R ~ ~ C ~ WU exoCUtod IJy I l k ill a highly
~~rodi t nl ~l u mannor.
\Vith u survoyhig comptwa ollly, allfl llnfurnishud
luly illst,runlent
lor masuri ng di sh~ncu~, ho nurveyod t he river t o Sadiyo and a sllort c l b mo e beyoncl,
nubsequent survey I I I I ~ dotoctwl brrt littlu error ill t ~ k map.
IOrdnr. by Schnlah ; DDn. 211.
'N&rrutiva by IVilous. -4s H. YVU ( 315 ).
'RCO. %M-%
'.\bps mceivod Lolu QMG. July 18%. 31RIO. 171 ( 18, 19).
LMapa.. ib. 37 ( 11-2. 19-20).
sib. 171
(27 ).
' Brahmakund, 92 A1.5.
'Proved cornat by Bailuy & Mornheed in 1912.
'DDn. 230, Y 414,
20-4-26. loSco also lM8. 078. .48 R. XVII (31U09).
ropo,.td tll,bt 110 imagined tho source of tho Umhl nn~ut r a muat lie
some hi dl
mounteins, covered ~ t h
\rhich lie saw away t,o the east, boyand t he direction of t he
~ ~ , . , ~ ~ k ~ d ,
he toll1 ~l l e wm e large bottomlc\ss bay a t the foot of fl ~ e r ~ n c l i c u l a r
ileight over which the river faus.
He tllao gathers t hat the Irrawaddy rises in t he smne range.
the meentime Bel\ford and I hnci reached Rinlinnothl, and received ordew t o 8lWveY
~~~i ~ ~ l ~ i t , or "lei rhalmel of the river, ... one of us re-surveying ... tlie Dihirlg or southern
brallrh.
mi,, Rdf or d chose tile Bllri Lohit 11s it repre~ent ~e~l novelt,y, ~ n d left me
,.,+trace ~~~i~~ \\rood's ~t.opu townrch Rang1)tun.
He rompletetl his survey, but I met with
unfort l ul i l ~ acciderlt ; ... about helf wn)- from Bislmeut my mop lln(l lit'ltl h ~ ~ ~ ' k . wit,ll t he
part of lug property, wern lost by tlro sinkinp: of
boat.
Captain BetLford afberwards co~itior~wl Iris route t ow~r t l s Sndi3.a1, 111~ki l 1~ II I I I I OP ~ t ~ccur ab
stuvoy than Lt. Ulwltou harl ttlre lneann of tloi~rg. a1111 before the erl~irntiorr of tlre month of
,Jlule he hall Rlu\-oye~l nnl, only ... t,ho gi.ent river from Uishrlarit.h to 'I.'engapu~ii brlt, 11clvulg
~col npnt l i et l CILpt. Neufville on tlin expe~litit>ri ngainsl t,he Sinpfo2 chiefs, he irlst, n~lcletl a
hast,?. survey nf the Son Dillin$.
Wilcos himself continued with t,he troops, making hasty surreys up tile Disang,
dOwm t.he Buri Dihing, and up the Dikho, though much hsnlpcrcd by t,he loss of
his best instrments, which the Surveyor General could not repltbce till the close
of tho -b4rakan campaign. Jones made route Yurveys with detttchruents sent out
from Rangpur, and sketches of other branches of the great, river4. Neufville and
Bedingfield collected information froni Burmese prisoners and others a b o ~ ~ t the
count^ in the tlirection of Burma, sitbmitting a map which inclucietl the
mindwin River.
Mathea surveyed the Dhansiri River6.
Bedford report.ed inonthly to the Surveyor General ;
29th Anplfit 1825.
'1'11~ \rholo I I C my field work is now pr ~~t ~r nr t ed, ~inll 111)- c.alc*ulntions
for latitnde, time, anrl lonpit~tulr., i ~ r 11~1111. ... I n the nbncnce of any pnrt.icular inst.ruct,ions,
... I lwopo~e ... to explore au i sr au may be practicflhle, even in a rnnoe, tho Lal reo Diping
and Dihing rivers, which have excited of 1nt.e n gr~nrl deal of locnl int,erest ; and on...to lay
down such part of the nort,lier~r bank of tho I i ur l r nmpn~~t ~~r ~rnrl ~rclighho~lri~le irrlnr~~ln I was
not able to survey Infit sen.qnn. ...
16th September. ... J was inclucod, from tho loxr ~ t &t e 01' tho riber, t.u u~l t l ert t ~kr 11 short
eurvey ... tn connect the Jlunjol~ih point wit11 t l ~n Dikhuo Mookli. where t he Disung
Nutldw also jouis tho Uiu~harnpootcr, ~ ~ n r l Liout. \Vilrox' ~ Rur\-ej.H now fo1.111 n 1~011necto~I
map with ~ n y own operationu on the main river. ...
As tlie fiingphoh Chiefs rnow appear nmirahly inrlinecl. I propose. after exn~ni ni ~r p tho
Di ~mng nnd Dihong rivers, to proceed ngnin toward* Sirrlem, with a view t,o e~tablisli. ..
Res aa~al ~m &nil the Ku ~ n n pnns, which t he want nl' ilrrtruments ~)mvr-r~tc.(l wllc~t I
acc:ompanietI Lieut. Nolrfville'n detachment. ...
11th October. ... I have recently receivotl i~mtrurt.io~w LIB detnr-h Lierrt. Wilcos thr...
wompnnyi ng t he troop* ... nnd to continlie my own oper~rtiom on i.he river. This dollblo
arnmgolnent ... rendern tho want of many r~seful ir~at~run~wntn the Inore t o he regpettell.
... Lioot. Wilcox har neither n tele~copc, bnrurneter, or cl~ronometer, nor are tile roartlh of
his mxtant so much to be dupenderl on ... frnm t he want I I T n f t ~ l ~ o horizon ~ I H X R ainw titlR lo@ of
hin boat. ...
I qrlitted Rnmgpur yeatol.dey wfternoon. ... I purpose n~~cceeaively t o a t t e ~npt each of
the atream wliich join the Durhnnipootor ... a little holow tlre Koondil Xuddeo 011 which the
t oau of Suddewa i* situated, rind nrterwards to proceed t o tmllttt place with tl view of
t he uplwar ports of the I~mhumpootcr, in which I might l,r~ll,rlhl~ hn\re the coml,uny and
anaiatanrc of Lieut. Bedin$~eld'J. ...
28th so\-embar.
hlxioua to avail ~riyself of the short leisure wllicll tllo alo,v I)rOvoPY of
the h m Field Force lip the river allowccl, I halted hilt ono day ...to lay in tcm ,lays pmvi.
miom. unfl aK~u1 ataL.tB(1 On the 18th i n ~ t . t o explore the Dillung River.
'J'hou~h I* WJ ( ~ deal annoyed ellcl ( l o~ayw~ by t t ~n occnaiorrn~ r ~ l ) i d ~ . . . ~ succeedell
the
lLy
ll1nkinfi my WHY t o an Abor village called P~taonal. 8itrlabd on a amull hill
tile
range ; bllt. ... althounll the wntnr wo~lltl have aclmitt'y.tl nly fllrtllor proy.esu, ell my
endmvc)nm
pernuade this nl ~~unt ni n tribe to llernlit nry iurttrer t,rl,p.rema prover^
In fact ~ ~ L H Y arJlmar or lato t~ llevc been no closely watching ollr r,prationq ill
barn,
thnt ('\'ell In). n l ) l l ~ r ~ u r @ c l l l l ~d rro amnll rrr~npicinn, an<[ I was received by tile
ill
1 83 F/2.
'or ffichin. a t r i b or Uppr b a r n and Burmn.
a bps, MRIO. 37 ( 28-7 ) ; M ~ O . 60- 20.
* Pdbkn. DLN. U%.
' A * H. XVI I . Dun. 230. 7 A 2 n ; MHIO. 88 ( 2&2 ) 183 ( 28, 28 ).
0 I>l>n. 214.
anne.. ... After the k t cleg I partly sooceeded iu elhying their suspicions, and ultimetely
for~ncl tllem civil end even hospitable. I c o ~ l d not, however, overcome their disclinntion to
my further progress. ...
I expressed my wish to return, but. could not effect even this until the nfternoon of the 24th
when, after exchanging present% we parted on friendly terma.
hfy detention, though un-
p l e ~ a n t at tho time, enahled me to collect some local information. ... They all agreed that
two more days woul~l have hrouql~t rue to wl~ere the main river issues from the hills ; in fnct.
rnllan their firnt sus~i ci om were allayetl ( an11 wit11 two seapoys only there was but tittle to .. ..-.. . ~ -
cauJe any... ), T f ~ u n d them very communicative. ...
tllR A-m Force iy still in my renr ... I propo*e t ~ ) take 15 days provisions or1 my canoes
ollll proceed up tile Depungl river. ... With regar11 t o nly preflent operatiom ( which hnve
hitllerto heell carriocl on by regular rneeaurements an11 intenection ; ... I can in general keep
I'ace the cerrua* I I ~ these stony stream.9 ). ... rro n1)pliration for any escort beyond t he
lIR.ick 8: f o~w ~nen has bmn rna~le. from a crlnviction that, arnnnpt these warlike mount-
aineers. ally force which my cnnoes could acrommwlnte would be perfectly useless in cme of
a.ttaclr, ma1 lnorely excite their nuapiriolw, SI B that aht~.tever i3 effected ... must he hy persuasion
angl conciliatory conduct'.
He adds that Wilcos had recently been ordered clown to UoLlpira [ 56 1,
and had "since applied ... for a few smart lascars to instruct ot,hers who niay be enter-
tained t,o accompany him towards Thibet ", Bedford having brought several of his
revenue survey lascars from MoriidSbBd2.
Bedford's journey up the Dibang was just as disappointing as that up the
DihSng ;
I gasterclay returnecl ~ I I rlly bt~cljrow after an attornl~t to trace t,he Dipunq Ilivor to its
nulcrce. R'otwitl~standi~lp the st r el ~gt l ~ of the current. and t,he great number of ral )i d~ ...
T bbrrived neur t l ~e Alismee villagaq sit,uated on the small hilLq ... of the nearest northern range.
Here, I regret to Hay, the prejurlices and fwm of the inhabitant3 again foiled nle. ... My
disn~)point~nent . . . p roved the more mortifying from having, after some clays di scwi on and
excllange of presents, gained the c.onaent of the three Ga u m ... to my further progresq ; hardly.
however, hati my boat8 been unmoorerl 011 the following morning when other headmen
arrived, cmd objections worn raise~l. ... After n \win wait I ordered my boats t o be unmoored
fnr ... moving ~ b w n the river.
To this no interruption wm offertvt by t l ~e Jlismeen, but ... one of my double clingem was
broken to pieces in a rapid. ... wl~cre the water \vtm so sLrong and deep t hat rlo ~tttelnpt could
be made by those I I I I bcurtl except tu save tl~eir lives. and every thing. except one or two arti-
cles washed on shore about a mile lower d~)wn, war Innt, including t,he arma and nccor~tremente
of two seapoys, my personal supplias of every kind, and t8able furniture. Fortunately five
days supply of grain ... wan un board another dingeo when the nccident happeneda.
Still undaunted, he
turned up the Dikrong nlx~vo I i a ~ ~ ~ j a n , and the voyage continued three days till the river
became too shallow for the cwroes to proceed, wtl Capt. Bedford returned t o the Dibong.
and got buck to its ~nout h on t l ~ e Urahrnaput,ra on December 26th. after 6 weeks in unknown
watern4.
He then turned to the exploration of the rivers beyond Sadiya, and in April
1826 reported his returu "from e moat herawing survey up the Sokato, a branch
of the main river, which terminated in a vieit to the Burhnu, K ~ d " 6 . He
took e e a t i o ~ of the DihLng, Dibang, and Lali rivere at three Mer ent 8-m, 4
of the Bma Luhit, Na p Dihing, and Tenga rivers at the cornmenoement of the
reins. He reported back in Calcutta, on 6th September 1826%, leaving Wilcox and
othera to carry on the good work.
Both Bhkar , Surveyor Cenepel and Soott, in political ahsbge of Ammi,
were anxious to solve the riddle of the Brahmaputre, end in September 1826
Rln.aker asked ikr Wimx to be put on epeeid duty to tram "the aoaraw of the
'Dib.qg. 'Dh. 814 EB-ll-'16. ' lb, 2742- f i . ' AD R. XVU ( 831 ). WDD 214, 1CCad
' J o d , 10 Cal. ( I18 ) ; DLR. hl452-3 ; mubeithd map ef PU hL ASMUI m ~ e y ~ . Dh. U& - 931.
p t body of water which the Brahmpootur pours through BengalV1 [ I 1. Scott con-
e n d . ~ n d on receipt of Government approval Blacker sent suitable in~tructiom
Gi l Lo x , adding that,
ebundmt intometion, if of ordillflq accuracy, will be of more cOnRerlue11ce t han a very limited
qumt,ity that may pponsaw higher pretensions t o mat,hematicfll correctness. You will attend
pert,irnlarly t , ~ the wishes and views which Mr. Scott, mfly...co1nmlmicate yo112.
\Vilcox replied from GoBlpka ;
26th October. ... 1 am prepwed t o stnrt t,ornorrow morning, h ~v i n g arrange(] with Il r.
scott for eveq- amistallre. ... JIr. Scott has recommentled t hat lily first at hl npt shall be nmde
on,..the Soobmnll Shrws, falling ir~to the Horee Lohit in longitucle 94" 13'. c!orlsidering thnt
if, as reporterl, this river havo a navigal)le coone of 8 or 10 days journey in fl s. ~ 1 1 1 1 8. clirec.
tioll, a s ~l r ces s f ~~l trip up it "lust tond to throw light on the rt ~~l nexi on of t he great, Thibet
river with the waters of the plains of A%fln14.
On the sixth day of his journey up this river, findi~lg the rapids "dangerous for
canoes
the smallest size "6, he abandoned further attempt in t,his direct,ion
and moved up t,o Sadiya, where
Capt. Bedford hnci already prnceeded u p both t he Dillong mrd t he Dibong I I . ~ far as he w ~ s
perInitkd by the mo~u~taineem, and I hat1 great reasons to fear t,hat the same obtacles ... would
interfere with my progress, but with a supply of presents allrl r t gnartl I did not Ilrsitate
t o meke the trial6.
Accompanietl by Burlton he was, however, held up on the Dihi.ng by the same
vi\lagerr; ns h ~ d topped Bedfortl, and he then tried the Mishmi hi l h to the east.
He writes from Sadiya,
25th Febnlery 1828. ... 171is mont,li I hnvc haen occupied ill a trip t o t he hlishmeo Hills e a t
~f this place 6 a shnrt distance sor~t h of the river. ... \Vhen I ~ e t out t,he con~n~i%qariat was
unat~le to atld one clay's provisions to my own storea, &...I was...stlon compellor1 t o return.
The diet,nnce4 in my field book werc all astimated in time. ... It wollld be an object to
~)roceed in this hwt y manner [ wit,hout, 1 any attempt to use ~neaeuring instrument,s, *inre
these are calciilatml to increase the ~tifficulty where jealotlsy already exbts.
Had not Captain Bedford erpressai hi3 eerrlest wish t o he the first. to explore t he upper
parts of the Burrtunpooter. I ahonlrl have dhe r e d to its course. ... I now propose tm retrace
my s b p to the hilln, & thence endeavour either to reach t he Lama country N. E. . or t he Bor
Kernpti country S. of E7.
6th May. ... I prnceeclrnl early i l l t,lle month of 3larch to t he 31msmee Hills clirectly E. of
this place, & had the route been practicable at. the time should have journeyed 1111 t o t he Bor
Khampti country, situated on both banks of tlle Irawady ; hut I found thnt t,he Ilwvy snows
still rovering the range which must be crossetl would yet delay me a t lemt nnother month &,
having. ascertained t hat the o~rly road t o Thihet known to the mountaineers lieR very near
the cc~ume of the R~~rruinpooter. in deference t o Capt. Bedforcl'a wishes before alluded to, I
refrained from pursuing t hat direction. ...
Mr. Scott proposes that. I shall proceed once more up t he Deellong & endeavour t o mollify
the Bor Abun with a view ... of our heing able to march u p the bed of t h k river i n the cold
seaqolr. Frnrn hence [ Swliya 1, t.he opening whence it imuw is dist~inctly aeen, ... .50 miles in
N. Wl y. directivr~. & the hills tilling up t he back-pound are low : t he break in t he range
rnorn marked than t hat I have noen in any other river. & t he only objection t o t he
n~pl' mition of t h k being the Lhwa river is the singular acco~l nt irl Assameme hietory of
the sudden increase of the Dwhang from a trilling streem t o a mighty mltl over-whelming
river. which ... swept before it many villn.gea.
The date of thiv occurrence is *.D. 1736.
2nd bptember. ... On the 20tll of March I took ... a seotion of t he B u ~ l l m p o o ~ r oppos i ~
the emtion of fillcleeyn. which p v e the discharge 33.800 feet per secontl, but the following
day I wit.11 'Wlal care a section .,. bebw t he junctinn [ with the Dihenq ] ; ... the result
W8.9 a dimhnrge of 1209m fmt
~ecolld ; clduoting t he value of the Bmllmpootur & 12,000
feet -umml
the olltaide discharge of the Doebong, we have 74,300 fmt per second for...the
large brenche.
lnt June. ... In the early ])art of laat month I proceeded t o t he Deeheng river. & brought
down
Xlr. Scott t he A h r chieftain who formwly objected to Captain Bedford'o and to
DDn. 2W ( 2QH ), 21-#-25.
DDn. 220 ( 108 ). 15-10-25.
Sub-. 82 L, 83 I.
4 DDn. 214.
20-10-25.
* %p : MRIO. 173 ( 30 1 : Kaprt, Aa R. XVIII ( 326 ) ; DLR. M 461 ; L)Dn. 214, 20-12-25.
In iporanw of thir, (;wlwin-Au*kn. in 11107, wnu dlreotecl to explom the Yubenslri as e yOMliblm aourea
of the Br s b p u t n
'.4* R. KVlI ( 331 ).
' Misbmi Allls. 92. A.&. : Hknmti tong, or Putclo, hclqra.
Lr( a Port Hmtz, 82 E.
'cf. note on map MRIO. 173 ( ~ 0 - 2 ).
my Imwap, &...the reclult of their viait is a fair proapct of gettinq their fn1I consent. & aruint-
ence...aa far FLY their country & influence extend. ...
Intelligent Dooteo, merchants. one particl~larly who la11 travelletl from Ll1~41t into Ct~ina.
gave Mr. Scott ... a sketch of the Yampoo, in which they lost it a t IL p i n t very Ibr mat. hut
alfirn that it flows southward# through the Abor country, end is known to us ar Lhe U~lrrrr~n.
pootur. ...
I have lately Imen occupied in a survey nl'the .Cenqa Panee. wllich I t ~~cended till it.3 hrearlth
wm rednced t,o 3 or 10 ynr 4.
canoes ci311lcl not proceod no f~~rtller' .
The Luhit valley and all its tributaries within reach of Sadiya had now been
thoroughly explored as far as acoeesible.
Several routes had alw, been brought
in by nat.ive agents employed by Scott, one of whom had visited the Moamaria
country2 .'to ascertain the extent of cultivation" ; his route, was protracted taking
"1,320 of his doublc paces as equal to one mile" [ 11, 80 1. Wilcox spent much
of his time during the rains studying the language ant1 collecting information
about the country to the east towards the sources of tho Irraweddy.
He sent the
Surveyor (kneral "a sketch of the route to Hookong 3...compiled from numerous
slretches given me by Sinpohs and others, and from verbal informntion careftilly
co~n~ared' ' ~.
The work of the past Fear had sho\v11 conclusively that the Luhit branch of the
Brahmaputra that came fronl the Brahmakund was not the main river, but that
the great volume of water came down the DihBng. This was, of course, no proof
that the DihLng was t,he outlet of the Tsangpo, and Wilcox's next task was to teat
the widely held theory that the river of Tibet discharged its waters through the
Irramaddy [ 3, 54 1.
Hodgson, who was now Surveyor General, wrote to him ;
A zrcnt interest is taken nbont the Rurrn~npooter and much nilrlHense i ~ t l e y from the
I)"ass .., >lr. Klaprot,h,6 a continental coxco~nb, llas written that t,he Se111poo in the Irawuddi,
can hnrtlly be.
Sampoo meuns a river, hut the C~I I TOI , Sanlpoo of Dl1 Helrle [ I, 70
11.9, 79 1 issues, it is nupposecl, from t.he high lend near the Altlnsarovur Lake [ I. 72 ; pl. 7 ;
111, pl. 6 j : I say 'suppose', for I have no evidence to t hat purpose, but think it likely to be
the case. If so, itslength ... to the uortll-eawt of Ava would make it a very large river. Rgnnell
thought it \vaa t.he B~urampooter [ I, 79, pI 14 ] hut, supposing it t,o come from so far west, an
the Munaart>var Lnkc, it \vonl(l eve11 ( I I R I ~ he ahnoat too large a ntrenin to be one of the mnin
feeders of the river. ...
Pray make all enqouiea respecting rivem (lowing on tho north elf t,he onowy chain. fro111
west to east. or otherwiae. Turner, in his Embasuy to Teshoo S~~r nboo 11. 74. 394 1, saw a
river he calls the Burrampooter or Erert~onmboo ... which 11e says goer into -4asnm [ I. So 18.
The following review explains lilaproth's theory ;
Mr. Klaproth of Paris 11113 had a map 111 t,he ]*art of Asia that lie* between 21' and 91' N.
and $11' miil 101' E. engraved for the second ~rumbor of his Magazine Aniatique7. ...
IVIint makes this rnap and the me~uoir ...p articulwly int,eresting a t this present time is
t.hat it laya down the sonrcea and course of the river Bmh~naput ra, ahoi ~t which there llt~g
lately been mr~cll sperulat,io~i : and that it gives the course of the Yarud7.angbo-toliu. or river
of Tibet, which Rennell has errone~)~~nl y connectat1 with the Urnhmaputra [ I. pl. 14 1.
The courses of thaqe rivers as laid down by M. Klaproth nfford strong confirmation of the
opinion ... r e d beft)re the Ropnl h i t ~ t i c Society about IS months since, namely "t hat the
Stlnpoo. or river of Tibet., is not nonnerteil with the Rrah~n~put , ro, hut ir probably connectecl
with the lrrewady, or river of .4vaW@.
Hodg~on also called attention t o an article by Wilford On the Ancient G w p h y
of Indiag, which gives a summary of Hindu legends concerning the rivers of lipper
India [ 1,397 I ;
I think, aa far as it gom, tho notice in the Ancient Geography agreas with bl~o informetion
you hnve ~ e n t down.
There is one contrdiction, however, in the anoient. story.
He cells
the emt branch the Lohita, which it. id. and mentions how it becan~e eo by the ntmke of the
weapon of Brahma Kool~d, and in another plaoe it say.1 the Lohita joins the Burhempooter
1 i b 7 ( 1 7 ) 7 ( 31 ) : n 4
left hnk of Brnhmnp~~tm, N. of Burhi nihi11p R. ;
Mnamsriaa, fi~rmerlv turhuknt rrligious fonntics [I. 3991.
Hukawng valley. 92 B.
'DDn. 2lI. &I&%.
LHeinrioh J~llius vim Klnprntll ( 1783-1935 ), orieita~iet & tmrallnr, aon of Martin Heinrich Khpmth
( 1743-1017 ) foremost ohemint in Germsnv; Aa J. SI X. 1836 ( kr%7I ). 'Dh. 230 ( I76 ), 17-11-1.
'Review of Arrommitll's map of 1W2. klapmth. Paris, 18?6. I 0 Tmrl. 457 ; .Wenoins relnfqa ,I P.l,,ir.
3 vole. Park 1821-8.
"dv J . Uny 1.9% ( 0'21 ). ' J ASB. 1851.
From the north, coming fiom Tibet.
This l o o b more like the 1)ihung.
The enqlliry is highly
inhrest,inp, and I hope you will be able t,o throw p e a t lk11t on it1.
On t,he 8th October Wilcox started on an unsucoessful attempt to traco the source
of the Luhit to the east of the Brahmakund [ pl. 7 1 ;
I kept the road along t.110 sout.11 ban!; of the Burrun~pooter LY: l~nrl arrivetl opposite t he
village Sonmlit : this village, I srmpect. will have to be cnrrietl innre I<.. while tho latitude
is not mr~cll in error. ...
'I'he I~atlr. wl~iclr scurcely evvr des~rveq the name, is srlclr t hat T quwt,i1111 whether in cir.
cun~rrtnnc*es of leisure any ~ r t u a l memurement by chain or line could Iw made.
Whi l ~t wind-
ing in the dark cn\-er of n t l ~i r k t,ree jungle, the direct.ion of t he ptlth ohanping every 20 or 30
yards. I ht118e so~netimw had no better meam of mtinlatint. my rlirection t han ... t he sun' s Light
or. on i*euulo forth frorn it, u hearing on a peak before ohuerved. ... -4 Inrge portion of my
ro,lte may he corrected by benriilas on such peaks. ...
Owing to,, to the badnes ,,f the pat11 m d the wn.rcerles* of provisions. many articles of
ill 3urvcyinp, or n&,e.wq- tl) private comfort, m~ wt I)e left behind.
I t absolutely
that llot, D ~i ngl e extru IIIS.I~ s110ul~l be t,alien I ever). one. eitller -*PoY or coolie. carnies
his olvn food g: cookiug. uter~sils &...some article of minu of nrnall bulk.
I t ~~k . . . my l ~r g n ~ext arrt , hut no roof for nly false horizon.
.\Iy only herometer tube 8
two thermometel% were broken before doing me any servi1.e. 1 hari no Hindoostanee, ... t he
only ser\-unt I originally took having hren eflrly knocked 1111.
Ii hfl mt ee~ such ns I herl, or
men or similar habits, are the only peol~le who conld act nu fln escort or as ctmlimg.
He regretted that Burlton was not of the party,
for, ~ t h one stnl~nrh friend who knew how to mo a douhle-barelled gun, I shoulrl have twen
very ill i~lclinwl to suffer lnyself to be bullied by the barbarian Mishmis.
iVitll" a stock of twelve days provisions " the party broke new ground beyond
the Brahmakund, and
such wns the nature of our slippery anrl rugged path t hat alt.hongh we passed t he holy pool
&out, nine o'clock i t wa3 txrelve when wo arrived a t t he mouth of t he Mtee rivulet, about
one tlro~.~sand yards beyond it. A little M i s h i bop led t he way, clambering up t he face
of a perlwndicnlar rock, ~esistsd by a hanging rnne malie fast for t he convenience of
psssengers t o some tree3 above. All that. I could ~urnriRo of our rlirection waa t hat we were
travelling toward8 the eaat ... anrl owing to the s l l a r p n ~~s OF t he ascent, t he distance waa
equally uucertah.
They were held up by rain for three days a few miles beyond, taking shelter in a
Miahmi " hovel ", vacant " on account of two or three deaths ". Then, working
north, they dropped down to the main river, here named Tellu on modern maps,
and for the next two days
continued along the left bank of the river t o t he mouth nf t he Lun#, where we found
QhalCm, who had parted from us nix days before to have a bridge built [ mo s s t he Lung 1. ...
While at. Gholzim'~ village I had three good obuervat,ions for latitude ... which gave 27O 50' 33".2.
Ol t he directiou ... I could now be quite mue, as I not only had bearinw ... on ah14m18 hou~e,
but coulrl now recognize a low peak very near our [last, ] halting place. ... \Ve hat1 been
employe1 the entire day in advancing less t han two milea.
They were kept waiting at QhalGm's village four days whilst the Mishmis feasted
on a mithan [ox] slain in their honour, and mangled over presents and the
possibility of further advance. On 31st, " after m awkward diminuetion of my
stock of provisions ", they moved on to the next village where they were glad to
barter a few
of d t for six b y 8 eupplies.
They then followed &ward up
the Luri fiver, c m d the Lugh ridge which rises to over 10,000 feet, and compek
a northward bdlge of the Bramaputra or Tellu, and dropped down the village
of w g , a Mkhu
&ef.
on the benks of the river they lost two
mom daye.
I V W anxiom
m d the next mornug, but - foiled w i n by t he h z y &&,-,& ;
'bbeg wi*hed t o wait for the M l m of our emisaerm, or at least to dlow the,,,
whole dpy
for a P' r l e ~ ~ 4 t h the chiern.
\Vitll rice to eat, anrl a hollse t o sleep in, they corlld not conceive
that motive need ocohon -.
In the course of the &y
] m B d t& we are threat-
bv one chief, *() dbcl me~ t hat if we oome nesr his paMes he
roll down -
on UE.
In NPi t ~ of tllia warning, Wilcox made two molr! marchen up the left bank of
the river t,owardn Jingaha's village' [ pl. 7 1, before he was again held up by onlinous
tllreats, Rlltl a,t the earnest entreaties of hie follower^ made a discreet withdrcrwsl
just befole midnight.
The next day they were told by Ruding's son
t hat nn hollr or two heforo daylight in tho morning t he aanembled wnrriorn lad inveetatl our
position, rntl collcotlling themselvm in t he junglo while advancing from all sirlea t hey a t l sat
rusllerl ul)orr our huts, nnd t o their infinite disappointanellt found thorn empty. I do n o t
voucll for I he trut,h of this story. ... for I fi~untl t hat Ituding'rr game wen now t o clc-rnru~rtl tr
rf3rnrd for hiu i nt erfcre~~ce t o preserve our party from utter tleutructiol~.
Wilcox's fu~.thest poult lay solno thirty miles cast of Brahn1akunda, though 11e had
travcllcd q i t e double that di st ~nce. Up to the last day before his retreat he had
beer1 fisirlg his positions by the sun at noon, and benrit~gs to recognized peaks.
On the roturr~ march he followctl the main river right back to Sadiya" and wwte
to the Surveyor General on 4th December ;
T Illurtell t o P R I I I I ~ ~ t o you In?. rel1u.n rror~i ~t l n l v , r i ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ I I I I ~ I unr;u~-c~**~l' ul jollnlry. ... I-Invhp
~.,o~~o~rutt.gl into the Mmzlreo Zl r r r r e~nr r c o ~~n t r y , wllich ir ontirrly I)r*y11n11 Iho sl)l~rrr, (IT our
i l l ~ ~ u t . l l r . l r .-... stronyly ~lls11r1:tiny tilet I I I H prt-sc~its I Illul clenlt 8v11t Ilnd HI, tvc-it+.~l tllo c!u~pidi-
t y tiolnw c.l~ieIrr tlr14t t11t.y ~nwlit~~tc. ll tin nt t el ~i l ~t 111 pl l ~nd~. r rnv - I yitrl~ltr~l 1 1 0 rlue wirhrr of
my ptmplo I I I I I ~ ~nttde n I~listy retrt-att. ...
,\H T T~acl c6111fi~lrnl. t l ~nt thrir t h h t t'or I , l ~~~~t l t * r r ~wy be r r wt r ~~i ~~wl l ~ y 111y u ~ ) ~ %~ l r . i ~ ~ g u r l ~ o ~ l p t
tlrom will^ a more rewli~~. ttil~l~r wcort,, 1 l)rtrl,ort. t o tnalie allntllcr triul, ... in wt~i~-lu I shrill
llnvo thr* gro~i t ~l ~l \ ~ar ~t ny. o nf 1.in11t. burl to^^. whn ha* heen ~upl~nintetl t o rrcrornplrru? Irbo.
Tho upper Luhit basin above Brahrnakund was not properly stlrveyccl till visitrd by
t,llo Mislirni Mission survey detachment of 1911-24.
Wilvox now roceived nn illvitation fro111 the Aboru to pay t hc u~ another vislt ;
Iluvuly l1n11 norno expurianr.e. 11~1wevcr. of their uncouth rnclnnern, and of their 811arepLibility
of boing m~~thlenly intluer~ce~l by t he s t r a ~ ~ p e harnnp11e.s of their nntive ornt on. I roq~toutod to
Iinvl* will1 ~ n e a smell pndy of' reyulnr trnopn who ~ n i g l ~ t Itee11 LIue villngers ill Rome awe. ...
T llntl HIHO 15 11111~liet,twn OF t he l i l ~a r nl ~t i . ~ to accolnpally 11s il' wn H I I ~ u I ~ be able t,o ~l va r me .
\\'it11 Uurlt.on with rne I nrri\.erl ut Si n ~a r u Ghat,, and sent t.he Xlinl~mi cllief, reaitlent
of tllo Dihoug, tat, t he lllen~bu villn&' t,u r~tu~irlfl tholn of their i nvi t nt i t ~~~, tl111l receivbi efltis-
fktctlhry rel~lie*. ... Aftor o cor ~l or ~ncc the ;\lenrhui people prominetl t o i~uCorln t he Bur Aborn
of our nrrivel. l'hoy cleclnre tile Il i l ~c~ng to ccrlrle from a very great ~.linttlncr, ant1 tllnt. it r an
nowhem bt? cronue~l 1i11t. I J ~ bnt~tn or r ~ ~ l t s , I,t~iny nlwnya too ai de fnr e cone bridee.
They were allowed to visit I'itni village0, whcre "t he breadth of the liver wva,~
reduced ...to 100 yurctu, and it WRR st.iU mild and tranqnil, but the form of the hilh
suggmts immcnno tlopth". They then returned to "Shingaru Ghat"' till some
Bor Ahorw cbninr tlown and promised to get the ordcrcr of their chiefs, after which
Wilcos ret.llrnecl to Sadiya still filrther convinced of the identity of the Dihfing
with thc Tsnngpos :
L!lth . J ; ~n ~~n r y 1827.
\Vo \-iritecl two I I ~ t l ~ o nearer villages wit,luout ~nect.in:; n~r y cltr~.itlerl
upp~)sition. Wo twl~lc~mrl Lhe river nhou~t. two days journey beyo~lri t l ~ e poirut reaclrod by CaPt..
Bodford L.i-1-51. ... Wo mere suddenly hrought, up by t he nature of t he bnluk which 110 longer
shelved to t he water from tho bnseq of t he hills. hut presenter1 perpondi cul ~~r mcks. surmounted
by very etoep hill*, which are covered wit11 n jungle too dense t o allow of cutting n pnt l ~. Wo
prnconclerl 2 or 3 miles further hi a an~al l canoe, but were etoppwl by n mpid, forrni~lnl~lo trr
~ ~ q r e n ~ l k pronlininc dest n~r t i on t o t he b o ~ t on return. Scro~nhli~ug over t he roc*liq, T lrnw nn-
nt>hcr lnng rear-11 of still wntnr nhove, k this, nn wrll as t he pnrt wc Iund exl)lorerl, iu in n wewt-
nrlp di~*e(-tiol~. ...
,411 my acac-olult~s nyreo ill ~l l ani t ~g t he source of t,ho Deehonp tbt. LI very great, rliatnnra, t,hnt
IN, fnr heyo~~al t he knn of lny i~~forrnmm.
The Simor~gu. R hostile tribe, were rlnsr nt hnnrl. k
1: have rennoll Bn c-onclr~cle thnt t.110 Ln n ~r ~s ar e beyond t hem et. ~uo great dist,nllcs.
1st April. ... I clo not think t hat I rnnveyod a s~~ffi ci ent l y strong i r npr en~i o~ of tlw hostility
of t he Ahrlrr t o nlur uLt,empt t n enter Llteir colnitry. \\710n...50 or 60 of t,lleln surlclerlly intrud-
ed on IW one ovelulup, t l ~e y no doubt intended t o oppose our further proprws. alltl I g~)t . rid of
t,hnlll 11). ~i r nr ~l i ~i ng tllnt.. wit,Iuout perrninsioll, 1 wouki not, lonve t he ballkR Of t he for the
' u. mnp B~oing p. 314, An R. XVII, 1632; cf. MRIO. 157 (G); pl. 7.
'abort of Kuimbum, 92 AD
' A a R. XVII, I832 (382-94).
'81. Rffi ~rda I V ( 14-61,
6 R m. NE. of PBsi~bRt.
*Piiaighdt, 6?P/8.
'qiynr, 1 In. I~e~brw Pi rai ~hi t
* .4a R. SVI I ( :I95 ).
peth hLmd, Their inrolenoe to ua a t Melnljor~, wllile their guWt.l.
so t,hat We Ilmrti!\.
uongrathw ollmelves wllen we
oleared the villt~ge witllout further tlisturbtbnco'.
. H ~ was at lest able to
on the long-planned trip t o Ilkamti Long. He
lefi mi g e with Burlton on 16th April, reaohed the IrrawJJdd~ near Potao, or
F~~ ~ ~ , , t ~ ,
got back to Sadiye on 16th June, saturated with malaria.
I am preprved for eterti,,g, & am mucll nlmoyed a t the tinnscensary 11( . 111~ cullsod by tho
nonchalance of a singpllo of
[ j4 n.2 ] a;hoae nrrivirl I espect.
is t o l ~ ~ ~ ~ o m p ~ ~ ~ l y n1o.
J shall carry Iny barometer & hop to set i t r ~ p ul t l ~o snows ; a l s ~ my *extlmt ill which.
with all it8 error, I fed more confidence then in the circlo.
Tho ~)orllml)tcllltor t 4 1 f b if pnaqgibb
I
wlleel ; I feer i t will not atand t he shock of t.rtavenring t,he toll^ 1 60 y.
To quote from his official na l ~a t i ve ~ ;
l..,looked with anxiety a t t,he snow on tire rn~~untdillu, !v:titlll~: tilll..t11*V ~l l i ~l l t , 1141 IIr(I-
nouuced prmtirable.
I h ~ d left it to the Luri Cohniu t n ~uarke such amnngon~ente IM
apptLI.od to hinr necwaary. ... and he, considering it clllly proper t o have with 11s some
Singfo chiefa of responsibility, ... fixed on the son of t he Gl1.111 of Lltt,orn, and a rolation
of the -me family. ... These two with their followinq were t o tldd about fourtoen to our
: some Khamtis of rank from Sadiya with t,lrrir followow ~rnmbt.r ns 11l111ly 1110T8,
and for a
we had ten of the Iiharnti militia.
\Ve llutl hut I6 coolien t o carry our
...om light equipinent of necessaries. yeveral bundlar of present*, bmidm ... imtrtur~c~rt. ~.
We embarked our ~t o c k of rice nnct our own Collowe~n on t,he l5tlr April. ' rho n~rvim~tion
of the Di hu~e , which we entered on the aecond dey, proved very t,edioun.
They left their boat8 st Kusanb and started into the liills keepil~g the Dihing
on their right [pl. 7 ] ;
We were now to... enter a wild region where nu paths axirt I J I I ~ tlloae 111lu1o 11y t he c.n)lrntant
ptrssege of wild ani~nnla. ... For the laet two yeare none hacl t raverad t he wil(iernrae osnept-
ing the two Sliehnia who were now our guideu, and their only moans of fincling their wny ...
was to hunt for the notches left on the trescl by thomnelvm, and by oocruliontrl t~ra.vcI1em of old
before them.
The elepbant was sent back ua no longer uuef~11. The porembulator hm been left a t t hr
Depha with the Burman who wheeled it, who had already fallen ill. I had offorell in vain II
hendaome reward to anyone who would undertake to convey it 011, an11 afterward8 Four111 it
could not powibly have boon used [ w. 220 1.
On the 4th Slag we left tho Dilring. ... The m n lent tw from tlto ' l' l~rnort~ Ti hung
now took their leave. We could not induce them by any otTer t o proceetl furt,hsr into tho
bills. Two of Lieut. Burlton's men were nttuckcd with fever, and we enxioualF on~lnavourod
to persuade them to leave 1. u and roLlmrn to Sadiya, b ~ r t they would not. They wore probably
afraid of behlg sei ml as slaves by the Singfon.
6th May.
We were now croming t hat ridge of mountains whiclr separatae t l ~ o nearly
parellel s t r eam of tho Dihing and Daphd. ... Beyond t he Daphu, a t no p e n t tlistal~ce on t he
north, a h i ~ h wall of mountuine capped with snow stret,c-hetl mt wur t l t o Home distance7.
and then turnbrg south. qnve rise to tho Daphtt and Dihinq gtn this aillo, an1l to Ruvcrul "iver*
flowing u ~ t o the Iruwadi on tho other.
Burltan now developed fever, and thoy had much rain.
They crossed the
Hpungan Pw, 10,080 feet, and then the Naruchsi stream which, like the Hpungan
etream, flow8 into the Nam b n g , about twenty miles west of Fort Hertz.
On the 20th it contirlual to rain hcuvily bat, as t h i ~ war, t o he t he 1-t
jrl,ll.,,ey east-
... wo Out.
After wading t l ~o u g h the Kun~tong, we shortly begnn tile llacont of
the hill* separating the x*mlm~g river from the plaim of tile Iraw4i 8, ... we at l-t, l,bout
two o'clock, behelfl a t a (l i ~t ance tho object of our deepnnt inbraat, the lfawadi, in
a
~ l @ ~ n * sP'3tmd with light peen patchw of ct~ltivation and low jungle.
~ ~ t t ~ ~ oyea
then mine could diatingubh Monohi, tho c~pitalB. ... We wore met at lest. by the l<,,jrrh's son
with two ponim for our -P mi l our apl~nmch towards t he villaym wm nohe,j by incewwant,
besting on two Little gongdo.
- .
I was lame from a n unplwwrrt aore in the Soot r:o~llrwto~l on tlle tllurch, LIIIII Burlton
WM not a t all in order for moving abollt.
' DDn. 214,
' ih., BadiY*. April 1BQ7.
' A8 R. XVII ( 41243 ) ; DIJn. 2'20, N 47!l.
4 Nos
Mhln jniru ~ u h i t 10 rn. E. of Sarliya.
'polraibly nwr tho prwnt Khamutk, or Kltagan, 82 .\/2.
4 Daphe
mu %ihing 28' 30' N.. 96' 30' E. ' park of Nannenglong Wi n Rnn d h peak. up r 14,370 L ; O2 bZ
'Tho W. branoh, hore oelld Nl ~m Kiu. or h i 1 Hka.
' %Inn No, 5 m. N\V, q3F V,,rt Hertz.
lo A typicnl
flhm wel n~ms to thin dny.
we were anxious to ~lleke arrangements for a viait bo the Iruwadi, which we could not
well contrive nt Manohe on nccount of the enemy's stronghold, Mong Khamtil, being in t he
way. ... When, however, t.hey found us fixed t o have a sight of the I r r awdi , end t o avoid
fighting *here we llnd no q~rurrel, they consentw1 to furnish ponies ancl a p~i rl e, thnt we might
t,he river higher u11, nt a point sntFicient~ly re~novecl from danger. ...
lu the morning we went. off a t an early hour, accompanied by a wi de rnountod on a third
horse, ltnrl in t.wn hours we croswd the pkins.
The hawadi. we were surprised t o find but a
mall ricer, vlnaller t.bsn we ~nticipnterl, t.houqh aware of it,^ sourom.
I t wen nnt more than
eighty sarcle I~roo~l , 1mr1 still fordablez.
to t.he origin of the Irawtdi. I felt. perfectly satisfied from t,he moment I mruie enquiritbs
sl di Yn bllt,. since further ovirto~~ce founded on the rel~orta of ntrtivm might not have
*tidell tho% wllo had adc~pted Mr. Lihl~roth's opini(~n. ...
hn.tl rwolvod. if pourriblo. t o have
ocular alld incontrovertvible clem~~nst~.~ltioti ; and 1 cot~ltl not help exultir~y. when stencling
on the edge of t l ~ e clear st. ret~n~, at the SIICCCHRI\II result. of o~l r toi1.l t ~nd f1ttip11w.
Before us to the north rose a towering wall. vtretchiny from \V. to E., offerirq: an awkwnrd
impdiment t o the ptwnge of a rivot3, ... nntl we ayeetl on the spot that, if blr. Klsproth
proverl deb-inrnl tl) rrl~ke his S11n100 p3198 by . ~VI L, he mllrt find e river for his p~~r poae coneider-
ably mmoved towurdfi. or ulto, China.
Wiloox observed the latitude of Man Se t o be 47" 29' l 6". 5 [ t r ue value 27"
24' 1, and collected information about the course of the lmawaddy southward, the
point of junction of the eastern and greater branch, the Nmai Hka4, and the route
between Burmaand Assam through the Hukawng valley further south [ 57 n.2,62 n.5 1.
On the 26th May I paid a visit to the Bwa Raja to talk of our return, and waa instantly
promised a supply of rice and whatever else they oould furnish for our journey. He smiled
a t my offer of payment, and anewered that he shoultl be heartily ashamed to w q t m equiva-
lent for al~clr trifled. Aocordinp to prombe, a vpecimrn of tho tea-tree wnn brought to me from
ollc of the neighhourir~g low hill^ : it WR. ~ n. ~ ' I I ~ ~ - ~ P O\ VI \ ono, ~ I ~ O I I ~ five fmtl high : the leavea
were CoRrSR fllld ILCPR~' .
At Sambnl;, on May 31st. we for the first tillre had an opportutrity of observing some
lunar di~tances. On t he 2nd Jnne, a t an early horlr, we were f ~i r l y IIII our way to return.
anxioue enough to see our nent, h o o ~c a t Sadiyn, with sr~rl l r ~mf or t a 11s it. affortled.
They had an arduous journey homewards, taking a more northward route to
cross s higher and snow-covercd point of the great range ;
Leaving the Phungnn. ... wo mour~led the wnll on it,s right bank, anti there, whilst dw-
nending t he ridge which tlivides the waters of t.he Iruwsrli frorn those of the Brahmsputm,
. a t,renuient clmrnean gave 11s tl. viow of our halting place on t,he Dapha, \vhioh we could not.
perceive wit,tlo~lt pe nt cleliqht.. ri short lnnrrll I)rought ue back into our old pat11 a t the
oreat of t,he Phungan Pn~ r . ...
We landell a t Sorliya. Of those who set, out with us on tho return, nll arrived safe' ; and
of those of Burlton's men who remnined, onc...found his way baok with rrnother party.
I n s letter to the Surveyor General Wilcox tells of some of the troubles on the
return journey ;
17th June.
I an1 very heppy this time ... l o toll yo11 of complete success in n1y under.
taking.
I t hns not been without difficr~lt,y, & t.he melancholy low of two of ollr pnrt,y. if not
mom of t.l~oss still leqginp hehind, has boen occasioned by expornlre & fntifle.
Lieut. Burlton & I I~nve, however, returned in good healt.lrs. ns have all the nntiv- of thie
part. ofthe country, who ere mom used to the inconveniences of mol~ntttim j o ~~r n i e ~. \Ve p n d
snow st.ill laying in extended hee eta on the 4th of t,hiu month.
We had the pleasure to sit n few ~ n i n u t e ~ by the Irnw~tldy' s aide in let*. 27'' 30fm, whem
it is fonlable UC not RO yards broad ! 8: whence t.110 source is not more than 60 miles alistantlO.
The following ooodonel notea are taken from his rough di agu ;
April 16th.
Travel up the Dihing R. ... Barometer d i n g e give apparent height &boob
Calcutta. 1,878 feet. ...
Ten men...wem employml in renrlrrriny the pnth paaable for t ~ ~ p elepl~ttnt ; however, ~ f *
[ wi n g tho
pteh 11p hilt, on 11 clayey soil, wt~q so ~ l i p p n r ~ from tho min which had
1 Now Fort Horta. The Sbans of Hkamti Long were hhen at wnr wi t h the Rum-.
9 7 m. NlE af
Fo~t Hortz. md due E. of bl1111 80.
"Sam Kin ria- from rmgo over 16,000 R. 1st. 18" S..lrbout P5 m. N..
nf Fort Horte.
'Nmai Hkn riaas abut riU m. still fi~rthcr N;. and joins Mnli Hka 2.4 m. N. of My-.
' I N oourteous and kind ~a 8h- are to thin clay.
"ha lint rult,iv~rtd in Aasam 18367.
some of them
many drys later.
but full of mduis, me Burlton'a noto 90th June [ 62 J.
* Corrsat rihhin 5'.
I* Dh.
214.
IINotebook, I 0 Od. ( 118-8).
llslnnm uear Nahonq Hum ( hill ) 92 A/&
Hodgson arranged to have the result8 of this remarkable achievement widely
published and brought to the notice of ell who might be i nhmt edl ;
10th Augu~t 1827.
Pay thanla to Mr. Burlton for his kind attention in sending the journal
which I found vory interesting indeed. ... I hope the consequencm of the extreme fatigue
anrl privd\t,ion you so cheerfully underwent will have had no bad effect on your heeltb, and
I congrnt~~latn you on the UUCC@W of your undertaking. ... When you are well and the semon
is sllitable, you ctln do what yo11 think is most needful. ...
I showed your journ~ll to Mr. Swintona; he begged me to make some extracts for Dr.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t e P , to which I ngreed, and hope it will be not disagreeable t o Mr. Burlton m d youmlf,
thollgh I hesitated, considering it FIS a private paper.
I insisted t hat it should not be
published, hut it is as well to let Dr. Bremt er know something of t.he merits of the case, aa in
hiR j ol ~naI there was bronched some of the ... assertions. ..that the Ereechoomboo was t he
Irmwady [ 57 3
\%%en you have full leianre, 1%well-digested official account of your late expedition would
do you credit, if prepared for the Asiatic Society, and I would have much pleasure in presenting
i t [ 60 n.3 ] ; but if yo11 see rlny chance of settling the remaining part of the cluwtion soon, i t
might perhaps be as well to wait and bt%rg the whole of the aubjeot intc one pnper. ...
1 wish to have the whole of h s a m aurveyed geographicell-, ... hut. 1 do not allplmse you
will have time, as if opportunities are favo~lrable your chief object will ntlturally he the
Duliong'.
20th AuELLqt. ... Anything ...y ou can selld 1 can insert in t he Oriental Q11a1.tc.rly5. which
is read much sooner than the Auitltic Researches. ... I do not think there cai1 be any better
form...than fi dnily journal of personal adventurer like t hat sent by Mr. Burlton [ qv I,
with...distancm marched, and t he general direot,ionn, and the reeult of euch obaervralio~ln for
~&t i t ~~de . temperature, altitude. otc., as you nladee.
Wilcox's paper appeared in Asiatic Researches7, but he was not able to add any
further infomation about the Dihkng. He begged for more attention to the spell-
ing of place names, having spent much of his leieure during the rains &
mmtering the language ;
m e n I went to t.he Thethong village I had an int,erpreter, not then understanding Assamme.
of wllat infinite use hee the knowledge of this language bee11 t o me I
I never could have got
proper penoil to nccompany me ; ... the pe0pl ~ capable of interpreting are about *,
soott. ... I much wish to see some of Captuin Bedford's spelling altered. ... The river is
spelled Dihang ( ee ), but na this sounds hruahly, I propose to continue D.W.'se spelling
Dihong. & which ... approaches cloeely t o the pronunciation.
The Dibonp ... waa never yet writt,en Dipung, nor Dipong. nor ever so called in my prmence.
apt. Bedford got this from the Domes, who are the l ow~9t . . . cl ~s of societyo.
He now set to work to complete the survey of the Bmhmeputra valley,
incorporating the work of other ~fficers' ~ ;
28th August. ... My present plan is to survey upwards from Goalpara ... t o Towmg;
afterwarrla to complete the river aurvey to Suddeeya. There are poinkq, for instance Cowahatty,
where for the rocks no measurement# can be made, but by triangles on the near hills.
7th Septenlber. ... From a11 that I c m learn, the ulterior survey of Amam will be attended
with almost insuperable ditficulties. I have j mt got from Lieut. Jonas [ 54
an avemge
day of bearinga in tfhe gresa jungle-110 in 74 milee-and Dedingtield [ 54. 64 ] info- me that
in Dtuand, which is comparatively clear, i t is little better". I shall be very happy, however,
t o continue in Assam t3c draw my allowance whilst, my health laate. ...
I would have tried the Abora on the north bank below the Dihong. t , h o ~ ~ h . . . ~ i t h ~ ~ ~
hoped of penetarating far. I wked Mr. Scott's opiniotr today, & he is against it ; he t h i n b
t het their objections are at preaent inmperable. ... A grand point of fear with them appeera
t o me to be lent we have designs on the Lama oountry, t should hereafter went to march
throngh their hills in force".
Hodgson agreed on the futility of tedioua traverses through waab country ;,
1 Reoomls were o o ~ u l h l in 101 1, Ezpkwatiaa NE. FIonhir ( 6 ).
' Oeorge Swhton ( 1780-1- ) ;
BCS. 1802-33 ; Seo. to aod. 'Sir David Brewnter ( 1781-1888 ) ; Vim Chendor of Edinb
memity ; Ed. of ~ o u r m ~ of S e h ; FRS.
to W~*OX. ~ r * . 220 ( 1. he -My +yhl&,
Rwiew and Register, pub. Caloutta. 1824-8 ; ed. by Rev. Jnmee Bryoe. eight vok BM. PP. 3790.
DDn. 2~
253 ), 204-27. A8 R. XVII. 1832 ( 314 a rq. ; 41243 ) ; cf. A8 J . XIX. 1896. ( 185-201 ) quoting
jh.3 o India pub. &mupore. ' Dhk WiCilmx l .DDn. 214.224 ( 64 1 31-7-27. 1oL.dudr b om
ms p. d RIO. 171 ( 13,48 ) ; 172 ( 80 ) ; 179 ( 3 M ). Bedin#Beld'a n l y w p of S. bun* of m,
MRIO. Miso. 60- 28. llDDn. 214.
I lWve it to your choice what route next to take. ... I tlo not see what good can be done
by exploring tlle hnd paths through westm and jungles. at the almclat certain loan of health
and very ckrteiu l w of time. What we want for geogrephioel and milibtry pmposm are
the co- of the rivera, and the examinstion of such roads ns may be turned t o acc~mnt for
the merch of troops ; ... I suppose ... 2 or 3 of the best routm to Sylhet ant1 Munipnor. ...
As to the size of your map, ... take it an much a 4 t end wast as you can, nrl~lin g...from
information to what you have surveyed, unly taking due care to ~listinguinl~ each from each ;
end you a n insert the whole of your eurvey antl as much of Betlford's ns you can ; hut to
make the map thus pnerel it will be necessary to reduce the scale, and 8 miles to an inch may
do. ... This, eccompanid by a memoir of its con~t~ruction and or tllo c o r ~~~t r y , would be a
good thing to send to Eugltincl1.
He stressed the importance of secrecy ;
28th August. ... You mention Lieut. Jones ; I do not ~lndenstnn~l wiry hi* surveys ore not
commlmicated to me ; I suppose they will.
What is he doing ?' . ... Do not commu~licet.e
any of your me p of myone nmept to me; it ia against ordera, antl very unuuual. ...
28th September. ... I do not want Blr. Jones' eclipecl, or onythirlg privately from the
Quarter Mwter Qeneral'e officem ; if I want anything I will apply for it publicly here. I hope
you keep all your observetione to youmelf3.
In February 1828 Wilcox was called down to Calcutta to recover his health
and complete his maps [ 3 ] ;
Lieut. Wilcox, actuated by laudahle motivrs, is e~tdeavouring to prosecute his r1ut.y. but
as he is evidently in we& health I do not tlli nk... that his atttrmptulg to do so is likely to he
protluctive of good, and, ae it is not lulvieeable that more -rs of indoor work...should be
accumulated, I p i q m ...to direct Lieut. \Vilcox to repair to the Presidency, ... and with the aid
I can afford l l h in the way of mitars ant1 draftamen ... to complete a map of tho valley of
b m and the contiguous countriesd.
Whet are we to do about the geography of Assam I know not, oxcept Bedingfiel~l should
be put on it instead of the revenue n.ffairs. ... We ought t,o have a complete map of the valley,
end of every etrenm which flows into it ; also we should have ae many hands employed to
penetrate in every direction6.
On his way down Wilcor made a hasty survey of the Brahrnaputra from GoBlpLra
to Jamllpur near Mymensingh [ 16 1, reaching Calcutta iu June. His map of
Aaeam, scale 4 miles to an inch, completed during 1828, extended from 2Oi0 to
30' in latitude, and from 90)" to 0'3" in longit,udc, shewing the sollrce of the
Irrawaddy and the eastern branches of the Brahrnaputrae, and including tile work
of the surveyors in Manipur and Burma as well as t ho~e in Asmrn. The source^
of the JIali Hka, the western branch of the I~mwaddy, were hewn a t about 28"
north, which is approximately correct ; t,he Tsangpo wes hewn in dotted lines as
falling into the DihBng, but its big loop to the nort,h-weot round Namcha Bama
WIM unknown before 1912. A reduction by J. B. Tassin' was iclsued with the
journal in Asiatic Reeearchea [ pl. 7 1.
Jones. Bedingfield, and Burlton, continued on Nurvey untlor the direction of
Soott ut in April 1829 Bedingfield and Burlton were both murdered by KllBsis
a t ~ d n b on the new
that was being constructed to Cherrapunji [ 273 1.
Thorn Brodie and Henry Rutherford surveyed the ( ~~l pl r a- Bhut t i n frontier
early in 18308.
The Burlurn had overrun Upper As~aln and Lbni yur b~twnen I 8 I!) and 1822,
ant1 when they threatened &hlr [ 51,52 ] the ruler appectlod to Calcutta for
protection. In January 1834 they were repulsed by (I small Britirh force, and
retreated to Manipurg.
Wnr was declared on 5th March [ 52 1.
1 hlrrnoir. 1)LR. M 4. M ; 1 ) h . 220 ( 281 ) ?A-9-21.
' various aurve n hetweon flnuhirti t r ~ l c l .lnrlldt;
Y m I O . l i Y ( 46) ; Repurh IJLR. M .75; B3fC. blinc. sol. 13, Routes thrn Khnni Hilla JIRIO. 37 ( 24) .
a Dh. 220 ( l bl . 981 ). ' f n~m NO., 21-2-28, DDn. 9 1 ( RA ).
WDn. 234 ( i 7 ). 1t I- 28.
"MRIO. 173
( 1B-21 ) ; FIU h eopie*. 172 ( 2 2 4 ) ; hi r pie*, I73 ( 20-2 ), in 3 shnotn ; cf. 157 ( 4.5 ).
7 Jmn-Baptists
TI I I , h n . % W~~I I I . I 108-*> 1
'?@-12-20 tn I FI - 30; 1171;. 6- 111 ( 11).
aThnmton, Y ( I2 ) ;
Bhuynn 1 614-0 ).
The Msnipurie a h obtained promise of Britiah support, and oolleoted in O&h&
Gambhir Singh to co-operate with Shuldhem's foroe which advanced ~ Q I
Sylhet and occupied BBmkiindi in February 1826.
Owing to obtacles of road
end weether the attempt to -oh Ava by way of Manipur wau abandoned, d
Shuldham's force broken up. Gambhir Singh wea, however, encoumged to oontinue
with his own irregulm troops, "and in less than a month had succeeded in turning
the enemy out of Manipur "I.
The surveyore posted to CBchkr had been Birnie Browne, Pembarton, and sub-
wsietant Maopherson, all from the revenue surveys. Shuldham's foroe, writ-
Pemberton,
remained irr camp for sonic t,itne nt Uerurkuncloe, ... ou t he riylit of the Yownlnh or Bar&
River, nttempta were nlnking to clear a road through t, de nn~ ant1 almost impervio us...
forpwt, which stretched from the ba9e.s of the mountains, forming a natural bountlary. ...
Or1 31nt [ December ] 1824 I left Brtrwkandee, occompauied by H *mall guard of Ghumher
Singh's Aluny 1KJreans & liirlc elephai~t* klr trnlIup0rt.
He and Br o ~ u e oarried surrey 8s far cts the Kuki village of Tengum by April,
and then Pernberton went forward wit11 the Manipuris" whilst Browne and
Macpher~on were treusferrrti to Burma [73 1. On 14th June Pemberton reported
the occopatiou of Manipurs.
I n September the Surveyor General reported that
Lieuts. Urownn and Pe~nbertnrr ... rnuclo a survey of about 1.50 miles of route beyond t he
frontier" ... Liel~t. Pernbertot~ IIHR since ~11rveym1 t110 rnml t o Mflnipol'e R I I ~ partly bwk.
about 112 miles" end I.irr~t. 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ n . n ~ . ht~vinc. vonne to C~Icut t n L>. orrlem From the Quartsr
3Instfw (:enern1 ol the Army, Ilea aitlce been (letached t.0 Prome. ... Lieut. Pornharton will
return t,o the Hilllet frw~tier trlter tho lenvo on which he in now in Calcuttaa.
Pemberton returned to Syltiet in December t o rejoin Gambhir Singh at Manipur,
and explore comrnunicatior~v between that country and h s a m and Tripura. He
arrived in time t,o accoulpany Gnmbhir Singh's advance into the Kabaw valley
in puru~~i t of the Bnrrueue, and reported from Tarnu7 that he had surveyed the
route. with obucr\-ations for latitude, ctud "a series of barometrical observations
for ascertaining the altitude of the various ranges"@. He then returned t o C&ch+r
by a new route, and thence to Raugpur, capital of AssamR.
In February 1827 he reported from Rabclw t.hat he hat1 reached Manipur on
7th January by the ICala Naga route ;
The whole of thin ~ > I I ~ P I have resurve~ed ad. 111. flmt vi ~i t t o :Mli~~ipoo~. heinp made dnr-
ing the r ni n~ when we wore rolnpelled t,o hasten in by foroed rnurchm. tho observotioni; then
noted were ~~i ~r ~voi ~l a bi y ~lrfe~.tivo. ...
I remained at ~l ~t ni l i uor but ~ W O (IEVJ, and aplin lntcrched to tile Kubboo valley where.
recomniencinp my atlrvey from the '~rlrnnoo ~ t o c k a d ~ , I h ~ \ - e extendmi it in a aootl~-eaet&rl~
direct,iotr tjo thn right bunk of tlin Nin@lieu Riverlo. opponite a B~lrrnan et ockded
village. ...
I have matle ovury ~)rel)nrat.ic~~~ for gnitig I ' N I ~ t<ha Ningthee ~ , C I Umoerapoorell, but I regret
to eay that Iny pr t ~gr m wan t,here urreutecl, rind perrnixqior~ to ndvnrice firmly though reclpect-
fully rofuaed trotil the nsnctioli of Lhe King of Avs nhould be obtained. Not being mom t han
ten days dint.nnt from the capital of t.he B u m n empire, I wrote t o the Reoident"eoliciting
the exertion of hi* infl~tellre in obtaining the n e r ~ ~ l ~ w y sanction. An a m e r n ~ a y be e-td
in a month. ...
1 have been compelled, UI ronneqlienoe of thiw c~ppositinn and from want of provisions,
to return t , l ~ i ~ far, nnrl shell tomorrow cornmerlce the nurve- of a r0ut.e through the Yellillg
hills to 3111nipoor. ...
In traversing tho nurneroua rungen of hills lvllich form so clmrwterist~ic...a feetllm in t h k
rnountnil~ous mgion, I have m d e ueveral harornetrical momluementa. and mtablbhed tile
latittlderr of all p1ac.e~ nf importance ... with an excellent reflwting circle, while the c)lmnometer
~ou...lent ni(* hw erlobld me to approximnate the longitrrde wit11 some dew of
con6dencela [ 3 1.
Fnmlier Brpditionr. Har~nn ( 42 ) ; Pemberton ( 47 ) Bhuynn ( W ).
3 DLR. : l3embarm,
I 4 2 8 ; DDn. 230.64-25.
J. Jan. 1826 ( 100 ) & HMS. BBB ( 440 ).
'Sketch of Bor& R.. MRI0. 17%
( la ). Routa of Shuldham'n Div. from Sylhet, ib. 37 ( 21. 23 ).
l i b. 36 ( m-32 ).
DDn. rn ( 1189),
20-0-26.
' 83 LIB. Ydbka. DLR. 37-30 ; bhp. YRIO. 38 ( 6, 8 ).
' DDn. 213 ( 01 ). P4-I-2(1.
1 DDa.
220 ( 148 ), 14-4-PU.
l o or Chindwin [ 78-91.
Amnrnpwn. the old oepital. about 0 m. 8. of hndslny -
I nJ ob Crnwfunl[ 78 1.
' "t o Enrlgaon. DDn. 2M ( 308 ) ; 213 ( 116-?O ). 4-2-21.
Be npv hed tile aasiehnce of George Gordon, of the k l a ~ p w Levies, havil~g
( J W~, indeed, p ~ &c d "very cordial aseietanoe end friendly aid" from Cambhir
SCoghl. By July he was eble to submit
9 m p of the whole Territary of Mlrmipoor, the greater r wt of which...haa been lwtoalb
wueped d u r i q tbe present aecmon. ...
A wr y cursory view of the nature of t.he boundary ~lefilretl hy the cculrve af tho Xuneepoor
'and Surinjeerah Rivem clearly shows how da9irat)le it is that they should form the limit of
the Muneepoor territory in this direction. ... Many years, however, have elaprell since t.he
conquBRt by the Bunnahs, and there is every reason to believe that they will ~t . r e~r ~~ous l y
oppnse any attempt t o restore it to its oridnnl mastors.
During the late wnr, a (letwhrnent from t.he troops of R~cjo Gulnhl~oor Singh crowed the
W. ..end expetled every B m n h from Kubo aa far south a6 Kumhat,, while the Raja after
capturing ...'I? ummw marched from thence to Sumjoh and Monfno. The Munnipnorew ~ R V R
ever since continued in poscrmsinn of the valley. ...
Rhonld it. h cletenr~ined to make R final adjuetn~ent of t,ho bou~~dar y betw-eon Yunopnor
and Ava dming Ll~e ensuing soason, ... nothing should he wanting to give t.he tneusrlre ita cluo
...imp ortanca in the minds of the parties principally interested and, unlnes some decisive etepn
tnmecliately tnken, it is highly probable that, the Burmuhe. who hnvo never renounced
t , bi r claim. will egein endeavour t,o re-eatrrhlish tl~ernselven in Kubo, ... which will, of course,
be vppoaed by the RBja of Muneepoor, and must .... l e d to H renewal of. ..bloodshed md
devestntions.
H ~ E work was greatly appreciated at headquarters, and the Surveyor General
IV-ed hie map ;
It vill be a veluable addition to our -tern knowledge, and from your frontier we can lay
our hands on Ave whenever we pleme, having the weather gaqe, ae the aailon, wolrld say, in
sull fevour. All we would require would be abundance of pioneers t.o make your hilly p t h a
g ~t t . l e Mb r , though, as they are, you oould ebew a light force very soon in n position t o
make the Golden King run away from his capitalg. ...
I will give t.he Governm~nt a copy of your map end papen ns soon us t l ~oy arrive mid can
be copied4.
During 1828 Pemberton was appointed member of a coru~nision for t,he settle-
ment of the Manipur-Burma boundary. After the usuel delays waiting for the
Burma fellow-commissioners, and endlevs discussions ancl disappointments, a
~etisfactory line waa agreed upon, and the Commissioners received the congratulo-
kions of the Governor General in a letter dated 30th April 18305.
Pemberton waa able to extend his surveys all along the frontier, and when the
boundary business waa concluded he t.ravelled down to Ava, and then across the
Yomee to Arakan [71]. Leaving Manipur on 15th July 1830, he passed Tamu on
21et and reached Ava on 13th Augwt end after a month there he went down the
hawaddy to Minbu, and mched Arakan on 1st Octobere. He then reported to
the Governor General nt AIlahBbkl7.
DDn. 213 ( 323 ). 3-5-27. a ib. ( 330 ), M-7-27 & HXf . 811 ( 870 ). Knbaw valley ,,~UY
.ad k~ Burmain 1831.
'The d from Abnipur to Mandalay in 1944 was not so uasy an a I that.
!&XI ( 279 ), 22-9-27. ". 072 ( 481 ).
*,&p, . hnipur to Amarepure, fifRIO. Mi c . 6-0-26. Ee a W
Frontier, 12 sheeta, 10 rn. to inoh: I 0 Cut. ( 171 ).
' Jolund HM. 877 ( 323 ). 0-11-30.
CHAPTER V
Chittoyq-Amkan Frontier, 1823-4 - Arakan Campaign; 1 8 M4 - lrmwoddy
Riwz, 1824-6 - Ml a r h n & Tenaaserim. 1826-8 - Ma p & &nerd Sutvep,
1824-8.
I
N Septclnber 1823 Burmese frorn Arakan attacked the British poet on the ialnd!
of Shhhpuri at the mouth of the Niif River, killed four sepoys, and then with-
drew. Two companies of infantry wero promptly sent down to ocoupy Shah-
puril, and the magistrate of Chittagong wm ordered t o meet Burmese deputies with
John Cheape a~ surveyor [ 52 1, and demarcate the frontier.
You Y I ~ o ~ I I ~ pr or e d in persoti during. t,ho p m n t colrl aeaqon ant1 ... oni l envo~~r t o ... tleflne
tile
extent of t,hu ~lisputetl frontier, assuming tho Moruaseo River nq t.he boundary
scknowldynd by the Burmase tlio~naelves in 1794. ...
' me final adj ~s t ~mont of t he boundary line should he nott,le~l in communication with t he
Bumme.
\Vith t hL view tho King of Ava will he reqne*ta~l t o direct his local authorities. ..
to depute someone on their part to atten(l. ... I t ie not inbntfetl, I~ci!vever, t hat t,ho survey
... nh ould I)e nuspenrlnd on a c c o ~ ~ n t of t he non.nttendanm of tl Burmeso ollicor. after allowing
r-onnble time for his joinin_y yorl. ...
It is un~lemtooci frorn C!npttlin Chenpr t , l ~nt i t will not bo diffior~lt h> fix 11. sufficiently dis-
tinct boundary, ... taking certnin rivem 11st he general line of ~lemnrcation, and where these
may bo wnntiug hv digginq trenches or er ~ct ~i ng pil1o.r~ as landmarlcn. This is t he more requi-
a i k as moat of the recent ilisputtrs with t he B~ ~ r mme have oriqinnted ill t hat quart,er t o t he
south-east of Ramon ... wliic~l~ i~ visited by our elephant h u n t c i ~ ~ .
Cheape wrote from the Niif, asking for
boata, wlrich aro not procurable here. and will bo absolutely neceswry t o an accur&te aurvey.
rm well of this river a8 of those running into it, their banks boing covered with i mp~net r ebl e
junglo. ... 011 t l ~ma rivers being nurveye~l ... 1 plirposn going inland ... defining t he boundary
as neorly nu ~)oesil)le : but ... I ~nuat. heg ... for the requisite gu~i rd being furnished, ... ae well as
for elo~~linntu. etc.. for t,hr cnr r i ~~ge of ctlrnp equipage and supplies through 011 tlificult a
country. ...
Having born over occa3i11nnll.y to t.110 nl~pouite country and received very civilly, uo obs-
tarlrn mnlle to going nho11L. ... 1 lit~vo dwired them t,o write t o Ar a h n for a man of rank ...
to accornpiLl!y me up t he Rlooroosay, nq frrr a* we can. and t h e ~ ~ c e by land n l o n ~ t he
ho~indn ry... t'o linrnoo, wliero ... all matters cart he .iottled. They seemed much pleased with this
nrrangernent, rind I do not apprelin~~ci t1re1.u will be nny difliculty. ... Thoir claim t o Sliapooree
... 1181; beon rofurretl t.0 Ava ; i t rnunt, Ilowever, bo a mere point of honour with them, as they
ridicule t he idca or two $rent stator goiny t o war for the posseesion of auch R place3.
I n spitc, however, of their apparent friendliness, and ob\-iously under instructions
from Ava, when the Chittagong magistrate joined Cheape in January 1824 the
Burmese demanded the unconditional surrender of Sh&hpuri and withdrew when
this was refused. Shortly after, they seizrd the officer coinmanding the pilot
vessel, and this, coinciding with tho threat towards Cl.cht%r [sz, 64 1, brought a
declaration of war on 5th March'.
Chape's map covered the con& north and south of Cox's BLzBr, and extended
east to the Mayu River. I t showed all the tributaries of the lower Nif, distinguieh-
ing thoso inserted from actual survey6. A rough 12-mile sketch of Chittagong
and hakan, compiled in tho Surveyor General's office before Cheapels survey,
i~ the earliest map known to have boen lithopaphed a t Gl cut t a [ 2989 lo.
T11ornh)n. V ( U ) ; Alexsndor ( ohronologioal hblr 1.
Rornu. 84 C/3 ; DDn. 103 ( 24 ), bl U- 2 3 ;
8SC. 7-11-23.
WDn. 204 ( 18 ) & 213 ( 11-2 ). 22-12-23.
' Popon ( 122 ). 'MRIO. 175 ( 18 ).
'datc.11 13-10.-?:I : AMS. 078 & MRIO. Mi ~r. 8-0-20.
The fimt militery action on the &&an front, after the declaration of war, was
&ken by the Bumme.
Soldiers from a force asembled in Arakan crossed the
NHf
in Bay 1824, and practically annihilated the British detachment a t
bu.
Owing to the monsoon, it was not until Sept,cmber that orders worc given
in Bengal for the msembly of an army a t Chithgong under the conln~a~id of Brigadier
Geneml Morrison'. Sun-eys were entrusted t o a small temporary corps of pioneers,
acered partly from the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces. T h y aero
f m e d into three companies under the command of Major Schalch, and ~mploved
on roads and bridges as well rn surreya.
The advance ciid not commence until January 1825, and Tekntif%as reached
on 1st Februa~y. The force was supported from the sea by the two surveying
vwel s Reaearch and I~~vesligalor, each fitted with ten guns. Sailing in the Research
Commodore Haym led n small armed flotilla up the Kaladan River4 to reconnoitre.
On the 13rd February they came abreast tllc stockades a t Cha~llballa, and a sharp
engagement took place which resulted in the withdrsaal of the flotilla. Amongst,
other mucrltiea Schalch died two days later from n bullct wound6 [ 182 1.
\.\'roughton was now left in charge of the survey, and had as assistants Crom-
melin and Thomson of the Engineers, and Nelson, L)umblet,on, and Schericks of the
revenue eun~eys. Anlongst the many routes surveyed was one by Wroughton and
Tho~llson between 1 s t and 23rd March. They landed south of Moongdam-, crossed
the central ridge of the Mayu peninsula, followcd a track parallel to the right
bank of the Jiayu River to the south, and then worked their way hack over t,lle
hills to the sea6.
Crommelin and Wroughton surveyed the route of the main force from Moung-
dew', whioh croased the Mayu River on 20th Idarch, and on 31st after a ~lharp fight
occupied Myohaunge, a t that time capital of Arakan [ 12 1. Wroughton rnade a
detailed sketch of the city defencm on the six-inch scales, and Drummond, of tho
Quartermaster General's department, sketched the route to the east by which the
Burmeee retreated. Surveys were much interrupted by ~iokness and other duties,
and by the rapidity of the marohes [ 3 1. Wroughton had t o take sirk loave to
Bengal, and report8 later that
the progrosa of t he south--tern rlirision, and the variouu obstacle* ... occt~qionc~<l by tho
myriad of 8ide s t r e a m nnd ri ven of great magnit~lde, rsndertxl it utt,erly irnpoxsible for any
steady proceeilinp ... by the mveyom ; ... il[norence of the country ... obligud Brigadier >romiRon
to make constant llee of the surveyors in reconnoitring, ... the olficers 111 the Quertcr Mostcr
General's department being completely occupied on other mettors. ... All papem, among whicll
were several fiold bmks of t,ho survey, ... were t.ransrnittecl t o the Govornn~ont by the late
General hlorriuon. ...
Fair protractions wcre Rent t o Government of all such rc~uten followell I,y tile tlivinion,
and in Rnme innhnc w... diverging from the ~ e n e ml corms. ... The ext r nor cl i n~r ~ marchen on
many occeniom ... mndererl it quite out of the question for one Rurveyor ... t o mnlte UP the rautc,
end ... Crornrnelin and self regularly divided the survey of each march, eithor he or self proceed.
ing 1 of the way. and there leaving o flag from whence either party closed. an11 t he other
brought up tho auwey to it from ground q u i t t d in t he morninq. ... On arriving at Arracan,
these dmurnenta were left with Crommelin, who made out as good a plan aa could be drnftod
frnrn the ...j oint operations ; this plan WILY sent, into your otFice, and id as goorl. ..as ~ o u l d
he tlmfteJIO. CrommoLin agree1 to thia division of the work. ...
Whet with the detachnlpnt being aent under the poor Major [ Ycl ~~l ch] , and tllon in the
aner al ' a hand. and from thence turner1 over to the Quer br Mmter General, and [inally m d e
over to the Surveyor General, i t wm quite 11ut of the question t o procoed upon any =loar
instructione, end thun we were left to the mercy of General Morrison ~ h ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ hia
mrvoyorn in raconnoitri ng... when we had cornplot4 t he nurvoy of t he rot~te".
I ml,ouL 2D,000 Itrong ; Joseph Wanton MOIO~TLMII. HK 44th ILagt. ; d. 16-t'28.
a BSC. lo.g..~.~ ; 836s.
~4 ( 137 ). 12171. above mouth of Nhf R.
'On a oroek E. of Kabden R., G 16 m. R. of .?bgotlsunl.
r rDw
( 437 ). MHIO. IM) ( 72 ). ' Lb. ( 45, 51-2 ), eta.
84 H/2, 40 m. NE. of Akyab ; 800 'imp ga.
XVI l I ( 160-1 ). 'SIRIO. 157 ( 1-3 ). boeutifully drawn, 1 1 4 2 6 .
' 0 ih. 156 ( 17-0 ) : 4 m. to inah ;
4 t h 8 m. redudion. "lo SO., DDn. 2% ( 1114) snd 215 (
). 28-4-27,
This report oame long after the dispersal of the surveyors, and, a t the time, t he
Surveyor General only knew that
three officem, Lieots. Wroughton, Thomaon, and Crommelin, stand appointed them, ... t he firat
being on l a v e to Benaraa since 1st of .Tune. ... Lieut. Crommelin has been employed dl ~ri ng
the rainy semon,..in corlstructing a lnap of the country from Mungdoo', but 1 have gninecl no
information of any survey except that of rr pert of the new r o d from Ctrittavng t o Cox'a
Bazar. ... Both t,he Engineer officers advert to ot,her c11tt.i~ which require their occaqional
attention, and which t,hey cieolare to be paramortnt t o their survey duties. ...
On the expiration of Lieut. Wrot~ghton's leave on the 10th proximo, there wiU be three
independrl~t s~uveyors with t.1re Arraltnn Force. ... I t appears to me, thererore, ... t hat Lieut.
Wron~ht on. wit,h the aid of hin nub-~rwriet~ntn~, will be fount1 eqtlal t o the clutics of that
division ua either of the offlcetg similnrly nLtachecl to the AVR nnd ASRII~I forcesS.
On the strength of this recommendation, Thomson and &ommelin were relieved
of survey duties, though somewhat prematurely, for Wroughton never rejoined.
The army became impatient for maps, and the new commander, Brigadier General
Richards [ 52 1, wrote that,
since Lieltterlnntn 'l'homson 11nd fiornrnelin have been tnlten away from the survey depart-
ment, there has been no one left hore t,o rnrry on those duties, a.~ all the officers of the Qllarter
Jlarter General's depwtment have heell obliged t o quit Arraltl~n on eick certificate ; I have
therefore reappointed I.ieut. Crommelin ...m it is absolutely necessary thrit the islands a t
the rnouth nf the river ( aqperially Akhyab ), as likemiqe its right bank up ay far LXY Piekeon,
and then its left down t o Arraltain, uhould be forthwith aurvryed. ...
I have no map whatsoever ... of this part of the country, from survey or information, t o be
depended upon. The one that wlss furnished by Capt. Dntmmon~l, Qr. 1Mr. Genl., was given
t o Brigadier Cenl. Monieon, C.B., who took i t with him t o Cnloutta4.
Reference was made to Morrison, who said that all the route surveys had been
hmded over to the Commander-in-Chief, and that the two general m a p compiled
by Dmmmond and Ckommelin had been given t o the Quartermaster Generalb.
On reversion from aurvey duties Crommelin had returned all instruments to the
Surveyor General's office, and on being re-appointed to survey the islands a t t he
mouth of the Arakan river, he
proceeded about the beginning o l November in the Dragon schoont+ with T,ieut. Thomqon
for that purpose. I wes thus elnployed t,ill tho beginnine of Decemher 1825. .4t this time
the Drimgon drove on ehore in 8 gale, and was rendered unqorviceable for some ~RM.
On t he
arrival of Commodore Hayes [ 68, 70 n.5 ] aho~i t 2'7nd December. she was made over t o ... the
auh-commissioner. Owin$ to this deprivation. and the departure of Rri gdi er Richwds,
together with the death or the next offlcer who came into con~rnmd...and the cormnquent
confttsion of all buuineas, ... I did little besides drawing until the arrival of Rrigadier
1nn=7. ...
I have just received orders to hold mysolf in readiuass to proceed a c r m the Yamatong
mountains for the purpose of reconn~it~ring the Aeng Pess [ 71 1. ... For thie i nt ereet j o duty
I have scarcely a pocket cornpans, nothing wherewith t o determine t he height of the mountains.
or even a sextant. l' he absence of a perambulator will not be of any moment, as the me of i t
must be totally impracticable over suoh steep and rooky grounds.
In another letter he writes ;
13rigaclier MaoInnes having arriverl, and hitimated his intention of taking me to Sendoway,
RammeB. Cheduba. Amhent Island, kc., for the p u r p e of making military sketches of the
ground chosen for ctmtonrnents, ... I am totally deficient with regard to instruments, men,
paper, peran~bulators, &c.1
In spite of this handicap he was able t o produce a "sketoh of the oreek navigation
h m Sandoway to Toungoo and Remri road^, traversed by Bri gdm MwInneeu
in hi inspection tour on the Arracan hntier".
MaoImes at the same time appointed Frederick Birch t o extend this s m e y ;
The tour in which 1 wos engn @...through the inland naviwtion of thase prn\ulcW im.
preaaed mo with the importance of hnving t,he int,rim.iew of t hat navigat.ion eoourately -eyed,
and ... detlning the orwk routea from a t least one atetion t o another.
Lieut. Bimh being...
1 Meungdaw, 84 D/S. ' Sohenoh & Dumbleton [ 68 1.
' Dh. !204 ( 189 ). -25.
4 DI]n 216
( I - 'DDn. 201 ( 187 ). 7-12-26. aoomdd. till Ao st 1835 by Homtio N h [ 5
*John M~Tnnw ( 177-1869 ) ; Ben. Inf. : Bodaon, I11 ( 148 ).
g~a. 213 ( 101 ). sendom
m&&~b of Re-, MRIO. 167 ( 60 ). lo DDn. 213 ( 91)), Akpb, 3-*&I.
llHRIO. 176 ( 4 ), &&lam
guelified for this duty, and about to return to Bengel wit11 the only set of imtrument.3
n-r than Calcutta, determined me on availing myself of hiu services irnrnediatelyl.
It wea not only instrulnente that were laokmg, for, writes Biroh,
to carry on a survey in a country so iotemeoted ... with luge extensive rivers ( in eome p l m
&oat seas then~selvea ), with any satiRfactio~~ to the surveyor, ... a boet, sea-worthy in every
raspect, and with a su5cient crew, is an abeolute requisite, and to procure & t o keep up euch
a one my allowa~~ae would be tottilly inadequate ; putting out of the quest.ion the n e c a s m
sstrrhlishment of classiea, R: who collld only be ind~med to remain in that climate by the 1-
of increased wages.
The greatest difficult). has all along cxinted in p~.,)curing a very few coolies. at the ellormoue
-me of 8 rupees each Inen per meneem, ... and a t prenent neither coolies or boats me to be
Ue r l or brought for my 8unl. Lt. Cronlmeli~l nnd myself have Ilit,herto had the advantage
of the Comminsioner's pinnace, but that is now required for other purpoem, and without
boats or other e~t abhhmeut of any kind I en1 a t e loss how to omploy myself. ...
If there is any survey required in another part of hditt, whero the greatest attention to the
duties, ... and the exertion of what qualificetion~ I possesa, m y be of use, ... you will so
fw oblige me by bringing me to the notice of Govenin~ent, ; ot~l~nrwiso ...[ I ] would prefer
rejoining my c o y P .
I n his formal resignation Birch pleaded that his "constitution is incapable of
oombating the climate of this country3", and troops who fought the Japanese in
the c a mpa i p of 1942-4 will appreciate the verdict of 1826 ;
, Amacan hw proved the valley of cleat11 aud, nfter almost destroying General Morrison'e
army, ie found to he too unhealthy even for those regiments stationed on the ialanda and sea-
ooest4.
Marine surveys of the coests, creeks, rivers, and harbours of Arakan were
omied on contuluously from 1824 tdl after 1830 by officers of the Company's
marine service and Hia Majjesty's navy, amongst whom were Henry Hardy, John
Crawford, Armstrong, Bowmen, Criddle, Montriou, ~nostly under the ordera of
Commodore John Hayes6 [ 17 1.
Tho maiu British army under Sir Archibald Campbell6 occupied Rangoon in
May 1824, and having beaten off strong attacks there during December started
to advance up the Irrawaddy in February 1825. Prome was occupied at the end
of April and Pegu in September. After an advance of about forty miles above
Prome, the army settled down there for the rains of 1825, aritl did not resume the
edvance till December when, after the defeat of a large Burmese force, a movewes
mede towar& Ava, and negotiation8 opened. As the Burmese court still remained
obdurate, a further advance was made to Yandabo7, where a treaty waa signed
on 24th February 1826, under which the Burmese renounced all claim t o Assam,
Ctichkr, and Manipur, and ceded Arakan, Martabana, and Tenaaserim [ I 1.
l'he only knowledge of the geography of Burma was from early marine sketchee,
and the maps and reports made by Wood and Buchanan in 1795 [ I, 84-5 1. It
was uncertain whether it would be eaaier to reach Avn by way of Manipur, Arakan,
or RangoonB.
Thomaa Trant, of H.M. 85th Foot, who was the most useful surveyor on the
Q.M.G.'e staff, rreoorda that on the march to Prome,
aa the co~mtry was quite unknown to us, end ... we co~lld not rely upon the wert i ons of our
widas, an officer of tho Q.M.O.'u department waa daily sent with an esrort of cavalry in advanoe
of the army, and directerl to aeloct 8 position for the ensuing day's encampment. ...
6
~ ' ~ S ~ r y n ? of the crwk route Lletworn Akyab, Tnlack and Aing" by Crummelin & Biroh. April 1828.
RE. from Akyah ; MRIO. I74 ( 20 I ). ' I)Dn. 213 ( 113 ). Akyrrh. !)-.%?6.
'Dh. 211 ( 34) . 1-26.
6 T mt (308). '?vlRIO. 100 ( 7- 10 ). 101 ( 2 i - 9 ) ; 102 ( 31 ) ; 106 ( 3 7 ) ; 174 ( 2 8 ) ; l 75( 8-13); Hay-
(1768-1181 ), IS.. AtWt. Calcutta 1809: oommodore. Java expo., 1811 ; d. 8-19), at &,em I.
* ( 17OCI-lLMB ) ; of tM. Wh Foot. DRB.
' 84 016. 12 m. shove 3lyingynn.
OMortaban district w n
-4 Amhant, dtor &he GG.. I~ut the b w n rrn r i ~ h t hank Edwesn relnained Burmmo [ 74 1.
*a&,
Il(la6).
~ b ~ ~ ~ t this time a very &inp;l~lnr personage arrived a t Rangoon, who it wm Iloptl would
of tile lltlnogt (lye t,o the army.
' ~WH wan a mtln nelned Gibnon, horn a t
rind
- of at Englishmtm anti a
womnn.
He had paaged almoot nll his lifo in AVIL. and had
beell freqoently rlnplOyrll by the Brirman monarch in uituatinn~ of tr~twt.. ... From him en
extensive map he had c!onipilerl of the Bi~rmart Empire wnq prooured ; rrntl although eatrenlely
ilIoormct, yet. r v l it KEbve a y e t ~ t cletrl of general irtfoislnat,ion n11(1 was with the excel~tion of
Wood's nmp tlre only docr~ment of the kind we posseaserl, i t provc~l of milch oarvice'.
The map here accredited to Gibson had been compiled at Penang with hie
by Henry Burney, and copies lithographed a t Calcutta [ 79-80 la. Un-
fortunately Gibson died of cholera on the march up t o Prome :
He hnd mtde I~irnuolt' very udeful, and his low waq difHeult to be replamil, tw we lrnd no
one wi t l ~ tw equally \vet1 vrrxetl in tho duplicity nrtd inwincerity of the governlnent we were
1>ppo5ecl ttiJ.
I n his book describing thc campaign Trant includes several of his own maps ;
Rln,~ of tlrw Bur m~l t Jhnl~ire, rcnrructeil from tlio latext inforrnfbtioii : ... sculr~ one inch t o
n ,logre-Plan of tho Fort, iff Denobiu, surrendered t.o the British h n y or1 2nd Aprila-Plan
, . f tlw routo of $1 ilrttrcl-1n1c11t of tho Uritisl~ army fro111 I' HI<AII~Y~II in Ava ~ I I . hng in Arne-
call, during the month c~f hlarcli 1838.
Rrnle 4 milen tu nn u1oh5.
This detachment whose route over t,he Arakan Yoma was YU~I-eyed by Trnnt corn-
Iwizecl the 18th RZadrav Infantry, 60 pioneers, 36 elephants, and 100 l)tlck bullocks.
Pclllberton follo\ved the same route in 1830 [6hIs, nncl made a, series of baroriietric ob-
servations, which. Ilc writes, "will prove a useful addition to Lieut. Tr ant ' ~ sketoh "'.
Other military slcetches include Rangoon and Syrianl* by Trant, and surveys
ronntl Promc countcrsigned by James Jackson [ 12 In, who as Deputy Quarter-
master i:e~lcl.tll to t,lie force could sljare litt'lc time for actual survey himself, but
yavc cvcry encouragement to others. I t was at his requcst that in Jlule 1826 an
expcric~uct~tl surveyor warr sent to Hurlna in the person of Peter Grant [ 20-2, 152 1
who had ,just returned from sick leave at the Cape, where he had been st udy~ng
astronomy \\.it11 thc antrono~i~cr-royal [ 183 1. Well provided with high classinstru-
lnentR [ 21.i ] he sailed from Calcut.ta on 28th JUIIC, t,o be welco~ned at Rangoon
with n friendly letter fron~ Jackfion ;
1 shall arrango everything fiw yolir t~rcomodat.ion 111) tile river,
but onr Chief has rho noul
ror ncience. and oven hateu t,he very worcl, heenuse i t t~alrrw hirn beyonci the powers of his very
tmnprehensive minil. I he\.e h ~ ~ t l nothinc hut opposition to every thing I wi*ltetl to do in
thi4 rrqlmrt niltro we arrived here, i.e. in the Hurmnn doininiolmlO.
Grant had but little support from the Quartermaster Gencral a t Calcutta, and
was glad to be transfened to the co~itrol of the Surveyor General with the other
revenue Rurveyors [ 333 1.
Prrssulx refereuce havinq been made fronr the D.Q.M.O. t o t.ho forces in Avn for nn officer
to mnke wtronon~ical observations. it oc*cil~.rerl to the Q. M. G. . . . ~~ uelect me for this r1ut.y. 1
rhwrlillly nszlentad ... unrler en assurance that all my wish- ~lroultl be complied with. nnd
every expence dehhyctl. ... With these wlirances I left the Preqitlency a t only B dnyu r~otice.
especting sho&ly to be supplied with arl asyist,unt end to hnve all t l ~ e nid of the r~fficn
establishment of D.Q.M.C. ; but neitller arrangement emtmntoil from that department. enrl
I wan left singly to wade through t.he labour.
Th o u ~h I received no instructions from the &.x.a., heing left tlppnrently t o oct fit dieore-
tion. I wae so fully acquainted with Colonol Rlsclier'x views t hat thase alone mero sufficient
to guide 111.v nurvey. ... I therefore immediately on my tlrriml nt b n g o a n ( 15th July )
ddreasetl ... tlre Brigadier for aspot on which to erect an observatory, and on ttro 24th i t wan
built, and the transit inotrument and large estronomicel circle put up [ 213. 216 1.
Besides astronomical instraments he took barornetore, and kept careful record of
their readings1'.
I n Ootober, after having fixed the position of hngoon to
satisfaction [ 183-4 1, he moved up the river and reported to hadqu-m bepond
Magwe, where he found
'Trnnt ( BR).
rMRIO. 164 ( li ); DDn. I R ( 45-57 ), 3-11-24: HhLS. 883 ( 3034) .
aTrent ( 1 3 ) .
' Uattubyu, u~~Irrawadd~, ITJ 15' N. ; MRIO. 191 ( 3 ).
Paytin. d l K/ l 0 ; An, 86 F./13; MRIO. 1.50 ( 85.68).
' Prwnt mule tnwk from Minbu orueaes the Yomm, lat. 10' 46' X. at height of 4.300 R. : HM9. 077 ( 388 ).
9-11-30.
'MRIO. 150 ( 6,82 ).
'Ban Rw. 484
( 7D-90 ) : MRIO. 191 ( 10, 18-9 ).
.ib. 158 ( 81 ) ;
181 ( 16-0 ).
IoL)Dn. 210 ( 34 ), 4-8-25.
"Joiunnl DDn. 239. M 421.
the htitude of the great Pegode ia 20" 10' 46"'.
The river oppmitc Ye ~ mg y o u n g ~ branches
into innumereble islands, extending crs far a4 the eye can reach to the wentwclrd. 1719 h e .
ken rnounteine do not appear in one wnt i nuo~l ~ ohain, but in conglomerated messas. I should
think their g-test height does not exceed 3,600 feets.
I regret that 1 00uld not prooeed higher
up the river : a base of 12 miles would have enabled me to determine the poaition of evory
m m end remarlcable peak.
I
m i e d the snrvey of the Irrawaddy ns ftw aa Yennangyeung when 1 met the com-
of the force on his retlun t o Prolna.
Returning to Prome, he waa given the assistance of Thomaa Blackwell, whom
he employed "in the construction of a general mapdpq" which shows the Inawaddy
in detail between Pronle and Yenangyauug, with hills on either bank, and routes
h m Prome and Meady across country to Toungoo. He pressed the importance of a
general survey, but the necessary eaoorts and trans1)ort could not be provided ;
How it happened the Pegu River wM not sinveyrd it*, l~iqh ns boats coulrl go i~ n circulnr.
tance not ewily t~cronnted for.
Tbougl~ boat* ant1 brigs were consta~ltly going 1111 t o ??ehw,
m y , troops were there 8 months, its position is still cleelned uncertain. It is propcr to add,
however, that part of the river wus sluveyed by Lieilt. Trunt5.
During t,he whole campaign, no ostronomical obnervutions were ~nede a t Pegu.
I t
is sairI to be only 60 miles from Rangoon by the perc~mbulntur, in which cnqe it,s l a t i t ~ ~ ~ l e
would be about 17" 30'. ... Wood made it 17' 19' 31"O.
He reported to the Surveyor General in November :
'The only survey hitherto ma& in t,his country is ... of the route of the omy. ... Liuut.
Trant Ilks laid in the tletrtils of the river. 11~\.ing arsumed the Jist,ences in Wood's map nr;
tile basis of h i survey, which however is crrontrolls by nhoiit 7'. The only nstronomical data
... u. few observation^ for tlie latitude mude by Captain Jackson as often as leisure from
other duties would permit. Captain Steel [LI, 321 ] is the only officer in the whole army who
make sstronornical observations, but the more immediate duties of tllut department
[ ~. x. a. ' s ] must n e c e ~ d y prerlude particular attention to euch an ohject, and in a country
like this, so mucl ~ broken ancl of ail un~l~ilating surface, perambulator distanres arc not to
be depended upon. ...
I am in daily expectation of seeinq the nqnintmt whom you have sent with Lieutenant
Browne, when 1 shell be ehle to fonn some pl~tn for proceeding illto tho interior'.
In August 1825 Birnie Browne, now available from the CLchBr fiont [ 65, 1511
was eent to Burma. He took two aaaistants, Macan and Macpherson [ 333 1, and
reported from Prome on I l t h December ;
The General ha8 been pleased to piwe nlu at the clinposal of Capbin Grant. ... 1 made
a aketch of the river from Rangoon to Prorne. ... I merely use11 u pocket compase, allti
eetimeted the dhtancm by my watch. I had a few ol>servatio~ls for latitude which I have
marked, and whirh agree pretty well with the sltetcl18.
He and &faan later carried the survey up the river to PagBn8.
Grant spent several weeks at Prome over hir, astronomioal observations ;
Aftar I shnll Imve completed my observlrtions for the lor~gitudo I etmll ... consider ... extend-
ing my obaervationa, both trigonomeLrically and &onomically, to the eastward m d
wanln. ... The chief ohteelea are want of carriage. ... interpretern, and guides ; ... thme muet
be obtained from the ... coimtry. w d the facility of obtaining them [ dependa on 1 the a u c c a -
ful propea8 of the army, and the total expulsion of the enemy from the tracts and rout- to
be surveyed.
Granting, however, that t hh object wes fully obtained, etill it woulrl be hadous. . . f or
me y o r s to trtrvel in a BBVBP c o ~ n t ~ . and among e berbnrous, not t o say ferocious, popu18-
tion, without an adequate eecort. ... Eeoortn have been promised, but once the m y is at a
diahnce I ehall not be able bo pr- the eubjed pereonelly. The General hes &o o f l d to
authorize the hire of Burmese comere, interpretere, and guidea, if procurehle, and the requisite
bat e for the survey of the rive*.
8th December. ... Bir A. Cempbell left this with the anny on the let inatant, and
probably reach Meady on the 16th. Since hie departure Lieut. Broane hes arrivd, ... too
LBta to join the e my, end even if he had oome sooner he muat heve delayed in order to obtain
1 T w 2O" 0'. ' 84 41q; now the oentre of the oil-fields.
'YUD Tsuog. 8,827 R., 60 m. doe
'=I0 187 ( LO ) 'DDa 240, Y 120. 'Tros r doe 17. me
. % h . 1 8 ( 4 1, 17- 11- a Map, 1.10. 114 ( 2 4 ).
8 i b ( 8-12 ).
'9 DDn. 218 ( 68-9 ),4-l2-!26.
emiage.
Moreover, ... there are so many surveyore in t he department of the Quarter Yeatar
a ne r a l that, his service8 with the army would hew been superfluow. ...
The arran~ement, thereforo, by which Lieut. Browne is placed a t my dispose1 leaven him
entirely to act st hin own discretion.
As soon as t he oommandant of t he g&on ... shell
oonsider it msfe to pant , an egcort. I shall recommend him to talre the route t o Tongoo, nnd
then00 to Pagnhm Mow or Avu, ~a he may jndge proper1.
Grant left Prome during February and proceeded up the river ;
&[mdy.
28th Fehrunrv. ... I am Lhun far on nly way UI p r o p s e to Pegehm Mew, m~r l
thence to Ummerapoort~.
Sir A. (:ampbell waa to have left Pugalim Mew on t he 16th, and i t
would hR\re been of no ndvnntnge tt, tne to huve left Prome sooner, na my operationa must be
in rear of the ntlvanco. Ant,ic:ipnting the conolusion of the war before the army reach-
Ummempooru, I trust nevert, l~rlr~s to be able to reach Pegahm Mew hefore the amp retro-
r ndw.
Tl ~e opinion is thut Ununor~pot)l.a is plmed too m111.h t o tho ewtward. ...
should pence take ~)l ~we. I s l u ~ l l t ~r c n~~qe \vitIt Sir A. C~tnll)hell about returning t o Rangoon,
thellco 1)rocc~:ling to Puguo. AIergui. Busseir~, and Culcttt,t,a, 11.9 I sl~ot~lcl not wish to wniain
in this country after the position of tl~eue plavod nhall have bnen determineda.
He sun-eyed up to Alllarapura [65 n.111 ntld then returned t o Prome. He
had at one t,inie hoped to survey across the Ton~i ~s to Itarnree on the Arakan
coast, but his health was not fit for so difficult a journey, and he left it t o Browne.
Accompanied by Macan, John Brady of the Art,illery3, and an escort of 20 Madras
.gepOyY, Browne left Promo 011 19th March and dropped down the river 8 miles to
Padaungmyo. Starting out froin there on-23rd, hc reached Taungtip in the S~ndo-
way district on 1st Aprild.
He reported later that
this dmgeroua m d hitherto r~noxplored tract ... can never be available for the march of an army.
and would only anuwer the purpose of it damk communicot.ion, aa which it [would be ] of
great. public. r1t~i1it.y ... being only 6 tl~lyrr journey. ... We went thro' u country covered with
barn1100 jrmgle ; fnumtl the lirst HSCCI I ~ in tho great, range of the hills of Youma practicable
only by ningle men on a r r o ~ u ~ t nf tho nn.rrownese of the ~>nt,hwny~.
He speaks highly of help received from the "Mug chief and his followers ", whom
he rewarded
by ... such nrticlcs oa their cnl>irlity held in most esteem, viz., tny fowling piece, s pair of
pistols, un~l two swords. which I t,rust mill meet the approbatio~i of t.110 Goverment.
The ~)rivut,ion.i u1111er which we lahourecl from want of fvotl & water a t various perioQ
who11 IVG ~otiltl proc~t~w I ~ O ~ R , oxrept by descending t o tho v~t.lliecl, and procuring it o\ueelvos
by digging for the Int.ter, \vo.-l srlrh LIS cannot be dmcrihecl. I beg to subjoin a List of the m k -
ing during our journey, but. 1 pct. clinq to the h o p that nr)nlo of the straggletv m v have
reached Prome in ~11f0t.y. ...
Lieutenent Brutly, who volnnkeral to acr.ompuny o ~ u pttrty, wtla attacked in the line
of lnaroh with jungle fever. and dim1 the (ley of hie arrival at thin Presidencg8.
In describing this trip and the aimilar one by Trant [71 ] the Calcutia Qa&
oommonts, 20th April 1826 ;
Whilst these succaqafi~l oxoursions prolnise to lay ol>en t.he nnknowu topography of t he
mountain boundary betwean h e c a n nnd Ava, nrrangenmn ta... have some time einee been
inetitutd t o obtain accurote surveys of Pegu and the delta of the Iravadi. Captnin Grant,
aurveyor in Ava, is actively engaged in thie duty, and we learn that considerable progress bee
boon made ... of the first importance to the geoqsphy of thin part of India'.
Grant's h a 1 map shewed the Irrawaddy River from Yenmgyaung to the sm, md
the Rangoon River, on the scale of 4 miles to an inchs. . His most valuable work wm
his seriea of careful astronomical observetions for latitude and longitude [3,183-5 1.
Tavoy and Tenasserim were surrendered t o the British on 30th October 1824
after an expeditionary foroe had captured in turn-Tavoy, 9th September--Mergui,
6th October--Mertaban, 30th Ootober.
' Pql n ( myo, po~~ounced mrw. = city ), 84KIlB; ib. ( BU ).
'DDn. 821 ( 138 1.
'John m y
( 18W26) Ben Art. 11324 ; d., Durn h ~ , 13-6-20.
Map, MRIO. 1513 ( 1167 1 ; ( 8-12 ).
'A car8 md
ww follows this line without riain
sbovo 3,300 R. 'DDn. 221 ( 183 , 16-8-26 ; of. DDn. aJO. M 414,
1-10-28.
quoted in As J . Nor. IN20 ( QB4 ).
' MRIO. 171 ( 1 ).
No rnliable surveys of the harbours were available, tl~ough C'ol~rt [ 11, 391-2 ; 111,
17 ] Bl ~d his mk t a ~ l t Criddle had been on survey in the EiZergl~i Archipelago between
is18 alld 1820'. The old chart, whirh has an entry about latitude 10"-"on lGth
.August saw great tishes nlnning out from amongst t,he islands" of Macartnefs
Ba.y-waa too far sout,h.
In 1824 therefore, after the occupat,ion, Robert Morrsby s~~rveyetl the Tavoy
River. and in 1876 his survey, published by Horsburgh in 1827, was found "far
sl~yerio~- to t,liat issued by the Admiralt,y'"'. Tlle Mooln~ein River wall surveyed
fro") Amherst t,o Martaban, with soundings and sailulg directions, by Frederick
Abbott of t,lle El~gineers, the second of a distinguished family of five brother#,
but a cl~art by "hlr. Adam " was found by Grant to be " vrry inaccurate ; neither the
chalmels 11or sountli~lgs are correct "4 [ 184 1. The Anlherst harbour was rrwn-veycd
later by Bowlnan ant1 Spiers5 [ pl. 8 1.
1)uling July and :\upufit 1826. Laughton nnrl Hut.ton. "of t he Hon'ble Company's
flot,illa ". nol.krrl their way from Eaugonn to %Iai-tnl)ail hy inland creeks, the
paPsage t n h g 28 days0.
The first land sun-eys of Tenasseri~u were made out by .lamen Low, ItIadraa
Infantry, who had co~uplictl a map of Sielll afi ea.rlg as 1822 [ 80 1. He wan attached
to the mission led by Lt. C'ol. Snow in Septeml~er 1824 and continued survey after
its departure7 till Octobcr 182.5. His sllrveys included tt "plan of the fortified town
of Tavai ""nd n route
to the Rialnest. froc~tirr. ... .\let no Siumwc,. ... I llirrl the 111>11our to 1i1,int tile Uri t kl ~ flag on
the summit of the na)n~rt.nir~a~us rillge ~ I ~ J I I ~ whicl~ the line ~nutunlly bo1111clu1g Siarn and
Tavoy lies, nilil to PFIIU~C. i t with 3 volleys of m~~nq~l et r y from H havildar's party. ... Left an
arcount of t ho visit seille~l up UI u bott,lo, 2Ot.11 February 182S0.
He then surveyed a route northwards through Ye to Martabanlo, and in May
1825 surveyed up the Salween beyond "Yoonzalen Kyaung"ll. He made a large
scale plan of the "tou-n and stockade of .Martaban ", beautifully dr a m, and a.
"sketch of thc country round hl oul m~me"~~ ; the towns of Amherst and Moulmein
not existing 175 n.2 ; pl. 81. From these journeys, and "native charts procured in the
province" he compiled a "plan of the Burman province of Mautama or Martaban "13,
whilst his "plan of the province of Tavai", a somewhat e l e me nt a ~ sketch, was
lithographed in London by John Walkerl4.
After the signing of the treaty of Yandabo [ 70 1,
Mr. Crawfur~l, one of the C'omnliwioners for Ava and P e p , procwlml fi.01~1 Rangoo11 t o
llarbaban in the end of March [ 1826 ] to take poesession of the ~listricts of Mnrtabnrl and Ye,
cded to us by the late treaty, as well =...founding a new town for the capital ...[ offing to 1
the restorkltion of Martaban itself, which is on the west bnlll; of t,he river, t o the Burmans
[7on.8 1. ... Chptnin Hnmm~nd' ~, having rnwmlred tho ground with the 1)ernnlbulntor ... along
the emoorh w d y beach, drew out a plan of the whole ground'". ...
They explored the river up to Moulmein and Martaban and took soundings ;
"until our vieit the existence of a tolerable hesbour had not been suspected".
On 6th April the new capital wtxq named Amherst, after the Governor Generall7.
Grant had now no justification for continuing survey in Ave and Pegu ;
The war having termhlntcd, thore still remained a few weeks available for mtronomicel
otmrvations.
Yevernl objects presented themselve~;-1st. A enrvey of the ha wa dy to itR
junction with the ocea-2nd. The determination of the longitude nnd latitude of Pew--
3rd. A voyage to 3Iartoban to dotennine ita geopaphical position.
The firwt, t.hr~ugh reconrmended by tho nuval Commander-in-Chief, I Ilnd ,lot the
of exec~~tiug, Ilvr wilu it in the exact Line of my tlut>y. ... Hoah could not be spared and, had
l & ~ e Ild., 11-11-18 ; L)L)n. 133 ( 346 ).
'MRIO. 178 ( 1 ) : Marum ( 62 ).
aMRIO. 176 ( 0 ).
d. Deo. 1824, moeive~l in 8GO. 22-1-26; DDn. 266 ( 208 ). 17-6-31.
DDn. 240. M 4.20. ~MRIo.
100 ( 2.3 ). ib. I04 ( 3'7 ) : 166 ( 68 ). 'HblS. 087 ( 703 ), 12-12-26.
' Plan of Tnvoy Fort, 1824, by
.&rthur Cotton. J l d Enp. , Ben Rev. 484 ( 82 ).
HMS. WI ( BUI ). 'O MRIO. 191 ( 22-3 ).
11 Yuneslb
H. 17' 18' 42' N., hj pnnomd e l . "MRIO. 101 ( 7, 8 ).
"ib. 164 ( 14 ), nonlc 8 m. to ineb, ad. Pcunog.
1-12-25. H . 7 "QMQ!n dept., MsdraR. "Om.1 (la:. 30-&20 ( 072.87i ). l ' craaf d,
I1 ( 014 ).
I gone on the Irmwedy. the season for natronomioel obnervations must have psswd away
before I could reach Martaban. I prmsed the Commander of the Forcea for boata to o o n v v
me to Pegu. but he stated he hat1 noue to give, though he seemed anxious I should go [ 73 1.
The Comrnar~der of the Forcee soon after en~barking for Calcutta, I wes left a t liberty to
prosecute my own plans. ...
At the advice of the Civil Commissioner'. I ~iecided to proceed along the coaet to the mouth
of the Sittanq River, in order t o aecerteur tlle prncticability of it8 channel to proceed up to
cha t,nwn of Sittang. ... Eventually a brig and rowing boat were obtained. ... It was
"- - - -. . . - -
not till t,lle 13th ~ ~ r i l 1826 t hat I w& enabled to leave Rangoon.
I wished to penotmte into t.he Sittall# River by keeping IU near the P e p shore aa poeaible,
but. after ascending as high nq lat,itrld~ 16'42' ( determined by meridian altitudes of the nun )
and longitude 90" 46', tlik ww foulld t o be inlpracticable, as lrothinq was to be seen but ex-
tensive slloals and brenlrors. Edging along the eastern slroald which ob~t ruot ed our entrance ...
I wein tle~centled to 16.' 21)'. and keeping the ahonk on tl?e wwt I with ~nuch difRct11t.y
reaihed latitude 17'. ...
Vorl. @trong t,idel bore.
The mwter or t , l ~e brig an41 rny~elf resolved, aa soon m the im-
petuosity of the tide shorlltl w~~rnewhat nbate, to procecd in n IYIW boat a8 f a r up the river aa
om s t , , ~ ~ n t l i ~ ~ ~ ~ \vould allow.
\ \ e accordingly prt~ceeded about 10 miles in a N.\Y. direction.
wo i'ou~ltl oomrlve.q n~moutrded 1,s shonln and brenkers. I t io m e c w q to dwell
on the perib we en(-ount,orocl in quitting the channel. ... On tho 21st. f d moon, the title drove
with such velocity that the row I~out ported cable, ... and I expected every moment the brig
w ~ ~ l , l part from her cable or fowrder.
\ire ditl not rear11 Alnhersta till the 24th of April, ha\-inp 36 soula on boar~i. and scarcely
8 drop of fresh wator.
The survey enables me to ~uhmi t the followh~g information ;
1st.
In the rnaps hit,llerto cc~l~slruct,ecl, the c8o~wt extent frornElephnnt Point in the Ren-
goon River to the island in the mouth of the Sit,t.nng hnr heen lnid down too far to the south
from 10' to 16'.
2nd. In Horsburgli's
ma p . ... Pago~la Point at Alnherat on the Martaban coast has
been I R ~ I ! down too Car we. t by about lo', while in one or two constructed more recently.
probably m~)umdetl or1 chronometers, it is laid down too much to the east.
3rd.
Vessel3 drawurg 6 feet cannot go up by t,he western channel t o the town of Sittang.
On 16th May, 1836, Grant wrote to the Surveyor General from Amherst ;
I have completed a Rrlrvey of the coant between Rangoon and Amherst, in the course of
which the brig and row boat placed nt my disposal had nearly perished with every soul, owing
to the violence of the current in the entrance of the Sittang River, which drove us among t he
sands, and had the weather been leas moderate I must inevitably have perished. The row
boat parted, and on our arrival h ~ r e we found her a wreck in the northern channel. ...
I have corrected the whole of t,he northern and enstern coast. ... I have alao made a
survey of the Salwwn River as far as latitude 17" 13', being unable to proceed higher up by
reaeon of the monsoon. ... I returned to this place on the 12th instant, and now avail [myself
of ] the first ship to convey me to Rangoon ( the brig being disabled )=.
Of the trip up the Salween he writes ;
I proceeded in the brig as far aa Trolcla. where the tide ceww ; then I proceeded in a canoe
a~ far as the rapids, a, distance of perhaps 25 miles, having been three days pulling up between
the two places. I endeavoured to puah on a-inst the advice of the people end the chief of
l'rokla, but when I reached the rapids I saw it would be impracticable to pew them without
the most imminent ria! of swamping the boat among the numerous rocks ... and, the inter-
pretar having declared the boat would go no further, I judged i t prudent to retrace my steps,
wi ng, moreover, that had I been able t o pass the rapids, I oould heve only estimated dj.+
tPnces, and oould not heve reached the bifurcation of the Salwwn and t he Yambiayu Rivers
in lem than three dayg and the danger of coming down among the rapids a t this eeeson a.s
atill greater than that of going up. ...
I carried the survey ar, far ee Miang, about 20 milea from t he extreme of our front i a and,
though for 7 or 8 mil -...estimating the dietence, I am well estiefied the error doee not exoeed
2 milea out of the 6W. ...
On reaching Amherat town nly first object was to construct a small observatorp for
transit instrument.
Having left the large aatronomical cirole a t Rangoon. I had no inetrument
John Cnlwfurd. 'Amhemt town, 94 H/l2, 30 m. ?., of Moulmein.
a D ~ I . 221 ( 1813-2 ).
'Polsibly MRIO. 167 ( 63 ), map of " Thdusen or Saloven R.
aa high M " Tmutla " ; without d . ~ . ar
meyor's name ; might be Lov'a [ 74 1.
for
the dtitude of terrestial objecb, but the mounteim ... were visible nbove the
horizon of the herbow, and I observed their angles of elevation with the sextant. Much
dependence however is not to be placed on these heights ; tho distance was too p e a t and the
aecurwy of the ~ g l e a of altitude uncertain1.
Having fixed t,he latitude and longitude of Amhorst [ 74 1, and the monsoon
putting a stop to further survey, Grant returned to Cslcutta where he spent the
mins in arranging his materials.
In September 1R.26 Government sanctioned a survey of Martttban province, but
directed that Grant should confine himself to the interior, leaving the coast to
the marine survey.
He returned to Amherst in January 1827.
After observing
latitude and longitude, he sailed to Mouhein, fixed the latitude, and made another
boat jousney up the Salween.
havi ng Moulmein on 28th, he reached Trokla ;
Since 1 was here in May 1826, the village hhas been removed about f n mile t,o the ~out hward
in coneeqllence of tigers having enterecl the village and carried off t\vo or throe persons.
He then went on up the river to Kokret, within 6 furlongs of Yunzalin creek,
[ 74 n.11 1, having obser~ed latitude a t eight stations ;
The positions thus determined will ... enahlc me nest mouth to cornpleLe the t.riiluplat,ion
of the river, as far a t let~st as our territory extends northward, an objeot which I should
have acromplished on the present occasion had not an equally important object beell in view.
I allr~cle to the survey of the Attaran [ pl. 8 1, and the determination of the pasition of the pass
of the Three Pagodas, which leads into the Siamese territory, distant about 130 miles.
The advanced state of the season left me no alternat,ive but of returning forthwith, and
making ...p reparations for proceeding on so distant a journeya.
As it was impossible to make a good triangulation through the densely wooded
hills, Grant surveyed up the Ataran by boat ;
The position of the Three Pagodas ... forma alnloet the only tangible limit of our territory
with Siam. In all fonner maps this point ha8 beell placed much too far to the north-
w t . in consequence of which the area of the province appeared nearly doublo what it
really is. ...
The reaches of the river seldom exceeded 3 furlon~p, and the only means I had of laying
them down wes by protracting the bearings and estimated lengths, and then a t the end of
every seven or eight miles a scale was formed from the diatance in latitude and longitude
dduced from the astronomical obeewatiom each srlvceeding day. ...
The features of the country are laid in from the eye. ... The jungle and gress reede had
merywhere become so thickly interwoven aa to rendcr vain all our endeavours to penetrate
even a mile on either aide, and the dense smoke of t he jungle contracted within very narrow
limits the extent of our pro-t [ 32, 113, 184 1. The general direction of the survey being
about S.E., the chronometem were advantageously employed, end could be fully depended
upon for giving accurate intersections with the obsemed parallels of latitude.
As...the survey would occupy ... a t leant 30 days, it waa necessary to terry provisions
sufficient to mpply the followera, eta.. for thet period. Five canom and 25 boattnen were
accordingly employed.
Lieut. Scott of the Madres N.1.' had been deputed in .January to survey the overland
route. His was not professiodly a Rurveyor, but his zeal and persevering ~pi ri t dawrve the
bigheat commendation. His survey unavoidably partakes of the errom incident to a perambn.
,lator measurement, but it may be mi l y corrected from the data here given.
Grant waa now given the ~ i s h c e of De Montmorency, who ran a perambu-
lator traverse along the 40 mile track from the head of the Ataran to the Three
Pag~dna4. Along the river "the jungle wea so thiok that it wes...impos8ible to
mn the perambulator f of a mile, or to memure a base in any dhotion, and the
water in the creek ia so shallow at this season ... up the lesser cm&+".
They returned to Moulmein on 16th March 1827, and Grant now made a third
*@tion up the Salween, and 08~$ng triangulation to a distance of 75 milee in , ,
direct line, connecting with hia previous stationse and hi ng prominent peab. He
returned t o Moulmein on 18th April, t o take up the survey of the Gyaing river,
I P'. 8 I.
1 Jomal, DDn. 238, Y 421. 'to 8G. : DDn. 221 ( 211 ), 10-2-27.
%eUy David Sootland
1.
4 YRIO. 157 ( 6 ). DDn. 2-40,
h h i q htlt~d~,l7~ 32'.
T R may b. . . K O . 176 ( 4 ;
rm R. h m " Moulmyne to the Knrene Territorp " ; showe
Teumeeaup ", 17O 30'.
1 lInll r r ~ t pro~!oded further ~ I I U I I the junction I J ~ t111) How111n~o with thn Oaytlr~, whon
tllo morlnoon buwt forth with t,rurnon~loun violrllc~?, an11 nrl tlnoxpn:todly tllrrt I hari not mndn
t ] , ~ nliglrtent ~IroptLretion. ...
~h~ aeverul sr~rveys t h w exocut~cl r ~mbr c e d a period of 115 cltxyn, of which 55 wen. occupied
outrloor clut,y.
Tho nluvey c i ~ ~ l t l rtot he requmod till t , l ~o month of Xovon~hor, tho ot,uint,ry
hinr! elnlost mltimly under w~ t e r , H I I ~ t-xtrcmely u n l r ~~~l t ~h y l .
He qwnt the rains a t Moulluein, and suffered so 111uch from malaria that when
the weatller cleared he had to loavc all field work to De Montmorency2, who stnrtcd
on October 1st with the renleaRul~ruc~~t of the b ~ c a t Moulmein, and the deter-
mhlatioll of distnnce between the! Xlotllo~oi~l and Jlartahan pagodas3. He lnoved
the Gyaing river on the 19th.
mtbnntilLy t,hc I r ngt h~ or tho rtu~1:hcr ~ I I I C I tilliillg ~ur:rgnrti~. Il~lbrings, I hi* Ijeing t11o 1111ly WHY
thin river call IJO sllrvcyrul, till it rr111 11e rnrrectml I,? snrnt* t r zi ~l l ~~I . l ~ int~!rsr!ctioru I~~rcul ' t er.
12th No\. ~. ~nlr~, r. Arrive 11t 211d Iitrr6;1~1ie villtt.qe, 1~11tir1t. one rnilo ~ I I I I ~ , I I ~ ,111 t t ~ c Io:l-t ban]<
tile river, s . l ~ i ~ t l ~ wnw lroro s41 \-cbry rrrpi~l tllnt I I I I I <I ti) givn 1 1 1 1 tllo I I I ~ L ' I . htvat*, autl proceed
in
s l ~~u l l orun.
T':va-n wit11 0 rotr.lsrr I I I I OI rnt11.11 rlilfiotllt~~ i l l ~nirkin:! \r.;~y ;~;.ni~~,dt, t.hr rapid
streent. ...
13th.
1 1 1 1 1 r y l in t i e r i ~ , I . , I I ~ I I I I I . I:i\~' r Z C ~ J \ cr y 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 ~ . about
70 feet I,roc~il, very repill. rtrltl tho hunlis l ~ i g l ~ 1*11i1 ro(-ky. (:o 1111 Lt1i.i (Illy t,ill tlto riv19r is eo
Mpid
to provunt my ~ ) r o ~ : e c d u ~ ~ : illly t'111.tl1t-1'. Fro111 ilrf~lri~ul~tinu esti~~l' lta. 11111rt1t : l l l ~t bcr
1s mile+ t o n011rcu4.
He returned to b1oulmein on 17t h Novrmbrr, arld on 30th Chant imued his lad,
iustructions before retunling to Calcutta :
Tilere are three distinr-t portions ot' territory open fur pe r a ~nbul a t ~~r y R I I P V I ~ . ...
1.
Thn country botwt+en tlle Salwoc+ir tincl tllo C:&~yen rivrrn cxteirding u p to t he h u t of
the hilh.
This object will be best etTecttrl by rnuliing several scctiom ocrow t,he country.
2.
The country between tht- :lttnrnn nn t.he cant nncl southern channel trnd t,ho Waproo
crock 011 t he weat ... will c~~mprelrentl an ncctrrute ilnlimitation of tho rnllge of hi l l i commenc-
ing a t Moul~nyne. 'I'hia object will likewino be brst uff't>ctocl hy runninc tlro peranrbulntor
.p
tlra foot of tlro hills wllerevor prr~cticnble. ...
3.
A ol ~vt cl ~ of Tulo Glocoonr with rcrl accurate outline of I.luo rillguq of hillq tmcl mlmo the
p&tiolr of tire villages. ...
Yo11 # n u t depend on your persol~el exertions. A lnnn of nctira spirit will not I)o retard&
i n Iris coune by trifling inconvn~lionce~ or obstncles6.
01, arrival at Calcutta hc reported that I)c JIontmorc~~cy and all his party had
suffered from "serere attack# of fever and ague" during their survey up tho Gyaing
and that he had dmpatched a fresh set of lascars from Calcutta'.
De Montmorency W R ~ unable t o cornplcte all the tasks left him for he was called
to Upper Burma at the beginning of 1828, and did not return to lloulmein till
the rains [ 78 1. Grant took a sea voyage t o China but died before reaching
Singapore.
Early in April 1828, therefore, the survey w~ officially closed ;
~t u doubtleae very desirable to have tm ~lc:cumte nnd ucientific srlrvoy of our new pmrres.
ions on t he Tentmerim const. but tilo object in not one of such indinpor~rible necessity
to
j ~ t i r y a fnrtlier outltly of ... public money ... in t he prooont st at e of our finances.
Government
~ o l v a q accortli~~yly tlmt t he Martoban aurvey shnll cerwe from t he present dute'.
Among& his numerous maps and sketches8 Graut left a
map of tho conquored province8 of Mar t eb~n. Ye, Tuvoy, and Mergui. Reducod 111111 c o - ~
by Captain P. Grant. The nontliern parth* of Mertahan end Ye aro taken from apbi,,
LOW'B survey, and Tavoy and hlergui from R map furnished by hlr. Muin~yo. 'rho pqn slid
Martaban coasts, elso t he Salweon Rivor, a m laid down from Captn. Grant' s survey. sale
I inch t o 8 miledo.
A survcy from the Tllreo Pugodsu to Kamburi in Siam was mulo in -4pril and
May 1827 by Ja~uus Leslie of tilo 154th Madras Infantry, doputed to o a q lottom
to Bankok from Sir Archibald CampbcU commanding a t Moulmeinll.
1 Mapa MRIO. 170 ( 10-7 ) sbw trinngulntion by Da Yootmomucy.
Ul tIO. I57 ( 61, a 1.
a L~~~~
s d u enrvey of Monlmein. MRIO. 191 ( 9 ). ' Joumlnl. MRIO. M 4'211.
DDn. 220 ( 907 ).
rib. ( ~ O J 1,
1-1-28. ' DDn. 219 ( 212 ) ; BSC. 11428 ( 13 ).
' NRCO. 154 ( 18-7 ) 167 ( 6. 0. 10. 63, 64 ).
s-\n&oap
De Is Combe Maiugy : PWI. CS. 1812 : bh@. at Xodmeln.
lo MRIO. 15; ( 0 ). SQO. copy ; 10 C ~ L ( 308,
309).
11 MRIO. 00 ( 27 ) ; !)I ( 324 ) : DDn. 219 ( "25 ), 17427.
I n Mamh 1820 Dr. J o h Crawfurd, who had held many p l i t i d eppintmente
in the far wt [ 11,380 n.Io 1, was appointed Civil Cornmiaaioner of Pegul, with head-
quarten, at hngoon, pending a final settlement with the Court of Ava. Charlee
Uv a , of M d e s Infantry [ 11, 376 1, in civil charge of B mi n , and an experienced
eumeyor, oompiled a map of the Irrawaddy Deltaa, described as
8. #ketch exhibiting t,he disembopuement of t,he Irrawaddie, wit11 the various cllmnels of water
communication between Itangcwrr, Baasein, and t.he upper count,ry. Thh ha.9 heen compiled
ohieOy from inhrmat.ion, carefully collected however, and ... a more correct, mop of t he delta
thm m ~ y we have before beon pnseased of. ... I t WM only cornmencod uubsequently t,o n com-
rnunicntion from Mr. Commksioner Crawfurd, reqoerrting I shoulcl obtain us much o r d
information.. .as pomible. ...
The only port* which cnn be safely made from the sen are Rnngwn and Xogrflis. T'he
other mouths of t,he hawaddi e can he nppmwhed only wit11 much clifirl~lt~). anrl in line weather.
wnd are not. navigable for large vessels to any tlistrrncd.
Another surrey of the delta waterways made during tho occ~lpatiorl was a
ohart ~llewing the route p u me d by boats from Baraein to Rungoon by t,he rivers; compiled
h m observations by Robert BIoreaby, 1st Lieut. Hon'ble Company's cr ui ~er 3Iercuv.
N.B.
A good and well.repulater1 chmnorneter used to find tho longit,udes--The lnt,itude
by t,hc sun ut rloon day-The direction of tlic: river by azimuth colnpasa bearings-unfl esti.
mated diatnncos corroborated by lnt. anil I(~nq.
Scnlo abuot. 1 inch t,o 2 miles4.
"The Rangoon River, sand R; reach", with chart and sailing directions from
the sea, was surreyed during 1824 by hi. F. Smith, a ship's captain6 of Chittagong.
In September 1826 Qawfurd was deputed on a tnission to Ava, which resulted
in the signing of a commercial treatya under which he remained a t A\-a in the
capacity of Envoy. He took De Montmorency with him, and put him to survey
the town & fortification of Ava, ae well of its environe. acco~npnnied by a, short dencriptive
memoir, ... prepared ... under circumstclncen of much diflicult,y. ... 'l'he dolicate circu~nstances
w~der which t he mission wns placed proved an insurmount~iblo obstncle t o my availing myself
more extensively of his ueeful and nble services7.
Ava lay a t the junction of the Myitnge Ri wr ~ i t h the Irrawaddy, I 2 tnilea below
the present city of Mandalay. The survey was on scale 400 yards to an inoh, and
covered an area of about, five miles to east, west, and south of the citys.
Early in 1828 Dc Montmorency was deputed from Moulmein [ 77 ] to survey
the Chindwin River "from its conflux with the Irrawaddy, north to the stockade
( or kin-fut ) of Nat Kyun Bung Myai"@. His journey with a "fleet of boats"
took 31 days up the river, and his survey helped Pemberton in ~ett,ling the Rlenipur
houndary [ 66 1. The Surveyor General writes in July ;
Bf r. hlontmorcncy has returned to 3lo11lrneyno. He went from Unvapoora up the Kyan
h a n . or Ningthee river ( wl~ich falls into the Irrnw~cldee ) to Gendah, where Lieut. Pemberton.
o w Mumipoor e~lrveyor, met hun. This completerr II line from tho mout.h of the Irrawudcb
through Mulripoor and Syll~ot to the Burrampooter'O.
To meet De Montmorency, Pemberton surveyed through "the Kumbub ( Kubo
or Kabaw ) valley" claimed both by the Burmese and the Manipuris [ 65-6 ]I1. Be
found some uncertclint,~ as to tho correct name of the river ;
Sir A. Cnmplmll ... express- tutoninhmellt t hat in no part of i t a course is tho name Ningthee
given to tho Kyen-duen up which Lieut. hlont,morency proceeded. This river ... is called
Niu~f. hee Toornl,or "the bouutiful river", hy the 3funypoorien, who know it by no other llanle ;
by the Shorn or ILllb~a, the originnl inhal~itants ol tthat. valley, the Ningth- is callecl Num
taro%. or "water dmco~l di n~", no t hat we have no leua than four nnmm for tile eame river-
By Hr~rmsn*. cnlltlrl KI~yon Hwen, or liycn-rll~on. a11d Thanbo watt,e+Sham or I<ul>os. Nllm
' 1hl.m hing n milifmy and n naval eommiaaionor IW well.
'JIR10. 174 ( 7 ). Alves also 8urveyed
route from Padeung to Tounyup P w .
>DDn. 210 ( 8 ). 1t8-20 ; HMS. 068 ( 175 ).
'1\lKIO. 174 ( 27 ).
'ib. . .. . 104 ( 3 3 ) : 174 ( 31 ) ; Mnrnhnll Fren, Smith, mariner: m.. at Chittsnonn. 2-11-1705. and left snvernl
ohlldrr,n; rlamf* ibn thwe rhnrt~ o<~pl-d an M. F. Crinp.
"dated 23rd hr. 1828. . 'from CPRW&&
7-2-27. Dlhl. 210 (48 ) ; H M . 071 ( 213 ).
'Map, HMS. 671). and puh. in Crawfurd. *Kindat,
bt. 23" 45' N. ; M8p. MRIO. 175 ( 22 ). 7-27, bfnrah 1828 : If3 Cal. ( 120) .
I n DDn. 231 ( 166 ). 8-7-28 ;
110 ( 240 ). I%&%
l1 Map. MRIO. 160 ( 21-4 ).
neturaliet from t he Parisian museum of natural history, who had visited Cambodia & most
parts of Cochin Clunal.
The grest river of Si- wau h k e n fro111 t he plane in LA h ~ b 6 r a ' d account of siama. & l et
vol. of Karnpher9a History of Japan3. The other rivern & places in Si a~n were set down from
the rnap in Ls ukr e, ant1 from inforrnntion received (L: native mep seen by Mr. Gibson whilst
at E n v ~ or
Burney elsewhere records that,
having pemoaclml Mr. Gi b ~o r ~ and several of h k f ol l owe~ t o ntteod a t Iny howe for U or 9
h o w a day during 20 or ?B d ~ y s , he uud I wit11 t he aasiatance of 2 copying clorkn succeeded
in completing a large ma p ... I tlo not pretend t o ~ I I ~ W W A ~ a very urrurate knowlodge of t he
principles of map moking'.
Another map by Burney covered Tena~serim, Siam, the peninsula and st.raita
of Malecca, and part of Sumatra, on scale two inches to a degree6.
Several n~aps were oopied or put together in the Surveyor General's offioe
between 1824 and 18B6, one of Upper Burma scale I6 inches to an inch "exhibiting
lines of military approach to Umarapoora ... from s.w. frontier of Muneepoor and
from the coast of . hacan ", with notes by Hodgson in April 1828 ;
The t r nc t ~ ill tlre viciuity of t l ~ e sur\.nye,l lines may be con*idernd as uorwctly laid down.
The other ports I I ~ the mop are co~~strnrterl frr~ni the best, iuli>rmation which could be obtained.
The meridian of Jlunerl~oor ...[ from ] ~atellitaq of .Tupit,er by ... Pernbert o~~. & compared with
oorrewpondent sights taktrn Ijy me in Calr.r~tta. ... IJrnerapoom ... rrom Wor~rl. The accompany-
ing j our ~~al s of 1.h Pemberton and ' hnnt rlmrriht. the n a t ~ ~ r e of t11r (ol~ntry'.
In 1826, after the campaign wm over, Jnnies Jackson compiled a I UHP of his own,
which was engraved and published by De La Combe in Cal c~~t t a. The general
ignorance of the country is indicated by his placing the source of tht, Salween about
latitude 23-, in what are I I ~I I - known as t,he h'orthern Shan Statwe.
A map that may have bee11 l i now~~ to Burney when he was collaborating with
Gibson wla aignetl by d u ~ u e ~ Low at Prince of \Vale& Island in March 1824. It ie
on scale 6 inch- to e ciogree. very roughly drawn, but fill1 of interesti~~g commenta
and information. Beeidw a note on orthography and the ~ttenning of the Siamese
descriptive words, Ilow t l u ~ ~ tlerrcrit)cr his compilation8 :
. Th i ~ mnlr of Sialu. Cembnjl~. I\: L~o s . ~. r ~ni l ~i l e~l frtlrn ... of t)rigit~nI llntive rnatl~rinls ii~tentled
an ti11 mcompnt~irnent tn a ~eogruphioal muluoir. ... WIIS coml~ilrtl in the xelir 1822, and
htur ainco haen eul ~~rrerl .
l ' l ~e oufline ... l - ~t t s been rbhiefly tttken fi.~,rn 1)'Anville'n atlns [I, 210.
I 1. The latiturlm a1111 longitude- 14' tllr prinripnl ~Iaceu ... I\a\.e been l no~t l y Inid down
accorrlir~~' t o ltrorr recent g e o y r a ~ ~ l ~ e ~ . ... 'Fire ~~ositiorrrr of the fnllowirlq 11Incew are t l ~w
~as@ed ; blenam [ obviously Bunk111c 1, 1 ~ t . 13" 30'S. rY: II)IIC. 10l0 18'R.-C,lpe Li a~l i 12'
27' S. & L. uhut~t 101" 40' E.-Cape Patani. 7" 4' S. 101' 5O'E.-hut
t he coask of t he
Gulf of Hiam have never I~een wcurately nor\-eyed.
Further e&ut dill we have a "rough sketch ... of Ava, Siam, Cochin China ",
etmtching from Arakan to Hainan, scale one inch to a degree, prepared in 1824 a t
Siqapore by Philip Jackson of artillery, who was employed there m executive
officer, and also produced a "nketch of the British nett,lement of Sit~gapore~ accord-
ing to the treaty of the 2nd Auguet 1824"m.
I in purtaernhip with 1111 Vnurr.l. wnrking br Baron Cl~risr [ ' 7 ~ - 3 1; visited Calcutta nhut 1818.
' Hi s*, ri al Rdaliona o 8-m. by lk IA I~~ubEre; 2 vols., Lmdon, 1603.
a by E. Ksernpfer, 2 vols..
Lmdon. 172s. 4 H d t i 3 ( 729). 2%10-?I 6 Ml 1 0 . 90 ( 14) ; SGO copy, I827 a a h W (24 ). *ib.
I ( 7 - ). ' J 1 ( 2) .
'Ib. Mhc. 34-?6.
'ib. RO ( 16 ).
l o ih. RO ( 13 ) ; other map h m:
Jackson, ill. W ( 21, 2s. 28, 29 ).
CHAPTER VI
CENTRAL INDIAN PLATEAU
Bundelkhanrl & NNaZgpur,
1816-20 - PindZri & MarNaZtha Warn, 1816-9 -
Quurtermmler Ceneral'e Oflcers, Bengnl, 1822-30-Centrat Indi a & Riijputdna,
1819-30 - Nigpur, 1822-31.
B
EFORE describing the work of the military officers who added t o knowledge
of
InrLial during the war against the pinddir48 and Marhthae, we will
close the account of Jamen Franklin in Bundelkhand, and of William Lloyd
in NBgpur.
Franklin had first started in Bundelkhand in 1811, extending and filling up t he
surveys nlsdc by Silckvillc and Morrieson [ II,48-50 1, and in 1813 had been placed
under the Political Agent to survey the territories and boundaries of those chiefs
who accepted British protection [ 11, 51-2 1. He WIW withdrawn for regimental
duty during the Nepil War, and after return worked with frequent i nt e~~upt i ons till
&rch 1820.
I n 1816 the Assistant Surveyor General report,ed that his
-ey of the south-west. frontier 01' Brll~tlelcund. commencing a t B q h u r antl tenninating
a t the River Chumbul, mllst be now nearly cotnplet,ed. ... Tlirough t he whole of the above
[
includctl Punnah. Chatterpore. ant1 Jhanni IY Lieutenant Franklin has cnrried on w e -
l w triangles. There still reniain meveral indepentlencia9 between the soultllern 11oints and t he
frontiers nf Roglecimd. Berm, and Malwa ; most of thwe can ... be t,raced without exciting
alarm i l l the neighbouring powers. should Government think it necessary to complete this
survey.
By .Tune 1819 Franklin had conipleted
tho sur\-ey of every independent state of Bundelclmd situated between Scindiah's boundary
antl the Kane River, c.t)mprising in the aggregnte the whole of the bowzie of Chlpie, the whole
of t l ~e atat.es of Dutteah, Jansi. ... the pergulinah of blow, and the fjve malials of Bandera
belonpi~~g to Scindieli. tho iaolated perpinnah of Aleepore belonging to Holkar. ...
All the t,rnrts lying wibhin these limits I hove suweyed very minutely, an d... neither a village,,
nullah, or hill worth noting, nor any thin^ eitller of military or political use will be found
wanting. 'rhe hoimdnries of s t a t e aro delineated with tho utmoet accuracy, and all the
diuputcd rmea duly noted4.
I have, moreover, surveyed the boundary line and a cotlsiderable portion of British bfi.
tory from ... Allallnhnrl t o Agra. I have also surveyed part of Punnah and of the territory of
Raja11 Huckt Bully. ... This tract ... includes the. ..tint range of hills from Burgurh t o the Sinde
River whero they entiroly disappear. I have delineatecl them very carefully, and lnerked
every pass UI thorn for a distance of 350 miles. I n like manner I include the ... P u ~ ma l ~ range
of hills for a distance of 250 miles. These are perhaps in every point of' view the most in-
teresting features in the geography of Bundelcund. They 81% the seats of the not& diamond
snd iron minee, and obound in objects well deserving t.he attention of scientific wearch.
The only independent states whioh remain unaiweyed by me are a pert of Pllnnah, dt h
the intermixetl territory of Rajah Bukht Bully-...all lying eeet of the Cane Wiver-which
tract may be completed in two or three months. ...
Tb ie...g ivee. ..29 montbe, ... the period I have actually been employed in -eying a trraf
of 22.000 square miles. during which time I never had the elighteet sasietance, although the
trect...is all independent territory, and the calla for a d d m on my p r t , in o d e r t o get ,--
quietly nlnong~t their rude chieftains, arc as imperious ~. . . f o r mental and bodily exertion6.
'1'111 1947 thr Brlu Cbntrnl Indio \vav oWoiullv npplinl tn tho politioal
oy covering J(ilar.
Rmdolkhantl, and Ilngl~clkhnnrl. I n tllim chapter it In ~ S N I ill a widcr sen=
SF%. M 335. 330.
=b
MAG. 18-8-16: BMC. 26-1&16. 'Fdbk. 1810. MRIO. Y 337.
'DDn. BB ( 11 ). 1W-19.
He
work in March 1820, and submitted his maps with a
memoir of a map of Bundelcund, including nll the native stetee of that province situated
between Scindiah's boundary C% Boghelcund ; constnlcted from the regular firlrvey of Major
Seokville and Captain Franklin, and the route surveys of Capts. Baily [ Hayley 1, Strnttell.
Anqoetil. & Frcmklin, which have been cmfully adjusted to the trigonometrictll ~ e r i e ~ carried
through ... hy Captain Franklin [ 200-1 1'.
Though hie work was not laid out with such scientific control as the surveys
of Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb in the HimBlaya, it was a great advance on other
Bengal surveys. Waugh writes that in 1850, except for work based OII the Great
Trigonometrical Survey, it WM "one of the best and most detailed" maps existing
[11, 201 12. I t ww incorporated into sheets 69 and 70 of the Atlm of India,
published in 1827 [ 286 1.
Lloyd's surveys through Nigpur were never anything more than route surveys,
with descriptions of towns and villages [ J3, 52-3 1. He continued surveying and
collecting hrka7a routes until 1817, and commanded the Resident's escort till its
disbandment in 1820. By 1816 he had
for Bome yema been usefully ernployed in obtaining correct knowledge of all the great and
cross roads witlin the dorninioos of the Berar rajah, and ~urveying a part of those leading
to principal towna situated on his frontier. The sources of the rivers Sarbudda, Soonn, Wyne
Gunga, Kaw-ham, and Warda3, have been objects of his successful enquiry.
He has likewise traced the great range of mountains beginning at Amercuntulrk [I, 299 ;
HI, 891. ... the hills south of the Nurb~tdda, and the course of that river from llu~igjela to
Booeungabad ; and accurate nleesurements of the roads, wit~h topographical rlelineatiolln, have
likewise been attended to.
Cap& Lloyd hae newly completed a mapa which will answer all military purposes of
t he Nagpur Raja's dominions, 8 country of which we posseas little aroucate information ;
he will then, as far an practicable, survey the provinces of Sirgoojail, Bustar, and Chat.tisghu$ ;
the 5wt mentioned ia merely tributary t o the Rajah of Berer. The roads through Bustar
from Nagpoor to Chicacole, in the Cicars, by the route of Byraghur, Ju~gdulpore. and Jeypoor
1103-41, and from Jugdulpoor to Sumbalpoor, wiU be surveyed by natives instructed by Ca~~t ai n
Lloyd, w the jealousy of the native chieftains will prevent Iris exploring the whole'.
P i d r i s were armed freebooters from MBlwa7, of all races and religions, who
periodically gathered in mounted ban& and swept through the Deccan and Beriir,
looting and destroying, regardless of political boundaries ['I, 17 1.
h a r l y as 1812 the supreme government in Bengal had been alarmed a t their
incuraione across the south-weatern borders of the Company's territories [ 11, 44 1,
but the urgent need for hanci al economy, and the trouble with Nepkl, prevented
eny strong measures being taken, though several representations had been made
to the authorities in London.
The warding off of these rai& wee one of the major pre-occupations of the
subsidiary forces serving the NizBm and the Peshwa at Hyderiib~d and Poona, and
i t wee their particuhr reaponaibility to watch the northern passes through whioh
the p i d r i e penetrated. For several months during 1816 a brge part of the
w e e Army wee meembled in the Deccan to support them.
Early in 1810 a mob of more than 6,000 swept through the territories of the
N-, and raided Guntiir and Maeulipatam, committing ferooious atrocitiee, and
mapi ng practically unecathed [ 96, 100, 408-10 1. Information about this raid a t
length induoed the home government to sanction military operatiom, though these
had been elreedy put in hand by the Governor General.
I Mmo b , MRIO. M 331. 332; map in 4 sheeta. 4 m. to inoh, 83 ( 12-14 ) 00 ( 1-4 ), and reduotioue
83 ( 3-7. 16 ).
'PR. ( 37 ).
' Waingange r i w nesr Beoni, 65 Ni l 2 ; Wardhe rises neer hlultai. 55 K/s.
6 U I O . 7 I ( 31, 32 ) ; 70 ( 43 ) ; 1W8 ( 10 ).
'Chhetingnrb uovem distriota of Drug, neipur. Bilpspur, &
g.mblpur. with adjeoent feudwtory 8te.b.
'Crnm ASG.. BMC. 2&lO-l0 ( 83) .
'Plattlnu oorerinW
Indore to Yeugor [ I. 56 1-1-16 ] ; I mp Qaz. XVII ( I- ).
The co-operation of the Marhthe chiefs, Sindhia, the Peahwa, and NQpurl, wes
grudgingly given, and in October 1816 the main body of the Nigpur Subsidiary Forco,
Colonel Walker, occupied the south bank of t he Narbada, but wm out-flanked,
and the pi&& poured into Bundclkhand and Nigpur, and even reached the Kistna.
During 1817 the Madras army again took the field under Hielop and, with t he
consent of the Peshaa, the Marltha Deccan was occupied by troops under blunro.
The Peshwa had, however, grown restive over other matters, and in November 1817
his troops attacked and destroyed the British residency a t Poona [ 125 n.4 1, and a
general war flared up. Sindhia, alono of the Marltha leaders, held firm t o hie
engagements with the British after some hesitation.
The Bengal army, under the personal leaderehip of I ar d Hastingsa, in hie
secol~dary role of (rommander-in-Chief, had assembled a t C'awnpore in Septernber
1817. N&gpur was occupied in December after the defeat of Appa Sahib a t the
batbles of SitBbaldi and h'8gpur3, Holkar waa defeated a t Mehidpur4 and signed a
tren.t.;y in January 1818 under which thc RBjput states were freed fro'm Maritha
doniination.
The Peshwa surrendered in June 1818, ceding the whole of hie
territories with the except,ion of SBtrirn, and being gr~rnted a pension.
The war
was finally brought to a close by the fall of Asirgarhb in April 1819 [I].
Not only did the snccesuful termination of this war open up a vast a r e a to
survey and exploration, but a gret~t tleal of geographical ltnowledge was collected
during its progress [ I, 27, 122 1. During 1815, several officers of the HyderibBd
Subsidiary Forcee had sorveyeci routes through Ber&r, and Henry Ri~ssell, Repident
at Hyderlbid, constantly urged thc importance of detailed survey of the passes along
the northern borders of the Niziim'rr territories. He writes to Colonel Doveton', in
April 1816 ;
It. ir indinpenuuble t c ~ the succ-6~s 11f any Illeaellres ... adoptell against t he Pi ndar r i e~ t o
acquire lni~ch Inore n r r ~ ~ r a t e knowl ed~e ... of the varioiln pnases tllro11g11 the ranges of hi&
which t,hey hn\'e t o C~ I J RS in their way from tlle Nerbudcln t o t he suutl~ward. ...
Heaide8 a sketch of t,lle ptmsea, the, officers should ... make a relrort stating...-what paaqes
are ulreecly prartical)le-which are nut 80 now-und ... whet unfrequenteti gheuts can be
renderetl ontirely inlpawable- ... whnt ghauts can be stopp ed... by s ml l perti- of irregular
infantry- ... and what ... will require to be defe~ltlorl by regular troops. ... It will also be very
desirable to obtain ... knowledge ...d the gha~l t s in t he advnnced range of hills on t he frontier, and
in the direction of Boorhanpore. ... Permission might perhaps be obt ah~ed ... for theae pameu to
be ~urveyed, but ... witl~out, exciting t he al ann or j eal ouy of t,lle people of t he country. ...
You wiU be pleased nlao to direct t he different t)fflrers t o obtain as much information ea
ponnible about thtr gelrorul geography of t he country. ...
A srlrvey ... is ... aborlt t.o be ulldert,alten in t he Paishuwah's territories, untler. ..Lieutenant
Colonel Johnuon of the Bombay Engineers. The principal objects ...are t he rnnge of hilb
to the weetwnrd of AjuntaB-the western ghauta by which the Pindarries ,nigh: descend
from the Deckan into t he north of t he KonkanD, and through t hut into t he AttRv* [ 122-3,
1691-and finally, the range north of t he Taptym.
Besides the survey which Johnson made of the passes into the Peshwa's terri-
tories [ 122 1, the Bombay Government called on Williams for a map of the passes
on the eastern frontier of Gujarlt [ 11, pl. 15 1, and deputed Sutherland to survey
those north of the Tapti [ 122-3 1.
In Ootober Doveton sent in surveys and reports on the hills between Adj unk
and the Warda River" by Stewart and Hamiltonla that ran generally between
parallels 20" to 21" and meridians 76" and 79'. In the same month Wother8poon
and Montgomerie were deputed t o the southern range of gkk e a t of the Wardha
River, whilst Andrew Campbell waa t o survey those of the Nggpur territoriesla.
'Theusur er. AppnSnhib, who h d soized the throne in 1818.
' hi ved India 1813, ss Lord Y h , to
be M. and in-8. ; er. Marquis of Hsetinp 1817 ;QC. till 1823. a 26-7 Nov.; 16th Dea. 1817. 441-13-17 ;
48 M/1 I. BO m. N. of Indore. asurrcndcr. 04-10 ; 66 C/7.
aYuole [ U. 437 1. Hemiltan [II. 403k
Stmhan, etr. [ 11, 321 1. 1 John Dovoton ( 178I?-lB(i ) ; Mod. Cov. [ 338,410 1.
46 PI10 ; 3G m. 9. of
Jalgaan & B1111aiwnl. colretal strip between Qos and Oujarkt.
'DDDn. 148 ( 8 ). 2-18 ; BSC. 18-6-10
( 12 1. Ahout 60 m. W. of NOgpur. "Reportn by Bayley & Stewart. MRIO. 77 ( 6. 8 ).
laBMO.
11-11-18.
I n December Russell fo~warded reports by Bayley and Stewart ;
Colonel Doveton has also employ ed... Lieut. Mitchell, to sorvey t l ~a t part of the range of
ghauta which lies between Adjunta and Ambal, so a9 to connect Lient. Bayl ey' ~ survey with
t hat made by Lieut. Colonel Johmon; a d a t the request of Mr. Jenkinaa he aho detached
... Cornet bfontgomery ... and Cornet Campbell to survey the paqs es... in the Nagpore territory,
... but both these oEcera, I am sorry to aay, were compelled to rnt,nrn to camp on r~ccount
of the unhe~lthinass of the seasons.
Similar steps were taken by Colonel Walker, commanding the NBgpur Subsi-
diary Force, who placed
force pn the Hooaainabad road [ t o ] guard the Puttypoor and Bominee ghn.ut,s. ... An
a,q.M.o. unJ t,wo officers for eurvey will proceed with it. ... The cornmimariot of i c~r a will
furnish ... supplies ... The Pindaris have s u c c wf d y broken through last season's cordon. ...
[ They ] seem to be increasing in numbers m d boldness every year ... and, aa the preaent ayetem
of defense hes not e u c c ~l e d , ... the Nerbuddn should be the line of defensed.
Several of the NBgpur officers were on survey from October 1816, and the
Resident reported in February 1817 that "Lieut,enant Trueman died soon after he
engaged in the survey ; Lieutenants Perry and Gibbings are dill employed in that
duty
On Nalcolm18 appointment in May 1817 as a . a . a . in Mdwae, he gave every
encouragement to the surveyors, several of whom were employed along the Narbada
River.
Riddell writes from W a s in Ootober ;
The map for Mr. Russell is nearly finished. ... I have inserted 30 or 40 miles of the Nerbudde
pear Huseinebad, just obtained from Lt. Gibbings. This space w u survvuyed on the plane
table on n scale of 4 milea to the inch, and tulces in the valley on eacl ~ side of the river, as
far aa the hills. The ghuuta are enumerated, and he proposes sencling me a description of
them.
The whole shall be...forwarded to you immediately7.
Malcolm's well-known map of 3IB1wa8 [ 86 ] was published as a
Map of Central India, including Ma1tc.a and the adjoining Prouince8. Constructed by order
of Major General Sir J. Malcolm, Q.o.B., from the routes of hie division and s ur vep of otllcera
under his command. From pmallels 21' to 25' N., and from meridian 62f0 t o eaat of 80". ...
20 milea to an inch. Published London. 6th April 1821, by Aaron Arrowsmith [11, 285 n.8 10.
In January 1818, the author [ Malcolm ] was placed by t.he Marqilis of Hast i np in military
m d political charge of Central India and, during the four years he filled that station, hie own
attention and that of the able publio o6cem under his authority was directed to ... colleoting
meteriala for the illustration of ita past and present condition.
A short menloir of the map, written by Lieutenant Gibbinge, A.Q.M.Q., who construoted
it, should have been included, but ... haa unfortunately been lost. ... The ... map ... was entirely
composed from original ... meteriaIs-measured route8 ctnd military eurveye--corrected by the
tables of latitude0 end longitudes furnished by Captain Dangerfield [ 123 110. ...
To the persevering ability of Lieut. Gibbinge ... the author feela indebted for the map
which forrus so eesential e part of thia work. ... Lieut. Mitchell, Medraa Army, a very intelli-
gent and qualified officer. was also employed in aiding Lieut Gibbinge; and also Lieut.
Matthias. Bfedras Army. who amongst other a u r ~ e g s ~ ~ completed that of the lower part of the
Nerbudda, following the course of that river in every part where it was possible t o remain on
ite bank, or mil on its stream [ 123 1.
Capt. 8irnes1' ... and Lieut. H-rd. Ma dm Army, two meritorious offioera who had
preceded Lieut. Matthim in this attempt, fell a emifice to the imalubriow c l b a t e and the
fatigue to which they were exposed, but left uaeful surveys and obeervatione. ... Several
othem, among whom were Lieute. I ~ i n e ... and Johnaton. ... contributed routas and s-e#S.
Nicholea Syme has left a vivid account of his journey down the Narbeda during
May 1819 between H a n h and M.andleehwar14, He received the following instruo-
tiaas from Gibbinge ;
The General wiehea you to oome up here [ Mhow 1, & we will settle everything regerding
your ~roposed e mi t i o n . ... He dow not think m y proon going along the baDke of the
'60 BIB. 'Raddent at N6gpur [3, w], 1810-27; DNB. WDD 140 (16), 31-12-10. (Memo. on
pl.n dd&m of the frontier; YRIO. M 21 ; 10 h 1k2-17.
'DDn. 142 ( 00 ), 28-2-17 ; B Pol C. 7+17 ;
m g b &&he Pony h Oibbiom MRIO. 78 ( 214 ). 'with bdqn. at Idhow. to SO., 16-1~~17. D-.
1 ( 7 0 ) 'em tbld myn. W1 0 . 181 ( 8-10. 12, 17 ) ; 188 ( 36 ) ; Fdbb. ib. M 344,401. 8 Mnlaolm,
I ( b ' (me). I'lb.. I ( vi i i ) . I1MFtIO. 187 ( 38) . I a J 4 DDn. 181; M 228. Iaib. (310);
Map. 3 1 0 . 8 1 ( 0,27-30.40-2 ). "6!3 B/16 ; 40 N/I2.
river can judge suWiciontly as to the praoticability ... of boats striling down it. ... Bring your
baggage with yo11. k a guard of a havildar & twelve 8epoys. Let them he strong native
men. ...
81nall dong m... will be perfuctly ~~~( l i c i e nt for all the l~urposes he requires. viz., to k i n g
grain from the eastward where i t i~ extremely choap. ...
Sir John desires ;-keep a regular journal-nature of river-counlry-viUagm-boats-
viUage4 to bo re-peopled-soundings. ... In nllort ypu must mention everything.
The General's
object--to combine the attempt of eniling clown the river with a general survey of itn couree
and the country near it1.
Syme started on the nlornil~g of 18th from n village opposite t o Handia, with
"two of tho Company's boats" ;
Nunleroux islands-no clrnnnel deep enough to pass+bligod to ret ~l rn. ... With aaaiatanco
from the lorn1 headman, and Inany smnll elongas an11 mon t,o Ilelp. forc ed...nmy thro' tlle r qi da
with prtv~t~nt. diffi0111t.y nnd tlanper. ...
Sitti~lg "11 the bottom of n little vasael, not daring to movu fi ~r f e ~ ~ r of upsutting it ; uoaking
my lo*, ancl llalf of my bolls in wnter, I lont patience, B UI npitt. of the entrcntiw of t he hoat
people...allout tygem. I wns nwr taking 1111 my nl,c~~le or1 ( I I I ~ ~ of t.ho islnncla for the night.
I c ~ t lnrt pieltlocl to tho boat. peoplo'a requast,. and wo ~nndu tlw host pnlgrosq we coulcl througlt
the plllo~ny narrow clrannels, wit11 tllc* b r n n ~ h ~ of tryen ncq~~rly ~nreting C I V R ~ our JICR~IY, and
arriveti at J u ~ m Ghur a t eleven o'cloclc I I ~ . night, hnving hem o i e l ~ ~ harm going thrl?uqh as
mn,ny n~ilos. I fn111111 almost everything in my trur~li hod got wet, b t ~ t I wm too gl n~l to qet
a country cot and n litJtlo grass spread on it to troul~lu rnynelf about thene mnt,tols.
His servant joined him by road from Handia, about 18 miles. havi ng t he
boats next day t o work througli the channels between the wooded and rocky ialands,
he found his way down by land
to Poonghaut which waa yet tive xnilar distant. C proceeded through the jungle, and saw
a choetnl nncl some red doe$. ... I nrrived at, Ponnght~ut a t half-past seven o'clock, a r ~ ~ i my
bqgage which came by an inland route mado its appeareuoe half an boor ofterwerds. I
felt vory nnxioua about the people in the boat, who rlid not rrrivo ... till. . . l 2 o'clock on t he
20th. They hud got within three milos ... when they found it i~npossible from t he rocky
nature of the berl of the river t o make further progress, and slept on one of the islands.
20th May. Halter1 Poonghaut. ... Sent people t o t ry and carry a couple of small boats
bolow the falls, but they fniled, assuring mo befbre they madu the attempt t hat it was im-
pract ioal~le.
21st. The &I1 is twolvo or fourken foeL. Httvinq provided boats to meet me a t Pant.
kairn. I ombarked on two tier1 together, and went down the river wlliol~ is very nnrrow and
rocky, with deop pools and rapids, passable with diWculty. ... Arrived Pa l wy 2 P.M.
22ntl. Having met with an accident yeatorday, this morning ... by land t o Munesse --...
pain of Iny foot--cnrried on a country c ot - a r r i vd nt Panassa a t 11 o'olock on 23rd-rockiness
in bed of river, ant1 lack of wntor. Rnpich r r o~n Dharee to Sylnrmee with little exception. ...
Them rnpids have always a rocky bed over which the water r uvh~s with coneiderable
volotbity-six or eeven miles an hol l r-pat exertion t,o force n boat up a current of this kind.
24th May. Prom Dhareo to Sylaunee, ill boaLq sent up from Sylaunee.
25th. Sylonee to AI~m~lnttah : two rapids. Dlltuoe to Jfundleysir, p&LWtlge fairly easy,
and opon to navigation.
Here Sy~ne died exactly six weeks later.
Another Madras officer who contributed was St. John Blacker, youger brother
to Valentine, Quartermaster General of the Madras army.
He was 2nd Assistent
to tho Resident with Sindhia, and commanded a contingent of 2,000 cavalry which
that chief placed at the service of the Commander-in-Chief. The nurveys he
collected, or made himself, were generally of "parts of the country which appeared
leost known and were blank in the latest maps" [ 287 1s.
Malcolru further writes of his map ;
Much has been accomplished ; ... but ... in u great nleasure either during a e b b of actual
hostility, or by officers who were charged ... a t tho same time with either military or politioel
dutioa, ancl without ... the instrulnents necwary for g r e a h t porfection.
Several exte~leive tariangles, Irowever, and a large proportion or the pri nci M rands
place+ have bwn surveyed. ... Tk~ough few plaow bare ...[ been ] 8 x 4 . or their poeition
1 I 4 & 1 I
'dW anrl surnbhm.
' Dh. 144 ( 377 ), 12-10-19. l l Ul 0 . 31 ( IN, I!) 1.
oomM, by eetronornical obeervmtions. yet three anrveys ( by ns many omcers ) llaving
been csrried on nearly e t the same period, whose routea often intersected each ot,her, a
=tiefmtory degree of eccuracy wau thus obtained. ...
A grecrt deal more. ..remains to be done, eucll w oompleting the areas of tho triangles,
Nilling up the intermediate h l e ~~k s botween the several large surveyrxl roads, and connecting
the oot~rse of the principal rivern and their tributaries. For completing this work I 11aqire to
eetebliah, by obeervation of the celestial bodiea, the latitude and longituale of the ~~ri nci pal
pleces...horn which to adjuet the whole snrvey. Several coo~rtries ... remain yet uninvent.iuated.
I allude particularly to the bou~rduries of hlalwe. nnd those extensive hilly tract% or ghaute.
which separata it on all sidar from it's neighborn. ... and t.he whole course of the Nurbuddall
through this province. ...
In the great ontent of the continent and peninsula of India. no province has till lately
been so totally unlcnown to Europeans, and none perhaps has exciter1 granter interest, than
Malwa. I t was thirty years ago u blank in our bwt maps and, though it has been considerably
eluoidated by the geographical investigations of Xajor Genernl Reyllo1d.l [ I, I r G. 217-<) 1. ...
etill Iris means were very limited end, in lirct, the ob~t'aclos 118 had to conten(1 with were so
grsat t,hat I am lass natolriehed at his nrlmerorls error* ~btl(l doticiun~:itru, t,linn nt t,he fleet
q~~e nt i t y of materials and clegrea of accuracy he obtainorl.
Beforo we entered the province. Captain Toll lrad 1a.bourotl with both zeal and talent to
illustrate it'. geography [ 11, 5 j-6 1, but his opportunitino were aluo limited by dificultiea
that armies could alone overcome. ...
I am not 8 scientific man nrpelf, but I know enough to be very alive to the importanoe
of promoting science by every research within our power. ... I t ia e duty wo owe Europe, and
ehould be perfornled as well as ettention to other principles ( never forgettillg tlro neceaaity of'
economy ) will &nit1.
The map was completed in 1821 in eight sheets, 4 milea to the inch, with an index to
place-names, and sent to London for publication on reduced scale [ 84 ]a.
The surveys made in 1818 by John Forbes Paton [ 11,436 1, of the "routes of
a detachment under the command of Maj General Brown, in pursuit of pindaries"
are remarkable for the coloured sketches of forts and strongholds by which
they are decorated [ pl. z 13.
Valentine Blacker, who was on field service as Quartermaster General through-
out the war, compiled a detailed history of it, illustrated by maps for which he was
greatly indebted to the extra labours of all the officers of the Q.M.G.'s dellartment. The maps
which accompany t hk work are ... superior to any that have ever been published respecting
Central Tndirr. For their construction born tl masr of detached materials he iq *(lebted to the
intelligent and diligent aid derived from Capt. T. P. Ball, a.~.ar.a.'.
These comprised 8 maps and 30 plans, compiled by Thomee Ball [ 11, j z o 1, and
fair drawn by James Blechynden in Calcutta. They were "akl engraved under
the impection of Mr. Arrowsmith in London", on scales from 20 to 60 miles to an
inch ; very clear and full of detail ; most of them in a special volume. A brief
descriptiou of this notable collection is given in a later chapter [ 282 ; PI. 20 n, 16.
From 1817 the Quartermaster General of the Bengal army was allowed a cadre
of officers for survey of roads and communications, and other departmental duties.
When specially required, these officers might be placed on regular surveys under
the orders of the Surveyor General, but otherwise their surveys wero only passed
to him for mapping purposes after the Quartermaster General had abstracted all
information needed for military purposes [ 3, 302 1.
In 1821, Hodgson, who had suoceeded as Surveyor General, proposed t hat these
officera ahould extend their operations south and west of the Company's boundaries ;
each pair of officers being allotted a definite section of about 100 miles square
[ 201 1. In pursuance, and in extension, of this policy, several officers were sent
' DDII. 145 ( 1-13 ). 26-11-I!).
' 8 rough rns. 4hentq I I ~ Il~~bort l2il,l1inpd. .\IH.lO. JIino. 2-0-18.
I . I ( 2 ) . ' Dlat!knr [ X J 1.
" Originnl4. JIRIO. 07 11 ( 1-13 ).
out during tho next few yeara1.
Alexander Gerard surveyed an area muthwerde
from Agra-S~lidye and Hall, the Jaipur aream-Becher and Rohh medc.sim8ar
mweys betwoen AllahkbBd, Jltbbulpore, NBgpur, and Saugor3--William Garden
passe8 over the Vindhya Hills-nnd Hugh hlorricson the country b @ t w ~
Nimach end Kotah4 [ 3 3 5 7 1.
Other murveys include one by Bellew "of the route of Lt Colonel Lockett, Agent
to the C;overnor General, from Ajmere to Jecrsulmeer, thence through Sirohi back
to Jessoheer "6-anotller by John Nonf\~ille in 1897 from Kglpi through Saugor,
Nimachs, Udaipur and Sirohi t o Sind.
Many of these Rurveys werch farourably cornnlol~ted upon by ' Evere~t an Sr~rveydr
(3eneral in 1832. They werc not only i~nportant froui a military point of view, but
were apl,recirtted by ri\.il otlicerx. In 1826 tho a.c.0. rit Jr~hbl~lpore asked for
copieq of
ell t,lle s l l r ves of r8, ad~ hl tho ~ I I I I L ' I I P 1111~1 St ~' t , ~l , l ~l n, l'errito~.ie?r. ... . \~IIII, V run11 rllrvoyrr have
... b COIL nllj~lo i r ~ tho Ql~nrtur Jlnstar Oc~~err~l ' r; tlrlil snrvc,)- t l c pnr c ~~~i *~~t *. CLI I J ~OS 01 whii-l~ would
be "I' inlinitt. r1.rvit.r to lrlu a t !'I.(YRII(, I I I ~ I ~ \ T. ~I u I I I ~ ) r ~ v r ~ ? t I I ~ ~ I I . I ~ 111111~1~1~~4~r~- delay a11d
tro~1l)lt- i l l t l e t t ~ r ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ i g ~ I I ~ J 41iwcti~~11 ( ~ C . . . I I ~ I I ~ I ~ V ~ ~ ~ I ~ rot~~l., tl111 C I ) ~ I I I I C ~ I I C U I I I ~ I I ~ ( I [ 1%-11icl1 will
~ l w ~ ~ w ~ r i l y I ) , * rtstnralt-(l i C wu b~rv ct l ~l i ~u~l l t , wt~it, l'or IIISV s ~~r v e y * of cstt-11 [ 2 ; 1 7 .
Hc asked for s sl~ceial sl~l.\.cy ;
A1tl11111gti ~ I I c ! , I 1111~1111oo1~ IJistrirL ( . XI CIII la 1 0 t l ~ ' OI I . I I I V~I 1.1 I LI(, let~st UI I P IIIIIILLI.C'II I I I I ~I ' S COW
Jut>ull~r,rbr, t l ~ e mall of t.110 r oi ~nt r y i l i tllu(. 1lirt1t.ti1111 is 11, perft~ct I~lnnk. ant] we ore, us yet.
in tot111 i pnr onr e rngnrrlillg t.110 e n s t ~ r l ~ I~ntln~ltlry. ... I nm i l l I ~opm t hat (Ir~vernrnont will'
be I I I C~ I I R~ I t r, allon' 111.. Ollive~., tilt' ot f i ~' ~r i l l clllbr~e a ~ f the ' I' rigl,non~etrird Surve?-. wI!o is
a t prmeot e~nplnyofl in estnhlinl~inq :I ~erie.r of geogrtlldiicrtl st,etions rtlrtwtlrd in tho latitude
of 24' ~l nr t h [ rcirb.1 1, t.o extontl his t r i ~c~~cl es RS far sonth n3 23'. from 81,' t o R2'oa.qt lon~itrlde.
when ... t l ~ern WI I I I I CI uot IJP 1n11rh 8liWit-ullv in filling up t. 11~ l~Inrlk8.
On thc Surveyor Ceneral'cr aclvicc, no change was made in Olliver's programlne,
but Rirlmrd Home, then stationed n.t .Tnbbulpore, compiled a map0 which, though
"maiulj- from infor~uat~ion obtained from natives", was nluch appreciat,ed ;
I t we4 to him [ Home ] a work of mttcll timu nnd labour, and formed with great care and
ability out of muteriul collected by hi mel f, co~nbined with aucll tle ho fontrd available from
eunroya ninrle by profm~ionnl gentlemen. ... Considering t he imperfect .... i t at e of 1111t he motor-
iale avniloble. wit11 thc esc.option of wlinL were i u r n ~ ~ h e d by Captain ltobb' e profeaaional
eurvoy. ... I have folinll Cnptain Home's nap n,ondarfillly correct and, though 110 is 11ow in
Eurol~e f'nr t he recovery of his health, nncl nlarlo t,hin map purely from feel ui p of f r i c~ndnl ~i ~ for
you, W ~ R I I you were UI c l l ~ r g ~ of thig rliatrict,, ttnrl wit.hout anv view t o remuneration. Govern-
ment w o ~ ~ l ~ l pel-hapa...l~c ~mat~ific~l tcl have nn opl~ortlmity of rewnrrling labol~rv s#-, o ~ n i l ~ ~ n t l ~
usefullo.
Home'n mup was passed for conirne~it t,o tho Surveyor General, who recom~uerld~d
him for u, reward of Rs. 500, calling i t
a creditable performnnco ; it contains wonw new info~mntion in one pnrt. and ia Inure coml,lete
in others tlrlln tho map of t hat district in this office. ... I t has not been correcteli by astro.
nomical ob~ervat i om whicl~ would havo increased it'u value but , as many places in t he map
have beer1 dotermined hy tho Great. Triqon~rnet~rical Survey. t , l ~s erro rs... might enaily he
rectifiorlll.
Amolipt the officer^ of the Quartermaster General's depart ~~l ent working
under the S u ~ e y o r Gonerel [ 336 1, James Johnstone had started ou a eurvey of
Bhopgl under the direction of the Political Agent who, in April 181s. submitted
a plan of tlle fort of Kaseya, end n very noourate eketoh of t he p r g a ~ ma h of Bai1aeed1la. ...
Thin part of Malwa afforde a field ... lesn e~cploretl t han almont any other part of fidoetpn,
I '
18a.'s lettor of 21-11-21. md illst~otiona of 21-1-22.
n I O . 82 (-):.a3 (&a, 5a);~)1) ( 80) .
~ b . 7 ~ ( 7 ) : 7 2 ( 3 . 1 3 ) ; 7 3 ( 2 1 ) ; 7 8 ( 6 2 ) ; 7 8 ( 4 7 ) ; 8 1 ( 1 4 , 4 7 ) ; &1 (8,g) lb 84 ( 8 7 ) . 'Sirohi,
46 DI13. 26 m. N. of Mt. Abu. DDn. 282 ( 284 ). 12433.
*Nirnaoh. 4'L/16 ; map MRIO. 84 ( 8 ).
' D h . 103 ( 47 ), l&9-28. DDn. 217 ( 126 ). 9-12-27 ; BTC. 3-1-28.
I MRIO. 78 ( 30 ).
l.hn
Rlmmnn, PA. b A M . . S2-30. '1 RTC. 16-3-30. l X Berasia. 66 E/B.
d . . . L i b u s t Johnaton hAe been for solno mont h laboriously ... elmeying the oolulhry.
.aB J e
ocmidarable espwie in proawing thb requisite instrummtal.
In
fhe Surveyor C3eneral to give professional instmotions, &vernmwt
r t i p M t b t
the -ey ... of Bhopul , or other foreign coumtriw, must depend entirely OII the plowlure of
UIsir respective eovartligns. Lieutannut J ohns t ~n ... will submit hhsolf on thmt point to the
h t i o n of the. ..aacredited Agente of Government in that qwrtsr3.
Johnstone's work which Malcolm uaed for hi^ map of M8lwa [ 841 includod
" veluable oommunicat.io~ ... regarding the soil, cultivation, and idlabitants "3. In
November 1822 the Surveyor Genorel recomme~lded that 110 should extend his
auwey southwards [ 202 ] ;
He regularly sont in hie field books, and I have raoeivd the ~r wp of the provinw l u~d o
memoir. ... I have from time t o time instructed Captnin Johnston in the rnanner of executing
hie duty, and I consider him as a 7mlous and improving surveyor. ...
I tllink favorably of Captain Johmton'e disoretion. and t r ~l st ttwt he will not give offence
to the rulers of those s t a b tlwough which opor~ttio~le muat be conducted, but ,...it mny be
fhought expedient ... to explain tllrough the political nnt,lloritieu t,hnt hi^ duty is merely of
a generel geographical naturd.
h 1850 Waugh reported that Johnstone's survey was "certainly one of the best
and most detailed geographical documents we posscrrjs "6.
Ln 1822 Rowland Ferguson offered t o survey Surgujae, c:ovcring
the populous and powerful dist~iota of Rooreeah, Odeypoor and .\Iohreel. Thie line of coui~try
oonsieta of meny romantic valleys and numeroue large and beautiful rivers. with whose
eourooand termination we a m little acquainted. The eurrey ehould (:ommenno a t Bu~oojah-
Numur, proceeding in a south-westerly direction as far a3 Ruttunpoo+. ... The next object
... ehould be the s o m of that, wide and rem~rkeble river. the H u h m . which ia conjectured to
h k e ita riae from ... the same mountain which givee birth to the Mahnnuddee and Some Rivors.
From thnt point the survey should strike down in e eouth-easterly direction to Odeypoor.
from thence to Gangpur, and from Gangpoor to that amphitheatrical v d e y formed by the
.mountaiue called Myn Patlo. These mountains are romarknble for a tableland of great boauty,
and for almost every variety of soil and climnt~. Thnir hnight hy ... bnrometricnl mensurc3ment
might then be nacertainod. ...
The whole survey here detailed might be Cmkhe~l in two or three seesons ; it wonld add
oonsidorably to our goographicol howl ed~. o, and mould ntford us nn opportunity of hecoming
better acquainted with 8 people remarkable for many poculiaritins of character".
In obtaining aanction to these proposals the Surveyor General commented that
by Captain Jeckson's surveyed route we already Iulo~v the direct line of communication
between Cuttack and Nagpoor [ 27-8 ] ; and the officers of the Ramghur Battalion have at
different timerr uunreyc(l tho roar18 between ltamghur nntl Surnb~~lpoor [ 11, 4.1 1. These ...
are only mere lines of route, and do not tend to give that fill1 knowledge of the c-oi~ntries
under our infl~ience which seems desirable.
Of the co~~nt r y or Sumbhulpoor we know little, on11 Iws of Sirg~~oj:\h. ... That uoi~ntry
ie romarkahle for containing within it n very high, and u, probably snlubriou.r. tnblo land
celled 31yn Pet, and also tlln ioorcas of sovet.nl ron-itlenrbln rivaiq, ... a Icnowle~lge of which
... cnnnot fail to be of i~qe.
The eurvey was completed ill 1823.1a
In Janl~ary 1822 Irvine, of the Engineers, was appointed to survey " t l ~e sources
of the Nerbuddah, Soane, end Taptee, rivera ", which lie in the Chattisgarh plateau
on the border8 of BilLpur and Rewah. Hodgson had pointed out that
the wertainment of the h e d s and eourcw of groat rivors may be deemed highly interesting. ...
The aources of the Cnngce, Jurnne, end othor rivora, originating in the 011owy mountains,
have b m lately eaplord, but we am 88 yet in doubt respecting the true origin of three very
large and noted riven, the Xerbu(ldah, 8oano. and Mahsnuidtly [ I, 30 1. Hitherto politicel
rather then phyeicel obsteelea have provented men of science from obtaining t hat knowledge,
bnt at prment ... no di ~aul t i as e x i ~t on the former bend, and very few on the letter.
DDII. 144 ( 187 ), 44-10.
=ib. ( 413 ). 27-11-19. DOC. WDn. 101 ( 176 ), 25-6-21. 'l)h. 198
( 134 1, 11-11-22.
,Meps, MRIO. 81 ( 2-5 1761 ) 82 ( 7, 18 ) 83 ( 1-5 ). PR. DDn. 642 ( 166 ), 20-10-60.
* 1)Dn. 106 ( 08 ), a-S-"2; BOC.
'KO- 81 I ; Udaipur, 04 514. 10 m. N. of Bilsspur, a J/&
l t d o R., riaa 64 117 ; john Mahhusdi. 64 K/IO.
IoMdn Pet. 64 N/15 ovor 3,600 ft. 11 DDn. 108 ( l a) ,
23-4-22.
"ib. ( 70 1, 2 6 4 2 2 ; J hp 4 m. to nn inoh. MRIO. 78 ( 23 ).
A&ing to e vulgarly rsarived opinion ... the h e end Neibuddah ere mppoeed b
-iog fmm t he -0 pool ncser Amarountue [ 1. 29, 30 1. and to
oFJ@te ooam* kWIb
ie not a t d l probeble.
1 think it l i bl y t hat they muat ori ght e Emm t he opposits a i d s
of the m e ridge or bbl e lend of Amerountuo, end as the heeds of t he Meheeuddee and men7
.$her atr- are not ftu. dintant. i t is evident that t he elevation of the oonntry mue) k
p t , and to determine it is very desirable [ 11, PIS. 1, 24 1-
Sugesting that the survey should follow the Narbede as &r m ~ o s hn~ &bBd
[84] and give the correct position of Nggpur, Hodgeon "obaemed that the eountry
between the perallela of the Nerbuddah and Nagpur iq Very wild, and a minute
actual survey of the whole cannot be expected "I.
gor the survey of Bgre [ 26-7 I he pm@
h t Lietrt. Ale~rander Gerard ... be employed to make u gw~gnphi ml n w g r , corrccltd by
u y estronomical obaervatiom, of tho countries comprehended by the linw tlnrwn from Jey-
pour, -t to Agra, from thence aouth by Qwalior to Nnrwm, nnd t,henco wmt. to Roondee,
& from Boondee to t.ho north t o .Jeypolu [ 202 1.
When the outline is oompleted tho detail will be filled up ... and tho height of sac11 halting
plsco will be determinod by barometrical observations. But, before Lieut. Gerard prnceeds
complete the detail of the above tract, a p ~ t sorvice will be rendered ta geography if he
be to proceed born Nurwar, south to Ser onp m d ndhopaul, 8nd thence west to .4ugein' ;
fmm Augo in... Kote, and Tonk, to Jeypour ; t h ue... forming an occurate skeleton map, whiah
may be filled up by other surveyors of lese experience'.
h approving theae propoeak Government ordered that Gerard ehould come under
the order0 of Sir David Ochterlony [ 11, 62-5, go 1, Resident at Indore.
He left Seb&thu in October and worked down to Agra where he stayed for two
months, taking barometer and other observation at the T&j. Starting again 8t
the end of Januarg, he ran his survey through Gwalior and Sironj to Bhopd. He
returned to Gwalior on the 2nd June 1824, and stayed there three months, laid up
with fever [204]. Reporting on hie work Hodgson stressed the importance of having
such preliminary framework laid out by a surveyor of high professional skill ;
Important linea have been determined ... by officers when attending arrniea, and some
partR have been filled in from information ; but thme methods roquire t he verifioation of surveys
carefully carried on a t full leimre in times of peace. and corrected by precise astronomioal
observations made by officers of skill. ...
During the lost season that zealous and skilful officer [Gerard] determinod by very
laborious, but esact, methods, t he true positions of the placas lying on and nenr the mo r i d i ~
l i e from Agrcr to Bopaul, ... but ... soon after he had completed thia...he wns attacked by
severe illness, the consequence of rcitigue and exposure, and t,he department will be deprived
of his ruluable services tu he 11- lately signified his intention of rtmignind.
After some months, however, on political duty under the Resident, Gerard
resumed the survey and sent in
an abstract of the flurvey from Aqra to Neemuch. ... From Ap a to Jeypoor must be considered
only aa an approximation to the truth, as nearly as can be determined by a memured line ofeo
graat an extent. in an east and wtxt direct,ion, nnd laying often through a very stony country.
From Jeypoor to Icota, being almmt norLh and south. and the country pnrticularly favor-
eble for the method of latitudes and azi mut h, I look upon i t t o be accurstely determined,
or at least very ncarly so.
From Kota to Neemuch, by fnr the greater part of the way lays through a very woodg
and mountaino~~s t r wt , where it was frequently impossible to see abovo two or tt- hundred
yards on nny side. and t,he survey may be considered as correct as it could be made in rnlch
country, where astronomical observatiorm wore comparatively of very little use, by man
of the line being far from the meridian and the number of wiudinge of t l l ~ road vely p t .
The exact longitude of Seronpe mill be determined by Captain Everest when he -ves
tharo in December or Junuary [ 245-6 ] and, as it will be a matter of coneidemble impo-oe
to get 8 point Be far to the westward as possible acourately Bxed. ... I hlhnd, in oonjunctioo
wi th Cap& Everest, ta fix Neemuch in this manner and, if 1 have leimre $0 jeypoor
or even Koh, the whole apace comprehended between Agra, Jeypoor, Nmmuch,
~ h ~ ~ d
be exactly known6.
' 1)h. 108 ( 1 ), 3-1-11.
U J I 4 I .
DDII. IUR ( 93 1. \ H6 T ? . I .
ilr. ( 131 ). 22-10-23 ;
mapa, Aye-Uhcll)il, IIRTO. 29 ( 1. ?O ).
&DDtl. 21.' ( 247 ). 26-S-24.
From November 1824 Gerard was again e~nployed on political duty, but when
the =dent d e d for an accurate survey of the Satpure Range and the Nerbade:
River, Bleckwr suggested Gerard for a task that would require pr el i mi i y
t,&nguletion, and at least two assistants'. By the time Gerard became available
Hodgnon had succeeded aa Surveyor General and insisted t hat Mklwa and Rkjpu-
t&m should take priority ;
It ie certainly deairablo that a correct knowledge sllould be obteinod of the places in qllee-
tion, but it is more to [ the point 1 that we should have an exact m r e y of the whole of Maim
and Rejpootana. ...
Captain Gerard ... laid down the line from Aga, to Bopaul in a mannor highly creditable
... and surmounted many difficultiacr, which arose from tho perplexing ... chnngea in the mapat i c
variation, caused by the abundance of iron ore in the hilh near Gwalior. ... He was, in
consequence, obliged to b!ve up all reliance on the magnetic needlo, and t o proceed by the
~IXEcult and lnborioua mothod of determining every portion of the line by azimuths of the
pole star or sun, tracing t,he alignment 90 found by flngs and the explosion of rocketa
[ 182-3, 199 I?. ...
Cautsin Gerard was obli~ml to discontinue his openltione on accoku~t of ill health, b ~ ~ t now
seems to be sufficiently recovered to r mme them.
Gerard was, accordingly, "appointed Surveyor in AIalwa and Itiijputiina, with
a staff allowance of 800 Rs. a month, and ... allowed two assistants, who also are
to be co~llmissioned officer^"^. The two ofhers were not forthcoming hut ap-
prentices were supplied instead. l~(tvi11g Calcutta in October 1826, he reached
Fatehgarh by boat, and then made u run to Agra by palanquin drlk to obtain the
difference of longitude by chronometcr [ 180 1.
The dawk journey Don1 Fut t ehyr to Agra and brrck, ... to find the difference of longitude
by transference of tune, brought, on R severe return of a, fever which I had almost the whole
way from Calcutta to Bonares, and which h d troubled me every year for theae laat six
y m .
I ~ ~ a a at that time unable to wturn ... by dnwk, so I marched. FVhon the fever I&
me ... I...proceecled...to ILhaaynge. ...
I had an attack of fever at Khasgunye which deternl~ned me to return to Agra ua soon M
pwible, so nfter gett~ng an observation for the time I returned ... on the night of tho 7th, having
during the whole journey with llttlo intemisaion been in a severe fever, which 11t1v continued
to this h o d .
He was then held up at Agra by sickness for several months and, failing
to give explanations that satisfied the Surveyor General, was discharged from
Augwt 1827.
Under the treaty of 1818 after the defeat of the usurper Appa Sahib, the nine-
year-old Raghuji I11 succeeded to the NLgpur throne, and his territories6 were
administered by the British Resident till he should come of age. The area now
known aa Berkr waa transferred from Nigpur to the NizLm [11, 133 n.11 but the
revenue8 and the administration were aasigned to the British t o meet the expenom
of the subeidiery force. Certain districts ceded by the Peshwa and NLgpur were
trennferred t o the British, and administered as "The Saugor and Narbada Terri-
toriee" by an Agent to the Governor General. Bastar and the Chattisghar Stetee
to the eaet were removed h m allegiance to the NLgpur Rija, to be controlled
by the British Reaident.
In November 1810 the Resident asked for a survey of all Nbpur territories
whiah he mid would be
mom than repaid ... by procuring for tile several nuperintendents ... information of the provinces
under their m~angement, of which they are now rnuoh in want. Mejor Agnewa partioulasly
' IJIIIL. IHR ( 07 ), 23-11 -24 ; 201 ( 1G.i ). 14-1-25 ; (212 ) ?3-1&26,
sib. U)4( 285 ), 1&&28. sib.
211 ( 32 ). 8--9--26.
'from Taj JlahPI. A m . 304-27 ; DIhl. 201 ( 336 ).
LCurnprising tile diatricL9 ol
Chhindwlre. Siigp~lr. Wardha, Chinde. Bl~andhra. BHliyl~it, BilLpur. H:bipur, nnd Drug. Thmc dietriot*
p a a d to the Brithh uo thc dmth nl Kaghuji UI in IM3. to form part ,,r tho Central h > v i o o e ~ . Wrn.
&pew 1 17iR-1823 ). Hen. Inf., Enr. 1796. Msj. 1816.
mquirea 8 howledge of Chukeagurl~, which is nearly a blank in ell our mnpn. Xlmt of the
lands are stiu unmsrcnuml. ...
~t is, barid-, ... highly doairable that there should be a nnrvtty t o determine the bounclarim
of tho company'^ and Rajah's territories1 [ 3 I.
Alexander Stewart [II, 443 ] was nppoi~ltod in 1822 and commenced triangnlation
on
base mensurecl by the late Lieutenant Colonel Lambtoll a t Takulkhera near EUichpoor
[ 232 ;
18 1, but the total want of nssistance rendered it impo~aible for him t o make any
e&tual proqress for some time ... though Licutenante Frankland find McLeodP, of His
MajWty's .service, were appointell early iu 1823. ... Lieut. Frankland's delicate health did not
permit him to take a part in the Labour of it, and he soon went t o t he Cepe of Good Hope
on sick certiBcato, and Lieut. hlcLeod was a t the Cape when appointed, and resigned shorfly
dt er his mi va l a t Nagpore, without having benefittod the survey by hie exortione.
Lieutenant Norris' was also nppointed, but hie services were required during this neaaron
to survey tho late Resident's route to the source of the hlaltl-lt~noddee and Nerbi~rlde [ 89 1.
The survey consequently cannot Le said to liave actually commenced till the .*-on of
1823-24, when, the services of Lieutanants Norris [ and Weston ] baing available, ... Captain
Stewart employed himself in determining trigonometricnl points4, whilst thoy wore occupied in
oompleting a detail survey of the pergunnahs bordering on t,he Wurdas but, Lieut.. Weaton
bvi ng been temporarily withdrawn ... for ... n perambulntor survey of the northern boundnry,
... the progrew ... did not equal the expectatione of the superintendent, whose zoo.1 for tho
advancement of the laborious undertaking this year cost l~irn his life.
Stewart died a t Niigpur in May 1824 end,
on taking charge of the department, ... Lieut. Norris found that. ..about fivo thounand square
miles had been surveyed trigonometrically, not more than three thousand of which wag
completed in detail, and t hat the survey of tho northern boundary by Lieut. Weaton hed
been discontinued. ..in the h'erbudda vulley in consequence of the dangerous illnew of t hat
officer, who nearly fell e swrifice t o the inwlubrity of the jungles. ... His contini~ed doticate
state of heelth depriving the department of his more nctive servicar during the greater pnrt of
the season 1824 & 26, he was employed by ordor of the Reeident in taking e minute survey of
the city of Nagpoor and its environn8.
After completing his excellent map of the city in 1825, Weston rejoined the mein
eurvey which
durinp; the two following seasons advancell with p a t rapidity over a most wild and
country and, although tho late dangerous illnew of the superintendent [Sorris] and almost
all hia eatabliahment prevented his entering the jungles so early this year as he had usually
done, the rosult...at tho end of the seasou will prove that no time hea been lost. ...
Tho pr ogr w of the work would, however, have been materially advanoed had the aid of
a few sub-wsistants qualified to undertake the plain table survey been obtained since its
commencement. but every application hitherto for such aid has been proved unsucceJsfu17, &
Lieut. Wo~t on hw of necemity been occupied on this inforior duty. ...
The trigonometrical nete, from its commencement a t the brwe near Ellichpoor $0 the
meridian of the most easterly point yet determined. ... meaaures 197 British miles and, &om
the most northern point noar Garurwara to the fort of Chenda. 194 miles. I t compmhen&
e tract of the Nagpore cou~ltry of upwards of 20.000 square miles, including the entire
districts of Nagpoor ... below the Ghauts. and the Wein Gunga, nearly the whole of ~~~~h
Ballagliaut, and the greateat portion of ... Chrmda, where it is still in prograw in a eouth--hrly
direction. ... It is poseible that stations may be determined as far south as tile junction of
t l ~e Wein Gunga with tho Preoneebae.
The tritangular observations would liave included s muoh greater extent of country had
not the ~uperintendent been obliged to mi s t a t the detail survey.
The survey which was on the one-inoh soale had
for its northern boundary the g m t ranye of Gl ~aut s which runs in cm easterly direction from
the Wourda to the Wein Gun:.&.
On the wort and south-west i t hes tile Wourdo,
eepnrntes it from Ellichpoor and tlio doruinions of Iiis Highnaw the Xizam, and a n extensive
range of hills ... dividos it from Chuttoesqurh, and confinos it on the eajt. In this troot is oom-
prehended the whole district s t present undor the management of His Highness the ~ ~ j h . ...
DDn. 145 ( 3 i ). 27-11-I!).
Fm~lorick TVm. Fr~rnklnnd ( 1793-1979 ), C-rpt. H.M. 20th Fmt 64-38;
8th Bart. 184R--C'bns. Roderick McLmd. RBI. 30tl1 Fwt. I.ioot. 24-11-IS.
Swriter ol. t k mport ( d s t d
14-4-28).
'P~ibk. DDn. 178, Y 234.
' Mbp. JLRIO. 07 ( 18 ). 8 nl. ta inoh.
Plan. 200 pards to an
Fb, MRIO. 188 ( 38 ) ; shows S~tibmldi HIII.
' ape Rd t . to SO., DDn. 213 ( A2 ), h m b a 1825.
Mistera of trianglod. 1)Dn. 176, M 234 ; 270 ( 87 ).
' at Sooru. 56 M114.
The stlrvey of this most important tract of the Nagpoor territories hss been completed
by Lieutenants Norria and Weston, aesisted by ono
( whose services till lest year were
of little dvantcrge In.
Norris submitted the above report in April 1828, with an estimate of the amount
of work completed and still remaining.
Out of an area of about 66,000 square
miles belonging to the Ej a, not more than 37,000 produced any revenue, of
whioh about 20,000 was surveyed by 1828.
The silrvey has not yet extended beyond tho country yieldinerevenue, nearly half of which ...
hag boen completed, but before any definite period can be named for the c ~ n c l ~ i o n of the
whole, it is necassary to know if the extensive zemindaries rlnder Chanda, and those of B u s h
md Keroude, etc., in Chatteesgurh ... are to be included. ...
The detail survey of tho entire tract of country yielding revenue on tllis side of Chuttees-
gurh wU...be completed during next season, and possibly tlio trigonometricnl observations
may be extended through the Chanda zernindarias. ~ n d by Ka ka S and ... Buster, towurdn
Ryepoor. hat, as numerous impedimenta are to be expected in so desert and unhectlthy a
region, its advancement must be considered extmmelp pwcarioue. ...
As the survey hna advencod, variouq maps have been compiled, but as no well-defined
tract has been completed in detail till very lately, nono of then1 contnin the entire portion.
.,. A map is now in progTes on a scale of four milas to an inch, and when finished will be
placed at the Resident's dkpo.se1. It will comprise the whole of the detail survey west of
the meridian 81' E., ... containetl between the perallele 18" 45' and 29" North, ... and will
con& all the country below the ghats, nnd west of Chutteesgurll, from which revenue is
derived.
mp~ on the same scale, and in portions of one degree of latitude to one of longitude, shall
be prepared for the Surveyor General's office when tho Resident's copy in finshed, ... but
if a person could be sent from that office ... much time and labour would be saved.
On the young Rgja's assumption of full power from 1st June 1830, the survey
was to be oloeed down, European staff discharged, and instruments handed over to
the Resident [ go 1. With his h a 1 report N o h asked for the Surveyor General's
m c t i o m... for the ... satisfactory ermngement of the vast extent of goographiccrl detail ... in
my possession. ...
The very little assistance I have lately had in consoqllenco of the long ahsence of Mr. Weaton
on sick leave : the accidental death, nearly two years ago, of the only draughtaman who hed
ever bean atteched to the department ; and the conatant delicate health of the sub-nssiatant.4,
necmmrily compelled me to undertake not only the whole trigonometriral, but the fleeter
pert of the plane table, survey. ... Unless time and opportunity are allowed me to complete
m p calc~~lations and compile mnpa, I shall have orlly a confilsed mass of geographical detail
... which ... can only be arranged by me, who have 1 1 4 the uninterrupted manawment of the
whole for six years.
The groat importence ... of a minuto survey of 26,000 square milen ... which had previously
b n little known to European authority, will, I doubt not, be a wfficient inducement for you
to fnvour our prooeedi~lgs for a few months, ... that I may bo permitted to retsin charge of
the record4 ... till I can present them to 'you in a clear and satisfactory state. ...
At leaat six months will be required after the 1st June to compile maps for the Court
of Directors, the Government, your office, end the Resident a t Negpore. ... Mr. Weaton may
be essacieted with rno ; ... hie abilities es a draughtaman are first-rate. ... 4 lithographic
oopy of the whole survey will materially facilitab the preparation of the maps, ... and ens-
their prompt and correct delineation. and ... save infinite trouble and ... expense'.
The full material comprised 61 sections on the one-inch ecde with an index
map, and a set of reductions on the half-inoh scale#. They are all beautsully
drawn in coloura, and some are heavily shaded [ pl. 10 1. The area oovered
roughly compondn with the preeent districts of the Central Provinces, omitting
mesnorth of parallel 22" and mt of the B&gh river and the southern stmtohee
of the Wainganga [82, pl. 171. It does not cover Bedr, whioh between 1803 and
1863 formed part of the Nizim's dominions [ 91 1.
The Sumeyor General, Henry Walpole, expressed satisfaction with
i t. variolls d e W ; ... i t reflecte greet credit on the skill and perseverance of the two individ&
' uol ~r l r nl t M.
= &[KM t I,.v Norcm, l ) l h 231 ( 13444 ), 1 1 4 28.
lK&nkrr. &L H. '?ither the
papal s b v e r*&,rred to nr John Cnmol~un, dmn. [ pl. ro n J.
' Dl h. .'a ( ns 44 ), 1481- 1
*nrlc hem
& n ~ . MRIO 108. A & 11 : r e r l u~t l au 76 ( 20 42 ) 78 ( 1 -22 )
Plate 10
NdGPUR TERRITORIES
Reprtxil~ced from one-inch eurvey rarrierl out. under Frenk Norris
between 1824 ant 1 1830 [w-3 1. Busd 1>11 triang~llcrtior~ s t a d hy
Alexander Stewart [ 11. 443 ] from Lambturl'x trla~qqlea.
Druwn by John Cornelius.
who have completed' with so little wsistanw e minute awvey of 25,000 flqllare miles of 8
countv, the geat er part of whioh hed been previously unelrplored.
survey is founded on a triangulation depending on Colonel Lembton's r n ~e n ~~r e d h w
Ellichpoor.
The theodolite which wlvl employed in the primtary trianglw is of a ~u ~mr i o r
kind, having been expressly ordered from Europe hy Colonel I ~ mb t o n , and wae p ~ l r c l l d
for the Nagpore Surve,v nt the sale of hi^ effects [ 236 1.
A sorim of secondary points heve been dotorminod by a smaller tlreodolite of ordmarg
conetruction. The detail has been taken up by meuns of the plane-table in wectione of 400
equrrre rnilm, on n scale of 1 inch to a mile, ant1 the tapopaphiool fcetures have been well
expre~sed.
Mawieum Nomis and Weston will be reqnired to cornpleto a map upon 8 reduced ecalo
of 4 mil- to an inch, which thoy have already cornmencod : to prepare a register of their tri-
gonometricr~l calculations ; n descriptive memoir : uncl to cornpleto and nrrange the field m-
tiom am1 other materiels'.
Nomis and Weston were allowed six months a t Calcutta from August 1830,
speoial rates of pay being fixed as they were not servants of the Company. As e
special favour they were granted Rs. 400 each t o oover travelling expenaes from
N-ur to Calcutta, but were allowed no pay from 0th June to 31st July.
With the help of John Cornelius, who had been with the survey from the beginning,
and who printed the names, "8 very tedious part ", t.he mapa was delivered within
the stipulated period, and the final recorb submitted on March 1831.
The Directors had some qutllme about having left the N&gpur State t o bear t he
full expense of 1 he survey ;
A trigonometricel eurvey of the Nagpore Territorg would no doubt have been highly
beneficial if the country had continued under Britiah manegernent, end is even now useful,
although more so t o oumelvaq than to the Rajah. But, in malciug him pay the whole of t he
expence, we have done what would heve been so~mel y justifieble if wc had then contempleted
withdrawing, almost before the survey sas completed3.
Everest, who was now Surveyor Qeneral, and alwaya exacted a very high
standard of work, deputed Wiloox and Waugh to make a careful exemination of
the triangulation ;
You ... will jointly examine the work of Captain Stewart end Lieuts. Norris and Weston,
comprising a net of triangles origineting from Lhe Takal Khere base, nod closing in with my
points, ... in order t hat the reel value of those operations mey be explained in as precise end
cloer e manner 89 possible for the inforlnetion of the Honorable Caurt. of Direotora. ...
Trigonometrioel operatio ns... ere not worthy which will not bear t est ; they would be
a o o ~ ~ n t e d a9 totally unfit to compsre with other3 bearing the same deqiqnation, and muet
sink into the lower level of comp~rison with route and parambulntor surveys, end military
reoo~eissances. If, therefore, yon find on examination t,het tl1o3e oparationv are defeotive
on this ground, you must then prooeed to estimate their worth as affording dat a for geographi-1
purposes. ...
Lastly your opinion a3 to the general xneritv of the execution of the detoil, and the everage
rate st whioh i t proceeded4.
The result of this examination was thus summarized by Waugh in 1868, at the
time when a revenue survey of the Central Provinces waa proposed ;
I mention a t once the clear impransion 1 retain of the result of the examination which ww
inntituted by Colonel Wiloox end myself 26 yeere ago. We were of opinion t hat the topography
wss valuable, end highly creditable to M-. Xorria end Weaton, but the triangulation am
of inferior order, knperfeot, and executed by a4 observer ignormt of the uae lrnd edjustmenb
of an instrument of the cl- which lie employed.
His angle b o o b contnu~ed evidence racorded by himelf of hie ignorance of geodetio im-
trumentv oi that order and, sucli being the case. I& triangulation wm deemed unworthy of
inoorporation with the Greet Trigonometrioal Survey'.
' DDn. 282 ( 37 ). 20-7-30 : 2136 ( 29 ). 27- 740 : B Pol C.
'on Pinch and 8-mile d m . 78 1 4-60 1 : 78
(39-7); a printed rednotion appears in Bsngd & Agm dnnunl Gui& & ~~, 1842, vol. Ti, Pg'Gh-(2&-).
'OD to B., Pol., 1-2-32 ( 18 ).
' DDa. 267 ( 17(1), 13-1132 of. 285 ( 316-6 ), 17-11-31.
DDn. 686
( 434 1 , 6 4 4 8 ; chart. I 0 Cd. ( 55-13 ).
CHAPTER VII
MADRAS SURVEYS
Re-organizulion, 1815-7 -Militay Zmtitutia, 1815-6 - EJzmhir Cis&,
1817-4 - Coorg, 1815-7- Padicherry & Madraa - Northern Cirairs : Maadi pabm
& fi j amundy, 1815-23 - Vizagapatam &: Ganjam. 1824-30.
T
HE topographical surveys of Madras Presidenoy ran more efficiently and
smoothly than those of Bengal for several reasons [ 11, 130 1.
Firstly.-There were no major wars within the Presidency after the fall of
Tipu in 1799.
Secondlv.-There was an eetablishment of trained country-born aasistanta
-. --
[ I, 382-4 ;=11, 340-52 I.
Thirdlv.-There waa a body of military officen trained in mathematics and
awvey &-the Military ~nstitution [ 11, 314-21 1.
Fourthly.--Colin Mackenzie, who had been employed continuously on survey
aince 1792, and became Surveyor General in 1810, insisted on the organization of
ameye on eyatematic lines. He allotted definite administrative areas to organized
parhim, each led by an experienced rnilitary officer, with several sub-msistante or
assistant surveyors and an interpreter [ 4 1.
With such an organized party, each survey could oarry on continuously till
the area was completed even if the officer in charge fell sick or died, wherees in
Bengal the sicknws or transfer of the s u ~ e y o r in charge usually meant the abandon-
ment of the survey [4,18,49, 140 ].
Fifthly.-Not only was the country gerierally suitable for triangulation,
but Lambton's surrey, which had been extending steadily since 1802, provided
accurately fixed points and bases from which the topographical surveys could be
started with confidence [ 11, 233-4 ; 111,225 1.
During Mackenzie's absence between 181 1 and 1815 [ 11, 299, 30~-3 1, Morison
had continued the various sun7eys much as Mackenzie had left them.
Garling, with Conner and a few sub-assistants, completed the survey of Goe
and Sonda ; Dunigan and his sub-assistants completed the C'eded Districb and
extended survey into the hill areas of Nellore ; the Military Institution continued
the survey of North and South h c o t and south Guntiir, arid parties of assistant
revenue surveyors continued district surveys for the Collecton, or the Department
of Tauk Repairs. Officera of the Quartermaster General's survey branch were
mostly working on the northern frontiers of Hyderiibkrl and Ber&.
Shortly after rejoining in April 1815, Mackenzie was appointed Survepor General
of Indie, his headquarters to be at Calcutta, but he obtained permimion to remain
a t M b in order to re-organize the department there and, in spite of frequent
calla from the Supreme Government, did not reach Calcutta till August 1817.
Hie k t task at Madras was to draw up a statement of all eurveya that hed ever
been made in the Pmidency, and to asseas their value for mappingl. He then
worked out the distribution of available surveyors, and obtained approval to four
e we y unite--under Conner for Coorg [g7 ]-under Sim for Mmulipahm
[ IOO ]-under Garling for the NizBm'a territoriee [ 114-5 ]-and finally under
Ward for Travancore [ 105 1. He retained five sub-aesietanta for the h wi n g
1 Map, aosb 48 m. to an inch. with memoir, MRO. loup IH : r~porta b e t wm Dm. 1816 & Oot. 1816 ;
m;. 442 (4.5li-4aoo). 11-ll-11;.
ofice at al dr as, and arranged for the clolring of all dietrict Nurveys except those
under the Tank 1)epartment [ 11,139 1.
He drew I I ~ rulell for work and general prowtlure after ctiscuming the Bengal
with Crawford t ~ t Calct~tta [ 11, 302 1.
He ww at pains
show that under his new di.rtribut,iou he effected a considerable
reductio~~ of expenditure from that of previous years [ 11.336-7 1.
He reduced the
number of draughtsmen a t headquarters, and set his fn,w against the multiplication of
He diechimed all resp~nsibilit~y for large-acnlc plans of forts and oities, whioh
were to be the respousibility of the Clhief Erlgilieer or the Quartermaster General1.
By saving expencliture at headquarter^ he omployd more surveyo~s in the field, and
even llad their allowances increased ; "the spody etnplogment of the surveyors in
the country i~ the n ~ ~ t . econoniical nlorle of employing nu est,ahliuhmente."
He revised the ~chedule of headings for memoiw or 1 the history and resource0
of the country, and t,he manners end custorus of the people. I n a report of 1820
he compares the good progress of the Madraa surveys with tho lack of regular
system in Bengal, pointing out
the ndvantuge of a fixed riystnrn, cuul the incol~venience of' exlending t l ~a ... tnlents of our
surveyors on l nbour~ thnt, under one generr~l dimtion, 1nis.1tt he 40 rnucl~ more ertenqively
applied in a climnte wllnr~ tile comtit~lt,inrr iu liahb t,o .irtrh peculiar interruptions and
wu a l t i c ~ ~ .
AR Surveyor Genoral he was not responsible for tho hiilitary Institut,ion, though
he advised as to the area for eurvey and the custody of completed maps ; nor
w u he responsible for t,he professional work of the observatory or. of Lambton'a
trigo~iometrical survey ; but he wa* responsible for presenting their accounts,
and also for regulat,i~lg the pap and allownnces of the staff. He writes in Xrtp
1816 ;
Keeping eight of the primary object of reducing t he expenditnre ... without escrificing
whet is so fardvanced. i t hua been an object of ~olicitude with me to wt r i c t ... t he m e y e
-.within the preeent expense. properly under the Surveyor General ; which, by the abolition
of thst office here. wiL1 be considerably dh~nishhed. ... Wjthiu a few years, by the ter-B.
tion of the geographical eurveya on the plen propocled, I trust the whole expense may c-
excepting moh moderate establishment as Government may conceive permanently n e c e a w
in aid of the general pnrponee of this Preuidency, and of what the adjustment of ... hnded
property and righta may ocoeeionauy reqllire'.
After the transfer of Lalabton's survey the annual espense of all surveys in tho
presidency fell within 28,000 pccgodas, or 12,000 sterlings.
The Military In3titution was closed down from 1st June 1816, so that the last
class of students which joined in July 1816O had a course of twelve months only,
doing one field season in Guntiir [ 11, 319-21 1.
The fair mapping of the later seasons was entrusted to Mountford7 who, with
Montgomerie, had mapped the earlier surveys [ 11,129-30 ; pl. 11 1. Besides drawing
a reduced map on the one-inch scale Mountford "arranged the triangles" and
put all the records in good order for storage in the Surveyor General's officea. He
had to leave more than half the village names in penoil 8s they differed materially
from the o5oi d list of villages, aa the otticers had not been
supplied with proper persons by t he Colleator to point out the villagee with their proper n m
by whioh they are known in the ciroer list. The totel numberof s q u m miles surveysd
amounta to 1917. of whioh about 1450 nre comprised within the Guntoor Distriot, laving ur
extant of about 1600 equare milm on the b o r d e ~ of the dietriot yet unemveyedb
The faulty names were put right during the survey of the remaining pert of the
CiroOr.
During its existence from 1805 to 1816 about 140 officers had passed through
the Institution, completing a course that was usually two years.
As an essential
part of their training, these officers had surveyed by plnnetable about 14,000 square
miles of the Canlatic [ 21 j. 316 1, on a scale of four inches t o a mile [ 11, pl. 24 ;
GI, PIS. 11,24 11.
Reduced to thc one-inch and f-inch scales, these surveys formed a valuable
contribution to the geography of South Indin. eapecially as they were properly
connectecl t c ~ Lambton's triangulation [ 11, pl. 16 1. Them chief defeats were the
spelling of names and the omissioll of administrative boundaries. Mountford
explains that boundaries w-ere disregarded becn~~r;e the "object of the surveys"
was t o accustom tho student. "to R rendinesw a ~ ~ f l facility in expressing the various
featu~es of'the country at sight, in refercncr to military rather than revenue
purposes ".
As might be expected fron~ irrt-spons~ble young officers under instructiolr, the
stmdard of accuracy varied considerably, snrl thv officer in chargt. of the party
which surveyed Nellore District In 1941 point8 out
discrepanci -...from a personal examination, vw.-the villagw not c o mt l y placed or named-
t he tanks, topes, and hamlets, scarcely one half aro intrnrluced-lmtl t he interior tslook
boundaries altogether omitted-in borne psrta the foaturm of tho country appear t o Im )magi-
nary, and the superficial drawing erroneous2.
Mount.ford had bee11 i~~ntructor in charge of the Military Inst,itution clauum in
Guntcr during 1815 a~i t l 1816. and jubt before Mackenxie left in 1817 he was sent
up again with a small yilrty3 to co~nplete the survey. He found t hat the earlier
work had practically to be resurveyed, as boundaries were "more numerous and
intricate than was expected", and many villages names had to be verified.
Work was interrupted several times by s c a m of pindiri raids, and by with-
drawal of surveyors and their squads to places of safet p [ roo ].
Mountford was called down to Madras in September 1818 [ 318 ] and Dunigan
waa left in chargeb. On the conipletion of the survey at the end of 1819, the party
was transferred to Ellore, north of the Kistua [ IOI 1. Mackenzie instructed Mount-
ford that the maps should
he copied, ant1 even reduced. undcr your direct ion.9. ... Tile original ... mi gl ~t be r ot ai nd in your
office, and the fair copiee aent here [ Cxlcut,tn 1. 1 will send you hulta for a memoir of Gurltoor
aa soon as I can. I could wieh them to be as amljle as you can make it, as i t would givr me
pleasure to tramrnit it to England as your particulnr work, a t Ingt, after we Iltlve been i 0 years
in poesca<ion of it [ I, 1 I I 1.
Be preparing matorials meantime quietly.
I can furnish its
history ; the descriptive part you will not find tlificult, andeven then 1 ran ntld to yorrr memoir.
Perhap8 it will be well to aend me tho rough draft as you go on ... ant1 I can make my remarks
aa I knew much of t hat country once [ I, I 1 2 10.
A huge paste-up on the one-inch scale in still preserved with a beautifully drawn
reduction by Ignatio [316 ] on the &-inch scale, with fine panoimmas of hi l . and
artistic clumps of trees'.
I n 1825 the Collector of Guntiir mked that Palniid ehould be re-surveyed ; "The
map of Guntoor Cirkar only is so very good that really i t would be a pity to make
up ... the country of Palnaud from the materiala now availables". This laheil hed
been surveyed by Beatson as long ago as 1788 [ I, 110, 193 1, and only lately
inoorpomted into Guntiir. It wes not until 1829 that Morland with two aeeiatanteB
could be spared from Hydergbkd, and
' 311tIO. 194 ( 19-20 ), 4.i11cll wale ; beautiful npocimens of the rduccd mop.
1 DDn. 380 ( 212).
2-1-41
' L)u~lipen. Chamnrett. Andenma, and Lnter Terry and Fuukner.
afrom Riddell, &3-18 ; bWC.
hhmh 1818.
bblRO. Map 18 A. Tony's mnp of Nizimpatam, IBIM, is a good sample of the work.
' DDn. 140 ( 41 ). 53-2-10.
' 1-inch. b RIO 140 ( 13 ) ; f-inoh, ib. ( 10 ) ; &inch, ib. ( 14 ), with complote
Lt of villugch. ' L)l)r~. 184, 31-1-45.
v Hill and Long.
the wv e y ... comprehending 1098 arluare I I I ~~CS, wus completed by the rrucldle of May, notwibh-
-ding that both eub-nsohtants were siclc for some time, w d that Lieutenant Worlend am
vsry little aoquainted with dutiea of mrveying. ...
The whole of the r er or h ... wem safely rcrei vd yoeterrluy, with the oxception of t he
but i Ful map, which 11~1s unfortunately suetainod some injury from the rain'.
1 cannot but ... e x p m my entire approbation with the manner in whioh the survey of this
a md district hua been co~npleted. ... The fcatt~res of the country appear to be faitl~lully and
beautifully delineated, anri the whole of the documents appear complete. ... The dmwing and
d-oription of ancient tomha mn11 ~,illnrrr nre vnll~able and inbmeting'.
On co~nplotioll of the survey of Sonda oarly in 1815 1 [I, rjY-9 1, Cttrrli~~g wae
appointed to survey the NizBm's territories, whilst Conner was sent to Coorg,
at p-nt n bhnk upon the map or the peuhlsula.
In a militnry RR well (W a gw)graphicuI point
of view, this tle1er:t shoultl be rernerlied as early IW poasiblo ; nnd I svoul~l utrolqly reWmmend
that tilo Iteeident in 3Iywro ...p roc!~~rn the perniis~ion of tho I t nj ~~h, ... ~ i v u ~ g such nxplanatiom
the utility and object of tho aitrvey as may bo tleon~e~i expedient. The Rajah might
be furniallad with a plan ot' the collntry. ... as proposed ... with r e n p t to Tondimno [ 11.147 P.
Conner started work with three assistants at the beginning of January 1816,
being warned "to be particularly attentive to any inetructiona ... from the Resident
at MYsom". He was given copies of earlier surveys of the boundaries-that
with jfysore s~irveyed in 1805 [11, 105-6 ]-and that with Kannrn of 1806
[II, 111 ] ; "the boundary on the south with Wynaad will perhaps be the only
portion of the Coorg limits necessary to be surveyed at this time'''.
He withdrew his party to Mysore for the rains "as the nature of the climate
md country elevated on the highest verge of the Western Ghauta is peculiarly
uneven and di5cnlt "6. Resuming field work in Ootober, he completed the survey
in May 1817, withdrawing once more to Mysore end submitting his maps by
the end of Octobere. His aocount of the survey is contained in a most intereating
Memoir of the Codugo Survey7, published at Bangalore in 1870. The surveyom
were regarded with great suspicion by the Coorg government ;
A spirit of jealousy ( not the lesa violent because unfounded ) f o r m one of the striking
featurea of its policy, and all strangen, particularly E~lropoans. are viewed with boundlass
suspicion. ... From the moment of my arrival in the country I waa attended by one of t he
principal officers...md two more of inferior quality; a ahanboge, or native writer, formed
the fourth member of the retinue by which I was invariably encompassed, under the plaueible
pretext of lending their mi st ance ; but a short time, however, had elapsed before 1 1-t the
nature of their oMcs, which was literally as a guard. more effectiiaUy to prevent any communi-
aation with the inhabitants. ...
This rentraint, or rather imprieonment, ... in which I wrrs h e l d . . . ~ ~ extended even to m y
aervanta, and equnlly strictly observed with regard to the easietant mwveyora. ... To such an
extreme waa this feeling of suspicion oerried t hat I have the beet -on for believing t hat
minl~tely detailed account of each day's transaction wes r eguhl y forwarded. ...
Theee feelings of distrust operated ... only in preventing any intercourse with the people,
a free and reedy access was given to all parta of the country. 90 that the geographical portion
of the work suffered no impediment. ... 4 disinolinntion to inoreme t he ... st qi ci on ...p revented
a e m e g of the Fort ( Muddukayrey being taken on a very large scale, and by a b s o l l r ~
measurement with the che,in ; such 6 proceeding ... would have produced conaidenlhle un&-.
Pondicherry and KBrikd had been in British hands since their ocoupation in
1793, and now that Napoleon's power was broken they were restored to France.
'Map, male I-inoh to m., MRIO. 147 ( 12-14 ) ; memoir, M 37.
'&om DSO. DDn. 238 ( 141, l m ),
28128-10-28. 'Maokenzie to Ood. ; MPC. 17-3-16. 'ib. 8-12-16. 'ib. 28-8-16. 'Mapa. MRIO. 1 s
( 7 ) ; 148 ( 8. OD I0 ) ; MRO. M 82.
' MRIO. Y 1, 9, 3. 6 ; routea. M 4.
'Madlkeri. "d- torm", now
Momurn. capital of Coorg. Imp Ooz. XVII ( 282 ).
The Surveyor General waa directed that
the territory forlnorly belonging to those two settlements, and prticularly their boundariw,
may Lw surveyed withont loss of time, and ... such parts nf that twritnry as ere held on jtbghir
tend may be distinguished from the rest.'
Dunan Sim and James Summers completed this survey by 5th August 1816,
with the aaeistance of the 4-inch survey made by the Military Institution', and
hte of villages and descriptions of boundaries provided by the Board of Revenue.
To provide for the many isolated villages, it wae then decided to make an exchange
of villages so m to complete the arondissement" at both places, and Sim wan kept
on till 181g9 to assist with "every information for restoring the territories which
belonged to the French on 1st January 1792"4. He was then employed on similar
duty at the Dutch settlement of Pulicat. His maps were duly signed by the Frenoh
and British commissioners, that for Pondicherry being entitled ;
Map of the dietricts belonging to the French government dependent on Pondichemy,
distinguishing the poseeasions held in jagheer, with their liniit8. with the Hon'ble the Englkh
East India Company's districts lnid down from actual inspection & sllnrey of the villagee,
and agreable to the official lists and comm~micationa in the Revenue Department6.
This was signed at Pondicherry on 18th Merch 1818, the French commi~eionere
being le comto Du Puys and Mons. Joseph Deyot, "Adrni~listrate~~r" of the French
settlementss.
In 1819 F~Iountford prepared a map of 3ladraa and its environs a t the requeat
of the Chief Engineer, De Havilland ;
The survey executed in the 1805 and 1806 by tho office- of the 31tlilitary Institution [LI,
rzs] heing the moat recent. ... the document now forwarded has been copied from ... that
euwey upon thescale of four incl~es t o n mile. Ln order to insert the lirnih of jbrisdiction
of the Supreme Court, I have availed myself of a map of earlier date [ I, 94-5 1. ...
In coneideration ot the various alteratione and improvementn, ... the late Lieutenant Riddell
was induced.. .to suggest ... the correction of the ... former survey. ... I have...left blank the
grounds then under cultivation, the better to admit of these change8 being introduced, should
i t be ... expedient to employ an aseietent surveyor for ... ascertaining thorn.
The area occupied by the Fort is also a b l d , it being presumed t hat the insortion of those
worke would be unnecewry. ... Few of the garden housee have their names entered. ... My
rnotivss for not entering more arose from ... their having been daeignated ... by the then tenanta,
and not by the original proprietors, after whose namov several are best known7.
Mackenzie had always refuaedresponsibility for large-scale maps of cities and forte
[ 95 1, and waa indignant that his staff should have been employed on such a map ;
How Riddell came to propose tb is... survey ... I cannot oonceive. Nothing io my directions
... countentmced i t ; on the contrary, ... I wished it t o be considered out of the Surveyor
General's superintendence. and ratllor a~ conneoted with military defence and fortification, and
I am eorry to see that work had been prescribed to the oflice which I had myself studiouely
avoided while I was a t t.he Presidency.
A very good map of Madras has been published in Englaud, which would have well anmered
the purpose, aa the Court of Directore...know of it, for without their countenance1 scarcely
suppow a work ofthat kind would have been published, being taken aparently from the survey0
executed at their expenee. ... A copy of it wae sent to me by my booltsellers from London some
time ago ; it has boen some tlmo in Lord Hmtings' hande, or I would hove sent it t o you. ...
All this is for your informetion, and by no meam tending t o find fault with youa.
This En4lish map was entitled The Environs of Madras; surveyed in
1814O; published by W. Paden, Charing Cross, 1st December 1816; scale about
4 inches to a mile. Jt shows the names of occupants of houses, e. g. 4ol onel Cald-
well opposite the site of the present Spencer's Hotel-Colonel Blacker, on the b a h
of Long Tenk, south of St. George's church, where the present cathedral stands.
In 1821, in responee to a can for a map for the " J u ~ t i c e ~ in Session" the
Chief Engineer regretted
'41 Rev Bd. 22-I-&; jdpir, prmsneut grant of land to holdera and heirs, free of rent [ 1. 133 1.
'MRIO. Miao. 2-0-07. 'and Summom relieved by Wm. Bird.
'DDn. I61 (31 ), from Riddell. 1817
'YRO. Map 201. *MRIO. bfioc. 3-0-16 ; Map of Ilsrihal, ad. 17-12-18 ; ib. 44-16; Fdbk. M riO.
7 DDn.
148 ( la ). 16-1-18. ' Dh . 149 ( 41 ). 23-2-19. ' Rurvqor not known.
t,hat there is no n mwt plan of the town and H I I ~ ) I I P ~ B of Md m n in the olfiue, and 1 I~olievo that
xe ~ a j e ~ t y ' s .Tunticas have e copy of the only orre I poww, of which n copy wnn alao lately
pm@ for the Superintendent of Police1.
Government accepted Mountford's recommendation "that every ueeful purpoee
will be answered by the revision of the map of Madm executed by the offioers
the Military Institution". atid this was carlied out by William Ravenshew,
whoee ]nap pr~hliehed by Pal-bury and Me n is ndvertiaed a8
A Plnn of t,he Town of Mmi rs and its limits. an surveyed in 1822 fur the urn of the .Tustitioae
in m i o m ; by W. Ru\.e~ishaw, Cnptnir~. Civil Endneer.
Twn sheets and n hnlf. Double
elephant.
Prire E 1--66 11 ( 438 )'.
-4 later map w a ~ producetl by Montgomerie ;
Survey of pnrt of the wmter-n ~uburba of Mdr as , cunl pr~hen~~i l l g the mveml roc~ds and
hr~riecn in t,he vicinity of Perambur, Irepri, ... Egmore. ... Extrrutd with the planetable.
md the whole finiohecl hy the apprellt,icw of the S U N ~ ~ O ~ General'u e~tnbliahment in the
coltme of t l ~r i r ~tr~bctice ill the yenrs lR2.5 ancl 26 r 32. 377 ] ; scnle 201) ynr d~ t o an inch3.
Late f i ~ 1818 Maekenzie started the survey of the Nortlrern C'kciin, by sending
out a party under William Scott, who had for many years Leon the
senior instructor at the obsewntory ~urve~ying school.
These CircLrs, whioh include the present dbtliets of Kistna, C;o&veli, Viznga-
petam, and Ganjam, etretoh fiom the Kistne River along the east coeet t o tbe
chi&& Lake. After the district of Chingleput, or the Jdgi r , they wore the earliest
in the Madras Presidency to be ceded to the Company, the demini having
been pant ed by the Emperor of Delhi in 1765 [ I, 91 1. No regular survey had
been made since the abortive efforts of Pittman and Stevens in 1771 [ I, 92-3 1.
There had been suggestions that Lambton should carry his main triangles up
the w t coast instead of t,hrough the NizBm's dominions, thus connecting with
Upper India through W m s territolies, but the importance of continuing his grand
up the central meridian made this impossible [ 226 1. Ma,okenzie writes
Government in 18 16 ;
The survey of the Norilren~ G'imra, i t irr well known, was an early object of survey ( next
to the Jaghire ). ... We htrve no complete survey of any of the districts ; parts of yome surveyh
a d combinations of other materiala of variouq or doubtful merit or authentic it,^. form the
b i n of the Inspa of the Circam now in u.w4. ...
Having for nome time looked to the neareet of these districts. ..as a proper objmt of corn-
mencement, I have given tho neceveary instructions to h i a t a n t Surveyor Scott ... and t wo
apprentices ( and two Wt ant s are to follow ) t o proceed on the survey of the 0- of
Condtlpilly6, Ellore, and Maeulipatam. forming the present Collectorate of hIasuliprrtsm,
hetween the two rivers. Iijetna and Godnvery. ...
This begiuning may be considered w e part of the general design of s~lrveyily tho whole of
the Northern Chars. I would propose that unother party be sent intm the further par h w yo,,"
as the general plan of the depwtment is determined on. ...
The parties onco eat in notion should persevere on ono ru~deviating plau, without i nk-
ruption by other employment or duty ; by such e syatwn alone the dei gn and ita e v
be
finally terminatad within a reesomble time, and the failurea in fonner attampts. and t e
at t adeat wnsb of money and time. be avoided [t-page]. ...
The Circera, by two perties imdder intelLgent offloem. mighb be completerl within 4 g-.
... Tho call for reduction of immediate expame induoea me to refrein a t p-nt from
requiring more, tho' I am a d r e thfit the frequent cusutllties of the olimete might -der
them necamwy. ... It tends to waderate tho final oxt i nct i o~~ of eU expense by oompleting the
eurveya eltogetbar. ...
Aftm the oompletion of Tmvaocore and Coorg, the a m y i n g miasm y be then h.
fetter1 to the northern a we ye a t no very distant period. which would b t e n the finel
I ~ b . 102 ( 162 ), 2 M 1 . 'As J. XVIII ( 146 ), Aug. lsP&
0 . 1 ( 1 )
lib U1
( 2 1, m&
UW. I Y D ~ ILLlore: uodstnd : 6 m. - I t in&
6 ~ d . ~ 10 m. NW. .I
Lv.andn. 66 D/lO.
r npl et i on of that interesting object, the geoyrnplucal uud provincial survey of the whole of
the Company's posseseions under this Presidency.
I have s bt ed it as my opinion, ... fromexpelienco n~~dobservation. ..of the native srvveyblr
establishment [ 359 1, ... t hat they should be employed HS much as poasiblo under the direction
of i nwge ut European surveying otficem ; and I consider t11e survey of the Northern Circars of
tllat ooneequenw to be properly committed t o two officers1.
Scott wes sent up to Kondapalli in November 1816 with the two youngest
apprent.icesa, and was joined tmwo months later by Henry Hnmilton and Marcellus
Burke. I t had been Mackenzie's intention to send Sim with three other t ~ s s i s t a ~ t ~
to R~jnhmundry, and that Sim should absorb Scott's party, and take charge of
all survey up to Chicacole3 [ 94 ] :
~h~ lbir Heason meantime passiuy, and the Lt e irr1111til)n into the vicinity of the Circars
having disturbed that country [ gb 1, 1 consideretl it more beneficial ... menntbne to ernploy
Lientenant Si ~n in verifying ~ ~ l l r l esporbting the run-ey of the Pontlicl1en.y lul~tlcl [ 98 14.
He explained later that Kondapalli CrcLr
stretchep west of the fortretss of that name on the frontier of tho N i m' s Dominions nnrth of
the s s t n e and. altho' a thoroughfare r o d leads thro' it toHy~lcrnbad, ... the early nt,t,ompts
to
i t bad never beon compleaterl.
An the surx7ey of its limits will give us a t the mlno
time t,hat of the Nieam's frontier on that sitlo, not above 110 I I U ' I ~ ~ from that capital, on!] as
t& t , r c t has bwn always much exposed to depredations of lawless banditti, I wns willing
by an immediate effort to zet clear of it in the first plwe. aa the survey of the low flat country
about >Ioauliptcrm. which hns been frequently traversed by snrx-eyora, can be &IWLLJ'R mom
securely completed under protection of our home stations.
he field work war ~:ommenoed about the middle of February [ 1816 1. ... Operations...
b v e been rapidly carried on until the 11th of March when a temporary interrupt.ion wm occa-
sioned by a body of Piuderies r Hr 1, ... the rumour of which had previoi~rily alarmed the
inhabitants, and ... disturbed the party when the banditti c r o d the Ktiistna thro' tho tract
s we y .
The only accirlent, l~c~wever, ... romisted in the loss of the little baggage of
. hi st ant Surveyor Hamilton. ...
The duty was resumed IM soon a4 the alarm ccaqod, and hsi et ant Surveyor Scott, who was
employwl on t,he furthest part of the survey, states that "the propew then 11ad not been so
rapid until the alnrrn aubsitlerl". On the 8th Jnne it waa also somewhat interrupted by t,hr
Lend willds which art. tm~lally there severe, and some 8i~kt'IeRR had ~blwvailal.
H e mked for re-imbursement for the loss of Hamilton'a baggago,
pagn. 4r3-0-10. which beb~g cc modernta amolmt of necessarias barely 11~l ol r ~i n~ to hia
&tion, ... in corniderntion of his good conduct ... in oxmise of bin clut,y and of his having
mved the public irurtniment&.
This may have been the gang described by Lord Moire, ;
A village WM surrounded by the Pindarriee. The horrora perpetrated by t h w demons a t
other places rnnde the poor village m...fly to the desperate reeolnt,ion of btuning themelves +th
their air- and children. ... I am strictly forbidden by the Court of Directors to umderhke the
eupp-ion of the fiends who ocweioned this heart-rending scene, lest 1 should provoke a war
with the MahrattRn. ... AU the young @la are carried off by the Pindarriee, tied t h or four
like cslva4 on u. horn, to be sold. ... The different coltmns which penetratml the Nizem*e
*mrim ~d ouw in thie laat ~~pt i on. . . coul d not amormt to l ea than 23.0 h o d .
h b n z i e reported in November that,
on the whole the pmgrese... ia ~ t k f @W~ r y : and I am the Inore anxious for it.8 completion as it
embreces, basidea the extensive bounderg, a survey of several s ~ u diatrich of the Nizem's,
... including the diamond minm of PurtyaU' [ LI. 405 1, which are isoleted within our territory,
while we poarean two smell dietrich detached within the Nizam's. ...
I feel connirlerable anxiety. ... the exposed situation of two pactiea of eurveyare, protected
only by ... Eve mpoye; and from my 0- knowledge of the count ry... I request ... eufiloient
protsction of guards to each of the parti -...on t l ~ e fio~~tiars.
Again, in July 1 8 1 7 ;
Tho' the irruptions of the Pindenies h ~ l occasioned some uneaaineee ao late as June, the
ees~&ta afterwards appear to huve gone on with epirit, and no further application for
bet-- n w m , tho prenence of a dotmchment at CondapiUy having relieved their anxiety.
1BO.'r letter, 14-12-15, MPC. 12-1-16. ' ~lnrlomn L Barnett.
Wn the border botnoen Vimga
p ( ~ m & G ~ I ~ ~ I I I , 6SN/l6. ' f nm 8G. 1-16, 3fPC. 10-6-t6.
'fmm 8G. 1-8-16 ib sg-18.
~ ut t np' !d ( W), 164-10. ' h p whewing minm. 1816: 2 inohen to mile, mio. 87 ( 4 0 1;
Platkln.
ylnrtinn d Yunm R. with Kintno 66 D/6. W'C. 11-11-18.
I regrot, however, to report t hat from another qrlarter the aurvey lost some of its ulstru-
merrte when t,lrere was less danger e x p t e t l .
Immediately on the arrival of an ~ i e t a n t
at, Mungulgeery on the Kistna, in Ortobor 1810. Imfore a guard could be supplied, ... he wee
robbed of one of the most valuablo of his i~wtrlmrents, along wit,h some property of his own.
from e public alroultry, anti notwitJ~standing every investigation the irratrument wee not
recovered'.
The Kondapalli survey ww completed in August 1817a, and the party moved
to Masulipatan~, where Summers had started survey in 1810.
Hamilton and Burke
were now transferred to Bengal, marching up the corwt, whilst Scott followed by
sea in March [ 360, 374 1. leaving Summere in charge ;
Cc,nsitlerable progrt*SR hm benn made in the details of the Mlnulipata~~i survey, and.. h e
has everv hol~e of this vort of tho work being ehortl\r concluded, w1l11 the exception of t he
---- ~ ~
.r .
town Hncl erlvircl~is of 31aa~dij)atnnl wl~irh, being n very curious and extensive place, ... will
be...carofully surveyed ... on a lnrge a(. nl~ ( viz., 4 inches to a mile )3. ... Respecting the trigo-
nometricnl opcrratio~~s, lie cnnnot report nn fnvornhly, on tllere is 111ucl1 to l)t! done yet ... to form
a co~~nvrtiun ... with the fioni~er rtnti~lnq.
Though the survey was started from sides of Lambton's triangles, only one
ahtion fell inside the district, and a bme-line had to be measured near Ellore.
Mackeneie wanted a good man for the job :
I wi~hed to hnvc H good rhuul sent to mensure a baqe in the ... Ello~*o or Hn,jamundy Circara,
... hut llnclor the direction of an olficer, nn J carmot think of committing such 8 dut.v to
Mr. Dunigan agein withor~t, some cont,rol. Pray write me how he satielied you while llnrler
impection. He w w once cnpuhle enough, but failed eo much in tho latter part of his Cedecl
Diatrict work, t hat 1 em afrnid to entr11st him. I t is a pity he is thta aonior thern, tlie best way
will be t o send an office+ [ gju--4 I 1.
Officers were, however, not so easy to get ; Sim could not be spared from Pondi-
cherry [ 98 1, and most of the surveyors were away in countriej newly won
from the Nariithas ; some had taken leave t o England after the war.
An officer ehould be selected for ... chargo of tho party ... now in Guntoor and Ellore.
I have been waiting for the conclwion [ of the Guntur gurvey ] by Dunignn etc., anrl t o enable
you to complete the whole memoir, nmp, et, c. . . in your own neure [ u6 1, and then t o transfer t he
whole at once uncier one officer to survey Ellom ( the rest of it ) and Rajamunllri. If Sim issent.
it ia well, but, he wrote me some time ago that his he~l t l r wnn indifferent5.
No officer being forthcoming, Dunigan was given charge a t EUorea. wit11 i~lrtruc-
tions t o "select a conrenient sit.i~nt,ion for measuring a base ... uenr the soutll bank of
the (;odavery'". Hc did ~ i o t clenii up tllc (:untilr survey until December 1819,
but sent up Andersul~ a l ~d Bnrliett in advance.
Early in 1820 Maclrenzie secured the services of Richard Hodges who had been
at the Military Institution during 1 8 1 3 4 . He met Dunigan at EUore, and in May
1820 measured a base-line on the borders of the Colair Lakes. The ground was
carefully levelled, and the measurement repeated four times. I t cannot, how-
ever, have been of a high order of accuracy, as the linlrs and rings of the chain
opened out and broke repeatedly. Hodges died in July 1820, and Charles Snell,
who had been a t the Military Institution from 1814 to 1816, took over charge irt
November. Two months later, after connecting the base-line to Lambton's work on
the Kistna, SneU started his own triangulation northward.
The party was now designated the Riijamundry Survey, and comprised Snell,
Dunigan, Bird, Faulkner, Anderson, and Barnett. Snell carried on the main
triangulation himself whilst Dunigen did minor triangulation and survey of
important boundaries. A Madraai interpreter, or goomcmetah, collected stetiatios,
village names, and historical records. Bird and F e u h e r died during 1821.
The north or hilly m a of the district ia covered with jungle, and hae a olima.ts
llighly obnoxioue and unhenlthy, especially during tlie rainy seseon. The plains aree -
studded with lofty trees of different deacriptiooe, and rende red... the eurvey extremely WOW,
and entirely i nt empt ed the trigonometrioal operatiome.
'MRIO. M 501 ( 243 ) ( e ). 31-7-17.
'Fdbke. MRIO. M 60. 30. Bi ; M 16; Map. ib. 1M (7) 138
( 4-8.61.2 ) I30 ( 18-7 ), 180 ( 12 ).
a fmm Riddell. 64-18 ; U C . 056/1818.
4 to Mountford ; DIh. 148
( 48 ). 244-10. ib. ( 06 ), 224-10.
a 06 H/2.
' DDn. 1M ( 200 ). 2&1&10.
'Memoir, mI O. M 89.
'ib., Report.
Owing to the lateness of the regular north-eaet monsoon the party took the
field in January, and worked on till the end of June. I n 1822 another base was
measured, and "coincided with great exactness with the trigonometricel opera-
tions". Again the chain waa of very poor make, the links opening and breaking
almost every 100 yards. Mountford reported in August that the anrveyors
have been driven from the field by the heavy rains, and have talten up their residence a t
Nellapilly. ... The ulnfavourable nature of the country, on wcount of an excwq of wood and
water, r l o ~ not, admit, of en rapid a p r o p s as is made in other qrlartars'.
Again in November 1883,
The country near the sea, being much intersected hy water and covered with extensive
plantations of palm trees, has rendered this a tedious and prolonged eurvey ; however I trust
it, and a portion of the Chicacole District. will be completed during the onstling sasson. The
party is at present assembled at Irqeram for the purposn of protracting and copying their
work, but they will resume their field laboors so soon IMthe state OF the weather nnd country
will admitP.
Snell reports that
t he tract of country among the hi1 Is... comtituting a part of the northern ho1mtlary. is wild and
uncultivated, with here and t.here a few huts hurlrlled together, not deeewing the name of
villages, and thinly inhabited by a race of people a3 wild oa the oountrp. ... The difficulty of
procuring supplies, the wild and ineccessible nature of the country, with the want of roe&
and ita...noxious climate, have renderod tho 8unev hazardcriw and laborioug.
There does not at present remain any very considerable portion of the district t o be surveyed.
The extent of that among the hills, being n jaghire ... belonqing to the Rumpah Zaminder, is
difficult to McertRin, but the unhealt,hy climate is but t,oo fatally known to all ita neighbouw,
who dare not spproach iLq horders except a t particular periods, and not then without conqitier-
able risk and dange$.
At the close of the RQjamundry survey in 1824, Montgomerie wrote that
the features of the country are very minutely end well delineated. ... I t is to be regretted
there ia a blank space in the map which should have been occupiori by ttre Rumpeh Jagire,
but the tract being considered very unhealthy, the survey of it was nevor undertaken.
Having discovered many eROrS in the original register of triangles4, ... the whole series from
Colonel Larnhton'a distance Condapilly to Munglegherry was recomputed ...in this office, by
which the errors between the brrsea of verification were more equally divided6. The survey
reata on a triangubtion extended by Captain Snell from the nmrest of Colonel Lambton's
triangles in the hhul i pat am collectorate, and verifiutl by bases of vorficetion.
The detail was taken up by the plain table, augulor instruments, & field books. No
useful detail has been omitted, and boundaries of every description have been inaerted with the
p a t e s t care, and although the hills are not so well expressed as could be wished the survey ia
one of greet valuee.
From 1824 Snell and three assistants worked northwards through Vizagapatam
Ci rdr, and during the rains of 1825 measured a base-line in the neighbourhood of
Vizagapatam, on "a IlaROW and codned spot of swampy groundH7.
Ln December 1825 he took l a ve w e on medical certificate, and before
starting brought the whole establiehment to Madras [ 376 1. The survey waa closed
down during his absence, as Dunigan's health was not good, and Montgomerie had
"not sufficient confidence in the zeal or energy of Assistant Surveyor Anderson to
mmme n d the party being sent under his charge "8.
Snell rejoined at Vizag~patam on 5th January 1827, and his assistants shortly
after. In October he waa joined by Richard Otter, who proved of no uee and
reeigned two years later. The hilly area of Vizagapatam is densely wooded and
most unhealthy, and progrew during the next two seasons was disappointing,
being confined mostly to the more open coastal etripe. Montgomerie wrote t o
the Surveyor General in disgust ;
'DDn. 104 ( 131 ). 38-8-22.
'ib. 208 (272 ). 27-11-23. a ib. 200 (178). 1-9-23. 4ib. 181, M 81.
'ib. 237 ( 181 1, 8-7-28.
.ib. 248 ( 120 ). 7 DDn. 202 ( 133 ). 1-8-26. DDn. 210 ( 241 ). 1E-9-20.
'&pa, n I 0 . 134 ( 14 ).
The prop&- ttlbLt. i;ol,tnin Rnell hcw inacle ill a ur ~yi r i q tho Norther11 (.'imam ~i n c e he b
bn in ctmrge...is, iu my opinion. clc~ite rontrmptit~ls. ancl For the sake r ~ f the norvice It10 hope
will dd- me oficinlly cm the a~thjet-tl.
Work wm pusherl northwards along t,he cc~ast during the next nemn, and the
of lR29 spent at Berhampur i r ~ (ianjarna, hut the neeson's output brought
another indignant letter frorn h1ontgorueria ;
l%e...cow~try ~l ~r \ - eyel , ... 992 *qutlrr 111ile.i ~~nl ) . , might ... l ~ave heeu at:complishd by one
rntive Bllrveyor i~mtentl of the wllole p r t y . ... A wrong aystenl r1111ot have bean ~ur s ued, or...
there nllldt, he1.e ~ I I t~ want of zeal nu tho pert of the several L~dividuaL~. ...
The area n~w\-eyecl...~lurii~g the Ie.~t two years ... aruounts to 1778 sqlwro milea ; ... t he
expense. ..will not be mnrh imcler 29,0110 r upm. The party in Malebar, which is t h e satne
rntrength ns yonrs. and where the country is e s c w liugly difficult, accompIishet1 ... 1800 aq-
milea Inst, seallorl. ... In Malabar tho sIlrveyorn hnve not confined their opurationn t o t he
aultivatecl ancl inhabited trct.n only. hut have s a c c mf ~~l l y surveyed tho wildest parts of t hat
woody and nlountainow country.
WhiLqt the survey u d e r your churgo hos heen a t the rnte of 1Bgrd r u p v tho square
mile for the lmt two years, which is an expelue fur greater thun waq r\-er incurred for any othar
stvvey. ... the expens -...in hlalahnr for l wt aeuron where every drmou1t.y wlra ovorconle.
ant1 wtlerr the officer in cherge i4 gnnt e ~l A l~igller wlnry 011 ~~ccnurl t ut' zeelur~r length of
rervice [ [j o 1. ~mount a to 9+r(l rupeetl the sqvlnre mile.
The nnrrow tract between tlm hilly ~- nr ~nt r y arid t,he roast. to which ~ I ) I I hnve hitherbo
oontinetl your opemtions, ... nppenrs rnont. fuvonmhle fair the rr\l:i~: prugl.ri-: < I F t,lra sruvAyor,
end ~iout,ollarlt mt0r.H totnl ~ltrglel't, nE ih11y llllrine t llr [I11%t , r ~ ~ l ~ l l r:&:lll"t i ~. ) r:~JrL.r;,lcred rr
euffirieut reapon for so litttle I I ~ \ - U I K t wn ~ I , ~ I I P . ...
The II(-rornpanyu~~ r l t r t ~*l ~ exl~ihits thv lirr~it* tn mlrirll your ~:rrneut, srlrvey 1103: hitherto
been cn~l~itral.
The boruninry I ~t f veen (brlr tnrritorira and t.l~n*e of tlia Sizrlnl a ~ u l Nagpoor
Raja lurs I~t.en in~erterl rl l i ~fl y from a map l ~t e l y ~)ublisl~rtl 1)s C'ar~r [ 289 ] ; it, cannot of c o a m
be much ~lrlwrldecl ul~on, hr ~t there mu*t be a ;.er>- romidemble extent of c~luntry betwwa
that bounclnr>- an11 tlre emtern rrwt of the hilly ra.ilye to which ~ { J I W silrvey hau in wrne pleceu
reeched, hut within which I nnl not RWRrC t ht ~t R single n w point h~kq heen determined. or t hat
anv attempt has heen m11rle to r l a i no. fi~rther then 11:. e~iqr~iriea tu tu t l ~ e climate, which you
have l~enrtl i* c*~~~lui~lerrtl unl ~r t ~l t l ~y. Hnt, RY the tnlrt ..anpenm R O I ~ ~~r i ut f f ~l mp s and
r o i ~t e ~ ill 1ny oflice to I~n\.e been traversal in sovertal ~l i r m- t i a) ~~~. it inrly excite nrlrprire should M
geo~.rapl~i~.al infomlation whatever he ~ a i n a l by sltrveyor* exprcaclly apl)oi~tte<l~.
I n spite of Montgomerie'e stricturee, he accepted the &llector$ edvioe that
a full survey of the notorious Jeypore district should not be attempted [ 8 a ] ;
I am not aware of any aerions impediment to the survey of the Jeypoor zemindarp, except
the uuhealthinese of the climate. Admitting the reports ... regarding t he badneaa of the r o d
leading over hills and t , hrou~h dense mmee9 of fcvwt and jungle, and requi rh at l e a fim
days to accornpliah the jo~uuey. ... none of those dificr~ltiea are ineurmountable. ...
'I'he only real 0bj~ti1111 to the extenaion of the survey t o .Joypoor iq the risk t o which t he
livcq of all employed would be expcs~etl froin the iaseluhrit,y of the air, which is well known to be
generally fetal to the inhabitants of the open country.
I am not prepared to say whether the air niay be more or leas pwtilential a t one sewon of
the year than another ; your own experience ...p r ob~bl y enables you t o ju @...the time of the
yesr rr~ost. fa\'ournble tu the human conatitutioll in the bills. ... The aetivea of other pr be of
t l ~e country have n great horror or visiting Jeypoor, and ... many instances have come within
my own k~loaletlge of t l ~ e ertncortlinary fatc~lity of the air. ... The survey of Jeypuor would
be attendwl with imminent danger to thc livea of ell those personally engaged4.
Though he agreed that Jeypore should be omitted, Montgomerie suggested that
nlucIi valuable infonnatiou might be gained ... by rapid ...I mrambulator measurements of aomcl
of the principal p t h s which traveree it. That thia a t least could be effeoted I think is certain
from our elrearly possenai~lg some ~neesured ror~t m through that zemindary. Bnlt, ee th-
rout- ere o~lcorlnected wit.h any regular uurvey. they do not po- that value which
be the case with route9 taken from well eetablishd points in your survef.
Snell managed to survey a route fourteen n~ilee into Jeypore ;
The servallt@ and f~llowem refilrring to procaerl fttrtller into tfle hills c o mv l l d me to remn.
This cbcuinstance. and the want of suppliw, are the 11n1y irnpetliine~lts ...to eEmt a p e m ~ ~ o r
'DDn. 231 (210 ). 13-11-28. 374 A 'DDn. 236 ( 141 ). 26-10-29. Cwm Collector.
27-12-98 ; UDII. 217 ( 27 ).
LDDn. 230 ( 141 1. 26-10-2H.
t nca~ur e~nent into Jeppore ( the capital...).
The wild and hilly nature of the counbry would
not admit of any extended topo~raphical operations. The country t o Baudageurn is very
wild, coneisting of hills and bamboo j~inglea, the path narrow nnd passing over several ~trearne;
the villagee small, ... and no supplies procurnble ; it required 6 11oore to cond~~ct the peramhu.
la tor...to Randagaum. Jeypoor was reported to be seventy or eighty milea distant. ... I am
still of opinion of the irnpractibility of mrrying the aurvey into t hk country1.
On this Montgomerie commented that
Captain Snell appenrs to have made a feeble attempt to survey the road l e ~ d i ~ ~ g to the capital of
Jeypoor zemindary, and I fear that our information in that quarter is not likely to be extendeda.
There were other obstacles ;
Tho Kirnmedy c[~untrjg is entirely up in anus, and the inhabitmts in a state of hostility
among themselves, so that its survey at present corlld not bo attempted ; even a t any time it
Will be attended with much personal risk and danger to the party employed, this zemindary
King composed clliefly of hilly country, with large tracta of jungle and uncultivated lende,
and inhabited by a fierce and uncivilized race of people.
The disturbances exbend to within 6 or 8 miles of Berhampore westward. but a4 the most
advanced of the snrveying party will now be eluployed near, and to t l ~e north of. Poondy. I
troet that by confining the operations at present to the plains and c~~l t i vnt ed country ... there
will be no interroption encountered, and when peace and tranquility be restored the survey can
be conducted to ita fartheat limits inland4.
Survey had now entered Ganjem Districts. Otter had been repkoed by Charlee
Hi who was to prove a very useful surveyor ; the only sub-assistanh left were
Anderson and Barnett.. In October 1830 Montgomerie reported that the area
surveyed in the Sorthem Circars last season amnnnts to...a lnuc.h larger quantity than ... in
former aerrsonrr, nntn-itlistantlin:: that. the senior s~th.a.ssijtant [ An~l ~r s on] waa sick in quartere
the peatest portion or the time. ... The =istant officer. Lieut. Hill, r~~ntributerl coneitlerahly
to this result, althouph it is the first time ... he ha4 been recultlrly encaperl in surveying.
The oficer in chnr ~e ... apkle em... still to conline his operationq pntire:y t~ the low country.
none of the hilly part of the Chicacole Circar having been survc.ved last ,eeancbn, altl~o'
irnrnecliately UI the vicinity of operations. This ruay possibly have nrhon. however, from the
inhabitant? ... havinq largely been in a turbulent state' [ 5 1.
,
Snell's lack of enterprise was probably well juetsed, for hi8 party was never
more than four or five strong, and the loss of one or two surveyors for several
months through ill-health would have crippled it seriously ; on the other hand
if all eurveyors had been so very cautious about their health, there would now
be little known of the geography of India. The following extract from a report
on the hill country west of the Northern CircLa shows ib early reputation, that
h e l y persiate to modern times ;
Ganj m, Vizagapatam, and Rejahmundry, ere co~intri -...different from all the other
territories dependent on Fort St. George, chiefly because, bounded to the westward by a
wide t m t of hill and jungle, inhabited by uncivilizecl, and imrleed unconquered, barbarians,
many of them not even nominally dependent on any government : their climate and their
poverty have secured them from conquest. No p a t native government ever eecms to have
thought this tract worth conquering. It had been left as n waste cornor of the earth to wild
basts and h n d s [ I. 60-1, 299 ] : nobody Reem even to know the boundary. This t r mt has
never been even explored ; there is a blnnk here left in the maps.
The -try at the foot of this range of hill8 and the valliea which run up between them are
fertile, but for the qrmter part of the year the climate in deadly to ntrrmgers, and a t all seasons
very unhealthy7.
Snell's survey did practically nothing to fill this partioular blank.
' DDn. 2 N ( 218 1, 13-30.
l i b. ( 218 ), Mnrcb 1830. a Parlakimidi, 74 B/1. 4 from Bnoll,
Oo-, 14-30, DDn. 237 ( 448 ).
'?&%p hfRIO. 133 1 38-8 ) : 140 ( 12 ). ' DDn. 237 ( 245 ), 27-10-30.
'Report by Wm. Thackeny 1S2-19 ; 818 d. I ( 980 ) ; JIRIO. 30.8-1.9.
CHAPTER VIII
SOUTH PENINSULA & NI ZW' S DORfINIONS
Tmvancore &. Cochin, 1816-21 - Dindigul, 1821 - Nilgiri Hi l b, 1821-3 -
Malabar, 1823-30 - Niuim's Dominions ; Qarl i w, 1816-20 - HyderZbM ~ ~ r v e y ;
18203 - Criap, 1823-7 - We bb 6. 111 orland, 1827-30 - Prof~si omzl Review8
1824-30.
W
E now come to the surveys of two of the most competent of these Madras
surveyors, James Garling and Benjamin Ward.
Troyer had selected Garling
from the first class of the Military Institution t,o he Ilia assistant instructor,
md at the end of 1810 sent him in charge of a party of officers to survey Goa
[ 11, 127 1. When the survey passed to the control of the Surveyor General, the
young officers were replaced by sub-assistants [ 11, 156 1, and on its close Garling
was selected for the NizBm's dominions.
kVard was of British stock antl the most successful of the country-born pupils
bf the observatory surve~ing scl~ool. He came under Maclienzie'a personal care
and training on the Jiysore surrey, and then spent more than a pear in the Ceded
Diet,ricts [ 11, 153-41. After getting a. commission antl doing a few months military
duty, he held charge of the drawing office a t Madras during Mackenzie's absence in
Java, and after his return mas selected for the survey of Trarancore.
Arthur's
survey which had carried on intermittently between 1807 and 1811 [11, 130-2 ]
h d been deliberate, but patchy and incomplete, and the Resident had for some
time pressed for its completion, which RIaokenzie now pro\ided for ;
As the survey of Travancore haa been long in contern~~lation. this measure is more than
necessary now ; it wee ... sunpentled in 1910 ... with a view of resurnin~ it at a favourable period.
At present I conceive every motive of utilit,y and economy favours the resumption. To avoid
the fcirnier R I T O ~ or avert interr~lption from cliniat,e or casualties, I woul~l recommend t hat
this party be made up to ~ i x as.si~tants. \\-\-)lich can be well sl~ared from Dindigull [ 4 1.
As the sun-ey of Dindigul had not been prospering, i t was broken off in 1816,
and the surveyors joined Ward for work in Trarancore [IIO], Nackenzie reporting
the arrival of Lieutenant Ward nt Dindigul on 14th July.
After making the necessary arrange-
ments ... there, he arrivell on the l6tll August wit11 three assiiltn~~t surveyors in the territory of
Trevancore.
hlr. ll'ard had a personnl ~~o mr n ~~~~i c n t i o n wit11 the Resitlent of Travancore irl his way thro'
Tinnevelly, and was enable11 to cormnence his oper1rtion.s on the 20th of that, month, vlld by
hk last report, of the 1st inrtant [ September 1, was emplogetl on the detailed survey...in t he
neighourhood of Cape Comorin. One of the assistflnts \ vm disabled frorn duty by a return
of fever which, with the high westerly winds u~ual l y prevailing a t that setwon, will retard the
operations till the fair season conunences.
The following are extracts from Mackenzie's instructions2 ;
As no information exists in this office of the internal divisions of the 'fievancore territory,
nltllo' I presume it is subdivided in a similar manner to other countries under e Hindoo d-
ministration, and m the mt ure of the country and of its cli~na te... beer ,a considerable -em-
blance t.o that of Maln.bar tund Canara, ... apply early t o the Residmt for - authentic l i a ,,f
the provincial divieions of the country, und for orders to the provincial offitioers t o eupply you
with lists of the villnges, etc.. in like manner as wns furnished in Myeow and
the C-
Districts. You ehould also conault the Resident m t o t.he rnoet expedient t o be fimt b b
up ... of the Divieions. ...
'from SQ., 14-12-15 ; MPC. 12-1-10.
sIrom SG., 18-4-16 ; ib. 1-18.
106
~ f k r obta"1ing ewr y necessary local informntioll. rornlnence ynllr operations. and dktribute
the partins of surveyon in s ~mh menner us ... promise to be I UOS~ 1 ~ d v a l l t n p ~ 8 . ... C. . . PBCOI ~-
go11 to ha\-e t l ~ e est eri ~l r bot~ndary ... with t he Cotupany's territories well snrwyed. ... I
undentand there are tracts there isolat,ecl ... which will require pr t i cul ar attention. ...
Tile road. will, as IWIIHI, be a special object of attention. ... The great road from t he entry
of the sn~~t. hern barrier wnll of Trnvancore, till it reaches Corhin. should be conlpleted ill a
series of road uheetn in t he usur~l form ; the ot l ~r r roads may be a t l d d in like manner.
Tho kk- wat , er s. as they are called in Tra\ rlncore ( the illland nnvigutinn ),form a peculisr
feature. ... A~rert ni n t hek rornmi~nicntinn* tlwougl~nut ... and t he del>t,h of t he water by
aoun<ling at. different times of the year, wheu the wttters nre high unrl low, a s surveys of
waters cnnnot be of much use wit, l~ol~t H. lcnomledpe of the ~oun~l i npr; I I I I ~ clept,lls.
The maps of districts nrr t o be laid down on tile scale nlrently alloptell for t he other surveys.
of one mile t o all inch. ...
I encloee a lint of stationery und i nst r ~~ment s no\v mn~l e np fnr co~upleting t he equipment for
golw party. ... -4s tlie inpt~.uments are not alwaq-a procurul~le here. ant1 are a t all timen attended
with H cotlsider~~l)le expense to Government. ... wnrn t l ~ e n.;ri*t~~nt attrre.yory to he l ~t t ent i ve to
their pre.iervution.
Having eveq. vonfidence in your zeal and lulowletlye. ... nlrcecly ~ v u ~ v e d i l l t l ~os r works
you have SII p~tisfnrtorily condi~cted, any fi ~rt her esplr~nationa of t he generel ~ I ~ I I I 01 this
work are scarcely necessary1.
The six assistants-Turnbull, Pereira, Keyes, 3IacMalion, Aikin, ancl Bird-had
from 6 to 18 years experience on district surveys. Ward based liis triangulation
on Lambton's triangles, writing from Anjengo on lst, April 1817 ;
I 11nve duri l ~g tile l ust month extended a series of triangles frorrr ' I ' r i \ - ~~~r cl r ~un~ t o this
place an11 in the interior. talting np t, l~e points originally fixed by Lientenant Stewnrt [ I 1, r j z .
443 1. I t iR my intention d~ui ng the present ~ n r r ~ ~ t l ~ t o estend 11 serie3 over t l ~ e t ract of the
northern part of this district, and of t hat of li~>larcurray. t c ~ t he nrer~t ritnpe of mo~~nt ai ns, t o
enable t.he survey0 n... to lay in t l ~ e feature* of the cnnnt,ry3.
The following extracts from his journal4 give a picture of his clailv work ;
Thursdt~>-. 13th .rune 1816. Left 1lndra.s at I I I>.m and ~wur w( l e~l Iiy TripoloolL t.o
NanviU.ypoor ; ... nrri\.efl ... a t H p.m. and proceeded t o (' olu~~el btackenzic's tents. pitched on
t he bewh near HII nllrieltt, ~ L L ~ O C ~ R . ...
h i v e d at Pon~licherry at 10 a.m. on the l.it.11 inat,. ... Left Pondicherry 28th. ...
Jul y 3rd. t o 9th. Trichu~ol~oly. ... 11th to l i t l ~ . Dintlipul. ... 18th t o 26tl1, SIadura. ...
31st. Courtallum6. Repclrte~l my arrival t11 C'olc~nel Jl ul ~r o [11, 14 n.4 ; 111. r I I n.41, t he
Resident in Travnncl-)re. . ..
August. 5t,l1 to 14th. Palnrncntta'. ...
18th. Yreparetl the instruments for uervire ; flirertecl Bird and 3laclllnl1on to make Rilrvey
of the country east anfl noutl~ of the line. ... 23rcl. Ilirerteri Bird ruld J I ncl I aho~~ to su~. vey
t he r o d from Poonagoody and Cornorin t o Nagacoil8. ...
28th. Aecendd and took a station on Murtawa hill. ...
31st. Took a station on Myladdy hill. ...
September 15th. >lade a cirruit on the eastern limit common t o Ternevelly [Tinnevellp
District 1. nnd proceeded to Arurnh~lllay [ IT, 242-3 1. ...
Oct. 3rd. Oodagerry.
Reported my arrival t o the Officer Com~nandinp a d moved t o t he
neig)rourhood of Paupan~veram, t o avail myself of t he convenienre of a bungalow t o bring up
all arrears of t he eurvey ; the areistanta, Aiken, Bird, and MacMahon, having arrived at this
station aonle days previous. ...
From tho 5th t o 22nd of Ortober. emplnyml within doors with t he assistants, protracting t he
field work and drawing ; f ~r or ~l r i ng reghters of \-ilhges. and entering t he situations of such ae
have already been ascertained.
The wi st ant a Aiken and MacMahon employed in maliinp n minute survey of t he forts and
envirom, the latter generally employed on this duty. t he former on t he survey of t he roe& from
thin p h to Trivstaur. ... Bird inserting t he situation of villages in the registers. and pro-
tracting and colouring t he rout- ~unr eyed t o thie place.
On the 7th inqt. took a station at t he flagstaff on Oodagerry Hill ; on t he 10th on t he re-
doubts to the north of Paupanareram, t o fix them ee stations for t he buses of t he survey of t he
environs.
from W.. 1R+10 ; MPC. 10-5-10. 'Capital of Travancore, 58 D/l5. 3 M Rev Ild.. ?0-0-17.
'Mcmir uf the Slurcey of Trnuancmc and Codin. Madm Uovt. Prens. 1801. I'Nrupptrrur. UO D/2.
Kuttabrn. famoud waterfull [ 11, 14) 1 ; 58 HIb.
' PBlsmootteh, 3 m. &. of Tinnevellg. m Nsgercoil. in
Travancore. 58 His.
26th Oct.
Having d u c t e d the three aseistanta t o survey what remained of the southern
dbtriot of Cocoluml, proceeded ... t o commence a neriea of triangles for the survey8 of the Coob
~ r a y and Neattengerrya districts. ...
3rd November. ... h i s t a n t s Turnbull and P e r a r ~ reported their arrival from Di ndw.
4th.
Commenced the ct~lculation of the triangles t,o the westward, and drew up letters and
reporb for transmission to the Surveyor General's office. ... 6th. Continued the cnlculution
of the triangles.
h i u t m t Keyes reported his arrival t h i ~ day. ... 11th. Deepatclled the
three essistanta just arrival to survey the districb ... t o the w~ t wa r d . ...
Dee. 1st.
l' he twsistantn Aiken and Maonlahon returned from survey ; the former ~d
m'illi- Bird heing indisposed with a fever were directed t o proceed and place the~melves
under the ... surgeon a t Trivnnrlrurn. ...
5th.
Proceeded to Tambercolum to execute an agricultural survey of its lands, being in
t o instructionu received from the Surveyor General. ...
eth, 7th. 8th. Investigating into the nature of t!le tenurea and stnthtical acrountaronnected
with the village and its lands.
3lncMahon employed on the survey sir~ce the 4th inete.
Sme y wm by no meana straightforward or easy;
1 have now seen n specimen of the Travancore country, and do assure you, IHy Good Sir,
the difficulties we will have to encounter will be mach greater than any thin^ experienced in
Can-, in consequence of the woody and mouc~tainous tracts, wlricll extend for many tlundrod
square miles, and without a single hahitat,ion save those of e few hill people. ...
Plains in this country fire only the bottom of deep ravines, wliicl~ are cultivated an11 shut in
with immense woods & hilla. To see even a. village or field it is necessary t o be on t he spot.
&tho' the mountains are lofty 8: a t hand, the greatest difficulty must be gone over before [ one ]
a n get a sight of the stations. The only niethod ... is t o slwvey from village t o vlllege with
the wheel & compass, & the tract laid down in this manner will in some respects he erroneous,
which ... may be corrected when an ohservetion can be obtained. ...
It is my intention in a few days to run over the oountry betweon this place, Trivandrum.
and the sea, to settle aa many secondary stntiotis aa may be possible, on which tract, when
Turnbull joins, I propose dividing the young men. ..to allot each a separate district, Bc. when
they are employed will a t my l e h r e take an active part towards the mountains. ...
Bird & MacMahon are !low well acquainted with the manner of keeping the field boolc. &
they will be able to show the others how it is to be done. ...
We have gone over the wholo tract ... surveyed by Captn. Blair [II, 131,3821. ... It s e e m in
every respect to be n very accurate production ; t he situations of the villages me laid down
minutely, tho' their names I found much corrupted. & I do srippose t hat the whole has been
laid down from trigonometrical observations, or otherwise error wo~llcl appecrr in some pa&.
Attention h w not heen paid in laying down the extent of the hills to their base, which ia t,he
only differencc I havo observed.
Again, on 4th November ;
Constant heavy mins ... with short, intervnl of fair weather. ... I have carried on ... triangles
as well as the uneven R- wooded nat,ure of t he country woi~ld admit, which will be of great
asaiatance to the young men. but ... a great part can only he s ~we y e d with the wheel & com-
psis. Anotl~or obstacle to the westward is the immense cocoanut topes, which keep rising
from the bottom of glens n.lmost t o the summit. of the heighte, the tops of which are again
crowned with lofty wood. ...
I also met with two Tesildars, who are of the Nair caste, k very civil & polite. They have,
they said, in consrquence of' instrr~ctions sent to them beforehand, 1,repared re~i st ere of
villages. ... Some villages I~ave one name in the cucar list.. [ and ] are c d l ~ l by another by
the ncltivea, whirh often ocoasiona great confusion4.
I n May 1817 Ward was deputed to survey the boundaries of Travancore with
Tinnevelly snd Dindigul under the direction of commissioners who had been appoint-
ed to settle themb. This wcts the sort of interruption to the steady progress of
m e y that made Mackenzie so angry, but against which he could make no offioid
protest. "This survey of the limits of Travancore is a subject that I had no notioe
of & I know not who the commissioners are at this moment a''.
Ward eder ed the trials common t o all boundary commissions ;
May 23rd.
Received a letter by post this morning from the Surveyor Ge n d , directing me
'Kdoulurn. 68 H/7. 'NeyynttinkR.rs, 58 H/3.
MRIO. M. 108 ; 137 ( 7 ) ; sode 4 inoh- 0 a mile.
'to 80.. DDn. 150 ( 178, 1013).
*The Coohin-Malabar bounderg h d been surveyed by Arthu 18168.
MRIO. M. 107. ' DDn. 168 ( 126 ), 27-5-17.
to
and uoluply with the requisitions of the C'ornmiesioners about to be appoi nt 4 for
the plvpoee of decidirlg the disputed lands between Travancore. Di ndal l , end l ' e nne ve ~~. ...
The oo-issioners are Cal~toin RIarlter for Travancore & a Mr. f i ur y, @BShtAnt to Mr.
Petfie, [ I , 175 n.5 11, 2651, on the part of Government8.
Coortallum, 1Bt,ll Jnne.
I urrived at this place on the 13th instant, having left Quilon on
the 10th ; fi\.e days lrnve now elapsed & no conlmissioner has eppeared. ... Mr. D. haa arrived s t
Dindigul. ... Capt,. Blacker is posting. and will br hore in a dny or Lwo. ... Wr then proceed to
Cummum in tl:e Dindigul vnlley to decide the dinputm in the Cardamuml Mountains &...return
Shencota in this neighourhood. ... I hove several ~loruments ... connected with the disputes.
How this point will ultimately he clecided I do not know, but the fatigue d labor attending it
dl be very great8.
June 30tll.
Being given to ~mderatanrl by t,he Itmident that the Commissioners will meet
at Cumbama in the Uindigl~l valley, ... began to make preparations for proceeding.
J U ] ~ 6th.
Induced to halt for a suplrly of caw11 from Palamcott~rh ; the exchange of the
Tm\-ancore fallnmsn a t 2006 discount wt~.9 a serious loas to t,he pnrty. ...
12th.
This morning the Conuniesioners arrived, accomptlnied by the Collector of Mndura. ...
He writes to Maokemie, 12th July ;
I em impatient. and very anxioua to commence on tlliu duty. ... The weather is juet now
coo] and pleasent, with rein at interval, notwithstanding we have a few sick &early.
The whole of the tract in dispute, which lies betaren tho hills &. the Perryaur river, ... is
eKtremelp wild and very intricate, and milch infested by tygern B elephnnts, ar~d...at times
the whole day t,he f o g nro so thick that they [ the mrn ] are obliged to grope thcir tv&y t h o '
it a t the hazard oftheir lives, & the rain cnntinunlly pouring down in torrent8 will, I fear.
hpe de our progrese considerablyb.
13th to 17th. The Conrmiesioners, after Borne days dincuasionu, came to a resolutiou to
forward all the documents produced by both parties to Government ior their decision, and
... expremed their misli to me that the tract in dieputs ...to be sulveyed ; I therefore lleld my-
self in readiness t,o execute t h i ~ dutye.
He commenced survey of the disputed cardamom lands about 26th July,
and have been labouring ever since, making every exertion to get over it, but to little effect,
having to contend with not only the difficult r ~ a t ~ v e of the country which is a conlpo.sition of
hills and narrow \.allies & aln~ont uninhabited, but. the weather mostly [ has] been a barrier
to my proceedings.
It continually reins RT causes such a damp in everything, that tho' it would he 8 satisfaction
... to enter ripon the protraction of the work, yet ... it is in~poeaible. I then take up a book, lie in
bed to pms the time. That too I find uncolnfortable. We have fires made, nnd so long aa
they laat i t is all well, but when they go out we feel worse than ever.
1 went up to one of t,he hipheat hills loolting towarrla Di ndi p~l valley one fine day, t o take
a ebtion. & an soon iw I renclreil tho summit such a fog with rnin commenced, the like I never
witneeeed before. On this lol'ty eminence did we remain for six long days LV nights in it small
hut made of leave-, in hopes of a fair day. ...
I am just now almost in the same predicament, tho' in more comfortable quarters, sheltered
in a deep hollow where the wind is not so piercing, waiting for the fog to disperse. ... These
continual disappointments, 31y Dear Sir, is very vexing, ... separated from my baggage &o.,
md obliged to go over every incll of ground on foot and, to crown the whole, ... I sent away
about a month ago ... art.iolea of some value, my beat clothes, &c. The party wcls attacked by
e male elephant who spared nothing, destroying the whole, amounting t o a considerable eum.
How em I to be indemnified 7 ...
I have hop- by the end of November to hring it to a final close, when I proceed to Qoilon7.
He had more trouble from elephants ;
Aug. 16th. This evening aa a party of coolies ahout 60 in number were coming up fiom
Cumhum ... they were attacked about a mile from thia hy a male elephant, which rmhed upon
them nnd struck o LaJ of about 18 with his proboncis, r~ntl instnntly killed him on the epot ; the
remauring party endeavouring to get owuy, some fell nnd hri~iserl themselves very much.
He escaped from t he boundary survoy in December ; " I was enablod to quit that
vile tract ... about the 5th instant, notwithstanding the weather, whioh became
favourable only late in November, ... I arrived here on the 16th.instant ". He waa
glad to get back to his surveyors, about whom he had been anxioue ;
' El el hri a Cardamomurn, mqni m clennc ahsde. plent,y of nnter, nnd rich soil.
' t o 8G., DDn. 166
( 214 ). 'Kambam. 58 C/6. ' 42 fnnr~m = 1 pagoda [ I. 278 n.7 1.
'to SG. ; DDn. 166 ( 216 ). *Ward's
Memoir. 7 to SO., 28-10-17 ; Dh. 160 ( 218 ) ; boundary aumey, MRIO. Mieo. 0-0-13.
l?tll July.
Keys is twain indinposoll, and i t is not ~ullikoly he will keep away from t he
survey till I mLum.
l'llara aro now two asmistants on thlt,y with 'I'~vnbull, they ... (lo IiLtle,
on the plea that i t continually ruulu. ...
28th Octohcr.
I a1n COI I L. HI . ~ OI ~ ... ~ I I I L L Tlvnb~lll & the t,lher assistants rlo not a t nll give
ecrtiefnrtil)n.
'rhog 1~11ve over since the mont l ~ of May bee11 on t l ~n sllrvoy of tho Koturlcerry
dietrich, and \vhicll is ... still 1111tini~I1ed. ..frort~ LL wnnl of LWI OII their r)art. Was I on t he
spot, I am confidant t hat survey wolllrl have t errni t ~nt d ... ourly in August1.
He now inspcted their work "which, tho' it embraced but LL small portion of
oountl:y, appeared to be woll executed".
At Quilon he wibs glad to welcomc
hnner , who had brought his small partya down from Coorg to assist [ 97 1.
>Ir. (bnner arrivotl here a few (lnys nf'ter me, hovirrg loft. Myaoro n month ngo. I was s t w
IIFizHd tt, Roe h h here un uoon. ... \tre hnvr ... nrmnged it.. ~~r nvi o~i d tn commencing mrvey
Lyain, to seo tho Resident. ... Hc iu I I I I W on llis tour in C~~c~hi n, & is expec*tncl to he back ~ o o n ~ .
Jan. 5th 1818.
Left Quilol~ nt 4 p.m. : prn~~oetlal in company \vit.l~ Lio~lt. hnne r , and
nrrive(lat :ilel,py at ! , a.111. OI I the 6th inht. ... LVt~itcd on C'nlonol JIuuro3 and, after a
conference, rrt~lrned to Cochin. ... 8th. T h i ~ ~norninp: IIRIIUI wilitetl on the Itmident, and
after I L long oonforenco, prinripnlly on n~.tbjoct~s (.~~ntle(:tu[l tlrr uorvoy nnd assistanor
reqr~ire~l [ 408 1, we tc~ok oltr I O U I ~ I I ~ ~ n d returned to Cochin.
Riddcll reports that. after rre~ing the Re d e n t Ward seemed
senguinc tu, t,c, expectntiona 01' fut.~lro ~ H Y ~ S ~ U I I C H . 011~' I I ~ V R I I ~ L I ~ ~ J I I ~ U. 110 days, already arisen
from tho intowiow "in ha\inp tm a11~lition;rl rlnmher of peons nl l ot d to them, whoge servircu
will be essentially nereqsary in procururg uicl tn t.11~ u.quist,nl~t~".
Lieutcunnt Ward IIIU, 111~rilrg thiu y~td~art,cr, coml~lot,e~l tho xnrvoy of the disputncl tract
between Travancore and Uindiyi~ll ; ilncl t,lle a48istants. 111~\-irlg Fulishetl the Quilon Uistrict,
llave ras~tmetl t.he ernminnt.iotr or t 111- \ \ . I I I I I I ~ trnrtx of KO~ RI . ~ I T T ~ Di~t~riot., ~IL~continuotl from
the (lilficult,y of proolu.iny ~rs~isIntl~. r. an111 I I ~ O malting cc~nniclonrhle ~)rog~'eg* in the rlistricta
of Hunubo~~r am11 ITmt)ulo!~illy~.
In sht~rt., ... tho !,nlgresu c~f the ' l ' mv~nc~~ce slirvny is 11.3 r ; ~[ ~i <l ns crsn he oxpacted. -411 the
conntry sont.11 of 0 line ~ l r ~ ~ w n enst. mlcl west 13 ~nilos nc~rtl: I I ~ (Juilon htu been firieherl. This
comprises rrho~ct 11 f o ~ ~ r t l ~ of the ki ng~l <~m. I L I I ~ ~ . C I L I C I I I H ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ 1111 t,he prop-casivc wceleration
that will nrine l'rt~nl 111- incrc.lworl t t u~nl ~er of survoyoru. wc I L I I L ~ 1oc1k for\ v~~nl nt 1111 very rrlnotc
period to t.110 corn1)lotiolr of tlrnt aiixtnnt nnd unhenltl~y re-gion6.
In addition to tho straightforwnrd one-inch sol.vt\y of the country, large scale
surveys werc made of the ti, wVn and snvirons of Qdlot17, : L I I ~ of various oardarnom
gardens. Field work was closeci for the mouqoon, ant1 rerrumed on 1st September ;
.Iuno 1st 1818. ' I ' l ~i n boinz t hr ~.~~rnrnwnc.en~ont of tile 111'ilvy rains 1111 t.hk CORS~, I ilircctod
the whole party i nt , ~~ Quilc~n, to I ~r i l ~g 1111 the UI I ~OI I I W work of the sltrvey sure-e its comrnonrernent
in A~~guqt 1816, h a v i n ~ Irtul no l e i ~ ~ r e 8inc.o tllat period to hring up RI T C~ ~ N. of whirl1 now mu&
wee to be done. A t*onvenient I>tmgulow nu nn officae wnN built a t n ~ y IW-I-I expense, and the
essistanta. ..were tlirwted to attend, stated hours being Gxe~l for doing the intloom work.
Lieut. Comer and his party oame in about the 18th inat,. ...
July 20th. This evening (lied tho twistant Perera, who came into Quilon with e fever
oontraotml in the hilly t r a ~ ~ t s to the wtwarcl. ... He haa left IL ynurrg widow wholo he -ed
in December lest year. ... 21st,. Early this nlorning atb~rtletl the interment of the mmaine of
the aasiatant Perera at tho burial grollnd nt Neenclucurrn ; left Qrlil1111 a t i a.m.
26th.
Lieut. Connor who aoco~npaniod rno from Qui111n n-rllt on this tlqy t o Sl ~enct ot t , ~h~
for the purpose of conrnlencing on tho uumoy of t l ~nt tlistrict. ...
31st. Arrived tdtt tho cantonment of Quilon.
The whole of tho month of August within door*, exalnining tmd revising palmra conneoted
with the survey to the southward, and on the mlculatione of the triangles. Du r i n ~ the grmMr
p t of the montlr weather utorrny and rainy. uu~l
assktanta often in colrseqnenro prevelltd
from attontling office ; aho the papora being no very dump that they rould not be ~l ~e dc l l ~d with
without sustaining some injury.
h work went on, most of tho scattered areas surveyed before 181 1 were mnneoted
up and by the end of 1820 the survey waa olosed down. Conner wes - f e d to
Hyder&b&d, and took with him d l the plans and documents which he finished off
at Ma&, and handed in during February 1821 ;
'to W.. DDn. 150 ( 216, 219). sSub-a~ishnts hug sad Piokar.
'to W.. DDn. 1M( 222).
1!2-12-17.
'John Uunro ( 1776-1S.;8 8) Msd. Id. : QMQ. 1808 ( IT, 471 ) ; Resident. T~~vsnrme 1817-8
11061. m.. Madran, 1808, Oherlotta eister to Valentine Blwksr.
'Arnbolspulei 68 C/?.
OReport , , f
69-18 ; MMO. Merch 1818.
' MRIO. 180 ( 10 ): ptrrt, of Quilon Wit. . Ib. 135 ( 2.2 ).
8 s H/ I.
A General Map of both principalities [Tra\-a~lcore and Corhin] ... six allnets. 'rho northen1
srntion, hlcluding much of Cochhl and four cList.rictn of t,he wllect,orrrte of Sor~th Mnlabar, hm
alone...been left incomplete : the her t i on of the nnrneH, tnget,her wit.h some trifling deteih, is
all that. r e ~ r ~ a i ~ ~ a necwary to perfect it..
The memoirs. ropistns. 111111 routes. I I ~ enel> ~~: ~r l . i cul a~~ distrirt \ d l I I R li)lttl~l t o I I C C I I ~ ~ in
I ~VW- 1)urtiouhr with the instructions. ... Wgrnphicol nnrl .statirti(,al illfi>r~~lntion ... will be
fi)l~ntl ill tllo tlocument entit,le~l 3Ieln1~ir of the Tr ~ ~ v ~ ~ n r o r e Snr\-ey, in u-11i1.h nlsn nre given aome
rencrnl and hnaty t~c>ticca ns l o the proclurtion. Imt)urcen. l ~ ~ ~ p u l ~ ~ t , i t ~ n . c'tl... I I ~ tltr colmtry. ...
Eavii~q loll# anticipatell with u~ixiety tlieco~~~l,l~.tirrn. ... it ix clifin~lt t a~ repress ... theeolioi-
tude we HIIIIII feel toleon1 tht. sentiments of the Sl ~r \ . cy~~r General lm t o tclle nlnnner in whiclt the
duti w... l~a\-e bee11 nrcun~lllisl~ed. ... I hnvc .4pvket1 in tho plrutll. hut i l l dclillg so will not tlerogate
in the alighte*t mawure f mn ~ t,lir 11igl1 considertlt,i~>t~ duo t,o 1,ilvlt. \Vanl, The principality of
Cocluti : t,he tlistricts of South Nnlnbnr ; pnrt of 'l'rt~vanr-ore ; a1111 the memoir of t,houe t,ranta
were undertalien nncl rnmpletrd I I ~ Lierltena~~t War11 nncl ~~~yaol l ' 11s a joult. lnbourl.
In apologiaing for the time taken over t h i ~ survey, Ward suggests that
in tnliineitlto~.n~~si~ler~~ti~~n the variety of itl~ldirnents~)rwcr~trrl bv tile ~t \ ~~ut i t a ~i ~~oua nncl w r d y
tract,^ I I ~ tlir w7t. nntl the CICIIRC 11al1n UPOVW nn~l ~l ~t . ni l c~~l c.liurnctrr ~ B C ~ I I R r i >~~nt r y to the weclt,
tn~.othr%r wi t h r11c hen\-y r ~ ~ i r ~ s I I I I ~ I tile climate. ... it will 110t tiprivilr s(t ~ l i s l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ( ~ r t i ~ n i ~ t ~ ~ .
Montgomeric rated the quality of the work very high :
The ew\-ey clel~e~aln 1111 Col. 1.t1111bton'n t r i n~~gr ~l r ~t i n~~. fro111 \vl~icl~ t~ ~ninor triellgul&t.ioa
was conducted by the S~~perintcn~lent, atid the points ~l e t e r ~~~i nr ( l t l ~crrhy furninhml t.o the
Asskttint Survey~~lr;. The lietail was montlg tflkell up l ~ y meanr: bl~c plein tnl~le : circum-
ferentnrs, peraml)ultrtor, & field bnoka were aluo r~ned [ 206 1.
Thia aw an excellent geopaphienl. topopa])l~icnl, nntl tati is tical survey. ancl tho admir-
nble manner in which i t 110s Imn executed, and tilet too ~mtler no c~rdinary diffirmltios from the
wild nature of the courltry. relipctn great creclita.
The original planetable ~ections of Conner's survey of Coohin are still
preserved, though in fragile condition. The twelve sections are beautifully drawn,
in great detail, with green forest sym hols. stump-shaded Ilills, and olearly marked
trigonometrical ~t.at,ions~.
The resurvey of Dindigul had been taken up in 1815 by six ussistant revenue
surveyors under Turnbul16, but progrws was slow and much interrupted by eick-
nese [ JI, 1401. IJnder his new organization Mackenzie decided t o put this party
under Benjamin Ward for the survey of Travancore. By tho begiuning of the rains
of 1816, the greater part of the rich cultivated valley of Dindigul had been surveyed
but "the great mam of mountains that divided the country from Travanoore"
remained, and Mackenzie preferred to leave this till Travancore had been com-
pleted. With the exception of Chamarett the whole party moved to Travanmre
between July and December, and Mackenzie reports on 26th September that
Mr. Turnbull has tranomitted the map of the aurvey of Dindiyl, which ... conveys a very
satinfactory epecimen of these surveys, and an ir~tereating addition t o our lrnowledge of that
part or the peninsula [ 11, pl. I 3 1. The tallook of Outampallam t ~nd two small pollams are
left ww\ . eyed wllich, with part of the mountainous tract may hr tnken up on the close of the
Tmvancore eurvey. ... 'l'he dawer of uncrificing the livas of the party hy persewing further
in a debilitated s t a h of health in nn r~nhralthy country will be admitted m a ~ufTicient renrnn
for calling them off to ar~other duty.
The memoim, plans. and section8 of the ~rparnt e districts hut1 bean interrupbed by the
repeatecl siaknm of irds of the eaeistanta. Mr. Turnbull, by pemevering in bringing up this
wo*, with a 7-1 highly commmrlable, h w ... transmitted 6 men~oirs deeoriptim of the...&-
t r i ebmd zamindaricm of Dindigul, with &tintic tabloe of their pop~~l nt i on. ~t t l e, et c. . t e
with t rmdst i om by himwlf, and by o t h m of the mi st ant s, of the hietorice1 aocounR of t b
poligere or that diatricte.
On tho uornpletion of the Trsvancore survey Ward moved hie party1 up to
Dhdigul early in February 1821 and, in spite of inBrnlptions by cholera, oom-
pleted one thousand square miles of survey in u i s months.
The series of triangles which were curried over the whole, preparatory t o the eurvrry uf the
debils, were ... extendetl ... f r on~ baqes ~l et er ~ni ne~l by Colollel Lambton in Travancom, ~tnti the
&Mils inserted 1111 aectio~~a, CDC~ I co~ltnilling 27 aqllore miltw [ 11, 128 1.
The sl wey co,u~noncetl in the vicinity of Periaool~lrn~. nnd waa prosecuted in t . h m tiirisrent
dkectio~w domi the valley ... embruring thu valley of \ Vur nl md~ bordering on the Tinivelly
province. mri hrouyht to II tern~inntion in the lnttor end of 'ipril.
'rhe expb~ring of the Vulrhnyerry mountains WLU t.he next and grand object in vim, the
8urve.v I I ~ whicl~ uorn~nencecl in the latter el111 of May hy penet.rating into them by three diti~vent
primes, nntl with great excjrtion tho wliolu of this rtlase of mountains wae strweyed by the be-
ginning of Aubmt, wl~on tlle partics retired t o P~llnay in tho plnina to the north ... for ... 8niehing
and connecting tho sectio~~ri of t l ~u ailrvey, tuld also t o draw up such dooumenta as will be
necessary. ... 'I'hiu duty will ooct~py me wibhin tloora to the latter end of September. when
I hope to tronamit tho wllolo of tile materials. ... toqethar \rit.li sorno original Hurveys
... executetl by tho wsiat.n~rt snrvoyors UI 1815-0. rt.r.~i\,~arl rrom tho twsistl~nt ullrvfryor
Turnbull" ...
I have beer1 ind~lcetl t o embrilce a largo tract of iliter~wting mountni~~oua counbry dryien-
dent on Cnimbatoor, hit.herto novor esplurerl. ... I 11t1d it in cu~~templabion t o l ~nve estendetl the
survey over the mnss of the mountains 11f Dhullne ... i ~ q it, would complete the s~l rvey of the
mountairls from Cape Co~norin to tho Poor ~i t ~~y TCiut.~., but the excessive bod weather prevailing
on those mountai ns... intluced me to rcce,le t.o the I,lains6.
Montgomerie had nothing but prai.se for the final maps ; "The excellence of the
materi $...renders i t one of the most perfect of any of the maps of the southern
provinces which have been issued from this office [ 120-1
Ward had been seriously unwell aU the time on this survey of the mountains,
but after a month's leave moved his party t o south Coimbatore in November,
with the prospect of work in tho Nilgiri mollntaias.
The first surveyors to explore the Nilgiri Hills were Keyes and L\daaMahon, who
vieitad them from Coimbatore in 1812 [ 11, 147-9 1, They were followed in 1818
by two of the Collector's assistants who reported a fertile and healthy country a t
a height of eight to ten thousand feat above the sea7, and on the strength of thie
report the Collector, John Sullivan8, asked for
a rough survey. ... as "the in11mbitanL~ nre extremely a~lxious t o have their lends meaeurerl,
under an idea that they are paying more than they ought to do".
He obtained Re. 300 to
make the path to tho hills more accessible, observing that if this were not done, t he revenue
... would in a short time wasto to nothin$. ... The formation of the road was entnwted to
Mr. Macphemon [ 11, 428 1, in command of a party of pioneers, and to the same oRicer t he
survey of t l l ~ leads. The road was reported as completed on 23rd May 1823.
This w~ t he
old Srimugai Paas, which preceotied the liotngiri1 paw. ...
Captain \Vard, originally one of Colonel hlackenzie's assistants, surveyel the hills, and
oompleted the valuable memoir which ... wm not submitted to Government till July 1~326~1.
Macphemon testifies, 12th June 1820, t o the salubrity of the climate ;
My residence in these mountains l ~aa been sinco the 14th of Marclr ( now about three months ).
and probably tho hottest senson of the yearla. ... 90 long back me 1R16. I auffered an a t w k
of the Ganjam epidemic, which appears to be an intermittent [ fever ] in ita most malignant
form, sinco which period ... I have beer1 subjecLed to occeeional attacks of fever. At M a k .
in December last, ... I had two nttaoks of ague ; in the February following a t Coimbatore I -
nevrly brought t o the brink of tho xrnvo by the aame disorder.
lenoopt Tornhull and the iebrprelor who went to Tinnevelly (11, 116).
'Periykulsm. 6E F/lP.
aVaruahanad, 68 C/O.
'Journnl, MRIO. M 28 : triangles, M 26 ; mnp, ib. 133 ( 23-6 ) I46 ( 18) 3-PT-I&
'Jnamnl. 15-8-21 ; DDn. 186: tu Mountford, 13-8-21, DDn. 102 ( 220) .
*DDn. 220 (201 ). 2-8-26.
'h Colleotor to M Rov Bd.. 31-7-19. Price.
8John Sulllvan ( 1788-1865 ) writer. 1804 ; CoUsator Colm-
batom 181640 ; ret. 1811.
sCnlleotor to Y Rev Dd.. 6-3-18.
l o 10 m. E. of Ootaawnnnd.
" Q b
( 2904 ).
IrEe append s reaod of d.dy tamparatom.
atarch 1 ascended the Nealpheny, weak and debilitated ; in a few days my appetite
WIP:~. end I soon recovered henltl~ and strength, since which period I have not had a single
day's sickness'.
Sullivan, pushed the development of this new health resort, and wrote to
Mountford in November 1819 ; ~
Inst,nlctioue have been innued to you to prepare a, map of Coimbatoor for the urn of the
revenue department in that province ; ... the survey of theeouthern...division, made under the
of the Surveyor General in 1812, was extremely imperfect, and. ..no reliance can be
phe d in the map which is framcd from it [ 11, 149 1.
The rmwvey of it appears desirable, and I am anxious ... to ascertain from you whether
that branch of the survey department which is now employud in Travanoore col~ld, with
mnvanience to tho public service. be ernployoil for a few months in Coimhntom hofore it
finelly leaves tho sout.11ern and wesbl ~r proviuces8.
Mountford replied that the Collector's old map
wag not, executed under the orde~sl of the Surveyor General, but so l i ~ r bncli aa 1801-2 and 3.
from the records of the oAice it appears to hare been execi~tod by young lade sent from the
eurvcyi ~~y school, and upon a ~nilch smuller scalv thau it ha4 been thol~ght~ rleccrutnry to adopt
in muveys of a more recent dnto3 [ 11, 147-8 1.
I perfectly concur with you thnt resurvey ... appears cleairable, ... it@ being so much inferior
other district surveys. part~irul~~rly to the northern part of the Coimbatoor, executed
since the establishment of tho arlrvey depnrtment" The only objection ... appears t'o be the
delny which it will occasion in the complot,ion of the survey of the Northern Circars [ 102 r.
Pending completion of the Travancore survey, Macpherson was oalled on to
make a survey, but though he indented for instruments and received professional
instructions he produced nothing of value. On completion of Wad' s survey
of Dindigul, Mountford recommended hia move to Coimbatore and the Ni1gh-b ;
The survey of the southern part of Coirnbatore was executed by a few inexperienced young
lads sent from the mrveying acl~ool in 1801. The rwult of their work is in a general map in
this ofice, and it exhibits little more than n mom sketclr. On trying the work with Colonel
Lambton's trigonometrically clete~mined stationa ( whose opertrtionn Ilad nnt been commenced
a t the date of the smvey ), its defects becalllo sufficiently uppnrent.
With respect tu the survey of the R'ilgemy mountains, it is evident lrorn the field books...
[ 11,149 1, that the assistants ( who hnd sun'ered much from fever ) were inrluce~l t o hurry over
the work ; the climate at that time being consirlered extremely inimical to the Eiwopean con-
etitntion. I am of opinion that ... the work should be revised a t the same t,irno with the ~out hern
pert, of the diqtrict, especially as it ought not to occupy the party more than two months6.
Ward started the survey of south Coirnbatore in November 1821, and moved
up to the mountains in March, completing field work by July 1822. He carried
out the triangulation himself, whilst Keyes and MacMahon filled in the detail by
planetable, thus having the satisfaction of rectifying their hasty work of 1812.
An important part of the operatione waa the determimation of the height of the
plateau and the peaks, and, writes Mountford,
An area of 060 aquaro mil- has be& surveyed in the south-western quarter of this
dietrict. Lieut,ennnt Ward intended, after bringing up ... indoor work, to explore the lofty
mountains on the uouthrrn frontior. and about the beginning of March t o ascend the Nilghmie
mountains.
AE the etnte of the atmosphere may ...p revent Lieut. War d... determining trigonometrically
the elevat,ion of the principal peuks of that interesting tract', i t appears dvi mbl e that he
nhould have the means of doing so by approximation. I hnvo an Engletield's mountain
barometer ( my own ) disposable for that purpoue, and have applied t o Ciovernment for
permimio~~ to purchme another from the ahops, by mcam of which tho corresponding
elevation8 of the mercury in the plains below may be registered.
takiug tllk precaution, however, I shall not lose sight of the gr at er dependence to be
placed in the rertnlb to be obtained from the former method, i f it c m be obtained without
undue interruption to the e~ul.ey@.
He was authorieod to purchaso as many mountain barometers as he could find.
A . I . . ODDn. 148 (224 ). 27-11-19. sNo recard found of thie aar?p swey.
4lkmgk.. I Q % . 181 M. 91. *Dh. I48 (221). ID-11-10.
. D h . 111 ( 111 1. 18-,-a. .Hi&&
point, Dodrlsbatts, RBU) R. 'DDn. 194 (31 ). 28-2-22.
In July \$lard relwrtt-el t hat hcr hat1 ro~npletacl Lht~ survey nnd withdrawn to
Coil~lbatore for nlapping' :
I have ... tfil<et~...eIevat~ior~a anti ~lel1r~swic~nn l i ~r l l cl ert l ~i l ~i t ~p t he 11eigl1t.s of at'rno or t he etni-
tlel~cea on t hat ext,imnive ~n n ~~n t n i n . 11111 it will retll~ire riut~le Li ~t ~e befort' I asun roport 011 thorn.
... Ou descen~lulp the rnt~~lntrril~s I reviaitrrl ~r ve r a l uf 1 1 1 ~ * t , ~ t i ~ ) n ~ for the pttrpoae of revinir~g
the annlea taken in t l ~ e nabrltllu cbf JInrcl~ t rl l cl Al~ril, t,he wuntller t ct tllnt peril)ti hein% \-ery un-
-. . - - . - -
0-
fovuurable...uru ac.l.clllnt of t,llr, very h a q *Lnt,r rbf t l ~ e u t ~ n ~ ~ s ~ ~ t ~ n r e prevttili~~p 1\11 uver ... the ~ J W
cotmtry2.
Dllring t he working aeaatm of 1822- : I , he. c~o~nl)lc~tecl t he renlaining part of
C0inlbatore t o bhe east" a11d the11 book 111) sltr\ ey of the 1<11nda11 hilla, on t he
b1alsbar border, 15 rr~iles soutll-west. ol' Ootacam~lrltl :
In the rnAp or tile JInInl~tw Pr(bvill1.n Lly tile H<,III~IIIJ. HI ~I . V~) . O~* . ' ~lll' vlryd frvlll 1793 LCI 1794
[ I, 131-2 1. the si t ~t nt i l ~n or theye ~ l i o l t n t ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ I P I I L U H ~~~? r f e ~. t . I d ~ n k nnd. na t.Iie3 reqemble t he
Neelgherriw ill their ~ ~ r o ~ n i n r t ~ t k a t ~ ~ r e s . ... f t ~ r ~ ~ ~ i n q tx ~ ~ u r t of t hat mnuq of tnrruntnin %..and.
es their \vesten1 lro11t.ier S~rrnw H part i l F t he great. lil~t) of ~ a i ~ t u ,
permission was obtninecl for their survey.
\Yard carried this out himself, leaviug
Keycs and 3facbIaho11 t.0 f i ni ~h off s out l ~ C'oitnhatore.
1.n Koven~t )er 182:) he took
three l l ~ont hs lenve owing
" t hr ~rrecari o~t s st at e of his health", atld t he a~ai nt ent s
also were given lea\.e to t he l' resider~cy.
A red11cc.11 copy of L\'ar(L'a map facc*~ [)age .? of Price's H i ~ t o r y o j Oo t n m~ n t ~ n d ,
and his Groqrnl~tticnl ccttrl .~trtiieticctl .lirnrnir fortus an appendi s t o Or i pg' ~ Mariual
o/ t h ~ Ni l gi ri T)i ~t ri rt .
Thc stlrvry of htalabnr between 17Y:l ~ n d 1800 by Elnlnitt, Johnson, and
Moncrieff had been c a r r i d out by racliatil~g ~ n d intersecting route s~l rveys, held
together by a few astronomical obsorvationv for latitude. Theae routes had hen
ar r angd nmtlinly for fixing t he more i n~port ant boundaries and communications,
and in no wsy provided a complete or reliable map of t he ~OlIIlbrj' [ I, 131-2 1.
The French territory a t Mah6 bat1 been oocnpied by t he British during t he war
with Frnncc. anel wRn, like Pondictlcrry, 11anded back clnring 11)17 [ 97-8 1. maps
were prepared fro111 a s u r v y made 1))- hIonier LVilliam~ in 180:' [ II,-+.j6 1 and older
Frcnch maps&, tlltout which I\lacket~zie writes in 1816 ;
Them is wf.nrcely nlly tlilTeretrce betweell thcr Etlgliwl~ anal I'retrc~l nlnp.; ,r* t.o extent of
grouncl.
Onr 11eo11ltt tllen Neeln to I I RVA I I ~ I Z ~ . I HT I th~tt13elves rk others ... without ally ground.
I n a nmtter, ha~wrver. t.11trt Inay invcrlvr the nabilrnal inter eat,^ of two Enr ol m~n powers a t
soma f t ~t ~t r o period, I iih~rulll npl~rel~entl an acc-1trat.e nllrvcy of t he whole tract, including Koring-
otte, ~houlcl nc,t t,ake hut. n few ~l ays. I t iq nrnrcel~- 4 or 5 Hqilsre mils*.
Wh h t t he grir\rey of Coiluhatore was &ill in progress, there wt ~s sonle discussion
as t o whether \ Var d' ~ next task shoulcl be (:tlnjntn, t.ho most northerly of t he Circiirs,
or Malabar ;
The genernl geoprnpl~y ol' the peninsllla wuulcl ~~~~clnulbt.etlly be best pr o~nobd by etnploying
Captain \Vard ancl hiw ne.sisLnr~tu, as origulelly int.ended. in t he Ganjam District.
Coimbetore
in all its aletails will not be tinally rornpleted bel'ore Decembor, su t hat it would be April,..
before tlley coulcl pc~ssibly reach t,he lielcl of Lheir futum labouw. ...
Experietrce hea.:.sl~ewn t.hat a change from the sont.hern part of t he Malabar t o t he other
extremity the C'c~ron~antlel C o ~ t is generally attendod witah more or lsas siclines.
TI,^,
however, in an i n c o ~~v e ~~i e l ~c ~e wt~icnll niny he felt at all times, and I...only advert t o it
reference t,n t.lle smellnes* of t,hn party, and t o Capt.nin \Vardls prwarioua st at e of health.
By unrlertakillp t,he atlrvry of 3Ialabnr now. t he party will have t he whole of tile l l ert
fair 8eseu11 from November (when t he rlimate becornea leust inimical) befow them. and a
very considerable r~ortion n l tllnt clistrict mu d bn actaompliehml by t he t.ime t hat they could
reach Qnnjnln. ... I n a military as well ay o peographiral point. of view our knowledge w o u ~
[Map of OotRcnmu~d & pl abu, 1-i11cl1 acela. 1Y.22 : MRIO. 136 ( 1 ) : MRO. 2 s . 260 ; memoir
71).
'TrLngla. MRIO. hI 20. UDII. IW ( 1&5 ). 8-7-22
' i bp. MRIO. 133 ( 1.2 ) ; memoir, DDn. iy M
657.
&Maps by William*. MKIO. Miso. 2-0-91 ; Fmnuh map made by order of Msrahal
1-0-1778.
be mua.h improvml by t he proposed Ineauure, bl~e ptwerlt, !nap I J ~ ~ I I ~ bt1t.11 extremely
deferlive and i~~arcllrate' .
\lrrrd t.herefore took up t he survey of Jinlabar with hie two a ~ i s t u n t s , in June
1844. b ~ t in August wns ?ranted twelve nronths leave to t he Cape on medical
certificate. (:eorge Arthur wan transferred froin ' t he Hyderibiirl survey to take
cllarge during his absence, but his health w-as poor, and most of t he work, even
tria~~gudation, fell on Keyes a113 JIm3lnhon. Arthur wae granted sick leavo to
Europe ill April 1825, ant1 i t was not till December t h i ~t anot her officer, Horatio
Noble, was found t,o t ake his place. Keyes di t d and a-11s replacetl by &lalcolm.
On \Vard's retunl? Nontgomerie writes to him ;
I t will be an objecb or your firat a r e t . , ~ examine 11nd revise tho t r i n n u ~~l a t i u ~~ nn wl~ich wwis-
t ant surveyom Mm..\Ial~on nlltl JIalcol~n I~tlve lately heell e~nllloye<l, and yo11 will tnke an early
opportunit.y of 11iin11trly exatnilling what,ever IIHY bmn enncr~tecl by t l ~ r la%t-n;un~ell aasiatant,
aa there is but r.oo ~ n l ~ c h remon t o doubt his accuracy. ...
The Collector nf .\lalabar larely complau~td of ulscc.urecy ~a trt t , l ~e rltxlltra of villnges in a
map fltrniehed t o l ~ h r ~ from this office, which wa.9 c~t~npilod from nrateriill~ ... cc~~~nect ed wit11
t he 811n.c.v of the C'nrhi~~ ktrtts [ I to 1. ... I t will he necessary t hat y ( ~ u itnlue,liately call. ..for
correct. liqhg of ~ , I I A ~ 1 1 3 ~l e of the vill~ger ... o f Malabar.
Thr surve!. ... l ~a s Iritlrertn met. wit11 sg) much interr1111bi,11l aa t o ~.encler its s~~r ~. sanf r ~l promens
IIOW an objert. of great aailicit~~clea.
'l"o t he S~~r ve yor General he reported tliat
C'a11t.au1 Wanl, having fr*ur~(l ~ c c n r n o d ~ ~ i o r ~ for his fitmily nt I bl l i cl ~er ~, y~, R ~ I I I I I ~ ~ ~ charge of
the rnrvey ... whir11 I Ilnpe will now he pn~~e[ . ut ed with more vigortr than I~iw I~itherto been
t he mge, fur t,he lit1 le l,ra>precs n l ~ d e by the nrsiabnts dl ~ri ny the llwt quarter is in my opinion
t.oo strong a prt)of of want of uct,ivity an11 zed. for although ... t he assistant . \ I uh*~~l ~n had a t irt-
tervals bean ~u~wel l , such maa not t he cane with t,he senior ~ssiatarrt,. ant1 I d l ) n11t think that...ie
sufficiently acco~uiterl for in the ... want of n.ssutan~.e on the part of the u~l ~t l bi t m~t s ~.
I n his report of Jl ay 3rd, Ward wnn
happy t l ~ sttlt~e t l ~at ... t,lle I)rtppre.a III~IIB ~I i ~r i ng t,l~e 1)~t;t. q11arte1. OVHI. SI 1 ery \villi I , I . H ~ ~ of COI ~ I I try,
though not extensive, is very satisfactory. Lieut. Noble, who cnr n~n~nced ol~eratinns ahont
t he middle of 3Ierch. ... hns hren indisponed the p t e s t portion of l mt month. ... He 11m, )low-
ever. qone over a ~11rfm-e of 18 equare miles for t he short, time he ha.9 been in t he field'.
Work now proceeded steadily. Wyni d was surveyecl during 1856-7, and con-
nection made with t he Nilgiri triangulation7. Noble resigned in November 1827,
and a.aR replaced by J an~es Du Irernet. who did much usefr~l work during t he nest
twent,!? years. Field survey and mapping were e,ll completed early in I H30, when
t he party, strengthened by two apprent,ices, moved to MaduraB [ 4 ; pl. 12 1.
The extensive rlolninions of bhe NizEm of HyderibBd had hitherto bee11 napp pod
from route s ~ ~ r v e y s t hat provided a mere skeleton of geographical information.
For many years t hr sketches of Buesy's mnr che~ between 1751 and 1768 held tho
field alone [ I , 115 1. Then t he enthusiasm of BIackenzie and Orr between 1792
and 1798 produced BIackenzie's maps of t he Deccan [ I, 116-71 ; De Havilland
and Blair had followed from 1806 t o 1810 [ IT, 133-4 1, and further infornlation
came from officers of t he Quartermaster General's staff.
The geography of t he Deccan had long been blackenzie's particular i ri t rcst , and
i t was natural t hat it ~houl d claim his first thoughts oil his r e t ~ ~ r i ~ in 1815.
He chose Gnrling, wllo had held successf~il chargo in Goa, and sent hi m up t o
HyderLb6d clearly in 1 H16 with three assistantslo t o st art a regular survey of t he
southern districts, through which Lambton had recently taken hin main triangle#
( 11, 249 1. The mrvey was to follow t he general plan developed in Mysore and
Mountford to 80.. 12-9-23, DDn. 200 ( 167 ).
2 reaumed ohurge, 18-1-28. 1)Dn. 202 ( 321 ),
1212-25. '40 36/10. ' DDn. 218 ( 52 ), 18-2-20.
a ib. ( 11 ), 3-&28. 'MRO. Map 233 : I 0 a&. (a50 ).
#?2 6aM mtiona. bIR10. 6-PT.28; mupa. b1RO. 180: NRIO. 138 ( 9847) ; 138 ( I:!), memoir, hi 14.
ODh . 237 ( 218 ), 4-3-30.
laHowell. Hill. and Maleolm.
the Ceded I)iat-1.ictn.
C4arling received his inrt'nlctions on tho 20th &lay I Hl t i , RIICI
mcllerl Hytler&biLcl on 2nd Jll1.1' ;
. .
After com~nunicntic~t~ with tho Britiah l{euitla~t l ~ e wun. ..to procwtxl ti) wrvey t.he i h10~6,
.or count,ry betwell the 'l'ootnboclra1 and liistl~ta, ~ I I ~ c J I is W C O ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ C Y I hy tho Ikwridtr~~t as mom
oonvenient. ... Tl ~u dint,rirb, P ~ g t o ~ ~ r , Haollc~ora. &I:.. ... ~l l j ncent t, ttrlr Cot lerl Dirrtric:tn 1111
tJle ~ l l l ~ l l l b o ~ l r ~ ~ , ... conling n p p r ~~~~r i a t e l y ill ut ~nt wt nit11 ( I I I ~ f;bur~or urarvoy*, nml well ~rd(apterl
fur ...y rncluril exte~~ainn' [pis. 1, 24 1. ...
'file fielrl \vork of t,he dht r i r t of All~oorl wen con~plcled in t l ~ e iwgir~nine of A I I ~ I I ~ ~ , . an11 on
la^ sWbmher [ (:nrling 1 IIHII c ~~r n~ne nr e d wit11 blre Gorlnvs15 purgiu~nah, it1 which smno 1)rngr-q
lllul limn n~aile, tho' t , l ~r i nr r t u~ai n~ tiamp welither t r t ~~l c~ther cironmst.a~~cen htrcl nocculionerl
tlell,y. ... Heexpnc~torllo Itmvr it for I{nrhtxre by tho 1,itlr I I ~ Rel~t,emher. ... He has ... nhlnriencerl
little ,litlit-111t.y. I I I I I ~ n r ~ wl ~ of nn nt~cor~~c~tlnting tlbposition in t l ~ c tricthoritk. 1 urn l~orlco
onol l l l ra~e~l t o hope t hat thwn Rllrve\..; rntry he with equal SUCCPKR attt)n~pt(l~l in t he northern
part of tile Nizum'r tl~~rninions. an norm 11s t.11~ co~l ~pl et i nt ~ <,f t h o ~o in hs~l t l in t l ~ e Cc ~ ~ n p ~ t ~ y ' s
.district,* leave n al~fficirnt ~ ~ n r t y I L ~ t l i u p ~ ~ ~ l ~ [ 4- s 1.
Work was carried on t hrot i ph thc w;Lr of 1816-H ivitl~ a few interruptifme,
;Mmkonziu reporting on 3 1 ~t July lS17 ;
The m,~venlente nl' troop* ~ l l d ~ , I I u inl:Urrlii~~w ot' :I10 F r wh ~ ~ ~ t e r s ( h[nrch I#lli ) tllrc,' r.ll,r
extent of t he Nizn~lr'n vollntry Iluvo i~ltrrruptad S I I ~ \ . I I ~ H [ 96, 223 1.
Liotlt,, Garlir~g, in c.1111rge of thu 1ml.t.y of :I 11srli3tal1t~ in t he t ) o ~h , l~l~pllrld ... thdlt he I I ~ I ~ ~
rommel,cecl t3t-1 t he ~liutrit.t of liw11111)r I BV 9t.11 Xuven~ber. 'l'he utntr I I ~ itL~rrn of t, l~o c ~ ~ u n t r y
*st ti111e. ..hwl inclot~ctrl l ~i t n to t . 1~11 in L I I ~ ! a*si~trLnts, .111,1...it, WLW l ~i s intc!ntion ... to P I I I U ~ ~ I I
for n tilne in &lie vic.iniby of t!lr Hritbll ~mrln 011 t,lle l ' c~~nbudm ; tl~c-e ~ I L I ~ I I L . I~nvi nqe~t bsi t l al )~y
t,tle lnitl, ll~ uf J a ~~u n r y . ho w r ~ ~ t o on :Irrl Fobl.urrry t hat Ire t1nf1 t.h.?n ra~111nm1 t he nun-ey. ...
' I' I, I, ' t l ~ e survey of t he U01oal1 ... ~l(ljr~.crnt to 11ur o.xn territory nppearq to p r t r ml will) a.ll
I'o~ihlcr ,,uccw, yet I comitlu~. t l ~o RLII:CW* ol'... more s~nnl l 111trtira nf t,his kincl very ~l oul ~t f i ~l
wi t l ~" ~ the intarit~r of tlre Simln' 5 Cou11tl.y. until it iu more t.mnt(~~illiz.ed 1. .108-.10 1'.
R~i chur Ci rdr waa complrtod by tho olld of 1817 and with tilo Inups Garling
submitted a colnplete memoir, signet1 c~t Bollttry on 1st August8.
The fiald worlr of this survey xvud linisl~etl in Dccenlher, ~i n d Cuptail1 Garlihg with t l ~ e
ewtablirl~ment rcIi~.ecl. in conqqucnco of I l w* ~u~s ot t l ~r d stirto of t.110 t;ountry, t,~r Bolltwy t o Iri ng
up the dptnilr. 111 t hat portion of the 1)1~nnb wl~ich bolnngy t o tlrn Xiznm there are only two
Sircars, I i o ~ ~ h i ~ r r ~ n r l part, I # MVI I ~ ~ I I I @ ; tlmt (II t,llu SIILTII~, (.ontr~ir)- to I C I I H ~ wtla ~ I I ~ ~ I I S I . ~ ~ ,
lying untircly nl~rt,Ir of t he river. ...
C!npt41i11 (-iurling, in nclrlili~m, 11~111 hwn rngngetl on t he mquiriitir~n ofJIr. klu~ac~ll. Fe s i d e ~~t
a t Hycicrabrr~l. i l l 1)nyJnring nn "t n~t linr .1lit>t1.11 uf tilt. Sixt~m' s 1' 1~rritt1rie~ I~t : t , wm~~ tire I\i.qt,nt~ll
tmd l ' uongc~~~t ~u~l ~l r f l , enl ~i hi t i r ~~: their yrncn~l tli\.idione int,o p ~ ~ r - y ~ ~ ~ i r wl ~ u , with n ~ne ~nni r i l l l ~ i .
trot.ivc of t,he ettlne, nnd d i a t i ~ ~ ~ ~ i s l r i ~ ~ p tIl(r vircnr lnntlr fro111 tlltwe yrclntrrl in ~ I L ( J I I ~ ~ P ' ' ~ ~ .
Sagar CircBr wm completed hetween December 1818 and .July 181911 hut
Meckenzie was indignant t hat Garling hat1 taken the opport~lility t o extencl FILiNeJ-
into Bijepur beyond the western frontier, even though this extension was to p1vx-e
most helpful to the Bombay surveyors later 011. Mountford had reported that,
idepondently of the tripnornetrirul nn(l ~let&ilecl Y I WV O ~ within t, l~o litlllt,~ of tile
Sugwr
Circar, ... a ueries of pe~-rr~nnt?ntly ilofind I L ~ I I acr ~~r l t t a taxes hove been tletrrmincrl ill tho
Beejapoor District, by which niellns the city t ~ f llint. lintno hr~a I,een intor*wtrtl, I I I I ~ t11nu it*
true geographical ~~oui t i on cletermineclla tggetl~er with the figure ;trld ostcnt OF t he rllilla
that onco fam1111n cnpital [ 11, 452 1.
'These stations, together with those eletor~nirreil in S ~ r v u n o ~ ~ r ' ~ by Copt.ain Gnrling, will very
muoh furilihte t.he survey about to bo m~clertaken of t he E'nont~h ttorritoriaql4 [ I 2 5 1.
Muleckenzie'n reply was decidedly poevi~h ;
Khlrt blwine~a Capt. Garling h a with t he surreys in t h~t t , tjunrter I cannot col~~pm)lpll, l.
I have early pointed out tho survey of the St~ubnll or l l ydert t b~d fclr tllat ofioer , ~ ~ ~ t l , if tllo
okumstnnrea do not ndmit of his going on with that., it mi pl ~t be mvut proller to LHlillt O I I ~ ttny
other. if Go v o mo n t mean ~AI contir~ne their surveys. ... I rccommencl t o you. J l ~ u ~ t f t , ~ l , to I,e
cnut,ious repreling t hat uurvey. ... Cnptain (:arling'a ~ ~ i r v o y d ~ o n l ~ l br t:ontl~~rt& llncler tllr,
L'P~~n~abhnilra R. joins Kiutns R i 111.
a ltuiahur. 38 U. H ; 57 A, E.
a ~WI I I SO., 14-16 ; Alp('
%L)-IU. 'Abmpor. 57 111. 3CldwttL 68 HILO. 'fmm S0.. 26-9-16; .\fPC. 11-11-10. 'MRIO. M 501.
*Memoir, it). M 170, I81 ; map, 07 ( 6.7 ) ; 68 ( 3 ) : i O( i J, 77 ). ' Yutlal~l filnrr. survd. 1817, aopy fnjm
original neations. 2 m. to i~rch ; YRIO. 3-l"r-17; momulr. ib. hI 176 [ pl. 13 1. l8irnm RiddeU. M- 1 8 ; Nl\lc'.
Mwoh 1818.
I1 Xemnir, Nor. IAIO. UDII. 101, 11 I85 : mnp, URIO. 70 ( 77 ).
"47 P/B. ' ~ ~ v a l l l l r , 4.4
Nib.
I4DDn. I18 ( .i.J ). 2W2-19.
reguhrsyatem laid ~ OWI I , or not a t ell. ... He l r ~ e 1.0 businma wit11 u~l y p r t waqt of the Nizem'a
frontier that I know of, nnd if he has gone without orders, I shall not be the mnn to justify it.
Be- of snt.icipating orders on any ],retent, however plausible, ant1 refer to me when
occasion rerluirpR it [ 132 n.4 1. ... The survey can never qo on if every nurvqor is at lihert. ~ to
go about as he pleeaea. Tl ~ e anticluiby or former importance of Beojtipore in no rerwon. ... If
that country is now wanted, there are al,tutdllnce of officern willing to ~~ntlertnkv it,'.
Field work was interrupted by
the verleral sicknms...whicli l~arl induced the ~l~perintendent t11 withchaw t o Bellwy for tlle
benelit. of motlicol advice. ... Tl ~e assistant a u ~ e y o m have hwr ~ wnt out to romplate the
field but., ... owing to the very wenk ant1 dcbilitsted state of C~pt ai n Garlinu'a health,
tile mv a ) n hnd mom~oended his rernnil~hlg nt Bellnry for a sllort. period. ... On tho oom-
pletion of fiold w-ork. it i~ tho intention. ..to nnnsn~ble the e~tnl~li*hment a t Hyderabad fbr the
purp!e of b r i n e p up t11e detuils during the momoon, ancl to concert wit11 the Iieuidenb
nmange~nents for the filrtller estenaion of the survey north of the I <i s h~a~.
Blackenzie did not like so much of Garlinp'e concert with the Resident, and
wrote to 3Iountford :
J have already cnr~tionetl yo11 11ot to bu tcn~ ret~dy t c ~ t r ~kr tllil~g* (111 ~lnticipation in t,lrat
quarter.
'nre proposition that. 11c is to consult n11d receive orders from 1110 Kesiclent of Hydere-
bad
surveying north of that city is also nl,jectir)nnbla, rlncl until he f~~l fi l s what I proposed
of tile diotricts soul-11 of it. 1 cannot agree. If Ilc cannot. sllrvey the district^ pr opwd in tho
Xizam's cour~try, it would hc hcut t o employ t.11~ nsaiutant surveyom in t, l~e Compny' n northern
(listrich of Chicacole, (ianjun~. etc. ; be.sidea, I have my own plnns in viow for the rest of the
5i zan1' ~ rountry, aa Roon as pnrtim can be upared.
I Iwg, my dear Mountford. yon will be careful not to go intu plfuls t h u ~ obtrudetl against the
proper authority of the de~)art ment ~.
nlackenzie was prtrtici~larly jealous on this matter hecause of a roqlieet from
Russell for several surveyors to push 011 the exploration of the northcrn territories
[ 83-4 1. During 1817--8 Ttiddell had compiled a special map at Russell's request,
much to Mackenzie's wrath, and the Madras Oovenlmerlt had specially asked that
both L~rnbton and C4nrling sliould supply Rl l ~~el l with a~ much geographical material
as they could ; but, writes Lambton,
l l y proposal fur Iillirr~ up tho interval* of my survey hy crnployil~g ~ ~ o u u g officers who are
con~petent to ar t uncler your tlirection hes liren objected to. or1 the principle of its being contrary
to the orders of the ('ourt of Directors. ... Surely thnt Honorahlo Irody. so truly liberal in
promoting everything ... usel't~l, never inte~lded to prevent n Remident's nbtnining p g mp h i ml
information respecting the territories in which Ilr resiclew i r ~ the most eaj)editiol~a way that hem11 :
especinlly when siich materials might be tl~rnecl to account in tthc Surveyor General's Office. 1
... hope that. yon will wcr wd with t.l~e Gas,ernor General in l~aving w mnny useful l~tlnds at.tachetl
to you ae will give you n tolerable aketrh of t1lm Nizern'a country in n h o ~ ~ t four yenrs [ 278 14.
Riddell also wrote to Mackenzie ;
Hodge mot e to me about the wheme of surveying t.he L)ecl;trn untler the local uuthoritien.
He hat1 an offer from Ruwell of being employed and, now that the fieltl a me y branch of the
Quarter Master General's Departnlmt has ceaeed [II. 321-2 ] is placer1 a t t,he dispoeal of the
Resident=.
, Such proposals were, of course, infringements on the duties of t.he Surveyor
General which Mackenzie could not tolerate ;
I can way nothing more regarrlu~g tk~e Dacklm map till I yet col~ies of the coma9po11tlence ;
I nnl sorry i t went beyvnrl its mark, na 1 concrive n bare copy of what wm ill the office ~vas
sufficier~t. 'I'hia wcls tl)e only point III alnicn poor Kitltlell departetl from nsy inetrucliona, end
he wrote lue it IVHR in cr)nsequmIce I I ~ a privat.0 letter frc~m Mr. R,naelle. ... It WM spent errn)r
to think of compilinp'a map in the ofico in bludras which wun not lrnowr~ in t,he prin;ery office.
ond ontirely contrary lo the intention'. ...
The ditfit-ulti w... al3Iarlras, and alao wit11 the only eurveyor in the Dockall 11nde1. my orders
originally, have of 111tr incbreeee~l, partic-111arly that of Hyderubnd, where the sllrveyor geem
to bo acting it~dr~pe~rdently ... ar~tl, I RI I I ~oncerne~l to adil. by the authority of the Resident,
who aeelr~u to have taken on hirrl~eli the tlirection of this survey, a measllre I shollld 11nt.e
officially rernonntruted iigninut ... tlid n ~ y healt,h permit mr to go into RC, l ~npl ea~nnt a detail.
IJIIII. 149 ( 51 ). ?:+3-10.
21rom blountford. 18-13-10 ; Dun. 148 ( 10 ).
DDn. 1416( 78 ). 4-9-10.
' ib. W2 ( 43 ). 21 -.'-IN.
'ill. 161 ( lR'2 ), 104-18. qib. 140 ( I0 ). IA-11-18.
7 t o Mount.ford. DDn. 140.
2-1-18.
Be 00
RB to communicate this where it nnh- ho nwnsaary ; ... I long a$o stated my
opulion <,I t.he roneoqnence of t he unusr~al application ~f Mr. K-ell to have t he surveyors put
... unde r hi^ order@. ... Tho sur\.eyor. who hna beell ~qlposing my 11rders atlrl instrurtionr for
6 long tirnn [ haa heen ] propowfl by Mr. K11aee11 tar tw 3ent t o anrbther quarter. The moment
I em woll enoogh I will officinlly remonntrnt, ~ ... nnd ...I Iroprjse t he most ohviouu rernerly for e
Wregt j r disobeying the or(lnrs rtf hin prinripnl' /.lo4 1 .
Mnckenzie's petiencc was romplett.tl rshaunted when he hoard that Garling
had undertaken a survey of the western boundary on Russell's r e q~e a t , ~. This
ovcr i O O miles from -4fzalpnr on t,hc Bhima River, northwards to Ahmad-
nagar, end occupied from October 1819 t-o Jllnc 1820. Garling hin~self ran a net
of trianglfiq along the whole line, whilst one of his assistants aurvoyed the houndary
and the villages on either side of it. Somo of tho detail sarvcby wan effected by
"a prit-st.? drnftslnan", A. D'Hol~lhoe, engaged
tho Residcnt3.
Mnckeuzie writea indignantly to IIIrtct~Ifr. who N-R.. sllortly to niiccecd as Remident,
conlpleining of
the rernovtrl of Cnpt. Cl~rling Tram the rlr~nrtnr rerornmnnrln~l by mn...to n survey uf limit.
which migltt have heen ciefnml i l l R very ai~ort. time h>- nny r.nrnpRtont ~,fliuer of t l ~ o troops
employed-in t hat qrlnrter. T knnw t,l~;lc .,c~r~nt.ry, & I know ~~crit.i\.ely t hat t,here was nr, noceanity
for removing Capt. Garling h, t,hnt. ( l ~ ~ t ~ y . ...
Cnpt,. Cerling has follr)werl t,his hy ~ ~ l n n a entirely opporite to mine, ... n deliberate at t empt
t o perplex & retard what I Ira11 uulvnittR,I in 1816. ... I win11 tfb know whether Mr. Ruvsell wae
authorised t o break up t he ... n~~r\ . ep. CV t.0 apply its estn~liuhment Lo A p l ~ n of his own4.
There is no reason t o think !,hat Garling had the slightest intention of flouting
the St~rreyor General's wishes, ant1 it WRR natural t hat he ~houl d look t o t he
Resident for guidance in the detail8 of his programme.
&Iackew.ie'e ill-health ww
largely rwponsible for this bitterness. He admits t hat he had several lotters from
Garling lying unrsnd ; he refused Garling's request for lenvr t o come and see him
in Calcutta on tho grounds there was no officer available t o act for him=.
The party wa.q pursued by b d luck : T e g died in 1819, and Garling himself
died in .Trine 1820. Ma.ckenzic was aging-hi8 healt,h broken-nnd he also died, the
follo\ving year.
After Garling's clesth mapping was carried on under Thomas Hill, tho senior
assistant, till in October 1820 Mo~lntford ca1lrd him down to MRdrae.
Aftor hand-
ing in the Travsncore ma.ps, C!onner took over charge. and on t.he inaroh up t o
Hyderiibid the whole party "suffered consicterably from fever and from t he
epidemic.
\Vithin a month of reaching Hpderiibiid Conner died. 79th -4pril 1821.
Robert Yorrng [ 11, 320 ] tvas appointed t o sr~cceed but did not take over charge
until December, and in the meantime Hill carried on the mapping with four assis-
t.ants6, ant1 took up field survey in the districts wevt of Hvderibiid ;
Thero wore t.hree nmps cornpilarl by ua ; one contftining tlle Nizam'd western boundary,
surveyed in 1819 an01 1820, which iu ro~nploted and is now in poaeomion with tfhe Resident.
Jfr. Metcalfe [ I[, 471 17. for t<ransmi~sion to t he Go\-emor General ; t h ~ other two, containing
the whole of the sllrveya in t,lre Nizam's territory on s male of 8 miles to an inch, one
of which wtls thorouqhly rompletod n11d tsalien t o England by t.he Into Resident. Mr. Rn-11.
when he left this for El~ropo [ 291 ] : t he othor, with copies of all tho roml surveys in 1820, ar e
in pnsimqsion with n Lieutenant l h r r [ 281 ] of tlro Ittlssell Brigade L)r c:omplet.ionR.
Mountford reports in Novrrnher that.
Although the officer sppointed t,o the r l l a r ~e of this snrvey hW not yet joined t he pcrrty,
considerable progrtw 1 1 ~ noverthelosq been made. The long experience of tho 1 1 4 eaaistent.
Mr. Hill. ... has enabled hiln t o carry on t-he work in all its details without interruption. The
reduction ... t o t he scale of 4 miles t o an inch, and t he original soctions of tho survey. have
'to an offioer in Public Dept. Yarlros : DDn. 154 ( 03 ). 10-8-10.
'Memoir. DDa. 183. M 173; Map.
lY[RIO. 68 ( 3 ).
16 planetablo amtionn. MRtO. Misc. 6-0-18. with 5 fair sheeta. end rsduetiwa; ib.
64-19 & 20.
' DDn. 160 ( 27.9-80 ). 25-1-20.
D h . I49 ( 35 ). 20-8-19. aC6amamtt. Bird.
Lonu. Fioker.
'relieved Ruescll, DOC 1820.
mDDn. 147 ( 241 1.
beerr brought nearly t o n cloae.
('sptain Toling Ilnd proposed leavi~ly Sagpub\)r ( provided
he could get relieved from the charge of the pay otliae ), on t he 2I%h instent'.
Young actually left s 8gpur for Hyder5biid on 4th December. and in .January
took t he party east of Kurnool t o an ares coverecl by T,ambto~r'a t ri angdat i on of
1811-12 [II, 245-6 1, e choice which, appearetl to 310111itforrl "t o be very jndicious
and proper ".
Lanibton nrrot.e from Ellirhpur
to my eub-as.3iat.ant .Tc~aeph Olliver who is n11w s t tho Frellcl~ (:nr~lells
11. JC) + n.11 ] to supply
... e sketch of the triangles.
I am nut Hure wlret,ht~r the e l e v n t i ~ ~ ~ ~ of Lhe atstion* uhove the
see. have yet been cornprlte(l. h ~ ~ t , if not. yo11 uhnll he ~t ~ppl i et l w-it11 tllern as soon a3 they area.
By Pe1)ruary 1822 an area of 2.20.5 squnre miles, *rlrveyed since Conllrr's death,
had been fair mapped, and Mountford repnrt.rd t hat
Captain 1-oung and his part,y commencetl their nbl~rrntio~~s 8111 t . 1 ~ I:itl~ F P ~ P I I H~ ) . . ttnd by
t he end or the ql~urter an urea of ner~rly 1200 sqtlartr milw l111t1 heell ULI~VP!.PII, ~~nlwit, l~rtandurg
t he prolonged incllxpoeition of Assistant. Surveyor Hill. The gretrt,e*t ptrrt c bf the work has been
protmctecl 011 a scale of 2 ~ni l ej to nlr illrl~, a1111 aollw progm*s has bcv.~~ 111n1le by Mr. Hill in
reducing it. to the scale ot' Arrowsnlith'a map [ 188 1.
It is Captain Young's intention to puah on the field wttrli i o w~ r ~ l s H ju~lt.t,ion with the tract
eurveyed Iwt year, but I apprehend he will not. he able t o ~,rolonq h k stay ill the field beyond
t he middle of June, whit-h is the usr~al period for the setting in of the rauiu3.
The part y continued to make good progress up till 0t h .ipri\ 1823, and covered
part of Daverconda Circ8r0, though Young "was driven to quarters by an at t ack
of t he liver". The same month t he assistants were brought into Hyder i bi d, Young
reporting t hat
t he course of t he Ii~*tlmh hm been explored from latitucle l GO, longitt~de 78' 20' 19"' 4. as far
ee e c ha u~ of mountain6 alrnost impenetrable except to t he Chenchoonw, t~ triha o l Hindooa
inhabiting these wild a d gloomy tracts. The full area reported swveyetl during t he quartor
was nearly 29,000 square miles6.
He was granted five months sick leave, hut died a t Masi~lipatam on 2nd July.
George -4rthur had been appointed assistant in anticipntion of this leave, but Hill
took charge once more until t he arrival of John Crisp [ 11, 321 1.
Crisp took Over charge in September 1823. finding t hat Arthur, Hill, Ficker,
Chamarett, and Britain, had spent t he rains on arrears of mapping and a survey of
cantonments.
Under Crisp's charge they now conipleted t hc area t o t he south-east, as far aa
t he Ki t n a and including t he country round Kh a r n u ~~a n ~e t t ~, and in 1824 moved
meet towards Gulbarga. Arthur was transferred t o t he Malnbar survey in
September 1824, and in February lt% Crisp reported t hat
"although two of
hie ablest assistants have heen laid up by at,tacks of fever" t he part y had surveyed
about 3,500 square miles during t he past quarter.
About this time Montgonrerie pointred out that, thongh n large area of t he
NizBm's southern districts had been s~~r veyet l , nlnpped, ant1 described in detailed
memoirs, yet t he material was not arranged in tjrderly manner by oirc&rs, t he
regular administrative divisions. Blacker, Surveyor General, decided t hat , in
view of t he many changes. it would be well t o suspend field operations for a year,
in order t hat CC'rp might bring t.he recortln up to Calcutta. and re-arrange them in
orderly fashion [ 121 1. The party was therefore withdrawn t o t he Presidency, and
Crisp movetl t o CalcuLta in Sorernber 1828, being joinrd there by Thomas Hill7
with t he recortlq. Twelve months later he had reduced t he surveyed area t o a map
on t he scale of Iti miles t o an inch" and had systematized and compressed
the ... recortls, which ernl>racc indiwriminately u largc Lrect ... rtlrvtayed ~ t t c!iffurent periods,
into ~l bt i nr t form ant1 c:rrtlnge~r~c.nt of circam.
'from Mo~rntford ; 1)Dn. 102 (207 ). 28-11-21.
BDDn. 18.1 ( 175). 2Y-I-.'.'. O1)Dn. 101 ( 03 ),
30-5-22. '50 1./15. 'DDn. 200 ( 62 ). 1-5-23. 'BT, Cl l . Maps. JIRIO. 70 ( 8s. 00-105 ). 'sailed from
Madma B-2-2U. OSketch shaaing urea aurveyed 1821-5 ; south of 17' 23' anrl ewt to 80' 15'; MRIO. 07
( 17.30-2 ).
01 the flfteen oimara, or provinm, whioh have oome under the oparation of t he survey
five only am completed, viz., Hnichoor, Noodpul. Sugpr . Pan@l. aud Chirunpoor.
The
thrse former, executed aud morleUed by Captain Garling scoording t o the provinalal arretw.
ment, crre elreedy in deposit a t the om-. ?'he two latter are herewith submitbed in t he sacom-
pensing volume. ... From tlle mrne original s ome e I have seper at d and oompiled all thfit
relsten to the mmninine; tan, and p r o m imrnedietely on joining my atetion to oompleta mud
forwerd then1 in e u c c ~ i o n .
Aa myself and my aaaintar~t Mr. Hill ara now prepared ... to rejoin the Hyderabod e w e y
party in the field with all possible expedition. I propose sending Mr. Hill by the Bmt opportunity
in Deoernber to MaaulipcrtRm, but I. .. crave. ..tv poetpone my own dopnrture ur~Lil J~nnary' .
The party re-assembled at Hyderiibiid during Jenuarg 1827 for field work in
the ciroirs of Golconda and Daverconda' [ pl. 18 1. I n April Crisp resigned in order
to take up another appointment, and was nuocwded by James Webb.
Webb took over in May 1827, finding Hill, Chamarett, Long, and Bribin, and
moeiving the following instructions ;
Sixken ci rc~ra in whole, or UI part, have oome within thc operntiona of tho survey north of
the Blreemn and Kistnn rivem ; two only are complote in their memoirs, Ghunnal~oor and
Pangu1. The nl~moirs of the other oirca~s will ... be completed ... when they shall he f i n d y
emeyed. It would n p p s r from Captnin Crisp's letter ...to have been his intention to com-
the 8urvq of the Collconda and Dnv~rkonda circam, but, as ...@ ort,ions of the circars of
Bonnghier and Nelguolldah mny fall within the operatiorl~ of next season's s~uvey,
you
ehould mkw your tlrrnnpments accordingly, and ... for extench~g the survey the folluwiug
seoson to tho eastern linlitv of tho Nizanl'n dolninionsa [pl. 181.
In March 1828, Henry Morland, who was to be connected with t he Hyder ~bkl
survey for the next twenty years, joined the party as assistant, reaching Khammamet
via Mmulipatam [ s, pl. 1311.1. Progress during the past seaaon had been poor and
Montgomerie sent Webb a tickler ;
The very limiter1 extent of coontry thnt has been surveyed by your party since taking the
lield in October laat baing so f ~ r helow t,he flver.tpe ... execukl by the same ansistnnt surveyom
in 1.925. I am com1)eUerl to call on you for can axplanat,ion.
Thie was applauded by the Surveyor General, Hodgson ; " You did right in giving the
H-yderBbjid assistants a rule ; they certainly are not over-industrious, and require
keeping to their duty ' l a.
Work was closed on the eastern frontier, and connection made with Snell's
survey [ 102 1. Early in 1829 Morland, with Hill and Long, surveyed about 1,100
square miles of Yalniid, which had now become part of Guntiir [ 97-8 1. Webb took
aick leave to England in July, leaving Morland in charge, and Montgomerie reports ;
27th October 1.929. The party in the Nizam'n Dominions in now rather strong, w d in a
ellort time I hope will be very efficient*.
Lieutenant Morland, lately appointed to the charge.
hss not had muoh practice in sllrveping, but, from the mannor in which he acquainted himelf
during laat seclllon. I have reason to hope that he will conduct the eurvey with succass.
Lieutenant Dardell, lately appointed aseiatant officer ... is on his xvny to join the p ~ r t g
which is now employed in tho Maiduck Circar6 [ pl. 1 3 1. The remaioder of the party consiab
of 4 essistnnt mlrveyom, 1 sub--kt,ant, and two apprentices latelp joined, whom I cousider
sufaciently qualified for field work. Mr. Hill, the senior -istent eurveyor, hm heen suEel.ing
from d r - 3 ~ 8 ~ for somu time p u t , and will, I fear, have to be tr~neferred to the p wi o n
establiihment. The ~ Q C O ~ ~ B of tile sllrvey of the Bonghier Circar. ..have lately been receiverle.
20th October 1830.
The Flyderabid party took the field in the baginning of t he month ;
it will be employed in ... the \\'arungul Circar7 until ahout the corumotrcement. of the llot w-t,her,
when it ie Lieutenant 3Iorland's intention to endeavour t,o complete the sumey of t.he I<llm-
mumett Circar. As a co~~sirlorable portion of the tmt ... is considered rmhealth y...I have applied
... that an sseiatant, apotl~ecary may be at t aahd t o the partyn.
'DDn. 147 ( 358 ). 30-1 1-28. 'Map, MRIO. 70 (99 ).
=DDn. 222 ( 117 ). 26-6-27.
'DDn. 231
( 168 ), 8-7-28.
'Mdak, 68. J. K. MRO. map, 628, from original sections one-inoh s d e [ pl. 13 1.
Map,
Bonsghur'Clrdr. MRIO. 70 ( 83 ). DDn. 238 ( 1% ).
l68 O/NE. RDDn. 237 ( 246 ).
27th Ootober.
The eseietent oflicar, Li eut aent DeadeU, wee never befo1.g en& in
nuvey, so thet Ilia time was mostly occupied in receiving instruction@ 1-t seaeon. He will
take a ahare in condrlcting the minor triangulationl.
Amongst other maps the India Office catalogue shews,
Skeleton plan, exhibiting the whole tract surveyed in the Nizarn'a dominions. from the
commencement in 181 6 t o the prwent time, ... 17th July 1830, scale 16 milea to en inoh [ pl. 14 1,
Hpderabad topographical surveys, scale one inch to one mile.
The first portion of the surveys wss made UI separate circare, end d r a m on small seotions,
meaenring 14 inch- by 7 each, including on each section 12' of latitude and 6' of longitude
[ 11. 128, 215, 229 ; 111, 206 1. The s~~hsequent survey was carried on continuously, and drawn
on paper of large and v~r yi ng eizesa.
Frequent reference has been made to comments by Duncan Montgomerie, who
succeeded Mountford as Deput,y Surveyor General in July 1824. After the usual
course at the Military Institution [11, 3211, he had been employed with Mountford
on maps that were greatly admired for their beauty and clearness [11, pl, 12 ; 111,
pl. 11 1. He was for a sllort time surveying on the NBgpur-HyderibBd borders
[ 83-4 ] and later in the Margtha Deccan [ 125 1, and he obviously had outstanding
talents, for Mackenzie had for some time been anxious to secure him for charge
of a field party. He recommends him to Mltlcolm for employment on the map of
MBlwa [ 84, 267 1, as
en officer who stflnds on my bookn ... on account of tho greet satisfaction he gave in reducing
the whole surveys of our 3Iilitary Institution, in concert with another officer who hm been
already provided for [ 31ountford 1. ...
The beautiful and eatisfwtoy epecimena of Mr. Montgomerie's drawings, and hie character,
induces me to recommend himi ; ... he is now with his regiment at Ellore, a116 I write hie Colonel.
... who is much interested in him, that I have t ~ k e n the liberty of recomme~iding him to you.
... I enclose nn extract of letters regarding Lientenant Montgomerie, whom I never saw ; the
specimens of his drtrwings i r ~ maps are indeed beautifnla.
He mentions him in several letters to Mountford during 1.318-9, for example ;
"Mr. Montgomerie, I conceive, had the f i s t claim to be employed. ... There should
be aome remembrance of former service "b.
Within a few months of his appointment a3 Deputy Surveyor General, Mont-
gomerie suggested that the older district surveys should be brought into line with
t he later surveys based on Lambton's survey, for their better incorporation into
the new Atlaa of India [ 194 1. Blacker replied ;
The districts of Tinnevelly, Madurn. Dindigul, Trichinopoly, Tanjore, and Poodoocotte,
me represented to be those which have been thus imperfectly s~uveyed [ 11, 13g-51, 162 1,
and it will be proper that you should suggest to Governme~lt the employlllont of a certain
number of qualified officere to extend a plain triangulation. when necesmry, between Col.
Lembtoll's points6.
Blacker d o sent him a sketch by Mountford shewing progress of the surveys ;
I am deeirous of receiving aa early aa possible a new aketch with the same view, but modified
... to exhibit those portions of the country whirh may be considered as "finellp s~irveyed ".
The leading principle of this cla.qsification will refer to. ..the Great Trigonometricel Survey,
which will be conaidered to include all Lieut. Garling's triangulations.
Colonel Mackenzie's survey of Mysore, although not grounded on the Great 'rrigonometrical
S we y , will also be considered final ; so will all such ... surveys us have been proceeded by. ...
or ... subsequently corrected on, indubitable triangulation. ... Much of the revenue survey will
have to he struck out. ... but shoultl there be any detailed surveys in which you may repose
confidence ...y or1 will ... exerciee your discretion as to incl~iding it under "filrelly surveyed"8.
On reoeipt of Montgomerie's report, Blacker asked whether
those surveys which you consider "finally ~urveyed" ere complete in all their records, end
thet t h m are premrved \vit,h so much care aa to be... immediately acceeaible to reference. ... I
' DDn. 237 (240).
nIO Co(. (282-3); QBO. museum, orlginal +inoh rvy. Bsoundersbsd oant.. 1828.
' DDn. lM ( 7 ), 7-9-18. 'Dh. 140 ( 40 ). 4-3-10. 1Dh. 2U) ( 61 ), 6-0-24. 0 ib. ( 62 ). 3-044.
Plate 13
NIZAM'S DOMINIONS
Reduced from one-inrh survey of hl dak Circar, setls011 1820 -30,
by HyderAbHcl wurvey party u~~cl er He n y Morl~ntl [ I T 9 1. Shows
Mh j i r e River, flowing nortll t ~~wa r ds Maclak. 501-11. north of Hyderhhi ~l .
The tanks are often dry.
The topograpl~icrrl surrey of the Nizirm's Dominio113 was com-
menced in the extreme ~ l ~ l l t h . ~ e s t iinrler Jalnns Garling in 1816 [ 116 ]
and continued with cmcnrrsional break^ t ~l l 1855. Henry Morland held
charge for more then twelve yeam hetween 1.920 nnd 1848.
(Aulsc~ntn Long and Turnbull)
Prlnted .I the Suw.7 of Indh m a ''
consider...any p l ~ n ee unworthy of coddence when the recorrle are either miming, unsatu-
factory, or incomplete [ I , 2251, and...therefore...cl under the head of "requiring t o be
re.mveyed" the tracts comprehenda~i in Captnin Beatson's map of the Palnaud District
[ I, 110 ; nI, 96 1, and Captain C. C. Johnson's map of Nellore and Ongole cliatricta [ II, rqq 1.
*fie ineulm par te... on the borders of the Milit.ary Iwtitution' s eurvey require t o be mlrveyed.
md the portion of the Madura and Trichinopoly distric h... shollld be surveyed a t the earlieat
after which, and the exte~laiol~ of the Malabar survey through Canara, with the
smdl dietricte of Punganoor ant1 Venkntyghurry Kotahl, the topopaphy of the southern parta
of the Peninsula would appear to be completeg.
Montgomerie then submitted a full review of all the surveys shewing the extent
which original documents and memoirs were complete and Blacker aaked that
thme should be brought up-to-date for all surveys then in progress ;
I
fully aware field operations ruay be partially interrupte~l by t,he duty ... which I coneider
peramount to all others.
You report the deficiency of me moh of eurveya whcmtr plans are
dready in your office. and which ]nay therefore require to be surveyed over again. It is con-
sequently evident that the written reginters and descriptions, not the plnns, are the easential
resulta of the operations of n SI I ~ VI ) ~ , and that if t,hey are not satisfactorily prepared. t he
axpence8 or the survey may be considered in a con~iderable degree nugatorys.
On these orders both the Hyderibkd and Vizagapatam surveys were closed down
in 1825 [ 102, 118-9 1, whilst Montaornerie made that critical review which hm been
frequently quoted, and on which t he future programme was ba.9ed.
In January, 1827, after discussing with Hodgson what material was fit for
incorporat,ion in the atlaa [ 120, 284 1, Montgomerie addressed the Msdras Govern-
ment regarding the
state of thir department, both as relates to the immediate duties in the office, and what lma yet
to be accomplished in the field. ... The drawing eatablishn~ent is now strong, and. ..the partien
in the fleld are weak. ...
The surveys executed under this Prenidoncy since ... 1810, accompanied by ample memoirs
and comprehensive statistical accounts, are not eurpamed by those of any other co~l nt r yt ...
The s~lrveyors ... have no doubt pos~lessed a great advantage from t he Great Trigonornetri.
cal Survey, either as the foundation of the late surveys, or as the means of verifying those
which had preceded it. ... [ Of ] the diversified featurea of the country, being in genere1
favourable for an elegant topograpl~icd delineation, every advantage has been taken ... by t he
insertion of the minutest details.
But, highly valuable aa these surveys undoubtedly are, the operation by which they m
obtained is very tardy. ... Five years were taken up in surveying that portion of the Niztlm's
dominions n0rt.h of tlle liiatnah6, ... and although the party in that quarter has for some time
been stronger them either of the other s~~r veys, yet, unlaas it be considerably increaeed, the
prospect of a final conlpletion of that survey must etiU be distnnt.
The survey in the Northern Circam, with which there is now only two easietants of the old
revenue surveying school, has nearly reached ITizagapatam, so t.hat a considerable portion of
that. district, and the whole of the Oanjam Dietrict, remains to be surveyed, and...the opfnetions
of the s~~rveyom are slower than in the Nizam'u territories, while in t hat q ~~a r t e r we have not
the advnntclge of the operatione of the Great Trigonometrical Survey.
The survey of 3lalabar has now also only two wi et ant a remaining of the old revenue
aurveyin~ school. This survey is considerably advanced, but with the preaent strength...it
will require two or three y e m more before i t can be brought to a olose. ...
Much yet requires to be done before the territories under t h b Presidency can be aomide&
as 6nally surveyed''.
Montgomerie again put up a very full review in 1833, before resigning from the
post of Deputy Surveyor General'.
'Pun anuru. 57 K/11 ; Venkatagiri. 57 019.
lib. ( 60 ). 8-12-24.
lib. ( 87 ), H-s.
sppreoiated
vereat, DDn. 238 ( 8), 12-1-32 ; by Waugh, DDn. 665 ( 37 ), 6-(M4 ; of. Jsrpia ( 28 ). '::i
M q. r n i l : ~ ~ 1821 to 1826 DDn. 202 (206). D n 222 2 12-1-27. 7BM Udl MS. IW ( IM;) 1.
CHAPTER IX
BOMBAY SURVEYS
Jfilitay Rwt a - Khindesh, 1821-2 - Mar6tha D a n , 1817-30 - South
Kmkan, 181930 - KZtlbitiw6r, 1822-5 - North Konkan B &jar& - Trigono-
mettical Sumeye, 1819-30 - Cukh & Sind, 182530.
A
FTER the abolishment of the post of Surveyor General at Bombay &om 1st
March 1816 [ 11, 306 1, Monier Williams was retained in charge of the revenue
8-ey of Broach, which was eventually extended to other districts of Gujarkt
[ 170-1 1. He also maintained a drawing office employed mainly t o revise Reynold's
map, and take copies of any areaa required [ 11, 284-5 ; 111, 280 1. Fresh material
ww constantly comi~lg in from surveyors who were not always under his orders, for
he had little or no concern with the military surveys and reconnaissances made during
the war against pindciris and MarBthm.
Of these military surveys, reference has been made to those of the passes
though the St pur a range and along the =tern limits of Gujarst, that were made
in 1816 by Johnson, Sutherland, and thek assistants [ 83 1. Pending their comple-
tion Williams supplied,
from t.he materials and u~formation in my poweseion, a sketch of the whole eastern frontier
of the Province of Goozerat, with the bordering portions of Khandries, hIalwe, Meywar, and
Marwar, with a paper of remarks, both being intended to illwtrate the degree of security
derived...from the nature of t,het &ontier, which I conceive to be the object of the survey
allotted to Ensign Jervia [ 11, pl. 15 1'.
Johnson, now Quartermaster General at Bombay, was sent up to Poona a t the
end of March with Jopp and Macleod, and directed
to ascertain the beat means of ...imp eding tlie pmage of the Pindark through the Puishwa'e
country, and the best routes for ... the pmui t of those marauder$. ...
The range of hills most importallt to bo known soon is that in which are the gha~rts of
Adjuntahq Cosaabarree, and Chmdzrs. I t is also desirable to know tlie wostecn ghauts by
which the Pi i dar~ea might descend frnm the Deccan into the north of the Concan, and through
t h ~ t into the Attaveeasya [ 169 I. The limits of your survey ... would be from t.he Ambe
Ghaut, west, to the junction of tlhe Adjuntah range with the Western Ghauts, and from the
j unct i o~~ southward to the Rore Chaut4.
The next, range to be nttended to is that on the nnrth of the Taptee, through which the
Saindm pma runs ; ... that to the north of Ahrnednuggur ... may be surveyed ; and ... these
-eye ... should be incorporated with the general map of the country5. [,n
Sutherland's t.sk lay further north. and he reportal in June that he had
completed the survey of the Sautpoore mountains as far aa Boorahaunpoor, aa minutoly as
circumtancea would permit, crowing the Taptee s t Barkumcondah, and commencing a t Doonu
Bhawke.Chaut. The country ... was almost in a state of insurrection, and principally belonga to
Holker and Scindia. The rains have now commencetl and i t is my intention to recro- the
Taptee before it becomes inlpwrrsible, and proceed to the exarnination of the western range,
through which there may be passes leading into the Attaveeaseee [ 11, pl. 15 ; 111, pl. g 1.
By October he had
comple ted... the eurvey of tlie ... pmeea ... leading t hr ou~h the western range into the Atte-
veeseeo north of the I3haura ~htbut7. ... I t is my intention to continue ... without delay, ... h~vi ng
junt received a letter from the Hon. .Mr. Elphinstone approving of my oommencing at the
Bhawa Ghaut. ...
'Qecrge Jervi*. rursistant to Suthcrbnd. BSC. 14-9-16 ( 1 ).
'46 P/lO, 14. S A t e h i covers 28
anbdivkim betwoen Kim end Daminpnga rivere, E. & SE. of Surat.
Borghat, 47 F/6 ; paas W. of Khan-
* whom Poono-Bombay r od and railway crom W. Ghita., Imp Oar. IX ( 6 ).
sfrom Elpbinetone, Rm-
rdmt wi t h Pmhwe; D Pol Q. 11-616 / 38 ).
*ib. 3-8-10 ( 7 ).
'Map, MRIO. 124 ( 27).
The desolated st at e of t he counbry adjoining t he Seutpoors mo~~nt ai nq. t.he chnractor of t he
~ h ~ ~ l e and of their chiefs, end t he aobpereignty ... existing fnr t.he most part in t he Holkar family.
prevented my carrying t he line of survey so near t , h ~ hills as I c.ould have wished. ... I
penetrated t o the foot of ..." Dot~ten Hawakcr C:hal~t". ... the nrost western paavage t.hrouyh
+,h-e mountai~ln. ... of so diffictrlt n Irnt,~lre thnt even a single horren1.m paasing over it is
t o tl~amount'.
Koiltes were also surveyed thr0ug.h the ;\tavisi by Adams, Towsey, Ovens, xew-
port, and I,ennz.
Another military Rurvey was carried out by Remon and .Topp
sniall force3 on the borders of (iujnriit and C~itch during 1813 6, ~9 "t he
spontaneous undertaking of these t no ofFicer~"~.
Valuahlr~ stuveys made in MLlwa
by Frederick DangcrfieldS, were enibotlicd in 3tal,-olm'n map [ 81- j , pl. 9 1.
He
later spent about two years 011 a geologicsl snrvey of the same area [ 267 1.
. .
M~rch interest was taken in the Snrbada Ri\.cr, not only
regards its upper
course [ 84-3, 88-9 1, but also regarding the navigability of its lowrr reaches, and
survey were made by Hansttrcl, Blathiaso, and Sy~ne [ 84-j 1.
It was found
unnavigable
from t he Kern-pabl, or Deer's leap ( iL Ir~cally terll~ed fr<~rn t he nerr~sa-11es.3 of the clrrrnnel ),
it enters t he broker1 ridges of' tlre S a t p ~ ~ r a r t r np, to ... a short distance ahove Tulluck-
warm'. ... Mathia %..in April [ 1820 ]...was able to gu fr111n 3llmdleysir t o tho Hern-pahl in a
emall (-raft. ... and iron^ Broncdl to 'l'uUuckwarra in n boat of tolerable sizee.
In 1822 Tho~ilaa IClwon of the Bombay Marine made a more detailed Hurvey,
being supplied beforehand with a ma11 prepared ill the revenue survey ofice a t
Broach, scale 11 inches to a mile9.
I n April 1829 Edwarcl de l'Hoste, failed to get up tn "Hem- ahl", bat "ascer-
tained that there was no difficulty whatever in proceeding ...to h u c t wa r r a , nnd
also that with very little trouble water-ca.niage could be procured fromflulluckmarra
to Broach "I0.
In 1840 further attempts were made t,o navigate the river and a "trial made be-
tween August and November to transport coal by rafts from Hosungabad wae a total
failure ". A further attempt was made in 1847. .I reduction of a special map coln-
piled in the Surveyor General's office was publi3hed by the Asiatic Society in 1H4411.
I t was some yearv before adequate maps could bc provided for the vast extent
of territory acquired by thc Compai i ~ in 1819 a t the concluvion of the Maratha
war. Sutherla~id was given the survey of the southern Deccan which had
formerly be1011,oed to the Peshwa, but his officers were few and the country wide.
There were no adequate maps of KhAndesh, a wild and sparsely populated area
covering the valley of the Ti pt i , till John Briggs, a 3Ladras officer with some
previous knowledge of surveying, and l'olitical Agent from May 1818. prepared a
useful map during 181 1-2 ;
Only sorne imperfect arrd incorrect mnps were in existence, which had been used by t he
commandem of our troops in tho former Mal~ratt,u war of 1803.
A very few poi nb of longitude
had been determined by celaqtial observations.
Two English offic-srs were sent to me in I d 1 8 t o complete this dwirable object, but both of
tl~enr very aoon co~ltracted t he malignant intermittent fever eo prevalent on t he outskirts of
the hills, and had t o go away on eick leave. and the C:overnment declined to send others.
I then prc~cured irlstrun~ents from Bornbay selor:ted by a scientific friend and, with my own
knowledge of surveying. I wna euablrtl to direct ... tlrree young engineer cl er k, whom X e n y m
ee my assietanta. 111 the course of two yeam I produced a complete map of Khandesh which,
together with tile field books and map of triangulation, I submitted ... t o t he Bombay Govern-
ment which, on ascertaining t he value of the work by sending professional surveyom t o verify
'Sutherlond'a mop, 3 rn. to inob, drawn by Slight ; JiKIO. 127 ( 27-8 ) : nee alao ih. 124 ( 5.6 ), B Pol
C. 7-12-16 ( 0 ).
DDn. 278 ( 33-7 ).
under Col. Eset. Bo YC. 8-1-11.
bYRIO. 84 ( 1- )
[ pl . g] . aFdbka. MRIO. hf 401 & DDn. 161 (17).
' Ti l ~kwda, 16 010.
' Bo Om sac. I ( 177).
sMHIO. 161 ( 13,14).
lo Bo GPO Sor.. I ( 171 ), Elo MG. ( camp ), vol. 60 ( 1 2 M , 1-1 ). 10-5 & 18-l/P,
" JA9B. XIII. 1 W ( 495-579) ; 91V. IS45 ( lrix ; 334-6 ) ; XVI. 1847 ( 1104-12) ; XVII. lM8 (21W21).
ib currectnw, re-inrborsed nle fvr the tr~fling expense t hat I hatl incurred.
That map wnn
lithogrepheid in I3ombay, end 11ea I~oelr i ~~cl uded iu t he trigonorr~etriral survey of t he Deccanl
[ rrg. 130 I.
The oflicers who joined Rriggs in 1818 har e not been identified, but two of
his surveyors were Arthur \Vhite [ 275 ] and James Evers.
The 111np WN on scale
3 Inilea to an inch, and was
colletructetl on a seriep of' poritions by crow bearings tnlten with n cimulnferentr~r on utand,
made by Adams. Lontlnn [ 11. 450 1. with R telaacope and heir siqhta, from n base-line of 2 milen
in leirgrl~ ... measured by t~ tell-l'uot woudri~ rod r ur level* take11 h r t he purpose.
The intern~ocliate part& of the mnp. where p1tu.e~ 1.0ulc1 riot. be wen by the persun carrying on
the trigonr~lnetriral survey. were tilled 1111 mea811recI rot~tes a11d bmrings made with a perem.
bulntor, a brnss 100 ft. 1.11air1, and small circurnfemr~tor. Tho ol>ject ~ I R P beon to include every
villnge. inl~abit~ed or unirrllnbited, but some nl' tlre Int.tor woro nnt to he forlirds.
The original \$-as sent t o t he Directors in 1838. t,oget,her with n co~npilation
adjusted t o Shortredc'a trigono~netrical pointe, i t being pointreti ont, t hat
them nre no maps nf IGndeish nntl Konkan ... a t t,Ile Presidency avnilahle for conq,il6~t,ion.
Such as have been received from L3ombay in .Tune 1635 prove t,r~ be mero rt'thbish, having
neither lines of latitude and longitl~ale. ... eltopether 1111worthy of roinpili~tion for t he Hon'hle
Court,, heing surveys of 1821 and 2'7, executed under tlrc nu per intent lour^ of Capt,nin Brigpf18.
I n 1860 Waugh reported t hat on compa,ring Briggs' Inap with others, distances
were found too large by 159; to 30%, but "'whatever nlay be its faults, no better
detailed survey of this part of India is forthcoming"4.
After Sutherland's sm\-ey of t he passes through t he Sritpura mngr, ho remained
on surrey under Elphinstone, who was definitely map-minded [ I 1, and in Map
1817 called for material then l~vltilable in Bornbay ;
The eurr-ey of the Pe i u h w~' ~ clominionn under Captain Sutherlanrl being now in progrosq,
i t becomea of importance to &certain al l at perta of the country have been alreRdy s~lrveyed.
and likewise t o emhotly all tlie inforrnat.ion in t he posqofisinn of Gc~vernment in one map. ...
lnformntion is now ruquired-~O~TIIU gi forts--prod~~cts and ~ I i ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ t ~ e r i ~ t i r . ~ of t,he cot~ntry -
aa well ...aa nlepfi. ... I attach pecu!inr importan#.e to HII y infrlrmat i11n 1.cgarrling t he Paiuhwa'n
forts. ... I am ansi o~i s fnr nny mmrm or inl'urmation regar~ling t,he Conliun [ 129 1. which is
full (, r strong places, 6. is a blank in all our maps. ...
'rho maps ... nhonld be on a large scale, so as to comprehend t.110 smaller villages.
It will bo
pract.icxbJe for t he Burveyow t o fix t he positions of t he prillripal places, hut t'lie tiine requisite
for finding out t he s~naller on ea... mev-easily be aavecl hp cop,ying them from former nketchee6.
The following year Itlunro reported from Hublie, near Dhi nvar, t hat ,
aa ell [bur nlnps of the Southern Marrahtta province^ nre extremely rlefective, and as coneidereble
inconvenience was experiencecl from t hk cause during t he late campaign. ... a correct nurvey
of thwo proru~cca ehoulcl be mri~lo.wa won an poasihle.
Snch a survey is required, not only for ...g eogrephicul knowledgo and nrilitary P L V ~ O ~ ,
but also ... t o nttain nn accurato ides ... of tho brritorien of t he rliFferent jegeerdara. and t o
guide us UI arranging such exchanges of territory with thoae clriefu lm mny hereafter be i ol ~nd
expedient. The ~i r ka r mil jnpeer ilist.ricts nnd villages aw HO intermixerl t,lret without o
uurvey it will he irnposfiiblw Lo uscertain wl~othnr any prol~osorl exclrango will he ndvantageolls
or not7.
Elphinstone strongly supported Munro's request ;
A mrvoy of t he country conqrlerad from tho Paishwa ia already in i~rogresrr r~ndor the
direction of Captain Subherlend. ... hut i t wo~ild groatly exporlite thin ... if ... rn nlilny officer*
qusbficrl to survey, as run be ~pnr ed, ... ho pbr ed a t my dispr~unl. ... Such otncem ... ahoultl
he ordered t o Hoobly ... under the orders of Ganeral 31unroa [ 5-6 1.
Maclree was asked to lend experienced surveyoe-Mackenzi e sent sample maps
and memoir8 of his EUNeyE of Mysore and t he Ceded Districts-and in December
1818 El phi n~t one directed SuthcrLand
'Brioon ( 82 ).
Sota on map ad. by Briep ; MRIO. 127 ( 3, 4 ) : I 0 Cat. ( 438 ). a Jama Bedford
to Ba.. 11-9-37 ; Dh. 382 ( 72 ). 'PR. ( 38 ), 1-51. Vrom Poooe. 2-6-17 ; Ao SC. 1 4 6 1 7 .
' 48
m.
'MlrC. 23-12-18: DDn. 133 ( 420 ). 11-7-18. 'MYC. 23-12-18.
to underteke the EUNey of the country east of t,he Ohauts, from t.he Satkmloora hill# to the
'roomburldral, for whiclr purpoee you will be supplied with mc11 wk t e n t e ea you may require.
Lielltenant dopp rtnd Ensign Slight are elretdy uncler your onleras. 1 shall apply t o Conml
sruiths to p h e C:q,hin ChnUon &o a t your dispuqal and, in the event of tlre compliar~ce of the
Gowmm@nt of Fort Rt. Charge, ... tl~orse oficers also ahall be under yorr orders. ...
TIle preserit survey should he full and accurate, nnd s~lt%oiently minute to superswle t he
nwesait,y of any other eurvey. except a reverltre meos~lrelnellt which nray hereafter be euecuted,
prrllelw by netiver under the control of tub El l r c ~~w~n ofErer. and under the direction of t he
co~lectore [ 171-2 I.
You are in poamssion of 6uc.h frflpuents of the Hllrvoy formerly mnde under your mantlpmeut
a*; have been mved from tlre Hesidency4, and. ..of tllo map drawn UII by Lieutenant Colonel
~ ) e Havillarltl [ IT, 133 1, end that furnished by the llrto Srvveyor General of Bombay [ 125 1.
These mape, and the printed ones, will shew you the least Imown part8 of t he country with
-hioh i t is rlesircrble you shoulcl I~cgill, brlt they will not ... supercede t!ie nwesnity I I ~ your going
over the whole country as if ~rothing hntl yet been done. \Vhen it can be combinecl with the
principle of Lc@lin~ wit11 the least know11 pnrts of the cc~untr~. , a~rt l with your own general
plan, I beg you wo~lld...accornn~otlntn your a mc o n l e n t to the wants of the civil autlmrit.ieu. ...
To ensure the corn~lleteneaq of t l ~e snrvey, ... it slloultl be made by pergtmna~, the bound-
~ i m of each ... to be eurveyecl, en11 t.ho cc~ntenta flue? 1111. boforo proceeding t o mother. ...
Cnution may be obwrved in avuidirl~ ar ~y cnqoiriw lilcely t o ~l a r nl the nntives Lv suggmting the
imposition of new tuxm, or elteation c t f any of t h ~ i r eatahliahed uw.w6.
Not onl y did t h e Madras Government lend officersR, b u t they also provi ded i nat ru-
nlents, a n d copies of Garling' s t ri angul at i on a n d topographical s ur ve*F [ 115 ] ;
Captain C;nrling hea reported that during his co~lvalescent state a t Rellary, he had with the
aseintance of Thomas Hill been occupied ir. t. l~e pmpamtiorl of n~aterinln which mey lje llseful
t o the surveyom of the Sout . hm Mahrnt,ta Statas. l' hey conniat of a plan upon a srnle of 8
miles to an inch, esbibiting t. 11~ trigononletricd strrtionn ... of the surveys executed by him in
Coa. So>mdn, the Doab7, und t.he Suggar Circar-a register of the ubovo shewing the ~ngl c s
and s i t l w4 sketch npon 11 scale of one mile t o an inch of part of t,he western limits of t,he Suggur
h r - n descriptive mernornndum8.
The triangulation of t he sout her n area [ 129 ] waa carried out by Jopp whose
close co-operation with Garling wm not smiled upon either by Mackenzie or
Sutherland [ 115. 129 1.
In J u n e 1820, Sut herl and reported that
the extent of ... the late Peislrwa's terrihoriea ...may he evt,ilnatecl to contuin 30,190 geographicd
square milee, 15,000 of which have been rrrinutely surveyed, and 16,000 pnrtially traversed,
the letter only requiring n few tnonths lelrour t o complete. mllich, with the remairli~lg portion
... to be eurveyed, will ... ocoupy two year8 more to ensure a uaeful : ~nd aRrcurnLe nmp of the con-
quered territoriw. ...
Since the k t comnlenoenlertt of tile aurvey, maily unforeseen tjbstaclea have impeded itq
prosccutinn, independent of the 10s~- sustained a t the breaking ant of the war of all the
materielu ...p revioudy collected [ aulp 1, t,ha darar~ged state of t.he country during i b continu-
ance, ... and ... the frequent inttrrruptions from some of my kwistante having been employed on
other duties, and othem frorn a want of the means, health. and experience, b i n g l ~nabl e t o
tska an active share in the aurvey.
I have just been deprived of the services of C'aptain O%alk,n, \\.hose inclaftbtipc~ble exertiorw
have contribute11 so rnurb to the advancement of t l ~ e map, and likewire of C1nptain nolee and
Lieutenant Montgon~erie'J.
A requmt to Madras for t he loan of two or t l uee count ry-boni &etant.s produced only
James Aikiul, transferred at the close of t he Travanoore sur vey [ 375, 386 ]I0.
On Sutherland' s appoi nt ment as Assistant Surveyor General, in 182211 [323],
he handed over to J opp, who in April 1823 had ni ne ~ i s t n n t e ~ ~ besides Aikin, who
was employed on a s ur r e y of Poonn city. At t he e ~ ~ d of 1824 tllc pa r t y had com-
pleted Belgaum, UhLm6rl 3, Poona, ,Qhrnadnagar, and Sh o l ~ i p r r r ~ ~ , mostly on scale
Iktibude 21" to 16'.
J S~~~n~r ol Hemming, obo Do. Engm.. jointvl dlrriny I HI Y.
Lionel Smith
( liil-1M2); Lieut-C;en. ; Bart. 1837. 1)98. DIE.
'Pw)ns Reaidenvy burnt bv M~trithas. 6-11-17.
Sfmm
Nlpl~inatol~r. 0-12-10: mlc. 23-12--18.
eRt~lc*. Perry, Mostgcrmerie. iutur rephoed by S h l and
('tmninglrnm. ' b c t ~ ~ n T~~ngabhadre & Ki t l ~n [ 1151.
Ifmm 3Iotlntford. DDn. 148 (100). 1-10.
* Ro IC. I:! -5-20, l o ib. 4-10-20.
l r ib. ( oamp ). vol. 69 ( 208 ). 7+12.
QraRon. X. Campbell. S t d .
('rlltninghnm, Gordon. J30yd. Le Measurivr, .r. Campbell, oltd Swan-.
lSMnp of Dhirwb, 18%. YRIO.
127 ( 2 ). I' Report for q111wter el~rling 31-7-21 ; Ro HC. 13i ( ' 213) ).
w o miles to nn inch.
111 1825 special autlhorit,y l vas obbintui for t he a p l o y mc t ~t
d draughbsbien for fair mapping, t hus freeing officers for fiebl survey [ 284 ]I.
I
By 1825 Jopp's staff WRR reduced to (';raft,on, Boyd, Renbow, ShortmdeP, nnd
&.
The maps, inclr~ding t,hat of KolhApur were ahnost tinisheds. 111 Fobrunry
1826 Gfafton took over clrarge from .Topp who uucceecld ILR Deputy Surveyor
General [ 3.23 ] and t,wo civilian cwsixt~imts, Prim tlcntl Sanger, joitlml from 1st
Nay. The mn-ey was clouod down on 31st Mag 1830, bfter complet,ioll of the
whole couutry south of ICI~Lntlesh, :i.ntl .Topp reports t xo yonrs Inter ;
:
The Duckun, corul~rining tlre hr g~r rc~llector;ltea of Dhorwar. YOOII&, 111r11 Atrrne~lrugqer.
&e territories of ti~riv Highnosues Clue Hajna of Satrrrtr uncl I<t)llrlumr, nrud tlre ~x~wrwisions {if
t+e great Solrtllern hlehratn J ~ha ~e e r de r s . lltuj hecan surveyrtl i l l detail [ pl. 24 1.
,
Si x shuet.8 ... huee been forw~rderl to the Ho o ' l ~ l ~ tile ('t111r1. or I ~i r t . Ct 0~. ~111c 1 the recnainiler
of the anrbey is r wl y to t,e embodiml no anon 113 tltcl t r i nnj i ~~l st i ~~n now carrying C B I ~ rrrrrlrr
.Limit. Shortreed shall ennhlr me iianlly to tmnnect it t o u r t l r ~~.
Tho I ~t u~nr l ar i e~ 0 C this larKe province arc-'l'he Cml&l Dwtri,.tr; t r l r a l t,hw Goo terrir~~ricsl on ~ I I H
eouth- the Si7~1m'a c! o~l l i ~t i ~~n~ on the enst,-the ranacr of C:l~turtci ~ , I I rlrc wc~st~-aurcl lih.rluclr?i.ml~
on the nnrth. KO part ol' tlris esterluivv trn4:t. will rrqi ~i re Lo b~ I Y, LU~ A I I ~ V C ~ I % ~ ~ .
Before handing over charge Surveyor General Hotlg3011 r epor i d that.
Colonel Lomht on' ~ triangles not Iraving her1 e s t c ndd Lo the 111orlhurn [>art of t,he Bonlb~by
coaht, tho sirrveyn~x~ want some of the cwlvnnt~+gus whiclr they pi-.@ c,n the Mndran side. Sovernl
minor t,riangtillletiom IIRVA 1 1 ~ n urnde hy the Eombay offirera, and tr t,riar~p.lilation I ~ I I J, larqer
scale h ~ s l ~ mn mo mr n ~ i d e ~ l , mid with il better inatr~untmt.
The 1311mbep alirveyors are n rc,npctehle hody of nffirrrs5.
The valuable revenue survey of 88Gra ciirried o t ~ t I>y . \ ~ l ; ~ ~ n s ant1 Challetl ia
described in a later chapter [ 171 1.
The term Konkan applies t o tlio strip of country lying below t he O&ts along
t he west comt ; North Konkan stretches southward from t he 1)amLn River t o the
Bfinkot, and 8011th Koukan from the UBnkot River t o UOH [ pl. 24 1.
In October 181!), Thotnm Jervis, of t he Bombay Enginoers, way appointed
executive engineer in t he South Korlkan and twelve montlln later deputed t o prepare
-a eht i st i ml survey for t he revenue department in addition to his engineer duties.
I n January 1823 he WIWJ relieved from tho latter and placed under Sutherlend for
geographical survey t o he carried on separately from t he rrtntistical surve?. He
measured base-lines in co-operation with Robinson of t hc Bombay Marine, ant1
carried o l ~ t triangulation for lus detail survey7. Sut,herlanil reportrr in Janunry
1824 ;
Lieutenant Jervis' exertions have been equally urlremittinq I I I I ~ lligfrly gati9facto1.y ...-
trigononletrical eun'ey between Dewghu~r and Bowia- sketch miip of tlle co~l nt ry between
Anjonwell and 1iunl;ot
plans of the Forts of Rt ~t nnpl ~erry and Vizindroog~.
Much of his energy was devoted t o reports and large scale surveys of no particular
topographical value, though UI I826 he produced a useful nlap of t he Konkan
from Goa to l)am8ng. The survey was closed down with t he Ueccan survey ill 1830
[ w p 1, and Jervis had t o leave his work incomplete. He worked up his statistics
into compendious reports, and shewed
in Reparate mp the geog~rphical distribution of the incligenc~ur plents, the sttltiatics of rovetrue,
commerce, ducat i nn, industry, crime, elavary, religion. language, caqto, and general clistrihu~tion
of the popubt.ionM.
His triangulation" and topographical surveyla were not of a high quality, whioh
wee unfo~.tunate es there W~ F I no other survoy of t he area and, writerr Jopp,
' Bo MC. 11-3-25.
* 11nmu spltShortreod & flhorhde indieeriminatoly, Nhortredo bohg form uasooia~ted
with bin logarithm toblm.
'Kolbnpur, by K. Rntnr, MRIO. 127 ( 9 ) ; list of original plane, UUn. 273;
progrws chart, MRIO. 122 ( 5:2 ).
Dh. 235 ( 20 ). 34-32. LDh. 231 ( 936 ). %I-29. UBo RC.
90 ( 102 ), 31-1-23.
' bf8p of meat. MKIO. 118 ( 2 I. M 5W.
'Map & triangles. ib. 1% ( 1-16 ) ;
1 6 7 ; 127 ( e-a ) ; M 78,96 ; BO MC. 137 ( 101 1, n-1-24.
MRIO. 123 ( 0.7 ) ; .\I o & ~ 1 0 ~ 0 am soc
P. ( 175 ). ' I Chart, 11127, Ben Regr. 594 ( 68 ).
l a Ono-inch maps, UDn. 278 ( LOB. 3fi. 337,401-2 ).
Part of RATNAGIRL BODTH X O W N
C ~ r P l o o N is about 30 milee south of Mahtibaleshwar and 8.w. of
atam.
Reproduced from map drawn on half-male by J. Henson 1833,
from one-inch s w e y by Wm. Dowell, I828 to 1830 [ 127 1.
sfwr 8 rnont carefirl and tedinun ex~ni nat ~i t l t i or tlie nrirpn wit11 the lipta of village, .,. 80
many aI)I)esr wanting. anti tllere are ~ U C ~ I ~iiucrepHll(!i(~, heflwmli the original mid t he compibd
map" ~antl nirmt, of t , l ~e foru~er ( are 1 in an ~l l i fi ~i shed a *late. t,het I c-mnot repcbrt t he plane of
tlrie provinm 11s fit...for t he C r ~ n t 11111) of India1 11nt.il auch parts as require it be again
eurvevda.
Evewst., and again Wnr~ph r n d e further es)ictu~tiveesaminetionv and ref!~.ued tO
~c c e p t t ho mrvey for geogrn.pl~icnl pllrp~lcrs, in spite of Jervis' s own cIninle3.
The
following unoffici~l note was pul>\ishrd in 1656 ;
I n this ... report
Iris Ilrnal nnrvey in t he ( ' o~i c~n, HI I irrrurrort lntiturle ia ~claipnecl to rnrtny
n1~1. e~ : and ... lint vorv latelv au~ nrrclr wiw rlinc-overell ill t.he t l ri ang~~l et i o~l which rentlero it. ns
,-.--~ - '
f w ~g ~ o r r t ~ - t ~ dist. n~~(. es nm conrerned. ~iectrly 11-CIRSH.
He st,ated before t he ~noet i t ~g of t he
Britiull Anqorin6ion ol. Nnwcn~t,le-on-Tynn [ 20-5-38 1, tlint tlleve rllaps l i d benn retained in
India. Pra~h~il,ly i t \vu* P\. RII then klinwn. or huspeckd, t hat eome errnr e s i ~t e d in t hem ; but
he cl110tet1 t l ~el n to tile ~ i ~ w t , i ~ r ~ ad rnc~tinln a~f \r.hnt, was rerl~iirerl t hr r ~~l ghuut our Indian Ernp*.
I n 31erch 1824 \Villinn~ 1)onell was ~ioruinat,ed for charge of a similar survey
of North Koiikan5, being h a t attached t,o .Tervia
for tbe purpsl8e of gaining nlr in*igl~b i11041 t,l~t, dirty, ... I , I I H ~ 1 ~ 1 1 st~r\, eys (*iirrying on ~urder
the Bombay Prwidenry nlay I J ~ cc~n~l~~t. t. fvl on ,)no unil'#11.111 I ~r i l r ~. i l ~l r , t o pre\ . el ~t tlra nacesaity
of any otl~crr anrveyd being tnken I ~e~. ai r f l r ~. ~.
From 1826 Dowell's work WRH confined t o Ratniigiri I)iutriut, of which there
Ls a11 elaborate map in sevoral *hetat,q on t he one-irrcll scale, conipleted between
1 8 i d 1 8 . It id rc~na~. kal )l e for tlre hill dr'lwing -boltl ~ i r ~ ~ t ~ r s l t.int shading,-
mout effective7 [ pl. 14 ].
Tlwre are also nmps of t l ~ o counlry bet\vat.u .\I?ilvan u ~ i d Veogurln in sout h
RatnAgiri by Augustus Henyey, apparently surveyed before 1 H1gs.
At the end of 1821 t he political agent in KLthiiiwiir nsked for n survey, as his
only nvailahle nlap was one cotnpiletl from t he military route surveys of 1808-9
[ 11, 169 1. Steplien Slight of' t,lle Engineers, who hat1 bee11 on t he Deccan survey
under Suthorland [ 125 1, conl~ut?nwtl work in February 1822, and continued for
three years.
He reports in du~rc* 1823 011 t he work of his socond field season ;
After recovering frutii a severe illnew I cornn~enr~e~l this soeeun a t Gogah. froln whence
I proceeclecl along t l ~ e ma-coast t o I)uag, thence to 3lnliadul1t1nr, nlaking occasional marcllrw to
the northward. 1 then struck into t,llr Geer hilla1\ which I r.rosderi nt Del kl ~n~i ni ~. 1~1111 arrived
a t Ohauntwar. a diatance of above thirty rnilrs without ir air~ylo village i~iterveliing, meeting
with the greatest ditticulties. ...
I ~ultlemtari~i t l ~ero is b ~ ~ t one route over tlre hilly, nc~twithstwli~liug t he y~wrrt extent of them.
To.aurvey t he whole correctly I shn11 be obliged t o cross t l i e~n in ten or twelve tlifferent clirec-
tions. ... After paaai n~ over tlre hills I continuer1 t he survey in a parallel dimctiun t o my fornler
route, mid on 30th May l~rrived a t Rajl;*lt1l. I sl~nll instltntly cr~mmen(.e 011 t he pl a~i of t he
ccmtoolnent,~. ...
.%a t he set~w~ri for o ~ ~ L - o f - c l ~ ~ ~ r m ~ r k i~ now pest. i t is my iuterltiun ... t o pruoeacl to Barorla.
there to rern~iri until tlie moniloull is over, in ordor ~ I I lnnlie n f& plan of this s wol i ' s survey.
Im~nedincely on the ope~liirg oC t,he f ~ i r newon I slinll proceecl ... t o C;O~HIII, ~t whicll polllt
the eurvey will recornrnence. ... Aly principal wish to go to Barodn proreells from the whole
of my drewing mete~*inls having been lert tllere1a.
He re1)ort.s on Jul y 1824 ;
A part lrfrnr Urnr~i l l y nnd 11 ~lnllll portion t mo t h ~ ~ o u t h w ~ r d of tlre (:mr hib relntri~la un.
surveye~l. ... I t wor ~l ~l have bee11 all oomplnted hod I not received di wt , i oue from t he Deputy
Surveyor General to rnttlrn a trigonotnetric.al survey of t he peninn~lla ; in doing which I was
obliged t,r> retrace Horrie nf nly forlrler rt ~ut ss t o correct ally little error t hat lllay liave ocourred
'The Inoh at l a [ 28.4 1. ' DDli. 235 ( 20 ). 3-34?.
a IVeoqh to Tbuillier, 21-2-50 : D1h. 557
( 6 . .80b;u Re". IU. 18513. 'Survey of country SE. of Bnemin. MRIO. I27 ( 10 )
RC. 537 (73).
12-3-24.
'MRIO. 1% (1-15) with &-inch reduotione drawn 1692-3; DDn. 278 ( 1, ?0.178-(90].
'YRIO.
124 ( 18-22 ) : DDn. 278 ( 268 ). ' I . 4 4 .
10Complaina of excaaive attraction of mapetio n d
by local ore, JunQhnr. 2-62!?. I ' 41 JI15.
l a Rljkot. 5-6-23 ; Bo RC. 98/1823 ( %7 ).
whilst surveying the different roHdu.
Ia11a11 be ... mnkillg two or three clineonnl router throudl
my &t -n's work ... in order t o find out Rny- niistalte t,hat may have happened from my
not having a t t hat t h e trigono~netrit~al points t,o co~~t i crt , with.
The rlutiee I am now engaged upon nre as lidlows ; -1nnki11g a fair co[ ~y nC the survey-
reducing the Hame t,o 18 i ni l ~q t , i ~ one inc.l~-lnnking a copy of t, l~a triuonomet,ricbnI Nurvey-
~l c ul a t i ng all the triauglm-making up journals of t he whole of t l ~p c,nunt.ry aurveyeil-
mi t i ng a memoir of t he sanre-anti, i f ponsihle, ~ I I reduce t he whnl? ol' t he sllrvey to 4 lnil-
t o one inch.
I may with safety say t hat what, remains tmlinished ... will be cumplete~t in three nionths.
I might do it sooner but, wishing t o nlnke two or three other marches thro11gI1 the Geer hills,
I have added one month t o t he tin>$.
He submitted his fair map of the season's worl; in Octohel.. reporting that
the number of villages 1 have h o t l last sewon a~nount s t o upwn~*cla of. ..one tho~laand.
The hills are nearly rompleted, and from tile trigorrolnetrical r ~~~i n t , s that I !lave fired t,he whole
of what is at present completed ... will be found most. corrrct.
I t is my int,ention to leave vamp immetliat,ely, nn~l 1rhe11 1 I~avt. ~ . ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ l e t . e d bliosta IInrt.3 that
now remain I shall proceerl towarcla Poorb~nider t,u rnrrec.t 111y first S~RSOII' S wntk hy my trig-
onometrical pnint,s. Having nccomplishell t.his ... I q11$111 Inea*iwr nnc~ther hase-line soniewhere
between t l k place and Sowanuggera.
The survey was conlpleted and fortuerly ch~sril in Srl)tenlbrr 18%3.
The important revenue surreys of Bombay and Saleette islands by Dickinson
and Ta b, and of GtijarBt by Williams and Cruikuhank, are described in a later
chapter [ 167-71 1. I n October 1817, Dickinson was taken off his revenue survey to
make a military survey of Bassein and ICalygn. His party was seriously troubled
by fever and the monsoon rains. He writes from Bassein where he had retreated
for medical assistance :
I har e taken accurate p l n ~ l ~ of 16 forts--aurveye~l the whole extent of cowt , including the
mouth of all t he rivew ant1 creeks of o w new acquiretl territory-and. from having continued.
m y operations through an equal extent of the interior, ... i t will require a considerable tuue to
arrange what I huve already done ... for assist ,ing... His Exi-~llency t.he Commander-in-Chief as to
... t.he security and tlefence of the Bauaein purpu~rnah.
Most of the men he had brought from his revenue surrey evtablishnlent were
sick, and he asked for a freah batch for the Kalyln di ~t nc t s ;
Owing to t he severity of t he weather in t,lre tint. ir~ntar~re, ant1 t,he natural obsterles which
I had afterwarde to encounter, I was obliged t o perform t he greater part of my last dutiw. not
only withont a tent, but without, any shelter than whet t he jungle afforcted.
Little i~ known of topographicnl surveys further north. I n describing possible
material for the ntlas Jopp notes that those of
North Conkan, tho' great.ly improved by t.he eurveyH of Jlr. Hurne4. ... [ are ] not t o be claseerl
aejit for t.110 Engineer--Surveys of ( h~j ar at are gootl, and if cnnnertetl t o southern nurveys by
triangulatino c1111ld then be incorp~~raterl -Rajpeel~la anrl enqt fro~~t i er* oFGuzerst [ 11, pl. 15 1.
m a p are ext,rv~nely cleticient [ pl. 24 1.
Pe nhul a of Goozerat improved by aorveyr nf Lier~t.. Slight-n map of Cutch by suweyn of
Blight, Lietitr. l'eflt find Grant of tjtlo Rngineern6, an11 oTLi e~~t . Rulnos of 2Ist. Regt ... hilt not fit t o
be engraved.
Horne. who came from Matlras. wan employed 11nder the Collect,or (luring
1820-1, and his survey, niatle hy peramht~lator and conlpass traverse, is elsewhere
devcribed by Jopp as "an original & valuable surrey "@. I t covers the country
from ILlyAn t o Baswin, and along the coast north t o [)amiin7. Jopp ~vribes again
later ;
' Hi ~ k ~ ~ t , li-7-24 ; tb IC. 137/18.'4 ( 146-0 ).
PRijkot. 14-10-24 ; ib. ( 21.7 ). 'Map. YRIO.
123 ( LB) ; BO (20. 174-2-5.
' Pranuis Home, poaaibly lather of E. Home. dm. in SOO. Rombsy fwm
1832. Alexander Cumine Peat, Bo. Engn. Ena. 18-20 ... Maj. 1839 ; CB.; d. KarPehi 1848; John Ycbnnk
Umoh Bo. En r. . Enr. 18Z" ... Capt. 1830 ; d. lbow 1840. IO. Cal. ( 139 ) ; DDn. 278 ( 3 ) ; MRIO. MI^.
16-0-33. 'frldex to R~~rveyn. $TRIO. 125 ( 10 ).
The maps of the Northern Konlnin are not.. .in e state to be ueed for the 0-t Map ; this
dietriot will therefore require to be surveyed ; a portion of thia province bordering the rsnge of
~ h a l ~ t a b e l o w t o independent Bheel chi eft ah, whoae country is but little known.
With the exception of those p a d over wbich the mvenue eurveye under Colonel WiJliame.
md subsequently under Captain Cmiknhank, extend, tho whole penineuk of Gooj mt with t he
dietdietriot of Rajpeepla, the country in the vicinity of the mi l i t t q station of Dewa, and t hat to tlm
& and nor t h- wt from Baroda, will all require to be surveyed, as our lulowlege of those
p& is very ecanty, and ... also very incorrect.
Tho province of IChendeeh alao requires ...h be a t least partially surveyed, and to be re-
oonstructtxl mew [ 123-4 ]. The independent territory of Kutch should also be eurveyed, if
the sanction of iLs government a n he obtained'.
A sketoh was made of Rijpipla in 1822 by James Down with little in t he
way of instruments ; mainly compiled from Reynolds' map and information collected
looally2. I n Guj adt usefill route surveys had been made by C&hank and
Remon.
Lambton's triangulation had not covered any part of the Bombay territories,
except for the series which Everest had abandoned short of Sholspur [ 234-6, pl. 18 1,
the Bombay surveyors had to provide their own triangles, and in most cases
measure their own base-lines. Both Jopp and Jervis connected with Garling's
work in Goa and the NizBm's dominions [ 125 1. Whilst on the survey of Raichiir
early in 1819 [ 115-7 1, Garling had made special arrangements for such connection
"having understood that a requisition was about to be made for such documents
by Major Sutherland, Superintandent of the Poonah survey "3. dhortrede describes
how Jopp met Garling, and
obhined horn hirn the approximete 1enpt.b of aome of his lines, and upon theae Cleptain Jopp
mid also Captain Grafto~i continued a series of triangles from the eeytern to the northern
edremity of the Ahmednaggrw collectoratt'. Captain Carling haviug expreasecl hbmelf
quite willing to give a complete copy of aU his work if it mere asker1 for in the regular way,
Captain Jopp ... urged strongly the advantages of p-essinq much valuable materials, but his
superior in o5ce rejected the advice, and tlrclilld to make the application [ 125 1.
When Captain Jopp became Surveyor of the Doccan [ 1822 1, he ... obtained a copy of
Captain Garlir~g's materials, nntl upon thaw bases he cnrried n triangulation through t he
~outhern Mehratto country and the Sattara territory, and t l wugh some parts of our 0-
provinces eustwnrd.
Captain .Topp's observations to all prinr*iptil poi r ~b were duly ent.ered in an angle book, ~ l d
... the calculations were ~ftermards made. The seconcbry pointrr, especially in hilly country
where the uumber of conspicuolra objects woa great, ... were sketched pnnoramimUy through
kleacope, every remarkable point having its direction marked beside it. Them were o b s e ~ e d
again from other stations, and the points so intersected were laid down acl good
points for the detail surveyors to work upon6.
Waugh records that "Captain Jopp, in hi report dated 24th July 1827, speaks
unfavourably of his own triangulation, which he did not consider final "6, but Jervis
had no such diffidence, and has left long accounts of his work. He had attended
a course with the Ordnance Survey in England before coming t o India, and makee
constant reference to the writings of Laplece, Roy. and Lambton. He s t ar b
report' with a sententious discussion of the ~uperiority of trigonolnetrical survey
over a framework of measured routes [ 209-10 1, and oontinues ;
I have been pnrtici~larly fortunate, altho' very ill L tardily aupplierl with everythrng in the
way of inatrumenhn, to have the generous and uncearing mistance of acieotific friende bve
furniehed me, urnon@ other t hi ng, with fi transit circle, a Mayer's r e p a t h refleoting oimle
of elegant workmanship and finely graduated scalas. ...
' DDn. 235 ( 20 ), 3-6-32. =IT)Dn. 27.8 ( 31 ).
' Henoe hfuokenzie's warning ogeinst "mtieipsb
ing ordcrs" [ 1x8 1; Mountford tn SO., 10-5-19. DDn. 118 ( 100 ).
'Chert of Orahon's triawles.
DDn. 278. DDn. 3'28 ( 68 ). 18-0-41.
* Wnugh b Rivers. 18-9-44 ; DDn. 328 ( 32933 ).
7 MRIO.
M 186.
1 . ~ 1 obligod to my friend#, Capt. J. Robimon, of Lhe Hon. Compmy'n. Marine, and to the
late &lone1 Cooper of the Engineers [ 11. 392 1. for their very kind ~ni e hnc e . for supplying me
with ... inatrumente ; ... and t,o the fonuer ... especially ... for instructiom on diflioult, mattera. ...
Thr trigonornetrim1 operations of the 11th Ceptain Garling hnvi n~ been brought to the
northern limits of the Yortu~gueao territories nt Uoa, and Cnl>tain Jopp being en@+ with the
triangulation in the upland count,ry east of the Cor~cen, 1 sougllt for a base-line mitllated cnntri.
d l y between t,he plains of Atgmn and Kallinnl, and hmoerlim near Goa, hl order that the
whole extent of the CML froin St. Amea ti) numnna miqht. he divided into t , h w p o r t i o ~, each
of about 2 degrrea.
He measured his first base during February and March 1824 a t tl site seleoted
by Dowel1 near Nizkmpur ; he made three mewures and t001i levels. From
the base on t he At gmn plain he proposed a chain of triangles northward8 t~
Gujarkt which did not mature. The whole w w coru~ected with Jopp' s txinngles
to t he east. As already noted, Jervis did not tlevote his ontirn attention t.o' hi8
triangulation, which wiw not of n high order [ 126-7 1.
I n Jul y 1827, Jopp reported t hat he had just received
a new standard &eel c h i n from Englmd, and ... had commissioned n very superior theodolita
from Troughton, and ... intended that theae instrun~ents should be usod in the Deccen s~lrve?.
As t he Deccan survey was about to be closed, he suggested t hat these i n~t rument e
might "be advantngeously employed on a trigonometrical survey of t he whole of
t he Bombay Presidency ", a proposal welcomed by Hodgson. Under sanction from
t he Supreme Government,
on 16th March 1829,I.ieutenmt Shortrarle, of the 14th Do. N.I.. tm officer of considerable tnlent
and mathernatiml linowlwlpe who had a l r d y bee11 employed in the Dekalr Survey, waa
appointed to anperintend. ... He was direotarl to r nwur e a base ... ant1 t o carry on a triangu-
lntion from tt~nnce over the whole country, connecting it with that of Captain Oarling on the
south, and with the Great Moridional Arc on the east, or rnbher with the eeries which had been
commenced by Captain Everest [ 129, 234-6 1.
Captain Hodgson also intimated that if tho work were sufficiently well executed, it might be
adopted into the G. T. Survey, but he left that point to be decided by its own merits.
Mr. Slrortrede, having selected a aite for hi^ base on the Icarleh plain, about, 40 miles east of
Bombay', and having occupied him~elf durinp the rnine of 1828 in preparing tlie requisite
epprat.ua, etc., proceederl to tho spot in the month of November arid, with the assistance of
the Deputy Surveyor General [ Jopp 1, of Captain Grafton, the Surveyor in the Dekan, and their
e&abli~hment,~, commenced the meaqurement on the 12th December 1828, and fiuinhed it on
16th Janunry 1829.
The baea was 4.066 miles in length, and had bhe defect, of e brmk in tho mtwrsurement
c~used by the river Indrawnie ... whose ehrupt hanks end uneven rocky bed prevented t,he
measuremcr~t from hekg carried directly Roross. The length of this portion, nearly 1000 feet,
WIM therefore determined by trianplntion, but ... the error arising from this source muat be
considered within 1. 0 inch.
The remainder of thid season and the next three Seers wero occupied in extentling n net of
trianglm from thifl base over the whole country, from latitude ISo t o 21'. and from longitude
73" to 76"'. ...
The triangulation wna carried on to the weatward so as t,o fix the position of Bombay Light-
house, and nrr the eastward the work hae been conrrected with Captain Uarling'e stations
Poorundhur and Bllol~hwar. In the Southern I~onknn Captain Jervis' ststions. ..have been
oisited, nnd conrrecterl with ... stations in the Dekh~n surveya.
Zn 1834 Everest rejected the whole of Shortrede's work as unworthy of c o d -
dence; extra& from his severe comments are here recorded ;
Tn July 1621, while 1 wae in Europe, a pr opod originated with Captain Jopp ...to corn-
mence triangulation. ... If the masterly view taken of thie subject ,... hy 1.t. Col. Hodgson ... had
been rigorously attended to, much time, conflleion, md expense, would hsve been avoided@. ...
hetend of t,hh well-advised plen being abided by, ... Lieut. Shortrode, ... a gentleman of
eoneiderable acientitic ocquiremente, but of no practical knowledge in geodetical operations,
'Atgaon. 48 El0 ; Kalyan, 47 E/4. 'Stn. Anna. 48 Ell5 ; Damin. 46 Ells. a DDn. 220 ( 373 1.
1 - 2 7 . ' Ki rl i , 47 F/5. 5 m. E. of Khandila Ohi t . 78 road miles Tmm Romhy. hincludin~ Boyd,
Webb. md Xundt. 'Indriiyoni. R. 'DDn. 618 ( 202 ). Sopt. 1812 ; QTd. XII. iii. B. 8 DDn. 323.
iW-20 ; index shewing arcs c a v e d , hIHIO. 123 ( 8, 10 ) ( pl. 24 1. ' Hodg~on's lot,tor of 11-0-27 suggtratscl
etart fmm Evereat's aerie, ; 1)Ua. 220 ( 2734 ).
- nolninntod to the charge of conducting a Cloueral Trigunornotrical Survt>y. I- i t wa9 dent>-
rninated, emanating from an irldepontlent bwe of its owl, a11i1 merunired by a clmi~l altogether
independent of the unit8 uaed hy Lt. Col. I ~ mb t o n nnd myaolf.
A bsne wm accordulgly mennured in the Knrleh plnin ... with a very ercellont <-hair, by Cav,
w h m length ... w~ul aubaequently in 1632 determined a t rny olncn hi Calcutta. ... I t 1 1 ~s a alighi
dd& "1 one part., which WRR c~~uaed by its ... being internected hy the Indnwni. ... ,Lq this per)
of the work \VM skilfully cxeaukd. the hlernish certainly aeernq...more nppwent tllnn roal. ...
m e rnmquremellt of tho Karlell plnin hwe i~ t.he solo portion of the work originnllv exmrltod
by Gpt . Shortrode which k entitled tfo conl~nel~~lut~ion.
'I'l~e stlttions stll~ctud by that gentloman
were certainly suibhle, ... but tlie performnnce, whother cw rrjgarrb the ohaorvatiunu of nnq1.a.
or celeatic~l azimnths, or the si gn& used, or tlie preoal~tions taken to enrmre nocurttry. wiw eo
very ~lovenly ... and so replete with (lincrepnncien, t.l~cht it ha@ been entiraly sot uside. orla1 t.rmted
as me re...p repasclto~y worli.
Tt could not he ot.henvise. The letter of my pdecesqor in ofllce,
&I. Hodpon, ... though to nll intent@ directfly opposed to the sort of general, or fly-away.
triangulat,ion advocnted hy Captain Jopp and Shortrede, was received by those gerrtlernen
ae cqlite confirmatory of their wild inde,,ondent ~chame. ...
Any parson who in the prment dt ~y enden\rours to strike out a line of I l l s own in geodesy
will meet with fnilnre. ... He mi s t rubmit to he irustjrl~ctod by thore who have more exprienoe
than himeelf'.
Little was known of either Cutch or Sind beyond surveys of the coasts by
officers of the Bombay Marine-sketches and reports by MacMurdo 1809-11
[n, 16970 ]-sketches of the Indus below HyderiibLd by Maxfield and Christie
1809 [ LI, 168-9 ]-and reports from Ro~ynolch' Indian explorers [ I, 218-9, 246 1.
these were embodied in a "Map of Cutch and the adjaoent portions of Gujrat
wd Sind, principally from the works of the late Lt. General Reynolds ", completed by
Williams in August 182OS.
Substantial additions made by Alesander Burnes, who was posted rts D.A.Q.M.Q.
in 1826, and attached to the staff of the Resident, Henry Pottinger [ 11, 437-81.
Encouraged by Pottinger, he produced "a new map of Cutch, to the eastern
mouth of the Indus ... compiled from actual lne~surement and personal observa-
tions during the ycnrs 1825-8-8, which was lithographed in 1829.
Another of his maps is " A Sketch of the Runn and Countries adjaoent, to
illustrate a Memoir on its formation, and the alterations of the Eastern Branch of
the Ind~ls". Tliis was lithographed a t Edinburgh in 1831, and appears in the
hiatory of Cutchd writton by hi brother, Dr. James Burnes, surgeon to the Resident.
The frontispiece is another sketch, shewing the route from Bhiij t o Hyderiiba
which James followed a t the end of 1827 to meet a call for medical assistanoe.
I have caref~~lly examined all tthe maps of Sinde in common circulation, but have found nnne
so generally correct as the one from which the prefixed ... has been pr t - l y oompiled.
It was writ
to nle while on my route to Hyderub~d by 1ny brother, who 11nd copied it. from "A Sketch of t he
Indus from Shilmrpoor to the Sen " by Samuel Richnrdss, 1810, in the Q.M.o.'s otljce Bombay,
a delineation which must have been constructed, I think, from nativo information.
I havo made a few additions to it, us well cm eome alteration. which are, I believe, very
nearly c0rrer.t. Although, as I had not even a comp=.s with me. and could judge of dintan-
only from douhtful information and the time occupied in paasing from one atation to another,
it cnnnot be considered entitled t o the eame crodit as a map conetructed on mathematical
principles, ... it is a t.ruer delineation of Sinde and ita p ~ n d feature, the Indus, than any wbioh
hoe hit1lert.o bean published in Europe.
The delineation of Cutoh, ... etc.. will be found strictly correat, being, in feot, e reduced oom
of e map conlpiled from ectuel meesore~nont and obsewntion by my brother, Lieutenant
Alexander Burnerr a.o.n.o. of the Armye.
''Kg. VIII ( 14 ). *MnIO. 122 ( 1 ), 4 lo. ta i ~ r u l l ; huge p~wto-up, clearr ~11d olean.
"ap, 4 m. to
bob ; I 0 Oal. ; MRIO. 110 ( 12 ) ; 122 ( 17 ) i Mnmoir in 10 Lib.
'face3 p. 145. Cowl of Si&. 'Samual
Jobn Ri c h d u ( 1794-1818 ) ; Do. Jhgrs. Ens. 1810 ; h u t . I813 ; d. London. 16-1-18. obviouely mmpiled
thin aksteh in C.E.'s o6iw clurinp him elst yror.
a Covrt oj Sinds (3-4): of. JRRB. I (i2291).
In 1829 Alexender obtained permission from Maloolm, now Governor of Bomblly,
t ravem t.he deserts b~t ween India and the Induu. and. ..endeavo~ir t o deacend t hat river
to the sea. ... Sir John Malcolm deapatcherl me a t ~)nco. ..anti was pleased t o remove me to
the political brnncti of t he eonrim. ...
In the yeltr 1930 I entered t l ~o desert, occ~irnpanied by Lieutenant James Hol l wd of the
Q. M. G. ' ~ del'artnlent. ... After renching Ja~*ulmeer r o were overtaken by on express from the
&lpremn Governnient of India dmiring tin t o retllrn'.
A eketc.11 of this t ri p entit,led "Geographical Index t o tho Map of Southern
Rejput,ctnn, constructecl in 182'9-30" is signed by Burnes as "8ssista11t Resident
in Cutcl~, Booj Resicle~lcy, January 1831", with a note, "my own field-book, and
the detours from m y route by Lieut. Hollancl, will be fount1 attached t o them
papersw8 [ pl. 24 1.
Burnes' arco1111t of t.llis 111ap is well worth quotirig nu indicating tlie ~ t y l e in
he worked3. This was tho first of a series of remarkable journeys which he
beyond the north-west front.iem, all ws111t.ing in maps full of' new information.
The extreme point of t he map eastward is tlio ramp of Nusqeerabad ill Ajmer, the longi-
tude of which is 74" 49' 12'. enstward of Greenlricl~, as deduced from a mean of five obm.
vations of t he firat satellite ol Jupiter, for whir:l~ I am indebterl t o Brignrlier IVilson of the
Bengnl Amy , and Comnanding t he Field Force in 1<;xjputann4.
The western poult of the inap in the sea port, of Alur~divoe in Cutch, which iu in longitude
09. 31' O", eaat of Greenwich, as tixed by st~verrtl ohservntione. in partioulnr of Ca pt ~i n Max.
field, late of the Bombay Marine [ 11. 4 2 0 1.
'rile latitudes ... have bcen deturn~inerl hy the nextunt with false horizon. Obnervatiom
were taken daily by two different eu.uta11t.s. ... Tho extreme point north is Jaysulmeer.
which is in latitude 26' 50' 0" north. or about half a depreo lower t han in t he moat approved
maps of India.
That of Mandivoe in 22' 51' 0' north.
The survey wns first laid down a t t he ~c a l e of two miles t o an inch, t hat at t el ~t i on might
be given to the topography of the country. This was, however, ILIIIII~ to be much too
extended. ... Tho present map has, therefore, heen reduced t o t hat of eight miles t o rn inch,
and the minote account of every stage in t,lre j our n~l will amply supply tho lone in topo.
graphical knowledge.
It was judged prudent to avoid aa much as pomible carrying any in~trrimonts or uppara-
tue which night excite the supiciiln of t he people. Fernmbulatoru and theodolitee were
therefore dispenwd with. and t he vnluahle compass hy Schmallhalder substituted in lieu of
the latter.
The rate of march wns ...p roviolrsly determined hy l ~ora~nbul at or and other ~noans to be a
few yards leks than four iniles a!i hour, and whioh was consequently adol~ted. There were
many opportunities, ... by cross bearings Irom hills a t a considerable dietance, to judge of the
juetness of this calcillation. ...
The eurvey ... wm much fscilitated by t he hills, ... some. ..visible a t a tliatst~ce of forty-five
miles. ... One most important point westward was t he peak over Ualmen6 in t he desert,
from which a hill. called Goeenu, on the river Loonee, about forty miles eastward, wan
visible. Froin Goeenu there was a succassion of five peaks to Chung hill in Ajmeer, and as
the detail survey between those points had trlwoys a check from each, groat correctness was
thereby ensured, and in addition t o t b there was n minl~to road survey made between each
stage. ...
I WII not expreea myuelf better thau in the words of ~r l y journal of the 20th March 1830.
"The period is now drawing to a close when tho journal must end by my return t o Cutch. ...
I march exactly a t daylight, and mv e y till about 10 o'clock, which, in t he mildness of thecold
season can be done without inconvenience. On the road 1 alwuya ent,er into conversation with
t he village guides, whose extremesimplicity fits them well t o convey information about them-
eelves, their country, and their customs.
"By 2 P.M. t he mlrvey of t he morning figures on t he map, and t he latitude is determined
to correct it, when a party or two. tllree, or four, villagere are invited into my t ent t o talk ...
till within half-an-hour of slmrret. I ask t he distances of all t he villages around within ten
miles, t he road to a h , and the oroRs distances of one to anothor, which I sketch roughly on
paper without any regard to wale, but which greatly fwilitatee the nurvey. ...
1 I m 1 1 I n 7 3 ; n u 1 ( x .
BM Add1 h1S. 148112 (46) : mduetioos. YRIO.
84 ( a=) : Iltmkhnru. l ( 10.9). a 1)lJn. 282 ( 102-10) 4-11-31; cf. JR0.q. I V . 1834 (8s-199). wit11 ~krtch.
4 F~l aanl l'ilrh~q l4il.1110 ( 17i3-l!i33 ) &II. Iof. ; Hodmn, 1V( 491-2 ).
' Unrru~r, 40 Olfi.
"In the evening I take the englee to ell hills and t o m in sight of my encampment. end
&o a series of beerings to such ee ere beyond view, by guess. on the di mt i on being poi nt d
out by a villager. ...
*'Lieutenant Holland, who nwompanied me, followed a similar plan, and took. ..when t he
d t e of the country would admit of it, a separate ronte frorn myself, and by our joining every
eight or ten days, to start anew and, moving on similar points, and in parellel lines a t e die-
of from 20 to 26 miles, we heve been enabled to entirely fill up the intermediate spama
between our routes through the eouthern portion of Joudpoor." ...
The object which I had in view ... was to trace the Loonee from its embouchure in the Runn
of Cutch to ite source in lnounteine of Ajmeer. This hee been fully accomplished. ...
I heve also included some of my former surveys, the Bunaes river end Aboo. ... also the
route acrom to Bdyar ee in Scinde, ... Cutch is from my own map of that country.
Besides coastal charts by Brucks, Hainesl, Robinson, and many others [ 17, 70 1,
the Survey of India holds e " trigonometrical survey of Bombay Harbour "surveyed
1829 by Lieutenant Robert Cogan. of H.C.'s marine, mi st ed by Gleorge Peters,
midshipman, and published by Hornburgh in May 1833. Many of tl~ese charts tire
tigned by Lieutenant M. Houghton, who wm for some years liraughtsman to the
Indian Xavy at the Colaba Observatory8 [ 191-2 1.
In his account of the mission to Persia of 1809 [11, 1761, Moiior l~otes that
'I our ignorance of the gulph " was due to
the prudential reserve which hnr influenced 0111 Indian Governtnents ul their transactions with
the s t ~t e s of Persia and Arabia. To avoid suaplcion and complaint tiiey have never pro-
f d l y made surveys of the ahoras, though much might heve been done indirectly. ... Few
except merchant veaseb visited the gulph, end as the oharts which they already posseasod ...
served their purpose suffloiently ... there was seldom any particulsr demand for more correct
alrvepa.
The geographer end philosopher indeed require something mom, end therefore i t ia still
matter of regret that we are comparatively ill-informed in countrias where we have had eesp
opportunities of mquiring knowledge'.
IQeo. Barnes Bmoks. Bo. Mar.' Mdpn. 1811 ; Comdg. 1829 ; Capt. 1833 : comdd. Survp;. ahips Pay&,
-, Be ~r c 84t af f or d Bettieworth Hain-. Bo Mar.. Mdpn. 1818,Corndr. 1835 ; PA. Aden, 1842.
10.
001. ( 498) ; Markham ( 11-3,23 ).
8MRI0. 101 ( P2 ) ; 105 ( 7.27-8 ) ; DDn. 278 (4-8 ).
'Morier ( 9) .
. . . , . CHAPTER X
. ,
REVENUE SURVEYS, LOWER BENGAL
General Policy - Miscellamow, surveys - NnZkhtili & Chittagong, 2821-9 -
8udarbana - 6'ylhe.t & Aseam, 1822-30 - Metlwd.9 of Survey.
T
HE permanent sett,lement of land revenue in Bengal had been determined in
1793 on the basis of the latest district settlements, however derived, md,
thorrgh the amount of revenue to be collected from each e s t ~t e waR t,hus perma-
nent . ]~ fixed, there was no reliable record of the extent of these cstates [ I, 140-1 ;
11, 177 1. Land that was brought into cultivation later than 1793 was not inclutled
in t,he permanent settlement, and for a long tirue esca.ped liability for asee~smentl.
A regilla.r feature of the advertiaement colunins of the Calc?cttrr Gazette of this period
was a list of sales of Inn& by public auct,ion for the recovery of arrears of revenueg,
a Rit"ation hardly anticipated when permanent settletnent wan first introduced.
There were long cliscussions 011 the adoption of permanent settlement elsewhere,
the Directors opposing hasty action in new territories [ 11, 178 1. They wished their
government to acquire several years experience of conditions in each district bufore
any long-term arrangement, and strongly urged the idvantages of sys-
tematic land SuNey [ 7, 150 1.
The areas of immediate concern were the Ceded and Conquered Provinces
beyond Bi hk [ 11, IIO ; 111, 149-63 1, the newly oonquered lands of Cuttack and the
rapidly extending c~ltivat~ion of the Sundarbans [ 11, 177-8 ; 139-44 1. The Bengal
a,&nitted the advantages of reliable surveys, but pointed out the nntnlst-
of indigenous systems of land measurement, and urged that any surveys
undertaken for revenue purposes should be directed by European surveyor# under
the
control of the Surveyor General ;
~ l t h o q h the Covenlrnent of thin Pre3idalrrp has more than once dated, in strong te-,
the ohjwtion ...to the actual meaaurelnent of lands by the slow m d tedious proceea of the
rntiv- [n, 179 1. it did not, ... intend to express any opinion adverse tosurveya undertaken by
profwioml pem~m, and executed in a ecientifio mnnner. ... The moat substantial advanta,ga
m y be derived from 8urve~a of the loUw dcracription.
They are obviously calculated t o ~ c e r t s i n and fir the borrndarim of estetea, ... and variolw
otller points involved in the settlement of I~nds. ... Such mrveyo prevent those serious aka*
~] , i ch, although materially r e p b hy the viqour of the police during the last three or four
y m , still exist to a certain degree, ... often na disputea may *ripe regarding the boundaries.
... They Rrcr likewise calcrdated to facilitate t,he partition of estates. ...
R'e have taken the necessary m e m m for organizing an e8tablishmrmt for the m-0-
ment of eehtea with the aid of the Survqor General of India. ... The primary objeot ... is
the acquisition of ... i domat i on . . . r ~ q t l ~ in the Ceded and Conquered Provincm with reference
to the imponding eettlernenh. ... The establishment ... may he ... highly beneficial in enabling
Government to draw an inme-ing revenue from the lands reduced to coltivation in the
Gunderbunds, in tho frontier district of Chittagong, and in other placesa.
The settlement of the 8undarbens was taken up in 1814, with the aid of Morrie-
eon's m e y [11, 14-5, I77 I, and Alexander Gerard waa appointed surveyor t6
the Revenue Cornmimionem of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces for settlement
of 8aMmnpur [ 11, 180 1. The reking of an establishment of revenue sunreyora
wes postponed till Mackenzie'e arrival from Madrtle ;
1 The ulLimste ownenhip of rill land re@te.fl with the mlor of the cnuntry [ I. 133 1.
:CR. 1-2-10 ; e(o.
a R to CD.. Hov. 7-10-15 ( 8 ) ; HRY. ( 204 ).
We shall, however. lose no time on his arrival at this Preaidency. ... I n tho meantime we
trust that measurm which have been taken will, e t a very early period, nflord to the revenuo
officern...tlre oasilitatrce of M agency infinitely eupri or to that to mhich they hrul hitllerto ... for
the rnewurement of estatm, and the determinatioll of their limits1.
The Diroctor~ warmly approved ;
\hTe cennot hut regard this concllrrence of sentinlent ar a fort,unute and a~spicioue circuro-
stnnce. ... We nanution your appoirlt,ment of En s i p A. Gerard ... to be Sunrepor to the Board
of Conrmiusionere. ... We clirect, that u sl~eci~nen of blr. Ciernrd's survey be tranumitta(l for
olu. illspection, that we mny hnvo an opportunity of comparing it with n s p c i me ~ ~ of a revenue
mmey of the prgu~rllah of Brortch ... lately n~~bnlittgd t,o us toy t.he Government of Ilnmhay. ...
'rhe r~tility of 1nea911roa of this sort will ... depend altogetllcr on their being skitfully con-
dllcte~l ; and we entkcly agree with you that pemnw uhoul(l be f o ~ ~ n d povses~u~g a linowledge
of the pnernl principles of' geometq. an11 mcwuri~tiorl, to nct. under tlrn @tidance o f the
principel sllrvoyor.
We would also rruggcst. t~v >.ou the expediency of your ~rpplying to the Govern~or~lte of
Fort St.. George and Bombay for sprcinle~ls of the revonne nllrveys whioh hnve betrrl executed
undor those predidenciea8.
The Council thought the Bombay system far too elaborate and expensive3 [ 11,
188-9 ; 111, 6, 171, 173-4 ].and sought for simpler procedure ;
A nlinute village survey, exhibiting ... the lirnits and extent of em11 field, nnd the nu~nber
of t,rees growing therein. with ... the name ol' the occupant of each field anrl the rent, ptrid hy
him. wae likewise tried. but abandoned ae too laborious and expensive ; and nuch n field survey
is...nom generally adnritted to be fallacious L I E n means of adjllsting nny permanent tlaseesment.
Tl ~e general s w a y which formeil a cnmpleto and palpalblo recolvl of the extent and limite
of euch village, and of the distribution of its lands, ... would ... embrace almost everything thnt
could be desired, either for rovenue or judicial purl wm, snd a more detailed course ... in regard
to this Preaidency would appear to be entirely oilt of the question. It seems probable,
indeed, that we must rest satisfled with a more gelieral survey. ...
It is ... the more necesaery to obwrve u strict economy, t o confine the eurvey to ohjecta of
clear utilit,y, and especially to employ for the details ... a cheaper agency than that of European
oscers. ...
I f the survey were confined to the Gxing of the lirnita of =tat- ( to be marlred off by t?le
Revenue Officera with a double line in the oase of diaputal boundari es... ), t,he labour
would...he comparatively lightened. and a pergrmnah or district survey. marking merely the
position of villagm and fixing the extents of the larger divisions, could probably be completed
at a n~oderata cherge, w d certainly within the tilnee necessary for the revenue officers to
collect...the information ... required ...[ for ] a permanent settlemsnt4.
Mackenzie took a long time to consider the problems involved, being much
hampered by ill-health. He wribs to the Revenue Secretary a few weeks befom
his death :
I have now got the Bombay revenue surveys from your office, mlrl I ahall be prepared in
time to exhibit a conlparative view of all that has been nttempted in thin way in different
parh of India. I am indeed astoni~hed that a detail of the lands of evory individual village
in a pergumah of 234 ehould be required, or executed in any reusonable time. Pray think
for Rengal alone what room would be requinite for t,hc very plans of e17ery village ~d their
eeparate fields, etc., otc.
Yet the Court aay that if the additional revenue acqrtired be equal to the expense of t he
mv e y they are f l at i f i d ; hut I must drop the subject till I am ablo to attend t o busin-6.
Wide as was Mackenzie's experience, he had little knowledge of revenue rdminis-
tration in Bengal, and he had nothing concrete to recommend. After his death
Hodgson proved more helpful, and with his advice survey wm started in several
districts of the Upper Provinces during 1822. Government wrote to the Direotora
in December 1821 pointing out the magnitude of the task ;
A supply of Europonn office rs... on all extensive scale could not possibly be obtoined ...with
the existing complement of oficel-, and it wtwt on all hands agreed t hat mch mvoyillg party
muet be ellperintended by a t least one European officer of exprienco. ...
Consiclering the p a a t extant of oountry to be settled, the vast number of vill- to be
eeparably eurveyed, the variety of tenure, ... the intermixture of private properti= and of
'B toCD., I-11-16 ( 38) : DRS. ( 339-40).
'CD tO B.. Rev.,2-&17 ( 60-72).
'Bombay eventually
-me lo a nimilor conoluaion ( 113--I).
4 URC. 22-12-20 ( 18-28) ; BRS.
DDo. 164 ( 110-20 ) 21-1-21.
revenue drvislons, ~t ie plain that the pr0jecLel-L survey will bo the work ot..yetlrs. Your
p-t Government, must content itsew with cornme~lculg the undertaking; the completion
... milst be left to the persevering elcertione of eucweuii-e Covernmenta. ...
Chiefly from the debil~ty of bad health and the pres~~ure of immediate dutim, the Lste
Surveyor General remained, up t o the period of his death, unprepared to urge the prosecution
of any (~pcific plan for tllv aurvep or the Ceder1 11nd Cor~qucrlrd Pro\-incesl.
.
The firat important revenue surreys carried out in Lower Bengal were those
of the Sundarbans and of the "Bu1looah"a salt agency tract, but work was alao
going on born time to time in the Twenty-Four-Parganas-Cuttack-Dacca-and
Chittagong. Surveys followed in Sylhct and Assam.
There ww continual extension of cultivation in the 24-Parganae, eepecially
towards the Sundarbans, and in 1817 Gorernment t~llowed the Collector to engage
sun-eyors for measuring plots of lands to be granted to new applicants ;
I t woulrl Le advwhl e to employ countrg.born surveyors hetead of Ei ~rol mnn ... wljenever
he sllnll meot with prsmls qunlsetl for the duty. I n the meantime, tho ... Counc~l dopt a
your suggestiou for qantiug to Mr. Ulechynrlen3 nil ndd~tionill allowa~~ce of 100 rupee&.
Land in the immediate vicinity of Calcutta, and within the city limits, was held
on special terms, and detailed surveys were necessary on every change of ownership
[I, 1391 ;
I'iithin the Limita of C~llcut.ta n ~ ~ d its iicinitv there was no middle party between the
officers of Gove~nmerit nnd the inlmedialo occupiers or cultivntonr of the land*. In the
mport dated 3rd F'ebnunry 1818 ... the actinq Collector ... %yo. "I t was to chock the frauda
pmtised by tlie native a11meer13 t,hat I was principally inducod to propo ee... the prerrent
etctabliehma~t of European surveyors". ... He had previouoly [ a-ritten ]...I& December 1817.
..." The estnbliihme~~t of E~lropean and country-born aurveyom ... hau ... lmen nttended with
e t plublio benefit. ... A syrt en~ of fairneas and integrity has been introduced ... which hm
given contidence to the potkah-holclem, and makes every proprietor of gmund within the
city ... anxiouq t.o have his property mewr ed and rrgi~tered in his own name". ...
We are glad t o lea rn... thut in these potttil~e an ewernple ie exhi bi t ~d of ...& con~plete speoi-
ficntion of the Ianda-"the cxart mewurement of the ground boughL or sold ; that is, the
quantity of begahs or cottalw-the length and breadth-the boundaric.q, north, south. east,
and west-and the pereon by whom the memuemcnt is made"'.
The first attempt at a revenue survey in Cuttack was all esperimental Survey
in Khurda pargand [ 18 1, of which Buxton writes ;
I t had l mn long thought desirable that a map of e portin11 of thediatrict. shou~ld he p r e p a d
on n larger wale, and on a more detailed system, than had heon ILRII~IIY adopted inconunon
surveys, with a vi ew to assist the revenue oficem in t,he collection^ and settlements, ...
and accordingly in Novemhsr 1820 I was instructed.. .to commence a detailed sllrvey
of the ems11 dktrict of Khoorda, forming one of the most southern divisiorls of Cuttack, end
containing bout 500 eqllnm njilen.7 ...
Having firat mtabliahcd triangles comlected with those of former amsons, I had, with the
aid of the two apprenticte [ 17 n.9 1. ... completed ... about one third of Khoorda, when sickness
put a stop to my progrwq in the month of February 18?1, and has since prevented me from
renlming the survey0 [ I 8 1.
The eurvey waa abandoned and the easistanta moved to the Up p r Provinoes;
' h e villugea UI the Khoordn District ltre mal l nnd poor, &... not ... n~uch d v a u t ~ g e to
the me nue ia likely to occur from the detuiled eurvey. ... The Mordabad end Bereilly eurveya
are of more comqumce than that of Cuttack, tmd...to them, and t o the Con~ckpoor wrvey,
thehent means ahorill be afforded. ... The appmntic =...may be withdrawn from Cuttnck for
the puqoee of being sent to Rohilkand@ [ 154 1.
Government agreed and reported to the Direotora that
'B to CD., FLev., 28-12-21 ( 0-0 ) ; E M
384-6 ) ; of. BTC. 7-8-21 ( 80 ). lOld name for NGkhili
District. 8 R' Jam- I4].A 'B Rav Bd. 24-17 ( 33 ). &CD to B.. llcr., 2 1 1 2 1
( I 4, I b) . ' 2 Z t t 8 c k .
propxed by & r n l i * i ~ ~ 12-8-20; BTC. 17-11-rn ( I28 ).
'DDn. 108( 136). 134L21. ' b 8 C . . DDn. 1BB( 1334) , &11-21.
the Cutteck survey was, indeed, originally deeignecl ae an experimental mnesure; ... but the
me y o r being chiefly engaged in tire wild, mountainous, or woody, tracts. wherein the labonm
of tho Iri l sbdnl an shew thenlselvw only in scattered pcctches of oultivation amidat e general
wsste, hi9 operations atinrded no light as to the course to be followed in other parta of t he
country. ... Thia survey \m8, moreover, b~rpml d, nnd hae since beon s~~sponded, in cormequence
of the hod health of the officer appointed to conduct it' [ 18 1.
European surveyors were employed under the local revenue officers in other
arm. Between 1824 and 1826 Henry Tanner, in charge of the " invalid thanw "
wee employed in BhBgalpur to survey the limits of lands allotted to invalid pensioned
soldiers2, and later in the RHjmahal Rills of the Santil Parganae to survey the
Qovernment estate, DBman-i-koha.
Independeutly of the Damunikoh, the revenue mrrveys of resumed ... lands are so frequent
and exteuaive as to occupy ne~rrly the wllole of Captein Tanner's time for the year round.
... Captain Tnnnor has been roquired to survey preparatory to ~s s e~s r nent thirty mehalls ; ...
thirteen of the .se... contain somewhnt more tlratl 43,000 beegaha4.
Tanner wa8 not a highly skilled surveyor, nor was his survey whioh drngged on after
1830 particularly accurate, tl~ough it rcmainod t,he sole authority for revenue
for l l l n i ~ ~ years6.
During 1828-9 the Collector of Bihkr employed a 3fr. Beauchamp to survey
village boundaries and limits of cultivatione ; and he was still employed ma
"surveyor to the Bahar collectorship " in 1838'.
After the oocupation of Arakar~ the Commissioners in charge tried t o get a
trained surveyor to make a "revenuo survey" of the province. No military otficera
oould be spared, and thougli, Horatio Nelson, an assistant from the Delhi survey
wes detailed, and special allowanae~ approved, he managed to get his orders
oancelld, and never joined.
The primary purpose of Cheap' s survey of Chittagong, 1814-8, had been to
aid the settlement of revenue [ 11, 178 1, and his final report indicates the value of
e c~reful survey, even on so small a scale ws one inch to a mile.
The estimate of quantity of cultivnted lnnd annexod to tho mnp I ~ a e been deduccd fiom
tho protraat.iuns of the survey. ... Cultivateti lmd...997.8125 equare miles, or 1,00,812
doone-
( 1 kanw = 144 x 120 feet = 17.280 sq. ft. - 16 kaneee , 1 doon = 2,76,480 yq. ft.
-1 sq. mile , 1613 kaneecl. or 100 dnona 13 kanees... )
By memurernent of yanr 1802, h r d paying revenue . . . . doons 58,056
end wa ~t a lnnd susceptible of cultivntion . . . . , 3,452
Deduct Hatt,ia, and Sundeep. which aro not included iu my eurvey , 9,671
Total area of low cleared land. exclusive of Hattia & Sundwp, by
rneeaurement of 1802 . . . . . . .. 62.027
Ditto, by my survey . . . . . . .. 1,00,012
Dimerenee, not paying revenue , 48,585
--
The Diatrict pays at preaont ( 1817 ). according to -merit of 1802
Ib. 5,73.000
It tlius appears that my s~vvey gives a srlrplus nearly equal to the whole content. a t preeent
paying mvenue. ... I...uomider it impossible that there oan be more than one tenth, or 100
miles, either above or under the actrlnl area which sho~dd pay revenue ; and therefore, ddl i ct -
ing 100 milm for any paaclible errors, ... there will remain 900 milm ares wbioh there can be
no doubt is within the msrk, and if aaaessecl up to this caloulation the revenue would ba
inoreneed upwarda of one half of what i~ paid crt present,.
1 B to CD., Rev.. 28-12-21 ( 10 ).
BTC. 30-1-24 ( 13 ).
X I ( 3 ) ' BRs rBd
9-2-27 ( 64 ). 8 ib. 17-10-28 ( 14 ) & BTC. 2-3-33 ( 4 ), eta. a B Re:Iz,27-2-19 ( 61 ).
' WiUowhb
b. ~enoehsmp ( 1800-41 ) : k u . hrf. 1818; ret. 1824, end aottled s t Monghyr 6iU death.
I have made tllis remark of deducting one tenth adverting to t.he impoevibility of perfeat
oorwctneea, ... and i t would seem dmirablc, arid indeed equitable, to gunnl against the posaibi.
lity of my eetate being aceeased na larger than it is. Attention to thlll point I ~houl d conwive
vary necessary to ohviato diputea and complaints, as well na to give general satkfao-
tion. ...
I t llns been generally suppoeed that, the qu8ntit.y of cultivattl(1 Inrrd hae been of late yeam
prodigiously inc~ec~sed by ... bringing what waa formerly jullgla into cultiratiurr. ... lam however
well convinced from my own observation that {,he district hna rlnderporle little change ... for
the lest 30 years at laaat., and probably mlrclr further back. Indeed, in the map which existed
before rny survey, I can trace the routoj through the whole nf the northern put s of t,he district.
... For a mnterisl i ncr we of revcrlue it will bn necessnry t.0 look for such incrowe from a
mvifiion of former nruurelnents, nnd not from my pnrtinl lneasrlroment of ... lnncls ... as have
been of 1ete ymbra cleared. ...
Cult,ivntion haq been everywhere pushed oa close to the hills as powihle. ... Xew t mob
might certainly be stnick out between the rang- of hills ... and eolne portion of low land will
always be f o u ~d betvven two ranges.
I n addition to the limits of cultivation Cheap surveyed and mapped the boundaries
of t haw1.
An important source of revenue wa.s the tax on salt n.nd firewood produced along
the banks and islands of the Meghna, the Sundarbans creeks, and the Chittagong
ooast. Survey htld been carried through these "xrtlt districts " during 1802-4
by Thomas Robertson [ I1,13-4 1, but these coastal and tidal regions are continually
ohanging and another survey was authorized in 1821. A civilian surveyor, Henry
Osborne [ 12 ] was engaged by the Collector at Noakhili ;
Mr. Oeborne eho~rld first be employed in making a survey of the islands in the Megna. ...
It will ha his principal duty to ascertain chumP as they exist at present, and ...to notice any
churn of recent formation, anti to collect ... every informat,ion regarding the date of their being
first clrltivated. So soon as any part of Mr. Osbome's survey is completed. it io my intention
to contrast the information he has collected with maps of older date, aa well as with all old
records and oral ulforrnntion t,hat I may be able to obtain, ns by t h i mems I shall hope to be
able to distinguish the objection8 wl~ich knavery and artifice will Iw constantly cont,riving
to defeat my enqui ri e~~.
The Board of Revenue added the following instructions ;
The surveyor should be direct &...to lay ilown nll exiting mouzaha or villn,p, townships
or kushbaha, hamlets or chucks, hauta4. ... large or small, occaeional and permanent, market
plecm. ...
It is still not intended...to rwtrict you from diepensing temporarily with a survey in ccasee
where the property in the land is decidedly vested in the Government, and where the peculiar
local circumtancea m y enable you to define limita with suflicient tacc1wscy6.
Osborne wm not satisfied with the terms offered and the eurvey was taken
up horn 8th February 1822O by Benjamin Blake [ 11, 382 1. who was
in the f ht instance to he employ ed... de6ning acc~lrately the boundaries of the salt and fuel
lands required for...the Salt Department. Adverting to the scattered ilirection in which the
d t and fuel lands are situated. ... it ie deeirable to -certain how far. ..t,his duty ... will interfere
with the goographical and topographical eurvey you have been tiirectad to make. ... Pending
a reference to the Roard ... your cervices can be usefrrlly employed in surveying that part of the
district which lies between this pluce [ Noakhali J and the great Fenny River. ... I n making
this mlrvey, the object of which is to define by acc~wnte measurement certain lands formed by
the alluvion of the see, in order to their future eetkloment, you will ... lay down the boundaries of
dl lands now in actual cultivation, and of ... wtlate, ar, well na the limits of. ..lands which are
now in the occupatinn of, or may be required for the uso of, the Snlt Department'.
Blake surveyed the Salt Agency lands es he came to them in the course of his
general survey of the district, and in October sent in
a map d o c o d from the topopphicul one ; ~Lso an outline of a statiitioal eyrrop~is of the
chum, mourn, kc.. meeeured during the letter part of last season, being the oommencemunt
of a eurvey of the district of Bullooah [ 136 n.2 1. ... The a r w ineerbd..,aro all bonafide good
soil, available for either agriculture, salt, or...the production of fuel. ...
1 Repr~rt d a d 14-10-10, nttacherl to map, 3IHIO. hlisc. 20-0-10. ' Islnorle formed by river silt.
'fmm Colleotor. ?be-21 ; BTC. 23-11-21 ( 21 ). ' ~narkola. 5 b . ( 32 ). 'DRC. 8-2-22. 'from
Culbeti,r. 1.5-.CY?, BTC. 1&5-?? ( 16 ).
A p a t evil exkta in the superabur~d~~noo of hhkn ; oatentation end a love of fame
to be t11e causes. ... The forming of a new tonk ehould he prohibited. unleee lemvity b
$en to keep it oleen and in good repair. for otherwiee they UM neqlectud. enrl'eonu bmom
up with aquatic -Is, thlm onpnrlaring ... a vitiated rniwma. ...
I have boen prevented from filling up the columns of the etatiatiod table for went of crrr
=iamt,, IIE the whole superintendence of the motwurernellt fulls upon me arid, with the
layi~lg clown themof on the map, occupiea all nly tirne. ... Under thew circurnstenree I. . . my
bo pe r mi t ~. . . t ~u assktant. and. ..recommend Mr. d~mea Thompon. lat.ely employed i r ~ the
mvelluo departrnunt under Mr. W. F r mr in tho Dehlm Territory. ... 3b. Thor n~~on will be
happy to perform tile dutiw...on the mme ~ul nry aq ie nUowd to Mr. .Jon-, the ~ ~ s k t a n t
to E&gn Primsp on n aurvey pirnilur to thnt of Bulloonlt [ 141-2, 369 1'.
He aaked for an elephant whioh was eascntial for trevelling about, whiht B p e t
deal of the work had also to be oerried out by boat, which added oonsiderebly to
his private expense, espeoially aa he lost one in a storm ;
Ha t ~ l ~ g in vain weit.ed for t.itluq8 of an Europear~ built boat, belonging to my s~~rveyi nq
eR&bliahment which wae driven fmm my ~choouer duriug n *evere utorm OII t.he 27th March
beat...& t.he month of the Mepa. ... I have to requeet ... a remnneretiou ... of my l m mutained.
nhioh, incluclin~ maata. auila, oablm, onm, and grapnellq, ia throe hundred arid fifty rupem'.
His progress waa commended ;
Captuul Blake lim effected the survey of 43 ohura and mozm, comprising the whole of the
ohum laying between ths Noacolly Creek and the I.ittle Fenny River, with t.he excoption
of a mal l tract. ... After he hna completed t.hk ~l ut y, he will proceetl t o s ~ l ~ e y from t,he
western side of the Noacolly Crwlc along the b a h of the river Me w . ...
The map prepared by Ctlpttrin Blake ~d the details of his n~uvey ... will douhtlew ~ e t i ~ F y
Qoverllment that a more able or ~ml oua omcer ooulcl not have been selected for this importent
... duty ; the informtion he htw collected I-ohtire to t.he o h m nnrl mozna surveyed-the
quantity of lrtnd in each already cultivated ancl fit for cultivation-how much wrrste-how
much occupied for the use of the Salt De pr t me nt a nd what rejervml for fuel-...must render
the Collector's duty in wewi ng the Ian& en eaey anrl !wtisf~ctory tmk. ...
Aa alr. Donnithornea continuos to represent tile expediency of ausistnnce being atTordd
to Captain Blake, His Lordship will perhepq ... direct the civil Sumeyor Coneral t o depute e
proper person from his establishment'.
Hodgson, ee Revenue Surveyor General r305-6 1, was unable to provide en
essietant, but reoommended an inorease of establishment and changes of procedure
[ 147, 36930 1. Blake was placed under his professional orders, but had to olose
down in October 1824 on acco~~nt of the war against B1irma6.
Accounts are given elsewhere [ 11, 14-5, 177 ; 111, 7, 12, 179 ] of the survey of
the Sunderbans commenoed in 1811 by William Sforrieson, and carried on by his
brother Hugh till the end of 1818. This survey had been started t o meet the
demands of the revenue officers, and showed ell the creeks end limits of cultiva-
tion on the one-inoh scale. I t stretched across the Sundarbens ares, of the districts
of the 24-Parganas and Jmsore0, but left Bakargenj unsurveyed, so t hat early in
1818 the Collector of Bakarganj pressed for survey;
I have received mvernl applimtio na... for tracts of land on and adjoining the Sunderbann
of t h i ~ zillah, From tho irnperfeot state of the record#, ... aa well tw from my present want
of local knowledge, I em unable t o amcertain whether the mid l a oh appertain t o any &a&
on ahioh e permanent ~ a w w ~ e n t htw b m fixed, or are exol~sively tho property of
Oovermrent. ...
011e of the principal ohjacts in constituting thia a separate oollectorship beiw to encourag(e
qntecprking iudividuale to cultivate the waste lends. ... i t would ... be. ..of great benefit to
cause a survey to be made of the whole of the dktrict, mad 8 copy thereof depoaitd in the
Collector's oflice. ...
'fmm Blake. No~colly. 1610-22: BTC. 26-11-23.
'DDn. 106 (287 ). !&3-11-23. 8Juna
Donnithorne ( 1773-1862 ) ; BCS. 1703-1837 ; CoUeotor Bulloosh from 1823.
1 BTC. 2-I-M. 6 ap,
one-inoh Male, and reductions, MRIO. Mi=. 0-0-24.
' Jessore included the pranent dietriot of gbulne till
1882, I p f3az. XV ( 287 ).
I am not informed whether or not. Lieut. Morrienon, now m~rveying the Runderbam, hm
htruotioru, to extend his survey as far eq this zillah ; a t all event8 some t h e muat e l a ~
kf om he win reach it. ... Should it interfere with the orran~ement.s of clovernment to nend
Lieut. Mofiimon or an engineer officer here. ... t,he dut.y might be exeouted by uncovennnted
ai s t ant n from the Surveyor Gerlerttl's Ofira'.
Again, a year later ;
seeir~g tht Capt. >lrirrieson, the otticer surveyir~p the Jessom Soonderbuns, ... has bean
compelled to procwd t,o sea for tho benefit or his health [ 1 2 1, ... thorn is little proepect of
the mrvay ki ng proceeded in i me d i t e l y . ... The Innre I ROO of the nature of this di t ri rt ,
the more I an1 impressed wit11 ... the llerrssity of. ..MI uccr~mte map. ...
A yolulg mnn nnmed Jncknon, n nan-ftlring man, i9 willing to undertake the duty or1 8
~ l t l r y of 200 nlpeas per montl~, n~t d t ~ t ~ o l ~ t A0 rupees per month bnnt hire. The duty,..
could be corlcluded in leas t h m two yean. ~ n d tllo udvnnt.aue bot'h to the Magistrate and
Collector woultl bc L~culcul~~hle. At present there ie no ~lefincd line between the districts of
Tipperah, Dac~:n, and Umke~.grmgr.
Government consented although not happy about appointing a surveyor outside
the Surveyor General's establishment ;
It, seem liltaly, however, t,hat e topographical survoy rbl' ~r t i c u l n r pclrtion~ of the district
br ]',,und v e q useful for...the Collector's oflice, puriirlllarly fur lnakiug out the limits of
d t e r ; , and. ..of lands prnp11ue11 to be csignerl to new wtt!en.
If tllerefore Mr. Jnclaon shall possess tlio rltscwsnv qualificatiorls of a land suneyor, ...
Hip Lordship i~ Council will ... eenction hi? bei rl ~ nttached to t,l~e C'ollcctor'e oHice "11 the
torn9 proposed. ... Ti,nt gentlemnn is arcorrlinely nuthorie~d t.o employ Mr. . Jarbon in
surveying. ... He will. ... submit a specirnun of Mr. .Tnrknon'a mr k nt nn early peridz.
Jmbon was engaged, and on his resignation in July 1820 the Colleotor submitted
his maps and fieldbooks ;
The beneficial multn ... were appnrent in the difference of el~rlder jumnina demandable
t hat process and that, a h m hy t,he native umean, which ... did not fall ahort of sicca rulEen 1700
per annum. 'I'he former eudder jumma of the wtate ... wan sicca mpcw 1105-10-16.
The
meee-ent of the umeen s h e d ... Ra. 4720, more or lm,-that by Mr. Jachon ...Rs. 6601-
and this latter eum the present occupant is ready to pay.
It WBR not till after 1 had three seven1 timw 11roce eded...iu pornon, and kept tho st r i cwt
watch over thc etlmeen that I got the mefmmment completed ; the time employed ... occupid
st least ten months.ahereaa Mr. Jeckson's Burvey WR. ~ completed in leer than a month. ... \+'hen
i t is cumidered that the proportion of Mr. Jackson's salwy did not exceed Rs. 280, and that
the umeen received w. He. 660, the preponderance is again gl-eatly in favour of it,. ...
The whole expencz incurred by employing Mr. Jacltnon will be nmst nrrlply ropaid the
increme of aasesarnent of the single eetate above mentioned4.
The Surveyor General did not endorse this estimate of Jackson's work ;
I have bwn minerably disappointed M this young men, who applied to me himself, m a k ~
euch additiorrn to t,he original allowance that I would not ... recommend it without soma better
essurnnce of his being competent for the duty. ... For uuch a survey the fulleet nlloaance of a
muveyor would not be too little. and to admit that the duties required of a ~oon~et ri cal nllrvey of
ialanda sepamted by extensive waters could be done by an ordinary e~tabliehment woltld be
imposing upon you and upon Government. ...
It eppmm t o me evidently that what ha eays waa done a t an expense of 280 Rupees
per awmem was juet of aa little value ee the former expenditure upon a nativn measurer.
Altho' (I cmtltly mt of instnunenta w t ~ f d h e d to him, not e single point of observation hss
beea t mi t . t e d , t,ho' it waa not. ton late in the seaeon, and I have juet diecovered tlmt
the plaaa eent in were, in fact, copied by a not very oompetmt dranghtsman belonging
to this osce".
It in obvious that there was urgent need of trustworthy surveys, though poseibly
not of the high professional standard set by Mackenzie. The supply of competent
me y o r s wee negligible.
The first regular settlement had been started by David Soott, junr., in 1814
[ 11, 177 1, and he reports in 1818 that he
found bhe unaseeaeed cultivatetl lands. ..to be of the following kinds-Encroachment by
zemindam-Extension of cultivation ... beyond the quantity for which they wi d reveno-
1fmm Collector. 24-1-18 ; B Rev W. 2k8- 18 ( 1 ). 'ib. 234-10 ( 31 ).
'amo~rnt of revenuo doe
[ I , 1351.
'DDn. 14.3 (331-0). 14-7-20. 'DDn. 164 ( 110-20). 21-1-21.
wlRm*t.ion by r msut hor k~l [ ES ~ ~ UI I S who cruhoquently p r o o u d ibr& docbtuncn~t,u.
He b l m by rn-urinp the latter two kinda of l al ~d by the Ryenq of ernim. and for hie
guide he hwl the origil~d teaser. ..whenever produced-the chittun of 1783---and a oopy of
Linlknant. &lorriwon'e rnep.
There was much opposition t o contend against. 'I'he zemindam
wore all arruyel a~ai nat him. ... The amins. too, ware obetructed in their worlt, and the aid
of polim hwi to 1)e invoked, while fraud on the part of the utnins themwlvetl cotlatitutd a
warate aource of dat~per. ... Mr. Sr:oLt, however, eucneedo~l in nlelrrnlrinfi a lnrge extant, of
knd in 1817. ~ t l tire olwrationn were rclntin~~etl by Mr. Lind in 1818'.
In 1818 R ~pecial Sl~nCIarbtt~l~ Commisuioner took over the 8ettlementa, and
on 16th JInrch 1821 the (;overnmont reconstitr~tcd the cornmimivn, with a P L I WR ~ pnrty t o
aid its. ... The first nnti trlrrin object. wns Lo tlernarctite hy n di~titlct line public from privnta
proprt,y. in order t.1~ prevent l i l t ~~l r encrottchrnenl,. I~oginnlng with tllo country ... which had Imen
~ve yc wl by Lievt. hio~rieson. ...
Ensipr Pr i t ~e p of t.110 E:~rgineers was appointed t,he Yllrveyor. ... aft'. l)alo tuok oltarge of
the rlfTico OI I 0th April I #PI. 'rho year 1 HBl w11.9 upent in pr~pnrntionn : ... the operatiom were
Rtmdily Ilrwecutwl ~ l u r i ~ ~ p 1822 HHII 11123. ...
They toolc 111) the demnrcat,io~~ of tho lit~n separat,ir~g st,ato frotn pr i vi ~b Itrnlls, and w~~r ket l
fmm Prorlpr~r on t.he river .lnbl~na weetwnnis. ... Mr. Dale ... curno to t l ~e c.o~~nlusion that no
BRtiJfa~tn:.y (1wi~ir~l1 co111d be hnal till thn line sapnratirrg tho florert from t l ~e I-ultivntion wen
aecertaulod, s~~rvoyo, l. ~ L I I ~ I IIIII~)III'I.~, nntl thnt 118 ~l i r ~r t e d Mr. Prilleep t.11 tin. ...
Mr. Pr i ~~r e p medo a detttilocl ~un, ?y of t.110 fore.qt line from ... the river Jahun. ~ to tllo river
Piy~!i tlut.ing 1829, a1111 conti~~ucrl it t c ~ tho Hugli, a lit,t*lc lu3lnw C'l~lpi. 111trin~ thu sr~c~.eeding
y w , tll~.or~gh 11 t okl tlistrrnco of ahout lllU 1nile.1. Hlr ulao nurvoyerl t, l~c ... t f: l ~~ks rneastrred by
M e n . Scott auil I.in~l wit11 the object. testing the sc<.urtlny of the nrninl' rnwr.iilrPrmentq
aa a whole. ... During 1823 Ile eurvryetl tho 28 t$~l111cb t11tl.t were memurod ... tho previoi~q year.
He t.h~ts eon~plehd 48 tttluks. ... nn11 found the nn~in'n n~ea~uretnerrte fairly correct. except irr
t h w inatancw ol' jur~glo wl~sre tlley harl renorted t c ~ guwwork.
Tho al~plicrrtioru for jnt~glo ~ ~ I I I I ~ R ... were alao rntrtle over to 11i1n [or sncloiry inb their
borrndtrriw. I'eii~g \lorrieu~~~l' s lnilp as l ~i s basin, he fillell in tho khald and other tlottrils tlurirlg
excumions by boat. ... In ndOition, he rllatlo a l'ull survoy of the strip nf junplo bordering the
cultivution from t.he riwr Uidyt~~lliuri to the Hulgli, wit11 o trewllh varying Urom one and cr half
tosix milts. ...
His 111ar) ... sl~ewcil the preciao situntiot~ of almost every imlmrta~lt ... talult in the 24-Pargnnaa
did.rict., ant1 tlle oxuct limit ( with the village bout br i m inserted ) to =hioh c~llsivation hacl
... bran curried I,elw\.esn Lhe rivera Hugli md Jttbnna. ... He prcellod the junglo into soparate
allotmente. nnrl gave them r~~rrnbevti~ IT. 16 1. ... tlc oxperiut~ced nlucl~ trouble from the con.
flictjlrr! nsmpe given by ri\-el znrninrlrim to the croelcs end othur utrtural fraturm, but he gnvo
currency in his maps to the rlarnw whirl! the fishermen and wood.cubtem...used . ...
Mr. J ) ~ H was ro~novo(l in November 1823, ant1 hLr. R. l3. M~ n g l r s ~ sucomdcd t~itn for h o
yeum. after which there wcresevers.1 ctanqeq r~nLil lR.78. ... hir. Prinsep d u r i n ~ 1824 partitionorl
the jungle bolt ... to the river Jnhuna. and was deputed to Chittngong fit the cnd of the year. ...
Hi8 c~tal~liuhn~c~r~C ho~c ve r wne retained, and Licut. .\lullork of t,l119 Engineer.+ wns apyointerl
Surveyor in Sovember 1896' [ 7 I.
Mallook was relieved towards the end of 1837, and wan succeeded by Alexander
Hodges who war given ~wvised instructions ;
'I'he ltext eta() skmould l ~ e acaref~ll and minuto survey of the l u~e on wl ~i r l ~ tho forest s ~ ~ d the
culbivation meet, from tho spot where the former touches upon the Hooghly imnlsfiataly above
Cl~annel b l c , thro' the district8 of the 24-Pergurutahs, Nuddeah. Jeasore, and Bacl;ergunge to
tho south-onatern tcrr~rtinntion of the wwte upon tho see, .:. a t the mout t ~ of the great wmtern
enibouchula ol' the Cangee, or Pudda.
This eurvey nhoi~ld be conductad upun such a scale as mag emure it from dwittdlinS do-
into a permanent slraping nppoint.mcnt for a ~i npl e omcer. ... It sumly cannot be le- an obj ed
of importance to define the limita of a forest that extends within t wo ~~t y miles of tile seat of
Go~r nmant , than to menaure the villngea of Bareilly or Goruclipore. ...
It ia certain that unl e~s Qovernment trro prepared tu w i ~ all pmpeote of derivLle revenue
.. .fro m the ault.ivat~on of Sur~derb~ins wastcw, tlir e1uve.v of thorn t rwt e mu.lt be ulldertrsken st
some time or other. ... Nor do I t hi t ~k that i t will be wise to retard the exerution of the scheae
by bi ng tlle mmeying ~t ebl i ahr ne~i t on too limited a soale ; for 1 have inwenably obsertved in
' Pqi t ar [ IIJ. 'ib. ( 14 ) & I mp Om. xxiil ( 144 ).
a R Rev Bd. 27-3-21 ( 68 ).
'oreeb.
aCallecl " Lot No. - to this day : original plans DLR. 24-Pargsnss ( 1-4 ).
Rmw Drmnolly Mmgk,
( 1801-71 ) ; BCS. 1810 ; DNR.
Pargitar ( 1.57 ).
this coclntry that. whenever o p e ~ t i o m ... have been protracted beyond a certain period. ... the
+ hss either heen J)andoned altogether, or hna been feebly and imperfectly mrried thro'. ...
' me survey of the line ... hue not to onmence "de nova" ; t he whole weatern frontier of the
jungle from Channel Creek to Hoseinabd...and thenoe to tho south eastward, aa far M Prawn.
pore. having ( wit,h very partial exwptions 1 been...~nost accurately map[~erl by Cuptain Prinse~.
... The -tea meeaurement form a connected belt of oult.ivated land, extending from C%anuel
Creek to... the renolee Nudtleo, intcrnlpted only at the seveml vot e particularized. ... From
Dllo~a Ghaut northward to the Bydye Dhruree, thence round to ... Honeinnbad, ... und ... P~awn.
pore, the skirt8 of the jtitrgle have been etsictly followed by the chain of t.he surveyor. ...
Captain Prinwp ie of opinion thnt artilicirrl Iandmsrkq or boundary pillars ought to be
We c l to defend new set,tlera...froni encroaol~ment, or the l~azard of collusion nnd litigation
with the neigbbouring old proprietors. ... Ceptaiu Prinsep should ... fi~m~ish n nlore forrnal and
detailed laport, pnrtirularizhg what has been already done, ... :IS well an esplanatory of his
viewe...wit,h regard to the future oonduct of the survey. ... No panon is so capable of
doing juetire to the subjeotJ.
The following is taken from Prinsep's notas ;
When the survey iscnrrirrl beynntl the Eeehmuttee, it will be advimblu thnt 8 native emcrens'
m-rment of estates mbnuld, if powible, preceed the Ellropean survry, a9 it ail1 ebi i dp hie
Iabour, and ...p robably Rave hinl from travelling ovrr Lhe m e ground twice. A rneae~~re~l belt
of estatoe dong the edge of the jungle is. of coume, the mmt deekable kind of survey ; where it
wmo t be obtainad, it haa hitherto been usual to r:orry on n cliain and...lht.odolile mcrvey along
t he skirts, noting o nurrllrm of...leiidn~arlis for the topographical delineation nt' t<lle country.
it'e mveuue divieione, and. ..boundarioe of the villagas nud eattl ta.
The survey was to be published ;
Much advantage will be gained by the multiplicatiol~ of the survey maps. ... It seelnrr
desirable to vest the duty of prewrving and copy in^ tho maps in a ~ephrat e officer resident
ordinarily a t t l s Preaidoncy, and the exprienre hcquired by Captain Prinsep in the thrae yean
ol'hie concluc,ting the survey ...p oint him out nt~turally a8 the perdon in whom this duty nhould be
vested. ...
With respwt to the n~ultiplioation of copim fnr dolivery t o partiee intevxted, either for
production in court. or for any other purpose, ... it nhall be competent to any pemon to obtain
copim of mc!~ fixed prices ae nmy be debrmind...in conoert with the Comnissioner of the
Sunderhunsz.
Hodges was authorized to engage en assistant eurveyor on Rs. 250 a month,
two apprentices, and a number of followers, and wm placed under control of the
Surveyor General, who was told that,
the ~ l w e y having been established for revenlie pnrposm, the revenue autl~orities ... (letormine ...
t he general objecta to which the ... surveyor can moet profitably be director1 ; hut if you ... think
tilet ... they are applying the survey ...in a m m e r calculabd t.o hinder the attainment of the
main object. . . . g ou wi l l freely comrnul~icate on the suhject with Roard of Revenue and, if
necmsary, with Government ; and, n8 to the mode of exeoiit,ing, ... Lieutenant Hodges must
look solely for inat.ructione from
Pargiter notes that Hodges waa
to mcolupnny Mr. Dampie+ [ Sunderbans Cornmiasiouer 1, and survey the boundary of the
f omt . ... During the esrly months of 1829 Mr. Dampier defined, aud 1.ieut. Hodges -eyed.
the houndary, ... carrying it from the river Jabuna, ... opposite Pranpur, na far as the river
Belsawar at ita confluence with the river Jeodhara. ... Mr. Dampier, huing unable to deflne the
boundary pcmitively, directed Lieut. H o d p to take IW the boundary the line uhown in Mnrrie-
son's map, and complete the mirvey up to the river Si pa, while he himself crosaed over to the
oppoaita side, and deecribed the limits as well as hu corild. Lieut. Hodgea, however, made no
mv e y of the limita ofthe then waste, but eimply copied in his completed maps the line drawn in
Morrimon's map. ...
The reeults of the eurvey were drawn firat...on the scale of four inohea to the mile, which
wero wurked down into another eeriea on the amle of one inch to the mile, and from the lat.tm
Endqes prepred a map J-inch ] of the whole of the Rundarbsnq, i~qing Mnmieeon's mnp w tho
M for the country M f w tw the rivtm P-, and Prinsep'a m p for the detaile of the 24-Par-
ganam. It w w completed in 1831, and b known M Hodgee' Map of the Sunderbane. It &owe
the bountlary uf the Sundwbann foreat dong the whole length &oru the Hugli t o the Mqpm8.
1 Irnm Mengla 1-1-28, B Hev Bd. 1-b28 ( 13!) ).
' ib. ( 70-1 ) : fdbb., 1)LR. %.Pargum M 7 & 8.
'WE. 50-1048 ( 1)). ' Wm. Damplor ( 1708-1881 ), HC13. IRIR. C~mnr. Bnndsrbma from .jug. 1827.
8 Maps, YRIO. 42 ( 18.20 ) : D1.R. 24-Pugem ( 5, 0 ) .
Lieutenant Hodgas informs me he calculates the area of the Boondurbum, t.hm boundary of
whicrh has been d d y laid down by Captain Prrnsep and humelf, to be shout 4800 eq-
milee. and of that portion between the Horingottal and Megnu to be 800 squam miles. T b
latter raloulation is taken from Renuell's mp , and I can vouch from pernone1 kno\vledge of the
amazing extent to which clearings have beem carried since that ti=, and I think the 000 aquare
milee may be considerably d u o a d .
Some account has already been given of the nettle~llent of revenues ni de by
the Collector of Svlhct in 1789-90, on whicli the permanent settlement was based'
[ I, 140 1. Since that early settlement. culti\-ation had widely extended, and much
of it paid no revenue ; scat,tered tracts were mearured by frmifis, but their work
was not to be trusted, and in 1822 the Comtniusioner oht ~i ned the services of Thomw
Fisher, who had been surveying tlie district bol ~~~da r y, to take out tho areas of
definite blocks by acourate survey, distinguishing c~~ltivated areas from rincultivated,
and thus provide an overall check ago.inat. tlie tletailetl tneasurement of the ntnitu.
The Conln~issioner did not wish him
to supersede the usual course of measureme~rt in detail by native aumeens. but rather to
operate as a check ... by enabling me to ascertain acoivately the pro= contei~ts of any given spot,
with the pmport,ion I I ~ productive and tmproductive land of which it may consist,. Were ...y ou
to survey the whole of the lnnds. Gold by fielrl, it woul~l occur~y so great a length of time aa of
i h l f to render that plan quite inefficient. ...
The only mode, therefore, ... h to taku a pergunncrll, or any other portion of land of whish
the boundaries are known and defined. to t,l3averse the ustorior of it as the bounclarioa nay be
pointed out to you and, d wr I~eving crossad it in one or more direclions, ... to calculate ita
gross concente, and to dietinguiah ...p roductive and unproductive hncis.
At t l ~e eamo time this will ...g ive 8 stetch of the outline of the pergunneh, ahom'nq ita
natural shape and acknowledged bounduries which ...may prove a ready means to the Courts
of Justice to adjust caaea of diuputtvl boundarid.
In asking for assistants, Fisher pointed out that
when the decennial uettlemeut wua fixed iu this district, only the Ian& a t that time in oultivation
were wt ~ s e d , and t h w called junglah wern reserved for future settlement when they
doul d bo cultivaled. In a period of near thirty years that h ~ v e elapeod since the decennid
mttlemeut ... the cultivated tract is s u p p o d to have melled, while the revenue has remeined
the eame4.
In May 1823 the Commissioner submitted Fieher's survey of
three coidiguoun pergunneb. ... I lmve witthuld Lhie repo rt... in the hope that the native
pumaem would complete their detailed meaauremente ..within a reasonable time, and theroby
have enabled nre tn compere the results. ...
Lieut. Fisl~er baa completed the survey of some other pergunnah, ... at the rets of 40
rqurrre miles a month, which is aa much us he can perform The aurvey of the remainder of the
diatrict will occupy Gfty-three months and, aa UI the most favourable seaeons them are hut five
months in the year. viz. from let Xovember to 31st March, in which ... operationa ... can be c-ed
on. ... it folluwe thnt the survey of the entiro district \rill occupy a period of upwarde of ten
years. ... With the aid of fo ur... esshtrmb, the survey may be completed wittr gwet accuracy
m...thrm or four yeala. ...
I coruritler it absolutely impoaaible for the detaile...to be executed by Europeans, viz.,
@bring the name of the proprietor of m h field, the quality of the land. and the estate to
wluch [ the fieldn bl onp 1, ... fwta that must be recorded simult.aneouely with the tneeeurernent,
and without which the measlvemant would be of no use. Th -...can be done through the
intervention of native agency alone. A Europa~ur would sink under the exertiou, were it even
in other r-tr fit emploplent for him.
n u t the ct~a~pletion of the mrvey of the whole dietrict on the plnn on which it has been
commenced prssents many important advantages. ... Had some plan of thia nature boen
doyt ed at the time of Mr. Willm's6 rneaRurementa we should not now be a t any Ions to know
whet lands are included in his settlement [ I, 140 1. ... The talookders take advantage of it Lo
lHarmgbsta, 79 Yil5. 16. 'Imp Rnz. XU11 (108). 'B RorB11. 4-?-23(4D). l)l)t~. 212 (493).
IW-12-??. 'Jol~n Willw. BCS. 1776.
t]lat Mr. Will- included t he ahole in hiR mecrsurements, end t het they are therefore
mt i t l d ~o hold the whole at their present rate of nssessrncr~lt~. ...
I am aware of no plan which, working with ~~at i vos only, offom a raasonable e x ~ t n t i o n of...
The only rnethod uai~ally resorted to of checking the account8 of the aumeem is t.o
nqute
aunlwnn called "purtaul ntunccms" t o go over tho Ranre ground [ 11, 181-2 1.
T~ my nobt~ing of the great additional expence, ... whet are the g ~~o ~md n of confidence in
placing one native over enother f ... I have Irad a good dual of experieilce ml n ~~g e t native
bumaem, und I 11ave conle to the ooncludon that it is ... hopclbw to expect fidelity from them.
,.. ~ e a s u r i r l ~ Ian& ia lnokod upnn amongst nacives aa a low occupation, ... depriving us of
the aarvice of the more respeotable e l m [ 149 1. ...
Ihave made ic the interest of the ai!mmns ... to be honeat, by meking their remunera-
tion depend on the qunntity of land moasured : but I fear t l ~ e utmost which Covemn~e~l t could
dloa. fl>r t h i ~ purpoae would not evm approsirnute b what it ~roul d be Llle interest of anmindam
t , - , pay the anmwn for passing over his land. An aumeen receives twelve rupeen for every
hundred coolbans of cu~tivatefl Innd. ...
A4 a further check I require the aummns to transmit their measurement ohittue to me r eguh-
ly ; thoeein the immediate neighbourhood. ..daily ; and those of a dktrmce, every fifth days.
Government noticed that
the accounts of the ilntive uurneerls...shew a p h t e r qunntit,y of product,ive 1&11d thnn uppeare
in I,ieut. pis her'^ eurvey, which, althougl~ not altogether tin accurate eal c~~l at i or~, is a proof
that t , l ~ aunieens have not compromieed the interests of Governlnent. ... Yet there is ... some
danger lest they may in some i l e g ~ ~ e l ~ave overraterl the cstent of the land.
Mr. 9'uckeP should bo roferre~i t,o tho system ...p urmetl by Colonel ... 3lunro ~ I I the settlement
of tile Ceded Districts of Ia'ort SILUI~ Goorgu [ 11. 180-2 1. Ha lnay them draw usefill hint&.
In December 1823 Fisher's surrey was broken off hy the Burmese advance
into CBchBr, and he reverted to iuilitary duty, not resuming Hurvey until 1826
[ 51-2 1, I n 1827 he came under the professior~al orders of tho Surveyor Genoral, a t
whose request he sent a summary of the worli already doneb.
He explained that thc object of the survey war to facilitate thesettlement of
cultivated lands omitted at the time of the "perpetual" settlement, and that these
were scattered over the whole district in, small patches from every estate or the
minutest subdivision of property. His first object was to ascertain the grow area
of each pargana MI a check on the native measurers.
Though four European assistants had been sanctioned in 1823, only one suitable
person, James Blech~nden, had been found, and he was called off t o ot,her duty
almost as soon as he nrrivccl [ 54 1.
In October 1827 Fisher sent in specimen maps produced from the work of the
amins and his own survey. The plan co~npiled from the anaim' survey was on the
scale of 400 feet to an inch, and shewed every estate, however small, its area and
boundaries its owner, telnk, mnfcta, and pargana. I t distinguisl~ed cultiva.ted-
waste-and village-lands, nnd jheels. The arni.mJ work was not so reliable as
survey by k European, but was quicker and cheaper, and sufficiently checked by
the surveyor's gross measure [ 7 1.
I n his report for 1827-8, Fisher said t hat he had 23 amin8 e~nployed under him,
and that the north-west a r a of the district would probably be completed in the
next two years. The map he attached was not an exact plan of t.he pnrgam,
but a0 good a sketch of the relative positions and comparative size of the estates
could be expected from the ~naterials~. It was accompanied by references t o the
chi t t ab filed in the Collector's ofice [ I , 139 : 111, 167 1.
In October 1829 he reported thnt the work of the ami m had been conducted
with the same or even gronter success, and that little or no difficulty had been
experienced in protracting their survey.
Flat shades of different colours
applied to the different t al l i k~ "to assist the eye in tracing details".
In addition to hie revenue survey Ile kept up a geographical map, controlled by
estronomical obeervations [ 52-3 1.
' B Rev Bd. 8-8-23 ( 103 ). ' i l l . S-d-23 ( 103 C ).
Whorlrn Tuoker ( 1788-It351 ), n a . l$M.
4 ib.
We23 ( RB ). DLR. M 70. ' Fdbka. and reports. DLR. >f 113-8.
&uib independently of F'isher's survey in Sylhet, a revenue survey was started
about 1827 in t he lower Assam valley under ])avid Soott, Agent t o t he Governor
General [ 64 1.
The work u-es almost ontirely performed by native survepors, Rengaleea or Aeesmeae.
l'lle European muveyor or his mi at ant marked out the given tract and mveyed the boundary.
' ) ' he interior portion ... wfls entirely filled up hy netive aurveyora, and protrrrctad by the
European surveyor or his aasiatant. ...
The nature of the c o~~nt r y and its ~ mh e a l t h i n ~ opposed serious obstaolw ; moat of the
surveyors were Berlgalees. who saffbred severely from sicknws. and therohy tho work 11- been
somewhat retarded. The work waa very ably auperhitenrted by the late Lieut,. Reciingfield, of
the Artillery, rind the conduct of it under 31r. \Iat.thrw, the preaent surveyor. afforded hfr.
Scott every nutisfarbion'.
Tho essential task in land-revenue surveys was t,he determination of t ho super-
ficial area of cultirstetl, or cultival~lc, land belonging t o eetates, villages, or indivi-
duals. For reasons of economy i t was unl)ortant t o do aa mncl ~ work tw possil~le by
means of Indian mcasnrers, or amina, a l ~ d to lieell Eu~, openn s~~penri si on and labour
to a minimum. The operation of meas~l re~uent was simple, and collld be carried
out by very humble agcucy, but there were othcr prohlems t hat rcquired t he close
attent.ion of profeasional ofi~-rs of experience.
There was t,hc close supervisiori ant1 cl~eclring of meseurrl~lc~nts, cllieflp t,o prevent
fraud in collusio~l with tho occupants. Thcru was often d o ~ ~ b t tw: to t he actual
limitq t,o be measured, owing t o lack of boundary nmarks and disputes of ownership.
Con~ideration had t o be give11 t o t he unit of nlemurc. and it,s relation t o accepted
local measuree, both of length and area, which often varied from district t o district.
There was a l ~ o t he technical control by high-class instruments t hat wor~ld enable
t he work t o be msemhled into a correct t opogr~pl ~i cal runp, truly placed ih geogra-
phical position.
Other considerations which in these days arc considered beyoud t he province
of t he professional surveyor were-classificat,ion of soil and crops, and assessment of
revenue according t o t he value of t he produce--distinction of land t hat was held
rent-free-collection of statistical informat.ion rcgarding tanks and other means of
irrigation. popnl at i o~~, cattle, and other possessions [ 28, 126, 1541.
I n Bengal early attempts were made t o dlqtinguish bet,ween t he duties of t he
eumeyor and t he civil rerenue officers, though far more re~ponsibility was t h r o m
on t he sunreyor t han was later found expedient. I n Bo~nhay the surveyom had to
propose t,he rates of a3sessment.
Town and suburban Ian& of Calcutta demanded special consideration ;
The t en~~r ea ore, generally @peaking, of tritling extent, frequently 1- than a begah.
Their
limits are commonly well dofined, the land being dmolrt wholly occupied by hoireee. ... m e
parties occupyir~g them have long lieen recognizecl proprietors, subject to o triflil~g quit-rent.
... Elenn. the dvnntages of UI European meusllremen~...s~em~d little liltely t o compe-te
the charge; and to require u meaeurement as the condition of regislry. for the uncertain
prou~pct of discovering an excess of a few y a r k sqimre. ... would have been hamh and
uudignified.
The ohjecta of a revenue survey in the mofussila are quite differoot, ... no conclusion can
be dm\m from the one to tho others.
In 1829, Nathaniel Halhed, who had been recently transferred from MorPdBbM,
where revenue eurvey was being carried out under European oharge [ 154-5 1,
na Commissioner of Chittagong ;
The sy&m ... of rnwuring the lands through tho agency of native aawneene is OF to v q
meny objections.
Jn the first. place the renult of the bent and most honwt me~uurement isnot
correct. In the mconrl. the poverty of the people employed, nn~i the m d l rate of wages allowed
them, leads them t o t,ake hribae for ... fabricuted ret,urns.
' Thom~ Jervis, annex. 2 ( 6-7 ).
' at a dbbnob fmm the Pwidsnoy torn.
'B tn Cn., hr .
1 4 2 2 ( 17 ).
It, is r-lr I.~osiblc to lind Eurolmen officor8 who have the time, t l ~ e abi1it.y. ~ r l experianoe,
ellperintertd and regulate t.11e labour of t,llo m-rera ~ u ~ d e r the native mystem, an11 to oorreot
~1,fi -ult of em11 day's work.
There is thordore no elTeotrtal means of cletectiny Ihn omom, c)r
of didilrguishin~ t l ~ow ariairrg out of fraud frola thoscl originetillg ur neglect. We are, irr f&,
now s l ~f f er i ~~g d l the evil^ which might llavo been nnticipstetl f r ~ m e,mplo~.ing i ~~cn~n) mt ent
~ w o p s n olflcere to nupvru~ten~l mcasuromenta of this (lanoription.
Suggesting a staff of-1 prinoipd surveyor-2 nssistante-3 sub-sasietants4
li&l8-60 khnlasia- --a coolies -1 head and I uesiatant )ni~tatuUiu--with wages
toblling RH. 19,321 per annum, Hallled judged that
the ol' I\ sinale season aoultl enable ~ I I H rovenue officer ... to rCsUlllH a1111 l r h g under
mwme n t Inn(la the revenrre of whioh will ~~ufflce t n cover NO^ than t,he expence. ... The
prilrripl Surveyor slrould commeliue a @-and round OII an extensive scale, the nren of \vhi(!lt the
t wo auaieLants and sul)-e. ~btmta will p r o d to srlhdivide intn village oirnlaq. .separating the
Iskharaje [rent.-free] chin1 from tho kll&n1.
AH regardu technical details, the following not.t$ w u made by Hodgson as Revenue
strrveyor General regarding Blake's work in the Salt Agency [ 141--2 ] ;
The ~ H , J ol'mich chur [ 141 11.2 ] nhoultl bu rrlucle cupmate, anrl rlra\vn Ian one nille of a sheet
of large ...I, aper, urrd 011 t,lrc oppoaitr sille niav he written s1tc.11 ~tstietical irlfornmtiorr ns appt t rs
rerl~liaite. 0 1 1 tlle back of C11e paper runy .~lso 1)t: noted tho pr~)of t.cbbls by (,Ire method of
tmverPe< and tile universnl tli~.orem, rrhich...I have adopl wd iu the slurveye of...the nnrtlr-west
dietriots 1.48 1, nnd whiclt is tho moqt exact of any. ... 'Cbese m . ~ pa... mould form n mo&
11eeful record, ... tlnd tlrey shoultl he roduced a t the vloao of omh surveying senson into one
map on the svale I I ~ 40 ch~lins to un inch, or other cconvenienh mduction. ...
The Snrl-eyor. ... to rime his \vorl; nccwatcly by the aliove neth hod, muat 110 \.dry asreful to
t,ake d l t.110 anglw of llis rircuit with a theodolite rlt~ly mlj!~rtal, and t o mmt r e rrll the honndar;y
linas by t l ~o chnin or wlieel. so t l ~at , tlle c.ontc.nt may be ol t dl l t >~l in am% whir11 ruay be re.erluced
to tlre lrical nlealsure hy t hr known proportion. Thin is the proper mode of nzroertaininp t he
extant. nncl ereti of the ahole 0111tr. hrmt the interior miqht bn memiwed by the Ims rigid
modes ; illrlecvl, i t may prov e... iml,rncticable for thn nulrvryor of t hr marnhy chum I,o d o p t
the rigitlly esaat rnetl~ods~.
Less exact methods were followed by Jackson in Bakarganj [ 143 ] ;
The river s11rvej7 i8 rnacie by a floating line attmlmd t o 2 boab : the lending l ~oa t having
distended the line drope a lead attachwl to n float, whi(:h hua bean l i x d accor,ling to the
depth of t l ~e river, a t bhe same moment making a signal to the following boat. hy which
aignal the surveyor tuken compam heri ngs of the leading boat. ... Both boa& advan-,
keeping the float line still tliatenderl until the following bout picks up tlme lend, ant1 a t the
same moment make3 IL signal t o the leading boat to drop e seco~md Iewl, ... ant1 uo fort,ll.
The floating line is 44 fathoms, or 1120th niilr. ... The lnnd snrvey ia mndo by a ohain
or perarnhulatora.
The following notes from Fisher's account of his survey of SyUlet [147-9 ]
are part,icularly interesting bec~use he worked out, n system independently from
the surveyors of the Up p r Provinces4 [ 15863 1. He himself traversed the exterior
limits, whilst his amins md e detailed lneesurement of the interior, so that their
work wm controlled by the gross area obtained from the extorior measurement. The
following are the results of one particlllar measuremeilt ;
(3ro. 0~~ nree by European s~lrveyor . . . . 11- 8&26
Awn of oultivated land, by ameen'n mewtuetnent . . . . ,. SOW
by 1798 . . . . ,. 4013
Ex-, eubjeat to new aasenarnent . . . . .. 961
Comparbon \vmoomplinn.ted heca~lse in almost every p g a n n a h there ware parcels blongine
h other pwgannehs, rneny of thorn at a great distance, nnd not incl~lrled within Any of the
cimuita surveyed.
The principle8 of native meaaurerntmt were purely .pometrical md, in theory, riqidly exwt :
but the practice was often, from ignorance, ~ar el es ane~, or corruption, very imperfect.
The at,teem usod the nul, a rod 224 feet long, and meaeurcd up the land by s quaw, &.
%lea, or trianglso, end computed the aresa by multiplying out.
There were 35,000 aeparate eatates recorded in the office of t,lie Sylhet Collaotor. moat of
them eplit into smaller parcels.
R Rev M. 7-7-29 ( 52 ). =fmm Hodgson, 27-12-29 ; BTC., Sl-24 ( 6 ).
'Fdbh.. IIRIO. Y 308.
' DLR. M 70.
ha work of the hmehn~~t wna oontinrlecl t.llroughout tho perid of the Bu n we war, mthout
supe&iott, and when [ Fisher ] mi uned in 18% he s t mt d in en area lying between the two
completed areas, with the object of msasilring the gmss contents of fill1 arew as a cheoli.
In 1820 euch meen was, for the first t h o , furnished with o comlit~ss by which he might take
h r i n m to ehow Ilia course. and mcrke n plot of 11k work. Those cot npww were made up with
the nit1 of a Sylhet silversmith ; they were ~lec%st&rily of inferior rrorlirnnnehip. having ... needlw
by the single touch, and cod8 di ki dd to one demo.
-11 ameen. of w h m there acre SO, l ~nd ttt wild in the cotnpass beacinp and mwured
1 q t . l ~ of t.11~ small circuik, oach ehout 3rd of H square mile, with which he eov~r ed Iris area.
The following wm a typical season's work. I)r~ring Ootober and November
survey was restricted tr, t he t own of Sylhet and its immediate neighbourhood, so
t hat t he uniins might be i nst ~uvt ed in t,he new method of working with t he compasu.
During the remainder of t he season, work wan estonded, and R. total area of 265.55
square miles mas surveyed.
One ctjnit~ was detached t o Cherrxpunji. Pert of the
district boundury WIS surveyed, R I I ~ thc work of 15 tlifferent cimitu was enoircled
and ewrmined by Fisher, who aho established i~ rl u~ul ~er of test poirits.
During May and June, after the rain. set in, the rivers defining t he north-weet
boundarx were surveyed, as they were unna\igal>le during t he dry sowon. The
boundaries of certain pargnnaa were defined.
The me e n commenctxl at t,lre ~~uttlr-east comer of ltis division, and p r ~ md o d to encompose
it, mcaaururg aa many dung8 paasible from each atation, m d working round t o hia starting
poiut. Each of t!re litkle Rquares. or dwrgs, u~clutlra ull thut conld he tnketr of one Landholder's
property. The tuneen then subdivided tho area into tlivisi<~lw oC 50 koolnhe each, and msaeured
the included ding8 without the c o o l p ~ ~ , geometrically. Errors made by an Ameen could chw
l ocat d w-it,llout relnetlsuring 111.5 whole work.
The European aurvoyor ofsrwards enck~lo(1 some partiouhr tract, taking orsete to olieek
tlreanwen's work ;from his c.ircnit he calcllhtod the grnsn urn by the ge~wrd t,hmre11, of Adam.
Nom. For calcu.ulntinq amas, Gnle'a Univerad Theorem1 wnn first employed by Captain
Thomas Oliver in the revenue survey nf the Dilllee District. and having h e n hiyldy approved of
by tho Surveyor General, Major Ho d p n . its introduction into all revenue ~ur- after 1833
was immediately ordered [ 160 1'.
The arneen was on co~ttnrct a t tho rc~te of 12 NF for IOU kcmlab. Tho cast rsta
for 1323 came t o 10 pits per acre, m.d to 1 u n a 6 pi- per acre in 1826. The ex- area dis-
closeti in 1323 a-as 3168 koolehs in o total of 12,035.
The grtlt,icule of tho ~ W O - U ~ C ~ map wos laid ~1own horn inetrurtiona supplied by the Surveyor
h e r e l .
Units of measure in Sylhet wore ;
12ilbChs . . l n d 1 ki8h . . 1.598. i l square yarda
1 square trd . . 1 j at e 12 kid, . . I koolwah
4by7nul a . . l kiah 1 koduah . . 3 ar l w 3 md e .
1 O . b did not originste thin thwrem, but nsed it for his eystem of trsvslse oircuita :-If the sum of
Emating and Wmtiop, h e by line, be multiplied by the Northings and Bouthiogs I ale0 line by h e ) , the
diierence betwean the total north ralucta and total south produata will be double the area enolmed.
John Gable Tmoerea Tobh pub. 17km appr. toQmn&id & Cfmphid Ezea&cs by Oeo. Adma, junr.;
Th&m & Bmyth ( 273-06.291 ). 'Cf. PR. (3.2).
CHAPTER XI
REVESUK SVH.VEY8, UI'PER PROVINCES OF BENGAL
Organization
- Gorornkhpur - Rohilkha~rrf -- Dellt i - r7ppcr DoZb - Method8 of
Qurt'ey - [TnilS und Statuinrfls of ~%fensurc- Ealabliek~nent Roll, 1829.
0
NE of the most urgent problems referred to Hodgson on hia becoming Surveyor
Gnerel was the organization of revenue surveys in the Upper Provinces [ 7 1,
and he put forward his idens in the following letter.
Let us con~ider the vmt. wstent of the Ce dd nn11 Conrluered Districts, which we may do
roughly by comparing the rmnll zillnh of Firrrrickabu<l wit11 the extent of 1\11 the others.
Tho district of Furn~cknhnd i ~t Ht v~1 to r ont ~i r l 3,800 villages, and to yield a revenue of
...
rupees 10,53,016.
Let us c<~lwiilol. thc hime rcquisito to mtlke n villi~ge surrey nf it, t he number
...of persons rrquirnd. an11 a rough estimate of the exlr~nui-.
The lust will he conaiderable,
...
thoukh I have sanguine hope it will he covered by t,he r\~liliti<~nn to tlle rovellile expected.
Lieutenant Gerard wlu; t~rrieroil by the Bnnrd of C, ~d~l ~ni ~qi t ~ners to ma.kn n (letailed survey of
...
pone village [ II, 180: 111,157 1.
I t wan alarge one, and it ur*cupierl l ~ i n ~ tb1~11 llis ~s s kt i nt ~ about
month.
Hut perhaps we nhnll ubtnin o surer acnle of c~wnpariann from tho 13ronr.h rlietrict.
... ereouted by the olRmrs of tho Bombav government [ IT. 188- 0 ; 111. ~t j o J.
'rile Broach
dietrict, containing 1132 villages, was ~urveyocl by a large twtahlishlr~ent of otficrru in rather more
... ... ... thBn two years and a quarter. Tlle villages are largo and t11a lands of one Iwge village
... will be sooner surveymi then those of two of l~nlf the size. If we rilr~ltl proc.eod as expeditiooe-
...
ly ... 2,800 villages might be mwveepeli in t.hirty-one yea~u and nine months.
Let us... consider what, estnhlinhment. may be necessary for each zillal~'. Though the wi e -
... tents may be Indian-born the ~uperintentling oficw certainly should be an experienced and
ekilfulBritish officer. ... An officer. ..receives during nine months in the year 618 sonat mpeee,
and for the three rainy month8 260 [ I, 277 ] ; the average is 620 rnpees per month. His d u t h
are leborio~~e and prejudicial to healt.h, and the allow~rncea are not lightly ectmd. I put
down hew a rough eatimoto of the monthly expenee of hie party.
1 Surveyor . . . . . . . . . . Rupeee 526
1 Asst. Surveyor, an experienred country-born man who i8 also
a dmughtsman . . . . . . . . 200
3 Apprentices or pupils, country-born. each 100 rupees . . 300
4 Amemna, or native me a a r ~ m, at 86 rupee& each . . . . 100
Mwnshee, or writer. nnil hircerraha . . . . 100
'l'otel, rupees 1,226
On this ecale the yearly expenne will be rupees 14,712 and the expense for thirty-two yeam
4,70,764. ... The c o ~ t of sbtionery and i ns t me nt s , and their weer end tear are not included. ...
Whew are we to find o sufficient nrlmber of persons capable of sxncuting s ur vey of aU t he
dietricte which are not settled ?
How many zillahs are thew, ... and what number of villages are there in each ? ...
With what temper may bhe natives of Upper Hindostan view this mewmre, which will
necessarily induce a more minr~t~e investigation into their claimn ... than they have been unwl fo ?
... They are high-spirited, but reasonable people if brought by degmea t o imdemtand t hat t he
measuree of Government are culouleted for their benefit. ... Still, they cue so blinded by pre-
judice of religion ~d long ustlge, as often t o misapprehend them.
It is strange, but truo, t hat the more ignorant oleasea eotually and sincerely regard a n
o~~~ of m y o r e ss m'minola, sentenced by government fo measure t he gound on ecmunt
oftheir denoes, such being a Hindoo penance [ 145 1. ... Whether it be from fraudulent motivw.
or whether the inferior native officers and ameens ... employed in the meamwing of di qut ed
lends, take bribes, or from whfbtaver cause it may arise. I think t het the netivw often relinquish
8 oleim rather than submit t o have the land measured. ... If one nurvey, as an e v h e n t ,
or dintriot ; for Revenuo tarma c. Wilson's Qbswry.
rere... carried on...after due explanatio~~, ... alarms and suspicion s... would be leesend. ... At
&t the progrees of the surveys must be slow. ... Boundary rli8putee ere the great sources of
litigation in the C O U ~ ~ .
If it should be determined to institute a village survey in any zillah in t he Upper Provin-
by way d experiment, I a n select a former sub-nssiutsnt survoyor and thme apprentices from
the school party now in Cutteclc [ 10 1'.
On this advice Government peased their Resolution of 7th September 1821 ;
Without e minute end accurate survey of tho country, thore appears to be a very distant
md uncertain prospect of ever securing a corroct ... record of landed propert,},. ... With a
survey which would enable the Eiuopear~ officer accurately t o comprel~end t,he ... mofueeil
eccounts, ... the risk of fraud would be grrt~tly dinlulished. ... Without sue-11 a check, all the
sfforte t o arrive a t a oorrect knowledgo of the country will probably fail of succass. ...
That 8 eurvey would exoite distrust among the people, supposing it t o be conducted with
diqcretion, ... there seems little reason to Suppose. No such feeling appears t o have been exhi-
bited on the occasion of Lieutenant Gerard' es~wey [ 157 1. ... In so far, indeod, as it wouldrelieve
t he people from the...frar~ds of native arneena, and lead to the knowledge by the Judges end
Collectore of the mattera on which they have to decitle,.tho operation would be so manifeetly
dvantageoue t o the community, that ... they would soon ... appreciate the benefit. ...
With reepect to the general expediency ... of. ..a survey ... for juciicial and revenue puqm&.
His Lordship is entirely eatisfied. The points for discneeion are the kind of survey to be
underbken, and the instruments to be employed. ...
A map hi ng the ... boundaries of each village, and the poaition of tho most remarkable
objects, ... would...answer everp essential end. ... It. would ennble our officers t o acquire a
really familiar knowledge of their districts [ 274, L j G 1.
If, however, the h i n g of the boundanen of individual villages ... ocoasion an inordinate delay,
the surveyor8 might be rc4ievctl from that duty, nnd the adjustment ... left to the revenue
officers, and to...occasio~lal surveys ... when disputee arise. ... Tho survey might still give rode.
natural boundaries, ant1 remarkable objectu, with several intersected points UI each square
mile, the general feat,iires of the country being likewise sketched in ; nnd siioh a sunrey, hi d
down on a su5ciently largo scnlr, ... would approxim~ato, ut least, to the truth in determining
the boundaries. ... The operations ... being conhed t o the gnnernl survey of the diet,rict or its
larger divisions, ... with a minute attention to tho topographical t'eaturerr, ... would of course be
much more rapid than if thay were required to fix the boundaries of each village. ...
A geographical survey of each district, n~arking the limits of the pergunnahe or other greet
divisions and the positions of tlle villagoa, ... ought certainly to be completed.
I n speaking of a village and topogmphicnl ~ u n o y , it is not ... the design of Government that
these should bo conducte~l separately from the trigonomotricnl survey of the districts, but only
that the general survey ahould ... exhibit the limits ... of individual villages, and...cot off all er -
teneive waste tracts. ... The accuracy, indeed, of the detailed survey...can only ... be secured
by combining it with trigonomotrical r~perations [ 159 1. ...
The acquisition of atatirtical infr)rmation. and the ex reparation of mcmoire, ... would be
natural adjunct8 to a detnilecl topographical eurvey. ...
It is... desirable ... to aesociate with the surveyor the Collector or other revenue officer...
making the settlement,. ... Tho rovenue officew must ,...be kept in constant communication
with the mveyors. ... Co-operation ... will particularly bo nereseary in marking out the limits of
villegea and estatee. ...
Many years must ... elapse before uuch a survey could be extended over the whole of the
Wed and Conquered Provinces, but ... His Lordship in Council muet be allxiow to postpone
the permanent settlement of all estates until they shall have been regularly surveyed. ...
Of the Ceded Provinces which first demand attention [II, 26 n.11, the district of Gomokpore
and the province of Rohilcund suggest themselves. The paet settlements of Goruckpore
have been particuhrly defective. ... T I lie...wems...to stand &t ... for...a revenue survey. ...
A topographical survey of Goruckpore ehould be cornmencad se soon as poeeible by en
European officer aided by an assistant 8WeyOr, two or three apprenticea. and the neceeaarp
native establishment. ... The Board of Commieaionere will...oommunicete fully t o the Surveyor
General every information thet may ... sseist...in directing ... the 8 u ~ e y o r . ...
Another survey should be undertaken in Rohilcund under the Weetern B d [ a t DeUli],
and the Guwoyor General ... after ... the experimental oporationa ... wiU ... report how far there
m y exint the mmm of advant npusl y oxtonding the eurvey to other quartere.
'from RC. 20-7-21 ; HTC. 7-8-21 ( 27 ) : OXH.
AU pm~ceedinp regarding the revenue sorve.ya should be kept as far 88 poasible distinct f m
...the general dutiea of the survey depnrtment. ... Compondence between the Surve,vor Qenet-81
snil Government relating to the survey8 ... nhall be conducted hl the Territorial Department1.
Early in 1822 surveys were st.arted in Gorakhpur, Rohilkhand, and Delhi, t hat
in Rohilkhand being split before the end of the year to allow one surveyor in t he
north division of Morldlbld, and a second in Sahaswen to the eont,h [ 154 n.5 1.
When Hodgson handed over to Blacker in October 1823 [ 300-1 1, he ww
appointed to special charge of t,heue ~lurvexs, with the t,itle of Revenue gurveyor
General [8,305-6], and made his heatlcluarters a t Fatehgarh, in Farrukhiibild district.
so as to be alongsido tlie Cbmmis~iont'r~ of the Ceded sntl Conquered Provincw
[II, 180 1. He held t,his title till 1826, when he reassumed the office of Surveyor
General, retaining charge of revenue Rurveyx until January 1829, when he handed
over to James Herbert, who later became Dcputy Surveyor General and Superinten-
dent of Revenue Surveys [ 74, 310 1.
After the out,l,reak of the Bmlnesc war in 1824, nl o~t of the officers on revenue
surveys, together wit11 many of their civil agsistant.~ and apprent,icos, joined t he
milit.ary forces as surveyors [ jz, 65, 68, 333 1. Bedford and Wilcos went to hs am-
Pemberton and Birnie Browne to ('iict18r- -1Vrooghtnr. nntl Nel ao~~ t o Arakan.
Oliver and William Brown were left. undixt~lrbcd at Uolhi, and stirve,y in riorth
MorldLbid was carried on by the district otlicer [154].
During 1826, Bedford returned t o Sal ~a~w&n and IVraughton to Goralrlip~~r,
end the followil~g year Browne resumed charge in 3InriirlGbBd. William I3rnw-n
started a new survey in Sahiiranpur: moving t o Fnlandahshr in 1828. The
settlements and surveys in Delhi and the Mcerut 1)ivisiou of the upper dm%
were now under the control of William Fraeer [ 11,398 1, of the Bonrtl of Rerenue
in the Western Provinces at Delhi [364].
By 1829 thore were five separate surveys in progress, Gorakhpur, Delhi, Sahaa-
win, Mor~diibld, and Bulandshahr. The staff included eight military surveyors,
three civil a~uistant surveyors, 22 country-born sub- assistant,^ ant1 apprenticee,
and a few Indian measurers [xbj]. By 1830 they liad only surveycd nbout 3,000
squaro miles a t very heavy expenso. Each skilled surx-c-or in charge was doing too
much of the technical work hirnself instead of directing t,lie less qualified workers
[16o 1. The s.vstem was not so economicnl or practical as that, followed by Munro
in the Cedod Distriots of Madras [ I I , 180-21 or by Fisher in Splhet, [147-8 1,
though the surveys were a valuable contribut,ion to tlie topographical map.
I n September 1821 Grant [ 22 ] was appointed to clrnrge of tile revenue MID-ey
of Gorakhpur to work under the Board of Commissioners a t Fatehgarh in co-
operation with the Collector of the district.
His staff was provided by the Surveyor
General, who a180 gave professional inetructiom.
Government directed that
the fao ta... relative to each village should be distinctly reaorded, partly in tlre form nf tablee with
explanatory notas. and partly in the form of reporta. ...
The mttlement of each village should be made a t the same time as the survey, or a t least ...
the Colleotor should maintain a constant and close communication with the Surveyor, so M to
d o r d him instant support. ... With regard to the illicit alienations, ... the resumption and
correction of them should be kept dietinct from the survey. though ... the matter ... will be ... fully
eacertained and recordoda.
Wroughton and two apprenticesa joined early in 1822, and Hodgson warned
Grant not to hurry the work ;
You eay t hat only two apprentices are with Lieut. Wroughton. but even with them you
expect t o get through 30 or 40 villagee per month. ... Though your survey hen now mom
aseistents then any other, it is by no meane edvisable to think of pmceeding at the mte yon
'7-13-41 ; BRS.
IBTC. 14-9-21 ( 16).
*Schenob and Dumbleton [ %ma , 165. 333 1.
mention. ... The eurvey must a t the commencement be careful and deliberate. The boundaries
at each village muat be ascertained by the common rules of land surveying. with...a fleld
book md plan of each village. ...
Hurry and pr eoi pi hr a are above all to be avoided. ... If you a n in the outset survey
two middling villagee in a week, you will do very well. Nay, it is better a t firat to do still leas,
provided what is done be well done. You must keep your party togetha. and remain with
i t y o ml f , and dovote your whole attention to the dutiea assigned to you, i.e.. laying down and
a c e d i n i n g the boundariea of the cul t i rnt d property and ite contents.
I highly approve of your zeal and wish to proceed ue fast as possible, but remember, much
depends on the beginning of a g m t work, and too much haste losw time in the end1.
On his relations with the Board of Commis~ioners [ 151 1, Government made
the following rulings ;
Lientenant Grant seems to have considered his commission as extending t o lnatters with
which it a u s not designed that he should meddle ; and, on the other hand, the Board do not
-em ... sufficiently aware of' the importance of leaving t he Surveyor to proceed in a regular and
systematic manner, subject to the instructions of the Surveyor-General. ...
The advantages of a survey fixing the limit8 and extent of individual villegse are most
important, whether for revenue or judicial purposes; but it is also highly i mp o mt that ~ u c h
mwurement s should be connected with the general survey of t,he district. That c o ~e c t i o n
must be lost if the m e y o r be interrupted ... and sent to different quarters acoorrling to the
pleasure of the revenue officberae.
The village maps were on scale of 8 inches to a mile, with pargana maps on
one-inch or 2-inch scales [ 1j3 1. The survey oornplet,ed betwcen 1821 and 1824
.comprised "234 ... villages, equal in area to 44,480 English acresa", at a cost-rate
.of annaH 6.67 per acre, whereas
a n the Delhi eurvey the snme charge is ... leas than 2) annw [ 1 j b 1. but sl ~ch may he expected ...
when thevillagesare large, antlwhem the boundariee ure settled by the civil officers previous to
t he sun-ey, and el80 where the sub-aasistnnt-s are more nurneroua. In future I think a more
rapid progress will be made in the Goruckpore s ~u v e p .
Grant went on sick leave in March 1823, and Wroughton, who took over charge,
was absent on military duty from December 1824 till 1826 [ 333-4 1. The Surveyor
General commended " the personal activity displayed by Lieutenant Wroughton ";
He had not had an assistant, and...only...until lately two rather illiterate apprenticee. ...
The aurvey was interrupted by the war but, as an assistant. Mr. Macan, and two additional
apprentices6 have been added to the parby, I tmt that it's future progress will be setiefactory. ...
I have instructed Lieutenant Wroughton not to detach Mr. Macan but ... to make his services,
and those of his appnt i aee, available...under his immediate euperintendencee.
During 1827 Wroughton surveyed only 126 small villages on the western border
of Gorakhpur in the present district of Bmti. During 1828, 308 villages were survey-
ed, besides a det.ailed "map of the city, suburbs, md cantonments of Gorakhpur"
ecale 8 inches to a mile, wit,h information about population, bazars, fairs, etc?,
Herbert reporting that,
owing to the extreme s d n e a s of the Goruckpoor villages, ... the results of thia survey have
been purchesed at 8 much higher price than those of any other, while ... the revenue 050eI'a
have not made t hat use of them they have in other districts.
At this rate there was no hope of any early completion and a t the end of 1830,
on Wroughton's recall to his unit on his promotion to Captain, the survey wm
closed down, and the personnel transferred to other districts8 [ 334 1.
I n Deoember 1821 Bedford and Hadaway [332] were appointed t o eteft en
experimental survey in Rohiklmnd with instructions from Hodgeon ;
Ihm 80.31-12-21 I BTC. 1-8-22 ( 67 ). ' Regn. vn, 1-8-41 ( 3'22-8) ; BRS. ( 357-8). 'About
70 sq. m.. in Amode parpano; nlnpu. B.inch, I-inch, nnd 4-milo. m I O . 10 [ 22-13 1. #from 80. 18-4-27.
' J w h and Wi l m [gh5 1. a H'l'C:. 10-4-27 ( 4 3 ). 'MRIO. I88 ( 24).
'Rom DBG. 3-11-30; BTC
7 - 12-30 ( 34-8 1.
I ddrasa you jointly because it is dwimble that. for the preeent, you combine your
efforw. ... You have both stlfflcieut skill in land survey ing... for aewrtaining t he boundaries of
the villages anil large eetates, ... t o define the rights of Government and its nubjects, end t o
aid the Collector in the approacllllg mttlement. Tl ~ e nioety required in the survey8 ... in
England cannot be expected, ... but you must aim a t such approximation aa is consistent
with celerity of execution. ...
Judging ... hy the Bombuy wrveyors, we shoulll finish two villegee in a week, ... but I think
that when you become accustomed to the brwilless Inore may be done. ... I rely on your m l
md wgar.ity for cliscoveriu~ prnctical means to attain t he end. ... Try such methods ar you
deem ex~,ellient., uncl vary tllrm, and let your reports be full, candid. nnd explicit. ...
I t is for the preaent ~clviaable not to be too minute in making enquiries, except those re-
bting to tho grand end of your operations, the demarcation of boundaries. ... You d... keep
notes regarding the nature of the soil, the depth of the weus, t he methods of f i gat i on. ...
dthorlt appearing t o be t.cro prying and inquisitive in the eyee of t he people, who are a pt to
~ p i c i o w of ... the most. innocent questions in mg~trd t o their property. families. or cattle ;
but an sxperienced oh~crvor may note maoh, without fl~~king m n y questions. ...
As to instrument^, a supl~ly will he sent with the apprentices, and in the meantime you must
go on with those yo11 have, ltnd I shell be glad t o know from you what you require. At
present the store mlcler my charge is not rich, but a large indent 11118 been mede on
England [ 213 I. ...
And now, Centlemetl, I will now conclude by asyuring you t hat as these survey are of en
e~er i ment ~nl natruo, and you hnve the honour of heing among tho first aelwterl to carry them on.
I...feel wurerl that you will fillfil the expectations fonned of you1.
Bedford ant1 Hadaway started in Sahaswjin near t,he Rareilly border on 17th
January- 1822, fixing their starting point hg ast,ronomical ol~servations. The
Collector gave them an Indian revenue officer to av~ist in boundary settlements,
the most embar ~s i ng and lemt eatisfactory part of our labours ; ... a subject of no ma l l
importance, not only an it may effect the propreas, ... but a5 connected with the welfare of t he
landholders and the interest8 of the St t ~t e, ror them is every w o n t o believe that, were t he
boundaries of contiguous villages once mcuretely defined, and not the smalleat alteration
aftarwarde permitted, ... the pernicious spirit of litigation and animosity ... would soon cease
to exist, and much of the Innd now...waste be brought into cultivation. ...
Uncertain how far wo were ...j uatified ul attempting a t a ~ k so delicate and complicated.
... we felt inclined...to interfere as little aa poesible. ... It soon became evident that, u n l m
some method was adopted t o clear the boundaries from ... t.hase vexatious and elmost endless
disputes, the progreas of the survey would ... be slow, and itn results unatiafactory.
In our early operations we experienced some difficulty in even ascertaining t he existence of
mnny disputes until the mmurement was actually commenced ; this was the occn~ion of fre-
quent interruptions; so~netimes the parties after m g l i n g for an hour would come t o an
understanding on the spot, hut, when the di ~put e ~ppenred of s n obstinate nntule. we supended
the survey nnil c.nmmenvt-d in Rome other qu~rt el 3.
By the 24th Jrine, when they closed for t,he I ' H~I ~R, they had surveyecl G8 villeges
with their boundaries alltl the limits of t,he larger swnmps nnci jnngles. There was
some disc~lwsion as to the stntistical information requirecl. and the Ronrd of Revenue
eventnnlly rrllad that
a map fixing the extent and bounclariea of each village, and the position of the most. remarkable
objects ( the general fetitures of the country being ~kot rhwi in by the eye ) would answer every
eaeential end. ... An trncllr11te aun7ey of t l ~i s nature...aho~lld therefore he the chief object of
the surveyow, and t,he ucq~lisit,io~~ of statistic inforlaation shor~ld ... not ... ro terd... d t hat object.
... Collectors nncl other wvenne officers ~ n ~ a t be lonked t o for ... information respecting t he
righta and privileges of the diffemnt clneses of the inhabitants, the product,ive powers of t he
IMC~S. ...
Tho surveyors shoald not ... allow themselves to be delsyed by disput,es nl>or~t houndnrieR.
Where s boundnry may he disputed. it will be aullicient for thone officers t o ,nark the limit as
pointed out by each of tho contellding parties, lenving the adjustment of the di epub t o the
authorities legally empowered to determine it3.
Village maps were prepared on ecalo 400 yards t,o nn inoh', and prgam map 1,200
ads to an inoh, shewing village boundaries, with statist.ioa1 tRble~ for each village.
'from 80. 10-12-21; BTC. 1-8-24 ( 67 ).
'Report by Bedford & Hsdaway 22-7-43 ; ib. 19-12-22
( 22 ). 1 WP. Rev Bd. 25- 32 ; BTC. 26-9-21 ( 5%).
* NRIO. 23 ( 5 ).
I n November 1822 Hodg~on reported satisfactory progress and recom-
mended both Bedford and Hdaway for promot,ion. They had now been joined by
Pemberton, Nelson, and three apprentiwsl. t,houpli both Hadawny and Pemberhn
h d been on the sick list=. Hadaway died in Marc11 1023, and Birnie Browne was
appointed in his place, taking charge of work in the northern division under the
CoUeobr, Nathaniel Halhed3 [ 3 j z 1. Wilcos joined aljol~t t.he same time.
When
the surveyors were called away the following year, Halhed ct~rried on the northern
survey with a senior apprentice, Alexander Wyrt,t.
I n commenting on Bedford's report for season 1823-4, Hod~son 11oirits out t l ~e
importance of determining
t he axtent of waste lend, both within and a-itl~out the village boundaries, wl~etller tit for, or
unfit for. cultivetion. ... Lands which may a t somo future time be bruught into cultivetion
... frequently exceed in quantit,y those under tillage. When they are situated out of the
vi l l ep boundaries, they require e distinct and precise survey, that their limits may not
comprehended with tlro.se of other villages. ...
It seerus useless to attempt to diatinguisl~ the proportion of the two crops, H I I ~ it. is utterly
impomible t.o e me y the different holdings of individuals in t,he village. ... All that t,he mv e y
p r o f e m to do is to deternline with the mat os t arcuracy ... the aroa of all the land which
the surveyore underatand belong to it, and t o distinguish in a...more cursory manner ... the
proportion of land in cultivetion. and of. ..waste, inclrctling sitca of houees, jheels. unuultivated
jungles, roads, end other unproductive pluces : al m t119 nature...and the quantity of each soil,
end the means of irrigation. ... The atate of the population and the number of cattle
likewim noted, but on t.hese k t subjects the surveyors a m liablo to be deceived. ...
I n surveys of this kind many curiotm pnrti~11In.1~ c~f inforlnstion might be rollecbd, if
attention to them did not take I I ~ muoh t he " .
Among the "curious particulars" which Bedforcl noted were tlie &ncroachmenh
of the Ganges on lands surveyed (luring the preriou~ season, which 11e illust,rated
by a special large scale map.
The survey of Sahauw&n5 under Bedford. \r.aH now divided betweell two
detachmenb, one under Pemberton, the second under Selson. The whole party
had also four sub-assistant8 and apprentices6, with 32 lavcarv and followers.
Between the 21st of October [ 1823 ] and the 28th Jrme [ 1824 ] 112 villages hed been
completed, and ... the fair average progrens may be steted a t 16 villages per month, the total
a- being 91.73 aquare miles. or 60,713 EngliRh wrerr7.
In September 1824 the surveyors were called off for military duty, and survey
was not reaumed till January 1827. Hodgson reports in 1828 that
Captsin Bedford must be ranked with the most able of the surveyors, and tho' his progrew baa
not been as rapid ee that of Captain Oliver [ 156 ] and Lieutenant \V. Brown [ 1567 1, hehasnot
enjoyed similar advant a~es, hiu employment being in e poor calmtry where the villages ere
and the boundery disputes moat numerorw and obstinate, UI fact universal.
I n M
of finding the boundaries ~ l i d out end ready for the chain, tho w e y o r had t o underkke
the difficult ...task of persuading the litigant parties to agree. ...
The settlements of t h e boundaries were effected by arbitration and pumclraete, and. ..
Captain Bedfo rd... has sent...the duplicate8 of all agreernentn. ... There appeara to be mason
to hope that them boundary agreements are considered by the people ns binding on them.
The boundaries being defined, he coulcl then proceed with safety in his rneasursmentsg.
For the year ending 30th September 1830 Bedford with now a second assistant,
Roderick Macdonald, completed 267 villages, area 226$ square miles, at a cost of
2 annaa 11 piw per British acm, including all expense8 of office for maps, pbm, and teblee,
furnished both to the hem1 of the department and to the Collector, about 30% leee under oost
for the laat four soesons, and 30% lesn t,han estimate made in 1827, when native mrveyors were
first employed1 [ 161 1.
Birnie Browne, abo, rojoined in ~ a n u & 1827 ;
1 Polhlll. Macpherson and Barton. '80.'s 2&1 I-PL : BTC. 1H-12 -32 ( 2 I ).
J Nathaniel ~~h~
Halhed ; d. Calcutta 1838, wed 60 ; 'from 80.7-5-28.
In 1823 8shasatiu Dist. oompr&d perte
of Budauo. Etah and Aligarh ; I mp auz. IX ( 39-40 ).
4PolhUI, Macpheraon Fitzptrlck MoQueen.
BTC. 1-211 ( 38 ) ; 2-inch pwnn ma p MRIO. 10 ( 63-4 ). 20 ( 4-5 ). 21 ( 38-n)), 22 ( 44 ), i 3 ( M, 48.
s2), 20 ( 49 ) ; Budaun Dint.. 1822-84, ih. 24 ( 80 ). 'rilbpe aaeembly.
OSC.'r 7-628 ; BTC. 18-8-28
( 86 ).
'ail>. 28-6-31 ( 82 ).
During his absence, the eetebliahment, consiting only of Alexander Wyatt,, en apprenti-
to Mr. Halhed, and some lascars, aea ueefully employed by Mr. Halhecl. ...
This survey diffem from thoee in Delhi and the Domb in es mulch an it wee inntituted for
the special eesiatance of 8 moat intelligent and active revenue officer, Mr. Halhed. but einoe
)&, removaP i t hes been turned to the...consec~ltive survey of the zillah, but considem1 in
thin light it muat be inferior in pro- to the more western s w e p , nu the assistant8 are
fewer in number, and nf inferior description. ...
When Lieutenant Browne returned, an sssiwtant waa applied for, and Mr. Rohert Terrm-
nmu, an uncovenonted pereon of some experienae, waa appointed. and on the aessation of
Captain Gerard's aurvey [ 90 1. I aent. ..two boys, Edward end Michael shieu8 [ 16; la.
Browne completed 26 villages by M R ~ 1828, and the Surveyor General further
accepted the work carried out under Hallled during 1826 and 1826, which inoluded
a detailed survey, of the boundary between MorBdiibiid end the hill distriots of
Kum~un and Gerhw&13.
The various revenue settletnents that liad been made since 1807 in the Delhi
territories [ 11, 1801 had been based on indigenous recortls ant1 native measurements,
with which tlie Commissioner expressetl himsclf perfeatly ~at~ietied ;
All the cultivated lands in thin territory have been measured a t different times, some twice
and some thrice, so that there has been very aceurnto data for forming the aaue~sinent, and
aeercely any possibility of seaeta escaping the cognizance of the European officer4.
I t was now decided, however, that e regular village survey should be made under
Europenr~ management, and Thomas Oliver assumed charge in 1822 [ 38-9 1, under
the direction of tlie Revenue Board at Ijelhi.
At the suggestion of the Board I commenced. t,he s or vq a t Noulutheh, continuing in a
eouthern direction along the bank of the canal [ 23-4 1, including eleven villages of Paneeput.
three in Soneeput. and three in Gohannah. Tho latitudes of aevenl of these village# have been
aecerteined by observ~tions of stem. ...
Dieputes concerning boundnries very much impeded the progress of the survey a t t he
commencement, and i t waa not until Mr. Wm. F me r adopted measures for settling them t hat
ecarcely a village could be conlpleted ; but his assistance WIW so effective that I a f t e r wa d
experienced much 1- interruption, and ... completed tho survey of 17 villages, containing an
area of 7,000 beegaha, and through Ills early assistance I confidently hope next seaeon t o
eccomplisll nearly double that quantity5.
I n forwarding this report, the Surveyor General notes that.
Mr. Fraser [ 151 ] also proposes ... that copies of the village plans sl~ould be retained for the uee
of the division t o which the villages belong, and that 8 compnntling copy be engraved a t
Delhi upon a copper plate, to be delivered t o each village a proof of right to the lands
belonging t o it. ... The mwveyor will ...eupp ly copies of them without ... having them engraved
on copper ; but if many copies ... am required. ... they will be more readily made hy t he
lithographic apparatus indented for on the Honourable Court of Directam [ 298 10.
Oliver thought that after his survey
no enoroachrnent. of any-. or much, consequence could be made without det,ection. I t would be
saay to have the boundaries defined by small pillars or minam erected a t the joint expense of
the eumeendara. and the de~troying or mutilating of which rendering the partiee liable t o
5 0 would probably deter them. Fmm t he boundary sometimes running through highly culti-
vated grounds, ... objectiom might be made by the zumeendars t o digging ditches or planting
hedges. as i t would be destroying part of their most valuable land.
The zurneendars seem deairoua t o have their boundarim settled and their Ian& surveyed,
which may perhaps be accounted for fmm the increasing value of their property in consequence
of the opening of the canal [ 24 1. ... I had lately liud a visit from tlle Raja of Rewarree. . ,
to ascertain whether there was any immediate prospect of my k i n g able t o survey his Ian&.
to tho Yundlrbans [ 146 1. 'from SG. 1-5-28 ; BTC. 18-0-28 ( 58 ).
'Saale 800 yards to inab,
MRIO. Mice. 7-0-28 ; reduction. 4-0-28.
'Roport. 26C20. Dclhi Rcr.ar& (Bl)).
IBTC. 10-8-28 ( 40 );
general map. 4 inohes to a mile. s hcwi n~ "Shah Xuhur. or Royal CenJ "; MRIO. 3 ( 16).
'from SG,
18-4-23 ; Ib. 2i-2-23 ( 60 ).
-d he wme d muah dierrppointed when I told him that it would probebly be lonu ere his
niehea could be compiled with. ...
With 4 to the population list,, the number of females could not well be ascertained ;
pPrticularenquirios were not made aa it might have been hurtful t o their feelings [ 11.367, 4 ~ 8 ] .
... The villapm oftan complained of there not being rrufirient hand^ to cultivate the lend,
and the want of ploughs is Colt in almost every villa&.
Oliver st.arted with William Brown and four sub-nssistantjs2, whilst John S b -
monds joined early in 1854. Ry May 1824 the Rurvey had been split into three
parties, b~l t before the rnd of t,he year several of the staff had been called off to the
war. In submitting maps and t.ablra for 86 villages ~~lrve-ed during Reason 1823-4,
Hodgson reports t hnt
186,116 English acres...have heen surveyed, ... and maps, ... and ... bhl w of each village have
been formed. and the expense ... for each acre is 2' 143 annas [ 154, 1621. ...
This expense, I hope, will be abundantly repaid. ... The soil and climate of the Delhi
districts nre good, and the vnrious canals made hy the Moghul and Patan Emperors prove what,
p i n s were taken to render the vicinity of the capital and the adjoining provincw productive.
The rapid p r o p s s made ... cluring the past season is very much owing to the care of Mr. W.
Fraser, the 2nd member of the Board of Revenue, in causing the boundaries of the villagee to
be settled and marked ready for the ohain.
Captain Oliver is now mdking eatisfactory progress ; during the ensuing emeon it i~ proposed
t hat his operations &all be rnrried on in a product,ive ... country bounded on the east hy the
Jlunrla River, on the south by the city and environs of Delhi, and on t.he north by a line d r a m
fmm Pami put to the eaetwsrd till i t meets the Jumnes.
I n 1824-5, reports Oliver,
t he diaturbancee in this part of the cormtry4 prevented our cornlnencing operations till the
month of December, but notwithstanding the Ion8 of two monthe...the quantity of land -eyed
doee not fall much ahort of t hat of the preceedink season.
The total area wrveyed amounts to 162,727 acrtm. t,he expense from the let. October 1824 to
t he 1st of October 1826 ...g iving about 5) RCreY for the rupee. ...
W h m the survey commenced in 1822 no boundaries were settled, md ...p rogreae wm
gxceaeively slow, only about 40,000 ocree having been surveyed during the whole eeaeon;
this compared with the progrese made during tho t.wo following s-one sfforde a striking
gmof of the great advantage of having all bol~ndary dieputen settled. ...
On an average the survey of m h village has taken up about a clay and half only, and...it
m o t be expect 4 thet, after meking the various rneeeuremente. calculatione. and protrao.
tione. ... much time ~houl d be left for collecting with any degree of accuracy voluminourr
&BtietlCal detail&.
On this Hodgson commented ;
This great increme...ia attributable t o the exertions of Mr. Fraser ... by whose aid,
authority, and experience, t he boundary dispute8 were eettled, and the villagea reedy for the
-eyers' operations when they arrived a t them. ... Greeter progress will be mede on the
Delbi Diatrict than in any other eillah. ... The villegea are larger and...more wi l y surveyed
than the smaller ; nnd they are leee e m b a r r d by boundary disputee. ... The oountry ale0 ia
fruitful and valuable, especially those parts which are near the canal, and they will become
more so. ... The climate. tho' very dry and hot, is comparatively salubrious and allows of
.greater exertion in the field than in the lower provinces. Mr. Fraeer ie of opinion that if
four complete partiee could be employed the whole district might be completed in 5 yam@.
I n December 1826 Brown wm transferred t o Sahiiranpur, but with good support
h m Simmonds the party surveyed 343,299 acres in the parganua of Rohtak and
Mandauthi during season 18267. In October 1829 Oliver handed over to Sim-
monds, having to revert to regimental duty on promotion t o Major [ 152 1.
The reduced general maps on scde two inches to a mile are still preserved in
exoellent condition, and shew village boundaries and topographical detail, with full
atatistical tables on reverse. They cover " Dihlee Territory ", which inoluded the
preaent diatricta of Rohtak, Gurgaon, and Karnel'.
I BTC. 18-8-28.
'Graham, Freeer. Mustie and hol d; Wm. Chiok joined during 1822. a d mwd. the
J- ManLm, soak. 4? ft. to inoh [ I! 150 1. MRIO. 183 ( 31 ). 'from R8 0 . 2 1 4 2 6 ; BTC 12-6-25
4 due to war mth Burma. l h g to asmpaign h Bharatpnr. BTC. 24-8-20 ( % ). a h m
(80? !-6-28; BTC. 19-8-28 ( 38); Oliver now bd 2 mil. essla.. 0 aub~~~ate. . and an appm 'YRIO. 1 ( 22-3,
d9), 2 ( 1-9.13-23.27-30,3&8,61), 3 ( 1-10.13-5 ). 7 ( 13-0 ).
The revcntle survey of S a h l n ~ n p u r l)ietrict, st ar t ed by ({ernnl in 181 4 [ 11, 180 j
and brokrn off by the Nepiil Wa r , was r e ~u me t l I)y hirn ~t e nd of 1815, nncl af t er
some illterr~lpt, ion closed tlown earl y ill IH1D8 [ 23 1. Thp survny wcts mei nl y of
~pol FnPhi cal i nt rredt , and did lot c\-tArl irrclt~de villngo l>oundarietl, h u t Ger ar d
Bpent soma titlle on t he sul vey of OIIC. \ illtrge on t he linen of t he Br oach sur vey
[ 149,
16 1.
In diflclraaillg thin r s por i nl e~i t Gover ~unent continents that
Lieutenlint CJerarri ... remnrk. thut it wo111tl have h k r n twu years t f ~ survey the whole of the
b d h e e n ' 8 I n o c mr y in the smue rnunner ; ruld as that mouurmry is atutod to have contained
hundrccl tmtl sevonty villages, yielding a ~ u n l l y about rupee* 11.30,000 under a light naaeul-
merit, it may be con~:luried that he calc~~lttt,erlot~ t b progress ofeigtrty-five v i l l n p per allrrunl. ...
This result does not mukrially ditrer from that exhil~ite~l I,y tho t~penltiorw of the Bombay
aurveyom ol d, liku the Bornbay survey, Lieutenant. ( : e~r d' s \vuuld appear to Innbe been
conducted orr u more dotailetl principle than is ... cont~ern~~latucl. ...
liad the rrbje1.t ID^ tho survey bean confineri to that of yi\.ing the litnits of the villugo lancla.
witll t,he not r ~n~l t~oirn(lurie*, rode. md ull tho 1n1,rct remarkul~lt. ~~c ~i nt s . tile labour \voul~l pro-
bably lluvo hrr-11 di i ni ~~i nhd ono.lrt~lf:'. ...
Ill 1H26 it. was tlccitied t,o t ake 111) tlle sur vcy of S~. l l Sr t l ~i [ ~~l r 011 t ho *( ~I I I H l i l ~es
as ot t ~er districts, ant1 Rr o wt ~ colnrnt*nc~.rl H. OP~< in TIISII:L BI I RH- BI ~~ i l l Deouuber .
M~ first ,,peration w w usoertaini~rg the true tuirnc~tlr, 01. bearing, of tt line from whiclt all
the "them ahoulrl bo t l ~r~l urc~l . ... 'rllo mtrasu~atnenta corn~nnnctrd on the OStll, an11 cnr~tulued
~ t h o l l t interruptiun. ... Tlre set t l ~~mont of bo~~ndariod heiug under Mr. Fmsor. I never
ewerienrolI I L rrlulnent':, ~l rl uy or1 their u~~~. uuut ~. ... A few ~:lir~pr woes... enabled Ine to procure
the aem-darrr nnd otlrera to point out their boundaries and, whellever occlwion required, t he
kanoongoes ... were proc~trrxl to give uuc11 infi3metion ... reg~brcling their reslmctivo vill~rgw. On en
averago every villago h u ~ 1% dinpl~to~l I~oiin~lary, nnrl mit,hout Mr. Frnsor's nwintnnco I never
oould have got on. ...
Lieuhtlatlt, Hoclhw joined me nn the tlbl~. and Lieutt. Praavr 1111 t.110 21st .ltmuary, from
time the survey p wl ~ ~ t ~ l l y i11t:rvt~qml it8 o p e ~ t i o r ~ . ~ till ... tlie 30th Marckr, &11d from t hat
(late till IRLLV~ILL. off on the 23rrl May it wonlll tittve Ilwn impmible. with one sub-rrssistt~nt and
~ ~ ~ r e n t i c ' r . r ~ . to 11nve s ~ ~ r v e y d more. ... 46 villugee, containing nn a m of 43,174 aarea.
were cnrnpletcvl. ... 'I'ho survey 11- coat 2 atmw and 4 piea s omt per 11aru~.
Hd g e o n poirlta o u t t h a t Br ow~i ' s r epor t contilius
much u~ef ul information expressed in tho l ~l ~i i n . mt i sf act o~ style of a practical lnan who
perfectly untlerntun~ls I I ~ H businesa. ... T11e proportion whirl1 the coat of the wl.vey bean to
me year'e rent...is fairly cc~nnitlered ; a jll~t, nnd cleur aocount also is given of the native mode
of surveying ~med by the mirdt~hn employed by the Collector; and the evils ant1 oppression
which may, and frequently dn. arine from a s y t e ~ n so ealculnted to c r a t e and cover f d
and unoerteinty are explained.
The use of the rope j u mb cannot be too strongly deprecated, and Mr. Fraser's substitr~tiorl
of the bamboo rod for the chain, even for the interior ~ur vey, muRt be deemed an improvement.
... I t will be remembered t hat the h t mf om proposed by t he Rajah Tudor Mull. revenue
rninieter of the Emperor Akbar [ I. '33-4 I. was t he subatitutiot~ of t he bamboo for the rope
jureeb, an implement of all othenr adapted t o cause confusion and fraud. ...
Whatever benefit may result to Government and t o the farmen, from the surveys in Delhi
and the Upper Dooab, they may be meinly attributed t o the mpport and assistance m n d e d
by Mr. W. Freeer. and surely benefit muet arise whem the me n u e officere clear t he way for
the mrveyow, and promptly take advantage of the certain [ auro ] dat a afforded to them by
the mepa and tablea. ...
These surveys are perfect in their kind, and them oan. I think. be no doubt of tile giest
benefit whioh would nccrue to t hat fine oountry, the Upper Dooob. from a mttlement founded
on their beaia, and t hat the expen- of the survey will be amply mpaid. ...
The party ooneieted of Lieutenant w. Brown end two d c e r s . assistant eurvey-, and
uncovenented assistant surveyor. Mr. John Orahem. ... and D. Chill, E. h n o h , p. chill md
C. Foy, eppmnbimr, ... with a native eateblishment of three mootauddeee. tlPty-one hen,
end three bildare, beeidea two 1-rn end two meepere for government 05- tenbt [ 165 1.
1 The aoont q betwwn a a n p and Jnmne riven above Chmpom [ 11.6. 3 8 1
a binoh ma ~ 0 .
08 ( 18 a Rdnt i on of74-23. BRB. (902-8). L30 m. 8. of S~hlmnpur.
~D. 'E md P. &&,,,oh.
hr* L d e mn . Bmm. I-CW ; BTC. 1 0 4 5 1 ( 67 1. -k BO. 7-8-98 ; ib. 1 ~ 9 8 ( rn 1.
During 1827-13 work was cxteildetl suut,hwerds into Merrut t1i~t.ric.t. Nolsoll
relieving Hodges, and 3Iacdonnlr.l joining in March 1828.
The tract which wns first eurveyml, ... conneoting wit.11 the roverhue survey of Dihleo, ...
a p p r k i m to the clistricts of Meerut and &I . ~~~r ~f f ur nugg~u. ' h e survey then proceeded
northwad into the S~~hanl npoor tlistrict. ... d sufficient number of villayes have surveyetl
... to keep the colleotors of diat,ricte employed in nettling for n nonsi(lern.ble t,ime t o come. ...
Wit.11 the exception of tlre conduct of the Putha.1~9 a t Tc a t r t ~u ~~ [ 411-2 1. the survey was
everywhere treated with proper respect. ... The people have l~itherto not appmred ninch
intenvrted regarding t,he measurement of their lands, olt,lio' they seem to he ft~lly naam of the
importance of their bormderies being marked. ...
No attempts were ever mode t,o rob our cltnlp, n.lt,lio' we \ ~c r e i l l the mirlut of (:oojum,
whose idem of meum and teiun are mid t o be worse defined than most others of thr! Honorable
Company's subjects. ontl whirh docs them conai(lernble rredit, t ~ s otir c'nlnll wnu ~tt, a11 timen mod
open and inviting.
Revenue matters are not. in the p~.ovince of the sl1rve)'ur. I Inuy. Irowever, renlorli that no
complaints were ever heard, or even a murruur agninst the trthse?l~lnm or their people ( with one
solitary esception a t the village of Pindonrnli ). The psol~le hncl nn rolls@ for rompl~~intu ; t,he
seeson was good and the wheat crop uncommonly extensi\.rl.
After surreyilg a sufficient nurnhrr of' \-illnges i n :itlvn~ice of t,l l r srttl~.inent,
Rrnir-n's pm*tv nap nloretl to Ruland~llallr?.
Though ~uethotls of surt-ry varied in det'ail from district t, ~, tlistrict, they were
controllrd gelierallp Ily Govemn~ent Resol~~tions of 182 1 a.ntl 1822. and by Hodgson's
general supervision [ 7-8, 149-51 1. The deta.ilec1 rnenslirtbuir~lt of fields t ~nd the
recording of ownership \\.ere left, t,o rerenne servants n.1lt1, aftt.r n~uch clisc~lssion, the
settlement of ho~~ntlarj. disputes was dec1~1.ed t . ~ be t,he duty of the dist,rict officer.
The survey was rawlltially topographical \ritli adn~i~iistmtive nnd rillage bound-
ariee surveyetl with precision, and other infor~netion sket,clied in by eye. The
following extracts a.re ta.ken fro131 Regnlation VTI of 1st August 1829.
The main object ... i n ... n general map of the dist,rict, and ... separate maps of the village8
contained in it.
After any partic111ar tr11ct is Lid down, or whilst...in progress, tlre village survey should be
carried on until the whole space included in the general survey is filled up. The result of
the village survey will thun be checked by t hat of the general survey.
In the general survey, the position of each village should be fixed as accurately as poaaible,
some remarkable object ( a temple or the like ) being taken aa the point of observation, and
npeci6ed aa auch. ... The limite of pergumaha should be particularly attended to.
In the village WUNey. the nurveyora are t o begin ...separate maps of each village, with the
boundaries accurately Lid down, and four or five pointa a t leeat in each square mile. The
general features of the country. the cultivated, uncultivatsrl, ci~ltumble and unoulturable Ian&,
the peetures and fomstu, ... t o be sketched by eye. ...
Care will...be taken t o distinguish what is actually observed from what is merely sketched
in. ... Field meaeurementa by the mirdahe or othere may ... be carried on a t the same time with
t he survey ; the resulta to be checked by the surveyor ; brat the detail muat not be delayed by
attempt ing... tw minute a detail. ...
The mofuesil revenue of6r~m aliould attempt ... to make out the boundariee, setting up
flega or the like where there may not already be obvio us... boundary m k e . Where the bound-
nry is dieputad ... the debatable lend ought, if poaaible, to be marked off by a tlouble line,
shewing what is claimed by both partiee. ... The surveyor is not t o interfere with eucb
disputes unlem apecielly authorieed, but only to provide the means of their being a h ma r &
mttled by the proper tribunal. ...
The EUNeyOI'B most be careful in all e~ t o notice the eize of the looel beegah, and of &a
etandnrd naed in the Collector's office, compared with each other and with English meeeurea. ...
I by Brow. 22-8-28, Bn?. ILUI-~R ( 3a ) ; pargana map I.inoh nnd a-inoh to milo Sahirsnpw,
=; 3 v, : ( ;i:zttig ~~7~p87(, )~:yEnmagar. ih.. 19 ( 50 ). ~0 I 28966-i )* 22 ( 1-1
In replrrll to hhe rights attaohotl to the I a~~t l , the surveyors ... are not ... expected generally to
mecldl~ wit11 sllch subjects. ...
j t will matter Little whether the minute memuromenta by the native o mc m [ employed by
the district officer ] pmaotle or follow the survey ; but ... the former ooum will be beat, since
...tho nntil.e officer" will act under the rlread of a future enquiry, and ... they ahould be dintinotly
warned that their stato~nrntn will be eventually euhjocted to the teat of a r e~ol ar m e y l .
The native otficrrs rrfwrrd to inclucled the kanungo or dietrict record-keeper,
and the pahL.rSri or mirdah, the villagc rcoord-keeper.
The Register. or Knnoongo, of t.he district, though under the zernindar, is an hereditary
nstiro otfir~v nl i~nportnrrcc~.
Ila mortln contain every account reIrtt.ive t o the revenue,
mepeurement, ru~rl nllntment of the Innrl.
Ho aluo enjoys R perpentap ( generally 2 per cent )
on collectio~~s. nntl a cllce frr~ln overp \-illngu, with small claimn upon cultivators and t r adewen.
Tile 1a1111-n10a1~1lrer, >lir~IaI~, of the district. is ... of lower rank. His duties. which conekt in
ICnowing botlnrluritw. mca~~t ri l l y and uIlntt.ing lan~ls, ancl settling difcl~t~tes of cultivatorn regarding
their mul~ect.i\ru lic~ltla. Ilre 1,nirl by n nrnnll pnrt,ion of len~l, ant1 a duo, genomlly of one rupee.
rlllrtn oclclt villupg.
Gri ~l l t clc:srril,os his survey of bounclariefi in (:ortllrhpul- IJiatrict ;
I preparerl 100 bantlrnlx oC fro~rt 0 to 9 feet in lengtl~, an11 nn oqusl namLor of pickets ; the
fomor...for ubt i r~n li11r3, and the lottor for olljrtir t o thtr bou~~rlaries ou thn right and left of
the station lino. 'L'he balldrols xvchrr cl i ~t i l ~gc~i . ~I ~e~l by red ttnrl whito flags, the former ... to
po"lt ant. t. 11~ int,emct:tia~n uf the btrundaries of two or more of the adjnccnt villa,we. ... When
t,ho villngc had heen surveyed. othor sitrvo>-s comn~once~l from the intersecting points, and t he
Rurvey ann extenrletl in a similur mRnnPr I L I < I I I ~ tho ho~lndnriw of the arljoining village, each
red ~ I I I C rlonot iny new point* nrhe~~ce in succession new uurveys ahoul~l be projected. ...
I ~ny~ur od about 2150 wl~ite bantlroln and 100 red onee. 611d they were not more than
adeq~wte, aa tl:e flngu wm, frc,rl~~mtly left standing till the whnlo of the work had been protract-
d and mupl)c~l, an11 wl~nn it wus found tlrnt no nlnterittl error had crept in, and t hat all parta
connertcxl, ill the intcrior and oxterior white flaga and picketa were duly romoved, but t he
extori~,r red fitrgu were left nttbnrli~lg in tl113 points where the boundarie~ intemected.
hlr. Bin13 furnished me wit11 tl chupmmie from court, and I a180 had the assistance of one
or two of t.he Collect,ori offirrim to ennljle Ine to secertnin the limits. ...
I t waa indispensibly neco~wary ... to conduct n trigonometrical survey simultaneously with
the more dctniled operation. 'rho plan ... will exhibit the triallalea and the corresponding points
in the topogrnphical survey. Tho sidov of the triangles do not in general exceed 12 furlongs.
Tho lcngth of the first I)twe is 3000 feet, ant1 of the 2nd 4256. In measuring them four one.
hundred feet braw chainu were uyerl, and the moasuremcnt wns considomd sutnciently accurate
to prevent anx percel>tihle error in t.lm rletailotl surveys [ 1501.
The s t nt m~~s wero tlint,u~guishocl hy h g staffs about 40 feet in hoight. They are deaig-
nated repluting flags anrl. h~i ng upen Crom every part of an estate, serve ae a check egainet
any o mr in the mewurcment. The position of theso tlags being first marked off on the map,
the village in wl ~i cl ~ the). WRIY) placed rnm then carefully eurveyed, and connocted in a similar
nmnnor with the I I R X ~ regulating flag. In this marlnor the whole operation was conducted
without any trouble or oonhwion. and without any material error. ...
For observing the angles I 111ade use of the theodolite which I received !?om your ofice.
... In extending tho operuliions through the whole district, it would ... be desirable t o give the
trigonometrical stvvey all the accuracy which can be obtainod by good instruments, and I look
forward ... to ... l.eceiving from England the meua~ving chains which, a t your euggeation, I wrote
for, as well ae the long expected azimut,h circlo. ...
If, ss wan often the case, tho villages were small, ... no survey of the interior was conaidered
neoessary, as the foatnren of the entire village g~.ounds could be embraced by the eye, nor wae i t
often jutlgetl neceugary to mnlie any interior mirvey of villages entirely under cultivation.
excepting indeed a survey of the ... woods and sites of the villages, when the latter were too far
off from the boundary to admit of being aketohed in by eye. I n most ceaea, however, besides a
careful ellrvey of the boundarias. a mlrvey of the interior waa executed.
As the work is sketched and protracted in tho field, no otller field book is preserved ; t he
mketoh book is to all intents and pl qoses a field book, and from it memocando, of the offmts,
d k h c e e , ~ n d angles of the statiom on the boundaries may be a i l y prepared'.
'Regulation vn. 1-8-22; BR9. ( 358-60). Wh~alcolm. I1 ( 13 ). 'Rnht. Merdtina Bird ( 1186-18.53)
BC8.. 4. India 1808 : Seenions Judge. Qorakhpur, 1826-8; did muoh to orgenizo revenue rurveys : DIB.
'fmmGrnnt.5-7-22; BTC. 19-6-28(38).
Hodgson comments on the large share of profes~ional survey that fell upon the
military surveyors, and their ~wluctance ho depute work to their msiatants [ 151 ] ;
Lieutbnant Wroughton ... states that the labour and time taken up in the meaaurernent of
intarior detail for each villege exoeede in a very extraordinary d e w that ...g iven to. ..the
boundery. This certainly is the fact, and ... a great share of personal labour haa fallen on the
surveyor which ought now to devolve on the msistants. who may survey the
interior detail under the inspection of the srlrveyor.
Lieutenant Wroughton, actuated by a laudable endeavour t o attain extreme accuracy,
eppeara to have bestowed the same care on the minute particulars of c ul t i ~~t i on, and the ...
site8 of houaw. ... jheels, roads, and watemoursea, as on the principal outline. ... 'I'he totalarea
indeed of the village must be determined with the moat erupulor~s attention to accurncy, ...
but it would t al e much time to siulrey the detaila ... wit,h the same cnre, for it, col~ld arnawer
little purpose when, ... between the time the survey is made ant1 the time when tho Colleotor
makes the settlement, much change in the cultivation may, and probably will, take place. ...
The principal surveyor should attend t o the total area and boimdnriea. and hia assistante
should under his superentendence survey the yoss amount of cultivation. ...
With the village map and tables before him, the Collector has certain information as to the
total area contnined withi1 the boundary lines, which he can ... indentify on the spot, aud...can
rectify the boundary ... and regulate hiu assessment accordingly. The Surveyor is answerable for
the true area being eaigned to the space contained within what he supposes to be the boundary,
but ... the Collector has far more accurato means of discovering ahut the true limits of the
village are ...
In the Delhi survey the boundaries are marked off by the civil officer before the surveyor
comrnonced his operat ions, ... but, ... ho~mtlnries can be more ... speotlily defined in tho Delhi
district, where the villages nre vary large, than in Goruckpore, where they are small, an11 the
inhabitants lit,igious, and the disputes many and intricate.
I have directed Lieutenant Wroughton's attention to such points. ... I have also desired him
to inetn~ct his subordinates in a better style of drawing, and havo sent him n separate map of
one of the Delhi villages, and a part, of the general mrrp of tho season 1824-6 ILS a model for
imitation. He is also imtructed to compute the total area by the mothod of traversee, and I
have sent to him 300 lithographed ruled forms. ... The other stvveyora nro ale0 supplied with
theee blank forms, hy which much trorlhle will be saver1 [ 290 1'.
Wrought,on writes on 30th October 1857 ;
Your admiasion of my exertions has fully repaid me. ... This season I think I sllnll make e
very material increase of work indeed, if I have only health and strength ; I ahall not be sur-
priued if I double the work of l u ~ t year. The new mode by the Universal Theorem is rather
more expeditious than the one I have hitherbo followed [ 148 1, and the improvement of
Macan and the boys lead8 me to hope for a very rnpid and considerable progross [ 152 1.
One thing ... stands in my way-the paucity of calaslioes- ... These poor follow. are worked
off their legs, and to them I must look for the principnl aid. ... Unless the estnblishmont ie
augmented I feel they cannot atand it out much longer. ... They are on tho ground an hour
before daylight, hard worked until nine A.M., and again out at 4 P.M. until dark. ...
I have in 10 days, or thereahorttn. finally measivotl and compiited ... 26 distinct mouzas or
eataten : if I can only go on as I am doing now. and you will afford me ... 12 more calnshees and
1 more mootsuddee. I promiae in r e t ~ ~ r n to give a faithful and concise moasurement of 300
mouzus for this year. ...
I will send you a village nicely drawn up thiu week, and computed after your directions by
the universal theorem. If you approve it ... every plan sllall be similarly executed during the
eneuing years.
The following is Bedford's description of work in Rohilkhand ;
The inatmmenh employed in the field-our mode of laying down the boundaries-and
entering the measuremonta in our field book.
With respect of the first, our stock was very mal l . ... a theodolite by Harris, an excellent
compasa by Dollond with eighta attached and fitted on a tripod, and a perambulator by Berge
on the newest construction. ...
We were doubtful ... whether to employ the Compans or Theodolite ; the ei~perior oorreot-
ness of the latter was certainly a great recommendation, but, a9 it w a ~ both heavier than
t he compw. and mow likely to be injured b y e fall when surveying through the thiok jow
jungle8 and high gnres. ... we ultimetely determined to employ the compaar, ... experimente
...pr oving that it could always be depended upon to the tenth part of a degree, or even leas.
'from BG., 16-c27; Ij'IC. 104-27 (43). ib. 18-6-28 ( 16).
T . , ~ want of a cllah1...where the perambulator could not nct...we could only obv iste...
by procuring a quantity of well twisted hemp cord. ... Thie we hncl atretehed on tent p h ,
and repeatedly soeked in a lnixture of wax, oil, and rosin, t o leaen. ..it's elasticity and the
of the dew and atmospheric changea. ' This line waR then ... divided into ynrtla, with
braes attached t o distinguish the higher numbers, ancl ... it's actual increase or decm-
in length was mcertained by a twelve-foot measuring rod, made of a straight and well-
memoned bamboo, acourately divided by means of a hrass soale. With two rods of this
deacriptio~l ... our offsets were also meeellred.
In commencing our field work, nu soon as the bwiritlg of the flag a t the next station WM
read off. ... and the ... needle noted, the perambulator was put in motion. ant1 on
notice of
l andmrl r being given by a n~euaure-man ( who went on aheatl witli either the
zem"ldar or mocuddwn of the villa@, ... ) the perambulator. when clirectl~ opposite the
bndmerk, wm st oppd, and the number of yards ... read off, and entered in the centre column
...directly over t,he bearing. The dietence nlso of the landmark ... was then inserted on the right
or left of thin column, ... and the field book k i n g read off from the bottom towards the top.
...exhibits the different landmark8 and other objects exactly fls they were met in the field. ...
On olu sseond survey ... we commenced ... making a preparatory circuit round t he whole
of the villages...taking as long lines as possible, and @norally co~ltdvjna to 11nve the etatione
on the exterior bou~ldary, so an to secure an occasional poult in every diracllon t o which we
could return, eild thurr check the 8horter line# employetl in our si~bsequent aurvey. When
commencing a fresh sorvey, we ... made a point of introducilig two dintnnt ~nni n stations of
that immediately preceding, ... which ensured the correct relative posit,ion of the two.
This mode, combined with repeated intersections of any remarknblo tree, or other object,
enabled UB to proceed with perfect confidence, because, as our rough maps have ulvariably
kept p ~ c c with the field work. and every mornuly'e survey now clone11 into one of our main
etatione. ... no ernx could arise without bei l r~ unmediotely detectodl.
There wae lnuch discussion 8s to t he amount of time to be spent on ntat,istics
and disputed honndaries, ant1 it wan ruled that the surveyors should concentrate
on the preparation of their mnpR, and only collect such statistical informat,ion an feu
readily t,o hand, and that they ahollld survey such limits of a disputed area as n-auld
assist the district officer to settle it [ rgg 1.
As tirue showed liow lowly the survey was progressing in relati011 to the vast
area to be covered, Betlford tried the elnployn~e~lt of Indians [ 390 1.
With reference to ... native measurement of the village details or1 European principles. I...
forwnrd a specimen of the field work of my tindal. ns actually nurveye~l and noted by himaelf,
together with an estimate of the expense of this work by 8 nat.ive party, compared with what
it has heretofore nmnilnted to. ...
It appears very desirable that the native surveyor should be able to keep his field notes
not only in the Englivll fonn, but [in English] character. in order that his survey tnight a t once
be brought on the map without ... their being transcribed. ...
l...propose that the party should be formed as follows ; vid., 1 native surveyor per mallth
at. m. 16-0-0 ; 1 mate, 8-0-0 ; 3 lascars, 16-8.0.
The object in having 8 mate attached is that iu the event of sic-linoss there rnny always be one
individual properly qualified as to the management of the compass, mode of t.aking off-sets, kc.,
tosupply the tinlial's place, and prevent ... the work from being interrupted. I reckon that the
above party will sr wey on an average 5 ~niles each day, or 150 mil- dlcring the montll, which
give8 a result of about 4 anllns per mile.
The cost of similar work by European assistants came to about n rupee a mile,
without m y apparent, wlvantage. BR the work ...b by no meawr above t.he capacity of my
intelligent native. ~ r t d the accuracy of his surveys will be brought to precisely the enme
testae heretofore.
Hut from the increased expedition of native measumment,
still greater
edvmtage is likely to ensue by tho accelerated progresaz.
I t was not many years before the general emplo.vmellt of Indian smveyors wee
adopted on revenue surveys in Bengal, as in Bombay [388-90, 392 1.
A curious experiment was made on the Rohilkhand survey of the effect of
rough ground on perambulator measurements.
I n each oase a distance of one
fudong WM first measured by chain and rememured severel timea by verioue
Patterm of perambulator. The different types of ground were clessed m--even
'6om Bedford, 22-7-23 ; BTC. 19-13-22 ( 22 ).
'&am Badford, 14-27 ; ib. 1-5 ( 62).
ground-uneven ground-ploughed fields with large olode of e~rt,h-t,hiok grass
jungle--rough, or fn.llow ground with large oloda of earth-esndy soil on river hanks.
The perambulator melreurementa varied hetween 212 and 221 yardal.
'rhe following estrrtcts are t ~ ke n from Oliver's report8 on the Delhi Nurvey ;
Tho true direction of several of t, l~e statio~i linw ... was eswrtained by azimuths of the sun,
obmrvtvl with a I3erge.s theodolite ; the mean of thirteon mt t s of these observstiorln gives for
the deviation of the ~recdle. 3" 10'.
&...the Bwt village survuyecl, I found t.llat. making one circ*uit, rorlntl the bolmdary was
abjectionable, ou IIIIY errora that might creep in could only br detected \?lien the circuit was
h i b e d , and ... it became necessary to go over tile whole again. Rvrr afterwards, therefore, my
plan has been t o divide II village into polygons containing 400 to 1000 beegehs ; the lines in the
first instance being mcl e to ruli in the open ...p art of the village. ~o that those pacl~ing
through jungle, which are levs to be depended on, mlght have s ~f i ci ent check.
From the almost uuperviour tliicknesr, of some of tho jungles, great (lelay w ~ q u~uncrd by the
rhortuess of t,he utation lines : often a llag fitaff 15 feet in l en~t h, painted reti and whito. could
not be seen at a 100 ytarda distance. In such cases the emalleat deviation from the perpentlioular
threw the anzlea out co~~qiderably, and ... with the inaccuracy of chain work in the jungle ... this
part of tho a ~ ~ r k ... 11eve.- closed so well ae circuits m ~ l e in en open countryg.
ITnleas great attenti1111 be paid to the mnnagernent of t,ho chain, no tolerable degree of
sccurary mn be expected. The me11 ... hare bnen carefully taught to give tho c-lmin.. .
one uniform degree of tension. ... The chnins nro nrcusurod every dav. or every ot,her day ; ...
fifteen-frst rods aro 11aed. ... ond ... the cllnu~ti nre s t r c ~t ~c h~~l prec:iselp iw when they uro used
in the fie!d. One invh in evory ( - l ~ n i ~ ~ i.; ~llla~\\-c~l for irregnlnrities of the ~urfuce. ...
Eighty villages have been sl~rveyed during the soil8on ; the total arcs b e i ~ ~ g 1,86,116 acres,
or 3,60,321 beagahs of 2500 yards. The expense inorl~md Sr~t n~ the 1st 01.tt1har 1823 to the
1st October 1824 has been sonnt. rupees 2'4,071. so) tliat for 1 rtilxe very nearly 13 beogahs have
been surveyed. Nearly five times as 1n11c1i IIHH Iwen d~~nt r (luring tire aecc,~~ri ueasou ; ... the
number of hands employed ... is not wen olouble. The rn}#i~lit,y of our progrw has been owing
entirely to ... all the bol~ndarie* being srt,tled. marked out, and rlonred, so that in the fiold we
have had almost nothing t o detain 11s [ 1 j 5 1.
If ... t,hn village maps are not so neatly dri~w11 as 1a.d year ... we llnvo I r d ne~irly five times as
manp, ... and...it WHR nemBBarY to be 1-9 ~ n r t i ~ u l e r H ~ O I I ~ extreme ~lcratnoss : ... many ... have
of necessity bean done by young Inen who have not. been aaffloiently Ion< practisetls.
The following notes come from William Brown on the Sat~%ranpur survey ;
I n my lnnt report I encleavo~~red t o describe the methods in use among the native lend-
measurers, or mootcn~ddies, and to shew how r~nworthy their operationu iu general were of
credit,. ... Thero nre, no doubt, some nati\-r.q in every office ... who sre expert cnlclllators. These,
however, are not tlre people 1 allude to, but those needy men who ere picked up at t,he k u t r h e q
door. who, f i ~r 8 nlpeea a rnonth are ready t,o undert,ake the meastlrement ( pymaesh ) of lmds,
end who are acconlingly sent out wibhout any previous examination. ...
In comparing their work with ... the revenue EUNey, it can never fairly be done till the
mootouddee lneaallren first. The late Mr. Reade'f14 measnrement a t Tlianah Bho- [ 157 n.2 ]
ia a proof of this : hie mensurement~8 were very different from the survey a t fir& ; his people,
I~owcver, after the maps were given in and areas mnde known. fonnd out they had been
meas~rring with a ~hcn+ jjm-b. It was a cotton rope naid to be 60 goz, but the one I
meaaured wea leee than 62, and might be made either shorter or longer at the pleaaure of the
mirdha [ 157, 164 Is.
Mr. Freeer has this year made a pe a t improvement in his mirdhes' mearnrements by intro-
ducing ... a bamboo jurwb [389 I : the fol l o~i ng ketch will mi a t in explaining it ;
I ~e por t b Halhed ; BTC. 19-6-20 ( 40 ) ; aimiler report by W. Brown. Delhi Survey, ib. 10-8-26
'from 8livor. 26-0-23 ; BTC. 18-8-28.
'from Oliver, 1-10-24; ib. 1-26 ( 28).
4John
! i 2 i 0 w -0 ( 1707-1827 ) ~ m . *BTC. IM-28 ( 33 ).
A13 is a stout bamboo about 3 inchw in diameter ; 88 are two hfindlem each about five foet
long, which are attmhe-3 to the bumboo a t o c with a hinge ; b b sre two flat p i e m of iron, well
fired by neila rivettad on iron plates on both sides of the brunboo, and di dant from eeah other?
ermtly 12 feet. The mil-dhes lay hold of the handlee, one a t esoh end, end prooeed, ... making
-ks with the flat p i e m of iron, which are moderately aherp for the purpoee. ...
An iron chn in... appee ra... more liable to error than a bamboo. ... An iron chain stretoher
18 inchos after being used a short time, and every day they are veriaed by rode, and oorrectiom
made for their difierence, nnd unleas the minlhm lye furnished with rods. very aocuretely
m-umi, to correct their jr~roeb by, there will be very little advantage gained by their uee.
Thoir rneasummenta are made field by field. and a difference of a fera inches an the chain
would mnke a very p a t difference of nrea before a tolerable sized village wea completed.
The length of the bamboo is easier detormind, and a short eltaretion in its length can earily
be reatitled by a hammer applied t o the flat pieoes of iron.
A mirdhe ...is able to meaaum about 300 kucha beeghas per day1.
h regards his own survey of Thilna Bhnwan [ 157 1, it was Brown's
intention to have connected the survey with t,he Ant station of tho trigonometrical -ey
of the hills a t SuharilnpoorB. but ... it will be some tuno befnre I have that opportmity. The
hill of Choor wns vcry conspicuous [ 30 ; pl. 5 1, but the station on it heinp clwtroyerl, and not being
certain of the peak, it did not pr e~ent an oppor t u~~i t y ...to debr n~i ne my position with...
nccurary. ... 24 observations for latitude. ..were made at my other camps for the wme
purpoye. My time, however, did not permit me making obaervutione for longitrude.
The sh~tione where three villages meeta have all bean dmlurnd from the cnnter of tho town
of Thandi Uhown, and n table of them medo or ~t . from which thoy were protrtrc.ted for the
p e r e l mrp. ... A table nLqo of the distance on the meridian and perpen~liculnr of the oentera
of the villages from Thani ~h Bhown II& been preparerl. 11nd from which htw been protracterl
a geogrephicel map on a sonle of 4 milea t o one inch4.
Reference hm already been made to the variety of indigenous units of length
end area [ 137, 146, 148 1, and there was also the diffioulty of providing reliable
standards for the British units, the yard and the acre. As a general rule eaoh
surveyor had a brass scale, made in England, against which he oheoked his perambu-
lator end chains. The Collector of every district wes supposed to keep a standard
against which his staff could check their instruments [ 164 n.2 3.
Asked by the Board of Revenue to "prepare for the use of each Collector ...a
metal rod equal to one English yard, divided into feet and inches, t hat the length
of the native jureebs may be correctly ascertained", Hodgson replied that he had
no means nor mater~als for the construction of such instruments, nor ... any artificers. ...
The ficales required ... coulfl only be well fnbricattul in England. Tl ~ey should be compared
with a true standard a t a pr t ai n degree of temperature, nnd the metola of which they are made
ahould be perfwtly hornogeneor~s.
I t certainly is very desirable that some standarc1 metlaurn rhr~uld be m the hands of eaah
Collector, and I...suggest...three-feet scales being ordered from Englend, nncl also. ..Gunter's
cheinn ...as n frequent cherk on the joreeba, which fmm a variety of causes aflords uncertain
measures. ...
If every Collector's office mere furnished with some of the moat simple appnrutus ...p ertial
measuremen ta... might be occneionelly executed with facility under the collector's direction.
... The rnirdaha might he taught to substitute the chain for their own imperfect and uncertain
jureebs, the length of which must always vary acoomling t o the state of the atmosphere,
and the degree of tension applied. ...
If the native measurers coi~ld be familiarized t o the we of the chain. nnd...of celculating
areas by links, they would readily reduce it t o beegaha. ... But even if they were allowed to
use their own implements. ... it would be a check on them to h o w that the collector was in
p-ion of e certain [ mr e ] standard measure, end that he might ord er... m y truetworthy
pmon to remeaswe with the ohein what they had gone over with the jureebg.
'BT. l U 2 8 (67) mi dab. Wilson's W a y ( 341 ).
*H&~n' a mrwy of 1818-8 [ 30-5 ).
* Vh q o triloootians. 'Z-inoh map. bfRIO. 23 ( 47) . Bra 19-8-28 ( 67 ).
afmm RSQ. 1-24; ib
7 4 2 4 ( 106 ).
To his offer of ohaina made up out of local material, Government aaketl him
to oomtruot for the use of each Collector ... 2 Gunter's chaina of 22 yardal. I t ia hoper{ that at
Furnlokahed yo11 may meet with some mperior native merha~~ics. ... You should get from h h n r
a model of the dhumn lugee2. ... I t appeera to cost little anrl is eaid t o be very satisfactory. ...
Land mean- id in different parts of the country will be found to vary euces~ively.
The gue is not apparently of uniform lenptl~ ; the number usaipled t o t he jureeb varies ; the
materiele are not suoh as t o admit of a nice accuracy, ... and a portion ... is often tied up as a noom
end thmwn round the neck of the measurem. Hence, t o sag nothing of fraud, t.he bee~n11 hw
become a very indefinite denotnu~ation. ...
It is very necesearg t o aace di n. . . what the ert,ent of t,he locnl beegah i ; a1111 what the
preciae length of the locnl yard or g~l z ; and how many nquaro puz cul~stitutr a hc~ga11. ...
For all general statements the Engliah mre, md the Bengal beegah of 1,800 squlare yarda,
which are readily convertible the one into the other, ahould be nmd ; and it would certainly
be very convenient if, an appears to bave been done by Colonel Munro at M d m , the aore
could be introduced aa the universal meanlm. ... In the revenue alurvey of t,he Ceded Diatricta
[ 11,180-2 ] that officer employed a chain of 33 feet. One aqnare chnin be it^^ denominated
a goontah. 40 of which...convtituted an acre ; ant1 whero tieltls are small, such a rneaanre might
be more convenient than the Gumter chaina.
Hodgson then suggested the adoption of the old Illahee Gaz, aa used in ;\kbar's
time, but the Revenue Board thought this impracticable.
The length of the IUahee Guj varim in every zilla. ... It ia different in Furrnckubatl, Ally
Curb, Meerut and Seharunporo, and it, is impomible to my which is correct. Thus if Govern-
mt Ex a general mtandard they nlust alt,er the menmre in nome ziUahs and will find
infinite difficulty in getting the people to adopt the new une. ... It will be quite suflicient that
the sun-eyors ascertain the exact value of the IIIaheo Cluj in every village4.
After discussing the length of the gaz used by Todnr RIal [157], Government
directed that, as an experimental measure, a gnz e q u ~ l to 33 English inches ~liould
be adopted6. The gaz was not uscd ererywherc. [n Gorakhpur
the beegah is formed by a square of 60 haths, called the Iinzy'e 11ath. a varying srale in almost
every village, but, from the averagc uf about 20U, ... L i c ~ ~ t c n ~ ~ ~ t Wroughton ... makes out the
mean length t o be 20 inches and 3* tenths of an inch, ... which given for the beegah 1,16034
quar e yards, and an English acre contains 4 beegaha 4 biswnn and 3 biswa~lsy. ...
The surveyor jrlstly remarks that to have measured each village by its local hath, or what
waa tendered to him as such, woulci have heen an entlle~s labvnr. but he has taken the precnu.
tion to mention the length in nuch c a ue ~~.
I n discussing the gaz, Brown raised the question of the length of the k088 t~
determined from distances between t,he old pillars along thc Delhi-Laliore r o d
[ I, 247 ; 111, pi. 1.5 1.
The road distances of the minara are unequal ; this may arise either from their not having
been originally measured with exnotness, or what is liltely, from the windings of the road
having ... been different a t tho time of the erection of the minclr* frotn what they are at present.
The mean, howcver, is 4.557) yards, or English miles 2.689. ...
The minnrv which Lieutenant Brown visited are near Nerelul~, one march from Delhi on
the Lahore road, but those at preater distances are in general in better preservation. Lieut-
enant Brown performed thin little service with hie usual promptitude and alacrity, a t a Rowon
of the year when the heat in almost intolernhld.
Hodgson wrote further ;
I have since fount1 from the Ayeen Akbaree [I, 133 11.3 ] that the ltoyal C~ HV coutained
6,000 guz, and in Re ~ e l l ' a AIc~moir, page 4, he says "Akbar ... directed it to be taken at 6,000
guz, equal to 4,757 yards, that is, about 2 British miles and 6 furlongs. ... Shah Jehan, about
half a century afterwards, increased the sta~~clnrtl one twentieth part, making the coss more
than 2 miles ant1 6 furlongs. But since the time of Arungzeebe the ancient or common ooss
has reaumed ita phce, and those of Akbar and Nhah Jahan are only heard of in the histories of
the timen when they were in use [ I , 247 n.2 I." ...
It will, I think, be right to ... adhere to the meaeurementa lately made by Lieutenant
Brown, and I propose, as soon ss the weather will allow, t o employ him in taking the dia-
tancea of all the coss minara botween Delhi and Karneul, the mean of which ought to be very
' named after Edmund Gunter, and used in England bom 1620 [I, vi. 1981. 'legal moaanring rod.
Wilaon's Oh~a r y ; ( 137. dhorm; aOB. fuga ). ' BTC. 7-6-24 ( 107 ).
WP Rev Bd., 7-6-24; BTC. 17-1-
lib. 14-28 (74-6).
'from 60. 164-27; ib. 19-4-27 (49). 'from Hodgson, -26; ib.
( 2 2 ~ 2 6 (20 ).
KOS MINAR
The firet kw mindre were erected along main r ode rediating from
Delhi hy emperor Sher Shah, who reigned 1638-66.
The length of the k0.9 has varied from province to province, and
from one period to another. William Brown, revenue mlrveyor from
1892 to 1844, meeaured the dietencen along the De l hi - Ke d road in
1825, and found those between eeven mindrs to range from 100 to 200
yards more than 2b miles [ 164-5 1.
The old winding roads along which they were firat epaced have
often been ploughed up into the fielda.
bb No. U*9HD')O-B00'31.
n a r l y t he Ir.ue Ier~gt h of n l t oyal Cow by rond moeallro, for i t is by t hot . untl not. by di rect
di~tancea, t ha t nw muet, be guicle(I.
Brown took ai r mindrs,--one octagonal nortlr of Nr~reluh -one oppo3ito Nu.reluh
--one octa::onal between Shalpoor Bredbee & Nurcluh-one circular oppouite Al~epoor.
in the n~i ns of the Yi hr PI L~WI L~ Kee *Vlt,ra+ne octagonal opposite Suruuhpoor and
one opposit,e Sibv~lymur. Their road tlist,ances varied from 4,612.64 to 4,609.66 yards,
and the meal gave a length of 32 .HI4 inches t o ttie gaz. Hodgson pointed out that
soma of ttie lniniirs stood a t tile edge of t,he present road, whilst others were half a
fiirlong from i t , arid that they \vcv-e prol~ably hliilt a t reflar cii*t,ances along a road
of slightly ditfercnt alignment1.
Boileau recor& that a l o n ~ the .Agre--l)ell~i rontla ;
all thcr ronrl frorn l i or ee i~ rnnrked wi t h milestonca, or koev minnra, bui l t by Sl mhj ehan al ong
t he wholo di st ance li.orn A p e t o Del l ~i , must of which remai n ent i re. Th e ~l i at enco from pi l l ar
to pillar is exact l y 24 milea, which is therefore t he length of t he Bndshahi Kosa, whi l e
the ordirrury l engu~, of t he count r y, or Gao J~OSS. seldonr exceeds I f miles. The l r o s mi nw
are alwnys reckol ~rrl hy t he vi l l ngen I f koss a pa r t [ I, 247 ; 11, 198 ; 111, pl. I gn 1.
Plate 15 is reproduced from a sket)ch made by Frank Scallnns near Delhi. Of
bhese mimirs, Gordon Helbrn writes that t,he ,Ughm emperor, Sher Shah, who
ruled at Delhi between 1540 and 1545,
built caravnnaaraia at every t en kos di st ance all t he way from Bengal t o t he Indw, nnd had
welle dug at each Itm. H e a Lo cnuaeri t o be ercctad " kom minaz-s ", ma ny of whi ch et and to
this day, al t hough t he old road has been ploughed up nnd merged in t he fiolde'.
The following iu the roll of the revenue survev parties in tho Upper Provinoee
ee they stood in January 182Q6;
Sahaadn, or Suulh Division of MorMdbM
Capt. J. Bedford . . . . 48th N.I. . . Surveyor
Lieut. R. McDonald . . . . 1st Extra Regt. . . Amt. Surveyor
Mr. J. Wtzpatriok. Mr. A. McQueen . . . . . . Sub-Asst. Surveyon
., G. W att. Mr. P. Luakstedt . . . . . . Apprentiaes
J. J. Lo s e . . . . Writor & Draftsman
N o d Divieion, Mor6dibiul
Lieut. B. Browne . . . . Artillery . . Surreyor
&. R. Terranne~u .. .. Asat. Surveyor
,, E. Shieh. Xr. M. Shi e~s . . . . >Vribrs & Draftemen
Delhi
Cspt. T. Oliver . . . . 3rd N.I. . . Surveyor
J. H. Simmondn . . 20tb N.I. . . Asst. Surveyor
d: J. Gould, Mr. J. A. ~ b ~ h e mo n , Jlr. N. Hodgee . . Sub-hst . Surveyors
., J. Bridgo. Mr. G. Comyn. hfr. D. Nunro. Mr. C. Bell . . Apprcnticee
Buhndvhahr
Capt. W. Brown . . . . 08th N.I. . . S~~rveyor
tieut. G. J. Fruer. Mr. H. Nolaon . . . . . . Aaat. Surveyom
Mr. D. H. Chill. Mr. C. H. Burke
Sub-Auat. Surveyon
,. P. Chill, Mr. C. Foy, Mr. W. ~ e z , Mr. ~. ' ~a n d &o n Apprentices
Qc~okhmuv
Gcui. R. Wroughton . . . . 68th N.I. . . Surveyor
Mr. R. Macnn
, Asst. Surveyor
., J. Dumbleton Writer'& ~rnftarn~;;; Mr. E. ~enki &
Apprentim
'from Hodsson, 20-8-25 ; BTC. 21-7-26 ( 33 ) ; Kos rniih?# an, shorn on map of the Delhi rev. my..
e8. drmg old roed Bonepat-Panipnt, MRIO. 2 ( 16).
'Fdbk. DDn. 227; M 311, 31-10-28.
'd. Calonbbs.
ll-ll*, sead c 81.
Heom ( 161-2 ), 8 DDn. 231 ( 230 ), 24-1-20.
REVENUE SURVEYS, MADRAS & BOMBAY
Madras - BOx Bl I ' ; Bombay 9- Sals~ttc Islands - Broach - Cujairait -
Deccan - South Konkan - Appreciations.
[
HE expensive, albeit reliable. met,liods of revenue survey under European
r
officers, as employed in Bengal and Bonlbt~y, had not been attempted in the
south, and the Madras Gorernment resisted all invitetionq t o do SO.
Munro's surrey of the Ceded Districts hy means of closely supervised Indian
measurers [ 11, 180-2 ] was accepted ax the 111ost sl~italle, but as a general rule
each Collector was left to devise his own ayatem for finding the areas of cult,ivation.
District surveys carried out by the assistant revenue surveyors up to 1816 had
been little more than useful topographical sket,ches, and in some cases fiadly
inaccurate [11, 139-51, 184-j 1. The regular topographical surreys carried out
under Mackenzie gave the main topogmphical features and tnhsil boundaries, and
much useful revenue information, l)ut, no attempt was n~nde to survey village
boundaries, or precise limits of cultiva.tion [ 11, a14 1.
I n answer to enquiries from Bengal in 1816, the hIac1ms Government expressed
the opinion that, regular revenue surveys were of little vall~e. They enclosed
"papers relating to the ryotwar mode of ~ettlernent which have recently been
printed here for circulation among the Collectors ".
The m e y of the Ceded Districts ( the best which has bean executed ) consisted only of
the mewurement and classification of the land ... by the Collector's own servants without the aid
of scientific surveyors. An admirable survey of the same districts, compr ising...g eographicel
and statistical information, ... haa since been completed by the amistent surveyors under
Cdlonel Mackenzie's superintendence. but, val~lnblo nu that surrey is for other purposes, it...
would be found comparatively of little use in forming the revenue aaaeasments [ 11,152-6 1. ...
On the abj ect of revenue surveys. ... generally speaking they have not been found practi-
cally useful or fit to be relied on, ... mtl ... the design of prosecuting them ... ham for a good
many yeara been relinquished by this Government. At pment the revenue of all the districts
is assessed with little or no reference to the aurveya'.
I n 1821, a t the imtance of Munro, who had become Governor the previous
year, a questionnaire on the subject ww sent out to all districtu and after con-
sidering the replies Munro recorded the following minute ;
Observations on ... the a me y s of the different districts-on the use of survey-n the
mode of executing them ... - o n the mode of d i n g on them when executecl-and on the
propriety of completing them gradually-
The answe rs...gi ve a amunary view of the state of the survey in the several districts. ...
Only a few of the districte had been rewlarly surveyed; ... in some. nothing haa been done ;
... in others, FJINey8 of detached parts have been mul e ; ... different standards of meeeurement
have been adopted in dsem'eredt dietrich, and aometimea in the snme district.
The main objecte of a survey ar e to record the exaot quantity and deecription of all land
in every village ; t o mer t ai n the tenure and righta of the occupants or owners, ee well ae the
right9 of aovernment ; to fix limits and. ..obviate dieputen respecting them ; t o entabliah mutual
confidence between the ryots and the Government by shewing each what belongs to it ; to
ascertain the grounds of the aseeesment, not for the purpose of increasing the amount, but
rath m... to avoid over-axation ; and, in short, to make what is now vawe and fluctuating
definite and permanent.
' to B.lysl. 17+l(l. H Rev Bd. 261-10.
But rnch survey..,oannot be made by every Colleotor. ... It will...be adviseble...to under-
wke the survey...only in the few districts in whioh collectors may be found capable of
oonducting it, and to extend it t o others ... whenever ...p recticsble. ...
A mwoy has been begun in Chingleput, and one is now making of t he lands not included
in former surveys of t he northern and southern divieions of Arcot. A revieion of the aasees-
merit ie -king in North Arcot, and ie likowise required in Salem. ...
The wmt of a rogular survey does not ... hinder ... a 9-otwar settlement. ... village account8
exhibit the detaSl of the lands, their distribution among the ryota, their rent, and t he
extent of the several fields or share@, either founded on estimate, or on some ancient memure-
merit, end from such accounts it hae long been tho custom ... t o make t he ryotwar settlementl.
No regular surveys followed, and though much useful survey was ortrried out
by the department of Tank Repairs, i t was not of a nature to assist revenue assess-
ment. What appears to have been nn isolated experiment is preserved in a four-
inch survey of the villago of Rulsapaud. in Glmtfir Circar, carried out by Marcellus
Burke during December and January 181 6-72.
In 1819 the Collector of Tintlevelly aslied tho Revenue Board for "an o<tahlish-
merit of surreyom, classers, and assessors, for ... concluding the survey partially
introduced hy my predecessor "3. A gr ~~er al survey of the district had been con~pleted'
by Robinson before 1814 [ 11, 141-6 1, and nt thc further request of the Collector
Thomas Turnhull made a statistical survey during 1822-3 [ 11,146 ; 111, 320,374 1.
The experimental survey of Chingleput referred to by Munro was to provide
detailed information ... connected with the measurement, claasificatio~l, and assessment of lands,
exceeclingly minute ; and i t would, no doubt, be highly useful t o posseas a similar account of
every village. The labour required, however, appeam to render that ... altogether impracti-
cable, as the present epecimen employed an active survoyor for ... upwards of one year and eight
months. ... That the putcut plan4 of ryotwar settlements obviates t o a p t degree t he
demand for these very minute deteils ; and the objects of primary importance are 80 to
estimate the value of what belongs t o each cultivator...that he sliall not be overburthened,
... and that Government. on the other hand, h a l l not be ... defrauded of what it haa a right t o
reaeive6.
I n 1808 the colleotor of South Arcot had a survey made of part of his district,
which he claimed had bror~glit considerable increase to the revenuese. I n 1822
a sum of Rs. 27,908 was allot,ted for a new survey, to bo spread over two years. I n
the earlier survey no measurement had been made of in3m and waqte lands, an&
the cultivated areas had not been surveyed field by field, but in extensive blocks t hat
included nalns, hills, and roads. Fields were not numbered or demarcated, and
were almost impossible to identify. Dijpute.3 were frequent, and the resurvey was
necessary "not only for the security of the revenue, but for the security of the peace,
and prevention of litisstion". Survey was a130 extended t o the tdluks that had
recently bcen t r anhr r ed from Soxth to North Arcot'.
The regular survey of Bombay and Salsette islands which had bee11 commenced
in January 1811 was carried on by Dickinson and Tate with few interruptions.
After 1816 the staff was considerably reduced, and Bombay Island had not been
completed by 1820 when Dickinson handed over to Tate, who had held oharge of
the Salsette survey for sometime. Before hnnding over, Dickinson egtirnated t hat
eurvey of Salsette and Thann might be completed by the end of 1824 but Tab
would not promise this unless given more assistance ;
This department, which in. ..I814 comisted of a head with t h m amietante in Bombay
and two on Salsette, all Engineer officers [ 11, 185-7 I, was in ... I816 reduced to one wi nt ent
in Bombay, end one ( being myself) in Salaette. I n 1817, that aasietant in Bombay wm
'Minute of 10-5-22: MRS. (651-3 ).
'NRIO. 131 ( 7 ).
'M Rev Bd. 6-8-19.
( ~ I C B I . vat*,
le~ebolcl hod. 'from Qovt. 12-10-21 : hfm. ( 553 ), 18-8-24.
'hf Rev Bd. 64-18.
'from CoUwtor,
10-4-22 ; M Rev Bd. 8-5,13-6 & 10-10-22. Norlh Arc011 ( 143 ).
removed, when the whole ... eurvey of this ial~lnd fell upon Captain Dickinson himself. whilst
I was alone on SaLette. ... Captain Diokineon has been ... four. ..times tampomily removed,
... when the charge of the two survey8 has devolved upon me. a. s at the present period.
Most of the measurement was now carrier1 on by Indian surveyors recruited by
Tate after February 1820 [ 392-3 1, a11d his .own t i ~nc Wi t s largely taken up with
various incidental (luties, ... to which the ... revenue surveyor of B~I I I ~I I ? . is nt all times subject,
such aa... reporting up011 the n~erits of all petit,io ns... whir11 are invarinbly referred for the
opinion of the Revenue Surveyor. ... Thore dutiw, as they gonerally ~sqni r e immediate
attention. must. in u certnin degree interfere with tho regular progress, ... an in most of the
casw...nn nctual gurrey uncl plnn of tho disputed pr0prt. y am rrqoisite, not forgetting the
time ... taken up in the investigation of title deeds. nnd c~ther claims. ...
The time does not tiepond itpon the nctual extent of gruund t.o be nurveyed, but on the
number of distinct propert,i =...which ure to be scparntoly me~ruured ami correctly tlelineated.
Another serious obrtac.ls ... is the frequent dispute3 about boundarinfil.
After t,his sppua,l military office13 were nppointed wl1c.n t hcy could be spared',
and with t.hese and his Indian staff Tste compl et ed his survcZys a ~l t l msps by 1827,
when he submitted a
plan of the Fort of Bombay, drawn on a scale 200 feck tar) one inch. 11nd also one of the islands
of Bombay and Colaba on a scale of 1,200 feet to an inrha.
The femner plan has been reduced from t.he large one ... of the Port, execuhl in the year
1813 by my predecessor ; it s hew all the additional buildi~~ge md the improvements made
since. ... The works are delineated an minutely ap the wale will admit of, and ... names and
designations are insertad in the rofemnces. The whole of t,he euplanade is also shewn ee
f ar as the prescribed boundary of 800 yards. ...
Public buildings coloured red are the property of the Hnn'hlo Company, with the excep-
*ion of the Court Hotme and the Srot,ch Church in tho Fort ; also the native school room and
t he racket court on the boundary of the eeplannde. All the buildings coloured black, except-
ing the sepoym' lines and a few sheds ... ere the properties of individuals. ...
The topographical plan of the islands of Bombay and Colaba has heen redi~ced from the
large plans ... on scdes of 40, 100, and 300 feet to orhe inch. I t e x p m every ... feature of
ground, ... every street and roacl, hot11 pr~blic and private, CUI woll an all the public buildings.
... and also every detach011 dwelling house. ... The boundariw of all the villages are also ex-
preesed. Thie plan aleo ~ l ~ n ws every object worthy of notice aa far an the scale will admit of.
All thorn of a superior stnmture outside the native town, ... for the residence of European
h i l i e n or the respectable natives, are coloured red. The rest are black.
Having completed t.he revenue survey of the Bombay division, and the topographicel
eurvey of t,he whole island. which is ... on two large plam on the scale of 300 feet t o one inch,
which will be ctrrn~~leterl lander the superintendence of my succeusor4, it remains for me to
mbmit a ~t at ement of the work done, and what remains.
For Salset,te he ~uhmitted
a topographical plan of the Inland of Seleette, ... 2,400 feet to one inch, and reduced from the
several plane of the revenue survey, ... 300. 400, and 600 feet to one inch6. ... I t presents an
accurate tleline~tion of the boundaries of a11 the districts, villages and estates. ... together
with ... every feature ... which the scale is capable of shewing. The tlifferont villages and hamlets
-of the ~ ~ n a l l e ~ t size are expressed as in the large plene of the survey. The land8 which have
been alienated nncl hecc~m~ the edetes of individuals are clearly defined by their respective
boundaries being uhtuled with different coloum. Those that are not coloured are the villages
belonging ta Government'.
After handing over all documents of the survey to the Chief Engineer's office, Tab
left for England on 6th August 1827.
The plan of Bombay wes lithographed and published in London, January 1843',
by Thorn- Jervis, who oommenta t hat
the survey.. .aurpaeaee every other thmughout M i a in accuracy, elegance, and oompletenese.
It is allowed by the first judges in England to be one of the most beautiful epecimens
of bpopaphy that they have eean. I t wes aceompaslied by a very detailed statistical
lwmo9.
'6om Tate, 31-8-21 ; Bo Rev. voL 516 1821. 'eg., Billernore & Hart, from Fob. 1826; Bo MC.
22-2-26 ( 70).
"ndon, 31-12-29 ; I 0 Cat. (424 ). 'Lieut. Samuel Athill ( 1797-1829 ) Bo. En p . . IU
a.'* a h ; d. K m w n , 19-4-28.
' Map, .oele 3,800 ft. b inoh, MRIO. 124 ( 13 ).
*from Tete,
C b 2 7 ; Bo RC. vol. 28/101 (36-41) ; I 0 Cd. (424). 7Rsd~oed oopy, Edrerdes, f h g p. 9 8 .
' Be
Qea Boc. 1V ( 176).
Sir Patrick Cede11 wye t hat wlion Ile H'RR collector of Bombey in 1906 Dirkinmn'm
wct ~ slill r e~edt d AH t he ubndard survey.
I-lit. ~ ~ v ~ i l ~ e survey of Broach wns stt~rt,ed in 1 HI 2, c~ft.er Willinnis ht~tl cbnrried
out thr
survey of one viIIl~.Re I pl. 10 I.
The I)irrctors were RO pletlsecl
with t he survey of t he first, ptrrgtcn,c~ [ 11, 188 1, tlutt, t hey 11rged Bengal ant1 Matlrm
take up 9lrryeys on ainlilar lines.
The ~ur vey of Br-h, wlric.11 tliut,inguiultoa not only tho limit# of every village, but the
boundary and extent of each field, whether cultivated or not, together with the name of the
v mmo r and the amount of rwemle payttble, wtu connected with the inverrtigation of the
mt.fm la~tdy, and a...muntption c,f such hnd bpen irnrrroperly alienateti from the State.
The revenue re coverer^. ... in one s~lrull district only. ha^ u~i l ~~r l t ~t ed to an arlnllal inoorne con-
aidembly excw~ling the cwtiniatetl chnrge for surveying tho whole district. I t k obvious that
Rllrvey condllcM in thia way tcltdu to I)revent...litigation. clnd may lte of rnaterial iulc
in gui di ~~g tlie courts kt just tlwiaiorw in ... t*leims to rlinputtrd property1.
Survey of t he pazganu8 of Ankles\.nr and Hgnsot was conlploted early in 1816
m d t he records eubmittetl e year later'. with e note tliet "i n t he coume of t he
rnrvey t he whole populntio~l ... wsrs vaccinated &gni n~t ~nl t l l l pox" [ 11, 363 Js.
Government ~l vi necl t he J)irector.(t of t he receipt of
a volume of planw anrl st,atcmontn of all tlte lands in each anti all of the villages of the
Browh per~unnnh, ... inclrlrlir~g nlso 11 general plan of the pergnlrnah, shewing the boumdarisa
end relative ponitions rtf all the vi l l ~r ~m. ... i kneml statementa of all tho lands, ... holders of
slienated lanrl~. ... lands rerovemcl. ... pnyrn~nts mmle in t,he pergunnahe. and of t,he popula.
tim with index. etc. Tlre allole nrrn~~yi l i g 101 of tho largefit folio papos.
A vlrhrnf- of plans of all tI11. I ~~nda ... i r ~ the ~ ~ ~ r g ~ r n n u h e of C)cclasior Hansoot.e. ... 108
folio pnyru. ...
l'wo copira of a general plan of tlto wk~c~lc I3rc1~-11 cnllectomhip, shewing ih general extent
and boundary, a8 well w tlie e x mt nncl boundl~ry every village, onti their ttnion forming
a proof of t,he accurac,y of the wholo.
Captain Williamn ha8 14lso formed H t f ~l ) ~; ~t ~l ~l ~i t . nl ~nnl ) ... whivh includes all the vi l l up, ...
not only for our own pnrpmnnhs, but c~f tlroru belongirlg to the Uuicowar and to the late Poonah
governments throughottt the whole c~f tho Attavoesy [ I z r n.3 1, and the country between t he
Kim" and t,he Tapty rivers, ... on a very compnrhonsive scale ( nn inch 011 a mile ). ...
The mode in which the valuable infonnation ... haq been tligwted and brought forward-
the plan on which the surveys ... have been conducted-tlre asrliduity with which the ~esourcee
of the seveml vilbgea have been explored-and t.he neatness ... with which the survey hhsn bmn
executed-reflect the highest credit on ... Captain Williarnu nr~d ... hie ... uwiatultts. ...
For ... eurveys yet to be undertaken, we have drafted 8 Replations fuiuxled ou tlre priaciples
on which those of Broach, Occlapier. and Hansoote, have been contlucted. ... and tlllder it#
operation the surveying department will proceed with n greeter degree of confidence ... whilst
the inhabitants will attach more importance to an investigation thus fonneUy twognisede.
The area covered by t he three pnrqanas, which a t t hat time formed t he whole
of t he Broach collectorate, covered 430 square mileu. The 162 villages cont,ained
22,763 houses, and a population estimated at !17,874. The assesment came t o
Ra. 10,48,787, derived from 177,055 acres, or 448,848 bi gok of productive land,
t he waste being 96, 726 bigaha. The survey took about two ymr s and e qurrrter,
and Williams had from four t o six military officers es assistants.
Survey was t hen extended over Suret and t he village of
Kutsrgum, from the riohness and value of i t . lands, their being e n t h l y cultimted, and in a
mt degree enoloned. webred. and planted with fruit trees like gardens. appeared to be
aood village on whiob to try the experiment of a very minute survey. Accordingly one wer
mde , and laid down on a scale four timen larger than ordinary. Every field, whether of am.
mmt or alienated land, wes m e e s d eepmtely, mitl insertmi uncler ite
-, w i ~
'CD b no., Rev.. Zel ? ( 73 ).
'from Williams. 28-3-17.
'Do. 8urrey& voL 17/1817. rU
CI11.16. 'BoRC.269-17(13);BaJC.2613-17(69). 4BobCD..Rev.,31&18(1669).
t he name of ita cultivator ( in most instances hereditary ) in the etetament. The profitable
treen were all counted, and their number given on both the plan and statement'.
After 1818 the Broach collectorate was enlarged by the addition of pargunas
Amod and Dehej, and the survey of these was completed between 1818 and 1820
by Cruikshank, Adams, Ovans and Newportz.
I n 1813 the collcctor of Kaira, to t,lle north of Broach, asked for the survey
to be extended to his district ;
The ... surveys made in the Broach purgunnah may ... have familiarbed the meesum to...the
inhabitants ; but in these districts, a great part of which extend beyond the limits of the
celebrated survey made in the reign of the Emperor Akbar by Rajah Toodu Ma1 [ I. 134 1, and no
pa& of which have been measured shoe that period, it is possible t hat the survey may be
viewed in an unfavorable light, and render it politio to ... insinuate its operation by introducing
i t among the more peaceable villeges. and waiting till the alarm of innovation subaideas.
Akbar's reform3 were now happy memories ;
The original system was that ... the aovernment share of grain was annually estimated and
... levied in money from the he& of the community ... whilst crops were standing.
Thie system was changed by Akhar, whose wisdom saw the strength his Governmenb
would derive from a fixed money revomlo. By hie settlement "a correct aocount of the bounda.
r i a of each village was drawn out. and the whole lflnd carefuly meeaured. The land wes then
divided into fixed classes, and each field a-igned to one or the other clam. ... One third of the
p a s produce was taken ae the rent due by the wholo village". ...
Mogul rule was succeedei by that of the Mahrattas who, whatever may have been their,
merits in their own country, were in Cuzerat mere plunderers. Their system was the ruinous
one of farming out districts to speculators, and the villngon were ruinously rackrented. and
broke down under the pres311re' [ 1, 138, 1441.
Carrying on the survey of Surat, Kaira and Ahmadsbid after the departure of
Williams in 1821, Cruikshank had in 1824 seven military assistant@. I n 1821 ;
his Indian staff comprised,
1 Head Meaaurer . . . . . . Rnpeee per mensem 35-04
48 Xative Surveyors and Measurers, with liberty to incresse
that number without augmenting the expense . . . . .. BB~-n-0
63 men for carrying instruments, Bsgs. &c., markiog. &o.
[with liberty a8 above] . . . . . . . . .. 437-1-0
0 or more peons . . . . . . . . .. 43-2-0
... Oflice expenses. &c., droughtaman and writers . . . . . . 1454-0
An apprentice from the Charity Scbool . . . . . . .. 304-0
Office Rent. ... 'Tent and carriage. ... furniture, stationery.
drawing implements, common instruments, and contingenciee . . .. 376-0-0
In ench collectorate under eurvey. ... for bamboos, Bags,
country paper. additional horse, and contingenoies . . . . .. 163-0-0
I n reporting on the Rurvey of the Kaira collectorate, Cruikshank writes ;
Prior to the survey no common standard of length of the guntha, or hath, existed, but
after a careful and thorough investigation and enquiry by the late Lt. Colonel William, the
length of the guntha was determined and fixed [ 164 1.
The survey was comp1ete:l ... during the years 1820 to 1824 ... under ... Capt. Ovans, ... assisted
... ... by Lieut. Keys and Lieut. Reynolds.
Topogrnphical plnns of the whole of the villages, both government and alienated, on a
d e of 6 inches to a mile. ... Reduced plan of the whole pargana on 'f -inch scald.
IvIelvill held charge in AhmedZbid ;
Survey commenced December 1824, and fieldwork concluded in Maroh 1828. In the khalea
villages a minute measurement wae made of every field, but in the talooka a!ienated villagw
a general survey of their limit8 only was taken, and the megrwaree villagee left entirely
'from WiUiamn, 16-11-18. Ro Rev Bd. 2.5-1-10: msp, M.RIO. 124 ( !B): repnrt by Cr~~ikehnnk db
Ovsns. 1817: MRIO. M. 208: plan of Surot city, by Adnms & hewprt dur~ng monaonn of 1817. 10 C d
[ 438] .
'cf. Uml~wrr village. [ pl. 16 1. 'h RC. vol. 00/1813: 31-12-13. 'from C. J. Prescott
Yup. Rev. 61vy.. iluzerlt. 21-3-82. Bo I ; d . ad. oxiv. new ser.
'Ovane. Durnsrbsq. Keyr. Melvlll. Nowport,
Down & Heynolda [ 343 1. ' Bo. 6urveym. 1828-7 ( 148 ).
SCALE for CheBEECAS and WUSSAS
Scale oiFeet
I
R e d u d by one-third from map. -la 8 inch- to a mile. preprnl
fmm ezphmtal survey carried out in 1812 under Monier W~llinrn~
w l the hllwtor of I l nwh 1 11, 188 n.4 1.
The rsvmw mmreya of ( ; uj dt , 1816 to 1828. followed thin pattern
[ 1'w-71 I.
~ o t i c e d .
Village plans 6 inohes to 1 mile but where waste was exteneive rcale was reduced
to 24 inchee to n mile.
No nleasurernent is l u~ow~r ever to lruve been made before of this country. ... The tul-
btees' recordrr were wholly ul~worthy of notice ; spaces set down by them a t 26 beegab have
been found more than 300. ... The want of any information or correot knowledge ... relative to
the genernl conditron, extent of crlltivation, or even the situation, of the villages not imme-
diately contiguous to tlre kuebaq, wfla remarkable1.
Survey was closeci down in 1827, tliougll Clvikshank was occupied with maps and
reports up to 18292.
I t was found too expensive to be carried further, though
Elphinstone noted a t the time that.
the mnn~pel~lent of the mrrveyfi does not appear to me so injudicious. ... The Cueerat
survey, tlro' it haa c118t too I I I I I C~, IS 11ot. devoid of practicnl utilrty, and afforde much intereating
mfometion. ... [ and LR ] now red11c~I to a very moderate annual chargd.
'rowar& the close of the JiarBtlia war in 1818 Elphinstone pressed t,lie import-
ance of land measurement as a basis for the assess~nent of revenue, and proposed that,
in the area hken 01-er from the Peshwa. measu~.ernent should be cnrricd out under
tile direction of the collectors b ~ . ~iative agency wit11 European supervision4. The
Irnperictl Ctazetteer describes lion.
Revenlcr, or eadaefrol, arcrvrya url~iertnk~~n as rr basis for land assessment date from the reign
of Akbar, k~ wlrose time ox-or 7 llrillio~r wres ifr Giijarat were n188sured in connection with
the re\,errrre systeln of 'I'dn.r >la1 [ I . 134 ; II[, 170 1. In the time of Shall Jahan t.his survey
ww extandecl to the 1)occan. 'I'he first for wl~iclr recor(ls are available ia t hat irlrdertaken by
the Bijapur Sulturr~ at the end of the 16th contury. 'l'llis survey formed the bcrsis of the
revenue asseasmunts till 1817, though the original ~neasuremente were partially revised by Sivnji
aq the coulltry passod under the sway of the alahratlltls.
The most successful of the early British surveys was that of SBGra started by
Challen in 1820 [ 6-7,125-6 1, atld carried on by Adarns6 ;
When Grant Drlffa [ ill 1818 ] nssume~l the Eovernrnent of tho distrirtR which were t o form
the firt.llru kingdom of Satara, everything was ill disorder.
Hem, ne in aln~ost every other portion of the Peishwa's dominions, the neoessity of a system-
etio survey wcw early appitrent, arrd survey operatiom were commenced almost 8s soon as the
... tranquility of the country was sccurod. ... I n almont every other district of our acquisitions
from the blahrattas t,lrose early mrveys have prov ed... worse than useless.
I11 Satara alone, t.he Rurvey ronrlurted bv Captain Ad a m ... under the inatructions of Grant
DUE in still the standartl authority. ... He ma- that almost the only pressing want which a
survey colrld nt that period eupply waq the deficiency. or incompleteness, of records of m-re-
rnent. ... Houndnriw of villngm nnd fiolde were ascertnined and marked-the superficial extent
of lends, especially those wlric:h cluirnctl t o be rent-free, wan measured-and of all these parti-
culars careful entl intelligibln rer.ords were preserved. ...
An a l ~pwl to "Adam S.uhib78 survey" or "Grnnt Sahib's settlements" is, to this day
[ 1876 1, an end of all strife on any point t o which they relate7.
Grant Duff handed the SBtZra territorie~ over to the %ja in 1822, but Adam8
st'aged on RR surveyor till his death in 1829.
Efforts to start similar eurveys were made bv 1Yillian1 Cllaplin. Collector of
Dhkrwir in 1819, and his successor, St. John Thtwkeray,8 who
inatitubd a detailed field slrrvey on the model of that introduced into tho Ceded Districb
by Sir Thomas Ahulro [ 11, 180-2 1. This survey w n ~ commenced in a single dietrict under
the inepection of Mr. Thackeray hirmelf. ... but his multifarious duties did not allow the
mpmieion ... which experience has now proved essential to the successful execution of a e-J
by mwna of nntive ngencyo.
'Report by Melvill. Jan. 1827 ; Bo HC. 1827.
'ih. pol. 370/1831 ; report by Rinoipl Colleowr.
Ahmadtibid. 11-a31 . hln
I 0 Cut. ( 430 ) ; amonyet 1839 reaorcis. Alphabetical Liat of Vilbgss. Quj&L
Dh. 278. a Bo ail. cE, aDDn. 114 ( 114 ). 6-12-18.
&MRIO. 122 ( 2 ). 124 ( 29). @Jma
Cuanhrgham Grant-Duff ( 1780-1868 ) Bo. Inf. DNB. DIB. ret. ss Cspt. 1827.
'Orant-DUB ( 225-7 ) ;
cf. C a h b Rre.. 1838.
OSon of Wm. Makopence Thackeray ( 1749-1813 ). BCS.. whoae si.tsr m. J.rna
Reonell [ I. 373 1 ; uncle of tlre novelist : murdemd by ianurgenta st Kittur. 16 m. ra. of Dhl rrb, za-lwm.
" kport by Wingate. 20-10-44 ; Ho RS. XII. 1-8-53 ( 9 ).
Chaplin pushed on his schemes for regular surveys after becoming Commissioner
in the Deocan. He describes the usual trouble over units of meamre [163-4,170 ] ;
Of lend mneasuree in use there is the greatest diversity. Former meaeuremen ta... meem
ueuelly to heve been made with a rod ... of fi\-e cubits end five clenched fists ( equal t o about
B British feet ), one mquere rod making a pole ; 20 poles one pauntl ; 20 paunds one beep, and
180 beeps one chawur. At present, however, there ia the widest diffcrerlce in the size of the
beegeh, the term no longer conveying any adequate notion of the extent of land contained in
it. According to the ebove meaeurement it may be comput,ed at about 1'8 of an ncre. ...
A survey must elwaye be the groundwork of a proper ryot.war settla~nent. IVithout it,
the ryota ere ul a manner abandoned to the discretion of the village and district officers, e
dieeretion which we know is always abused1.
Except for Satara the wsessment based on these early surveys iollowed too
closely the high rates exacted by t.he MarBthaa, and ga.ve little encouragement to
the extension of cultivat.ion. In 1826, as a of Chaplin's efforts, Robert
Pringlea was appointed Superintendent of Survey and Assessment in the Deccan, and
after his first reports was deputed in February 1827 to " t,he survey nnd assessment
of the collectorates of Poona and Ahmednuggur. including the t1istrict.n con~prised
in the late collectorship of Sholapoor " =.
Pringle followetl a Ye?noran,duvn of R ~ ~ l c s proposed for a Revenue Sur v ~y and
Asse.~sinent of the Deccan, 1826, based largely on Hiinro's rules for the Ceded
Districts4 [ 11, 182 1, from which the following extract,^ are t.aken ;
The most correct method of land surveying is with t.he cross ( eunkoo ), the use of which
ia moon learnt by native surveyors. ...
The Surveyor is to be furnished with e standard yard meaeure of wood, by which he will,
every fourth day, compere the measuring chain, which, if found to be extended by use or by
the links being broken, must be rectified as occaaion may require. ...
The following are the points of inquiry to which the surveyor's attention is to he directed.
To wcertain what lmds, said to be enema, are recent unauthoriaed ulienations, or what may be
properly escheets to Government from failure of heirs, and what Government lands mny
be concealed and kept back from the aocounts. All such concealed resources, being fully
developed and included in the jummabundy [I, 135 1, will entitle the surveyor t o one helf of
t he fimt year's revenue that may eccure from them. with e reservation ... of one-fo~~rt h of thet
moiety ... to the informers. ...
Ae the pay of the surveyor is t o depend in some degree upon the qnantity of work done, ...
m e of them, in the hope of gain, may perform the duty in a slovenly manner, by neglecting
to take the measurement of the angles requisite to enable them to find the contents of fields.
The examine m. . . will ... correct these inaccuracies, and, on detection, the surveyor to whorn the
blame mey attach will be liable t,o ...p unishment. ...
The mrveyor appointed to meeaure particular villages must not be allowed, a t his own
discretion, t o undertake the meesurement of other villagm in which he may t hkk that the
dut y may be executed with lms labour and more profit t o himself. ... Any deviation from
this rule will be punished by fine. ...
Sweyor s ere. ..forbidden to beat or confine the inhabitants on any account whetever.
Pringle had no European professional assistance, and, as his results did not
&and up to rigorous investigation, a regular survey by Indian measurers under close
European ~uperviaion was organized by George Wingates in 1837.
The statistical survey of the Southern Konkan made by Jervis [ 126-7 1, though
of considerable value for revenue purposes, did not include the measurement of
land other than for general topographical mapping. I n a publhhed account of
the eyetems of revenue collection and land tenure, Jervis desoribee "the indigenous
unite of memure" ;
'Report on Fucal d, Jvdicial syrlcm ... in Ihc Dskhun, by Chaplin, 1824 ( 34, 180 ). 'Robert Keith
Ringla ( 1.5U%97 ) ; Bo a . 182040. 'Bo RC. vol. 2811027 ; 3-2-27. Bo RE. ( R33 ). h a i r George
Wing.ts ( 1812-78 ) ; Bo Engm. ; KCBI.
The extent of land wae estimated firet by the oxen. or plooghu neceesery t o plough it :
then by the quantity of seed requieita t o sow it, then by the eatimeta of ita contents ; lestly
by actual rude mewurement with a rope, or eventuelly by the mom correct nwl auwepl.
In February 1826 William Dowell was deputed to make a revenue uurvey under
the collector of Ratnagiris ;
The object of thie survoy wee t o meaaure, classify, and ~seese, the lands of the taluke.
using the ancient meaaurea of lend, clnases of soil, antl beghaonw rates of grain; to d e h e
boundaries of fields and villages, and record the names of the proprietors, tenante, etc., and
to settle boundary dkputes when practicable. Ancient cuet om were t o be respected, and no
interference msde with the righta of the people or the tenures under which their lends were
held.
A censue of the populat,ion was likewim taken.
The mrvey wes completed in the month of May 1829, since which period Captain Dowell
has been engaged in arranging the materials collected by him, and in proparing varioue
papera. ... Latterly he has devoted hie attontion t o the proparetion of tables adjueting t he
amount ... due t,o Government ... by each indivirlllal. ...
Though the information collec M... will ... be veq- useful ...as evidence of the resources of
the taluka, ... it would be umafe and impolitio to int,roduce t,he rates fired by it in lieu of t he
present system by which part of the collection are received in kind, and part in money. ...
No sufficient rewon exist8 ot present for distr~rbillg R s pt em of high autiquity, and one which
the former Government supported, antl to which we have adhered.
The principle of t l ~i a survey has been to comolid8te all the different taxea paid by t h e
people into one general asaesarnent t o be imposed direct on the land. This would apparently
simplify the system ; it would, however, rabe rents in aome cases. ~ n r l reduce them in othera,
and suzh at,ternptn at equalization are alwaya ~mpopolar. ...
Cnptnin Dowell. ... when not occupier1 by his own particlllar llutim, ... has cheerfully
misted tho Collector in variouu way* connectccl with tlre mnnagement of the district, with
all the detaile, of which he ia intimately ronvema~lt. He wae lately deputed into the telookae
to inspect the crops, and the fidl information which Ire ha9 collected ... hna been of grmt value ...
in ascertaining the merit,^ of the cl ai m to remissions. ...
h... gre8t care shonld be token of the valoable documelrts depoaiki in tire cutcllerry
relative t o the survey, I have placed on the new establishment proposed for this dietrict. ..
two of the carcoonq [ 393 ] t hat hnve served under Captain Dowell, who recommends them
on account of their intelligence and experienrea.
I n 1836 a later Collector of Ratnagiri found Dowell's survey "of no public uti-
lity; no reference has ever been made to the papers", neither wns the work of the
revenue surveyors in GujiirBt appreciated by district officers in general [ 171 1. The
following comments were made by the Pi-incipal Collector of AhmadBbBd ;
The chief benefit derived from the survey records consists in the information. ..of the
extent and capability of the soil, the population, wells, and state of cultivnt~on in earh village
at the time of the survey. ...
I am not aware of any great assistance being afforded by the survey in making the assess-
ments, there being only two modes of assessments in this zillah, the begoteo, and blegderey ;
the rates of these two are permanently fixed, and do not fluctuate yearly.
With regard to ... the right t o exemption from revenue on lands held by ind~viduels, no
information is t o bo gainer1 from the survey. There is... a register ... of such Iande, but no
investigation or somtiny was mnde by the survey ofice -...to determine whether the claime to
exemption were well founded. ... No information ... collected by the survey on poinb interfer-
ing with individual righta could be admitted as evidence in any Court of Justice'.
The Judicial department held similar views ;
.
Both the Judge and Collector of Ahmedabad report t hat the survey has not furniehed
any facility in...j udicial b~~si nesi , nor do they consider it adapted for such a purpose.
A
former Judge ... thinks differently, for, while. ..it was of no uee a t ... Surat, he remarked t hat io
hie time a t Ahmedabad he derived great assistance from its recorcls in land and boundmy suita.
The Judge end Collector a t surat concur in representing the euwey aa having been nearly
1 Bo Qeu Soc., Me 1840 ( 68-9 ). * Bo GO. 13-2-20. * fmm Rev. &mar. 4-1-33 ; Bo RC. oamp,
117/1833 ( 1-6 ). ~B~Hc.. esmp 370/1831 ( 16-9 -8). 1-10-31.
-1- for judioid purpoees ; t he latter think it may, however. have prevented litigation by
bringing subjeota of diepute t o a fair k u e . ...
The aub-aollector a t Baromhe appeers to have made a p a t d-1 of u e r , ol $he s u my
reeMds in dispute8 oonaerning alienated Ian&, to no purpoee, since he describes hk references
to them ee only determining the settlements marle by the su~rvey, not aa furni~hing grounds
for determining their comt ness.
The Jr~dge and Collector a t Poone report that the Burvey h a hitherto furniehed no judichl
information. ... The grounda on whic*h its settlements are made cannot be depen~ied on
authentic, and the native revenuo olRcers seem to be actuated by a similar opinion. ...
The remaining zillru, of Al~rnedneggur, Konkuns and Dherwar, have not been surveyed
to a anfficient extent to furni ~h materials for conelu~iona ; ... tlie authorities a t thare p l m ,
however. d l concur in mpreaenting the survey as totally uselem for judicial purposes. ...
The Jr~dgee of the Sudur Dewanee Udalat think that such all undertaking must always be
unavailing to a court of law from the radical defect arising from the want of an antagonist
interested in the same manner na a party would be who prosocut4 or defended a claim in
wurt. The aurvey officere cou:d never dopeqd on. having heard both eirles of a querrtion,
because their enquiries nre not made on the partic111.w occasions when the parties c:onaerned
have my rewon for h i r i n g inveetigation ; nor indeed could those officera ascertain whether
t he parties concerned had been really con~olted a t alil.
It is obvious that the great mistake of ell these early revenue surveys was esking
anything more from the surveyors than their profeaiional work of making accurate
messurementa of the land. Glessification of aoiln. and determination of bo~~nderiee
are matters for civil administrative o5cers.
'Sudur Deaanea Udnlst. 30-11-31 : R u RC.. ramp. 370/1881 ( 214 ).
CHAPTER XI11
Hi n d u y n Districtrr, 1816'-22 - Benqal Sarvep, 1816-23 - Burma War ; North-
Em1 Frontier & .4rakan, 1825-7 - B u m , 182.5-8; - Bengnl, 1823-30 ; Proposed
Aalronomicul Suwey - Surveyor Qrneml'a Obseruatorp - Pie& Surveye ; - Madraa
- Colaba Obaervator;/.
B
ENGAL RurveyorH were still dependent on a~tronomioal observations for geogra-
phict~l posiii(~t~, thongh left as a rule to provide their own itlstruments. Many of
them acql~iretl a high degree of skill, Illore particularly Hodgson, Webb,
(;erard, ant1 C4rant. arltl with the improven~ent of instruments and astronomical
tables1 Renhen Burrow's val~ies of 1887-9 wero gradr~ally eupersrded [ I, 163-4 1.
Tile \\-ark of Hodgson and Herbert in the rliountai~ln forms a story of its own,
because tlle high l~opes t,hat were set on its accuracy were frustrated i)y abnormal
deflections of the plunlbline that were ontirely nr~suspected [ 34.45 1. Hoclgson had
made froquent astronolnical tixings in tho upper (loCb and on the SepBl frontier
between 1813 and 1815, ant1 when he startetl his suney of GarhwR1 and Sirmfir in
1816 he sought t o base his trimgnlntion on the difference of observed latitudes,
rather than on cha,in measurement across rough and broken ground [ 30 1.
It appeared t o hirn that the great a~~periority of rnoclern inrrtn~ments, allo~ring of con-
siderable accuracy ill tho tlebnninnt,ion of latitude, riffonled ruoans almoat as unexceptionable,
for geographical purposw, as the ~nessurement of e base-line. He thought that, by choosing
two Rtatione eufficiontly ~liatfint,. and cleterminu~g carefully ... the Iatitudeu. ... their distance
might be found eufficiently near the truth from tllo known value of the degree of letitude.
... From thia line conuiderecl ns a bwe, he inten~letl determining others by means of e trinn-
gulation. which was hlally to talco in the limits of the snowy chaina.
The first station was a t Belleville, Saharanpur [ 38 n.7 1,
the houseof Mr. Grindalp, the jtulge and magistrate. ... -a large and conrrpiououa white buildmg
in an open situation. Tho second, or northern, station ia a very remarkable and lofty mountain
called the Chur [ 11, pl. I 0 ; 111.30 ; pl. 5 1. ... upwards of 11.000 feet above ... Seharanpur. ... The
station mark on tho Chllr is n pymmid ... of pine t . m, roclc, and turf, 35 feet high, ... viaible
fmm Relville with the instruments I intended ring. ...
The distance of these &tations is upwardn or 61 milw, ... suflicier~tly long t o nerve 88 a base
for the nw)st distant snowy p e ~ ~ k s visible, ... ant1 I hnpecl that, hg taking a great number of
zenith dimtallces t ~ t each ~~Iacm, 1 should bo able, mit,h a reflectilrg circle. t o determine the
difference of lotitlvle within 2 or 3 seconcls, which, relatively to the grmt lengtll of the arc
( upwards of 53 mit111tm ), could only nccasion e small uncertainty UI the distance'.
He made repeated observations for lat,itude on Singora nnd C'ha.ur peaks between
February and April 1XI6, and ~ f t e r an exploratory tour t , hro~~gh Sablthu. Simla,
and the Sntlej valley, ret.urned to repent his observations on t,he Chaw in stormy
weather in October [ 31-2 1. Making a tour t,hrough the plains during the cold
weather and nleet.ing with Webb [32,46 1, he returned in the spring t o visit the
sources of the Jumna and Ganges. He ~~~ppl e n~e nt e d his triangles by frequent rags
to snow peaks and ast,rononlical fixings. observing Jupiter's satellites,
not with a view t o correct the survey by tlledifferencas of longitude they give. as I ran b o w
the difference more correctly by other moans. hot to try how the differences ... ere t o be
but the Greenwioh Tnblos for 1821 l~nd nearly 300 errors. -4s J . XI S ( la!?. 885 ).
'HerbsrC's
Journal, DDo. 188 ; M 388. 8Rivem Frsnoin GrindaU ( 1788-1831 ) ; BCS. 1802 ; m.. Yshlrnn w. 168-18,
Jane Munn : magta. S n h h n p &om Jan. 1818 ; BelviUe shown on map, MRIO. 10 ( 18 ) [ vo f II, pL 10 1.
'Hdgaon ; AD R. XIV. 1822 ( 187 ).
depended on when, for went of more oertain data, I may be obliged to oeU in their mistance.
He wlle not happy ahout his latitudes, for
revera1 of the meridian eltitildes of the sun & stars gave results differing from the mean far
more than I could wish. & ruuch more than they rlo in t l ~e plain*, but the inconveniences of
on these stormy peaks in great., & induces discrepancies. & it iu not impossible that
refraction is variable'.
He was joined by Herbert in Zlay 1817 133 ] and nfter spending the rains at
Sahkranpur, they resumed observations in October, Hodgso~l a t Sahsranpur, and
Herbert a t the Chaur.
T l l ~ longitudes agreed well. and were confirmed by
corresponding observations of Jupiter'* satellites fro111 tlie Uadrlrr Observatory [ 177. 1871.
1
glad to find that they fire sstisfactory.
I hove ... eclipses taken at Seharanpoor, which ... will
f a h e r assist in h i n g thnt impdrtant station end first nieridit~n. from which I will cnlculate
the differences of longitude of all the wow peaks observed fro111 it and Choor station'.
Herbert's latitudes were disappointing ; " for nice purposes ", writes Hodgson,
'' a s e xt ~nt is of little or no use ".
His instrument wae n sextant. & though he is an oxpert observer ... the mean of his letitudw
ie 6' di hr ent from the rasults by tlle circle. ... [ He J har now the ssnle circle which I Ilad. & I
have another; one or both of uy will shortly visit the Clloor & tlotermine hia latitude definitely.
The three angles of the grent triangle. Snl~nranpour-Chour-Uheiruut will bo ob~crved'.
Herbert took the letitude at the third grent station, Bernt4, during April, and
after further a.ttempts Hodgsorl had to confess that
the ho pea... of obtaining soruo very accurate und close rarulta for latitude with the lnrge circle
were quite disappointed, nnd to what cause t l ~o very a t r a v e diucrepwiciea ... be owing ... I am at
a loss to determine. Tho adjustments were so ~lrtrfect that it wrr4 imposeibleanythino could be
better. The only possible cause to which they onn be attributed is the fault of the observer,
yet I took every pains. On %ding I could do nothing wit11 this indtrument, I again resorted
to the reflecting circle. ... The ol~servations taken ...[ were ] tolerably good, and more consistent
with each other than any equnl number of observations I have yet made.
Mean result in 16 psim nf ?rtnm I I I I opl~osite faces & opposite sidos of the zenith ; the extreme
differences 15".7, and the greatest ~lifference fro111 the Inean W.4. ... Latitude of the Chour
30' 50' 17*.84, the result of 38 sets of observations on both silles of the zeniths.
In his final review Hodgson adnlits failure,
though I had much larger and more perfect instruments than have hitherto been used in the
mountains, or in any survey on this eide of India ; and both of us had much practiceea observers.
When I had leee experience. I waa more confident as to the accuraoy which ... might be
obtained from celestial observntions, but now, far from being satisfied with surprisingly olose
reeulta, I...consider them the effects of chance.
It baa bean said ... that when experienced observers, after taking all the ...p recautions in their
power. finrl themselves embarrassed by discrepancies for which they cannot account, they
are on the point of making some important discovery ; a t any rate, though they may not be eo
fortunate, they may, by making n fair disclosure, enable others ... t o do so [t-psge].
The mean of Lieut. Herbert's ohsorvatione and mine varied at the Chor only 4'. which
in lees than could be expected. ... To prove whether the difference of latitude of our large
arc. Belville and the Cliur, was certainly determined, I ~stablished a third ... station on the
fort of Bairat, the three placea making a well-proportioned triangle. ... There, a great number
of observations were made by Lieut. Herbert and mysclf a t different times, ... with the same
reflecting circle, but the mean of our ober\.ations dxered 7 seconds.
At all tbe three stations, the angles and azimuths were carefully observed, yet we had
the mortification to find that the latitude of Bairat, ILE deduced by strict calculation on the
Latitude and azimuth arc, did not agree with the mean latitude actually observed ...w it
ought to have done, hut diflered from it ten seconds. H I L ~ it differed only three or four
aeconrls. we should have been content. ...
Much chagrined a t the disagreement, we were a t a loss whet s t e p to take ; whether to
wmider the latitude of Belville ss satisfactorily settled, and that of the other two stations
M emneoua, or to divide the error equally between the three. Still suspecting t hat eome
oversight had taken plece, though none seemed palpable, we determined to try a second
p o f station ; ... the mountain of Surkunda8 wee fired on. ... There, latitudes, engles, and
l J o~ms l ; MRIO. M38O; 11-3-17 ; 27-3-17.
StoSG., DDn. 167 ( 17 ), Feb. 1018. @ Jonrnsl. MRIO.
u WBO. Jm. 1818. '7,408 ft.. ) m. N. of Barat Khei peas. 63 FII4. 'Journal ; MRIO. Y 382 ; J11ns 1810;
Tma vdw, mtr. XI0 MY 13*.O; trig. 306W 4V.Q. '9,076ft. ; 18 m. E. ofYuosoorie [j7]:
8simuthr rcru obsorvotl. and ngnh tho obaerved and comput d latitutlea differed to the
mount of ~11111o~econds. ... tl~ecnrnputed nrc l~roving groater than the obeerverl. Obeervationa
on tile JI'nrtu mountain gnve diffcrnlres in a contrary sense.
ThuR perplexncl. !ve rlesplaired I I ~ arriving a t tho accuracy we aimed at. ... and rssolved.
laoat, whnt t,in~e it rnipl~t. to try nnrl clear tho difficulty by rrleesuring a bum1.
~Iac.kenzic: Ilud the observ;rt.ionu sent, down t o hl adra~ for check ;
A c.orol~let,ic~n of tllrir nurveya of t,l~trt interesting tract ie arl object ofsome i ~~t Bmt . for...the
B , . ~ Of .qc.iuntilio TI ~ CLI I I ~ H turnrll to t,lle Thibet mol~ntains by late publicati~~ns [ 46 1. ...
Captoin 1Iodpon'q ... s i r l u~es hes in ftict permitted little to be done theso 14 montt~s, a t lenst
in detrlils of n peotlesicrcl nature. Severel positions havo been obsorvetl. ... and...tho observntionr
for one plncr, repeated he>-nncl 1111 c.nrllmori tleaesaity ; no (loubt they will bo ticcrlrute.
'rlloso of ... tlle forlrtc\r j-t-tir aoru...ner~t to the obser\.ntory at hlnclran for ... being checked by
comnspondiny! obsorv~rtio~~s, rl~rrl [wrrt-] r e t r ~md with satisfactory notices by Air. Goldingharn.
Tilie metllod, wllicll had been practised by the late Colonel Colebrooke, Dr. Hunter, etc. [LI.
190-1 1, I would still recommenda.
Hodgson's health became so bad thnt he withdrew from the survey, and left
Herbert to carry on alone [35 1. His observations a t Siirkanda confirmed Horbert
in his decision that a (tlistance derived from astronomical observations of latitude
coultl provide no satisfaoto-y foundation for the survey. Working "with difftirent
instruments and a t two different periods", he and Hodgson could not get away
from it discrepancy of ten seoonds in each of their great triangles. The only thing
to do now was to measure a base on the ground [ 37 13.
I t is strange that Hodgson, with all hi8 studious reading, had no uuspicion, even
80 late ns 1820, of thc possible effect of local attraction, a subject that was familiar
to both Lambton [ 11, 194, zGr ] and Everest [ M ] and it was indeed unfortunate
that he should have tried this expelhnent in a region where the most extraordinary
anomalies prevail.
The irregular and abnornial deflections in this region brought to light by t he
Great Trigonometrical Survey were discussed at length by Sir Sidney Burrard in
1901 and investigated in the closest detail4. The main facts that defeated Hodgson
are that whilst there is a northerly deflect,ion of the plumbline of 16" at SahBranpur,
this is no less than 36" at the Chaur and 39" a t Bharat. Such discordances give
errors up to a third of a mile in computed horizontal distance, and rendered all
Hodgson's care and labour of no avail whatevor [ 3 5 7 1.
Iierbert measured his base-line in the Dfin early in 1819, and adjusted tile whole
triangulation to it. Geographical position was determined from the observed
latitude and longitude of Sahiiranpur and the azirnuth of the Chaur;
The basis of all these results ie the latitude of Belleville, taken a t 29' 67' 10'. ... by a
mean of upwards of 100 observationss. ... The observetione of longitude ... coluiet of 26 emeraions
of Jupiter's fimt eatellite. ... The r d t e are all referred to the meridim of the Choor, t he
mean longitude of which oomw out 77' 28' 30'" [ pl. 5 1.
Webb also based his survey of ICumaun on astronomical latitudes, though he
realized that these were not entirely satisfactory, and the acouracy of his survey w~
condemned by Everest on this account [ 44-5 1. For longitude he adopted
that of Polwbheet by Mr. R. Burrow, though I am fully awere that the soouracy of t hat
position is very doubtful [ I , 160-3 I. I ought to have p ~ e ~ e d the whole of his poeitione,
but, before I was aware of the consequence, I had ineerted Kaaheepoor from my o m compute.
tion, which doee not give the seme difference of longitude between t hat piece and Peleebhee&
u Mr. Burrow's observation. ... Any part. or the whole, of this rketah mey be t r a d e d to
JOUr map by rimply oomcting the longitude of Peleebheet and every other rneridianT.
Distrusting the accuraoy of chain end perambulator me ~ur e me nh in the bib,
Hodgeon devised e method of surveying the major rivers by meens of chr onomeh
and observations for time ;
' Aa R. Xn-, lWS2 ( 188 ). DDn. 154 ( 21 ).12-9-1H.
*Journsl: Dh. 137. M 329, )0-10-18.
'hf Popu 6. 8 true va111n : Ant?. 2Y0 57' 08..6 : Trig. 9 11.1' W . 6 .
*ROO d u e 7.1' 28' M..
*(b
AQ. 4-3-10, DDn. 160 ( OR ).
In e mountainoue country we must ... clepend on chrrtnometers for the difference of longitude
by ... traasferring time when the couraea happel1 to be ( ne for the upper parta of the greet
rivers within the Himalaya ) not far from e e ~ t and weat. In the deep beds of those riven
4 orchary means. ..fail when the latitudes are nearly the same, and the windings ... among
preoipiow and deAlw ia so great. ... 111certain situations we oan svuil ourselveuof t l ~o ~ i a t a n o e
of the greet snowy peeks to fix our position, and, when we cannot, we mu& truat altogether
to letitudea and t mf er ence of time by the means of yevorol cllrunon~eter~'.
He published in Asintic Researches u long liat of the latitudes and longitudes
he had fixed, not only during his survey in the hills. hut also on various surveye in
the &S!J end elsewhere. and on his river journeys to and from C'alcutta~ [ IT. 193-4 1.
The great disadvantage of control by astronomical fixings was t hat each eurveyor
worked independently of his neighbour. Gerard, for instance, was eurveying
sahtiranpur and the Diin for the Revenue Commissioners [ 22-3, 157 1, and taking
observations all through 1817 without any co-operation with Hodgson [ 43 1. By the
means of 7 observations, all within 2OW, he makes the latitude of Mwrut 28" 59' 12",
end from 30 observationa of the sun he maltes the latitude of Dehra 30' 19' 2"'.
He writes regarding his map of the Di n [pl. 31 ;
Boudrajh. Byrath, Chandee and Nalapanee, being peake one or more of which were elmoet
always visible, I wee very particular in ascertaining their positions. The latitude of Bhyreth
wee determined by 267, Bhudrajh by 229, Chandee by 59, and Nalapance by 67 rircum-meri.
dian alt.itudes of the s l u~ nnd stars, and, FM the obeervationv we1.o north arrd sont,h of the zenith,
I think the above placos can scarcely he 5 seconds wrong.
The lntitudea of the places of encampment ( with the exception of 9 which could not be
observed by roason of clouds ) wore fixed t'rorn I, to 10. 11ntl sornetirnes by 30 or 40, observations
of the sun and stars. ...
I have every reason to believe that the differonces of longitu~lss are aa correct aa the leti-
tudes. Keara Sorone, and Smkoth are the only places where the difference of longitude waa
ascertau~ed by chronometer. The rest were worked by trigonometry from the b~arirlgs of
Bhyrath, Bhudrajh, Chandee and Nalapanee. ...
By obeen~ations of Jupiter's 1st and 2nd sntellit~q the longiturle of Bhudrajh comes out
78" 0' 30'P. I have however not drawn the meridian lines, aa I have got two occultations of
stars by the moon and two solar eclipses which, when compared with the Greenwich obsewa-
tionfl will give the longitude more correct than Jupiter's satellites6.
Peter Grant took his astronomy very seriously and read all the 1,ooks he could
find on the subject. The field books of his surveys of the lower d d and Goralrhpur
are full of long technical discussions [ 20-2 1 ;
The latitud -...were in most placea deduced ... from meridian altitudes. The instrument
;..wee e aextant made by Troughton of 16 inches radius, and of ndmuablo construction. ...
I n the hot weather. ... when the thermometer ranges 96" in the shade. it ia astonishing
.how rapidly the error increeeee and diminishes. I have observed the error of a sextant vary
Irom 1' to 6' and 7' in the course of 10 minutes, when exposed to the sun. ... Observations of
ntam are in overy way preferable. ...
The longitudes are inferred from the meridian of Azimpirh, which is considered t o be
83' 10'" . My large telescope did not reach me till the middle of September, long after the
oppoeition of Jupiter, consequently I had few opportunities of observing the eclipaes of Jupiter'r
satellites. ... There are also 18 lunar observation, of which 5 only have been calculated. The
altitude of the sun and moon were observed alternately. ...
The latitude of Azimgurh wee deduced from a mean of 65 observations. 12 of which were
of stars only, and made with Gilbert's sextant. These gave a mean of 26" 3' 16". The remain-
ing observations were made with Troughton'e sextant, and consisted of meridian altitudes
a f the nun, altitudes of the pole star and of Fomalheut, end equal altitudes of the sun. A
mean of these gave 20' 3' 24'. This is the latitude of the collector's Kutaherry. ... In Arror-
mnith's map. ... and I believe in Rennell's maps, it is laid down 20" 6".
'DDn. 152 ( 38 ). 1-3-18. ' Aa R. XIV. 1822 ( 153-79 ). 8 Both vsluea feu within present Limits
b l the stetiom. 'true value. 77' 67' W.07. ' DDn. 212 ( I5 ). 26-11-18. a truo value 83' 12'. 'ib.
28' 6'.
'l%e 11,ngitude of Ooruakpoor, aoconling to Mr. Arrowmith' e map of 18'20, is about 83.
7'. ... Capbin Webb's mcrvey [ IT, 34 ]...makes it 82' la', ... a differenoe of 80 minlitaa. ...
Major Rervlell made it 83" 45'.
I n Mr. Arro-ith's map of 1804 it iR 83" 22'. It may ... be
to be 88' 16". ... This perl~nps is not far from t h ~ t.n~tli. nntl it ie hoped t hat a pm-
"ent rn~itlence in thie clktrict will afforci the tiieans of determining the point. ...
TIla latitude of the ltmitlency &t Lrccknuw deduced frorn tlcu durvey, which cormsl~onda
electly with that frorn obwrvatiun, is 28" 61' 27'. and t h ~ I~~clgitiiile 80" 55'. but I havu good
-om for doubting its acouraoy. ...
There were several occ~iltatione of h a r e d s hl u observed. some ol' tl~eln not n~entioned in
the Nautirltl r\lrn~~nmc.
I llnve clot ...j uat now the nalnea of sonlo of tho stars, not having
br ou~l l t al , , n~ with me I I I ~ t.+.l,rut.inl globe, which I regmt much. for I think i t ia among t he
most uwful instrume11ta that IL durveyor cnn pOrwW8. ...
Ol1 tllR lwr~ka of the Toonse River.
' rhe course of tlrie rivur lrcra trot been accurately laid
dowll. ... JIr. Ilurrow, wl11, iwnurkrr thtrL hia obaervutiona of latitude cannot err 6'. etatee
the conflux of t.lle TOIII~HO wit11 t.1i1) Gat~gcm to be in 111tit11~le 25' 16' 16" and longitude 82'.
Arrowsmith tntrkes its Int. 23' 42'. lo11g. 84' 10'. [t is difficult to account for eo great e
difference.
Mr. Burrow ww 11gooci ~nuthornut,ici~tn, and 1111 excrllerrt observer. His latitude8
owht to be doperic1e1-l upon, bctt t.11~ aAlne clbrlr~ot be said of hid Iollgitu~los [ 24 1.
Grant we* 1111drily uxerci sd, ul t l Wns ge11tly c01~ected by MR . ~ ~ C I I Z ~ C :
If you extencl your inspection to Arrt~wsmit,h's mnp, you will h ~ d Mr. Burrow's & Col.
Colal,rooke'a po~ition uf the Toorlao ci~rroclly 111icI clown t ~ s I L river r ~ i n t ~ h ~ g from Bundelcund
into the UHI WO~ somewl~trt below Allnlmbncl. Your Tonse quite a difforent river'.
As t he nurvey progessed, Grant was able to improve on Ilia results
by using the Fr el ~cl ~ tables containe~l in the wor h of Puianent$iot, etc. [ 183 la, and a h by
wing an 18.inoh rwtronomic~il cirrlf.. A swond edition of the nlap will therefore partake of
th- improvemenkq. ... hi! apl>roncl~ing jotimey to Furruckebmd via Cnwnpoor. etc.. will
enahle me to devote the wtronorniccil t-irc:lc to t l ~o uncjf~rl purposes of geography.
I n his survey of t he Bundarbl t ~~s, Hugh Morrie~on derived hie lol~gitudes by
chronometer and observation8 for time. He w-a~ troubled by llr~midity and
never e r ~c c d e d in getting all obsowntionc~f Jupiter's satellitas,althongl~ repeatedly attempted.
The dew f nl l ~ so very quick t,hflt the object g l w of the teletcope ia constantly covered with
the wet,, an11 in wiping off thia t.lm motion c.ommunicated t o the inatmnent hea. ..rendered t he
observatio~m very tloubtful. The ohronorrrt:ters. ..have given the longitude [ of Jwsore ] 664
~d li7 mil08 R M ~ of Calci~tta. and thin HKMPS pretty well with the eurvey4.
On Ilia joilnley 1111 t he Cknges in Xorernbrr 1815 Rodgnon suggested t.hat
clmnonletriral measures innv ltlso bo rompnrml ... hy rlifferences of longitude taken by t he
Br i g of g~mpowtler. The fll~qh of half a pountl of gunpowder fired nt the hill home a t Pir
Pahnr near Mongliir would h Heen a t Janghira ~ I I L . ~ , from which a Baa11 would be seen a t Pattm
Qhl l n. below BAagalpr. an11 thence at f i r Pninli ; or Sieri Qalli, or probably Rajma16.
He ncvrr appears t o Imve tried this llimself though Ile r~rged ot,her slirveyors t o do 80
[go. 182-3 1. On thin j oun~cy he toolr a co~~t i n~cous series of t~arometrical obser-
vations for height [ zoq 1, as well as latitude rind occawionsl longitr~tle ohsen~ntions,
oompared his positions with Itrnnell' s Ben,gnl Atlas, A~~rowsmith' s ntap, ant1 Burrow's
obeervations. He records a t Allahkbiid ;
Noon.
At the bathing plaoe, confluence of the Gang- and Jumna. The barometrical
obeervation lincertnin by reason of tlie motion of the pinnace, forcibly dragged through strong
water. I had not au opport~ic~ily of taking l ~t i t i i de on acoount of the crowd of bathera. but
R. Burmw'a for the S.E. angln of the fort is 26' 26' 66" ; the Atlas gives 26" 27', diEorence 1' 04-a.
On I l i ~ mi t t agong nurvcy Chenpe found t hat his longitudes froln JupiterBe
satellites "clgree so ill with each other" t hat he proferred t o accept RennellPs
for I~l l i rnFi b~d [ I, 152 ] and t rust his own ground measumments ;
The correctnass of the longitude ... in no Way affects the oorreotness of the map ... in itself,
and by aicwey the longit.ndoa of all the plaow therein are muoh more act-tely laid down
with relation to Isltrmabrul than they oould have been by any aatronomial obrvatiom7.
L l ~ ~ ~ vulub H:!' 2 ' .
njt~i~~illg OI I ~ ~ I * R from x. nt. lllrllin 160 In. lowar doslr. Duo. 154 ( 43 120 11-18.
"WM. Niot rt br~yot, memhrwde I'Aodi~nio des Soialhom, Aqtronomes ndjointa du Bum11 dm Longitudeam.
mowsrmi nrr ( 4 tneri~litrn in ICuropt-. 1805-H ; R.4~9. ( mrh) XIV ( 102-7 ); to Sn. 12-3-21 : DDn. I17 ( 180 ).
J . 7 2 I , ncliroot dirtsuoe Uonphvr Go S.ikriqxli about80 mila,; of, Lu~ul,tr,o'a mnLblld
with blun li ht.r 111, 159 J, d a H. XIV. ( 188 ). lJournnl. MRIO. 11 ,473 1 113).
VChenpe. I. L-l(b1~ ;
Fdbk. hl 26$ :report attoohed to XRIO. Nimr. 8-0-40.
Wheu he hemme Surveyor General Hodgson did aa rnrlch ILS he iao~ild t o 2jtiolulnh
p r e c b and methodical observations. He issued elaboritte technical instructions
for surveys on the western frontriersl [ 89, aor 1, end took particular interest in the
aumey of Bhop&l [ 87-8 ] for which Johtmtone had aubmitted
liet of places, the latitude ... determined by a mean of two w d three obeervat,iolw of the altitude
of the star FonnoUbut. I regret much my telmcope and chronometer ~LI \ . I I not vut arrived,
1 &ould have had in Lhisrxcursiol~anopportu~~ity offixing tholongitr~de ... ml~>ng t.11r e n a h
banks of tho Cllumbal [ pls. I , 9 1. ... I l hd that a detarlninatioll of tho latitrtde at, il~t+wvals of
!26 and 3 0 miles is most suitcrble, ... nnd have contined my observations during the PI-t month
to pl ace of note onlyn.
Hodgeon thought this inauflicient ;
The dewk has brought, your list of lat,itndes consisting of 48 ohservations.,.ol 28 plaow
in 6 months. On every marching dny there ought to have been a t leaat two strus, north and
south, taken on both arcs of the rircle, which has not been done. ... No cormt i om are made
to the refraction for the a ht e or the barometer and tl~crrmometer, nor is the nlm once obmr-
ved, though it might have been tnlten aln~ost, ilail?.. ...
Your observations for latitude ... run rather wide ; u nvxt,ant hy such n nemelasa maker
aa Bate is not a good machine to use. I never use sexhnta except to take equal altitudw
for the time of noon. Reflecting circles of Trur~ghton's cnnritruction are the best. ... As to the
index orror, you had better not meddle with t,hat ; let it. remain, hut alwaye record it. ...
It ie of little we observing ut,am of nearly t,he 8 n 1 ~ nllihcdu. on t l ~a enme aide r v the zenith.
and it is not good to observe low atara, and very high ones cannot be observed with the instru-
ment. ... The 24 stars which you will find in the Nautict~l Almanac are the best ; pay due
attention to the focua of your t,elescope, ... but if the hleacope of your sextant is a bed one,
1 advise you to diminish the aperture of the object g l w by putting on n cap o f paper, or
paetaboard, which will diminish the blur of a la.rge star. ...
Troughton's sextants are ... sold here for about 250 or 300 rupees ew-h, and, if you wkh
it. I will purcheee one for you. Your sextant by Bate is divided to 10 seconds [ 217 ] ; it is of
no consequence to what instruments are divided, if their construction is not correct?.
For Gerard's survey through Mclwa [ 89-90 1, Hodgson recommended a frame-
work of long traverse lineu running north and south--and east and west- control-
.led by reliable astronomical fixings ;
Agra, Gwalior, Nurwer. Beronge, and Llopaul are nearly on the salne meridian, and the
memwemente ... can be checlted by observation8 of latitude. and it is t,he same with Augein, ...
Kotar, and Tonk. ... On the east snd west linea the differences of longitude between Bopaul and
Augein, and between Jeypour lwld Agra. will be corrected by chronometers [ pls. I. 9, 24 1.
I will by no meana be satisfied with the relative positions wi gned t o the lest mentioned
plecss, and several others in the eaatern parts of Malwn in the latest map of that province
[ 84 1, becauee they are for the most part laid down from route surveys hastily mode in the
time of war, and under disadvantageous circumstancen. and aeldom corrected by exact astro-
nomical observations. ... It i8 highly desirable that their positionx with relation to Agra,
and with each other, be determined as well as possible4.
Gerard discusses his results in considerable tlet,ail, especially ns regards their
probable error, and made several corrections to Malcolm's map.
It very frequently happens that the disagreement amongst surveyors with regard to
latitudes ie not occaeioned by any inaccuracy in the observations, but. ..from a want of
particularieing the exact places at which the latitudes were taken. ... I have often heard
d i e p u b about latitudes, especially thoae of an extensive cantonment or large town. ... On the
route, the extreme di i r ence of latitude by any two obsorvation~ taken a t the same plaoe
exceeds 8' a t two etatione only. so 5' may be reckoned the probable error in latitnde, whon there
i~ only one pair of observations6.
He closed by observation for latitude a t tho TLj Mahal, taking "sta.r places from
Nautical Almanac of 1823 and Pond's8 catalogue of 1817, n.nd refraction talren from
the new table in the Nautical Almanac "7.
I n sending him out again at the end of 1836, Hodgson conlmissioned Gerard t o
determine the difference of longitude between Fatehgarh and Ag a before working
further west, but his health broke d o m before the task was completed [ go 1.
'DDn. l 54( 186 1 . 3 - 1 1 ?I . 'DDn. 312 (131-3). 2-11 & 3-1!2-20. 3I)Dn. 188 ( I l l ) ) , 12-8-23.
ri b. ( 93 ) 19-8-22. Fflhk. \[ll.lO. \I 313 ; clo3ca. Aqrn. 22-12-21, "John Pond ( 1767-183fl). AR.,
181 1-36 : FR9. '.lourn,~l*. Ml l I O \I 11 1. :i13. rsoh contmin ovnr 300 prrges of nqtr. obsna.
Astrono~nical observations were by no mean8 neglected by all who contributed
l\falcolm's map, as Hodgson in~pliee, and Dangerfield [pl. 9 ] reports that
latittl~le obanrvations from three or four obeervations of tho sun, or ...to a pair of N. and 8. etsle.
,.. wmd amongat therrmelves t,o within ten~econde. ... -11lstrumente. either e reflecting circle
by Troughton or nu excellent b r m sextant of tfnl inches diameter-North Poler Diatencm,
~ t h variatiorl from tho new liat in Nautical Almanac--nec~aaary corre:tiom ~pplitxl
for tmpernture nrltl bnrometor when caIc111ating refraction. ...
The lme of my llclirom~~tic refractor ~nave~ttetl obrorvations of .... lupiter's aetellitea. Tile
longitutl -...are, therefnre, tlerivetl from tlifferencea ... of time, comhinetl with the Innd Rurvey
md observed Iatitudw, taking Oojein a t 75' 58' Ewt lon~itude'. according to Dr. Hunter's
determination [ I. 56-7, 168 1. Tho difference of time wna aoquired by meam of two exoollen8
ohronometem...uncl by obser\ationa of eqital rltitudaq. ... I thought also t o socure greater
mur acy by marching aa rapidly FI E powible the direct E. and w. rlintancm. ...
I dwmod it neceesnry t,o be thun minute. ..from mnny of my ponitiom differing e ~s e nt i a l l ~
from those of the latest atvl beat printed maps.
Tho vetrteRt errom appear in tho north part of Jfnlwo, end t hat part of Mewar termed,
h l n it.q capital, Oodeypoor, a tract till very Intely lit,tle explored by Etuopeene. The city
of Weypoor iteelf is plnced nearly lrnlf n degree too far north, ltnd a like tlistance too much
to the &ward; thue hringutg it nearly a.w., inqtead of &Inlost 3.w. from Chittore, whkh
excepting bekg a little too much soutll, is sutfflciently well plmcerl. ...
The variation of the magnetic. rloedle I have f'ourutl, I J ~ an ozcollsnt transit instrument,
to be at &Wow about 4" 30' W.
I n other per ts... from that t o 3' 311' wet,.
He appended a list of about seventy places, wit11 their lo.titudes, longitudes, end
heighh above sea-level2.
The revenue surveporA called to inilit.ary dutmy for the Burmese war [ 52-3, 65 ]
h d been serving under Hodgson, who expected t'hen~ all t o bo prect,ised astronomers,
a q~lalificRtion of psrt,ic~ilar value, sinco the north-east frontier was practically
nnexplomd except for \Vood's survey up the Assn.~n \-~llcy [ I, 80-2 ; III, 52 1.
In his general iustroctiona [53 n.1, 198-9 ] Schalch partioularly noted thet
the geopapllical sitiiatioas of the towlrs in&rkej in the accompanying lithopapbical InRp are 00
v-ly Inid down that you ~rlust not look to thorn as fixeJ poir1t.s. ... On the oontrttr,~, he i r
geographical ~ositionq mi r t be oorrcctly ascertained ; ... you ~houlrl have recourse t o r&ro-
nomica1 observations for ... lat.itude nnd lonqitude. ... Fornls of calcttlatiom and necessary
tables supplied. ... The instrumer~ts you will require nre u, soxtant, false horizon, ~h r o n o mo h ~,
and a telescope. ... Mode of use explained in treatise c;upplied3.
Hodgson kept in touch with them all ;
I was a t that time the Revenue Surveyor General. FVith these oflicer.s. though they were
withdrawn from my superintendence. 1 cont'inued to keep private correspondence, and I
particularly requested them to make ns many ob~ervations of the ~atellitns as they could,
that I might compare them with those I m ~ l e a t Futtehghur [ 189 ] ; md to the alrill and zeAl
of Majors Bedford and Wilcox in hs al n, to Major Pemberbn in Mnnipur, of Major FishRr in
Sylhet, Captain Wroughton in h a c a n , and the late Captain Grant a t Prome ( all officers of the
Bengal N.I. Regimente ), I am indebted for many dat a by which tho geography of the eastern
frontiers haa been so much improverl.
When places like Suddin, Mimnipoitr, and others a t such great dietances. ... can have their
positions aasigned to them, exnctly in latitude, and within per hap 2 or 3 milee ...[ of longitude]
by a few correspondent observatiotle of the satellites, they serve as a r t i n g points from
which to originate more detailed and local siweye4.
Wroughton deqoribse the c~stronomical work done in Arakan where t.he campaign
wes by far the most arduous, and the whole force soon saturated with fever [ b e 0 1.
I have aent you all the ... observetion9 taken by Thomeon. Crommelin. Captain Crawford,
end self. ... I am sorry to eey t het not one single observation for the Longitude wea ever
made. ... The fact was. the movernenta of the army Were st timw so rapid as to prealud, +, the
'true value, 78" 47'. ' Yrrloblm. II, nppx. ii ( 318-7, 318-9 ).
DDn. 211, 40-12-U. 4 J. 48~.
nr, 1840 ( 81-2 ).
pmibility of any good sighta being mede. ... Poor Major Scheloh. who alone powmd a
transit instrument end capital telescope, undertook to establieh the longitude of all plaoee
where an opportunity admitted, while Crommelin allcl self were employed ... incessantly upon
the more arduoue dutiea of s u ~ e y h g and reconnoitring [ 68% 1.
Thus the inetruments, whicll would alone ndmit of any correct longitudinal obeervntiom,
... wem altogether under the charge arld management of poor Schalch. ... His property, partly
left behind, and partly under the charge of Co~nrnodore Hayea, was left in a state of the
-test confueion. so that wl~t~ttwer documents appertnilrd to him at the time of hL death
-abed with Cornmodore Hayes nnd Captain Crawford of the Research [ I 7, 68. 70 1.
When we reached .~rracn~~'...c~irr rhrorrolneters hall heen rnuclr diemarrgecl fro~n ... having
them much moved about, tmd occasionally allowed to run down. Th is...p revented any g&
observatio~la for longitude being made ; ... and what wae woree than all, not one of ue could
set up the trnnsit instrument, the directions to do so happening to have been mislaid ... among
poor Major Srhalch's papem. The Iatitud es... are, however, very rorrect,ly crqcertained and...
may be fully depended uponP.
Bedford, from t,he Assam valley [ 53-5 1. report,strouble with faulty chrono-
metem, want of a false horizon, and something wrong ~ i t h Wilcox's sextant :
Since arrivnl at Rro~pl)oor I 11aw m l e very frequent obsemationrr. ... The uncertain
rate of my chronometers has cariued me much ... anno)-nnce. ... This uncertainty, combined with
the frequent clouds mt l rain which attended me 11p the river, and the probability that varioun
minor surveys would rmt. upon 111). own as a barn. appeared to render regular operations very
desirable. I succeeded ill eff~rting u wgular survoy from Bishenath as far aa tho Now Dihing
Mookh and, although I...dc~uht tho ob~orvatiolw for latitude made a t the latter place, it weeatill
mtiafactory to find that the diffrrruce of lutitude ... at the two extremes of the survey did not
greatly differ from those shewn by t l ~ ~ mnp3.
Ou Bedford's withtlrawal at the close of military operations, Wilcox was left
with a special misrrion to t,rncc the solucr of the Brahmaputra [ 55-64 1. TO
Hodgson's suggestion that he shoulcl rnake :I do\vnstream journey from Sadiya to
Goalpara to find the difference of longitude by chronometer, he replies :
Had I a chronometer of settled rate, it would ... be. desirable to take advantage ... of the in.
creaaed velocity of tlre current, and...^^ one long stride. in two, or in shorter steps, to gain
... an approximate difference of longitucle. But the one I have ( Mr. Scott's property ),
though made by Marget,ta and of the larger size, has varied eo much-...from 80" or mom
losing-to a g~i ni ng r a t e t h a t I should not sot ahout Iny task with any conlidence.
The unsettled weather ... will dirninieh tlre few opportunitie~ left. uq, by Jupiter's near
approach to the sun, of observing eclipses ; and were I to drop down for this pmrpose, I might
have to start on the long voyage from Goalpara at the opening of the favorable season for
operations hero ; for the navigation upwarrls k, in the intermeriiate time. either altogether
obstructed, or dangerous and dreadfully tedious4.
Hodgson suggested that, by taking two or three chronornete~-s by boat
down a rapid atream a degree a day or so, we might have the differer~ce more exactly than by
any methods, except triangulation 011 a great scale, or the Hashing of gunpowder or other bright
lights exhibited or surldenly extinguished; but ...gr eat care, very good apparatus, and ex-
perienced o b ~ e ~ e r e are required at both ends [ 111. 179. 183, 189 ]. ...
Had I leisure and opportrlnity, I should like to run longitr~de down rivers with 3 chrono-
metere ; 2 are always required, and a 3rd for umpire in good. Our affair is to get first merid-
ian in Aanam ... and to make as good differences nn we (:an therefrom. The satellites and
transits are the meana t o be used for the first meridian, say Suddiya, but ... many observetioIU
are requieite, and care, very great care, ... in making them6.
Wilcox had trouble
with the large Troughton'u sextant on account of some imperfection in the inetnunent. I
wes induced ... to give a full trial t o an inferior reflecting circle by Gilbert ... to obtain the
latitude of my etarting point, but the results were a s unaatiefactory a s ... before. [ 13 valuw
by the reflecting circle at Goalpara differed 2' 11' between higileat and lowest 1. The eextant
givea excellent differences of latitude, & must a t all events have been wed in preference t o this
inferior circle ; an unlucky accident, however, ... deprived me of the use of id.
Pemberton took longitude observations at Manipur ;
Myohsung [ 68 1. to 80., 29-4-27 ; DDn. 225 ( 11 1-8 ). 8 to 813.. DDn. 214,ll-10-26. ' Dh.
224.1662i. =DDn. 220 ( 263). 20-b27. 'DLR. Y 460. 1828.
Five obeerv~tions of t he en~ersions of .Topitar's 1at aetellite h me been mude in t he p u t
mollth, the timt and leat of which s r e more wide of t he mean than I co~ild have wiehed, ...
hit I do not feel rnysslf justified in rejectin8 them llntil a ril~fficiant number shell have besn
,)bt(lilled. ... The mean ...[ a t ] t he mlbital 1)f Mllnipoor give8 its longitude Ah I&n 25'948, Eeeb
of Greenwich. ... Coultl yml favolu me with r ompmt i vs ohervatnmo made in Calcutta, it
ir pmbable.tl~e rarults would be #till rllore mtkf~~ctar3;' .
After the olme of the war [ 51-2 ] Fisher sent in a fieldhook from Sylhet,
cmwi ni n~ chiefly Rntronomical obeer vat i m~ f w t he lnn@t~lde of t h k ntatinn and t hat of
Budderpoor, which lnat I settlefl by t r d e r a l c e of time. I WIUI dimppointad in ... t he flnahing
opration with Pemherton. IW he ... co~~l cl not perfonn Ilia part of t he baainme, bnt I took
tho tnie azimuth of t h w ~)ointe. from wl i i ~h. . . h~ mny ptmibly have nn oppnrt ~mi t y of moking
the nipeta, which. ..ia t he more rlesirahle as nur *evornl rleterminatinns of Sylhet 811.4 Mtmnipoor.
wllen referred to each other by t he n~easurpment., 11ir;nqrw by about 30 seconds nf times.
He ww told to peraist with .Tnpiter's sn,t.ellites and to tr.v 1nna.r trsneit.~.
Hoclgson tlescribes t,u70 ear t hq~~akr s felt at. C'alc~~ttn. dllring 1X28 ;
lgtll Sept.
I (laremy you felt t he wl-thqllnke or1 l'l~nmrlwy lnorniny ; it wan 13 minutes
l,mt 7 ; I never felt nn ntnart n shock in t,l~e ~~l n i n s ; i t was t~hnodt inatentaneom
my
feeling, enrl like tho expl(wion of a rnir~e nn(lerfont. t.hr ,lim.t.ion cad or ar111t11-eneta.
8th .July.
Thin morning abnnt. 2 nlintltm paqt were t~ounml n little by an d-
q~leke.
I t continued ... between 2 ~ n r l 3 minnte=. wit8h a v01.y ~ ~ n ] ~ l e ~ n &n t swi nekg motion, to
the annrIyanoe of t he c r ow in the t,reax, which mwle a greet noim in romeqlrence of being
dietllrhed. I think t he mmt hirlm)n= n n i ~e I ever hm,rrl was made hy nome hundmde of
m o c k 8 nntler similar circumutanrw in n fe-kmr'u tope. near which I wns encamped.
. I f mrthqnakw could be felt all river t he r111111try. nnd t.he t.imea marked at eenh place,
we might get some idea whether t he motion \velar prncre=siro like wnvea. or prr~ceerled from
center like tho explneioll of n rni11e4.
When (>rant ~ I L R orderetl to H~~r mn [ 71 1. he renlised that t,riangulat,ion wollld
be impossible, and he t,ook all his high class astrnnomicnl instruments [ 213 1, and
a formidable library of scientific books :
j/jd C E \ w e ' s Antronomy. 3 voln. rlrlartc I . P n i s s ~ n t ' s (:Pode*ir. [ 204- j ] 2 vols.-Callet's Logeri-
thm&, 1 ~01.---Callet's Topographie, 1 vo1.--Hntton's T~q)ngraphy. 1 vo1.-Peanon'a New
,htronomical Tahl e~, 1 vo1.-Tn,ylorls ~ngnri t l rms, 1 vo1.-Bi1)t.n C:eotleticnl Ob~ervat i om,
1 "01.-De I.nmbre'a Antronoinic. Phy~i qi ~e. 3 vols.-Hint'n Physirnl -4.it,ronomy, 3 ~01s.-
Selertio~~x of Aetronomical Tablee, 1 vnI.--hsides ntiher minor worksB.
He was already an experienced observer ant1 hat1 recently learnt much
from penonel intercoume with t he -4stronomer Royal n t t he Cnpe7. ... nlore particularly by his
new and admirablemethod of dedncing t he l on~i t l l de from the t.rnnsit of the moon nnd s t a d .
He had tested this new method nncl published hie result8s in an art.icle entitled
" On a New Method of Determining fb Longittlds from the Observed Interval between
the Trami t of the Moon's Enlightpnprl Limb and that of Ihe Sun., or of one or m e
s t m "9. These lunar met,hods eventually proved tlisappoi~ltin~ [ 191 1.
His firat task in Rurn~it was to obtain a reliable 1-alue for the position of Rangoon,
where he arrived on 13th July 1Y2B.
The ob~ervat~nry wan erected on an e1uinenc.e (.lose b.) t he ~ l ~ o c l e called b1~C- h' ~
Pagotla. 1153 .venls s.~. of t he great Shwe DR~OI I . ... 'Tile height ... abuve t he sea wes c a l c u l ~ w
to be 172 feet, a ~ v l the t o l ~ of t he spire of the Shwu Dngon pngode as 536.
Rwperting t.he latitutle ... there ia more dirrcrepnnr.y t l l a ~ ~ might hr espacted.
That given
by Mr. Wood [ I. 84 ] is... 10' 46' 30". but as hedoes not, refer to nny pnrt i cul ~~r point we
compr e~ hie obwervatiom. ... Cnptain Itom, Marine Surveyor Ceneml [ I 7 1, nlakas t he latitude
of the King'a Wharf 16' 45' 18". Major Jackson [ 71 ] with a erna.11 Troughton's m x m t makeg
it 10' 46' OX, but t he differenow between hin observat,iorls vary conaiderubly, somg b&?g os
low aa 44' 21". and some es high a.9 16' 20".
lor 9 1 O 0' 30- ; true vnlue of Imphd Wi g 03" 67'; DUn. P O I ( 323 ), 3-547.
DLR., 45. 14-12-97.
a to Fisher ; ib. 70. 'to Montgometie : DDn. 231 ( 158 ).
T d m portdvdb & 1 q w U r r ~ Fmnpois Wd.
nb. Perb. 1783. 6 Jean Baptiata Riot ( 1774-11102 ) r?g n.g]: DDn. 216 ( I ) . 91-8-35.
VRev. F-
kalloan ( l7W-1831 ) [ 187 1. * DDn. 299. lW23. * Aa. R. XVI ( 285-60 ).
Grant worked out his luean latitude as 16" 47' 47" 1, giving the Yhwe Dqon
as 16' 47' 56" .6, compared ait,h Row's 16' 47''. For longitude
the old charts give ... about 98' 30'. ... I n r eg~r d to Jupiter'* mtelli h... obaervations a nnot be
considered na but s n approximation. ...
I erected the t,raneit instrument., t,o adopt the met.lrod followml by t,lre Cape .htronomor. ...
The inetrumellt u. in its very nat~lre. incapable of what is ustlally termed an inetrumental
error. ... I t is, perhaps. the most, perfect inetrumerrt ever invented for tlle m m m e n t of wle+
tial angles, for what,ever error takea plnm after the requisite adjuetmenh are mule originates
either wit11 the observer lrumelf or with the subordinate uutrumente he u m.
The results deduced from tmnaits of tlie rnoon and stam are t,llen affoctwl chiefly by the
errom i nt r odud into the tablea, ... but the da tn... liave been of h t e no perfected by the
English and French astn>nomers t.llat the tables of t,he moon'u longitude and latitude may
be depended upon to 10" of space at. the utmcwt. ...
Dur i n~ ... three month* that I remained a t Itangonn. I c~~ulcl only observe during 7 nights'.
The mu l t of the ol,ser\-atinns i~ finnlly given an !)ao 13' 27" for tlre Shwe Dagon pagoda'.
Having conlpleted hi5 obserrations at Rangoon by the close of the rains, Grant
started up the Irraawldy [ 71-2 ]
on the 12611 October, intending to lay t1ow11 tlie grnerel crlumcr of t l ~u river from t,ho magnetic
bearinge. and correcting tlre divtancer by ast.n~nomical ol~er\.nt,iorls. ... l'llere are two methods
of surveying the c o me of a river. One hy triangulat,ion. ... The 8ec:ond lnethod is that of
laying down the general corrme...frc~m the cotnpa.au. eketclling in tlie features of the country
from the eye, ant1 det~errrru~ing one or two fixer1 points each day. from six to eight miles
distance, by ohr vi ng for the latitude an11 for the rrrn in lor~gitude by a good chronometer.
The second rnethod ww. ..the only we)- in which, a t this seaaon of the >-ear, any attempts
could be made. ... The slow progrew of the I~oats afforded the opportunity of correcting the
northing daily by the sun' s meridian altitude, ant1 thtlt of t,he moon and stam a t night, while
the westing was corrected by tlre run of the chronometer. ... I nude aa many observetiom
for the latitude and longitude as practirahle, nntl all of them with H capital reflecting circle. ...
The longitud =...from the cllronometer were deduced from simple altitudeq of the fmn, the limb
of tlie circle facing alternately east and amt . ...
I reached Prome on the 28th. and OII the fnllowiug cloy lllicl equal latitudes of the sun for
the time, and meridian altit.udes fix the latitutle. with the 12-irlch reflecting circle4.
He remained at Prome t.iU February 1826, observing t,rnnsita of the moon and
stars for longitude. He reported in December that
during the last, month I have heen employed chiefly at the trnlrait instrument. Tho greater
number of observat,ions have been made on the moon'a first limb, the f o p during the night in
general rendering the s t an invisible. ... Mean of ninety ohwrvntinne. 6h 20m 42'76. The
latitude from upwardn of thirty observatiolm is 18" 49' 315"~.
The Surveyor General. Blacker, was glad to get Grant's res~ilts ;
They will be of immediate use. but will be liable hereafter to definit,ive correction or1 r i com-
parison with the corresponding obaervations which have been made here [ 188 1.
None of the catalogues of lest century can be depended on, and those of the present century,
I apprehend, are not in your possession [ 184 1. I have lately received Piazzi'e catalogue, and
if you will aend t o me your list of observed stars, I shall be happy t o return their aecenaionn
and declinations as far aa contained in that work. ... In the mmnwhile I have the pleasure of
-ding to you a copy of Pond's catalogue of 400 stars. ... lithographed here. The copy has
been three times examined, and I am well convinced contain. no error of tramcript' [ z60 1.
At the end of the war Grant moved to Moulmein [ 7 4 7 ] ;
On mhi ng Martaban. 27th April [ 1826 1, 1 obt ~i ned equal altitudes of the sun, giving
longitude 07" 43'. the =me ae that given in a plan of the river drawn by Mr. Adam [ 74 1. end
lithographed at the Surveyor General's otBc@.
For his survey of the river8 ale0 he used astronomical methods, but
the determination of the azimuths of distant object,s was not may. A perplexing hindrance
mom from the thick moke which pervades the atmosphere from the middle or end of December
till the f h t fall of rain in April or May [ 21. 76 T. After 10th of Merch, letitudee from 0-8-
tionn of the aun are unattainable with inntrummta of reflection [ zoo 1. Regan and Sirius, the only
trne vdue. 10' 47' 48' : it is md thst Grnnt's work was not known to the mrve om reaponsiblo to
the army in 1862-3. loring to monsoon rain. 'true value, 96' 9' 8'. 4Journal DL. 238. 'or Y*
1WW ; q d . Pemberton ( Tab. 18 ), and used by He Yule. 1863 : true value. 8b0 13'.
'oorrect.
Dh. SIB ( BS ). 4-12-26. 'DDn. 220 ( 136 ). 3-1-?8. %I. 298. Y U1 . *Trlangulston rere eqosuy
hindered 100 yesn later.
at am capable of being oonveniently observed, ceased a t nearly the asme time to be vioible on
the meridian. Polaris vse too low. and the fog8 a t night were in g e n d so dense I I E to reuder
etsm of the second mapi t ude invieiblel.
Oue of Blacker's first interests after becoming Surveyor General waH the posaibi-
lity of a regular lletronomical survey to corer are- beyond the reach of the Greet
Trigonometrical Survey. It was to be conducted by a competent astronomer of
high qualifications, on similar lines t o that of Reuben Burrow [ I, 157-64 1.
b y ingenioue operations have been oonduc d... for the correctio~i by estrono~nical obesr-
vation of detailed aurveys ; but, aa it is next to unpoeaible their reeulta should ooincide wit11
th- of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, they will necerwarily be supemded by the pro-
of the latter. I...recomrnend that all aetronomical obRervations. ..ahall be discontinued wherever
the great triangulation LI likely to fall, a ~r d that all dhpoaable tdenta...be employed in
following up ita operatiom. for the completion of detail on indisputable pun&.
But for the tlat cou~rtry of Bengal. he recommendetl all a~t~ronornical survey
with a departure from Fort William. I...propoae that the surveya of the Surrderbunds and
Burdwan be extended to the adjacent parts a8 aoon aa pointa of ... dopartwe ahall he establiehed.
... Thi cl . . . delwn &...on the employment of a competent astronomer, wlln shall successively
d j w t h i instrumenta...at Madraa, at t,lie Surveyor General's omce at Calcutta, and even-
tually a t the stations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey.
He suggested John Warren a a suitable [ 11, 44-53 1, on salary RY. 800 a months.
with headq~~nrterrr at, Cdoutta for t he r2iins. "where he will always have more than
suficient illdoor eniployr~rent at the Sur\-eyor Ge~ieral's Offioe"3.
Curiouuly enough x proposnl was put forward hj. t.he director^ about the some
time for JA similar survey reco~nm~nded by Rennell, who Iiad been consulted na t o
the best way to get reliable ~iiat~erial for an Atlas of India [ I, 376-7 1'.
We shall, in accordance with his recommendation6, endeavour to procure the aid of a
profeaaed Aatronomer. toget,her with on ~. ur i ~t ant qualified to supply hi8 ploco in w e of acci-
dent, whose ofice it will be to fix nntr1-11l~~micn1l ~ u c h ...p oflitions ~4 In&)' be requ ired... in
the tracts remaining to be surveyed. ...
The operatio m... might be confined to trwta...to wlrirli the triculglea of Lieutenant Colonel
Lambton have not. oxtanded, and are not likely toextend. ... Tlie positions ... might be connect-
ed ... eventually ... to the purpose of the general map which we are dmiroue to obtaina.
Stressing the speed with which an astronolnical survey could he carried out,
Rennell assumed that "all ide &...of tl series or triangles orer tho country is out of
the question", an aseumptioii tirlnly reject,ed Blacker, who pronounced his un-
hesitating support of t,he trigononietrical survey as the ~ n a s b r control [ 2, 240-1 ] ;
If, on the other hand, the celestial observer be conhed to thase tract.9 whoae nature forbids
the approach of tlle Great Trigonomet,rical Survey, much advantage may be derived h r n
his labours. Thk benefit, however, must depend on a different principle ... from that to be
inferred from Major Rennell's memorandum. No aatronomiral result is of value unl e~s it be
more accurate than that which it proposes t o correct. ...
The memorandum estimates a t 24 to 3 yeaw the period ... for the astronoiner merely to travel
over his grolind; but no eatimate is made of the time ... for making obeervations. This omiaeion
in...to be regretted. a~ on the number of obmrvationa, aa well ~s on the skill of the observer and
the excellence of his instruments, depends the value of the reeulta'.
Plirsuing the idea of a local astronomical survey, Blacker proposed " Lieutenant
Grant ...w the beat qualified individual. ... The lower parts of Bengal, extending
towards Chittagong, would be the first thetbtre of operatiom"8. Grant a-as, however,
required for Burma [71, 183 1, and with Blacker's death the proposition we^
dropped until in 1827 the Directors aaked for Hodgeon's views regarding
Colonel Blacker's propositions for employing Mr. Wamn. whoae ebilitim ea an Bstronomer d
surveyor have frequently been brought t o our not,ice by the Msdras Government. ...
' DDn. 240. Dl 420. sWarren war now 54 years of sge, comforhbl nettledat Pondioherg.
a Dh.
2(U ( 0 ). 26-12-23. 'There may have been p o n s 1 discussion nhm B%&= ru in Englmd.
adatsd
28-8-23 ; DDn. 90 ( 31 ). 'CD t o B. 29-IS23 ( 5 1 3 ). 'Blacker to God. 11-8-24 ; PR. ( Z6 ). D h .
?or ( 181 ), 14-26,
As there are regularly appointed observatories at. Madme and Bombay [ 191-2 1,
Pwsidoncy should not be aUowed to wmt ouch m inat,itutionl. We, thrrsfois, authoriw you bb
construct a suitable building for the reception of much nntronnmirnl indnvnenta mi you s l d p
possess, and to indent for soch au may be nereasary2.
Though Rodpon welcomed the idea of an ol1nervat~ry, he would have nothing-
to do wit11 a spocinl field s11r1-ey :
Colonel Blacker appeara to mlppuse a survey of tlle lower provhlca of Rengal to be nece-.
The orders of the Hon'ble Court, cm conclusive on this albject ; in their letter dated 29th
October 1823 they say ; "I t will not ... be necessary, at least a t present. t o rawrvsy Bengel or
Ballar, or any of t,he territory formerly nnrveyed by Major Remrll" [ 284 1.
The Sunreyor General pro- that Mr. Warren shoultl...march about ... Baagal, making
astronornicul observations ... during t.he dry Manon and return t n Calcutta in the mine, when, he
would And abundant emplo>?nent in fhe S~r veyor Qeneml's Office, the intent of hie field
opemtiona heulg t o establish p~i nt a for ... survey [ of J thore low countrim.
To this I answer that. if surh sluve>a were reqr~imd, the ~,tficers of the Bellgal Army ...
would be each as capable ... as any pers11nw rsu be. ... A ~rrrveyor, t o perform hi8 duty, must be
hi~nself able to take the di l h~mc e of lntitude correctly. ... The nmmm of the Bengal Army
who am surveyors ... we fi~lly cornpetant ; ... they would be independent of the aid of a travel-
ling aqtrouomer...in the particular of Iatitucle. AR tc)...lon~it~ldm, or differences of longitude,
they are likewiee an rnmpetent, for the observation^ ... are not dfic~llt ; care end fidelity, ore
d l that are required.
After d d b i n g the various sun-eys of the Laqt few yesm [ 181 1, he continuee ;
The duty performed by the surveyom i* more effective than what would be done by e
travelling astronomer. who wollld not carry Imtter apparatuo than the uurveyore. and would
do a partial drlty at a a t e r expen.;e. ...
Very exnct survey may Ix ~nnde in countries tat which trigonometrical surveys cannot
be extended, [though 1 it I I R ~ been a*erte~l that bhe (:rent Trigonometricsl Survey is the only
permanent foundation of 1ndia.n get~pnphg [ 185, 19) 1. A better foundation it cannot have in
tllose parts of the c-ountry over whirlr tho trimglecl can be estended, ... but over the greeter
part of the modt valuable of t.,ur p11s~esi4i11ns.-the country is so flat and so covered with g r o w
of tall mango and other trws ... that it in o~hviouclly i~npoa-ible to s p M s triangulation ; but
it is of tittle ... conuequenre, even rlrairahle enrl I I ~ RCl'IIraPy may he attnined from the
operatio~ls of skilful s n~~- e yor s ~.
The idea of e separate ;tqtrono~nical survey was t herc~~pon rnofit rightly dropped,
end surveys were extended beyond the western frontier untler llodg~on' o system
of well arranged traveree cirrnits. with every surrcyor providing his own astro-
norniod control: but it was a system wit,h sr\-ere limitrations that Hodgaon was
never to grasp [ 24-6 ; 88-90, 180 1. I?le return of Everest in 1830, and the enter-
prise with which he carried the great triangles across the Ganges valley to the
EirnLlaya mountains gave thp surveyors a far more reliable foondation than any
aatronomio.sl eurvey, and relieved thotn of continual anxiety about the accuracy
of their individlltrl observat.ionn.-
Both Colebrooke aud Crawford hat1 been very kcen ~at rono~uers, and hnd kept up
observations a t Cl c ~l t t a after beconling Surveyor General [ 11, 191-3 1. Mackenzie,
though never shewing the same interest, had before leaving Madras contlulted
Golclil~gh~rn who wrote shortly after ;
Amording to my promine, I sit d o w ~ and give you n v id-. ... A public observatory ... is
mtabliehment for observing the heavenly hodiea-to ascertain their exact positions & motiona,
with a view to the improvement of the tablea &...of geography & navigation. by furnishing
oorreepondent obeervetiom for determining the longitude of plnces. and alan the data for
enabling s h i p to take a 1:orrect 11eprt~rlre -wibh sslrntlry ntller mattem. ...
Most enlightened princes have heen ]>ro~l ~l t n have auch edtabli~hmente in their dominiom
m, independent of their ntility to science ant1 navigation, none leal1 t o dirrcoveria so mblimo
I Barrnw's req& in 17R8 bad bean utarnlg n-fir~ed [ I, 162-3 1. CD to B., Mil. 44- 27 ( BZ-8
Dh. 231 ( 14 ). li-11-27.
the wdonl , power, & goodnees of t he Deity ; they also beoome a sort of f w for
- 1 ~ i e n c e to emanate from1.
Maokenzie wm, however, far too preoccupied with adminiatrativo mattem to
mntinue observations at Calcutta. Hodgson restarted them aa soon as he took over,
to support tho field surveyow with corresponding ohaervatiolle [I, 167-8 ; 11, 195-61.
At the end of 1822 he asked for official help ;
some lettern ...p ublishecI R few months ago in the newepapr, ... and afterwards repri nt d in
pemptllet which I enclose herewith, very aptly pointed out the rulvantnges of edabliehing
en obsenratory ill CaIct~tta. ... 1 do ... for my own emllsement makc. nolne observations, ... but
$0 render them ... of greeter utility I...eubmit the follow in^ proposrrl~ ;
1st.
That I be allowed to pt~rchlwe n c i r c ~l l ~r instrument made by Troughton, of 16 inohw
dinmeter, the property of Lieut. Grant'. ...
3rd.
That I be authorised t o purchnne a few books of reference on ~stronomiccrl subject.
for the \we of thin office.
A favotlrable op1) or t u~t y oflorn a t the present moment. ...
4th.
Tllat the Ho~~orabl e the Cnrlrt of Directom be nolicitbcl to send out a tramit telee-
cope of il fmt. focal lenytl~, with romplete appcarati~s- ... A zenith tube on Captain Kater'a plan.
for ob~ervimg t . 1 ~ f l t m near the zenith- ... A K~t or ' s pendulum fi ~r doterrllining the length of
tho p o n c l ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ -...' l'wo reverberating Ianipa ... fnr nbsewing atation points by night--...Two steel
chRills wit11 .i feet linka-- ... The Greenwich oh~ervaitione for the lnst Rnverl yearn, m d it ie deeir-
able that they. ant1 8180 tl~ose made at the obnervstory of Paris, be aenL yearly. ...
I cmllot ... ninlto nn uninterrr~pted series of obsorvatiom~ na is done in regular observatorier,
but I purporo. with t he help of nly mistant3, to t ake those ... most generally useful. ...
The two-feet circle ... I have. since the close of the rain.9, mounted on a mavay block of stone.
a t as n support for it in the qnar r i ~r a t Chunar by the late Colonel Colebrooke. but never
before used4 [ I, 101 ; 11, 191 I.
At the Name time, he w~-ote to Fallows, astronomer at the Cape [183 n.71, asking
for correspor~ticnt oheerratio~lw to t,hose recently taken a t Calcutta, and wnding
two chronooleters to have their rntee checked6.
Blacker was equally a~~xi ous to put the ohservatory on t o 8 regular footing, with
8 staff of its own.
He writes to Goldinqht~~u ;
I have crarembled a fow instrumente. ..and expert others, to complete a small obeervetory
establishment. with which I hope t o contribute ( in a humble degree however ) to the publio
eervice. ... I request of you sonle information regarding the forms which you use in registering
your observations. calculatione, rate of timekeepem and astronomical clock. with notices of
euoh other phenomena as receive your attontion. ... Whatever further information you may
think proper to bestow on one who does not boast of practical knowledge ... will be most
gratefully received. ... You have occasionally supplied my pmdecessor ... with ... observation8
for geogr~phical plirposes, ant1 I shall hope ... to derive...similar assistance from you".
He pressed (:overnn~ent for n reply to Hodgson's letter of November 1822 ;
There are several [ ohservntions ]...which appear t o be indispensably necmary ...- corres-
ponding ob~ervations of occultat.iona and eclipses fnr ... longitude$- ... ther~nometricrd and bar".
metrical heights ... to facilitate ... corresponding local observations-. ..observations for the appar-
ent time ... to estimate rates of tln-~ekwpew ... on which all other observations depend. ... Orders
of Government '...to [observe] the rnt -...of chronomete =...have been found impracticable
owing to the w ~ n t of proper means for ascertaining the ... siderial times. ...
I may ... mention the remark made to me by more than one commander of ships nevi.
gating to England. ... Ilaving no place established under authority t o which they might send
their timekeepere while whore. in order to heve their rates regularly kept and esoertained. ...
At prosent they are obliged to leave them with a watchmaker a t a heavy charge, without my
obvious security for the correctness of the time with which they ere compared [ 11, 196 1.
In caee Government should authorise time keepem belonging to ehipe being sent hem, ...
it would seem expedient that a trilling fee ehould be payable ... for t he benefit of t he R0-r
[214. 273 1. who will keep an account of the -me, t o ensure his attention t o t hat duty.
He gave a liat of instrument,^ already available, and of others expected from
England, and euggosted etructural alteratione to the office building, No. 97 Perk
Street [ ~ I I 18 ;
' DDn. 40. M 178 ; 16-7-17. ' rooeeding on ma. ta C a ~ e [ 71, 15s 1.
J.mea Herbert [ 3og
&DDn. 188 ( 135 ) 14-11-22. i . ( 1 9 ) 26-2-22. DDa. 223 ( 3 ). 9-1-24.
VBMC. 28-,&,,
17-9-19.
a Also uaed M reeidence by Blaoker ond Hodgson.
The -ith miommeter'...I purpone..&ing in the ground floor, independent of the founds.
tion of the h o w, end opening in the roof the small apertun, neceamry for its limibed motion,
The olook, tranait, and circle. will be on the top of the home, where thoy will require proteation
from wind, rain, end sun. A wooden apartment mlwt therefore b constructed for them,
in pert of which the roof will revolve over the circle, end over the transit a meridionel open.
ing will be tixed t o pillam of masonry. The apartment thus C O I I ~ ~ N C ~ ~ will be 23 feet, long
by 10 broad and 10 feat high, except over tho circle, und will be rapable of being taken to
piecea and put together i11 any other situation2.
All these proposals were sanctioned, nntl Blaclicr wan allowetl to entertain a
epecial man to look after the instruments, Saiyid 3lir Mohsin Husnin, who had
worked for him in Jlndras ;
A sicklegar ...is allowed by the regulations [ II, 290 1, but there is no ht r ument iu t b
oaoe which, if he were allowed to touch, he would not ruin. Numerous ir~struments have...
beoome unserviceable because there was no hand...that could apply, a t an eerly stage, smell
tho' delicate repaim. I accordingly procured such M artist aa wae competent ... from Madm
i n room of a sicklegar. but necessarily a t an advanced rate [ Re. 25 p.m. 13.
At the end of Ja-nuary 1826 he reported that the work had been completed at 6
met of "sicca rupees 4,261-12-0'' against an estimate of RY. 2, 5X ;
The 0 b ~ e ~ a t o r y is removable, consisting of joiner's work made in the most durable and
meatarly manner. In fact, it is much superior to anything I had expected. ... The charge,
"article 2" is for a ~naohinery by which the rotary roof is turned. ... The small charge "article
6" ie for eebablishing a mark in the meridim of the observatory on the top of. ..House NO. 28
i n Chunam Gully of the Bow Bazar. ...
Since the 1st of November last the...observations...have been, and continue to be,
anremittingly pursued, a t the eame time t ha t observations are prosecuted with those on the
Ava river and Burampooter [ I 82, 1 84 la.
Blackor made the ohservatiom himselfs till, in Janunry 1825, he ohtailled the
appointment of an educated S wi s ~ named Vincent Rees [ 313 1, to as ~i s t in
observatione...with the calculations consequent on them, and aa both thase t a s b require
attendance both night and day, they are scarcely to bo expected from a commissioned
.aseiatent, who haa not a particular disposition towarch so laborious an occupations.
E'rom November 1825 Ckisp, from the Hyderkhiid siirvey [ 119 1, was able to
assist, and aftcr Blacker's death reportrd t,hat. he wan
continuing the obsemations of the transita of the heavenly bodies ovor the meridian, eepecidy
of t he sun and moon ; lunar star occultations ; eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. The transih...
are particularly required in order to deduce, with the utmost exoctnese, the difference8 of longi-
t ude for the corresponrle~lt observations in Ava [ 184 1' .
On his retiirn to Calci~t.t,a Hodgson 111ade the observatory one of his chief inter-
,eats, engaging the help, not only of members of the Revenue Surreyor General's
office he had t,rained a t Patehgarhs, but a180 of Mohsin Husain. He proposed t o
enlarge and move the observatory to the neighhourhood of Monghgr where better
ntmonpherio conditions would be found. He rejected the assistance of Warren
or any other outsifler ;
The Hon'ble Court do not seem to be aware that they have a t Calcutta a very efficient
... small obeervatory, ... fully competent ... for the improvement of geography, and serving a8 a
point to which all the astronomical observations made by the different geographical surveyors
,..may be referred, and this ... haa hitherto cost nothiug more than for ... a wooden building on
t h e roof of the houso, the price of a few additional instruments of moderate size, and the
edar y of one individual [h]. ... employed in reducing and calculating the observations m d e
by myself and the young men, sub-assistants and apprentices, ... aw a part of the ourrent
bueinesa of my office. The dutiee...of an astronomer are performed, but they cost nothing. ...
But, very useful aw this little observing eetabliehment is... t o me in the execution of my
geographical labom. ... the instrumen ts... may ... be considered ee mere playthinge so far a
making further difficult investigatio na...in the high science of aetronomy@.
Government 8gree.d that a special astronomer was not necessary, bnt refused to
aonsidor any further expansion of the observatoryl0.
'Purohesed from Lambton'e exeoutora [ 260 1. 'DDn. 204 ( 46-9 ). 4-2-24,
8 ib. ( 56 ), 1&7-21.
ib. ( 229 ), 31-1-26. 'He lent copien to Pond, AR. ; ib. ( 1524 ), 12-4-26.
qb. ( 136 ), 8-1-26. 7 DDn.
220 ( 140 ). 14-4-26. 'under the nuperviaion of W. R. Jaroar.
DDn. 231 ( 14 ), 6-11-27. ' 0 Dh. 217
145-9 ), 6-11-27.
Hesults wr r w writ for publicatior~ to tllc: I{c.n~;11 A~inlit: S~)c:iety nnd tho A~t r o-
noniictll Socirt.p ot' I,otidonl ;
The t,per;it,ivu....nlru . unremittingly cvm-riot1 1111 ... for no othfw r+>colnpenae than the intereat
and inntrr~ct~ia~n allioli thc:v afTorc1 ; but t l ~u rc-nult~ ... will, I tl-uut. be thc~ught of m11ct1 value by
the London Astrnnomical Sooiety, to wl~ich [ t1o11n the Hvjn'hle Court of D h t o r s will be
pl-erl to nencl t.he srs. tlotaile Ibnv~rrtlo~l. ... A~iotl~or serie* is ill p r o g m, ancl will be
tlelivoreal in sl~ort~ly, t.11~1, corroal)onclent 0b90rvutviOnS mchy be relulily obtainecIq.
111 I H.52 .lntlre\\ \Ytutgh uotes that
the ob*t:rvntnr~- \vw...t~n the mc~at diminrrLive aculu, beit~g I'unliwhed with no mom thnn e
t w i t of 30 inches fcwal lonfl,h, an 18-inch altitrltle and azimuth circle, a few aetronornic.sl
blescol~ua 01' 5 feot ~11111 41 fcbrt focal length for o~l,svrving eclipses, and an Betronolnical olock.
Tho meteorological unpleme~rtr were &o on the smne ernall male. ...
This observetory lwtl no pretonaio na...to bo co~laidered o lnvtropolitan inatitution, nor
wes it at all fitted...to investigate questions of high scientific rwearch. It waa strictly an
eppendege to the survey department, ... furnishing a zero, or poult of departure in latitude,
longitude, and height above rea level, to the survey8 in Bangal, and os riuch it hae fitlfilled
the objects of its institution. ...
The observations ... made were, from timo to tinlo. ~~nbl i s he~l in the Memoiru of the Royal
Astronomical Society by the late General Ho d p n , and huve been favourably mentioned by
the President in his notico of that scientific ollicor'n death8.
Whilst sl:~tionecl I L ~ Patehgilrll 11s Rcvenuc Surveyor Gcnerd, 1823-6, Hodgson
established n private observatory of his own, and employed bia ofice st,nff [ 314 ]
on a series of ohscrvntion~ for both Iatituclv and longitude, the letmter being supported
by correspondence with Madras and Greenwich4.
Fatehgarll became, therefow, an i~nporttl.nt point of departure for the surveys
which Hodg~o~l initiated during his second tc~lurc! as Surveyor General. Gerurd
was to extend his un.rlier sllrvey of Miln-cc elid Kiijputnna [ go 1, whilst Boilea~i
made a rigorous surrey of the lower doGb between Allahiibikl and Cawnpore,
end ran a line to Agra with the view of s~~r veyi ng Bhsratpur [ z ~ Y ] .
Hodgson wished t,o establish Agra em a rt~liable point of reference on which
eurveyors could base well controlled traverrrcs. For Gerard's survey he proposed
verious methode of astronomy, trigonornotry, transfer of time, and other rnoro common
mod- of measurement. ... Some plnue, extremely well settled in geographical poaition sho~lld
be used aa a point of departure. The Taj at Ag e is such a point, and I am anxious t het ite
pcaition in latitude and longitude should be fixed in the best possible mmnor, that i t may
eewe as e first meridian, not only to this survey, but t o others in upper Hindostan. ...
We ... lmow its position nearly to the t r ~ ~ t l i [ I , 168; 11, I ~ o ] , but atill I em anxious t het
it should be more satisfactorily settled, and this can be done by Captain Gerard ma liing...
obeewatio ns... by trmsits of the moon, and the eclipse3 of Jupiter's satellites, and other
methode, which observations, being compared with those which I will take a t this place at
the time, will settle the differences of the moridiar~s of Fort William and Aqra. ...
The longitude of Agra mill also be much supported by ...a good measurement of the differ-
enoes of its meridian and that of Futtohghur, and by the explosion of rockets [ go. 182-3 ].
When the operations a t Agra are finished, Captain Gerard .~night...determine the line
from Rhopal to Oupei~i and Indoor ; this being ohiefly tlifforence of lon~itude, will be fixed by
chronometors. explosions or rockets, or fleahas of gunpo\vder, or trian.qulation, moording
to circ11mstan1:on. Thenro ... up the 11e:rrlg tneridionnl line from Ouqein t o Jeypoor, fixing
it by differer~ces of Intitudu 111111 wi m~~t hs . ... and the ... oritline from Jeypoor to Agre will be
determined in tho same niode rts betwoan Uopa~ll ilnd Ougoin [ pl. 24 ; 8 9 3 0 1. ...
Captain Gerard hae ... valuable inetruments, his own proparty, but, rrs some of the l e r p r
description will be required, I purpose to intrnrt a very perfeat ciroular instrument t o him&.
And later ;
' JA8B. IS. 1840 ( 7.5-$1) ) ( , l d q ): MR.48. [ L[ , IS.':) ( 344-53 ).
'poblisht?.l, As R. XVI I . p..rt 11,
1833 ( 0 ). Dnn. 231 ( 9 3 4 ). 1-2-20.
DDn. 5 I:! ( 338 ). 90-9-5.'.
4MRAS. 11. p r t n, ls2e-7: 1-625
a 7-1 1-26. DDn. 201 ( 25: ). 13-9-48.
Capkin &r ard...p ro,ceecled from Calcutta by water in October last towards Futtehghur,
there to commence ... by determining the differonce of that pouition with the Tajh of Agrs ... by
the two-fold operations of making a minute geographical survey, and ... by chronometers carried
by dawk in palenkeens by nightly runs between those placeu. ... Thk determination ir
of p t coneequence as the Tajh ... will be included in the trinngles of the meridional are,
end Futtehghur ... I consider ... better established than that of any plece UI the Upper Provinces
not in eipht of the mowy peaks. ... It wnsmy object to connect Apa, Futtehghur, m d Bereilly
together, the leat place being settled from the p e a b [ 32. 178, 197-8 1'.
Aa Gerard had fcver the whole way from Calcutta to Fatehgarh, and off and on for
the next R ~ X months, he was not. able to complete the link I)et,wrel~ Fa,tehgarh and
Agrs, nor t,he observations required a t the Tiij [ go 1.
IIodgson then worked out a value for t,he longitude nf Apra t o he used for the
Atlas of India. He connected his own value for Fatehgn.rl~ by the surveys of
Dr. Hunter [ I, 56 ] and F. S. \Vhit,e [11,1gz]-Everest's value for Sironj, connected
by Gerard's survey of 1R23 [ 89 ]--various values for Delhi, connectecl by White'e
survey-and oh~errat~ions a t the TA.1, mostly by two of 11is staff fro111 Patrhgarhl.
He deduced a value 78" 05' 4;" .P [ I, 168 Is.
Hodgson gave Boilenu elaborate inst~vctions for his survey of tho lower duib
intended to clear up t,he clonht regarding the actual distance hetu-een AllahBbM
a.nd Chwnpore [ I. 162 ; 11, 190-1 ; 111: 3, 24 1. He conclutled ;
Regarding the longitudar OF Allahahad ~ n t l Campore, ... you t i e d not endeavour to
nscei-tain the absolute loi~gitudes ; ... it is Ow differencc! of longitude alone that ie to be inveeti-
gated. ... The flag~tnff in the fort of Allahtibad m y be comidererl as your firut meridian, and
that of Caanpore yoi~r socond point of departure, thorlgli you will wcertain the ... diffnrencw of
the S.E. angle of the fort of Allahabad end the rnn.ghzine ghaiit at Cnwnporo also4.
.4n to the truo longitudes of Cawnpore and Allahahmi, ... they muut depend on the dim-
ence by eurvey from Futtehghur, where more good observations were taken than have been
obtained at any other 11lece in the Upper Provinces except Seharenpoor [ 177 1.
I holm you will receive the circle safe, it is new and of Troughton's comtruction, though
made by Gilbert, an inferior artist. However, if you pap greet attention t o the adjustments
you will probably getgood results6.
Boilmu found the line from Allahabad t o Cawnpore
much leas than ... expeoted, and givea the rough longitrtde ol' the ~ L l a r station 80' 17' 31"7. ...
Mr. Burrow'e longitude ia 80' 13' 30". being about 4 minutes, or .It miles, too much to the
weatwarde of Allahahad. agreeing pretty woll with Colonel Colebrooke's opinion [ I , 163 I".
and in acknowlerlging hi# final report, Hodgson was pleased to find that his
map ... cleam up the ... corifuuion which hclcl so long existed in the longitudes of the Upper
Provinces, which arose from Mr. Burrow's mistake of nearly Bf miles batween Allahabed
and Cawnpore. I feel the greatest confidence in your differences of longitutle. Burrow, you
will perceive, was right, or nearly 80, a t Allehabad, and Benares also. ... You see whet confu-
eion had been c n wd by this mistake of Burrow's who waa considered as abuolutoly infallible,
and it wlla deemed hero~y t.o rlniiht, any of his determinations' [I, 155-64, 318-9 1.
Most of the Bldras surveyors had the very groat, advantage of working to the
triangleu of the Great Trigono~netrical Survoy, and were spared the exsoting and
tiresomc work involved by axtronomical observations [ 186 1.
Even though the Northern Circgrs sumey was soon extended far beyond the
control of Lamhton'e triangles, tho instructions given were clear ; work wns to
proceed by triangulation, and to be closed a t intervals on n~easured bases. Thia
ditl not necessarily mean that true direction would be preserved beyond dispute,
but the deviation wan unlikely to be noticeable for mapping purpoaes.
In his enthusiam for astronomical methods, Hodgson had asked that a teloscopb
shoultl be irrlutrd to Sncll, for obsenration of Jupiter's satollites a t favourable
'Dllu. 2 ) 4 ( 332 ). R-8 27. IW. N..J;rmrr & \Vinatxtr~. aT1~o,-orrcation of-2'27'.18 toold value ol
bla~irn* [ I I , lo5 I h d n p thin to i H o 3' 20' an n~sinnt t,mr v n l u ~ . 7RD 3'. LIlDn. 220 ( 288 ), 7-0-27. lib.
( :I20 ). 20 5.3. * h11t10. 31 34U. lr-I-2fl. ' 1)I)n. '221) ( 331 ), 14-62H.
opportunities. Snell's request for a timepiece came to the notice of Bleaker, who
indignantly t o Montgomerie, asking why the telescope had been eupplied ;
long 8e that irlstrument wes not required for other purposes, ... there was...no
objection to letting Captain Snell amw hunaelf with it. ... The csee is altered when pluches-
ing, at rn dvanoed price, a time-keeper ... to be sent t o the Rehmundr y survey, became
that imtnunent m o t be expected bwk without injury. and can never be rueful there,
n h u ~t the issue of it sanctior~s Captain Snell's deviation from hie o r i g b l instructions.
He was directed to proceed by triangulation, and t o verify his operations by tho measure.
rnent of a second base. ... Since the art of s~vveying wss invented, there never hes bean
known so nronvtroris B proposition as that of correcting triangulation by aetronomical obaewa-
tione for the longitude. I n the Grent Trigonometricel Survey observations of the stars are
medo with a view t o dete~mine the lntitudes. but thia not with any deaign t o correct the triangu-
lation, but t o ascertain how rnnny fntlroms are contained in a degree of the meridian.'
Snell explained that the telescope was of no use without the timekeeper. He did
not want to "correct the triangulation ", but to compare astronomically fixed
positions with those derived fiom triangulation.
Snell was not the only Afadras surveyor who took an interest in astronomy, for
Q ~ P worked out a method "of deducing the longitude from the observed altitude
of the moon"2, and published "A Treatiae ... upon the methods of deknnini~lg tewm-
m i t u d e s by the Moon's Right ilscewion ", for which lie asked Government
support by the "allotment of fifty copies, a t ten rupees per copy, for the use of
the survey depi~rtn~ents of this prcsidency"3. Hodpson noticed t,hat
Captain Crisp ha3 pllbli~hod hi5 I~otrk a t Mndrw. ... Various for1-119 and modes of rtrlculntion
have at different tirnea lleon adopted by clifferelit a~t r ol wmer ~ for detennining tliffemncer,
of longitude3 from the co~nparison of t,lre t.mngit3 of the rnoon and stars, some of which,
when I have leisnre. I may probably extract for the use of such surveyors ns rlve transit
instruments. I n this country they ure coming into general use, and all the surveyors observe
the satellites, but on yolrr side you are intlependnnt of these t hi np4 [ 190 1.
Hodgson continued to encourage the Madras surveyors t o obt,&in suitable ins-
truments, not only to qualify the~nselreu for taking obse~~, ations when working
beyond the range of the Grcat Trigonometrical Survey, but also for work in forest
or other areas where distant view arau impossible. At his reqliest Mont,gomerie
asked the Madras Govenln~rnt t,o hrlp ;
As this Presidency will in all probability be the first to have pnrtier, evailable for regularly
surveying the newly aoquirod territories to the eastward [after the Br~rmn war]. it would
be desirable that officers in chargo of wlrveys should be put in possession of thoee instruments. ...
It would be well that the nurveyorn shoulrl have the lneann of being throughly practised in
determining the latitude and longitude by obs e~at i on, in the event that a t any time they
[may ] he placed in situations where wch a mode only may be availahle5.
Croldingham had resumed charge of tho Observatory in 1812. mtl in 1821
undertook a notable series of observations for u.scertainiiig the lerlgtll of the
seconds pendulum. Apparatus was sent out under the auspices of Kater and,
after preliminary work a t the Observatory, an expedition was sent to Sumatra under
Crisp, to carry out observrtt,ions near the equator [ 254-5 1.
When Goldingham took furlough pending ret.irement in 1827, Montgomerie was
posted to charge of the Observatory in addition to his duties as Deputy Surveyor
General, receiving an nllowance of 100 pagodas a month". On Goldinghem's
retirement in 1830, Thomas Taylor7 ['57] came out from England as ast,ronon1er,
and held charge till 1848.
There was no observatory e t Bombay until the Directors made a grant for the
purpose to the Bombay Literary Society in 181a8. I n August 16121 they were told
'DDn. 223 ( 18-20), 3-1-23. a ib. ( 171-0 ). 1-9-?.5.
'oopy still hold by compg. om00 at Dehrs;
DDn. 147 ( 3 W ). 26-1-37. DDn. 2.13 ( 37 ). 27-1-27. DD.3. 229 ( 3 ). 12-1-27.
*aboot Rs. m.
'Thou. Qlenville Taylor ( 1801-48 ) ; DNB. ; RA8. tnn. IS. ( 1819 ) ( 0 8 3 ).
' Ro to CD. .%&IS.
t hat "t he observatory has been erected in t he 8, W. ravelin under t he directione
of Mr. Hereford', and some raluable i11strument.s purchased by t he SocietyM.
Hereford died "shortly after t he building was completed" aritl, on t he recommend-
et,jon of t he Society, t he Direct'ors appointed John Cl~~snin as " Astrono~ner to the
Company" 011 Rs. 500 a month. Curnin was "reported t o be well versed botll in
kqtronomy a1it1 hl nntusal philosophy, ancl his nieritu ... attested by ... Mr. Henry
&lebrooke". Tlie nppointment was urgcd t o meet " t,lie inconvenience experienced
by t he trade arid co~nmorce of t,he port fro111 t he want of scient,ific aesistance"~.
Cu~ni n asrived from England in 1823, and, repni-ts Governmerit,
after repairing and adjtlsting the instruments ul d examining the position of tho obnewatory
belonging to the Literary Society, he hae repreaentorl Lo ue that the instruments are not of a
megnitude nor of a kind euficiently accurate lor the extension of science and the good of nevi
getion, and that the present observatory is unfit for u dep~~aitory of good instruments. ...
We ... auggest that tlre instruinenbs retornmend ed... bo r n d e in England by the artis&
whom he has named. ...
Wo hare authorised n spot of ground on Colnba pointecl out hy Mr. Curnin to be made
over to him for the purpose of an obeewatory3.
A new observatory IvnJ constructed during 1820 by t he Chief Enginrer in con-
uultntion with Curnin, a t an eutimatr(1 c'ost of Ks. ltl,'794-2-05. on "a rncant Apace
belonging t o Gove~nn~eut irnmrdiatt.ly sout,ll of Mr. hl orl ey' ~ premisrs on the
Island of Colabnh "4 and was c.nrlosc.(l by "a pr mnnent wall ninde round t,he com-
pound ", a s nl ~l l gap being left, with "n little iron railing" t.hrough which ob~e r v~t ~i on
could be made t o " t,he llicridian ninrlc t o t he north ''6.
Two papers by Curnin were published by the Royal Astronomicnl Society on
transits of moon-culminating st,arua, and rimongst tllc Astro~iomer Royal's corres-
pondence is a 1et.ter fro111 Cunlin datotl l30n1bag 10th Julie 1824, seporting t hat he had
a new method of determining the latitude at een, which I purpose soon to send to the Board of
Longitude, ... that the Board would give mo a premium for it [ I. 151 1' . ... I very much
regret ever having come here ; my prospects are far from being agreeable or bright.
Being obviously unhappy, he refu~ed t o work with t he instruments supplied by the
Directors in 1824. and sent them hack. It, was Iield in London thtlt there was " no
shadow of a foundation " for their reject,ion. and he was d i s mi ~ ~ e d in 18288.
Markham records t hat
other inatr~unente were sent out in 1835, and remainell unpacked for five ye-. The trensit
inetrument waa put up at laat in 1840, nnd since September 1841 a regular register of mag.
netic and meteorological obmrvatio na... hea been kept.
The o5co of the draughtsman of the Indian Navy wm nfterwarda removed to the obser-
vatory [ 133 1, ... and here the chronometere of the Indian Navy and merchant veesels wars
rated, and the char h... compiled, drawn, and oocnsionally lithographedD.
'Roger finnoin Hereford. watchmaker, d.. Bombav. 106-20. ponnlbly oonneoted with R. F. Hereford,
of Bo. Mil. Dept. 8ectt.. 1853, and with family of Bufton Court, oo. Hereford. 1 Bo to CD. 29-8-21 (86-94).
8% to CD. 10-0-23 ( 18-21 1. 'BGC. 28-'7-23 & CE:s 10-1&23. lib. 2 0 8 2 8 . RAS. (mu), I
( 24.78 ) ; 1828 ; ib. Memoire. 111 ( 368 ). 'not found amongst Board of Longitude papars st Royal O h .
' CM. 24-28: CD to Bo. 21-6-28. *Markhem ( 23 ).
CHAPTER XIV
PROFESSIONAL DETAU
Pol,icy - Himcilaya Districts, 1816-22 -- Aesam & Bur m, 1624-8 - Plain8 of
Bengal- Barometiic Heighbs - Madras -- Bombay.
N their orders for a Surveyor General of India [ I I , 306 ; 111, 274, 2899011, the
Directors defined his ci~ities c t ~ tlie oompilntion and maintenanoo of enitable
maps, nnd tho prmervation of surveys ant1 ]naps in a high order of secrecy.
I t was further implied that he alono would be responsible for technical edvice and
for cont,rol of ell surveys of nLI three preeider~ciej [ 303 1.
Meckenzio'a own idea of whet war; required was based on his survey of Mysore
[ I I , ~ I - I I ~ 3 : a dotrtiled one-inch survey hintrict by district, based on triangulation,
showing alladministrative bountla.ries, and accompanied by dsscriptire and statietical
memo&.
Methods would vary with the nature of the -count+ ;
The practice I established on the Coaste, and wished to recomlnend here [Bengal], is to
have the complete map of a province, or dmtrict, accompanied by a dascriptive memoir ; ...
the limits pnrticularly are described and all their landmarks ; the experiment hea been made,
and succeeded. To carry it on, two preliminaries are neceesary--8 m l l establishment of
native assistants3 trained t o surveying and drawing on one d o r m 8ys t em- m entire subordi-
nation throughout. by which the progrew can be instructed, watohed, corracted, or approved,
aa oircumetances require [ n, 303 1.
The m e y s should never be interrupted till the district is finished, and then the eurreyor
should have his due ehare of reward or praise, in the regular channel. ...
I find near me a copy of the hea.cls of memoir desoriptivo of e province, used in Myeore,
end attempted by me t o be introduced into the Delian. ... And what e noble work would reeult I
What e olear view of Britieh India I Time, perseverance, and an organized machinery en,
only wanting. ... A central office of direction and control will always be need.
Though the Madras surreys were organized on these lines, nnd long continued
with val ~~abl e memoirs, district by diqtript, euch memoirs were undertaken in
Bengal by the revenue surveyors only.
For survey of the MartrHtha Decrtln [ 124-5 1 Mackenzie advised
having each circar -eyed separately a t first. General maps are formed from them. ...
This method is e medium between the e n d l a method of separate village sunreye, and t he
loose method of general topographical ma p , which never complete anything, and for ever
require corrections. Every village and feature is laid down in this middle wag.
Hodgson was sceptical as to the Great Trigonometrical Survey reaching all parts
of India, and atrove t o develop systematio traverses, controlled by regulnr astrono-
mical observations.
Much remains to be done ; and, as i t is t o m e y e of e oombined geographical and militarp
complexion that we must owe i t ( bemuse they are most rapid in their execution, and whtn
cinamckd by oetmnomiccll obae r uah sufaciently correct ). I will confine these remarkg ohietly ...
to their still greater perfection, aa well as uniformity.
Though in euch m e y e trigonometrical obwmatiom, proceeding h m baaee m d
6th care, are occaeionally introduced for special purposes, it ie rather a waate of time in generel,
and in close countries not applicable.
Groat trigonometrical operetiom, ... while they determine euch importsnt and ourious
facte 0.3 the true dimemione ... of the globe, ... moet materially miat and corrsct the operations
of the surveyor who wor ka... wit hin... the determined triangles, ... and eave the m y o m on
'CD to B. 3-6-14.
'of Coromnndel. s familiar reforenoe to the Prddmoy of hLsdns [ I, r43, 164 ].
'wnnty-born [ I, 283 n.8 ; LI, 303; ILI, 94 1.
DDn. IM ( 35 ), 7-8-10. a t 0 Rmdt., Po o n ~
7-9-18; ib. ( 7 ).
the Coast the necessity of wing t,he moro valuable astronomical instruments.
Hut, even then,
- neo-ry to the s we y o r &n accompanying nrmiee, and in many other eituati-
in which he cannot aveil himself of the connecting pointn of the grmtt triangles [ 185-6, rgr11.
Blacker wtaa not a n experi enod practical surveyor like Hodgson, but during
nearly ten years as Qrlartormaster General he hnd much t,o do with sorreyors and
maps ; he had known both Msckenzie and Lambton personally, and had an i m m e ~
respect for orderly method and syetem. He became Surveyor General a t a lnornent
ahen t he future of t he Great Trigonornetrical Survey was under serious considera-
tion, in view of i t s extension into IJpper India under a new Superintendent, and
he possibly discussed t hc new Atles of India with membcm of t he C o ~ ~ r t of
Directors before he left England in 1823 1282-3, 300-1 1.
One of his Brat concerns was t o make n careful review of all sllrvevs in progrem,
to ensure t hat t hey were being conducted on uniform principles, and were fit material
for t he new atlas [ 120-1 1. With this view he nri t es t,o Mountford two months
after taking over :
One of the great objects for iuetituting e pelieral ofice of wrvey wm that ... e uniformity
... might be obtained, and a definite prospect ( however distant ) procured of accomplishing the
-ey of India on matiefactory principlee. ... Tlle operations of the Great Trigonometricel
S w e y muat ... be naaurned aa the undieputed g r o u ~~d of Indian geography. ...
JIadras Presidency enjoys the peculiar boon of containing the firat meas~lred base of
the great triangulation, and of being co\-ered with the aame, excepting on the coaat from
Masuliptam northwards.
It will be a future teak to re-transcribe ... *lie r e c o d of vnluablc surveys in such a
as s h d readily exhibit ... the observations, measurement, ralculationu, and consequent field
book, with tlie dependence of one part on another. Until this shall be accornplkJled, the
geogrephy of the country cannot be said t o be eatahlistled, for otherwise, were its survey even
correct, the truth thereof m o t be show11 [ 121, 292 la.
He discusses t,he possibility of estending surveys i n Upper Indi a with astrono-
mical control only [ 89, 186 ] ;
No mv e y can be pronouncad final unlew performed with tile best kstruments, on the
most approved principles, m d by competent surveyors. ... In ~tleny. ..cases the rudest kt m-
ments have been used-the principl es... imperfectly ~mderatood-and perao ne... employed who
wen, incepable of even correcting for the variations of the compw. ... Pe t were...these
imperfect operations beneficial to the public aewice, becawe some infomation regarding
boundaries and newly acquired territory wa6 ahriolutely necessary, and. however imperfeot, ...
was better then total ignorance. ...
There is every ms o n to suppose that Government will ... require silnilar s~lrveys for specie1
crrsee, that cannot await the more tedious p r o p s of correct methods. ... To reduce thin
inconvenience, ... no survey liable to ... superce~sion should be undertaken except for ~peoinl
purposea ; ... all the talenkq suitable t o the taRk of performing final surveys shall be applied
ta that purpose. ... This ... leads ... to the nature of the Great Trigonornetrical Survey as the
d y permanent foundation of Indian Geography. For many yeam there wtla no certain
proepect of &...being extentlet1 into Hindoostan, and there wan therefore Rufficient reason ... for
proeecuting other s we y s on thie side of Intlia entirely independent of. ..it. The case ie now
altered, as the l mt prospect us... sanctioned hy Government provitles for the immediate exten-
eion of the Greet Triangulation into Hindoostan [ 225, 233, 240 13.
He went on t o suggest t he provision of well-fixed astronomical point8 to provide
control in thofie pa ds of Bengal t,hat. might be beyond t.he reach of t he trigono-
metrical Aurvey [ 185-6 1.
He wrote about t he same time t o Sl~tl~erlitncl, empllasizing t he importance of
preserving original documents ;
Not only mwt all observetione, calctrlationn. a11.nrl results, be ~atisfwtorily deteiled, but
dl the topographical objects which enter ... the m p ehould, aa far aa possible, be described in
writing. under whatever form of flelcl book may he adopted, and where that dsscription may
fd, a local sketch in the field books should supply the deficiency.
Fini~hed maps ... will differ with different systerme of projeotion-mietakes may ocour both
in the ealcuhtion and protraction of n triangulation and in the ineartion of the detail-
IdlenulrB on the Buruep in Indiu. DDn. l!I8 ( 154-68 ) & 282 ( 297 ). 21-1 1-21,
' DDn. 220 ( 3-8 ) ,
22-12-23. ' DDn. 204 ( LC10 ), 28-14-23.
al-tiom take place in tho duucr~sions of the pupor with C- hr the atmarphere, ~d very
.imiler effmtn are produced by subsequent pt i ny-al l of which. ..muat be for ever perpetu-
ated, rlnleee there be some independent tast for correction. In short, them muet d w e p
rnmaiIl on record m~fficient means for reconstruction of the plan a t any time, or the records
be deemed imperfect, nnd the fruita of lnbour md expence pr opor t i o~t el y forfeited. ...
The aanle f a k Ilae ntterldd, on this side of India, the several corratructions of succeneive
B-eyor Generals [ sie 1, all of wliirh have been set wide from the total absence of ex~l annt ory
memol ; for ... thom aro no means of separating tho dross from the metal [ I. 225. 239 1' .
EarlS i l l 1825 ho wul~nlitt~rd a review of tlrc surveys fit for t he Atlas [ 120-1 ] ;
Burveye...founded on minor triangulation have been deemed final, in the expectation of
their...ultimate oorroction by the Orc~rt Trigonornetrical operations. ... Mdr e s Presidency in
nearly completed, and...muc-lr lrw beon finally effected on the side of Bombay. ...
The next ~1%- of survey is that ... fountld on caraft11 r o d and boundary meeaurernents,
with ohacrvcd bearings. ... ~yrtemetic-ally plar~n od... with a view to the complete survey of some
district or provi~rco. ' hi s prbluiple i . 9 ulfurior ... to that of trinngulation, but it hes its merits,
which nitry remail1 rr tc,lorabltr rj~rl>~titute until u final survey can be effected. Of this description
an, the mj or i t p of tlle s~irvcyu ... t*arcuted untie tho Bengul Presiiltmcy. ...
?
Our peopreplricel k~rowlr~lpe c~ftllc l~nrtu ... u-lr~ch remain ... depends ori ... cwunl route surveys.
... In s o~~r c cnrrs wtronomical obuorvatio~ia lluvc been ollrployocl for their correction, but
no view can those purts be conai(lerecl as topograp1ric~IIy or certai~rly howna.
He i~ruisted t,Jlnt no worlr was suitt~ble fiir t he At,lnr~ ~rnlesrt or1 scrale of ; ~ t l e n ~ t one
inch t,o s rnilc. He dill not agree wit,l~ Sutherlnnd t hnt t he Ilslf-inch sc~t l c w m
"sllficicllt t o rclil,cae~~t e\-cbry description of col ~nt r y" ~.
After Blacker's deat h, and E:vercst,'.u departure t o E~~gl ent l , Hodgson saw t he
prospect of t he Great Tripononletrice1 Survey reaching I?ppor Indi a more remote
t han ever, and continued hiR policv of pushing survey westward with t he best astro-
nomical control t hat coulrl be ~~rovi cl rd [89-90]. Before leaving India, January 1R20.
he submitted a note wliich dollbtless led t o Bentinck' s important memorandum
[196 3, from which tllc following pnsscsges at- quoted :
In examining the ... materials from which the Indian Atlaa hae been compiled, it appeam
that...the orlly really valunhle part of the work has been furniehed by the geodetical operatione
of tho late Colonel Lambton. ... I t ...p rove* ... tho leeet expenuive of the Indian surveys, in-es-
much-acl it is the only oxtenqive one which neecla not to be rnatle over again. and affords facility
to all further surveys of wllntever ~lescriptiort [ I, 190 ; 11, t-pnpu 1. ...
The mode in whicli the q e a t surveys are carried on in England fnmish the most ueefd
precedents. ... The first operation is establinlring tlro position8 of the primary points, and
furnishing the great basin. ... T h e second ... is the carrying on aecorldary intermediate triangles
end tletermining BB many points as may be reqrtirel for the third sort of operations. wttich
coriaista in filling up the wit11 topographic details by means of inferior instmmente. The s-nd
and thud, combined, have ht:en oxecuted upon an extent of 14.000 square mil- by the offlcera
of the Military Imtitution of Madras [ 9 5 4 1. ...
It rnay be propmod ;
A. To continue the work of Colonel Lambton northward as far as the mountain pro-
vi nce~; Captain Evereet, for whom the continuation hae been kept open, may be expected
Boon from IZngland with a new set of first-rate inetmnents construoted for that purpose. ...
B.
Baaea are not wanting from which oficere of the three Presidencies may carry on inter-
mediate triangles, and determine a d c i e n t number of points to serve 8s bmis to the topa-
grnphical sections into which the tliatrict given to each officer is to be divided.
0.
In filling up theac uectiona under-m~rveyors am t o be employed, and are to use chiefly
plain tables. whioh are. ..of easy construction, not expensive, and procurable in every country.
The smallest aaale upon which topography may conveniently be teken up in the field hse
beem found to be that of two inches to the mile.
After a lengthy di scl ~ssi o~~ about t he detail Rurvey, which displays t he influenoe
of Troyer far more t han t hat of Hodgson4 [ 193 1. Bentinck col~cludes ;
Whatever time may be required, end whatever mode adopted, certain ie i t t hat e work
of mch magnitude will never be completed, nor any eatief~ctory mu l t insured, wi t hod
bhe cstabliahment, of e permanent q d a m, independent ... of the rapid chaoges of Swveym
Qmmal. ... Upon all them coneiderntione it is proposed ;
'DDn. 220 (6-8 ). 1-1-24. SDDn. f:U ( 1 4 2 4 ). 31-I-%.
I)l)ti. 2211 ( 30 $3 ), I B
' Rentinak was Oovr. of
lWi4-7. wit,h Tropur 011 hid a t d [ 11. 447 1.
I. A military survey upon a scale of 2 inohee to the mile shall be mrried on in the three
Presidenciwl ; ... t o begin in the countries neemet the present frontiers, in the most important
or the least known parts. ... and t o be extended towarda the sea coaat.
11. ' h o officers of each presidency are to be permanently employocl in carrying on...
mecondory triangles from baaes furnished by the primary geodetical oporationq, ... and to
superintend the topographical surveys ...p erformed by 10 ~cnder-surveyo~w. ...
Ill. This surveying branch, consisting, for the three presidenrio~, c r f 6 nflirnrs nnd 30
under-surveyors, is to be kept alwtlys complete ; their number may he, a~~grnnnt,c~,l. but shell
never be diminished2.
A reference t o theso propo*als was niade by Thuillier about twenty years lat,er :
Lord WiUiam Bentink [ eic 1. Governor General of India, in hie niaaterly minute, ... laye
down the first principlaa nn which a large country should be surveyed in the soundeat and
most practical manner. The as-stem, ... however, was not followed out in all its integrity, but
the Great Trigonometrical Survey waa permitted t o proceed, aa a nkcloton operationa.
Though Bentinok's proposaln were never implemented, Everest claimed tjhat t he
priority given t o hi3 princ.ipal t>rianglm \van in filll nccord with themd.
t
An account has already been given of Hodgson's urluuccc.snf111 at t empt t o base
hie triangulation of Sirmiir and Garhwfil on ohserved differelices of latitude---the
repeated astronomical observat,ions taken by hi n~rel f and Herbert in pursuance of
this at t empt [ 175-7 1-a,~id their eventual resort t,o t,he meusurernent of a base-line
137 1.
Their triangulation extended over t he hill area be he e n t he Ganges and
t he Sutlej, and from their stations t hey cut in all tho proniinent snow pc s k~.
A
list of t he points fixed wae published in Asiatic Hrs~urckcs [ 38 n.5, 178 1.
It is di 5cnl t to conceive how any adequate survey of these hills coultl be effected
without t he pl net abl e, but neither Rodgson nor Herbert had any knowledge of this.
instrument, though i t had been most successf~~lly used by Garling in t he hilly country
of Goa, and was being used in t he rno~~nt ~ai ns of Coorg a t t he very time Hodgson
was making his survey [ 97 1.
After laying down his framework of fixed poinku, and takings height,^ by barometer,
Hodgson cut in by theodolite t,he villages ant1 rivers t hat could be seen f r on~ his hill
tops. Detail was filled in by compirss trnverse along hill paths and st,reamn, with
frequent checks by astronomicnl lat,itudes. Diqtances were n~easured by perambu-
lator, by pacing, or by time, as circlimst~nccs dictated. Herbert descrihea how he
deal t with t he winding of paths, and reduction t o t he horizontal ;
The distances I have put down a4 determined by pacing. The value ... ie of course
eontinually altering with the nature of the road. I have considered 2,000 equal to a mile
... a eufficiently correct idea. The c o w I have put down by nnti~notion, aa there waa not
really time to protrect the route, travelling 6 m d 7 miles a day in a mountainous country.
One hour ie the average time for a mile, and the fatigue is so grent that i t is quite impoesible.
after arriving a t the ground, to sit down immediately to copy field books or protract.
Frequently I have not reached my ground till 3 or 4 in the afternoon, end sometimes not
till nightfall. On mch occasions a little reat is ebeolutely neceesary. I have been most tanxioua
to prevent ... arrears, but I have ... found it impossible without halting, which...I waa averse
ko do. as... the season was already too far advanced6. ...
An excellent theodolite waa used for the bearings. dietant points being freely ueed ae
ahecke on the protraction. The distances were determined by time. Buch a method will
be thought perhaps loose and inaccurate, and so no doubt it is ; but ... euch is the rugged nature
of thme roads that, in whatever msnner the meneure be taken, it will require t o be reduced
... before ...p rotrnction. ... Thia duc t i on must depend entirely on estimation. ...
I had well exercieed myself in the number of paces which may be taken within the minute,
on every quality of path, and...thia number was always inserted in the field boolr a t the time.
an was LiLewiae the reduction of the road lime to the straight one for protractions.
' Tbn 2-inab nclelr wan ~irlc)pted for the r w. frontier arm in 1005. a DDn. 2R3 ( 88-82 ) ;aubnlitted to
Council under CX3.'* minule of 34-28. and psnnorl t o SG. by Xil. bpt . 13-11-29. "rhuillier& Sm th (2321.
I D D ~ . 402 1 3 3 4 ~ ). 1-1. 'P~w.. nrm. I:,: : M s2?...411~. ~ u ~ u . W~lrvoy ofthe sut l ~j va8sy, ~s R.
XV ( 411 J.
He kept one particular man to peoe the di ata~~ces, and generally ran the peram-
bulator at the same time as a check.
He found by experiment that on the level
the p e e varied from 32 to 34 inches, and in the monntains from 23 to 27 [ 51 1.
He tells Oliver in 1821 that
mu& -ys in the mountains are rrot cspable of the same precision as in the plains. ... The
reduction of an inclined waving line to the horizontel one for protraction ... can never be very
exact. ... The eye acquires some facility after practice. ... It ia desirable t o have as m y
points of...veri60ation as possible ; antl...it a good rille t o make 8 or 10 miles the greateat
d h c e depending on a mere route survey.
The daily distance that can be effectually sun-eyed...-arranging and copying the field
book-protmcting the route-making and calculating the necessary astronomical obuewa-
tions--I am inclined t o flx a t 6 t o 7 milea. ... 5 miles cannot be well surveyed in less than four
hours. ... I have never been able to do more than 2 miles an hour.
He goes on to describe tl\eodolite resectio~is and intersections [ 11,212 ; 111, 28 ] :
Of the several method* of fixing n position by nlewa of othom already known, I...prefer
the mglm which 3 points subtend. ... If they hnvo the one the same longitude, tho other t he
-me latitude nearly, ss the place of observation, the result will bo very satisfactory.
If but one point be vieible, beeides observing the azimuth of it. it will bo necessary to know
the latitude of the station. Finally. when the differenre of level is great, the barometer affords
a very good method of connecting station9 nt moderate distances, ancl if corresponding observa-
tions can be had the result will be still nearor the truth. This mrthod in particular is excellent
for h i n g the c o me of a river. Fkom a lofty station a few bearing8 and deprwsions will afford
data for as correct a map of a river's couree BR could 118 had by ractually following and putting
down its tireaome windingel.
He records an interestir~g case of mensureme~it~ by subtense distance ;
The dietance of the cantonment a t Dehra, ... not having been measured by t he perarnbu-
lator, was determined aa follows.
The angle subtended by a well defined object a t Nalapanee ( Captain Y's bunglow )P was
measured with considerable aocrlracy by employing the theodolite as a repeating circle, and
from thence, howi ng the dimensions of the objoct, the clistsnce mm computed. In like
manner, using other objects, and observing occasionally from either place. ... results were
obtained, the mean of which it is imagined must be near the truth3.
The following extracts from Herbert's fielcl11ook.s tcll of t,he measurement of t,he
baae-line at Dehra Dfin in Janua.ry and February 1819 [ 37 ] :
It may be thought that with a cha in... all that was l~ecessary [was ] to have coffers made
for it. Rut the employment of the chain in this way would have consumed ... time. not only
in the operation itself, but still more ;n the preparation of the coffers and stands, the latter
requiring to be made with elevating $crews. ... At this remote station one such stand could
not be properly executed. ... I was alone in a work which requires a t least two to execute it
properly. ... I relinquished the idea of employing the chain, except as a standard of com-
penson, for which purpme it was invaluable. ...
It appeared t hat the best substitute would be a eet of rods constnlcted of pine-wood ; t he
comparative unalterability of t h i wood has been long hown. Such rods have been even em-
ployed ...in the measurement of a degroe, particularly by La Caille and General Roy [ 226 14.
This month [ Jmuesy 1810 ] was occupied in preparing t.ho rods, ... their rtands, ... t he
alignment pickets, etc. ... On the 30th Decr .... a h e of 21,000 feet had been rum, free
eom any serious obstacles.
On the 1st Jany. rommenced clearing tho ground. The 3rd
and 4th, rain prevented much progreas being made ; a flagstaff was prooured with some deley
for the alignment. ... The evening of the 4th. I proceeded to the southern extremity, distant
3 miles from Dehra, and fixod my camp there [ 3711.7 1. ...
By the 10th the flogetaff had arrived. ... a fir epar of 50 feet in lmgth. A machine.. .
contrived for detecting the alteration of the measuring rods ... from moietrne. etc.,was finish&
about this time, with the exception of the diviaiom, the cutting of which caused delay.
On the 18th. the baae being cleered, I commenced the rough measurement with a common
land-eurveyorle chain, putting down etrong pickets ... a t every 600 feet, m d mumbering them.
On the 20th I had got up the Aagataff a t the northern extremity. .., The 21d was
in mtting it truly perpendioular bp ... wooden braces and a plummet. ... 22nd, rough meeaure.
mmt confmued. 23rd, v k 0 ~ 3 matters rehting t o the rode. partioulmly...the fire* attampt
' D h . 162 ( lee), Oot. 1821.
'Fredsriok Young ( 1788-1871) Ena. 1802: mmdg. Sirmoor Rott.
18161843.
'Fdbt 3rd July. 1817. DDn. 137.1332.
'Pdbk. DDn. 108. M 968
to determine their length. The 26th, the rough measurement was completed, and found to
oomiet of 43 spncea of 600 feet each. beeidea 266 feet over, 21.766 feet.
The remaining day8 of the month were occupied in repeated ... determinetions of the lengths
of the rode as compared with the brass scale ; also in preparing and setting up an apparatus
for the chain. ... During this period aho, I commenced tho fmal and correct alignment of
the base, previous to commencing the measurement. This was effected by using the circular
inetrument ~a a transit. ... The latitude of [ the south 7 ] extremity wee observed, ... and
found to be 30" 16' 44'.
On the 1st February, the final comparison of the rods with the steel standard chain wag
made, and, being found to confirm the previous determinations made from the braas scale,
I commenced the measurement on the following day. ... Pr ogr w made the Arst day wes...
very trifling, being only 160 feet, but WI the people got accustomed. ..we got on quicker. ...
1,182 feet lneasured 1st March ... terminated the baae, giving 21,132 feet'.
Webb based his survey of Kumaun on astronomical latit,ucles only, without any
ground measurement [ 44-5 ] ;
The base is a line nearly in the meridian. ... The latitude of each end wes carefully observed.
and the angle of an azimuth made by one of them with the meridian through the other wag
aetronomically observed. ... Length of t h i ~ b m then calculated aasuming the length of a
meridional degree t o be 60,600 fathoms.
[ Triangles extended from this base had all three angles observed, and were computed by
plane trigonometry 1.
Latitudm of each station computed from trianglm, and ... a p d so nearly with celestial
observation that it was doubtful which might be in error. ...
The geographical position of the p n t mosque at that plnce [ Pilibhit ] had been given
by Mr. Burrow, and I purposed adopting it aa the f i nt meridian of my mvey. From a point
close to the mosque. observations were taken t.o 3 h o r n snowy peake, and the latitude worked
out from theee observations came within 5" of Mr. Burrow's. ... I next computed the diffez-
enoe of longitude of a11 the stetinns from Peleebheet, using a table of meridional parts. ...
Being now assured that the distances given by my survey were trustworthy, I worked
out the heights, aasuming refraction 1/18 of intemected arc [ 48 1.
Obwrvation fro111 four known peaks gave mean height for Kaliniath station
as 5,767 feet-maximum 5,879-minimum 5,652-and t he heights of a11 pointe
and villages whether by barometsr or vertical angle, were adjusted t o this v~l ue .
I flatter mpel f that in the more essential parts this survey will bear comparison with any
that have been performed in Bengal, and I can only lament that I have not been able to collect
the materials into a map of suitable e~t er nal appearance [II, 453 ; ILI, pl. 6Ia.
The surveyors who accompanied t he various military col ~i n~ns during t he Burma
war, 1824-6, had t o rely mainly on compass traverse, with distances measured by
perambulator or time, and frequent astronomical Iatitudea. Many of them had t o
work in boats along creeks and rivers where accurate measurement was impossible.
The countries t hey were traversing were, however, so little known, that, any informe-
tion was of t he utmost interest, even though not of great acc~l racy [ 1941. The
following is an extract from Schalch's instructions [ 53 n.1 ] ;
It is not intended that you should contine yomel f to a mere road survey of the line of
march. The features of the country, so far aa... visible, ... you will be careful in delineating.
hying down the hills by trianglea, ... of which your surveyed line of maroh will form the base.
The comes of the rive re...y ou will also be careful in ascertaining by actual survey to the
greatest practical ditance, & you will endeavour t o supply from information the general
direction of the dream beyond the limits of your survey, the names of the towns or villages
near which they flow, the situation of their sources, and their junction with other atreams
or the see. The section of rivere of any magnitude should be taken, shewing the depth of
water in the dry seeson & during the floo &...and, if ness the ma-coast, the rim and fall of the tide.
Large male plans of pwm-villages-to-population-cultivationp eto.
Wbk.. DDn. 137, M 322; about a00 ft. dXemnw af level. An R. XI11 ( 283 et seq ).
As the trmt...ia eupposed to be rich irr the preoiow & base metal#, you will also. ..sacertain
situation of minee, and...pmoure speoimens of o w in their natural etabe, which you aerr
~n opportunity of return oarriagu t o mad to t he Preaidenoy, being d u l to label minutely
every distinct specimen. ...
Climate; ... -barometer-thermometer-...compared with one8 in Calautta. ...
The detailed map...half an inch to a mile ...y nu will reduce to a general map ... 8 milee to 8n
inch, inserting the reduction on a sheet of drawing paper on which line3 of latitude & Longitude
have been provioualy marked. moording to the mester sheet ... with these inatructiona.
Plans of positions to he mlule on...six inches to the mile. & partioular attention ...p aid to
the relative heights. ... I n the map eheettl you will be careful to insert both the true & magnetio
All placea laid down from information you will tlistinguish by a blue oolouringl.
For measuring dietanccs by boat in Ara.kan [68-9 1, Wroughton asked for e
log-line as used by sailors :
I fourld it utterly impo~sible ... t o rletermine, wit11 any degree of twclrracy, di3tanc -...from
a knowlrrllge of time alone.
Tlre constant varintion of the Bood nni ehb titles, together with
other impediments, rentlcrinq the progresa by water so very uncertrtin. ...
Log-line ... ia r~dficiently accurste ... nnrl, it,q being accompanied with a wheel and clock
similar to the perambulator. Rpacov n~ovecl over in ccnv hiown time clrn at once pointed off
without confiwion. Captain Crtrwford of the L(o~nl,ay . \ l ; rri ~~c informs tne thtxt he is in posses-
sion of an inqtrt~merlt of thin description, and that ho is willing to disl)ogn of it for s emall
eurn ( prob~bl y 60 to 80 nil)eus )'.
When Ile resumed oftice I N Surveyor G(!~rc-ral, Hodgnoil fonud ! ~l uch to criticise
in the fieldbooks and skctclirs ;
Yoor style of execution is very neat, ... [buL] I woul~l sugqarl ... that you ... write the n ~ ~ l i e s
in rathor a stronger hand, and make f i ~t r ~r e Inaljn. whether from re:lucell Rurvey or infonna-
tion, on the scale of 4 a. miles tu an inch. nu~lung the construction nritl lengths of (legre-
according to the enclosed fornr3. ... Be vary pnrtictlnr ...in your mapr, sketches, an11 notea,
in distinguishing betweon what y11u have clctunll!~ obarrved and srirveyed yourael j , an11 what
you have inserted from irlformation only, and nl w~ps rtnte the name and condition uf t he
persons from whom you gainell information*. ...
Do not trouble ... about fine paper and highly executed maps ; ... sl;etchas an11 maps fade :
make them as correct as you cnn, of course, and rlistinct ; ornarnent i~ of socontl~~rp conse-
quence ; too much time is occupied hy it. We make copim here to send to Englunrl and for
other urea, nnd the originals are lodged in the office6. ...
Send maps ... with parallels of latiticdo diviclvil to 30' an11 meri11ia.n lines to 20' , strictly
according to the table ; ... and thevo linm to be rontinucd to H, properly divided ri~argin, with
a ecale of miles and local measure8 of tho co~u~t r y. ... As to the merirliim. you have merely
drawn one Iirie, and written t l ~e longiturle along it ; but have aKurded no means by which I can
judge how it was determined, nor indeed ~i nc e you went away have I received any note
of survey. or observations of latitudes ant1 longitudes. ... I am engage11 in constructing a
general map of the eastern partr. ... and reqnire twthentic materials, and correct differences
of longitude are most requisite' [ 182-3 1.
Pemberton explains that the traverses recorded in hi* field books show
Lines infinitely more numerous ... than is generally necemry in a geo3mphicel survey, but the
mountains over which we travel are so closely wooiel that it very rarely happens a line
exceeding two furlonp can he obtained, and the average are much shorter ; this renders the
subsequent calculations exce33ivoly laborious and, until the arrival of Lieut. Gordon [ 66 1,
they occupied a very considerable portion of my time7.
Grant based his survey of the Irrawaddy entirely on tlstronomical observatiom
[ 183-4 1, and he had but little opportunity for triangulation in Tenesserim ;
To triangulate the Attaran...even pertially would be a tedious, if not an impraoticable,
operation. ... It is ...p artioularly de~irable to teke advantsge of the season for astronomical
observation, and t o determine the Iatitule of a3 msny ststions on the river a3 may be prectio.
able, and finally the latitude of the pass [ into Siam 1. From theee. combined with azimuthe,
no doubt the country t o the south-eost msy be partially trian3ulatel. but I think, upon the
whole. the positions in that quarter must be foundel on the transference of time [ 180-1 1.
From November till the be~inning of Marc11 no trienpulation can be carried on owing t o
the dense massea of arnoke with whioh tlre atrnoaphere is loaded, and whioh renders it genemUp
'1)Dn. 214, 20-12- 24. DDn. 215 ( 21-3 ). 23-11-25.
Lithd. in hloutts; DDn. 220 ( 101, 109
19-0 & 18-10-25.
to Wilaox. 17-1 1-90. ib. ( 170-0). Vb. ( 201 ). 23-8-27. 'to Pembartoa, 30-3-27
ib. ( 221-3 ).
7 DDn. 204 [ j z j 1, 36-27.
imp-ible ta see objects more t han three or four miles distant [ 76 1, but thie is t he season
peculiarly d a p t e d for determining latitude^ from meridian altitudee of t he eun. ... After t hb
month the elm will not be visible on t he meridian by refleation, and my wish is t o reeoh the
Siamese frontier before t hat [ 184-5 1. ...
do not anticipate much difficulty in laying down t he Gayen river ( t he course of which
is from e a t to west ) partly from azimuths anrl Intitudw, bnt chiefly from szimuthe and tr-.
f mnc e of time. The t r i a npl ~t i on ... will embrace ... triangles wl ~ o ~ o aides extend 8 to 16 mi l a
in length. ... Suoh appear to be t-he only pwt i cal methotl of laying down ... fixed pointa, from
many of which detached perambulator surveys will be practicahlc'.
Hodgson warned him t hat astrono~nical fixings alone would not make a srlrvey ;
It mould be of little or no w e to merely know latitndea or longitttdm in L I new country if
we did not l aow ull t he particulars of t he co~nrnuni mt i ~~n*. ... For insttmre, what would be
t he use of the difTerence of latitude ant1 longitude of Amherut nnrl the 3 Pagodtle without a road
survey between ttle places, nf f ~~r ~i i ng much inf~mnation aa a11 oHircr commanding troops would
require on hi^ march ? ... The tulzel is the foundatmion of all ~~ref111 work. ... and I hope you
will not despise it.. but nse it whenever you for mt- must got a h ~ l l nurvey ... from inter.
eecting lines. ... for a c o ~u ~t r y u surveyed if all t he line8 ofcommt~niccctit~n ... are ~ur ve ye d~.
HD~ ~ S OI I ' R i n~i rt ~ence on t he perarnl ~l l : ~t or s11on.s t hnt he had no idea of the
difirult,ies of t he jungle-clad I~ills of Burma. wl1c.1.r t he only co~~unnnica.tions are by
river or \-illa,n(* footpn.t,lls. Uritnt replietl thnt lie n,nul(l makr s u r l ~ pc. mn~hr~l at . nr
traverses as llc coulrl, but t l ~n t it wns c:<set~t,ial first to sllrvej. the n~a i n rirern, and
tl=s could not. 1, e done by pera~nbulator. He pressell for special allowances ;
There are no villtlgee in t,he interior from which men or provisions co.n be ~upplied. and after
each survey ... the surveyor nus st return t o this plaro [ Moulmein 1, and thus half the month
ie lost in supplyi~lg ...p r~~visionu. and a new set of cnrriers if hu can obtain t l ~em. ... No
surveyor is competont on t he ordinnry allt~wances tn m o ~ t such enormoug expence.. for he muet
pay for the transport of tllu supplies for t he whole party. ... The labourer cle~erves his hire,
and if Government requiro perambnlator surveys in the interior, I am quite sure thnt these
circumstances requiro only t o be stated, t o obtain its sunrtion t o a mont t ~l y contingent
charge for the l i e ~ ~ t y expenses. ...
It will not ... be practicable ... t o commence perambulator surveys till J a n ~ ~ a r y ; before
that, ... t l ~o survey of all t he rivers. ..will probably be completedg.
'Yhc following a.re Grant' s incltr~lrtions t o n e Montmorency in October 1x27 7771 ;
The monsoon being now entirely ~t on and, and t he weathor enfficiently aottled t o admit
of your proceecling immediately on t he rivers, yo11 will ...p roceerl up the Gayen river towarde
Tounea, and ... lny down by c~r ef ul magnetic and angular int,ersectiona t he aeveral islanda
between t hat village and &I oul mpd. ... You shoulrl proceed first t o Tounsa, where there are
eeveral eminences whence you will be able to form a just idea of t he features of the surrounding
country. ... Those ridges you will be able t o lay down pretty accurately from magnetic bear-
ings from t he banke of t he river. ...
You have now e nj oy4 a recase from active dut y of si r months, and ...y oil should exert
youwelf to t he utmoat. ... Every surveyor is expected t o be constantly employed in t he duties
of t he aurvey exclusi\.ely, and during t he favourable eeaaon t o devote hie evory hour, and
his every thought, t o it, nnd t o it alone6.
The general syst e~n of survey in t he flat tree-coveretl pl ai ~l s of Upper India wae
t o run wide traverse circuits, with frequent checks by astronomical fixings and,
after a satisfactory closing, to fill in detail by minor traverses. Surveyors work-
ing in t he more hilly areas were able t o make uso of triangulation and measured
betlea, always controlled by obaervationu for latitude and azimuth, as t hus described
by Franklin [ 81-2 ] ;
My operations were conducted on t he practice of primery & secondary triangles. ... The
primary pointe were extended by a large beae, meaaured trigonometrioally, and also by latitudes,
between two ternplea aitueted on t he hilla of Banda and Seundah, and verifled by another
base ~i mi l arl y meaaured between temple. on the hilla of Chatterpore & Mow#. Intermediate
1Moulmein. 10-2-27 : Dh. 220 ( 224 ). ' DDn. 220 ( 228 ). 6-4-27. DDn. 221 ( 234 ), 17-5-27.
6MRIO. I70 ( 13, 14 ) sl~ow my* l hd. by De Montmomnoy. 'DDn. 290 ( 306 ), 18-10-27. 'Emdo, 68
C/7 ; (Ihhahrpur, 64 PI9 ; h u , 64 014.
-11 b-m were frequently meesured for constant verifioation. & under the probation of re.
pM rntronomical observations, a oomplete seriea of points was oetabliehed'.
For Cheape's survey of Chittagong [ 11-2 1,
were dug in the ground a t every station that no mistake might be made in bringing
the line of survey round again t o the same point, and the chain was examined every two or
three days and ehartened when requisi& [ 1. 198 ; 111. 172 1.
Seetacoon and Dolphin hillsa have been laid down from bectrinp, and their positions
use of wherever thoy were visible ; bearings have been taken to a number of other hille.
The hoiRht of Seetacoo~r Hill hns been determined with great care from bases at the foot. ...
~ ~ ~ l e s of altitude, os well as horizontal angles, ... have been taken with theodolite to the nearest
2- ; ... they have always heen repented more than once to avoid the possibility of errors from
the moving of the instrument.
Frorrl Ialarnabad there ie a hill visiblo in clear weather a t N. 72' E. ; ... it is visible from
other part of the district, but I should consider it about 64 miles dbtant, in which case it
will be 5.600 ft. high, its anglo of altitude being 28' 3 0 " ~ .
Gerard took par t i c~~l ar c:me over his travc'rse8 in SahAranpilr [ 22 ] ;
TIlR r o ~ ~ t n ~ Ircrve been eurveyerl in a Inore exact mariner than ... usllally dona. ... I spared no
to make tlie outline correct, so tliat, hy h~tving it accurately laid rlown, the cross routes
be ~neasurecl wit11 greater expedition. ...
I sot out from Xnjil~nhad, surveyed to Ru~oo1~1oor. from thence backby another route;
aa both tlie rot~ds bo generally in n line liot Car tlisLant from tlre ~noridian. the latitudes observed
correct tlle cliatance ; the differences of longit~lile depend mtiraly upon the boarings of t he
toed, which were ohnerverl with the rento oat carn.
Harkarna with flap wero sent ahoncl to mark the directiolr. ... 'rhc theodolite ww twice
set, road off to single minutes ; the rlistunces by perambulator were put down to the nearest
1/10 furlong ; tho whole wns aftnrwnrrls t,wica worker1 by a traverse table extending to every 6
minutes of the quadrant, wliich brings out tho furlongs to 6 places of decimnls.
The vtlrintion of the cornpaas wns obnerved generally once a wrali by the lnrge thei~dolite ;
the latit~~tlas were observocl from Dr. Pond's stars, al\vays north & south, 80 as to (lo away
with any error in the sextant 6: uncertainty of refraction. The position of Kejibnbacl, after
mveying to Rusoolpoor and baclr, comes to within 1/10 filrlo~ig of it,s formor place, which
is aa near an can bo expocted in n ~nensured distnnce of nenr 270 miles6.
Under Hodgson's i nst n~ct i ons for nrens heyoild t he western and southern
frontiers, each surrcyor WHS to 1a.y O I I ~ pt~ra.llelograms about 36 by 20 miles, and t o
follow the long sides n.lternately nit.11 t he dia.gonals, finishing with the short sides,
taking ast,ronon~ic~,I obserrrctions and frequent intersections [ 180 ] ;
The flunreyor is expertccl to march each clay from 6 to 7 miles ( S~~nda ys and Thursdays
excepted ) ; a halting day may also be allowed when nn obaervation for the longitude by
Jupiter's sutellitee is mado. ... The time ... by eqt~al altitllden, if tho xveather allow^. ...
It may sometimes bo proper ... to mesxnre a baso and to take angles for ... fixing ... any re-
markable Ilills which ... may serve as referring marks. If favourable .pound can be found, a
baae of from 2 to 4 miles rnny be measured, and a short and a well-proportioned seriea of
triangles carried on. ...
It only remnins to admonish the young surveyor to be distrustful of himself and of his
inetrurnents, and not too confident when he finds his operations agree with a surprising close.
ness, but to examine all, and when he finds his discrepancies not to conceal them, but patiently
to inveetigate their cause, and repeat the work till he ie satisfied. Young observers think they
are always right. but not so the more experienced [ t-pW 1.
The map to be sent to the Surveyor General is to be on 4 Britiah miles to an inch. ... The
protraction should be made daily, and in a large sheet, oo~nprehending ss much ae poasiMe of
the tract to be surveyed ; the surveyor then sees a t once what he is about@.
Though not able t o inspect surveyors in t he field, t he Surveyor Generd kept a
clo* watch on their fieldbooks, and Hodgson writes severnly t o Ferguson [88];
Theee mt i s f ect or y documents ... do not in the least resemble the fo rm... I gave you. ...
Imtead of a separate Beld book for eaoh month, ... in the form presoribecl, with a daily traveAs
table, and...a register of the astronomical obaarvations. ... and instead of. ..field notes ahi oh
might have exhibi ted... aouteneas of geographical researoh. ... I have reoeived a most slovenly
' Memoi r of a Survey on the BE. fronlier oj Bundclearnd; Franklin. 204-20; MRIO. N gee. hR
8W. Frontier. Bundeloond. \vit,h note on cnnstrootion. MRIO. 83 ( I2 ).
'Repnrt. 11- 10-10. 'S1Ukund
Hilb. 70 N/10.
'Called Blue Mountsin on his map; Fdbk. 1816-1; YRIO. M 157; aee aha Report. 1&1&1@
MRIO. Miso. 2&O-ID.
' DDn. 212 ( 3 ), 25-1 1-18. ' DDn. 101) ( 151 ), 21-11-21.
?par, whioh reee~nbl -...the route o f a corlls whioh the cornmanding officer woaaionally
d t s some officer to keep, and for which, when well exeouted, he reoeivea 100 r u p m per
month [ 11. 326 1.
But from a surveyor I might have expected something better. ...
The numeroue or-- of d a t a and ...fig ures. ... and the auhstit~~tione. ... require erplma.
tion [ LI, 2x8-ao 1. ... Very few villages, mountains, or remarkat)le objects, ere intersected, ...
end after the 6th of February I do not see...an observation of L111, n o d e of your theodolite. ...
Original field boob are. ..sent to England. ... Imngine how peraons who [night tl~ere examine
your field books, in the hope of finding full i nf or ~nt t i o~~ on ~ u c h intomtinq aul~jerts aa the
heeds of the Some, Nerbuddah, ant1 Hutsoo [ 88 1, wnuld jr~rlyo ... of tl~ern' [ 11, 214,- l o 1.
Ile writes more kindly t o Johnstone [ 87-6 ] ;
As I am well satislied wit11 your waiduity, ... you are not to imagine t l ~ i ~ t it1 directing your
attention to ~nathorls of greater accuracy I am finding I ' n~~l t with you ; on the contrary. I a m
more satisfied by seeing the discrepancies in your observations faiti~full?l recorded than I should
be by seeing any attempt to mako them close more nicel?~, by which pnople sun~etitnea deceive
themselves, but connot deceive me . ...
The Nalwah map will ... require more correction. Captain Gerard 11tw the ..twk of dofining
the great outline nnd the positio~l of the principnl plat.ep, ns thnt ~ I I I I t1111y 111. clone by a
person of ... experience, ... in the pwession of ...g ood insLr~~ments. He has laid down the line
from Nurwar to Bopaul [ 80 1. ... I will desire him to eenrl you the correct protraction of the
southern port ... which you may con~iderau a corrert frti~nowork to which to ~uljuat your cletail. ...
It is be& always to arrange your survey in circuit. ..a3 recommenderl in the MS. pq)er of
hints I sent you [ 88 1. Wh8.n you have made a rounrl, the ogroement of tho stun of the ...
distancca on the meridian at111 perpendiculnr will shew tho goodness of your work. I t will
not indeed do so exactly, beca~~se of curvature, but Lhnt difft,~-llco in ht-yond the power of your
instruments ... The hast way i n always to observe flags or Rome woll-defined ~na r l i ~.
Gerard writes of his circuit through MBlwct t hat
from Jypoor to Kotn. I have groat reaaon to dopnd upon the survey, which \VIM (lone by
meerLq of azimuths R: 1atit.udes. ... From the latter place to Noemuch, which for upwards of
half the way hall never beeti travelled by a European, the survey will probably Ire ...as correct
as most of those made by a perambulator & theotlolite, for the ronrl gvnc*rally led thro' a very
thick wood. ... Even with my flags, upwards of 20 feet in len$h. I c4111lli seldom aoe 100 yards
before me, so the bearinp ... are not at all to be depended upona.
Contrary t o Msckenzie'e practice in Madri l ~, t ho Hengul survejrore were expected
to work singlo-handed, and it, wau some time before Gerard obtained any help.
When I waa euweyor to the Board of Commissioners [ 22-3 1. I had three country-born
acmietants, besides a European draughtsmnn4, so. with the exception of the survey of the
route, & astronomical obeervations. I had little to do co~npared with the enormous deal of
trouble I have had with the survey from Ag e to Bhopal. ... [ where ] I had not a ninglo ascria-
fent to help me. ...
I had t o survey the route, make enquiries regarding the auppliea, water, rivers, boundaries.
&c. Then, es long as the weather wm moderate, equal altitudes for the time, & cimum-
meridien of the sun ior latitude, were observed every day, ... and at night the altitudes of
several stare. ... I was often obliged to sit up very late. ... Besides this, I hed to choose
statione for signals, frequently from one to three miles off the road, & now & then I vieitad
these spota without halting a day for that purpoee. ... Moreover several short baees wen,
measured, sometimes with the chain, but oftener with the perambulate$.
The instructions given t o Boilcau [ 24 j, and his reports, are a further illustration
of Hodgson's system. He was t o run down his circuits from traverse tables, and
projeot his rnap from e, tahle giving t he lengths of a d e ~ r e e on r~lrridian and paral!el.
There are those who suppose that to make correct rnlrveye by taking the various roede
bhich intersect a oountry ie a task of. ..great ease. ... To run a loose line of 100 miles seema
e ~ y . but if a great circuit ia t o be made and the line to be oroeaed ... many times from different
pointa, and in different directions, ... much tact, ... skill. an3 experience, are necessary. '...
You should uae running oamele as Asg bearere. ... I would recommend your keeping 2 or 3,
for ... they ere mmt convenient in brinqing nupplies, etc.. from the neeregt statione, and
many other purp-. ... Perhaps you may prevail on the Judge t o lend you 2 or 3 horsemen
t o arrp your f l aq quiokly [ I1.202 1. ...
You ehould change your guide, or Domhe, at every village ; they will then willingly ecoom-
v y you, and point out all the villagee in sight ... when you diemount t o take bearing, end it
'Dh. 108 ( 62) . 20-6-23. 'Dh. 108 ( 00) . 12-8-29. @Jo~~rn%h. MRIO. M 311. 507: horn
Rlronj. nA-3-23 ; lettar to 80. 7-8-24. 'Blendford [ a j ; pl. 3 1. . 'hIRIO. M 312. 2C124.
ie b a t to give into the Domha'e hand a hog speas, or long bamboo, with whioh he d l point.
,..while you look ... over hi shouldera.
You should take advantage of any mounrls or heights near the Mad aide t o get 8 more
rn-anding view of the horizon, and in the evenings do the seme from your camp. or ite
vicinity. ... I rely on you for making your notes explanatory, ... and your map usofully fuU,
though there is no nwd to crowd it with very amall hamletel.
11, acknowledging Boilcau's map a year later, Hodgson congratulated him on
the close of your surveying campaign ; it has been tm arduous one, and I return thanks for
your exertions and nttention to my ... iustmctions. You see how rapid and correct this mode
surveying is, and. ..when we can diapoae our lin -...in such directions that observed latitudes
efford a check and ecale for the ctintances on the meridian ... we have little to regret that we
could throw ... triangles over our flat countries like the Dooab, studded with mango topee.
If we could divide our groumrl into oblongs. and run up nnd down, with the difference of
longitude and favourable diagonnls, we might ... make our map ... a.9 accurate, very nearly, ae
by trigonometrical operations. ... Certainly 1 would always determine points by trimgulation
... when ci rcumst anc~ allow, but when thoy do not, a8 in the greater part of the rich Gangetic
provinces, we can perform our work withoub them. A trianpllation to be good shoulrl be on e
large scale ; ... bub we aee ... ridiculous oporatiom called Tri~onometrical Surveys, which are
merely a confuaed entnnglement of ... network of s~nal l ~i ~l ert , which ... create ... delay to no purpose
whatevera [ ZI O 1. It ia really ridiculous t o hear the grnndiloquence which is piit forth about
trigonomotrical surveys by those who know no thin^ about the matter, and who do not eeem
to know that in reality the measurement of 8 orrbbage garden is ... a trigonometrical operation'.
The following extracts are taken from Boileau's later lieldbooks :
October 1st 1828. Marched from Agra towards Bhurtpoor ... malting use of two perambu-
lators; No. 1 by Cary ; No. 111, the large, or Seringapatam wheel [ I, 199 1. Yemured a line
of 10 chains in the afternooo, and compared both the perambulators with it ( chain No. 6i 7 ).
Wheel No. I gave only 218 yards by 4 memlrarnenkq, and ... No. 111 gave 220 yards by 2
memuements. Chain waa of 66 feet. ...
[ At the end of each day's march, distances resolved into eestings and eouthinga 1.
6th November. The difference of latitude by perambulator between the Taj a t Agra
and camp at Horub, October 31st. is 42' 22". 14 N. Atlded to the latitude of the Taj giv es...
27" 53' 44" 14 ; ... by meridian altiturles of the sun, 53' 39".
ThiR is quite aa near as I could possibly expect ... during a whole month'a run, and indeed
so near a coincidence ia very suspicior~q, but I have ... been unable to detect any error ... though
always on the lcmk-out. ... The daily rum lmve hitherto agreed very fairly with the observa-
tiom of latitude made each day with the large sextmt, and this instrument agrees very well
with itself ...( four observations agree within 9 secouh ).
The diference of latitude per traverse betwean the Taj a t Agra and the Jumma Muejid a t
Delhi is about lo 27' 30", wluch, added t o the latitude of the Taj, would give ... 28" 38' 64' for
the Ju~mma Muejid. ... The real latitude, however, being 28" 39' 13". my traverse must be 19'.
or 113 mile, short of the true distance in a rum of 150 miles. ...
31at December 1828. I n coming to close for the second time on ... the Taj, ... I have ...
the following results of my 3 months circuit. ... Having never croesed the same line twice
during a distance of nearly 300 miles, ... the total of erro ra... ~ccumul a ted... will be ... about 314
mile. The total mer ence of latitude per traverse between the Taj a t Agra and the Jumme
Muejid at Delhi ...- via Dwg, lo 27' 21'.43 ...- via Ally Gurh. lo 27' 14'-62. ...
11th January 1829. Every morning ...M soon as my outdoor work is finished, I. ..calculate
the traverse and. having thus obtained the extreme points, ... I prick off the difference of
latitude and departure ... from the lest iixed point, and then protract each bearing and dietanm,
seriatim, beginning a t the 6xed point and tenninath~g a t the calculated extremity. ...
In this manner each day's work is laid down upon each successive sheet of foolsoap, whi&
am so marked ...as t o be laid out ... in one lerge map, and a t the close of the aeeaon the whole
me trsnsferred t o a single aheet by pricking through the principal fixed pointa, and then f i b
dl det ai i with a tracing frame, by which means a faithful copy ... is obtained'.
The we of berometera for finding height was stimulated by survey in the
Himklaye, but the surveyors had the greatest dimculty in camying these delicate
'DDn. 220 ( 272 ), 11-8-27. 'Powibly referring to 5. Konba
by Jarvb [ 1161, 2103.
'DDn. 231 ( 150 I. 8-7-40. 'Dh. 2%7,3f 324: foolmap motions. YRIO. 2@ [ 3 r 4 ] .
instrument, a b u t , and the long glasa tubes were conat,antly breaking [ 221 1.
Hodgson ordered two barometers from England, but on his river journey from
BihBr [ 179 ] he had only one, with which he took regular readingo, keeping n o h
to their apparent reliability and var i at i o~~ with phases of the moon1.
The h m e t e r ... hung in the centre of a heavy pinnace which, towing in calm westher
up the strewn, had little ulclinntion : but it was alwnys kept adjusted by a plumb lend.
The
themornetera, attached and detached. being nlso in the shade. close to the barometer, seldom
differed more than two degrees.
This baromet,er was broken 011 the Chaur peak. and Hodgson found the loss "most
mortifying indeedop.
He laments t hat "a set of mo~intaili barometers sent for me
from England was mis-sent by the Calcut.ta custo~ns l l o~~se t,o Bombay & are lost, &
without doubt brokenva. A year later he was joined by Herbert who brought up
two new barometers fiom Calcutta, but these were so011 ~ u t of action, and neither
Hodgson nor Herbert were ever successful in filling spare tiibes [ 33 1. They were
left to find height by theodolite and sextant, and by boiling water r34-5 1. I t
was not until 1821 that Herbert received other harolneters and. wibh cor~esponding
obserrat,ions made in Calcutta, mas able to get n ~at.i&factor>- height. for Sahiiran-
pur, their base sttltion [ 38 ] ;
Barometrical observat.ions for heigl~t of l3cllcville Ytati1111, Snharunpur. This important
point, it is hoped, is satisfactorily settled from 18 corresponding barometrical observations
made at Seharanpur ant1 Calcutta for that express purpose. ... On the arrival of a perfect
mountain barometer in Calcutta, an actual contemporaneous compnrison was immediately
instituted with a ei& instrument a t Saharanpur-1.013 feet is the height of Saharanpur
above the - Land the whole list of placw fixed by the wrvey has been altered t o conform.
The seriea of 18 observationa wm made in August 1821.
Herbert never mcntiorls Gerard's height for Sahiiranpur, that was
ascertained by the mean of a t least 120 obsenat,ione taken with two mountain barometers,
which mad off from the mf ace of the mercurq. t o 1/100th part of an ulch. At Dehra I had
only three observntions of the barnmetem before they were broken6.
Of their independent surveys to the upper Sublej [ 40-3 ] Gerard writes that
Herbert had no barometer, whilst I had two of the very host. ... Herbert's heights were
calculated from the boiling point of water. ... At Soohahtoo he made severel comparisons
between his thermometer and my barometem, and a difference, ... eometimea a degree and a half,
... was no uncommon experience ... from the difficulty of making the water always boil the Beme.
... Bwides, Herbert had no correspondent ohservationa, whereas I alwnys had, a t Soohahtoo or
Kotgarh, or both. Even Herbert allowed that my heights werc more accurate than hisa.
Gerard took barometew on all his expeditions into the mollntains [40-2 1, and for
his Survey8 in NBlaa [8g-g0] he nlade a continuous serics of observations from
Sablthu to BhopB1, a corresponding set being observed a t the Surveyor General's
office. The series began in October 1822, with readings a t lm9t sir times a day,
and continued during his halt a t Cwalior, June to September 1823 ;
I was unwell the whole of August, and on the 26th ... I was attacked with a violent fever,
... with an idtunation of the liver & spleen, which confined me to bed for upwards of a month.
... The observetiom put doan afterwar& were observed by ... officers a t the Residency, but they
were not regularly taken, and from 13th September were discontinued.
Calculations were made both by Le Place's formula, and also by Dr. Maskelyne's method,
which alwaye givea the altitudes of very elevated places too little, because the equation for
the latitude iR not taken into account. ... I have workecl the observations according to both
dea. as by so doing any error is dimovered.
With hL brother Patrick he maintained observations a t Sabiithu for four
yeam, the mean of observation^ a t 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. giving the beat value;
Some people reckon the barometer a very uncertain mode of determining heighbe, & t hh
is true when imperfect inetrumente are employed, or when the places ere remote from the
tropics, and contemporary observations are not taken.
He describes the process of boiling the mercury so as to dispel the air ;
I b v e paid pertiaukr attention t o barometers for theae last 8 yeare, ... and, with the
aceptim of my brother James [ 40 I. I have perhape had more expmience with them inetru-
1 QDn. 113. M 473 ; Jan. 1818. 'AfRIO. M 676,l-7-10. 8 ib. 31 380, 6-2-17. bmo height 904
f ed ; MRIO. M 3M). 'QerPr4 to BO., DDn. 212 ( 16 ). 28-11-18. U o y d , I1 ( 3 ).
menta tllan ally ~ ~ I I O I I in h t h ; t nowver, l'ro111 IL conatant rwidellce of four y m in the hillh
1 p o wl x l mlvarrtagea over moat puople, & I have had npportunitien of meemwing sltitudm,
both bwo~r~etrimlly & trigonon1otri1-ally. with inetcvment~ ol' the 1111mt petiect kind, which
wure oven r:tlrri~l to tho vwt height ol' 1!l.460 feet.
brother k I measured itpwur<lr
u thu~laa~rcl l~eigl~ta a t all soaeo~la of the yerbr and.
wllon we hlcd ~r u a~l)[~nrtullity of c*v~n]rw~.illg 6he l.rigollc~~nrrtric~~I wit11 the barometerical calcula-
tion, t.llo ~lilT~~rt.r~<.v very rarely amvu~tt.~-,~l tu 40 foet in ~ ~ l t i t u ~ l ~ s of 1, 000 B 7, 000 feot, when
ol j serv~~t i o~~s wrro take11 in ... Octarber. Novornher. March k April.
[{e lnade Sw.l)6th11 4,0!)1 f t ~ t nhi ~vc t,I1fx Si~rvryor (:en~rr~l'a office a t Cal cnt t ~,
or .I. 129 feet :tl,ovr the sec~.', taking thc crttice height from "an accurate series of
Ic.vcbls olr~c.rvcil C'al.btair1 Scht~lrh " [ 14 la.
$'!:or l ~ i g st~rvt.y of K~r~nt\.iln [pl. 61 Webb had '' the best instruments procurable
England", but withill IL few n~ont l l ~ h ~ d broker1 no less tlltln aix t ub~s . He
fitted new ones ilnd got new barometers, and at t hc close of the ~lusvey h ~ t l ~ i x for
sale, all in
orders.
U~i ng five bal ~mct rrs, he oht.ainetl a haight of 737 feet'
for KBshipnr, as against his preliminary est.imn.te of G30. and in June 1817 fixed the
height of KedarnBth ten~plo nt 11.897 fcet6, and of Niti Pas3 a t 16,8140 [46-81.
Over 400 correspondent wndings were sent up by n friend' in Calcutta cvcry month,
and \Vel)b preferred using the ruean
of the Caloutta observations for five daya, to ... that cliructly correapondont with rr~y own. ...
In ahcl y weather [several] seriw of observations give tho same res11lt.a as nmrly as possible.
though made &t very different times of the year ; but the continual travelling about, which my
busin- as a surveyor requires, seldom per~nita observations to be matlo UI a coutiouous s or i d.
Blnckr,r asked Bombay and &fad~':bs t o collect c:irrrespondc~~t observations over
as wide en area as posaible :
I have been engaged for some time pwt in preparing seta of barometrioal tables for t he
mlculation of relntive heights, and have collecterl the obuervatiom of the barometer for many
places. ... I wish them for so long u period beck w ]nay be had, and thnt, with the date of each
obeervation, shoitld likewise be speoified the hour of the day. The height of the barometer
should also bcr accornpmied by the height of Lhe thermometer for the same instant. ... I hope
you will not think this letter a bore ; its object is entirely for the public serviceo.
He told itfontgomerie a t Madras t hat
there ought to be n moiultain barometer and thermomnetur with ench survey. There ia one, I
perceive, with the Hyderabad survey, and I hope it is employed. There is likewise one st
the Presidency, with whioh the late Captain Mountford used t o keep a registerlo.
He asked both Grant and Bedford to keep regahr observations and arrange t hat
your barometer should he preserved free from injury until ... it ehaU rench Calcutta, where i t
may be compared with the atandard instrument in this office. Should you have occarion t o
cerry your barnmeter t o the top of any remarkable eminenoe, ... observations may be made st
...--a unrise-between 8 end 1 0 A.M.-noon4 P.M.+? ~unset . Corresponding objervations for
these times may be had in thin otsoe. Enolosed ... is e small pamphlet on t he aubjeotll.
William Cnllen, of the Xndras Artillery, was another barometer enthusiast and,
during 1821 and 1822. collected and compiled records stretching from Cape Comorin
to Ssb&thu. This was an im~nense work, very carefully and clearly plotted, with
excellent vertical sectionsla.
Survcpors in Madras harl tho inestimable boon of Lambton's trigonometrical
eurvey which hnd been complet,ed over the soutllern peninsula by 1810, relieving
them from all anxiety about the azcliracy of their besee, and from the uncertainty
'True varltlc, about l.5011 It. t o S 2 - 2 - 2 4 ; R . X 0 .
'DDn. 108 ( li ), 2-2-22; IVe1)b
9Uctea " A companion lo the Youn*lin tlnlromcler" hy ' Vl ~e-8. ~ U I I - R . optician. of Charirlg h e r . JRQS. IV,
1&94 ( 378 ). 'nppro~imntcly romvt. 'pl. R; 11,500 ft. '?4 m. NE. oll3a1lrlnlldth, 16.628 It. DDn. 150
( 104 ) 1-10-20.
'probltblp Alex. .John U)l\in ( 17SB-1.901 I : UCS. 1805 : .lt. Ma t e . Suburba Calotntk
.
1817 ; or his fnthrr. -4lex.. meroh.. of I!:jlvin. ~ n # n t t & (lo. ; JRW. IV ( 371-7 ).
'&UO. Y 373. 30-9-20.
' t o Warden. Ch. See. Bombay, 31-12-34: DUn. ?.23 (16-0). lo i b 1 - 2 % .
"b W o r d : Dh.
220 ( 101 ), 18-9-25,
l z Rov M. 11-4-.22 el i c7. ; map L rnntio~, MRIO. B7 I 13-39 ); 10 Oal. ( 91-2 ).
of Betrollomioal obsorsatiol~s [ 94, go 1. In spite of Macke~lzie's anxiety for uniform-
ity of ayetern, however, he left each surveyor to take up t,he detail by theodolite
traverse or planetable, as he considered best. Surveyom trained at the Militerg
Institution and many of the an~iutmts from the observatory t.raining school favoured
the planet,rble, whilst those trained under Mackenzie favoured the traverse.
'fiarancore is a. difficult, wooded, mountainolla country, and though Ward
bitted the value of the planetable for the most detailed survey, he found it
neceesary to have the wllole section covemtl with ...p oints ... not exceoding 3 or 4 miles from
eaoh other. ... When statioru nre a t some distance, the lines drawn from them to the p l w of
obsewatioll from 3 stations ... wonld scarce meet in one point, ... &. ..a compunq whose diameter
is about 4 inches should be used t,o enable the surveyor to set his table. ...
I have had the environs of this place surveyed with the table on a large scnlo.
Tho' the
epece did not exceed 3 square milm, & with the aid of a number of point^, it took 10 days to
complete, which...is a long while for so slnall a tmct. A person ... feels awkward...in the beginn.
ing, but after a few clays practice it becomas wi e r & mny be used with facility. ...
It is useless in a hilly & woody c:ountry where very often one hnr not a glimpse of hia point# ;
the surveyor must then have recor1ne to measurements & the colnpeas in the usual way.
I regret having brought three of them ; one ...is nll I require, & in lieu of the othem 1
should be very gl~ul if I can get another small hnn~ly theodolite & 8 whoel'.
His own task WRA t.0 fix pnillts for Iris t~ssiwt~nnt.~ by t~iangulation ;
Bird...has unfortutlably bean confined with n fever the whole uf this month. ... I have
been ont a few days to the north and succ.eetlcd in surveying a pretty extensive tract. ... &
came in the day before yesterday & s uccee~l ~t in laying it down in the plan. ...
The climate arnong the hills is sapposed to be more whulwome during the rains, and soon
after it, but to approach their vicinity in the wnrm weather is generally thought dangerous. ...
I sul~plied Turnbull with ... trinnplw, us well as could be obtained, k mostly well defined
points. He must, I find, previous to cornniencing the survey, place flaw on them, of which
I cannot see the propriety o f ; n flng or trcm on a table hill or bluff is... neces~ary to define the
... h t i o n , but totrouble the itlhnbitants to place t.hem ... on every hill ... caitses B low of much time'.
My own time is just now occrlpiril in carrying on the trianplea ; and...a aeriea of inferior
onos are necessmry, which givas me a goo11 deal of troublo ... owing to the apparent flat surfeoe
of tho country. ...
The gentlemen employed ... rmdor ... Clrptn. Arthur [11, 131-z] appear not to have taken
any notice of the Divisions in their sluvey. I have had opportunities of comparing their
sections, ... & find they have heen ~nitrutely lnid iloun ; even in the molrt intricate pa& haw
they ohorved the details with such a nicety that if that survey was allowed t o go on in the
m e ~t yl e. I believe it onnlcl not even now h a w been concluded.
I have only obsewed onar rlovintion from o w method ; they have ... carried on. ..without
consulting a Ro+tor of Villn~m ; the comequenoe in that for every ten villages, on an average.
only one has been ir~serted on thoir plan. & these oppeur to be the principal in each sub-cliviaiod.
l' he country to the N.E. of Q~lilon, up to the mo~ultnins, appears as an ocean of wood.
with acRrcH one unminencc above another. The cluev ia how a aeries of triangl =...is to be
carried on. Yo11 will by an inspection of Coll. Larnbtnn's triungles see that hie points are from
20 to 60 miles apart, which muat have been owina to a want of defined objects'.
After Conrirr'a arrival greater uae w,za matlr of the planetable, with t,ritlngulation
still the essrnt.ia1 basis [ 1x0 1.
Mouritford'asurvry of Guntfir [ g e l followed the style of the Military Institution
[11, z ~ j - 6 1 , though more att,ention was now paid to houndaries and villages ;
The trigonometricnl operations of Colonel Lambton form the baeis. ..from which intermediate
etationa wero determined. ... The inslrument. ..was a common nine-inch theodolite. by whioh
the three anglea of tho principal tritmgles were generally observed. and the excese or deficiency
dde d or subtracted. ... The ... mrrvey having been divided into sectiom ( ee... by the Military
Institution ) of 0 by 4) milea [ 11. 128 ; 111. 120 1, the principal atationa, ... were referred...ta
the mt i on linw. ... parallel to the meridian and perpendicular [of Carangooly. rI, pl. 16 1.
Tho etationa being laid down hy the diatance from those linee, their comt neaa was ee.
aertained by meaeuring the di st anr ~ from each other [ 216 1. Four. six, or eight. of theae em-
tions were allottwl to each assistant es... convenient, ... having as many hill otatione es posaibb
protracted ...to aid in Lying down the detail.
' Dh . 138 ( I - ) 1tl-11-18. Zib. ( 187-@I. 28-11-16. 'ih. ( ?lU ). 28-.3-17. 'Saiu(oola
trianguhtinn II1. 243-4 1 ; ib. ( 1W ). 2h.I 1-18.
The principal v a w lleve been registered...by their bearings h ~ n two...ntationn, or by
the bearing8 of these stations from...the vilhgo, ... by n theodolite or emall circumferedor
[ 229 1. ( In some ceees theme angl a~ were taken by the plane table, and nf t er wa~l s m d
by...protractor )I.
>Iuch conhi on was experienced with village names, not only from differen-
in pronunciation and doubtful transliteration, but even from the existellcc of two
or more forms of the same name, or from t,he use of a rtanle in the official list t hat
was never used by the villagers. Mackenzie insieted thnt the Rurveyors should
follow t.hc liste ellpplied by the Collectors [ 11, 213 ; 111, 105 1. He writen t o Sim,
hat1 found pcartic~iltlr di ffi c~~l t y a t Pondicherry [ 98 ] ;
'llle accuracy of the smvey of the Military ht i t ut i on haa never been doubted. ... The
intention of your present silrvey ...h t o ... identify the nameu of the villagea in the Collector'r
lbt, to he delivered rtp bye & bye to tho Frcnch. As aU the villages do not appear in the p l m
of the Institution, you are to enq~~i r e for tlietn by name, & t o mark thom out on the maps. ...
~t appears to me very urncommon thnt in the short space of 16 years from 1793 t o 1809, such
a
of villages should chnnge tl~eir names. ... I wish you to be sure of t h i ~ .
He answers Sim's enquiry-
it be necessary t o examine the boutrrlaries surveyed by Sunlrners--Certainly it would
be useless to ernploy him & for yon to go over it again, but, an you ... clortbt ... the dogree of
respomibility attached to you. it is propor you should snt~kfy youmlf, ns the intention
in sellding an officer is to give a greater degree of autl~onticity t~ the work. ...
But if we nre to go over the whole of the work done by every ansintnnt, what is the we
of employing t han by the~rl~elves ? ... \Vl~hat I ehoul~l recommend ... is t o go upon the ground.
... to observe the metllod followed, to enquire tltn it. J: approve of it if ~at i s f ~~ct or y, leaving to
him the detail.
You can t ry one or two instancee. What is wented in the boundary of the
French territory in general, not of every individual villagea.
(;ding commenced his survey of the Nizkm's domi~liolln in Raichilr C'irckr,
where the connt.ry was not fnvollrable for pla11etaRling a* Goa had been [ 11, 158 ] ;
The Nizam's country being divided into ... circara, ... these divisions.. .and their subdivi-
sions into piugimnahs, aamoots, talooku. ... are to be ... the foundation of t,lle silrvey. ...
Previoue to ... the survey of the boundary of a circar, the EUWeyor shoi~ld have eetablimhed
a certain number of primary stations ; ... with these and ... secontlary stationq. ..the situation
of every villwe in the district 6hould be ascertained. The goumtlwnrk ... thrls laid, the exterior
boundary of the district should be next traced, and the In~l~l~narliq ... dascribecl. ... Any doubtful
or duputed houn~lnry shouild be nnticed. ...
In ... tracing the boundary, ... the CI I U~ HH. forts, townq, ant1 viIlt1ges. coming in the way, or
lying on either side, should be luicl clown by a n g l ~ with the stations or ; ~~l j acent fixed placee ;
others may be taken by oronsionnl excursions. ...
Tho results ... shonlrl be protracted in sections for tho map as early an possible. ... One
English mile to one inch iu recommended for the provincial mapa of the distriots, and the
w e e of the principal cusbahs, those of the inferior divisions, and tho forts, should be din-
tinguiahed, either by the mode of writing, or some marks of referencea.
In his fine1 report, Garling gives a lengthy descript,ion of the formulas by which
he comp~~t ed his co-ordinat,ew and concludes,
The detail haa been taken up by bearings with tho colnpms ~~e e dl e of clflerer~t telescopic
instruments ulpon tripods, m d ~nntle t o answer as clcumfem~ltors. The stations have bean
for the most part taken a t villages, with a view to meet the i rl at ~ct i ons of the Surveyor General
that bearings from them t o the principal points shonld be registered'.
I n hi@ triangulation of the Sagar Circk t o the north [ 115 ; pl. 18, Suggm],
Garling observed all three angles of his primary triangles so far as possible,
but, the country comisting of. ..broad swells of auch nearly equal height, ... 110 very commending
spots could be found6; it WM constantly necwsaty, on reaching an advanced signnl flag, to
make aome change in its sitoation, and thus lose the observations reconled. which ore for the
most pafi the mean of 9 OF 8 rodings of the angle. On the whole ... sulEcient data haa been
obtained to give answance of itR geneml accuracy. ...
The table of elevetione and depressions ... exhibik greater irregularitiar than couald be
wished, but is... sumciently accurate for all practical purpo-0.
'MPC. 97.aen. No. 23.414 ( 1 3 ), 1817-8.
' DDn. 166 ( 41 ). 13-5-16.
'Yrakenzie h Garbg,
18-4-16 ; DDn. 203 ( t34-90 ), & MPC. 10-5-19.
' DUn. 101 ( I ). 1-8-18.
'Such ground would be equalb
udavorablo for t ho plnnetoble.
*DDn. 101, >I 1135. 114-IU.
In his report for sewon 1824-5 Qisp mi t es that the whole area for survey
wes subdivided into...fleld-sections contaiuing eaoh about one hundred square mil-. ...
One uniform system prevaib among my assistants. The kmtnlment ... t o which their
practice has he n invariably con6ned is the theodolite. The daily work is noted in a
book, the left-hand pago containing the angles and bearings, and the right-hand page a rough
topographical sketch [II. 214 1. ... The materials thua collected are immediately protracted
and delineated accurately upon a field sertion book, and the whole work of the m n ,
on returning to quarters, is embodied into one large map ... by the two ablblest draughtsmenl.
Jfontgomerie had called for this report in order to meet Blacker's clas~ification
of silryers fit. for incorporation in the new Atlas of India [ 120-1, 283 1.
Sneu at
the same time repoi-ted from Vizagspat.an1
that two of t,he assistants survey with theodolite and lieup tield booko, etc., one only making
use of the plme table, the ... method. ..most efficient and approved. h... the others have been
for o long time accustomed to that manner of sunwqing, it would not,. ..be advisable bo
introduce any other system among them, which would...retard their operationa for a time.
Generally each aasiatrtn~ introduces his own portion of mlrvey into the fair mapa.
Nontpomrrie was as a.rdent, an atlrocat,e of t.11~ plaa~et.ahle as Garling [ 11, 216 1,
and strongly urged its general uitroductiol~
h a t a d of the field books which are now kept. ... The results obtainable by ... field books are
undoubtedly setisfactory, yet, with...much moro Itxbour and tune, neither the same detail nor
the aame degree of accuracy can be obtained ... aa with the pl me table. ... The greatest, and
perhaps the only, objections t o the use of tlle plane table hardly exist in this country. whose
surface is seldom enclosed, and whose climate, with respect to its dryneas, are peculiarly
favourable to the employment of this simple instr~unent. ...
Captain Steel and Lieutenant Cunningham ... adopted the plane table with the great&
advantage [ 125 ns.6, 12 1, and...errch of these officers had minutely and mc mt e l y surveyed
upwards of 7,000 square miles per annum with that instrument. ...
The quantity aurveyed by Cnptain Criip and five asaiatanta during the present seeson
amounts only to 5,500 square milea; but, admitting t h ~ t each mi st ant could aocompliah
the survey of about helf aa much as ... Captains Steel or Cunningham, the party wollld perform
as much in one year as under the present system is now done in three years. ...
The adoption of this plan would not interfere with the present ... village register. ... The
boundaries of districts could also be laid down and described with ae much accuracy as at
prwent, and the distance from one landmark to another along the boundary could be measured
by ... perambulator, os well a9 the principal roads. ...
Surveying with tho plme table is so very simple that I have not the leaat doubt but that
the whole of the asaiatnnta would very soon acquire a perfect use of it. This was the cam
with the surveyore employed on the Travancore sunrey [ 119, 206 1. Mr. Turnbull, now in thin
office, ... states that they made greater progresa with that instrument than with field books,
which ... they had previouely been in constant practice of. ...
I...suggest the eystem of sections aa adopted by the late Captain Garling. ... The scale
of one mile to an inch would, in general, be sufliciently large for -eying with the plane table.
... These sections, a t the conclueion of the w o n . ... should be separately copied out fair,
and put up together in n ma l l case, with an index, in the manner aclopted by Captain Garling.
... Thus arranged, any hundred square miles of the penineula could in one moment be pro-
duced, and the whole of the original surveys ... could be contained in a number of convenient
shed volurne~, and ... be preserved with the greatest care for agesa.
Crisp did not like the planetablo and preferred
angular instruments, ... especially ... the theodolite. Perhaps indead it is the only one which
can ensure correctness and certainty. ... All the obeervations mnde with i t become a matter
of record, telling in words and significant signs what the plan represents in the dumb show of
lines and colouring. It s superiority over the plane table for accurate delineation is manifeet.
The latter is a vague and indeterminate imtrument, leaving ita results unfurnished with date
by which to verify tho operationa and ascertain their accuracy.
The chief use of tho plane table [ is ]...to take a rapid sketch of a mmU tract of oountry. ... It
may ale0 be usefully employed in fumbhing a apirited outline of a range of hills, whom apicw
have been previously determined by the theodolite. For mch purpaeas it is well oalculnted but,
h o e ita deductions am produced by a mechanical procesa so that the loss of the'plan is irrecover-
able except by ... a fresl~ survey, it uhould give place t o an instrument of higher preteneionn4.
' DDn. 183. M 173. 184 ( 082 ). 9-43 -25. 3 DDn. 202 ( 33 ). 14-26. V D n . 202 ( 14743 ). 244-26.
'Dh. 147 (312-a), H-12-25.
Mnckenzie had nimilar views, tbntl regret.ted t hat Pickeragill and Garden had not
made e caref111 theodolite traverse along t he Nepiil frontier [ 19 1 ;
Why could they not follow t he mrrthod no well obeerveri by your son & by Mr. Auber 7
[ 11, 436 1.
The plane table in well e n ~ ~ u g h for givinp t.11~ ftwt of a plain apace. but for a limit
with a Foreign Power bhat, rnay herenher he subject of ~li~c~~twaion. ~omet hi ng dearriptive
ie wanted1.
'J'he Hyder&hiid part y WRY withdraw11 fi.0111 t he field a t this time, and field work
was not ren~unetl until ,lanunry I 82i . shortly after which Crisp resigned [ 119 1.
~ont go~i i er i e returned t o t he charge in a letter t o M'ebb. who relieved him ;
The practice ... of t,nking up tile toliogrnl1t1ic.a t l et ~i l ( 4 the wrvey by ... angular instruments
&nd lield boola i~ so i adeqi rat e ~ I I tile fni t l ~ft ~l tleli~reat~ion of ... m extensive and divereieed
e~lrface, thnb I...recommerr~l yo~l r i nt . r ot l ~~~. i ~~g tllnt \.nluable atrtl nimple instrrlrnent. t he plane
table, into gerreral use. ... Al t l ~u~~gl l I I I I I ~ I ~r n, t i ca 11tw r~llrde these aanistants partial t o t he llde
of field booli~, yet I a111 c1111villce(I thnt t he HooIler t,ll~.y nre generally abandoned, so much
aooner will adval~tage be dprivecl to t l ~ a servire.
By using the plane table lonny wilrres I I ~ eucw will 1)- ttvoicld ; t he time which t he assis-
tants tnlte ul) in protracting t he wnrli a t I I I I I I ~ Q will hv CI I VWI I , HI I ~ I nrly in~c.rtlrary rommitted a t
one etation ia irnmedint,ely detectrrl tlncl cor r ect 4 C B I I tlln r n ~n ~~v r d or tllo table to another.
Field books will only t ~ e nerenunr>- wl l t ) ~~ s~t rvryi ng wit11 tile i~ererrrbulntnr in rneesuring
the high rcmls. or in 11 close c ~ n ~ l ~ t r y . W I I ~ I I 111) other irlstrtlrnent.i the:> tlw ~~ect ~mbul at or and
compass rntl 11e nlntle use t ~ t " .
111 Kor en~br r l Nl 8 Xlonl.gomerie reconimenclctl that,, ill tlefault of ficldbooks,
the worlr of the ~bla~ret,nblers 8ho11ld Ije nul,por,t~t.tl 1)y cop it:^ of' their jour~rals ;
A4 eurveys are c c ~t ~d~~( . t e d un~l er tlliii Presicl~rr~y. ... it WUUIII orlly retard ollerations were
the ourveyora required tu aand in field books monthly, nlttl as t he detail is chiefly taken up by
... the plain table, tile aubordi~lete st~rveyors hBve little occasiul~ to w e field books. ... Tlle beat
check...woultl be to make otlirers ... send ill ~nontllly copies, not or~l y of their own diaries, but
of every intlivi(111nl enlployecl uncler tllem. ... anti as writers are now authorisetl to each of
the surveys copies of' all ~linries could be ~natlu I > I L ~ without interrupting t he work3.
From this time ill1 otficers joini~?g tlic Hydc-rit~iitl survey were trained i n t he
use of t he plerietal)le ant1 t hat insir11111ent wav atloptetl as tho ~l ormal means of
survey right thro~rgli t,he Matlrits L'residency. Lt was through t he appointment of
Du Vernet to the Hi1115layan party of t'he Cireet Trigo~iometrical Survey i11 1841,
end of a few M~t l r as sub-asaisttl~its t o t he Punj ah i r i later years, t hat t he ar t of
planetabling was carried t o npper India.
Tho most important of t he Bombay t opograph~cal aurveps were t he Deccan
survey started by Sutlierland and Jervis' s \ur\.ey of t he So~i t hern Konkan.
The Deccari surveg wan based on t ~~i angt ~l at i on extended fiwni Garlir~g' s work
t o t he south, ant1 checked by occasional 111e~s1rretl l>ases, but i t \r us not of a high
enough standard to maintain accuracy over so vast a n area, and Siiortrcde' s
trigonornetrical survey atarted in 182s \rrw intendt~tl t o provide a more trustworthy
basis [ 130-1 1. I)etJnil Rurvey wnq carried out by planetable t o which t he general
open nature of t he country lent itself. and t he snrvepors borrowed f ~ v m Madras
produced unusuallj large outturns [ 125. 208 1.
Jervis hat1 worked a short t i ~n e 11itli t he trigorlometrical survey in Creat Britain,
and took great pains over his triangulation m d t he measurellient of base-lines.
but he tried to cover fnr too large all area for t he means a t his disposal. He was
distracted by t he collrction of statistics, anti left t he extension of triangulation and
the fixing of detail largely t o half-trained Indian snrveyon, so t hat his work never
reached a very high professional standard [ 1 2 6 7 , 203 n.2 1. He gives t he following
account of a base-line which he measured in Mny 1823 on a
' t o Paton. QMO.. PI-s-IR 1)1)11. 1;14 ( 2 ).
fDl)n. ler (4.0 ). 124-9: of. 231 ( 134 ). 14-4-?a.
a UUn. 231 ( !2Ol ), 13-11-2s.
level .pace ... on the south eide trf t he H.t~C~eqliorry Bay. ... Hnvilig c-leami rind levelled it,
rind built up t l ~ e hollowa with a narrow n ~ n d a d atone b a d . 1 di vi dd t he whole lenlgth kt o
llistancrs of 11 chains, each 50 feet. 1 cholre t11i.l diatance becauae t he iron rtda, wit11 which
I p p m d to make ... final rnwnirornent, were each 22 feet long ; ant1 25 of thaw w"uld...fall
potnewhere near these general distmirea. ...
The whole was t l ~en carefi~lly meaa111.&1 wit11 tllc irsm rudn which wero UI I inch rliemebr.,.
.and, them h a v u ~ ~ been laid IN from a brrur* scale ... compannl will1 the stul~clard wale in
,F:ngla1111, ... there could he ntl ~ ~ r i o u e orrnr in the total b11gt11. U~~f nr t i ~~l a t e l y both my moun.
tain bar#llneter nnrl t her~u~ou~et er hlul 1jee11 brolir:n, and wthq 1111nblc to get t l ~ c exact atnOUnt
of d u c t i o n neces.%ry. ... Tlie whole. Ilowrvrr, wag r:lrofully le\.ell~,;l with the lrrvelling inatru.
ment. ... 'I'lue hwe-line was reni~:tu~~re<l t.wi~:e unb*eqi~ent.ly. ...
Tlie ends of tlue 1,nsr were ctrref~rlly markel with t w~r I O I I ~ rou111l teak wood stakes. ,..
l ' wo larger sooparee tree.;' were firmly tied with a wl ~i t r IItlg. J L I I ~ bt-IIIG I I ~ L ' I I nud erect they
enabled me t o distin,nuisI~ tlle e~tremit~ien of tlie baac a t the clistarire $11' 9 ~ni l r+. ...
For t,he tati ion ~ i q n l n I...made 1111 flap...of diffelw~t rolnrlra. HI I ( I 1.onica1 st t u~ds c o n ~ i ~ t -
ing of 4 pol- connerted a t t he nrunmitn with u11 iron ring ; tllwe, wllrn (.overed wit.11 white
dungaree hleacheci. enebl d me to cliatinguieh Iny t.rigonometriml ut ~t i onn nt a distance. ...
On the sea-coast 1 roilld dietinpili~h dark fll>jWt8 1)etter thall white ; and wllen 8 point
was to I I ~ fixed ... cluw ; ~ t IILIII~, 1 lixi=(l Hnparee tree* wit,h a quunlity I I ~ graqs lit, tho top as a
clirecting mark. ... For others Inoro ~liatmit 1 rnntle i i largo ... c.one (nf r or ~gl ~ ti~iil,rr,a, arid
coverrtl it wit11 gr-. ...
The theodolite ... wm not very good ; tlie li~nl, ir ~l i \ . i ~l el i ~r t o urva of 20' ecn-11 ; tile verllier
again subdivided into arcs of 20". TI, tlleue :Ire8 !lot being ... correctly iulji~qtecl
it c,,mmon
centre...I impute t,lie s ~ n d l diflerenc,e.l ... (lirt.nncm from separate serlm ; trut n tlifference of
2 yards is porl~aps ~,nrdonable in sr~ch distilrl~~es a s ex(.eed 20,000 yarden.
Though ,Te~-vis's surveg was pronrii~nced ''higlllg satififactory" I I ~ Sut,hrrland
[ 126 1, Hodgson did not t,liinlr 1n11c.h of il; ;
The nntive mb-ussintants lmve bee11 e~npl nysl by the Slil)erinhndent ill aasistil~g him in
his trigonomotrical obmmet.in~w, nntl ... little or no attention h m heen 1)uirl to the detail. ...
The detail work oi ~qht ... t o have 1ic.ld eqilal prngres;r with tlie triangulation, and the latter only
applied t o the important P I W~ U R O uf wtabliBhinp ... comespon~ling points. f m~ n which other^
might be determiner1 ... hy the ... subonlinate assistants. The mi~ltiplication of very emall
t r i q l a s should be avoided as causing 10.9 of time, and lenrling to error [ 203 P.
Jervia himself wm extre~llely ~ e t ~ i s f i ~ d with his wol'li, end in after yea.rs held i t
up t o t he British Association as tile cla.~a of Rurvey he wo~ild lilre to aee extel~ded
all over India, but both Everest ant1 Waugh rated i t very poor tuff, and would not
accept it for t he Atlas of India [ 127 1.
1 Betel palm. 'Journnl, DDn. 182. M ID4 ; 18234. ' DDn. 220 ( 243 ). 20-7-27.
CHAPTER XV
INSTRUMENTS
Supply - Theodolites & Cornpassea - S&& & Circles - P e w 8 -
C h a d - Chronometer8 - Planetublea - Boromelers.
T
HOUGH surveyors' allowances had been calculated on the undemhnding t het
they provided ell their own instruments, there were occasions when Government
instruments were issued on loan or payment [ 11,221 1. It generally took a t least,
a ymr to obhi n instrumente from England and, though they could often be pur-
chased from dealers a t the presidency towns, or from brother officers, these were
not always of the pattern desired. 8 s a ~nat t er of policy, therefore, the Military
Boards1 maintained stocks of the more commm instruments a t their arsenals and
depots, which were generally of decidely inferior make, supplied by contrectors
in England whose first thought was financial profit [ I[, zz1-4.III,212 1.
In 1815 the Madrm Government ruled that military surveyors on the Qusrter-
master General's establishment [ 11, 321-2 ] should provide a t their own expense,
The Firwt Cloea. One theodolite and stand-One circumferentor nnd stand-One plane
table on stand, complete with compass and graduated b r a s ruler with
fiducial edgo and ~iglits-One 100 feet brass mesellring chain, with 10
pickets-One cane of g ~p h i c a l instruments, with water colours. Cc.. kc.
The Second Claes, ... the name inatrrimentg, with the exception of the theodolite, and
The Third C h s [ the same ] with the exception of theodolite and circumferentor.
The above instrument8 are ... sufficient for ordimry purposes ; but when Assistants Quarter
Master General shall be employed in duties requiring a euperior description of eurveying
instruments, or a perembi~lntor and pocket compass, the q. a. c. of the army ia authorismi to
mapply the same, with conveyance, from the public depots ; the officen to whom they BhBU
be entrusted being held responsible for their preservationP.
For the similar e~tablishment of officers in Bellgal [ 335 1, the q.m.a. wa authorized
to hold stocks of instruments as well 8s drawing paper.
For some time the Surveyor Generals had been trying to build up stock8 of better
cl a~s instruments a t the different presidencies, sometimes by indent on the Directors,
and sometimes by local purchase. On taking over duty a t Madras in 1810,
Mackenzie placed a small order on Engl ~nd for his own account, and in 1816
persuaded Government to take it over ;
Finding there wes a considerable want of proper instruments adaptnd for survey and for
drawing ... I directed my agents in England to ship for me a certain number ... marle up by
artis& of character. During my absence these articles arrived and are now in htmd. I
beg ... they may be purchased for the use of the Survey Department on payment of the prime
cost, the expence of freiuht and insurance, kc., ... under the usual afRrmation on honour [ 7.91 1.
They consist or 2 best theodolit~a, 4 small theodolites ( by an artiet of repute ), and several
othw small articles. ... amountinn to f227-4-Oa.
As he had now to maintain stock lists of survey i nst r~~ment s for the whole
presidency, he asked t hat they should all be a t his disposal ;
While the number at the ... Surveyor Genernl'a Office is cornl~anrtivelg few, there appssr
b be several ... diepemed at such a diatnnce ... that bl~ey could not be. ..lssorted to for ~arvioe.
or sent down lor repal, without low of time. ... There are ... 43 permbuletom, 68 breas chainq
and 40 plane tablee, a number that can ncarcely be required for a long time t o come in any
department. Some of them being immediately necwiary in this. ... the whole, ... excepting
'Comprising QVO. ; CE. ; Art. Comdr. ; Commy. &n. ; eto.; responaibls for aupplias, t a m o h s ~ .
'MMC. 7-3-15. 8MPC. 16-2-16.
those belonging to the Obnarvatory md the 'l?rigonometricul sumey, ahorlld be rleposiw
m a t 1e-t reported to, this oflice as to their state and condition1.
Hodgeon and Webb spent a lot of money on privat,e instruments and found
transport expenses in the mountain8 80 l l e~vy that they got ~pecial permiseion to
&erg0 these in contingent bills. I n 1818 Hodgson asked for the loan of
pcpembulatow ant1 mountain barornetere. 1 have hoen ul r edy flt so gretit *I ~wivnte sxpencu
for those and othor instrument.^, that I ca~l na~t afforfl to purrhwe all I wtlnt.
I tin\." &lreacly
instruments, my private property, of the valrie of about 12,000 rupees, and lost an oasortment
in 8 ship taken by the enemya, which cavt me in Englnnd nearly 200 [ 31-2 1.
perambulators are very useful in many parts of the mountninu. but they are cchrtly ... and
generally rendered ~mserviceahle in the course of 2 or 3 montl~q, and 2 mutlt always be mn
a t ' 3 t h e [z5]. All the mountain barornetera sent to me frorn Engllrnd have been broken em I
them [ 33 1.
I should therefore be gecrtly obliged if 4 pernmbr~latore might be sent
t o me, and should any mountain barometers arrive from Englrlnd unbroken. that I might
be supplied with some of t,lle~n, to be returner1 Lo store \\-hen 110 lol~gvr \rtinto,,l3.
Webb made an equally urgent request ;
My theodolite, u. small but excellent instrument, with centre work, had n fall some time
ago, since which tune I have not been well atiefied wi t h its perfonnmce, anti it way to supply
i b place that. ..Government comeutad to grrmt me the aqtronorniral quadrunt, which h,w
pr& unucrAxable. ... In November 1816 ...m order for all llstrono~nical circle wmq delivered
$0 m. Troughton, wit11 half the price ( 7 5 ) in advonce ; bub my frimda in Englalrd have not
y& been able to persunde that excellent, but dilatory, a r t i ~t to complete h i Pnsagelnont.
I am dmirorls to return the quatlront ... and, cia I shall thon hove 110 i~mtrlr~nent of any
dueription belonging lo Governtnent, mill have, inclu~ling barometers, expended nearly 1,200
on instruments, n greater proportion of which arrived ( or huvu since bmn ) hrokon, I...
r ques t that a "portable azunuth and altitude circle" or a "repvating circle" of ICnglkh con.
huet i on may be supplied. ... No other ...is eul3ciently exwt for accuracy'.
Government issues were in small favour and Edward Garstin only applied for tr
level because his own was out of service
I have one of the bmt levelling instruments ul India, ... but owing to the negligence of my
m a n t a the stand ... is lost. ... Ae it will take a considerable time to get one made in thie
country, the duty on which I am now ordered would suffer a comidernl~le rlelay should I he
forcod to wait till my instrument is repaired. ... I...make this application to have a levelling
imtrument lent me from the Company stores, which I will retrun as soon as done with. ...
Although I have the theodolite which the liberality of Government formerly gave me to
replace the inetrument I brought from Europe and lost on service, yet it iA so very bad an
inetrument that it is uealw, as no possible adjustment can make it correct enough to ...p leoe
the smallest dependence on it [ 11.223 ; 111, 31 1' .
Sutherland had great difficulty in getting respectablo instruments for
Captains Steele. Perry. and Cunningham, who are precluded from making ...p rogrars in the eurvey
of the Southern M~hr at t a country [ 125 ]...owing to the bednew of the imtnunents in their
posseesion. ... Some...were supplied Dom Madras, but thoy proved to be almost unserviceable,
and latterly have become quite so. h a temporary expedient ... they purchased a t their o m
expense euch as were procurable in the market, but...these fell far short of the number required,
end were of an inferior description. ...
The instruments required ... may be mnt direct to Dharwar; ... 3 theodoliterc; 3 plain
bbl es ; 3 ceees of mathematical inetruments.
Not one of them was available at Bombay, but &ladma was able to supply the plane-
tablee and drawing instruments, whilst the Surveyor General a t Calcutta offered
theodolites, to he sent round by sea ; "the store ia not rich in instn~ments, but they
ere frequently to be purchwd in Ca1cutta"e.
In reply to Jopp's complaint of the poor quality of instruments sent out from
England, Hodgson regrets "that the imtrumente sent are so bad, but while the spirit
of contract and job prevail8 WI strongly at home, thie will be the cese" [ 11, 224 17.
When Hodgeon took over ae Surveyor General in 1821, he found that inetru-
men@ indented for 80 long ago a~ 1817 were lying unclaimed in the import ware-
IMPC. 11-11-16; Oovl Oar. 15-1-18, s Frenah. a DDn. 162 ( 30 ). 26-2-10. 4 DDn. 160 ( 63 ),
g-10-18 ; fm dsoori tion of repeating oirolw o: MRAS. I. 1922 ( 33-58 ). * DDn. 146 ( 376.9 ) ; BTC.,
1&&20.
*Bo ~9 100 ( 6 ) ; 13-3-ta 6-10-11. *DDn. 223 ( 38), 8-8-28.
hollse.
He obtained sanct,ictn to t ake thenr on charge for iswc t o nurveyom of
the Q.M.U.'Y establiahnrent. or to "th!!nistnnt sarveyom, heillg European coinniiartioned
oficem'', but not, to ttrme on "fi ~l l fielcl allow~ncen of n surveyor". His requaut
for a mupie of sentries t o yuartl against " housc brealiem" was refurtctl t ~ n . ' t he
c l l o w~d a r s belonging t o y o ~ ~ r estublinhrnent will ~uffice "I.
For t he revenue survey partien of t he Upper Provirrces [ 150-1 J lie indented for
30 IJlane tables of tine rncqst. wpllrtbvcrll c.ocl*trui.tio~l. oorn[rlete --I6 srnrlll atronq t her~rl ~~l i t er of
5 illc.hw clinmnter. wit11 single t,i>lei~.~~l>fr--:ll) ~: i r t - ~~~~i f er *nt l t c) ~. ~ ) r ~ ~ ~ r v e y i r l ~ compawea. I I ~ tlne
beat oon~cr t ~ct i r ~t ~. wit11 plai~n ni~lnta rc~lcl tripo~ls--lS a~n!bll nextant* of 4 inc:lled r a d i ~~s . wi t l ~out
8tnntls.
' I' IIQ i ~mt r~une~nt s ... twu I I I I ~ tlnu ~x~)t ' r~*i \ . t , cIm*r~.iptic~~~ ... rql~U.Brl irr the geographioel
ul l l l aatra,n~,~r~icul I,ranc*he*, ... t ~ ~ n t ~nnrc~ly *II~. II tw nrr 1111wt~ I I H R ~ I I I ill land revenue stlrveyn.
Tklough [ Ilnve rnlr~~let.ncl ...fill. liftcjen slIrveJ'F1 ~bf t,lle zillu* . . . I 110 rlol. 0nlle1.t t hat for n ribnsirlnr-
&l,le time they rrun 811 bo ~~1nl nt nr n~o~1 1 I-(ll, 1.51 1. ...
Tho officer ... requirtw il~stru~n~enta I I ~ n H I I ~ I C ~ ~ ~ I . ilericril~tic~~n. Irut ... tit Inis own nxpnnne. The
irwtrumcrt~ts tnentii~necl 111 the illdellt. IIMI rrnl)' intencleil [or tlne ~~wi st ant a. ...
The i11utr11rnent.3 ~ n n ~ l e by Mr. l ' r i ~nght ~~~~n &re n~uoln rn,vro vt~lnrnhle t.t~nn thoan ... by any
mnlier in 14:~lrolbe, nrntl t,hnuqh t,t~eir r ~ ~ b nlay ~1~met.irnn4 he r~ttlrer moro tlnan thdse of
inferior artists, it. is well c.t~tnpen~tlto~l l>y their o~t ~r t ~l l ~; r . l an11 m t r ~ n ~ ~ h , rtrnrl the peculiar titnew ...
to the pur111rge rt)r wl ~l t ~l ~ they are intnr~lril. ... T I I RVO never uwn nny mountain barnmetem
~ e n t tn 111clin I I ~ 311.. ' ~ ~ I I I I ~ I I ~ , ~ I I I whirtn c l i i l rr(>t arrive in 911fetya [ 1 ~ 1 . 3 -3. z z r 1 1.
nearly t r y,a;ir ~ n ~ ~ s t rla~l~se I~ot',tre t hr irlstr~rnle~ncs ... call nrrive in [nrlin, I . . . RI I Y~s ~. . .
my bein< nllowe~l t o I I I I ~ ~ . I I I I I I P u11r.h t ~s. ..rice ~~cr ~. si n~l nI I y ~~~I ve r t i ue ~t fe~r ale. ... and ] t o
purohane n few elernen t.ary t ~r ~oka 1111 ... Ian11 ~11r ~eyi 11g for ... the ynung rnerl in the oftice and
at tho Orrrtlan Sr~I111ol [ 3tro n. j 1. ar~rl tilno a pnlr c~f 18.u1ch glohw whirh are required in t he
ofioe. ... 'Cl~r r~wt, of t l ~u gl c~l ~m will I,n 3no rlnpw3 [ 179 1.
Request for local pl~rchanr was repeated four years later ;
A large supply of c~>lornr* a1111 hrrlnhes a l ~ n wn~lltl he very rlesiruble, aa t t ~ e oonsumption in t he
pwprat i on of sit msny mapa in prent. 'Che i-oat ... is heavy when p~~rohaaerl of t he Earopean
bmkaellern. hut, ~ierhaps Lienwnunt \ \ ' m>~~~l rt c~n w ~ ~ r ~ l ~ l ...q et them in tlne ~R$BIII atlrl auctions a b
a mom r e a w ~ ~ ~ h l ~ r ~l t r l .
The disposal of private K I I ~ V C Y ~ I I ~ iristnlments was oftrn n rtlntter of financial
urgency for 1111 officer Icitving T~itlia, nnrl it. waq H aei.ious b!ow t r ~ .James Gray,
of His hl j est y' s 41nt Regirrlent,, when 3Iourltford refr~setl t o recommend t he pnr-
charre of his I mt i ~ l s t r l ~ ~ ~ ~ a n t ~ s bt.cnl~se they were ' . on il tlelicate ant1 expensive
construction. hetter t i ~~i t , et l h ~ r privnt,fb IISC thnn for t he puhlic service". Bfountford
relented. I~owe\.er, and recon~nle~ltle:l thcir purchase for t,he Qrent Trigorlometri-
cal Survey. a t n price which (:my nccel~tetl untler protest :
You appear to have ilrrit,~ overl~lc~lio~ l the great titlditional euperLqe of working silver and
gold ah~rve braan. *nil ... 1 rlw*lnro up1111 rny ~ I I I I I I I I P $19 a gent ~l e~nt ~n t hat tho ~11nl ... viz.. one
thousantl ~r a a ~~t l s e ~. in ronuic1eral)ly ~tnrler ~jrirne i.i~*t. ... I urrn rea~l y to eel1 t.11~ i~mtrurnents
fi)r t he 1)rit.r ~ I I I I ha\.e eat,irnnt@iI, ... viz. 2.603 rupees. tnavilrg ~lepmltlttcl tnlron their sale for my
peesage to E~lglantl and, a* i l l ~ l l ~n-11lrabi1it.C 111y wife's life tloperlilr upon my going in t he
Caledonia. I trust yo11 will expedite t he mattel. HS rn11cl1 ~8 pvusiblcra.
The instruments which Grant, took with hirn t o Br ~r ma in 1825 were mostly hie
private propert'y recently obtained f r on~ England, and includedi
I eigl~tcen-inrh n~trc~n~~nnicnl. nnil 15.inch t ~zi ~nl ~t l ~ cirrlr I 1591.
i.n6t-irot1 *t~in(ls . . Sicca Kn~peea 2.800
I Llnree feel trsn~it i~~rtrument . . . . 700
I 12-inrl~ reHccting circle . . . . . . 450
I 4S.inch fuunl length tel~scope fvr ,111piter'a sntcllite* . . . . 560
2 monrntnin hrometern. complete . . . . . . 250
1 box chri~nomntrr, by h p c [ r i S 1 . . . . . . 1.000
l watch .. 1b.v Hnrr . . . . SM)
1 nne-llllnrlrrll fwt ~t~llllnrrl stre1 vhnin. for mnnsllring a bane . . 160
I n mittition. ..I have taken a11 18-i~mh transit. in ceae there ahould be any dit%ulty
... from the nature of t he cormtry in carrying fmrn one plere t o aoother t he large 3-feet t&b
instrument. ... I p~~r nhawd one of Mr. Camy'n fmm Mr. Dlillse for 460 rupeee. ...
1 DDn. 2UI ( 316--8 ). 20 -6 & fr-7-21. B ' . I - ib. 2 H - % ( M ).
rib. 169-96
( 39 1. 'abol~t Rd. 3.600. * UIh. 200 ( R3 ), #-+23.
' DDn. 116 ( 1 ), 21-6-23.
'Dsvid Yilla, ratoh-
msksr. srrd. (!nlautts liB3.
The circle is tlre only i ~ ~ e t r u me ~ ~ t of tile kind in India, excepting a alnaller one in tile
Observatory. turd very inferior. The transit u ~~t r u me n t in rnore common. but no olle i n , ,
hundred knows lrow t o 11se it,. for it is t o he lonrrrt only l'ru~u experience.
The whole expnae I have pone t o exceeds 8,000. wllerms every other officer 11- instru-
ments from the public st, ur~s. P I I C ~ I ad t l ~ e u ~ l ~ ~ l i t e ~ , I ~ I I I ~ ~ I I OI I I ~ ~ B~ R. LIII~I, I believr, there is one
-sit a t Arrnrnn, but thme are illstrutnenta of the wec~>nli ul,~ler, nncl ore of inferior
Moreover. if any t11' the inntr11nlent.a tire logt,. 1 shall 1ia111rt1IIy expect t,he Government. to cover
t he loss. ... I shall, however. il1~111.e tlrenr a9 fbr as l <~r~i poo~r, nn(1 C:ovornment will not, I
presllme, demur at no tl.ifling a chnrgel.
As a specinl cnue t,he Surveyor General asked C:o~~rrnment t o p~lrchase these instru-
mmt.s and allow Grant, t he use of then]=.
IT'ilcos lost his hest inetrun~ents by t,he sinking of his boat on t he B r a l ~ ~ i i a ~ u t ~ ~
[ 54 1. and the 8ur\-eyor General could not replace tlieln for some tinm ;
The low is much t.o be regretted, but I...bope t,hat you am still in possession of some. ..that
will a t least give a I~earinp. ... I am nut a t present able t o seml u11 ... i l ~t r umeut c ... for thereare
none in st.uro a1141 11une UI Cdcutta. I expect,, huwever, ... a llort,ion of those whir11 ape now
a t h a k a n , and they will be sent off to Goalpera u~ soon na they ilrrlve3.
Nearly two years later Rilcox received
t he irretrnmentn over the hill6 tiurn Silllet wit.llo~rt, any other acci~lellt t l ~ a r ~ t l r ~ loas of one
of t he screws fastening on $he large level of the ther~tlolite, but it is of little consequence.
The theodolite is a very nice instrun~ent. ...
I have thought fur some time past of pottirlfi from 'rroughton u transit and azin~rith instru-
ment. ... one of the most generally iweful, biit I d? nut know t he sirr~r necessary t o m;nit. ... nor
do I know how t o quicken t hat erllnirablu nrtiut, who 1 underatand in s d y tlilatory [ 212 1. A
list which I Imve just received fruin Mr. Thncker' i~lcludes u transit-maker namelea,--prim
RE. 5 0 k b u t I Imew of another which wtm t,o be disposal uf when I wm in Calcutta" I have
not anything to take t be measurenlent otT for a qraticule but a warped roiling parallel ruler by
Berge, nor any- instrument t o ],rolonp a line but ruy bras*. ~larallel. Should you be able to
spare a beam compass with a Guntor sc.ale, they would prove n~aterially useful. I lost an
excellent beam compa.ns in my bauliahs.
I am much disappointed in drawing paper ; t o make sure of having it good. I wrote to a
friend t o get me t he ireaheat in Calcutta. I have paper or 1822 t hat you sent me.
In an accurate survey, what shall I do witliorrt a good circle or sextant ? Call In11 have
t he goodnese t o have tried t hat cin.le nt Thacker'a, whicl~ may be better thi~rr tlrude sent I J ~
t he Company.
1 must,, however, fnirly t ry tlie one 1 havei.
Hodgason replies ;
I have not yet brought u chrollolneher for yr)ra, I J I I ~ ain on the look out : one 1 will lend
you from the otfice [ 218 1. ... Imtearl of selrrling you a large nextant aa 1 rnentiontd. I will
deep~t ch by Dawk Beughy [ 11, 2 2 I n.5 ] a slnall atout new one which will be nlore useful to
you in your difficult journiea. ... The reflecting circle yo11 may retain : if on nlaking all adjust-
menta you find t hat really bad. ... y ou m y use i t as an equal al t i t ude instrument, aa you
cannot have too many retleeturg instruments. ...
I will send you a marquoise scale which will serve ; ... beam are nut required
for mch small work, nur have I such t80 apere. ... I am glatl tlie purchases plenae yon, and will
do all I can respecting a good chronometer the firat time I go t o towns.
At Madras, Mountford asked for a mnucopula [ I, z90 ] t o look after
t he mabhemutical and surveying ~nstrurnents. ... You are well aware of the urlrelnitted atten-
tion which is required fur their clrre preservation. ... Uesiden which, tliere are frequent issuee
and reeeip &...to ant1 from the several parti es... requiring cure and superintendenre in packh~g,
dutiea whiclr a t present devolve on the officer in charge u~iasaiatedB.
A t Calcutta Mohsin Husain waH engaged for charge of t he i n~t r ummt s , whilst
t he RR&t,rar. Rawdon Burke, wan re~ponsible for t he stock lists. To assist safe
custody t he Bengal Government ordered t hat erery article should be ellgraved with
t he Company's ma,rk and .' an indelible number corresponding with entry in his
records "lo. The Directors co-operated from England and ordered " t he Cornpa~~y' s
mark t o he engraved in some convenient place upon all such instrumente hereafter ...
' D h . 2l l i ( i ), 2H-6-2:). ' l')[)n. 204 ( 201 ). 9-0-26. 220 ( 109 ). 15-10-%. Wrn. Thaeker.
buok-seller; aftar 4 voyages to E ~ l t 80 nhip's surgeon d. Celcutto Jan. 1810 witb licsnso tn eel1 booka;
Bm. Y. & P. XLI ( 1931 ) ( 167-64 ). ' D h . 244. 18-W27. aoountry boat. ' DDn. 214. 9-& 28-8-27.
DDU. 220 ( 249.2.53. PBI ), 10; 20 r 28 n-27, '~h. 148 ( 53-130 ) 22-13-10.
10 BGO. 29-7-25.
chnst ru~hd for our 8ervice1 ".
In ~pi t c of thin precaution the stock liutm got intO 8
sad mess, end Hodgson writes just before handing over in 1829 ;
In t he ofice ... are lodged varions ulstmments, the property of Government, which it hae
been the cwtorn oCmy predecessors to hlrnish t o variotm applicallk on the authority or Govern-
ment, or t o surveyors, ... ab t he Surveyor C'mnornl's diacretitjn. Regulnr books have been kept. ...
No settlement nppeam t o have been made for tho Iaat ten y e w , although within thaL time t he
charge of the office hm pasawl into new t ~nn~l u se\.ernl times, nor woultl any demand ... hove now
been made against me, had I not arcide~~ttrlly p ~ ~ t bl~e question to the Accountant Genoral. ...
In conaeqllence of tlrnwing tlleir attention to the subject, 1 received one year ago nn ~c c o u n t
aruounting to rupm3 58,924-15-6. ... I ~I I ~( VI VOLI ~PI I t o nnswrr by mnl~ing out n statement
exhibiting on the one side the r~ulnber of ir~ntrulnenL* kjr which 1 waa debited, and. on t he
other, iesuea taken from t l ~ e book kept by t he RegisterP.
'rhree cssm of deficiency ore noticotl ; they oro of old inatrume!~b. and whet1 new did not
anlount altogether t n perhapa 120 rupecjr vnlne. ... 31.11.. YnrleyS ... nppearerl t o think a receipt
voucl~er way requirsrl for -11 intlividunl mtr.v.
Pe n n ~t me to obsenro on the extreme I ~~t nl xl ~i p ... bhis will entail upotl 11-10 ; Iny pas%ge
Woa taken under the i11r-a that the same re1n1.e WI \ I I I CI be give11 ino us t o t.ho other Surveyore
General, from wtion~ no s ucl ~ qioc-lunents hnve over heen wrl ~~i re~l ' . ... ' ~lror~glr such vouchere
can be provided in tune, it ... w0111d rocluire se\.e~.ul months to ubtain them all. separated a8 the
parties must be, many of t l ~em jrerl~el~s ~lrncl. while I 11ave no1 no I nmy days t o apew. I f
such a rule be enforced I crmnot, po.ia~l,ly ~,rocetld to En~l und this soason. ... A new rille ir
mode for me, unci tho a~,cotlnls i ~ f 11recmcling Snrveyors General st~cldletl on Ino. ...
I t is only 12 days fiinco 1 r ecei v~l a sm.~)o(l nccounl amotmLing to 24.188-10-51 rupess,
and I have in t hat time prepurecl n ~irnilar atatemant. ... ' r l ~e aamo objections were mede
to this, and I WBB f i ~ r t l ~ ~ r informed t hat a t hi r ~l account wot~ld be sent immediately, amounting
to 13,160-1-3-0 rupees. ... I respectfully solil-it ... a roloa~e ... and t hat if vouchers are ... nbrolutely
n e c mr y the productioli of Lhem may not, he mt de a cause of detention against me6.
Government gave Hodgson t.he discharge he asked for, but ordered that Herbert
[ ~ O I 1, should give receipt for all the instruments on charge, and take steps to
procure vollchers for tho full period Hotlgsoll hl ~d held office. When Everest became
Surveyor General in 1830 he rnisetl the matter ngain ;
I t is in contemplation t o debit t he Surveyor General with all t he instruments belonging t o
the Survey Department. ... When the lutu Surveyor General. Lieut. Colonel Hodgson, waa about
to proreed to England Ile was invvl\,ed in wr y great difficulties on this special account ; t he
&OUR receipts and vo~~r her s, t h o n ~ h recularly produced, were in no wise consideretl adequate
t o exonernte him, but he wun expected eitl~er Lo ~,roduce t he instrummts, or replace such as
were deficient a t his ow11 cost. ...
As officers in cha.rge of surveys are constantly liable t o be removed by death or ~icknesa,
or to be caller1 away on military ~l t t t y, instance* milst bo of frequent occurrence wherein I
can have no means whatever of reclaiming frnm them what has h e n i s~ned.
He mked that on the issue of any instrument to a surveyor a debit should be
transferred from the Surveyor General to the surveyor, as wns the procedure
followed by the Great Trigonometrical Survey in Irelande.
Theodolites differed ~normously in design and quality ; the instruments used by
the Groat Trigonometrical Survey are described elsewhere [ 11, 251-55 ; III,z57-60 1.
It was almost universally accepted that any sent out by the Company's contractors
would be coarse and unreliable. and any surveyor who wea at all keen on his work
either brought his own theodolite out from home, or tried to pick up e good one
by local purchase [ 211 1. Ravensh~w, of the Madras Engineers, who had done but
little survey, was glad to sell one of his own,
upon tlle plan of General Roy's and Colonel Lambton's theodolitic, and about half t he rim.
It is well adapted for all the pr1rpnae.s of surveying, and of taking anglm of elevation t o the height
ICD to B. DO ( 60 ). 3 0 4 -28.
?Burke had died nuddc~~ly 1820 [ 11.352 1.
AccountMt Ck+nenrl.
'Both Maekmaie & Bl~oker had died whilst still on duty [ joo-I 1.
WDo. 231 ( 227 ). 7- 1- 9.
* Dh.
288 ( 27 ). 11-11-30.
of 60' altitude. ... The il~st,runient appeurs to be in per1'ect orgler and well packed up.
I had
&ken out and observtxl t he micrometers. telescol)tm, etc.. Of the powers of tlie letter,
there waa no distant object visible from ... the Engitieer'a olfice. I could not judge.
The only objection to a theor1olit.o of this construction is t hat it is riot ualc~llated for observ.
ing stera near zenith. ... To11 n1i18t ha\-@ o~iother i~ist~ru~ment Tor wqt.rotin~nical purpoaes ;
additional expense will be thus createcl uncl, whnt ia ... i r ~ thia country more important, en
increased trouble in transporting the two, in place of one. Troni 8tat.ion to station. ... If you
me inclined t o purchase it, I shull get it cut tc) my 11011s~. where I have a tolerably extended
horizo~u-put it up there-ant1 uxatnine everything ~bb<~ut it rnom particularly1.
Grant \wites from Gorakhpur in 1820 :
I have not hibherto been s l ~l e to 11l3tnin any i~iatru~rnent to tllcw.wrn a(.rurntely t e r mt i d
angles of ele\-atiou. I Ilave, it is true. a very gnod theodolite, but t he vernier of the vertical
arch counts only to one minute, and is therefom tc)taIIy ~i r ~l i t ti)r nmall rari&les such as the
elevation of distant mountah~s. ... I had c~rdered fro~ri E:ruglantl n Ituyr theodolite c o ~ ~ n t u ~ g to
seconds of a (legme. but it coultl not be preparecl sl)eoilily, atid i l l lie11 r)T it I expe1.t ...a fifteen-
inch azunutli uncl t r a i t instrument, and one eighteen-inch vertiral circloa.
The latter instrument arrived i n time to accompany l l i ~u to Burma [ 213 1,
where he was obviously disappointed with it,, for he writes t hat t he "makers are
not likely to rise in public est i t nat i o~~ an ast~.onolnical instrument makers. They
are infinitely behind Dollond and Carey in this respect "3. I t was never used after
Grant's death, end Everest found it in 1Y31
amongst the lumber of the Surveyor General's Office : nn old instrlunent by Harria. consieting
of a vertical circle of 18 inches and an azimuth circle of 15 inches diarnetor. which hAd been
purchased by Government some yeam beforo from the eateto of tlie late Captain Grant, ...
but which had never been of any IW--and indeed never could be-for the axis of the azimuth
circle, originally too wmk. had become misoldered ; t he ~ h e e t brew of which Lhe colurnns were
formed was so thin t hat it yielded t o the pressure of t he thumb, and had been indented in
diverse placee. thereby mnning great di ~t ort i on of figures and unst eadi n~n. The columns were
both taller thau they should be. and noL sufficiently tapering. so t hat the whole was the very
type of disproportion and top-1ieaviness4.
The combination of altitude a.nd horizont,al circles into one instrument wm a t
all experimental stage and passed by various 11ames6. During 11324 and 1825 the
Surveyor Cfineral wax nlloaetl t,o purchase an altitude and azimuth circle for
R,s. 2,000 and a secontl for over Rs. 3.000. The tirst had belonged t o Hodgaon ;
h azimuth, altittirlib, a1111 trat18it rirrle. IS inc.lies diameter, made by Tr ought ~~n, and
divided, the \.erticaI cirrle to single seconds. the I~. ~ri / . ~, nt al to 5" with niicn)meter. I t is an
excellent instrnn~ent ( I T t l ~ e size6.
He writes t o Wilcos in Asdarn [ 214 ] t hat
in the secnnd v<1111rno of t l ~ e llstronon~ical ' I' rarisacti~~~rs~ is the tlusrripti~)n of another circle
by Dollorrd wl ~i ct ~ I \voulcl prefer : it is unlall arul strnng. lim two telmropm for altitude. so
that orlc: viewn the stars direi-L, t l ~ e other t a k a it in q~~i~:Lsilver. n mode I practised long ago.
only 1 had b ~ ~ t one t,ele.scope t n my altit~lilr rircle : this 11ns 2, ant1 you may alternate with
great uucrey.3. I t has also nn azimuth circle. I sent the description of thia to your neighbour
Fiaher in Syll~et [ 5 r 2 1, wilt, haw orilered nne8.
The theodolite used by ,Topp and Shortredc in t he De c c a ~~ [ 130 ]
was mtule I J ~ Tr o~~ght on B Simlr~a, and w a ~ p r ~~c u r e ~l li.om Enplarlcl by Captain Jopp. The
lower circle =as nf 18-inch tlia~neter. and was read by three t ~~ovi t i g microscopes, t he circle
being fixmi to tile foet. I t had a vertical circle oC !I inclitw, remi by two verniers t o 10". I t
had sonie original ctofer*tr, nrirl waa latterly hlrLIier impaired by us+-and several aroidenta
which it nlet with--no as to he unlit. for delic.ste observations@.
Of t he ~mal l er instruments, Everest describes a six-inch theodolite which he
had 11ssd for seven pears, "nnquestionably t he best instrument of t he kind with
t he department on iicco~~nt. of the excellence of its telescope~"~0, and Cheape used
a theodolite by l'rou~ghton divided to 20', and reading by vernier t o 20", with two telescopes.
tangent screws, etc. This ... I have tried in m-ring t he three a ~~gl e a of the triangles in t he
Nnaf River, and never foltntl it t o err more t han 10' in t he sum of the angles".
'from Kiddcll to XI;., 18--10--17 ; DVn. 151 ( B I ) . a DVu. 14i ( 101). 20-7-20. SFdbk. DDn. 230.
M 421 : 1825. ' SC. to GI:. in C. 214-30. 'eg. sltn~irnuth theodolite [ I. 201 ] ; cf. Lso~.srtar Jones.
'DDn. 152(80).31-I-10C 198 ( 180). I4-ll-P2. 'MRAS.lI.lNd2. 'to Wilcox.DDn.f20(281). 28-8-21.
' Uh. 618 ( 202 ). 16--8-41. ' O VDn. 171 ( 403 ). 9-8-25. Report. 14-10-19 ; MRTO. Misc. 20-0-19.
Fisher used "a &inch theodolite divided to rni~lutev, by Worthingtou & Adnms,
for the traverse, and n larger one by Watkinv for tixing points by tritbngles"', and
most of the revenue Hnrveycrrs fo~lncl a 4-inch theodolite sufficient for their needs.
For the nlerc running of tmvrrst!~ rvliere vertical a.ngles were not required,
many sllrveyorv proferred a good cornpws or circuniferentor [ 1, zor 1, and Orant
write@ from Goraklipur [ 151, I jg ] ;
The anglw ... were ttb~ervecl w ~ t l ~ VIIH I I C i;~lI~er(.'s l~ewly i1lventU11 a~rrveying cornp-
[ 11, q 1.
'1'" llle Iiy oT t l ~ e wbrnpw t l ~ure ISILLI I I I . ~ I : I ~ R ~i l ver I I I C~. I I I rill<, e ~ g l ~ t inrl~rm diameter,
the arch of wl~iclr id ~l ~vi ~l enl i11t.o t,l~inl* ot' n clopree. 'l'l~e fly is place~i in t he focus of a pris-
rnnti(, Ienn t, l~ut mlruwn t. l~e linu of ' c~~~l l i l nnt , ~~~l r ~nacle by n wi1.n i l l e sight vane, and t he ~leyreee
observetl. Sear tile xiyl~b vnrm tl~ern i* HI I ~~n~i l ver ucl sl ~c- ~. r ~l u~n I ; I ~ reltecting the aun i r ~ order
to find his azirnuth, t.l~ero are nlho tlwu co1011re11 glassw.
The wl~ole is tit,twI in n I I OX ttll&t. tttrrlti I l ~ ~ r ~ z ~ ~ ~ l t u l l y in a c(111ical sorket. As t he want of
telesmpon was a pet t t ohj e~t i o~l ~ C I hhi* insbr11111e11t. 1 I I P OC' I I ~ ~ I I R two-feet achromt i c, to
which 1 at.tnclrerl a 11rot111 axis wit11 twtb nrlna bran~:lling 41ut cor~i(.ally like those of n transit
instmmunt. The ends of t,hsne reatwl 1111 two brnaq ...p illars. tllnt were arrewwl down to t he
compnsn I ~ I I ~ , k 11Iure~l t.ru1y l ~er l ~n~~i l i nl l or t , , ~ tlre 111ugneti1: axi.9.
For comlnclll nl~rveyir~p this i n a t r u r ~ ~ e ~ ~ t is hotter t hu~i tlle bost ~~her)dolite. I t iR more
convenient, r ~ q ~ ~ i r ~ s 110 ~ ~ l j ~ ~ s t ~ n e n t . i~111l SBYHII I I I L I I : ~ ~ ~ I I T I ~ . \V11en t~11.v grnat accuracy was
reqtiire~l, an e s c ~ ~ l l e ~ ~ t t . l ~r ~~~l r ~l i t , e was ~ ~ n n ~ l titl.e~l wit.11 n lens. I ~ u t as t he power ol' t he telescope
wae not great,, 1 ol'tnl~ I L~ J ~ I I ~ P I I a C I ~ U - ~ ~ M ~ I ~ rofr~tc.t~~lr, ~ l ~ i c l l by 21. ~~ocul i ar contrivance of t he
glaesm, I rnuuod t t ~ ~nt ~g~t i l ' y 100 ti~ouri'd.
Bedford also preferrc*tl a good .qiirvrying conlpass on a st,and [ 1b1 1.
For astranonlical work quadrants wen! passing out of favour [ I, 199-ZOO 1.
Kearly every surveyor hat1 a sextant or reflecting circle which possessed
very sluperior qualities nver t he #extant. thougll in prir~ciple nntI (we it in t he same as a sextant
with rolnl,leto ~ , ~ r - l r inatnarl of otrly t.lw nrr ~f n circle [ I. rc)g ; 11, I.?o-30 1. ... 11ldex error
may be e l i ~n i n a t ~l by ohserving f(~rwnr~i and back. Other errors ure elirninntetl by reading
the t , hr ~e artnfi of tl~w intltrx r o~~r ~c l t,lro lilub. .\loreover angles IIIILY l)e nreasuretl I L ~ far a s
160 degrees ; ~. o ~~x r . r l ~~e ~~t l y [,lie YLIII'S ci~ublt) t ~l l ~i t u~l e nlur be observe11 when his distance from
the zonith ~3 rot Issa tI1e11 13 deyrt?~s:l.
Choape ~rsecl ";I sest;jl~t 1, - 'Troughton, nbout 10 iilcl~ radins. clivided to 10
minutea, anti reurling by vernitrr t r ~ 10''. 'I'he ol~ser\~t~tioncl for lat,itudes by snn'a
meridinn altit,ude ... have been foti~~tl to agree t o rin4". Grant had a battery of
three sextnnts. ' rwr~, by iiilbert nml Ii;itw5 resprcti\.ely, of 8-inch rulius, nut1 ono of fifteen
inrhea ... by Mr. Troughton. 'rl~r 8rxtnIrt 111w1io I I ~ (:ilhert. WAY a nautical one. counting reflected
altittlde Lo 13 sccuntls. ' r l ~e ronat ruct i o~~ was gc~orl. 'rho talescl~pe Ilowover, was of too sruell
a magnifying power. ancl tlle metnl osparale~l so rnurl ~ rillring t he hc~t winds t hat no reliance
could be placed ~i pon it witllin one lninutu [ 178 1. 111 cold weather it answera exceedingly well.
Bates' sextant is superior being mom ~ccur at el y diviclod ; the arch also is silreretl, nnd t he
telescope is in every rnlpert a~~per i or [ 180 1.
The sextant rna~lo by t hat incomparable artfi#t. Mr. l'roripliton is of admirable construc-
tion. The nrch is platina. the ciiviaions on t he noniua were into 10". consequently in refleatad
altitudes into 8*.
'rhore were four achromatic- teleclcopes of different. powers.
Acmmpanying
the sextant there is an artificial horizon made by Troughton on a new conatructione.
Wilcox found his sextant had a persistent error -" Altitudes ellown by it are too
small in the proportion of perhaps A half second in t,he degree "- He was equally
disappointed with a circle by Gilbert ;
I have taken lunars with it.
'rhe rii\,isiona of the verniers &re excwively coarse. & ~e
index glees appears faulty, yet I hope to do better with i t when better acquainted with ite
errors. I should be glad bo get on nny terms a good ang\iLsr instrument of s u s c i mt d u e .
I t ie so excessively unpleeaent to work in t he dark. ilsing appr oxi mt e corrections on im@wb
date. The c h l e ... I should be happy to put on boerd the firet bont traveUlng your wiry7.
DDn. 230; M114: In%.
'Pdhk. Dl).. 16.9 ; hI XI .
~Thuillier h Smyth ( 7W2 ). Fdbk.
MHIO. Y 257.
Robert Bsto, of 17 or 21 Po~~ltry. London. l R0848.
1 Fdbk. DDo. 163. 1 32.8. 1817-8.
' DDn. 214. 1-4-47.
eia SNSTRITMENTS
Hodgson the11 sent liim from t he revenue survey stocli [ 213 1,
a small stout sextaut whirl1 you can a~s i l y carry. tl1a.t with a stand wo111~l be a man's load.
I do not use stands ; notllirrg can equal a h~unnn hand nntl tho motions of t he wrist ; a &ady
h md and quick eye are best., und l~rurtico malrss 11orfect.
I t is not wtonishing Ll~at, disrrepuncies nre f, ~nnd anrorrg snrnll irrstrun~ents ; ... tnakers
cannot divide sc~ near as they prote~~rl. rrr~r can obarrvrrs obser\.e what they cannot see, i.e.,
10' or no. Jlany things may acc,or(l. alui >-ot be t111 \\.rollg, hrrt n mmll of many sights will give
you all you can wsnt for.yc~ur l~urpt~sn;. robab ably the trr~tlr within 15' in latitudes'.
Cheap chronometers were easy to find, hut large prices had t o be paid for any-
thing really good.
Grant I-ttluetl l ~ i n a t Its. 1.000 and RH. 450 [ 213 ]. For Danger-
field's t ri p to Cochin China [ 267 ] t he Surveyor General could not
coll\.e~liently spare any.
Two ... are undoubtedly...1l~(:n9sary t o the perfection of some of the
=ientific objects cc>ntemplnted. ... Captain Dungerliel<l ... has one ... w11ic.h was my private prop-
erty, mltl purcllasocl with oL11er instrlunontr by Sir John Jl t ~l c~>l m ... f ~l r ...use in Malww [ 84] . If
t he Agent t o t he Governor General should ...p urchase anotlrer ... i rl Calcutta, where they are
easily procurable, ... it would be mlvi6able t o (lo soa.
Hodgson reports t hat Herbert was
plundered by a gang of horsemen ... between Gwalior and Agra3, notwithstanding he had a small
but insufficient escort. The banditti attacked Iris baggage on the h i ~ h road, ant1 by day.
Among other lossea was t hat of n chronometer, his private property. I...indent...for a chrono-
meter for him. ... An assistant surve~-or on 100 Rs. a month cannot be expected t o puuchaee
mcll valuable iustmments. \\%en Ire wr.as apl~ointcd ... he was allowed several instruments from
t he store, but did not apply fur n chronometer, having one of his own. ...
I have been a t much expence irr buying very valuable time-keepers ; a pair by Molineux
cost me 2.400 rupees, and one by Erochbash about 90 E sterling in England. They are my
private property, but an ~ i s t a n t surveyor cannot afford to buy such high priced instrumentlr.
... Two chronometers a t least are necessary in carrying on difference of longitude by tranaferenoe
of time, but 3 make the results much aurerJ.
Gerard recommended t he purchase of a number of instruments from Mr. Sinclair,
a nlerchirl~t of BareiUy, amongst which was
a very fimdsome and goo~l-going qold chronometer. made t o order hy Dubois and Wheller.
inventom of the inclined motion c.lork. et c. Hs. 500. The chronometer, if it is good, is
amazingly c-llnrp, and 1 would rrcornrnonfl tile Board t o purchaqe it, hwaune Mr. Blandford
and I woulrl t l ~ e t ~ be able tc) determino differences of longitude oi 50 or 60 mil- by means of
r n k e t ~ within a single serc~n(l (tf tirno [ no, 189 Is.
Hodgson sent up a chronometer to Wilcox a t Sadiya [ 214 ] by a Mr. Brucee ;
Tho chronometer ... belonga to the office. ... I have not had opporbunity to purchase one for
you yet ; if I did, I could not rate it till the weather clears up. ... If I can get n good chrono-
metar for Rs. 600 or 650 I will send you, and I think I can. The middle aized box chronometers
ue bast; it is of no advantage t o have poclcot si7m which cannot be carried in pocket. The
trouble of carrying in hand like a ba3bet ... ia the same ior Iurge or small ; very large I do not
like, but sufficient room for your work is desirable.
To ... $en11 nuy chronometer by dawk ... would bo certain dwtmction7.
I n 1838 there was a battery of six clocks and chronometers a t t he Surveyor
General's office, where their rates were taken regularly. 'I!hs makers were-
A. Barra~rtl-B. Cope-C:. Earn~haw-Parkinson & Frodsham. The chronometem
which Olliver wn t down for repairs were, however, paseed t o Gray, t he watchmaker,
who returned them with a detailed report of their rate@.
Perambulators were still t he normal means for t he measurement of distance;
In t he hilh, where they were generally nupplemented by pacing or calculation from
' DDn. 120 ( 261 1. 28-&27. ' DDn. 186 ( I l l ), $10-21. Jon his way baok from duty with
m e Army [u].
' DDn. 187 (7). 1818 k 159 ( 38) . 1-3-18. '1)Dn. 133 ( 206 ), 18-7-18. aobviously
C.A. Bmm. trader of Wipe. 'DDn. 290 ( 101 ). 2C8-25. Dh. 175 ( I ? ) & 231 ( 204 ). of 5-12-28.
time [ 196-7 1, ~ ~ e d i n g a had to be heavily corrected for t he steepness and winding of
the path [ 11, 197-9 1. Peramb~lletors from England were expensive, and their work-
ing life a matter of a few nlonths [ 212 ]. The old Madrea pattern attributed to
Ringle [ I, 198-9 ] was still in demand, with various improvements, a.nd Erlackenzie
h d
number made up by t he commissariat a t Fort IVilliam :
1 J oI l ~l you the .\Indr~..i tno~lel wiL11 II ~~erilmb~llattor wheel. and, US tine 11110 YOI I wnt me
tllrllel~ I I I I L
the saIIIe t l ~euwi ~r en~e~~t , I think there is no danger of the principle being
misulcetl. wl ~i c l ~ in precic.iaoly the wume ar thet uf the common Europe perambultttor. vr way-
-r, wl~ich ia workml I,y two pl nt e ~ of unequal dimensions. ralculatod for t he r.ircr~rnfemnce
to be \vclrked t)y a lmrpetttal *crew. I n the stnall prratnhulator this machinery iq enc.l~wal in a
box. in the merltlet. of cloclc nsd watch wmk.
Ill tllis \vlleel t,llr $crew I I I I ~ l>lat,e~ are esp~>ned t ~ ) view, anti worked hy t he centre of t he
wheal or nxi*. 'Clie o111y <litYelsnce here is Jlr. Brett's improvement for t he lower diviniotie for
;yB,& [ 11, 128 1. ... Your w~)rl~tneti have ottly t,r~ V I I ~ the plet,as. etc.. and tu f01I0w the precise
&mellai~>ltrl , I F t l ~o wl~eel now went. ... Any i~npror-ernotit j r l >l t call give to the solidity of t he
t,iml)er work, RIICI it,s ..ie(:ririty n~ni ns t uhrinkinp in tho hot wm~tlrer, hy r l a ml ~ ~ , by oiling, by
paintirlg, etr., will be llaeflll. One lllarl B ~ W R ~ X works it t l ) 1110st advat l t ~ge. 891 1 have
erperiellce~j aincu 1788, whell I tird fill in wich thin kind. 1 wiall 111111:lr yo11 (.0l11d YI I T ) I > I ~ IW
with
[ew more, nu t.hey n1.t) IIIII(.II want,edl.
I n another letter he specified t hat t he perambulators shoulcl be
(11' lmallogilny, nlutly ) r ~ ~ r s in masnning since it left t he \Ve$t Inrliea. ... I never used,
erceptiltg once, any but the larger wl~wls. nor are nnl- < ~ t l ~ e r used on t he Coaat J, 14.3 1. The
people are illatruckd t11 nttel111 ~~~rt i rl l l HrI)' t c l their management. 1 hnd one in use 12 yearn
--w~t,lt rel)oim, it i* truea.
"1 have got a new wheel lrlade in Cuttack", writes Baxt on.
of the ertrct cl"nenaionu 01 Llle < I I ~ l ~ r g e nne, nnd I have nlso n small p r f l n ~ b n l a t ~ ~ r helonging t o
(3ovemlnent. which will do h ~ r one of the lads, and ... one of my own for i n ~wl f , s~o...there will
be no ittirnedinte nercnqity r t ~r getting Mr. Allen3 t o rnake np any for glrtr siln.ey4.
H o d p n asked for a number t o be made 11p for t he revenue auneys ;
As those which ore sent from Englan(1 cLre of Ll~e small kind, and nre very expensive, and
soon rendered incal~able nf nervire. ... n nrlfficient supply of large sized perambulaton, ni ght
b...conntructed in the Uutt ('arriagt) yard a t Seringapataln, whore ... t l ~ey are merle in a very
mperior inanner ... aurryentecl hy Lir~~t, enatrt Brett [ I I . 461 1. ...
111 1818 the late Colonel Jlnrkenzic received four ... from t he Commissary Gener~rl ut >I da a ,
two of \vhioh were o f Pringle's plain cntlstrrrction, hut t he other t w ~ had Lieutenant
improvetnent. Otlc of t.110 l ~ t t e r Wan Rent as a pattern t o ihe 8WSenal in Fort Williatn, where
six were made, but I r~n~lerritund they were inferior to t he original. t,hough at t el ~ded with
double the exllenae having cl~wt siccu rup-e* 176-12 eaclt, while a t Seri ng~pat am and ,Uadras...
the plain *heels were generally purchased for 21& or 26 pagodas, equal t o sicca rilp- 70 or
81 each ; but with Li out en~nt Brett's improvement they may probably cost 90 rupees ~ c h ,
and the land carriage from Seringepatarn to hIPKlras, and tonnege from thence t o &l cut b
might amoitnt t o 120 rupee8 for twelve, so t hat t,he whole expense would ntan d... Rs. 1,200;
if made a t Celcutta they would cost Rs. 2,121. ...
I...propose thet eipht in addition, making in all twenty, he indented for, anrl the eight in
exceas inigh .ht...be eupplied t o ... office m... on p y i n g t he expeme .. .and 25 per cent in additions.
The order was placed, and 19 were delivered t o t he Board of Revenue a t Pat ne
for distribution to t he revenue survey parties8.
Hodgson reports in 1826 t hat
they am the bent ... I ever saw, heinp strong, aimple, and little liable t o be put o l ~ t of order.
... If every judicial and mvenrla officer ... could be supplied with one of thase perembuletors,
they mi gl ~t be ocmtsionallp well employed in meking rapid measnuemen& of boturderies. ...
The erection of mile atone9 nn t he r l ) ~ ~ I s connecting all large places [ 11. 4j1 1, might...be...
politic. ... in some sort familiarizing ... our messurn, and shewing ... t he a d v a t ~ t w of tilem over
... uncertain cons. The JIoghul conquerors adabliehed their cow minars. as we know. on
important rouda [ 164-5 ; pl. 15 1. mid no did t he Nepeulese on t he rocantries t hey ronqu& in
the mounhins. ... If all J u d g ~n were nrlpplid with good perambnletom, they might set u p mile
stunea t~lrroughout their aillahn nt little expense t.o Government'.
IJDn. 164 (61 ). 13-1- IS.
'DDn. I5fl ( 168-7 ). 10-4-10.
aprobsblv Petar Allen ( d. l axi );
a d . 1816 : Local Rub-Lie~~t. with Rocket Troop till 1822: Dep. Clammy. ; wt. se- ~t . b p t . 1837.
dDh.
142 ( 482 ). 11-8-20.
'B'I'('. 8-6-23 ( 53 ).
'ib. 9-7-M ( 59 ). 'ib. 16-3-26 ( 39 ).
Wilcox had to abandon his perambulator on thch nct ~-ent ~~ror~s marc11 111- made
ai t h Burlton into Hka~nt i Long [ 60-3 1 end on his 1Tt1ir11 n~ked for a new olle as
hie old one had "nrquired the palsy of age "I [ 11. 78 1.
The colnmon chain of iron or brays, either of l o o or of (it; f c ~t . was in ~ . g d a p
use,
sun-eyoru keeping a seconcl "for the esalniuation and correction of
the other"'.
Spcially designed ~t , erl chains of s~~l wri or nlakc a-ere ~ometimes ordered
from England. Hodgson had
steel ellaill ~nearr~ring, in the t@ruperuturr of 55". OI I C I I I I I I ~ I I WI fer-t. I I HVI I I C I,rea registem
for setti~rg off the ncc~lrate Iengtl~. ... QIUIIP hy ' J . ' r oi ~~l ~t o~~. ... ' l' l~e r nl ~ni ~~ I~eiug of uteel it
not liable t o alter it,s lenytll. ... I t
Ileca*snry tll I I HVP S11nIe .qbnlll~tlrd ~llculsllre 01' t h i ~ kind
... w herewit11 to rornparo other nncl more unl~orfect ~I U~~~I I I I I ~I I I ' .
Boileau ilsed this chain as well as a similar o~rc of his own 126 ] ;
fi1 nddition to t l r ~ cha in... with Ic~clp joi~ltR. 1 have t~ very heallltirlll eteal cl~uin, ill n box,
with ?& feet. links, juu~tml like n \vntel~ chain. all11 P I ~ I I U I ttb 100 fret. 11t u bempernturr of BBo,
but 111111 not uware crf the e-xact weight required ~ I I at.wt.l.11 eit,hnr 01' t l ~ e * ~ r . l ~ i i i ~ ~ s ~ , I I their I)ropr
dlnensio~lu during the 1)rocew of ~nenauring.
The Rat-jointed cllaul wnr mnt. up to .Qrn by C1111lnel HOI~L.'J<III. ... 1 t!nn malie it* of
either of t he~n. aurl leave t.he c~t,her ~ ~ n t o u c l ~ e ~ l ae n ~t t r nt l ~~r i l c:llaiu. by wl ~i cl ~ t he quantity of
elongat,ion ( if any ) in t.he working c.lmirl lilrty he nrc*~~rnt.ely wrertainrrcl4.
Chains were t.he normal means of revenue survey i ueasure~~~ent . though Grant
preferred the persmbulator [ I jg-60 ] ;
The cl~nin mquireu much tune. and ... the erwr of hot11 in equully trncertsir~. ... The chain
requires a t tenet tllree i~vlivi~lualr;. ant1 one rnuut keel, t he accocltlc of the m~mher i ~ f chains
measured ; t t ~i s must he dono hy u r~at.ive, as the eurveyor' ~ nt,tentio~l sl1o111~1 be o~.(-upied chiefly
ul sketching UI t he feat ~~ras. ... But in t. r~~qt~ulg t , ~) n (-I~*.*rr f i ~r tile tlcrur~lte n l l ~n h ~r i ~l g ... t,here
is too ~nuch riak of errur. cmcl t l ~ e Iw~t , way ... ir to HI I I ~I I CI OI I t J~e (.Irnin5.
Oliver writes from Delhi :
I roc.eivetl six hr&-3 rhninn o C I00 feet f r o~n t l ~ r Sur.\.ry~)r (:e~lera~l'n Otlico ; they dicl not
answer so well us ~ni gl ~t . Iut\-c heen wir;l~etl. Howo\,er. hy ttll<ir~&! grent I-nrr ~ A I Ilnve their con.
stantly vurying len)tt.l~a rr~r~.m,tly usc.ert~ine(l hy f r er l ~~r ~l t ~ . ( > ~ n ( ~ n r i s o ~ ~ r wit.11 n.r wc~l rut e a
nt mder ~l na r1,111tl he I ~ r ~ ~ c ~ ~ r e d . t,Iiey I I H V ~ prclvel \.PI.?. 11rtaf111. ul r h~~oyl ~ 1))- no menu* ut, ron-
venient ue ( : ~~n~r r ' n cl~auls [ 164 ] : a11 iron OIIC of t.11~ 1 n t . t ~ ~ ~Ie*rril)t.i~ll wns in c o ~ ~ . ~ c ~ n t , use
for Ina,re tl1nl1 *is rn~mthn wit,1111ut ... uny muterinl vnriaiti~m in itr; Ie~lr(t,I~. ...
'rI1e i ~~expcri er~ce of the rheinmen at firnt WRC~ ~~r ocl ~~ct i \ ' e of IIIIII-11 ~Ielny veyt~ti(l~k
but t,l~ey gr11~111t1lly i ~n( >r i ~ve ~l ~.
Hodgson, st'rongly recommended t,he distribution of reliable standard s c a b for
checking the chains [ 163-41. " ~ t o ~ ~ t l y made ... of iron 01. bras3. ant1 divided into feet,
inches, ant1 tenths of inchen "
I n lnl~tl mlrveys eit.11t.r ~ mr a l ~ ~ h ~ ~ l a t ~ o r ~ ~ r r clleirw 111ay be 11sr11, and t l ~o' the furmer ... prforms
... moat rapidly wl~erl t he groun(l is le\.el, it l ~ns tliunclvn~~tngea wl ~e r ~ ditct~ea aud hollow places
occur. It i n aleo n cr~stly i ~~st rurner~t ~. all11 very l i ~hl e t o get out 111' c~rcler. I)ot t he Gunter's
chainn of (IG fwt. 1. 154 n.2 1, t j l l r ~ ' it requires rather tc~trger time ... is clreap ancl simple. end if
it'a lengtl~ be frequently 1-o~nparetl with 11 ~t , ri ct ~ t ~ n n ~ l ~ l r ~ l r l ~ n i ~ ~ . gives tile most ~t i s f act ~or y
m ~ l l t ~ , H I I ~ ... uffc~rtla dat a for eaqy cal cul nt i c~~~~.
Lambton and other surveyom had generally to rely on short brass scales as
primary st , anda~l s of length [ 11, 257 ; 111, 149 1, and on the Garhwhl survey
Hoclgon relitd on, "a ~tnntlltrd brass scale 43 i nche~ UI length, with a vernier for
subdirisions to the It)Ontl~ parb of an inch. ... by Tmrighton"@.
Jervin had .' two I)rans ~calen. eaoh of two feet in length ",
one b>- IJ~nnIc~I~nlilrr. t , l ~r ot l ~er Ily ('nrey.
('aptain Owen. ... elnployetl on the n~~r vc v of elre
Afric~in (.ou*t. nllfl (HI,RI?. ( . ot n~ t.o 131)rnh~y. having I ~ mn f i ~r ni ~l ~ecl by the Admiralty with a
' I 2 4 . I I 2 . (:hemp. (:l~ittmyt,ng ; Fdl~k. JIRIO. Y 25;. a Dun, ( fj!, ). 31-1 -I!, St
I ( I . 1 - 2 . I I I . 7 , I . *froni (;rent, T1-7-?2; BT('. 19-+j-z# ( 36) . *from
i ~ r . 2 - 2 3 ; I ' I - I . 'from Hoclg*on. 15-4-24 ; B'N:. i - 5- 24 ( 1 1 ~ ). a ~ 1 ) n . 13.2 ( 99 ).
31-1-11,.
very Hno fbur-fwt b r w ml e . ~ d j l i s t d to the h h t ~II~L*U~Y)I~UIL~B of CLL~~OI CI lintur, ... it
wae founil that 2 feet on the Admiralty male waa...equal to 23.097 inollea uf Ymlchalder's aunld.
bmbt on' s "standard ucnle end ~t eel bar", reoeived after hiw death, were bought
on Blacker's rscommendntior~ for the S~~r veyor General's offlce; "Without thern ...
there is no utamdard in India to which tfhe Government map rsfcr any q~iwtion of
l h e ~ r memure with sufficient ~onfirlence"~.
Plnnetrtbles l u d e up in Madras [II, 229] were regultrrly used by sulvveyora trained
at the Military Institution, and by the as.qistant,s working under them [ [I, 216,
229; IIT, 2061. Mackenzie had brought several with hi111 to Bengd and most of
the apprentices engaged for the revenue surveys recoived elementary training with
them. Hodgson indented for a number to be sent out from England [ 219 1, but
Grent did not find them a success ; t.hey were not, he writes
used in Englnnd. and they are still worse Rdaptecl for this climnt~. IW they nro inconve-
nient to carry about, and require much time for naijuwtment in the tiulcl. ... [ He preferred ]
Uking nr~glee with 811 u~strument urrtl rnakin~ 15 ro11gl1 protr~rction of the work on the spot,
noting down the angles and distances, and aket rl ~u~g ... objeots near the line of aurvey [ 208 1.
Some alterations wore r d e in the pl~rrle tablea hrounl~t up IIY Lieutenant Wroughton
but they were atill found ir~convenient. and were only used by the b ~ ~ y s becatme r i o other ina-
merit could be epnred. ... Only five \-illages were aurveyecl wi t l ~ the p l ~ n e tables. ... The
boundaries were first eurveyed with the circun~fe~.enbor, and hi ng nfterwarde traced on the
tablee, lines were drawn in different directions throl~ali the village lnnds to 1)oiut out the
course the boy8 should pursue3.
I n Madras, however, Montgomerie continued to press the use of the pluno table
in all the eumcys [ 208-9 1, and ordered
16 plane tables to be conatructrnl i r ~ the araenal. ... An improvement app eers... neoeeesry to
fecilit~tu the taltinlq of benringw with greater a~ct uecy ... by having a light braes frame to At
close to the outer edge of the table, acc~lrately divided into degrees, the centre of the i mh.
ment forming the point of oonvergence'.
Mention is frequently n l d e of the great difficulty 8Ur~ey01~3 had with their
tammeters from the constant breakage of the gl us t ube' [ 30-3, 203-5 1, and the
valllable information they gave in spite of these difficulties.
Lambton carried two
barnmetere, but reports in 1816 that one had been rendered
-1- evor since I wae at Gooty in 1811. ... During the hot windn, and while sknding in my
tent, a quantity of air got euddenly into the tube, from what cause I never oould find out. It
in now empty, and I did intend boiling the mercury in the tube and try to put. it right w i n .
Though Gerard became expert a t handling barnmetere [ 204-5 1, Hodgson and
Herbert were not ao successful [ 33 ] ;
We now began to boil the mercury in the tube. The tube ea usual broke. None but a
~ ~ r e e n e d artiat wn expect to a u c o d in this difficult buaineaa once in ten timw. ...
The barometers I had wnre 2 out of 8 eent from England to the Surveyor General's omce. ...
So little attention hRd been paid to their packing that the t u k of them all were found to bs
broken when they ~r i ve c l in Calcutta, ea well 8.3 most of the thermometers belonging to them ;
thore were spare, but unfillerl, tubes sent with them, and Borne of these would not Eta.
Hyde had taken delivery of thie consignment in Caloutte ;
The wlrols of the barometer tubea are unfortunately brokem. but es epare ones have
forwarderl with them, thoy can be repaired. Aware 8.3 I am of t he diffloulty of filling t he
t u b , yet I would strongly recommend...their king sent out empty. ee the violent motion
1 Jonnnl, 8. Konkan, MRIO. M 126. 'DDn. 204 f 133 ). 31-12-21.
a fmm Ormt. 6-7-22 : BTC.
10-8-28 ( 30 ). Dh. 202 ( 157 ). 19-7-25. "hut3 ft. long.
' A8 R. mV, 1822 ( 100-1 ) : of. DDn.
la2 ( 2 ), 1-2-19.
...oocaaio~ the quioluflvar elmost invtubbly to dsstroy them. The tharmornetars a-
m broken, but ex- anea having been Atbed in the boxes...render them dill miooable.
B&q peafeatly aware of the delicacy end nature of b b bt rument s. I rsqumtad Lieu$.
BmW. who. . . h~ since obtained permieeian t o mei ve cherge of two for the um of Captab
Hodgeon, to bring the eix barometers in hie pcrlkee fmm the for& to thie d o e , to prevent
~ i b i l i t y of their being injtlred in the carriage. They w m opened by me in the preaen- of
t hat gentleman ; the tubes were dJ broken, and, ... with the exception of oue box containing
two, I am confident that the other four were never before unpacked. The quicksilver ...-
found loose in the boxes when examined in the arsenal by Lieut. Herbert'.
Webb had several barometers broken, and writes to Hyde that "another barn-
meter was sent t,o me by a friend a few days ago ; but like all the rest, it was broken
upon the road "'.
csMount,ain barometers " intended to be portable had the usual long tlihes con-
taining mercury, and were fitted with a tripod and a scale of heights in feet.
Hodgson suggest8 that Irvine, hefore starting on his survey of the sources of the
Nar bda [ 88-9 1, should visit Calcutta
where I could give him spcrinl blst~uctiona, 81111 explain to him ... the two, and indeed the
mnetruction, of the mountain barometere. ... Having been so frequently cliaappointed by the
breaking of the b~rvmetera aent from EqI nnd at a heavy expence. Lieutenant Herbert and
I turner1 o w attelltion to fitting up such tubus 8.9 we cbould buy in Calcutta, and succeeded
perfectly in making barometers sufficiently accr~rnto for all practical purpontd.
Wilcox writes that 011 his first expedition into t,he Mishmi HiUs "my only
barometer tube & two therrnonleters \rere brokon before doing me any service",
and on his first trip Leyolld the Brahnlaliund [ 58-9 ]
the only instruments that I carrier1 were-& sextant and false horizon-n good compaae-
a Woolluston's thorrnometric: barometerP. and a barometer of the common kind.
Tho Wool.
laeton got put out of order at once, and the tube of the other lasted a very few dayas.
He had one bsl.ometer in good order for his successful trip to the Irrawaddy, and
looked forward to setting it up "in the snows " ;
Travel up tho Dihing. Barometer read- give apparent height above Calcutta, 1876
feet. ... Barometer a t 3 p.m.. 28". 37 ; Them. 7G0 ; elerntion of Roonkoo on the bed of the
Dupha, above Calcutta, 1,488 feet. Unfortunately brolte two tube8 in attempting to boil them.
Burlton records that on May 15th the barometer read 7,387 feet, two days before
the tubes were broken, and that "the barometrical calculations have been made by
me, and are not to be depended on for any great degree of accuracy "8.
Hodgson
could not replace them ;
\Voollaston's thermornotric barometere are of no uuo ; you cannot take them out of their
ease without breaking ; they will not do. Beeitlea, there are none in Calcutta ; a long-maled
thomometer, nay 2 foet long, might be of use, but barometers ere beet'.
I n a paper on obtaining heights by the boiling of water, James Prinsep wri- ;
Woollaaton's apparatus is beautiful in a laboratory, where it ahows minute verbtimu;
but for rough work out of doom. accuracy muat in some meaaure be eacrificed to strength end
portability. Captain Herbert provided himaelf from England with ordinnry thermornetan
divided from 180' upwards to bntha of degrees ; half a diviaion thue represented about 26
feet, whioh in most oaaea is ampl$l.
Hodgson writes to Pemberton, away in Manipur ;
I went into town yentenlay, and bought for you 3 baronletem ; one a mountain stick one
(apparently very perfect ) for 60 Re. ; another of the kind ... that you have; one with the
eliding index and tube leading from the tripod, a very good construction, aa you see the whole
bngth of the tube ; it haa three bubea and a case ; they wanted 100 Re. but I got it for 80. I
will alm fill and boil a stout btrmmebr of my own. and lend i b to you, ao you will be complete.
We had a deluge of rain on the 20th. 64 inchse in 0 houra, more then I remember in th
-me time ; to-day ia clear and plearwmb. ... but it iR 8 eorry oliiate. Prey send me en ordm
for 130 Ra. 2 aa. for the herometer and cooly hires.
The anemid barometer, working on an entirely different principle, without eng
column of mercury, waa invented in France about 1843.
ID?. 131 ( 0 1. 10-1-17 ; (I?,), 24-I-li. SJIRIO. M 6715. 3 4 1 7 . 'DDn. 108( 1 ) , 34- 22.
'an
apparatuo
for meeauring altitudan exhibited to R8. by Rev. F. J.B. Wollostoa ( 1702-188). DNB.. Phil
Trans. CVII. 1817 ( 18%00). ' A8 R. XVII ( a66 ). 8 Journal. DDn. 214 ; to 8G. 4-7-27. 'DDn.
( !281 ), 2E-37. ' JAGB. 11, 1833 ( 107 ). 'Cnloutts22-9-27 ; DDn.220( 278 ).
CHAPTER XVI
GREAT TRIGONOMETltICAL SURVEY, 1815-23
De Penning & Luu.rencc, 1815-7 - Transfer lo Supreme Qovemmen4, 1818 -
Arricml of Evrre~t , 1818-9 - EL^ r ~s t ' s .first tusk, 18 I!)-20 - Advance to Ber6r, 1821-2
- Ererest's If eslcrn Branch, 1822-3 - Passitlg nf La?n(llon., 1823 - Computations
& Reporb.
AMBTON spent t,he first t,liree months of 1815 in closing the Gooty-Bidar
section of his gwat central arc. measuring a base-line a t Bidarl, and taking
nstronomicnl observat.ions a t Dalnargida about 20 miles to the north-east
[ 11, 219 ; 111, PI. IS 1.
He then rcturnetl to H~d e r ~b Bd where he spent the next
years working OII report~s and co~i l p~~t nt i or~s [ 237-9 1.
His staff at this time comprised four nssi*tants, De Penning, Lawrence, Olliver,
and Rossenrode, who were all fully employed on indoor work t.ill after the rains
of 1816, whet1 Lawre~lcr connected tlie Bidar base with the neighbouring stations
to the northa. No further esteli~ion was immetliat.ely possible owing t o the un-
settled s t a b of the country, but, t.hough Evereqt attributes the long delay to
pind6ri raids3 [ 96, 11.5 1, Mackenzir writes of the Direct,ors7 urge for economy after
the expenses of the Nepll Wa,r ;
I regret encwrlingly tllnt you Ila\.o bhcqn o b l i ~ d to lay by thin season, BY the or-lrrs from
Europe nre so peremptory for a reduction of expense. ... At Uombny the Surveyor Genl.'e
Depnrtment was laid by, k ill Sengul nlso tho 0lk.o in in charge of an agsishnt till I get round.
The ml ~ r y here ha^ properly cmsed since May last y d .
Lambton himself tlitl not regret the delay, for
field work has got ahead of indoor work ; indeed I am not suro that I shell bo able for another
excursion till after the hot \roatllor in 1817. >Ip report mould h ~ v e been furnijhed in 1815
had it not been for the expocliel~~.). <, C extending my meritlional arc as hi311 as 19' and up-
wards. ... The Court of Di mr t t ~r ~ ...ro-o1n1no1111ed that I should state the prnb~bl e time for
the completion of my wnrk [ 11, 24s 1. ... I have allowed ample timo ; tlr.&t is to say, three
years in theNizam'scountry, and four in connecting Masulipatam with Point Palmyras [ yg, 226.
2331, and I hope to mlrke a trip tc, Enqlnrl~i in tlle meantime.
If the Pindarie.9 are not checlte;l in thoir incuraiona it will be impossible to go out in the
cool eeason. and the only time will be from .Tune to the middle of October. I wish much ta
get aa high aa 21'. or at any rnte t o ?OJ, which will resoh the range of ghnuts. That, with e
little branching out, will lay all ample foundation for the detachod surveys which may be
extended from thence over every part of the Dekkan6.
In 1817, therefore, as soon as tlie rains had cleared the air for observatione
[ 8,229,235-6 1, De Penning was sent out to extend the arc from Damargida to north
of t.he Godiivari, and his journal is still preserved [ I I , 247 n.4 1.
15th Auguet 1817. The H,esirlont hat1 been ocr~~pi ed by the visit of llle Commander-
in-Chief@. I had meivml iliutn~ctir)ns tn extend the merirlional aerim ... up to Nendair. ...
From Nandeir I am to extend a scrim a~f trinnglss in nn easterly r l k t i n n along the S. hnk
of the Godevery to Nirm~il, ... and then return direct S. tn Hyderalmtt with the triangl-.
endeavouring to intemect Eilgundel on the wny [ pl. 18 1.
Besides a part of the Survey escort, and his [ Lambton's ] lascan, e party from the mi ni e k
of the Nizem's Government WEW attached to us for procurins supplies and aiding us in h i n g
our gage. ... I left the French Gardens 11, 394 n.1 ] on the 15th ... efter four o'clock in the
dternoon, leaving my family to tho protection of Cod. ...
'76 m. NW. of HydelJbM. 'DDn. 171 (359 ), 5-9-25.
'Geo. E v e r ~ t ( 4 ) ; OT8. I ( i v- r. A).
'to Lsmbton. 3-6-16 : Dm. 1.58, (35-6 -8).
Msolrenrie DDa. 6.9 ( 140). 11-5-16.
#'rhos. Hjllop, te
di a o m co-operation of Nizim'a foraea against ,~itlrlbri.v.
19th.
Having t,o daqpatch t l up to the northwarti for continuing the meridional eerie8
of trianples which ia to commence a t this station ( Daumargidda ). I rode to t he station taking
t he instrument & flag people with me. I foutul tho chrmirml platform much injured, tho' the
*atone t hat was fixed in t he centre does not allpear to have been t o~~chel l . After directing
the fleps to different stations, ret ~~l -ned to my tent..-. ...
23rd.
Marched t.o Saiichapi1l~-. ... lire here learned frorn one ut' our flag cooliw. who had
just joined 11s from the fle(5 he had placed nenr Bowlmu [ I I I I S 1. t hat we hntl c~bsen.ed a mong
objeot while at Daunu~rgidda station, in conae~~uenre of which I was obliged t o direct Mr.
OUiver t.o proceed to the Rowlass etn., rY; fix t l ~ e f l ~ g in its proper pcaition. while I prepared
to go all the way back t o Dau~nargidtlo to ohserve the angle.
After three d a p of heavy rain I)e Penning got bark to camp, ant1 Olliver
came in about an hour after. ... Fr t ~m the i~tt,elligonve I I ~ brorql ~t in I Iltrd nccasiorr tu rejoice
t hat 1 had t~ndertaken this fat i ~ui np trip. for. t l ~g~' tile fiwt errvr...wt3.; 111inr. having ... mu.
taken a tree for a flag. ... the Hag cooly. a new 11antl. ... was so stupid as t o move the fiag
toanot,her spot, ... so t hat had I even observed t he ling right when I was firet a t L)aumargidda,
t he flag being remor.erl afterwarrls wotrlll 11ave been the st)unne of endless troulble.
They had many interruptions from rain atit1 great trouble in procuring guides,
every village closing the gate in t,he 'sett fence' as soon as strangers were seen
approaching, possibly a precaution against pindiivis.
5th September. Arrive a t the I , anl ~~ the JIanjiru River ~ l ~ o r t t 10 o'clock, and it. was
7 o'clock a t night when the last of our I*:~gpncn :n,)t over. ...
10th. I ascended the peak this mi~rning d t e r hreakfnsl nnfl. fining a new station on the
mmmi t in the direction of the Kowl as~ station, I observe1 a few angles and, after fixing a
mark over the new station, deacentle~l the t r i l l and returned to camp. While we were on the
summit observing angles. u tyger made a spring on tlte cattle t hat were grazing below, and
siezed a heifer, but t he people attcnclir~p t l ~o cattle by making a loud noiw 6 allouting ~nnde the
tyger quit his prize. b ~r t the heifer was killed.
Then followed constant rain day after day, with occasional intervals of clear
vieibility. To Lambton's distress I)? Penning had gone out without the vertical
circle of his theodolite, so could t,ake no angles for height'. The journal continues ;
21st September. ... Distant view of the junction of the RIanjira and Uodaveri rivers with
t he country under wide floods. ... 28th. ... Difficulty in mecuring bonta for bhe passage of the
Manjira; ... t,he boat recluires one hot ~r and a half' to perform one trip. ... 30t,l1. Find 8
detachment of Cnlr army. or the staff of t l ~ e Comniander-in-Chief, a t hludnoor. ...
16th October 1817. ... Great difficulty in finding ground for auibable triangles in the region
of Melligong. Olliver receonnoitring in rulvance. ... 24th. Jfwrched to Xandair, crossing the
Godavery. ... 29th. Marched t o Kundakoortu, recrossing the Gnduvery near Bailoor ut the
junction of t he Blanjira. ...
6th XI,\-ember. Received a message fro rn... arnildar uf Aurrnoor. signifying his intention
t o pay me e visit. an he 11ml received 11rdt-ra to deliver me a letter frnm Lt. Col o~~el Lsmbton. ...
The purport of Ijis \init wa9 t o deliver me t he letter. and nloney. 692 pagodas. which wmdone
with peat formality. ...
7t.h Derernher. Violent ettack of fever. ... I 11nwee11ed t o t he utation ... hit 00 bad as to
be unable to stand. I laic1 mymlf clown ~lrrtler I.Il* shacle of a rock. & it was upwards of an
hour before I rarnvered sufficient st,re11&t11 to look arountl me. Having fixed upon e hill for
t he next etnt,ion. I returned to (he tents with a vV,lent fever. ...
8th. Confinrll t . f ~ nly bed, very wenli. and dri l ~ki l ~y hark 11, jfro 1. Directed Mr. Olliver
t o take a few angle* :... 9th.
Having no fe\.er thi* (lay. I i1~vende11 t l ~ e hill after bmakfwt.
where I was employed the whole day observing nnyles. ...
14th.
Marcliecl t o Hec.r~llerpc~c~. Sir. Ollivrr recclnnoitrirrg in ndvarrce. ...
22nrl.
Halt at Peeperputt till :1 in the afternoc,n, in ortler t c, bring up port of the field
work, when we 8tn1di tent.; tinct 11\arc41e1l into t.lle I ~wn c l ~ Gnrdens, where we arrived at 7
o ' c l ~ k in t he evening. 011 rny arrival 1 l11u1 t.he ninrtilicatiol~ tt, 1enr11 t hat my oltl coinpanion
k fellnw Iabou~er, hlr. Lawmnce, hacl incurretl the tlirlilensure of <'c,lrmel Lambton. and wlts ~lrrrler
ordem to prcwee~l tn Iladras wit11 the New Year 1 j i u 1. Our tlepartment being aleo to be
tramfermd tcb t l ~ r Ilnngal entnblishrnent on t he l et .7unuory lHlA [ r , z r g 1.
We now de~crihe the circumstances under which the survey was transferred
fram tile control of the Madras (:overnrnent to that of the Supreme Government a t
Bengel, and hecame the Great Trigonomotric~l Survey of Indin.
'Lime.
'UDn. 83 (495). ID-9--1i. Hoth Do IB~nninq and Lnrrenc.~ worked with an 18.inoh
theodolite only [ 259 1.
So long ago a~ 1807 Lambton had suggested that his s~lrvey should come under
the immediats direction of the supreme govornment,. but, though Petrie, aoting
Governor at Madras, upp ported the pn)posal, nothing had come of it [ 11, 304 1.
Lambton had pointed out that the time would colne for his survey to reach beyond
the Presidency of Fort St. George. ... The sxpedience of t h i ~ llns frequently occurred to me;
and...itl rr c o~i vr ~l ~t i on with the Right Honornhle Lord JIinto while he waa at Yedras' this
wfie pe~-ti~-r~larly mentioned, wlic!n h i 1~1rd8hip entirely acquiesced. ... While I submit
this p t l b j ~ t for cor~~lider~tinn. I...eck~l~)wIedge the liberality of the Goverrune~~t of Fort St.
George Fg,r t,heir unifi~rm support.' [ 11. .(I4 1.
He raised the question again ill 1817, together with a request for R proi e~i onal
and a ~nedical officer, to act as geologist as well na doctor. He was him-
self well over sixty years of age.
The Governor General, Lord Moira3, warmly accepted the proposal, and issued
orders in a despatch dated 25th October 1817 [307 1. The transfer wa.. to take
place h m the 1st January 1818, and the survey was to be designated The Great
T1. i gm~et ri cal Survey, with Lambton as ~uperintendent, George Everest as ohief
aseietant, and a Dr. Ross as geologist and surgeon4. Dr. Voysey was afterward0
appointed in default of Ross. Lord Moira wrote from his field headquarters up-
~unt r g6, where he was directing military operations against the MarLthas in his
capacity as Commander-in-Chief, and hie despatch shows keen appreciation of the
importance of the survey and of Lsmhton's talents ;
The arrival of Colonol Muckenzie in Bengal [ 300 1, ILIIII the aonsequullt essamption by t hat
distinguished officer of the importa~it functions of his situation. have now carried into full effect
the wise me a s m prescribed by tho Hon'ble Court of Directors for consolidatiny the survey
departments of the several Presidencies rlndor one Chief. mponsible only to the S u p m e
Government of India [ 11. 396-7 1.
This ... has naturally led. ..the Govr. Oenl. to. ..a qrlestion intimately connected with ... the
Department of General Survey, utid I...now...cornmonicate...tl~e result of his Lordship's
reflactione on the conduct and proprm of the Grand Trigo~iometricd Survey of India. ...
Independently of the benefits reaped ... from labours like Lt. Coll. Lambton's in regard
to the more accurate knowledge of the figure of the earth, ... the most important practical
ndvantagas must obviously nccnie from the prosecution of this trigonometrical ewvey. ...
There is no other solid bavis on which accurate geography can eo well be founded. The
primary triangles thus spread over this vast country establish almost beyond error e rnr~ltitude
of points, and the ~pacea, ... when filled up by the details of subordinate w e y o n , will affo d...
a map without a parallel. ... Tho Cow. Genl. vontures t o speak to this point with no ordinary
confidence because it cnme undor his personal knowledge when he had the honor of presiding
over the Royal O~d~Fance Department@. ...
His Lordship is persuaded that itiq operations will ... be greatly facilitated by this meeaure,
for they have a l d y psssed the British boundary into the territories of His Hi g h n a the
Nizam, and ... will now progrenuively ~dvance into Hindoostsn and the eaat, until the net of
trianglas ehall be woven over the whole continent of India. ... An undertaking of euch natioml
hportance ...is only in its appropriate place ... under the direct orders. ..of the eupremenuthority7.
A copy was sent to Lambton with the Governor General's hope t hat
the mangemente ... will condhce to the general benefit of science. & t o the fecilitation of
your operations. ... But His Lordship ... derives a further pleclsure from the impression that
the arrangement will be personally gratifying to yourself. ... He had no hesitation in oomplying
with yow maaonable wishe to have an mi st ant & a ecientific medical man at t uchd to your
department. His Lordship hna every reason to believe that, you will find his ~eloction of the
individuale nom ed... to have been judicious.
Lambton asked for orders as to his future propamme ;
In view nf the extensive field which ia now laid open to me, t,honl is such a ohoice. ..m ta
~' nrlor it diHicult tn decide wl1191.o I sho~lld begin, nncl wl l ~t r ) ~ g l ~ t GO 11u clone. ...
The first part of the work, wllenever it may be prtrctioable. will ru~que~tionably be t hat
of extonding tho lneridiolial soritw of trirmglm through as great en extent of countrg u
'invmtigatin oauBm of Vellore lnutinv [ 11, ago 11.41.
8MPC. 10-11-07. 'a?. M u q u ~ Hul i ng.
1817.
*probsbly Lfobn R m + YD. v. Bio. Nobs.
Sbergerh. 84 E/B. on the Ju-; despatoh d-
to the Vi ce-hdt . at I k Willlam.
' M~s t ar of the Ordnance. 18W7.
'NC. 26-11-17 ( l ) ; DDn. 1 U
( 297 ).
Lsmbtan'm letter h u not bean round.
poesible. ... A continuatioll of the mme am through 9" 2' 40' more1 would extend to ... nearly t b
htitude of Agm ; and if the country ehould be favourable and free from hoatility it would not
q u i r e mom than four yeare to perform that work. ... The geneml dispoeition of the i nhabi hb
must be favourable.
much depends on them. ...
A rneeeurement of mcll an extent would fur surpass anything of the kind that either
been, or ever can be, performed in any other part of the globe, mid it would be the foundatioo
of Indian geography. ... If the ma p are at all correct. this arc would paes near Ellichpoor
H ~ i n e b a d , t l rougl ~ the ruirldle of Sculdia'e territoriw. ~ n r l terminate not far from Agra.
He then discussed alternative schemes in case it was ilnpos~ible to continue his
ere direct t,o Agra-either taking a meridian line north from Niigpur-or making
the Narbada the northern limit of a wide network of trianglm extended east and
west beyond the NizBm's territories.
But all this wollld require more hnr~da and more instrumenLs. I shall, therefore, c o h
my vie- to what I think rnay he done by nlyaelf end my imlliediate euccauror.
Should I
continue to enjoy that good health and sound couutitution whicl~ I 11n\.o hitherto been bl&
with, ... I h o p I sllall at Imat sex? e foundation luid for a complete sur\,ey of the Deckan, if
not 8 connection between the southern petlinrula ond the upper provinces of Hindoostan. ...
When I am joined by my assistant, I shall he tlhle to amd out ct party during the favourable
w o n 3 which will be employed chiefly ill Lre~l~ohing out. tlud in hi shi ng Inore colnpletely
the belt of triangles betaev1.11 the Ceded Dixtrict-s and Hydoralred.
When I move, a-hiell will not be for son~e tune to come, I shall continue the meridional
triangles as high acl 21" 6' of latitude, where I shall have to measure another bme, and make
course of astronomicnl ob*en.ntions3.
The Vice President replied with caution that he relied
with implicit collfidence on your talents and judgment [and] trusts that you will push with the
leaet prectiml delay to the greatest extent of which your present rneann...will admit. ... With
reference to yonr proposition for extoncling your t,rianglas by t,hree different branches to the
river Nerbudda. ...y ou will...furninh an mtimnte of the probable time and expense. ... Your
proposition for the farther extermion ...to AP, and aftarmarde from Goa to Bombay, and onwarb
without limit, d m not appear to press for immediate c1,rlsideration4.
Lambton interpreted this as limiting him to the Deccan, and particularly to the
Nizim's territoriee. In an earlier letter the Governor General had eaked him to pro-
ride the Resident a t Hyderiibid with " tho most accurate and detailed geographid
information regarding the NizHm's territories which may be attainable ", e welcome
request, for he had written in 1815 that,
had I not been anxious to carry these operations through the Circam, ... I should have considered
the extending of this w e y over the whole of the Nizam'e Dominions. ... for in all the countrim
that I have been in it iR the mnst eROU@3UE in its geography. Hyderabad, which we have been
ntationed at for veare. is out no leas than eleven minutea in latitude. and uvwards of thirtu in
longitude6 [ 278 pl. 17 n. I.
Though disappointed, as was Mackenzie also, a t the dropping of the ambitioue
plan for a series along the east comt [ 223, 233 lo, Lambton decided to extend hie
network of triannlm to the eastern borders of the NizLm'e territories between the
-.-
Kietna end ~od&a r i , and to carry the great arc northwards ;
I should consider Ellichpoor, or the range of mountains immediately to the north of it, to
be the limits of the survey in a northern direction. ... It will riot be far from EUichpoor, if the
maps are right, that I ahall next obeerve the atam and measure a base-line, a part of the work
indiapensebly nec-y on the more of general science [ 11, 250 1. ...
The chief object in being in haate with it is to secure the completion of a meesumrnent on
the meridian which in amplitude will exceed the three moet important and accurate ones
( leaving out that of Colonel Mudge' ) that have ever been executed, viz., that connecting tho
obs e~8t or y of Greenwich and Dunkirk by General Roy and the French acedemiee8-that
between Dunkirk and ... Barcelona by De Lambre and Mechain@-and the continuation...to. ..
the Baleeric Island8 by Ms. Biot and k g 0 1 0 [ 179 n.3. 237 1.
Them Indian operations are now become of much interest to the most eminent philoaphen
in Europe and. although the p m t call for geographical information within the limits of the
1Cq-m ( h m o ~ to Bldar belog 8' 53' 26'. 'tho rainn [ 235-6 1. 'to Supreme Oort. 1-1-18 ; DDn.
02 ( 20 ).
' D h . 64 ( 72 ) & 133 ( 63 ). 24-4-18. ' DDn. 63 ( 363 ). 24-6-15. .OTS. XII, Appx. ( 45 ) :
IS. V ( 4 ) ; DDn. 156 ( 134 ). 18-7-17.
' Wm. Mudgo ( 1762-1020 ) ; RA. ; Directdr Ordnance Svy. of
Orest Britain. 170e-1020. ' 1788 ; Roy. U i i . Legendre & Meohah. '1702-1801. I* 1806-7; Oom
(130-1) ; Srrv~cc O~opraphique ( 11-14 ).
He left, me in f111l control of t l ~ e camp in Jannary 11119, t o return t o Hyde r a b~l ; and t hb
- t he lnst mcasion of his ever t nl r i ~q part in the work of trianyulntiol~'.
-After closing t he last gap in t he network went of t he cit,y, Everest got back to
Hyder&b&d early in April, accompanied hy 1.h. Voy#eya, and preparetl t o ~ e t out
on t,liangulation to t he east,.
' hi s, as Lanlbton explains, nns to bc I>asrtl on the
meridian linea...wI~t?se pturitions were fixmi in nn mrly stt1t.u alf tho nllr\-ry. when 1 tirst. rmnsed
t he penhul a from k'ort. St. (:eolyt? to Jllungrnlore [ I]. 2.18 -1 1 1. ' 1 ' 1 1 ~ cmhjec.t r8f tlrlwe ~ ~ ~ e r i r l i n ~ ~
is t.0 compute t.he lutitu~les it~~cl !##llgi~llrlo~ I I I H~ L * I I frc1111 t l 1 1 4 t ~ ' i t ~ ~ q ~ ~ l t ~ r IneamIren~ent~.
They
have served for t.llt~t, purllltse for t,he wllolo TI RI I ~ I I SI I ~ I I . :a1111 11111y ho co11ti1111w1 to t.ho 1111rt,hward
without, l i l ni t ~ [ 11. 258, 11.: : 1~1. IC) 1.
\Vitllil~ t he Nienln'6 Du~ninion 1 havo i~lrruuly connplet~*(l tht- rrtnnt.ry I>-inp I~et,ween t,lle
me r i <l i u~ I,[ Sa\-entlruc~g, n ~ ~ r l y , and the rnr+ri(iien 01f Yt~l.r~u*tbnrlal~ tn t.!nn etwt,ward. rind
bounded to the n o r ~ . l ~ w~ r ~ l b). the C ~ X I ( ~ I I V B ~ J . , ... so ltn I e~kt ? in Snndr~ir 1uh1 Si r ~nal .
1 an1 ~ w w ttbc111t t u ertoncl ... o~t. \vnril. a1111 al rry 111) i~ wri w I B ~ t.ri111wI~4 [rom t he Ceded
DL;tricts to the C:outln\-u~.y. ~lol.~r~lcling cln tjlla moriilirwl of 1;)-ltyhur. I<rrt tiuding ... it ,... impossible
...to ctlver up t,he cc8rlntr)- with RII e11t.ilw net.. 1 n111st Ire ~. ~>nt(' nted tu run 11)) t,l~c? W~ B C I I I meridian
h-. ..Ira\-ing the intorvnlr ... ti1 be tilled up by romrlwn rurl-rys3 [ pl. IS 1.
This then rraq the task on which Everest. was now employed ;
As rircumtamc-txq preventcxl t.lle ~~r cnent continuution of the u m t arc, t,he next o b j ~ t
was t.0 hring up the ~ p a p h i c n l meridian# of JiyIc&gh~~r nnd Karurll~cwltul. ... to the eeetward
of Hydr nhd. Colonel Lnmbton W ~ R ~x c ~a i i n g l y I ~ ~ Y U O I I B t.0 co~~t i nue ... t,I~ese t o t he Godevery,
not only with e view to l ayu~g down the course of t hat i mpr t l ul t river, hut because errom of
uncommon magnitude were known to exist in the sit,uatitnns of some t or n* of polit,ical importance.
and others of great interest, as ... 1Varangn.l. tho enrient capital. ...
On my return t o lnnadquu&rs ... lit,tlo rwpito W H ~ HI I OWM~ to IW, and we had speedily to
pyre to take t he Beltl. ... which we did mrly in June. ... 1I.v instructions4 were to carry
a sene6 eastward to meet the meridian t ~ f Kar a~i go~~l ee ; then to run southward to meet t he wries
of t hat meridian where it had btmn left off ... on tho south bank of the Kistne river; then ...
northarlj- to meet t he Godavery ; an11 Itl.*tly t.o ~ I U I doan the Kyl asgh~u meridian. to meet the
former points on the liistna ; whcmb y... o net of triangles, nlmoet u~~broken. woulci be thrown
over the whole tract betwwn t he Godavery and Kistna5.
Having started Ererest off with Voysey, Olliver, and Rossenrode, and leaving
& Penning in charge of t he os ce, Lambton set out for Calcutta. where " a c e d i n
p i r a t e business requires my presence "6. He waR mol.po\vrl. glad of t he opportunity
to discuss official ~ n a t k r s ~vi t ~h Mackenzie ant1 Government, a.nd Errreut states t hat
"he had gone to make some arrangements re~pect,ing t he f i ~t ur e propels of the
great uneridional arc [324- j] : but,, not having succeeded t o his wishes, he returned in
t he month of April 1820"'. There is no record of what these "arrnngementm"
may har e been, but Lambt,on prolonged his st ay in an unsucceasfi~l endeavour t o
settle questions regarding accounts, t he strength of hi^ e~t ~abl i shment , and their
m k s of pay and terms of ~er vi ce on transfer from Madras [ 379 ] ;
The neeeesity of my ... return t o Hydecahad by t.he ship which may touch a t 1Is.sulipatam
induces me once again t o a d h the nlost Xc~ble t*he Governor General in Council with the
h o ~ t hat euch paragraphs in my letter dated t he 27th November 1817 [ 324, 379 1. which are the
immediate cause of my remaining here, may be taken into ronsidoration. as well tm t he aubject
of my lett,nr dated t he 28th October Inst [ 3z j ] . The partagrnpl~x ... relate to the nupent at i on of
my wo r t , and t he contingent expencea, ... and. as nn indulgence tn t he sub-arniat.ants, I...hope
t hat whntever may be the increase of their pay it IU?- vommonro a t the same time. ..,
If t he subjeqts can with propriety be decided upon ... I shall then ...p et a11 my accountn settled.
amd...return to Hyder abd, where my pceaencewill be much mt e c i t o make further srrangemonts
for carrying on t he survey. ... Otherwise I must rletained hem till the opportm~it. ~. be loat for
resohing Hy d a r a W bdom t he hot winds set in. during which season no party can limp t he field.
Indeed it will be impasible for me t o leave Cel cut h till all my money matters are adjueted. ...
when I can be aut hor i z~l t o draw upon t he subtremurer for t he nmount of my monthly
ebetractu. ... ImpedimentR like these militate very seriously with t he proserution of the
Trigonometricel Survey of Indine.
He wrote officially to Mackenzie describing his plans ;
IGeo. Everent ( 4-5 ). 'joined 16-12-18.
Wh. I44 ( 2B3 ), 24-6-18. 4 DLh 02 ( 90-2 ) 1-6-19.
8 O e o . Everast ( 1 5 4 ) . 'DDn. 92 ( 83 ). @4-10. 'Om. Evereat ( 21 ). ' t o Public Dept.. DDn. 144
( 447-9 ). 17-11-10.
Since my being plnced under t he order8 of t he S u p m e a ove mmnt , chumat anmu have
y, altsrsd. end the wquiuition of territory h o m e so gr wt I ; pl. I 1, t hat my erren-
have necemnrily bmn c.han@. end rny view are now direrted towerda t he northward ; end my
intention ia to extend the trianplaa upon different meridinn Snm [ 2 2 6 )...through the Deckan.
rnIl ultimately in a pr t i nl rmnner t,hm~ugl~ Hindtrostan. ...
I need not ...atate to yo11 tho n wwi t v n t ~d 11t.ility of laying e oorrect p mo t r i r a l Iweh...
for ,letArhc.d nllrvep. ttnd for lining t,ho gm~~rml ~hi rnl ponition* of every plene of importenm
t h ~ t comm within the range of t he trinngl(*a. 131tt. an t o t.he duration of a work which may be
inclefinitely extended it. will IIR imlwmlblo t n lia any ~anipnml time'.
Everest ha8 left, n tlrarntltic nccourlt of his first season in t he field, painting in
vivid colollra fhe ntlventures he cncour~terrd cluring tho height of t,he monsoon,
working through t,hirk forest and ncrOLlR nwollen rivers. and being finally over-
whelmed with mslnrin. Hc net.t,l~.ci his first trouble. t,tlr clc.finnrtx of t,ho local escort
p o v i d d by t,he State. by R tirm dirphy of forra3.
It, wor~ld l ~ave been a hnpl)y cir(.ltn~st~rlco if 311 t.he uther ~>bs t r ~~ct i ons could have been as
oes,ly nunnc~unt d ; but the) rainy swrub~~ apt in with nwro tluin unutrl violence ... t he very day
of my my tirnt statinn. end t t r r mt a of mi11 weru RIII-h t hat the rivow. which but s
few days before wrre plb~'htlcl up ~ A I \ - : mi shu~, now b e ~ . ~ ~ me swnllerr illto mighty atreanw,,
ovr~mheln~ing all impdimorkts. tlnd rl~ttin): off all communication Liom bnnk t o bonk.
There is a stream nmr H y h b d ralltnl t he Llooeee. which fall8 into t he liistna b l o w t he
ferry. ..by which I ha11 intontletl to pane to tho stfitZion of Sarangapr~l l w~ [ pl. 18 1, ... t he JIoosea
being at. ordinary tirnw hnrely ankle-deep. ... 1 had ordered ... the s~tpplies for my camp to be
qreprd a t n villt~ge on t.hn wuthern bank : but when ... 1 reached t he croming I found thin
rivulet, ~o insignificant a t Hy~lcrsbeci. now tilled t.0 overflowing. carrginz away trem and other
flonthy ohjeot. in its f t . ~a r n u ~~ cumr t , .
'rhus cut off from dl c,on~rnunicn.tit~n wit11 t3ho provkio~la wlriclt h~ul been p r e p a d for my
f,,ll,-,wm, ... I learn ed... t,hat there was arbout fifteen milerr dietant a place called Ko~npul l w,
below the coduence of the W~)osee and liietnn, w h m there used to be t,o ferry-boat. ... By t he
following evening the camp nths transfornett t o Bompdee, where we once again hHd abundance
t o at; and, havi n~. Iluntxl t he Hark of tile ?v[oo~ee, llsd a t Imt attained t he north bank of
t he Kid118 which, po~lriny loan over ar Imd of r t ) ck shelving ~ m d dipping a t all angles, wm
-lly o formidable obstacle.
-4s i t wau of gr mt ilnportance t hat nl? t8nrringe-ccrttle ehould be conveyed t o t he oppo.gih
Bide, 1 had my el epha~~t a b r n r ~ ~ l ~ t to t he water's e&e : but neither caresses nor me mo s could
induce them to try t he p~88+?s. Probably it. wna fortunate thab they did not make t he at t empt ;
for these powerful anin~als, though more t ~ t home in the water, perhaps, t hsn any other qu&-
p l s . ere from the size of their limbs ... in need of wbat milom t enn ma-room, end in a i-
like t he Eistna. ~rbouncls with rocks ... were very liable to reoeive some serious injnry,
of which their natural we c i t y rendered them peculiarly appraheneive.
The boat which WBB t o convey me end Iny party across this roaring md angry flood wm put
into the hands of the cobblere t o ... undergo tho necesarrry repairs, for i t rn an old, and c-y,
leaky vesml. which had for some time been laid up high end dry ; but now, when no
tive wns loft, but either t o a wd t t he subsidence of t he flood, or to truat ourselves t o this fmil
craft. I found t hat there an8 no ... reluctance on the part of my people to riak their pmo-. ...
The boat, or leet.horn I~esket.. contained about six persotis. with a proportion of d d
weight: ao. having reduced t he bnmaqe and followera to t he d l e e t p e i b l e quantity s d o i m$
to oarry t he imtrument ( nn eighteen-inoh theodolite ). my little p r t y embarked, end in
journeys which. 8s it yui w*l t,o rl nder~o mr-ira after each. ocaupied till nightfall. t he -1
hnd conveyed to t he e.out.k~ern bank nll whom 1 intended should accompany -. ...
I lett the camp. with tenta, txttle, kc.. under c h a p of I%. Voyeey. with clirections t o p d
on-& to Poliohintah do~1g the north b k , und await my arrival there : end. m the -tion-
of Samngapullee waa in sight a h u l twelve miles off, and in appee-oe h d Y tm, ...
attended by one of t he s u b - ~ i s h ~ t ~ ~ , and after some hours toiling over rocb end through
jungle, I -hod i t just
the yething stm wm shedding its lart my. on t he horizon.
I DDn. 62 ( 144 ). 18-10-19.
'dimgardin8 work of Jan. b April. 1819.
' 1.. Bio. ~ , , t , . ~ .
a 2 ,,,.
A. of Kiatna l on~. 7B0 46' E. '0Uiver or Hoswnrode.
Thus 8eprat ed froru my baggape, and without shelter against tile inclemenciw of the
I l-ed to know whet en1 lntlian climate must be to t he houselem European. The
eky h 4 during the day been bright nncl cloudless beyond compare ; but shortly before 8-
black t hwt eni ng clouds began tcr grow together into s frowning mass; and e t last, when e~
their batteries were in orcler, a t r emencl o~~ crash of thuncler burat forth and. na if all heaven
wee converted into one vaat ahower bt l ~. tile \.ert.ic-sl mill ponred down i l l lerge round hope
upon t he devoted spot of Serangapullee.
I 114 procured a cl~arpaee ( a rude bdatcx~d or litter ) frorn a villa~w about tive miles
md. having bent down t he brallcties of n yotulg t l w and covered them with rice straw, I had
hoped by the assistance of an i~mbrelln to protect myself against the eKecb of the storm;
but, on weking in the mornh~g, 1 lnu1111 that 1 hwl becw lying all uight wit11 my cl ot ha soeked
through ; and yet. so aounil hacl been 111y sleep fr~l m htigue. t hat I hat1 been totally uncon-
scious of t he circumstance.
The observations were all finishml t,o t,ho a o i ~t l ~ of Llle Kistna ill five ds3.a of very hard end
laborious work. and I then recrossed at one of t l ~ e r*tnblishal ferricw nenr Polirhil~teh, sad
proceded with my operations na before.
It would be monok)nouH and tireaomo to pwceetl with sllch II detail ~a thia, for I have
selected one instance among many, only to ahew whnt t he hardships and severities are which
a person engaged in t,he Great Trignnometriral Survey of Inrlia then had to encounter. ...
From t he station of l i u n d s p t t [ pl. 18 ] which 1 had visited ~~revi ousl y to crowing the
Kietna. I sought for a station to the east of Hyderahahipett and t he only eminence whi&
offered itself was a long black-coloured range, strongly resembling in shape t he back of on
elephant. There eeemed to be on thia two places about sixty milea off, which bade fair to
answer my purpose, and I accordingly despatched four of my most skilful flagmen. with
e5cient guard, t o seek these spnts out, and occupy them with my eigtrals.
It took me about three weeke to run southward along one side of t he aeriea, end to return
northward by t he other side to Hyderahahipett. Nothing whatever having been heerd of my
detached parties, great apprehensiom were entertained by me for their safety ; but a t
s gap began to breek open in the black ronuntain. ... and after a fortnight's further waiting I
had sufficient daylight bohind to distinguish t he onlours of t he Greet Trigonometrical survey
flying on t he one spot, and a s i p 1 mark on t he other. Thesecret of t he delay now -me
out. The station of Hy d e h h i p e t t wes on t he very verge of the great forests of toek and
ebony, far into the depths of which wea situeted this elephant ~nountain, called Punch Pandol.
The acccru, t o it was by a circuitous route, tmknowr~ to m y but the few straggling natives who
lived in those forests. in a state cloaely bordering on savage life.
The nearest village wna Poomrarum. about five mile8 from the surn~nit, from which i t waa
neceemry to r ~ ~ t . a road for t.l~e instrl~mentu and hntw : ... and how my unfortunate flag-men
could have had peraeverence enougl~ t o go thmllgh with such a talc. how they could h v e
coaxed any unintemtetl persona ta accaompcmy then1 ; how. after having pierced thmllgh a
foreat of teak treen, seventy, eighty. and even ninety feet high, thickly set with ~~nderwood,
end infested with ... tigers and boa-constrictore, without wabr or provisions, mt l with t he jungle
fever staring the111 in t , l ~e face. they could have wandered throogh much a wildernens until they
selected the most cornmanding point for a station, ~~t t e r l y ...pesaes my comprehemion.
But, when I visited t he site of this station in the early part of t he month of September,
and esw t he clmxlful wilclerneas by which I w m s ur r o~ul dd : when I saw how. by meem of
conciliating treat,ment and prompt payment, my people had mannged to collect d sficient
body of hetvhet-men t o clear away every tree t hat in t he leagt obrrtructetl t he horizon over s
surface of nearly a square mile ; ... then I learned to apl~reciate t he excellent ma we me n t of
Colonel hmhh) n. who had been ennblecl tv train up so faithful body of men. t hat s t his commnd
they woulcl p l m tl~e~~iuelvex 11n(1er a perfect stranger, rind perform this dangernl~a <luty es
zeelouely srul unhwi t at i n~l y ttu if he ha11 hlm~elf been p r mn t [ 396 1. ...
1 was rlow far aclvnnrerl into thin terra incopr.ilrr : ... to the oaetwerd and nor t l ~wad no
sign of humanity coultl be seen. Yet it was nec-ry Co pierce far cleepr into the fore& to
meet the C:orlavery, uncl, 11uvine fixed on a atation which I j ~~dyer l wo~~l cl nuit Ine, I sent out e
party td) ct~:c.ul)y it. Day after #lay having elapsed without hearing of them. 1 rletached e
m n d party. ~inrl norne days ccfterwardn a third under one of my sub-wiatantsl. hut still no
prrlgresc wan rr~urie. At lant cnrne n me l e ~h o l y letter frorn my sub-sseishnt. telling me that
he wm ill uncl ynina to (lie : ant1 then, m a laet resort. I cleaptched my pri nci pl sub-wi at ant ,
Mr. .Ionel)h Ollivor. tny pupil mince I had joined the surveya, my right a m m it we*, ...
an11 t o my ~ L U I ~ delight I st. lmt saw my Rag flying on the s el ect ~l hill. and received mi t t en
1 Itnwmrorl~. 'HaFsly the pi t i on WM the revrrnn ? Ollivnr had joined the survev under Kntrr in l0W.
i nt el l i pae of the name of the nearest hamlet ( Yellapooram ) [pl. 181, of ita behg favombly
depd as a ststion, and of the fate of my former psrtiea. many of whom b w to mu*
h m the effeots of the olirnate. ...
Dk d i t i n g the exaggerated eccoun te... of the impoesibility of mp i n g the jungle fever. I
had yet resolved...to quit the field as soon as I had taken the n y observations a t
Yellepoorem, and fixed the statione in a d v ~ o e . The immense eaving of tune which would accrue
from this meaaure...fully wnrcanted the risk of not returning immediately ; and towarda t he
end of October I marched from Punch Pandol towards Yellapoornm, through the wildest and
thick& fore at^ that 1 had ever invaded. ...
The dietence from Punch Pandol to Yeuapoornm is about thirtiy-one miles in e atraigha
line ; along the route we took it is little short of sixty-four. I made the Hmt two journeys with
my camp at the rate of about sixteen miles 8 day ; but, growing impatient on the t hud b y ,
1 mountecl my horse, and reached the village of Yellapooram late in the evening.
I t wns a vnry h e morning.
The siul rose unusually bright and brilliant as I mended the
steep side of this never-to-be-forgot-ten hill.
When I rewhet1 the summit, the prospect which
greeted me on all eidw werr most exhilaratiug. for the greet Oodavery which was to terminate
my labours ...g littered in full view before me.
The eminence was most fortunntely flituattul. and neamecl bo 11~.vu bee11 p I d thore on
purpose to wcomodate me, for, hod it been a hunrlred yards to the north, the ray to my wwtern
st&,ion of Kotejpoor mrurt have beon obstructecl. ... To the north anrl wnqt and north-e&.
there were pen ks... to furnish well proportioned trinn~les, and so isolated that there was no doubt
of their treine; reciprocally visible or e ~ i l y ~ ~ R I . O V R ~ O ~ . Furt,her, there mm a multiturle of small
eminences in the neighbowhood. admirably wlnpteci for ... laying down the whole c o me of the
river; there were also islands in the channel. and an evident facility of fixing the point of
conflux of the Pranheeta, a large river which flows into the Godevery'. ... Three partiw were
immediately deteched to occupy the three peaks. ... and I hoped in. ... a few day8 to complete t he
observat.ions. ... in which. hnd succaw attended me, I should, to use Colonel Lembton's words,
'have performed a very magnificent work indeed to start with ' I ...
Buoyed up ... by the full vigour of youth and a atrong constitution. I had spurned a t t he
thoughts of being attacked by siclmeus, against which I foolishly deemed myself impregnable ;
but my lnst day'a ride through a powerful sun, and over a soil teeming with vapour and mrlaris,
had elrpoaed me to all the fatal influence of these forlnideble foreats. On the 2nd. of O~t ober,
in theevening. I found myself labowingunder theeffecta of a violent typhus fever. Mr. Voysey
was noizetl very soon after ; within the next five days the greater part of my camp ( nearly one
hundred and fifty in number ) were laid prostrate ; and it mme d i11dee.i as if a t laot t he
genius of the jungul had risen in his wrath, to chastise the hardihood of those rash men who
had dared to violate the aanctity of his chosen haunt. ...
All hope of completing the work thie seaaon being now at an end, it remeined only to pro-
oeed with as much expedition as possible towardj Hydrabad. ... To fly ... was indispensable.
A litter was made for me ; Mr. Voysey had a palanqueen, and n rebelliou chief of the fort of
Chelwaee. ..aided my p r o w9 most manfully with men and provkions; but the jungul fever
pursued my party like a nest of irritated bees long after we had quitted the precincts of the
forest, and on the arrival a t the head-quarters of my w~fortunate followers, i t appeared that
not one individual had iscapod tho fever, and that fifteen of their number had sunk beneath
ita severity, and been left to perish miserably by the road-aide.
I had reached Hydrebad some days before this wretahed troop, and on the first intelligencs
of the calamity being communicated to the British Resident, iUr. Henry Rumell. and the
oommandant of the troops. Colonel Bolesa. I can never forget the alaority the33 gentlemen
displayed in affording relief to my dietreseed followers. The whole of the public elephenb
and dooliea ( litters ) and camels were immediately put in requisitit>n, and deepatched under
a mart to meet them ; ... when. a t last, they were brought in, they bore Little reaemb.
lance to living beings, but seemed like a crowd of corpse3 reoently torn from the p v G .
The following June, 1820, Everest was mnt out again with the same parby to
complete the interrupted programme ;
But the zeet of the work had terminated to the eouth of Yellapoorem ; all to the north
compsretively chiid'a play ; and after having taken the n e m r y observations. ... e nd
laid down that part ... of the Oodavery ... interseoted by the meridien of Kerengoolw, flndiq
my health and conntitution gradually einking under another violent attnck of jungul fever. md
'near Simnohe. 66 NINE. IThcs. Bolos, Mud. Inf. Ena 1788 ; Col. 1810 ; M. Oen. 1830.
'Om.
Evereat ( 9-21 ).
it unwise to maifice myself for an unimportant object. I left...*. Olhver t o ffl1 up
w8Manke which mnsuirted, end pnreedecl on mdioal oertificnte t a the Cape of Good Hopel.
Thus wee that great man George Ever e~t initiated into the work of the Great
wnome t r i c a l Survey, to whioh he was to devote the best yeam of hia life.
0
th6 beny improve~nents that he wes to introduce none was more far-reaching than
his device which made it poaaible to work right through the cold weather, and
.void the pestilential climate of the rains [ 2356 1. But though he caue beck from
the Cape refreahed and invigorated, he was never &gain the vigorous etrong young
mar) who defied the elements. The repeated infection of malaria of those two
waeans olung to him for the next twenty yeere.
After Everest'e departure on leave, August 1820, Olliver and Rossenrode finished
.off the programme south of the Godivari "in a most complete manner".
De
Penning then completed the connection east of Kurnool by March 1821, after delbj,
fiom "the extreme difficulty of that mountainous country ". Lambton tiow submit-
&I a chart of the triangulation to the easta [pl. 18 ] ;
,. What from eickneas and innumerable local impedimenta, the work htn hkon I I ~ two sago^,
+qd h ~ s cost m>re troubla..than four timw the extent i11 any part of the Company's territorim
nouid have clone. This ekebh includes the principle triangles only, but there trre upwar*
~f.280 secondary tritmglea that will appear in my next general report, which I ahall be pre-
paring till the hot winds and , the first reinn are over, when I intend taking the field myself,
@ remaining out till the beginning of March next ; after wluch I shall nit down to finish my
report of what will be done in the Dekhen. I t is t o be regretted that the whole country canot be
covered by a complete network but, au my force is not competent to that purpoee, I l n r ~ ~ t be
satisfied with making the best arrangements I can for carrying on aingle seriesa.
, He wee now freo for the northward extension of the great arc ;
The time is fwt approwhiig when I shall direct my operatione into other countries.
My
next excursion wi l l be to the northward, as high aa Ellichpoor, and if I move after that to the
weatward, it will be into the Poona district. My northern expedition will be under my own
immediate direction, ... addiug mother link t o the great chain wliicli waa originally intended
te strebch tllrough Hindooatan, and connect Cape Comorin with the upper provinces of Bengal'.
At the beginning of the rains, his established season, Lambton set out towards
the north with his.whole staff. Picking up the work where he had left it at NBnder
iu 1817 [ 223-4 1, De Penning had, writes Everest, carried the triangles to Pilkher
within sixty milea of Ellichpoor ; but the comtitutiorrs of all the establishment having been
thoroughly unhinged at Yellapooram were now highly susceptible of eickneas, and a f mh
attack of jungle fever very soon rendered it necwanry to form a field-hospital a t Karinjab,
... s and of course aU operations were suspended [z44]. The Lieutenant Colonel had quitted
Hjrdrabad at the eame time, .:. but took no share in the triangulation, and remained a t Ellichpdor
in cantonments until the sickly eeaaon had passed, when he commenced measuring a bese-line
m t he valley of Berrr, a t 8 atation near the village of Taka1 K'hera [ pl. 1.9 1.
At the Bame time that-this operation of the bese was in progrees ( January and February
P8aZ ), the Lieutenant.Colone1 hod [ set ] up the zenith aector [ 11. 260 ; 111, 253 ] a t a station
in the very alignment. .c. He was in a constant state of exertion and fatigue by day in supdrin-
tending the rneesuremmt. ... exposed to...a tropics1 sun, and unaided except by Mr. Voysey and
a few nativea ; for all t b m on whom he might have relied in this hour of necmity were dis-c
abled by sickneas and the reckless exposum to which he had subjected them.
c " By night, inetesd of repo *...from h b labourn, he continued to take the zenith distances of
thom atare which he had before observed at Daurnergidda and other stations more southerly;
+,but, here he had PO person ...to relieve him from his toil, for Mr. Voyeey, though willing and
&us beyond comllare, had no mathematical acquirements, either theoretical or practical, and
.:&d ~t be entrusted with the uea of an instrument r0quirin.g so many delicate precautiom
! 5 . , ,
Oeo. Evereat 121 ). '9&h of Lhe Principle Trianglw extending ouer that part oj the Nizdm'a Domim-
h, lying lo h e Emtwqrd of Nirmul & Rumod. bv 1,t-Col. Wm. Lnmbtnn & a p t . Oeor o Everest; R m.
td kn ~neh, pub. by J~fnea Horaburgh. Hylruaraphsr to E.I.0:; 1-3-21 engel. J. L C. weher; bound with
.Ow. E V ~ I O J ~ ; MRO. Mnp 531. ' DDn. 101 ( 176 ). 19-4-21, 4 DDn. 02 ( 72 ), 13-2-21.
7~nitlr mt or .
The oonaequellces mag ~leturally he n ~ d i c i p k d ; ... hia cotletitution
d i v e d a deeth.blow which it never movered ; and theobservetiom for zenith diatar~cee ~ M V # C ~ ,
;,h be so wild mid contunedly reyiate~~ed, thnt it was in~poseible to turn them to my acoount. ...
During thia lamentable condition of affaira [ continues Everent 1, I wae or1 my return voyqe
from the Cape of Good Hope, the line clin~ntu of which had moat t hor o~l ghl ~ renovated my
health ; alld immediately on reaching Madras, 1 set out to join the Lieutennnt-Colonel'nt Takd
K1her* ( u di ~t ance of eeven htu~elred nrld nixty milea ), with my con~t i t ~~t i on I L ~ fully re-eatab-
~lphed u if I had never bee11 ill.
I t took me thirteen days to perform this journey. and when I reached my destination I
folmd that the zenith Rector had been taken down. ... Two days after my arrival ... Colonel
b b t o n proceeded back to Hydrabad, leaving me with instructions to 811 the gap of sixty
milea between the base-line and Peel K'her' [ pl. 18 1. But this, without men or tente. ...
wm totally out of the question ; and. as the connection could be better formed at a more fitting
opportunity, I and Mr. V o p y alao returned to Hydrabad; so that, after having made this
journey of three hundretl and sixty milea, tho whole eatahlkhment marched beck, in order t o
make it again a t eome future perioda.
.
On his return to HyderBbid, Lambton submitted a sketch of the trianglee,
optimietically described as extending to "the neighbourhood of Ellichpoor";
The country through which these triangles have been carried afforded ... few objects by
which geography might benefit ; but the whole t r ~ c t from the Codavery t o the bordera of the
marvalley is in a desolated stete, with only here and there a ruined village ; and the excwi ve
dcheaq of the party, added to the poverty of the country, have rendered this expedition of
little importance excepting the mere continuetion of the triangles whic.h, however, will be of
v i c e should this hitherto ill.fated countr?; ever become settled and cultivated. The etatiom
being all permanently marked will then become of uae in extending t l ~ e det ~i l ed surveyas. ...
I have frequent application made to me by peraons conrluct,ing surveys for date. For
instance, a survey of the Poona district by Major Sutherland [ 124-5 ] ; and a w a y in the
western part of Nagpoor euthorised by the Resident [ go 1.
In addition to the triangles, an extensive bese-line haa been measured for a new departure
to the northward ; end also n series of astronomical obaervstions made for ... detsrmining the
lengbh of another degree on the meridian.
The measurement of the bane, and the obeervation of the &am, are mattera of greet deli-
w d importance in a work of thia kind. But from the sickness whioh prevailed. and whioh
deprived me of the aid of four sub-miatants, i t would have been impowible for me t o morn.
plish what wae necessery hed it not been for the zeal and nativity of Mr. Voysey who with
ready ch~erfulne~e put his hand to everything that could forward the servioe. ... He and 1
had to perform the whole operations at the baae and, while I w,re afteranrrla taken up in o h m .
ing the stars, he was employed in taking angle3 a t the neighbouring stutiona
1 ' Whilet the Great Arc could now be extended northward "till i t fall upon the
Jumna" [ 194 1, he proposed t o send Evereat
to the westward, to commence from some part of this meridionel eeriea. and proceed thenm
tawwds Poone, and ultimately t o Bombay. A8 I ehall conduct the operatiom through
Hindomtan myself, it is probable that I may reach Agra about the time that he will mi v e
i%'Bombay. There will then remain to be done a very important part of this eurvey. viz., a
continued triangulation through the Northern C h a m from the Mesulipatam diatrict to Pokb
Palrnyraa [ 223 1, and Anally to Fort William if posible. ...
I shell move to Nagpoor in the c o w of the present year, and be ready to commence
where I have left off, immediately after the rains in 1823. ... I may venture t o sey that in 1828.
if my health continue, the connection between Cape Comorh and Agre on the Jumna ~U be
oompletelp effectedd.
, ' But the pat -heart ed worker was now close on seventy \.cars of age, and his
Btrength was rapidly failing ; Everest fount1 i t melaucholy
to witnear the progressive dccay of bhis grent man, both in mind and body. ... The paroaymsme',
of hia cough were sometimer, no violent and awful, that he ~lsed to lie on his beck erheuated
with the effort, and apparently in imminent danger of bursting a blood-vwel. When Ile r-
in the morning he appeared to be in a state of torpor and, though he now and then seemed to
rally and to recover his faculties, yet it we3 evident to all who ssw him that he - hourly
8ett.hB Worse, and muet ere many months elapsed sink into the grave.
which De Penning hnd failed to oomplote[ a) z 1.
'Qeu. Evurat ( 22- 4 ).
of. TS. V. ( 3 ).
DDn.
92 ( 2204 ) ; 186 ( 13342 ). 294- 22.
he talked aa if he was insensible of what every other person aaw M, pl pabl y ; formed
project after project, which were to be exmuted when ths great arc had been brought up oo Awl .
Everest later found that the triangulation by De Penning and La mn c e north of
Bider wee of very poor quality, and vitiated the value of the whole section from
Bidar to Tiikarkhera ;
Though it might be perfectly unobjectionable to entrust the conduct of a aeri ea... along one
of the subordinate meridians, or even part of the principal seriea under certain Limitations, to
... a person who from long trial has been found ... skilful, ... y et it is rather too much...to leave
the entire nnd almoat uncontrouled management of so delicate a work to any pemon whatsoever.
Expe r t . . . ~ Mr. De Peiuling unquestionably WW, yet he was a mere practical men, without any
howledge of the colnrnou principles of mathematics [ 2.37 ] ; and as to I&. Lamnce, ... he ww
notoriously given to intoxication. ...
To the management of these two individuals, however, the whole of the termatial measure.
ment of the 5th section to within 60 miles of Ellichpoor wi~q left, and AMr. De Pe~i ng. , . who
carried on all but the three first triangl -...was cntirely his own master. for during ... his
operations the late Superintanclel~t was not even'in the field. Honce. and from other c a w ,
... the 6th section waa a very vlilnerable porfor~nnnce, and highly open to objectiom. ...
Nothing further wm done with these operatiom during tho life of the late Lt.-Colonel
Lnmbton. ... When, therefore, ... I succeeded to the department. I round that, insteed of the
operatiom having been carried up ... t o the vicinity of Ellichpoor, ae the Supreme Govenunmt
had been led to suppose, not only the prirlcipt~l trianglas for the lnat 60 miles remained to
be constructed. but an entirely new eet of stilr* requiretl to be obmrved [ 25.3 1%.
Later on Everest completed the section Pilkher to Tiikarkhera, and took f mh
aatronomical observations himself [ 245 1, but there was no opportunity to revise
De Penning's work to the south till 1839.
Everest started out on his expedition to Poona in October 1822, delighted to be
given a definite independent tmk, and to be left to carry out work in his own way.
With Lambton's great theodolite [ 11,253 ] he wee to run a series of eingle triangles
commencing upon our great meridional series between the latitudes of 18' and lo", and pro-
d i n g in a direction nearly weat, so aa to take in Poona and ultimately flx the position of
Bombay. ... When you reach the see coaat you will have an opportunity of comparing with our
elevations above the sea. The best way will be to make the eea where it may be mosb
convenient, and work your way to Bombay aftemrrrde. ...
Ae the chief object of this undertaking is to fix with geometrical accuracy the latitude
and longitude of Bombay with respect to the Observatory at Madraa, it will be necessary to.
mr t a i n with precision a certain number of positione in latitude and longitude. ... Diatanoea
mu& be selected if poesible between sixty and seventy milea in length, and as nearly from easb
to weat in their direotion ae possible, so that the difference of longitude ... may be determined by
pole-star observations ; ... and, to mi a t you in making these observations I have furniehed
you with a proper lanthorn, by which you con have a referring light.
To carry these operations from the meridional seriea entirely through to Bombay will be
a work of grwb extent and delicacy, but as I have full reliance on your judgernont and sbili-
tiea. ... I forebear giving any specilic instmctionss.
The work wee intereating and the experience invaluable ;
The series diverged from the side ( Danmergidda to Boor~apilly ) of one of the trienglee of
the great arc, which Colonel Lambton and myself had viaitell in company three years before.
st our firet acquaintance [ 227-8 1, and ended with the aide Chorakullee to Sawurgaon'. ... and
.e two weetern etatiom had been selected which would have advanced the seriea about sirty'
five miles further, more than half my labour might be looked on aa terminated [pl. IS]. ...
h we go farther westward we meet continually isolated hilh...about two hundred feet
above the plain, the lower part of which is basaltic. whilst the top is covered with a sort of
cruet of iron clay ... burrowed through into unfathomed caverns, which the hyenas seem to
select aa their favourite sbodw. At one of thew places I had a station, ... and the path by
which I and my people passed to the inetrument went right close to the abode of a pair of
'Oeo. Evercut ( 24 ). 'Everwt t o 80.. 5-8-25 ; DDn. 171 ( 350 ). a DDn. 82 ( 220, 240, 248, 260 ),
Cb; 18-9-, 21-lo-; 8-12-22. '18 m. N. of8holApur.
striped hyenas, who, tllougl~ they do~~btlerrs fuund thin ...p n~xilnity rather i rbome, yst did not
dtogether discontil~ue ... their visita t o their favorite harmt, ta wl~ich 1 have men them go in
,,pen day.
hl fact, one of thwe hlc.klarr rrentllras wcn shot by a pnrty of my aepJys. ...
The fece of t he country is quite denuded of trees ; here are no jungles t o foster f e r n . no
musqllitos to torment. no banditti t o ir~fent the path, no roaring rivern to cut off communieetiom;
but a fertile and well-,*,pled country inhabited by t be Mahratta tribw. who are t he beet-
mtmtl and the kindest of all t,he nativea of India.
I
a t tile I I U M~ , sornewlmt ~wrplexetl by the extreme nhortneen of t he eides of my
triangles, for which bawrltio formatiom ere frequently ill uuitml. rising 8~ they do into long
,idgea, one of wl~ich hardlj- over t op t,ho other. But on reBcl~ing t he stetion of D' br oor t he
fete of the country eeerne~l to btrcoule rnrlru open. ul~tl u ridge ... s mmd to offer me a n opportunity
of getting a (Lista~me of rleerly f~~rt y-Hve milts.
~t ha4 ever been my ubject to praserve the sylnrnot,r?. nf t.riangle~. ... and it would have
been in tc, this principle to dednce this u~rreasecl ~listnnce frorn one not exceeding
twenty
U~ct it wn ~ e r l very ~liflicult, k> prcn.ure rr ntnt.ior~ to t , l ~e north of D'haroor. ...
for tho view we8 limited in t hat cliruction by a range of hi!ls. ... aud t hat range seemed t o
obtrude ibelf moat ullcivilly ill t he ~iirectioll of my vi~ion.
The exploring party ... selecbd the &&Lion of Chnrak~~lloe, frorn which they sent word
that they coul~l see the whole range 011 whirh D'llnronr was U ~ I ~ I I R ~ ~ I : yet, though on t he
highest of that range. I c-nu111 by no mean9 get a glimpae of Chc~rakullep. ... which t he
wild irnaginat.it~n 01' In). rltlt.ive f~~llowers att.rih11tec1. us I I S I I ~ ~ . to rnngic.
Odem were sent t.0 tlre~n to build a I a r p tower of wt,onm. to t he heigl~t of thirty feet if
needmi, nntl I col nme~~red a ~irnilnr fnhrir a t D'harnor, molverl t hat rlv means shrruld be
omitt. to o\.errome t,he oh~t acl e. The work of building c o mme n d a t cl eybre~k, and did
n d terminate till after aunuet : and ~s t he mornings are vcny seldom clear in India, it WISE only
in t he evenings thnt an oppnrt,tmit,y preuentml itself of &mowing how far t he incr& height
had aided my deai g~~.
At l wt , w11el1 In)- tower hcul risen to the height of twenty-four feet. ~d the opposite one
to a b o ~ ~ t twenty. e clenrer ~r~orni ng than 11sua1 shewed me not only t he tower, but t he whole
range of Cl~orakullw IIII which it. was mituuteul, lifted higlr up in t he air. ant1 peeping far above
the intennetliate c~bstttc-le [ 244 1.
People were des[)at~-hwl t11 hoist. irnlnslietely nfter clnrli. t r large muat ... with n torch a t
top of it. The inxtrurnent was 11ut I I ~ at. live ~~' ( ~I ock in thn c~vening on t he D'haroor tower.
end the intervening rnnge wnu l'onnrl t o st,and a t a depression of seven rninutea and a half.
Beyontl, nothing wan w n . bnt. about. eight. n'clnrk the light of the tc~crh a p p a ml in t he field
of view a t nearly seven minub- rlepraurinn. 1 watched it risinu up t he vertical wire till i t
greduelly came t~b within three mirrr~tm ~II zero, ant1 I then ~ a l - e over further building. fully
eesured t,hat ~let, ure woultl I~elll me more by the i n c m i n ~ brrest,ial refraction of t he night.
than any towor less than two I~u~vl rml feet. high CI,IIIII dc~. Prior t * ~ t t ~ k it had been t he crlstom
in t he Grent Trigonorrr~tri~. ~I Survey to use RHSS and ~nust,s with rtilos on all cmiinary camio ion^,
and blue lights in long <.limtances [ 247 -8 1. ...
To supply the want of reverberatory larnlw wlcict~ coul(l not. be 11ht.aine11 in India, the follow-
ing expedient was rrwortd to. A small cup, nix inches in diameter, fillwl with cotton Jeede
shepod in oil entl resin. WRY put under a large invertmi earthen veaqel, ... with an aperture
cut in t he side. an11 lighted. 'Chin answered exceedingly well in all but windy weather. ...
end I have. on one ocr~si on, taken an angle very sntiwfwtarily between two of those smell
lights a t t he distcmce of thirty-one milea [ 248 1. ...
Thin ... has rhnnpwl t,he whole face of the Inrlian nperat.ior~s [ 9.2j2, 246.7 1.
The cold -A.
which comtnenrea in Noverntmr. and t,he scrcmon of l ~ n t winds, which wins in February md
ends in Joue. are not r~nhealthy. though t he latter is rather parching and dim-hie. They
are most ~~n f n ~o r a h l e t c ~ t,errestial observat.inrlrr by (laylight, becw~rur there in a dry mist, ...
thrnugll which the telwc-ol~e 1.aru1ot. penetmte : hut this sort, of mist is so r o~npl e t e l ~ pervious
to night-liyhta, t hat for clirt,nnc*n- r,f forty nnd fvrty-five ~nilea we ran cwve a paaaege right
througll it. even t l ~oa gl ~ it be so t.l~ick t hat t he sun appears t o set. ill a s m of molten l e d .
Precisely the reverne takes place in t he rainy season.
The cl i mab is t l ~ r o ~ ~ p h o ~ t moat
fatel to h e ~ l t l ~ an11 comfort. and towards t he rlose ( September and October ) i t is qlliw deadly,
Yet the sky iu limpid beyond anything t hat ran be imagined, excwpt whell mists t eke pl.ce;
and thme nre rltterly impervious t o t he rays of even a blue light [ 11. 259 1.
The mothotl of selecting ~ h t i o r ~ e ... has been conniderably facilitatcxl by a very simple rnet.hocl.
... The exploring p r t y I~avo orders t o anlaas t.wo piles of wood about tw0nt.y feet disteot, end
~t fire to them sim~~ltermvusly, so t hat a pair of blazing bonfi- gives
of moo-.
and serve8 tn light l a mp s t t he eurroundinp BtRtions 1 214 1. ...
The distance from D'hawor t o Chomkullee, being 111rwclnls of thirty nlilm in h ~ g t h , wan
auttioiently well calculated to conntrt by e ri~ht-angled trknglcw n atation cv~llmi hn1, about
forty-five lnilea oB ; and tho Isater tlinta~lce w ~ n equully ~11it9hle for ( l ewl uct i ~~~ another dietance
to a statio~i eallmt d l l ~ ~ m ~ ~ d a . H ~ I I I I ~ sistjy-five nlileu td, the weatward. Sothing could hi more
hvnumble to my Ilroppw; all ~ t ~ q caheering nllcl (. ot l [~?rr dr ronr : nnrl I \FR?I hnsily w~upi ed
by l or~ku~g nut f i ~r my blue ligllta OII the rliutRl~t s t , ~ t i o ~ ~ . when t b I e t t ~r I~PH(-IIWI rn* froln Sir
Charlea 3Iet(glfe [ I I j ] c. ~~n~~l l ul i ( ' nt i l l # the rlenth ill' my vener~lhle ~)rtrhx,mq~w [ I) 1' .
Hearing of Lambton' s death. Everest cl o~ed down a-ork, marched i n to HyderBbM,
and took charge of t he surrey pending his formal appni nt ~nent . His branch series
was re-observed fiftee~l yeRrs Inter. anrl rste~idc.tl to thv west coast an t,he Bonibay
Longi t ~~di nnl Series2.
111 0ct.ober 1 S22, whilst E r e w ~ t wap starting towartls l'oona. 1)r. Voysey WM
sent, to rsplorc t,he country between Ellichpl~r ant1 Agra. He travelled filat to
Celcuttn., prohahly by sea. from Madi pat nnl , thence up t o Agra, nnd then nouth to
Nwur , where he arrived several weeks aft'cr La,mbton's drat,]), having collect,ed
infornlat5io~i t hat waq t,o be of considerable val i ~e t o Eve~eclt.
Pursuing his plan of moving headquarters t.o Ni gpnr, Ilambton set out from
Hyderkbkd about t he 12th Deceruber with the whole of his staff and equipment3.
I n $he absence of Voysey and, not himeelf being fit t o make so long a journey
without medical attendance. Lambton obtained t he servicecl of an a~sl st ant surgeon
named &lorton"o accompany t he party to Ntigpnr. The s t r ~ i n of t he journey
even so, proved too much, and from 23rd 1)ecelnl)er lie hecame neriouely ill. He
persi ~t ed in nlarchi~lg forward, and el-ent,r~allv (lied on Nt h January at. Hinganghkt.,
about SO miles from Wardha, and fire marches short of Xi gpur [ pls. 18, 2211.1. He
had obviously been suffering for 11 long time fro111 t~tbt~rculosis for, writes Everest,,
"on dissection i t appeared t hat t,he right lobe of t he 1ung.q was nearly consumed, and
t he left slightly i ~j u r e d ' ' ~.
De Penning and Morton marched on to Nigpur. where Morton directed the
dieposal of all 1,ambton's private property. anrl unfortl~natrly n certain amount of
government. ,property as well. I)e I'en~iing t.llen rema.ined in charge a t Nkgpur,
working 011 computations t,ill he joiner1 Everefit a t Ti karkhera in t he autumn.
Voysey reached Hyderiibid in June, having vi si t 4 Hillganghiit on hin way [ 243 1.
General Walker has left t he followi~ig appreciation of Lambton' s work. After
pointing out t hat he wa8 45 years of age6 when he commenced his survey in My~oro
in 1800, an age within eight yeam of t hat at, which servants of t he C;ovenlment
of Indi a are now due for superannuation, he c o l l t i n ~ e ~ ;
Until within a few yeam of hie death, e t the ago of 70, ho seems to 11ave acaruely known
... a clay's illnens. t,hough lie nevor spuretl I~immlf, nor ahrnnk fro111 tlcceptiug his full nhnre of
privations to which all t he menlbers of the survey \#.ere exl)oad. anel H,II~CII even Cnptain Evereat
thought ... almcmt, r~njwtifiable : he ncreptod them ns a matter of r.ourne, and seems t o have
thought little. and yeid l w , about them, rarely alluding t c ~ them exceptinp; when he was
cncleavouring t o ~jbtnin promotion for his nuhoral i nat ~~ who hael nharml t,hcm with him [ 228 1.
tl u life wan nu entire tlevotiun of self to the interwts of t l ~ e puhlic mrvi1.e a1111 t , l ~e Bdx-ante-
ment of wcience. uvit.hout m thought of ever ceaqinjz from his In1111ra wllile life Insbrl : and HR
he hed ever lonkerl furward t o tlying, no he died. at, his port7.
A h r 1815, Lambton took very little pert, in field observation^ but. devoted
himeelf to t he indoor work [ 223 1. The m ~ o n s for this were two-fold.
lh. Ev-t ( 25-32 ). ' QTS. XIJ( vii. B );TS.8; (4BO.Comp. Q-1/13 ;G7'S. Syn. XXVI. 'U1)11.
92(250), 8-12-22. 'Jobn &lortan ( 1706-IHBB) Mad. Mrtl.: Amt. Burg. IBIR : Yur~. 1830: m. Poonnmnllm,
ii4-24. Aphra Johnstm Duyce, who d. Mosuliptam. 2-1045; ret. 1847: el. 28-1-88 nt Clibn. $(;eo.
) : v ~ mt ( 32 ). 'nsloming birth 17M, thwgh I t might hnvn beRn am Ltn n.~ 1766 [ 11. q r r 1. 7 UTS. I , xxxii.
First,ly hi* age, which waa st least ($0 years in 1815, ant1 m~~dert -d him dininclined
for arduous field dutiea, 111o1-e especially as he wazl s~lffcri~ig froln c o ~~~l ~mp t i o n
wit,hout being aware of it,. He felt that he co~lltl well leave tllr ronlparat.ively
lnech:bllical \ ~orl i of triangulation and msnipulatioll of t,he t,hendolite to the nssist-
ants who had for so long been trair~etl in his niethotla.
'rhc seconti reasoll was the o\-enitli~lg necessity of all the routine computations
being ctlrried out under I~i s i ~~~merl i at e R I I J I ( ~ ~ V ~ R ~ O I I . His as~iatants were of limited
etl;cstion, and Ev~r es t points out that l)e Penning "had not a particle of mathe-
rniltical tinowledge beyonti deci~nals, the use of 'l'aylor'~ I.ogarit,hms, ancl the square
and cnbic root [ 234 1 " I . Laml~ton d ~ c r i b w .. t,lie t,etlioue anti complicaterl r~at,nre
of thesr tlifferent cw~uput;xtio~ls ", in trhich, to avoid nu chnllco of error, Ile
alway~ ollt, tire r ~ ~ ~ n p u t a ~ ( 11rrvi11g l'i~rruurly four) two nr~cl two together, dividing the work no
that two Inight go over t,he anlne groun~l nr; ;L ci ~n' l i to e1~r.11 other, n~hl when they had t i ~ ~ i n h d ,
aev r~lalrgell t.heir parts an11 WRI I ~ , tJ11.e111gh ~ I I H \vIrnIe ~ g t l i ~ ~ . 80 t hat w l r two might htr II rherk
Upon the other two. .MI t l ~i n being dono. t he whole wm revim1 by myself.
~ 1 1 t.llsw p r e r n ~~t ~i o n ~ aru nrwseeunry to (lo j11st.ic.e to u work of t,llin nature, whir11 i~ . S I I P [ ) O ~ ~
to bwon)u a Rrc~nnrlwnrk C4,r all OPIII'I. s!~r\'eys ; h ~ ~ b iL TOI J I I ~PBR 1nl11-h time for t.he r,alc~~lat.ions,
and in generc~l ~r).rnllrll ins!. be ~ I ~ I I H in t J ~e tie1~1 bv e 1>11rt,! i l l ( i ~r ~r nlol1t.l1u nn will r q u i m six.
and ofteo ei ~ht , . n ~ , v ~ t l ~ a t , ~ bring 1111 the i~~il~ranr n.l,rk3 [ 2 5 j 1.
He took Inore thhn two yea~.s t ~ ) (!oml~lete TI I ~I I I I I RS 111 : ~11( 1 of ~ I I P cornputa-
tiona. which covered all work sout,h of parnll~l 16" [ TI. 264 J3.
I Ilnl-e...been nt t,he l ) ~i n* of roc~~rmpul.ing all t he pusitions r r c- >nl ~l in tho 1st nnrl 2nd
volumes of my General Report.
The ~.ont.inuati~)n of this rrlericlior~nl err t o the northward, and
the exms i \ a aimiler rn~~iarlremonts made in I.:urope which hy t,his time hnvr ror11ierte-l t he
Bdeerir Islanrln wit,li tllle Orlineys. mill ~.ff~)rcI ut.ill f~wt her 11rea11s for n ~ ~ ~ r o x i ~ n a t i n g t.0 preater
accumcy r 2261 : ... hut,. for t, I~e Inem pllrph80 of geography as far IW relate- t o t he porli~lmla,
what in r-ontainai in these t,wo volun~en ( :$re1 nnrl 4th ) will never roqnire mrrection4.
He ma,de three copies : one for the Sopreme Ciorernnlent. one for the Surveyor
General, and one for himselfs. Wlwn a fourth copy way ~al l ed for he i ~ ~ k e d t hat
the Surveyor C+eneral's copy should 11e ~)asseci to the Directors;
sup11 n work coulcl not IIe copied in nlly ofire, ... pruicipnlly or1 acr:o~~nt nf t he mathematical
f a r mu l ~ which it c-ontni~m : and nlso fro111 t he numerous tables of t,rinngles. latitdudes and Ion@-
tudw, dint,ances or utars. etr.. 1111 01 wllirh onght t o be copie~l h)- t,he pemons who corn-
p o M them, anrl thnt un~l nr my owll eyr.
\Vith only throe j~emons. it, hill require nt lenst five months to make tllr ropy and plan,
beeiden some time t o collate t.hern. ... The t.ime i,aken up in thme rep0rt.q is a very srrio~ie
drawbrick on the field service and, brairles. t.hey ront.dn n p e a t d-1 which can I)e of no use to 8
Surveyor Geilernl who, in f ~ ~ t . . wants ~rot,hing more t,han tho t r i an~l m and t,he latitudes and
Inngitudes. which he ran n.lwnys hnl-e by applying.
On the ot.her hand, ht. was always ready t o ~nakc special extracts for the Surveyor
General. for Garling, or the Re~ident. He believed in co-operation6 [ 1161.
Besides the computatio~~ of triangles, co-ordinates, and heights, Lambton was
continuoualy occupied with calculations for "e desideratunl still more sublime"
[ 11, 250 1, the figure of the earth, and abstmse phenomena affecting terrestia] end
astrononiical measurements. In this work, except for continual reading of published
works, ancl correspondence with leading geodesists in qurope, he was s t r u g g h
una~sisted in a science that. was yet in its infancy, and to which his own work
waa making a very i~nportant contribution. After working out the values given in
his report,s of 1818, he recon~pl~tetl t,hem yet again in 18217 [ 11, 262 ] ;
In 1818, Colonel Larnbton. hy c~onlbhhlg mch of t he three sectio~ls of his nrc with the
English, French, and SwecIirih rnewures mpectively. obtauled the mmn value of 1 : 310 for the
compreesion a t t he poles. and thence comput , d n table of lengths of a degree from t he quemr
to the pole, from which t he elements of all his trigonornetrical stations were determined. ~~t
in 1621, owing to t he adoption of Mr. Hirtl's scale of 1760 for t he ntandaml of len@h by the
Parliamentary Cornmia~ion, ... all thin work l~erl to be reperrhi.
'Cleo. Evereat ( 33 ). a DDn. 144 ( 195 ), 22-;;IS.
' t o SQ. 10-1-18 ; DDu. 0.2 ( I&? ).
' t o pub.
Wpt.1-1-10;DDn.63(441):TS.III&IV. L(~B0.~mp.Q(14);L~.ii.v.19(1~). *DDn.89(,11-
459). 'CJBO. Gmp. Q-1 ( 7, A ).
From experi~~ients ~nurle hy C~pt ui n linter ... thtr [ll<liall ~ h n d a r d ?1caIe reclllire~i t,o he ~I ecr e, ~.
mj by 0.000018 of its leuytl~. ... whilst Ra~n.i~len' s bar rtescl in t11e ... s ~ ~ n ~ e y of Great kjribain had
t o be hlrre~secl by 0.00007 of its Iel~gth. ... 'rile Intlinn an. tlellell~lmi on hot,h t,hean st*ndarda,
and all the resulte obtaincwl frcl~n it 11ail now ~ , I I 11s c*~~rrec.te[l. ... Each of t he three degrees
obtainmi from the Indian arc wa* now I-omparetl. firstly with t he French Inrrr.rurement secondly
with the English. and thirdly with t he Swediclh. and from these r1nt.a were (lt'clucerl t,lrree 1nea11
eccliptirs, the meall of which was taken ta) give the t nw c-111n[1~%4on nt t he })<~las.
The actual dime~laions of t he w1.tl1. anti the length of ttls Frenrl ~ nietrc wttre also rlor111@
by Colonel Lamhton from t he dat a clffnrtrded by l r i u (:rettt Am1 [ TI. 2 0 1 1.
.Abstracts of liis results up t o 1818 were sent t o t he Iearnrtl societies of C!alcutta,
London arid Paris?, ant1 he war specially tleligl~tccl Ily the a11l)recintion of the p e a t
French geodesist. De Lambre, who n r i t ~ s f r on~ Paris. 30th May IHlH3 ;
I fimt of nll receivell your letter, and, shortly after. t,lle est, r~irt c~f yoltr new r nel ~~[ ~i r , which
was sent me from Lnnrlon. ... I have trnn~lated ylrllr letter. and I Hatter ~llyself t hat you will
not blame my haste in s l ~r e a di n~ it tllroi~yh Eunlpe by means of tho "(' on~lninua~lre clecl 'l'empr".
whiclr, howover, will not he clone until after ikq r l ~bl i ~~t i cl l l 111 the PI~i l oen(~hi ~aI ' ~ r a n s ~ ~ t i o m.
Your new ~neaeurements and new cel c~~l at ~i or~s will I,e awn wit11 great internet,. I hnve
already ...p iven your for~ner retlults, ancl your t.oml>arison of the different clegrees. I had
n o t i d what. 1 had ~liaccrveretl by our fonnulns with the as ~i s t ar ~r ~r of your klllta ; the f~mner
being n lit,tle ~inrplitie[l to Ixing them nearer t t ~ your sr ~~qm*i t i on~. ...
Everywhere I ha\-e had the atisfacrtion tn find oltr alrreelnellt with you. Ollr ~uet r e CHI -
culnted from your operations tliffered only 0.015. which you make S(, ~nuch nnmUer. You now
reduce thlr difference to one-third. ... We may now Hatter otmel\,m that we lcnow the general
6gure of the earth. All the great opor at i c~~~s of India, oC Englsntl. of Swerlen. of France, and of
Germany, leatl to the same mul k4. l\%en they are consiclered "en mnwr", it ir I N I ~ ~ i ~ e a s a r y
to pay attention t o the trifling irrepularit,iee of parallels and contiguous arcs. There ia no
absolute tlemonetration t hat the meridians are perfectly regular ellipee. and all equal one to
t he other ; t hat the stratn of the earth are exactly symmetrical, or t , l ~at t he k t i~lst,ruruents have
not some errow. ... Let us r donbl e our eErort,s t o dl nu~i s h t,he slight anomalies by new researchas.
ant1 let 11s multiply as ml ~rl i a* po..rible our observations tr11c1 those scie~rtific. enterprises which,
like yorm, will confin1 the qlory of the ~ ) l ~ i l o ~ o p h ~ r s 01' t.he lRth rentury9.
Lambton's general repnrt, on t he work between the Kistna and Godlvari was
lying unfinished a t t he tinie of his death, ant1 it was sonie time before Everest
fount1 t he staff and time t o complete t he ttiree copies. He writes in 1824 t hat
not one is yet ro~nl ~l et e. for it cann~bt. he rorlxidcre~i *n until it h w I ~ e e r ~ fairly transcribed
fionl the original ~ l ~ c u i r ~ e ~ l t ~ , and afterwanl4 rig~rously c.~rnpnrcxI with them. ... Within the
1 s t twelve-month I have been i ~ n m e ~ ~ t l in...t.orr6.i11ontIenc.e. the bare copies of which already
fill a large folio volume, whilat, or1 referring to t,lit% I~o(>ka of nly ~)rmlwesror. I finil whole
quarter* elapse withc~rrt a eingle publi~. letter. ...
For rnally mr~ntlrs tlo c.onir an cr ~l eq~~at e number nl' yt~tnl writ.em slrorrl~l be plac,etl a t my
dial~osnl. ant1 ... a utr(811g aud co~run(~dio~ln otfice tent al~ituld he fi1rninI1s11. ... Hi t her t ~~ a regular
offire han never l ~ n I~eld i l l the tielcl, and it wa9 ~ u ~ t until I joined tho tlepart~nent tlmt
t he practice of making even t>ho r1111gh calcii~ations wn.9 i ~rt n~~l urerl . I)ut in Ill19 I f~iul~ci myself
so perfectJy my own nin*ter ... that not only the rough calc*ulnti~~ns, ... I >I I I the spl~eri~. al excmses,
t he choirl corrertions. nll the prinril~nl triarrglm. the relative heights of t,hs ntat.io~~a. H I I ~ even
t he ~t part of the ~ . o n l l ~ ~ . y trianqla*, were romputerl in my Ijwn tente.
The timt of these rolnmee, MS. Report No. v. describes the work on t he Cireat Arc
between t he Kietna and t be (:od&vari, with dincue~ions on t he lerigth of t he nebr re,
pendulum esperimentn, refraction, and local attraction. It was signed by T,ambton
himself, and countersigned by Evereet in 18:IP. when i t was isauetl with No. vr. which
inclucletl Ciarling'e triangulation7 and Everest's series t o Bombav.
--
I n 1848 a suggestion was tnade from Loncton to collect i he many disjointed
~ C C ~ I I ~ ~ A left by I,ambton, and publimh them with an introtluctory memoir. Waugll
rejec,t~d t h i ~ 11~caube. 8 U he said, the computations hntl not alwaye been verified by
a nerontl c.o~npotel.~, and "t he reduction of t he st ar observations ... were conciucted 011
1 Hurrards' I I ~ U I I I I ~ ; UTS. XI1 ( nppx. 43-60 ).
' Aa H. XI1 ("6-ROC,): XIII ( I- 1" ) : I'hil Tronr.
1~118(4R8-5l7); with chnrh; uf. 10 Cot. (32-3). ' Tr~n~lation by W~~ugb. PR. (23). 'I!. didolmrion.
OTR. I I I I ( eppx. 4U-.in ). 'vf. (:ore ( 175-8 ). ' 1)I)n. 171 ( 281 ). 68-7-24. 7'rS. l', l' t ; (;BO. (lt>ml~.
C d ( 5 . 6 ) ; Q-I ( 5 . ti J withnut chnrtn. a l ~ ~ ~ t llpe I.arn116n11'~ ntnternellt 12371.
the imperfect principles of those t he e , and the placee of the etera have sinoe
then been determined with more ~ C O U ~ O Y ".
Neither could he recommend the revision of Lambton's mlculatione ab initio kom
the original reoorda, for which no eteff could be apered. His observations and
measurements no longer met the latest atandardn of accuracy, end there wss no
exact value for hie standarde of length [ 11, 267 ; 111, 249-51 1.
The next difficulty arises from ... the [ former ] practice among all ecienti6c men to pick md
obse~at i om.
Thie practice has now been univeraelly aboliehed. ...
the zero of the instrument wea not systematically changed, the mean angles are bur-
thened with coneiderable instrumental errors. ... Luminoua signals were not introduced in tho-
days excepting blue lights, which wore r ml y d, and, unless these are carefully ecreened
from the wind, their correspondence with the centre mark a n n o t be relied on. ... Another
-terial source ol error ia the want of isolation of the instrument. ... Angles taken on the ol d
might be vitiatod to the extent of 5 seconds by unsteadiness. ...
Undoubtedly Colonel Lambton's operations are fully equal, if not superior, to the beet...
of his own times, and no man could have achieved more with the meens a t hia dieposel. .Hiel
mme is reverenced ... as t,he Father of Indian Georleey, and anecdotm of the talenta snd,
energy of this great man hnve been handerl tlnwn to his successors. ... but there can be n a
doubt that if Colonel Lanlbton himself were now alive, he would advocate a revieion of his
observations with the superior instruments and pr oc mo of modern times. ... This haa been
done with works of the same date ...in other parts of the world, and. ..would by no meme derogate
from this greet geodesist's fame. ... All tho skill we now poaeess is derived from the experience
he gradually acquired, and which way perfected by his succeseor.
Waugh went on to quote Everest's rernarke on the re-observation of the
section north of Bidar [ 223-4 ] ;
Though much merit will doubtless be conceded to the personal operations of a geodesist eo
... talented as Colonel Lambton, yet it by no means follows that the same concession is to be
made to everybody ... under his orders. ... Indeed. ... confidence ... will surely have been die.
pelled ... by the revision of 1838-9 [ 2 1 4 1. ... The instruments employed subsequently to the
injury done to the larger theodolite in 1808 [II, 241 ] wereall of an inferior kind, unequal to t he
purposes of the Great Arc, end demanded a rigoroua attention to several precautions and
minutiae, without which not the most distant approach to accuracy could be looked for.
Besides. it was the practice ... when I joined the department in 1818 ... to use the greateat
freedom with the observed angles-...to seleot such ae suited the view3 of tho aomputer- ... e
system ... by which we may deduce just what ... we please'.
Waugh concluded by recommending the re-observation of the four sections south
of Bidar and suggested that the matter should be referred to the Royal Societya. The
Government of India had already firmly refused to countenance any such revision
when recommended by Everest in 1842s, and hesitated now to accept Waugh'e
advice. The matter was raised again ten years later by Everest, and on the strong
recommendation of the Royal Society, Lambton's work south of Bidar wes
completely revised between 1866 to 1874 [ 11, 266-7 1.
'from Everest t o Mil. Dept. 13-842, DDn. 402 ( W 8 9 ) ; peran. 1544.
'from Waogh, DDn. 462
285-301 ), 16-149.
'BMC. 14-1042 ; DDn. 401 ( 203 ). OBO. Comp. M 9/8; R8 Prcga. 27-1 -59.
CHAPTER XVIl
GREAT TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY uNnER EVEREST
Programme - The Qreat Arc, 1823-5 - Technical Details ; Luminous Sign& -
Refnution - Base-Lines - Hwi mt al Anglea - Astronomical 0bservntio1t.u - FigUi-e
of the Earth - Compulatbna b Reporb - Instruments.
B
EFORE the news of Lambton's death reached them, the Directom had dked
how soon his survey would be completed, as it wm costing more than f6,000
a year, and they called for procise infor.mtion on the particular purposes
to.which it is to be applied, both es it mey respect geography of the country. and the more
p - 1 purposes of science. We ere favoweble to puraui ta... &proving our ecqueintance wit),
fie country end the people. ... aa well aa of the States bordering upon, or situated within, our
frontier, but we feel we should hardly be justified in mnctioning the continuance of ao large en
erpmditure ... unl w.,. the objects to be attained are of adequete utility.
On hearing that Lambton had died, they ordered that his successor should be
chosen with care, and placed under the Surveyor General [ 308 1.
They discussed
their intention of putting in hand "a complete Map of India" [ 283 1, and attaohed
a note by Rennell advocating the appointment of a special astronomer to fix pointe
over the whole country as foundation for rapid geographical surveys. They
suggested that this astronomical survey should supplement the Great Trigonometrical
S-ey in areas where triangulation might be impracticable [ 185 11.
The Bengal Government had already placed Everest under the orders of the
Surveyor Generala, and had no hesitation in recommending him as Hllrcessor to
Lambton [308 1. Regarding future programme they referred to Blacker for
advice, and he obtained Evereet's views on the practical objects to be achieved;
In a scientific point of view the object embraced by the Creot Trigonometricel Survey is
solely to collect data respecting the long agitated question of the figure of the earth. In a
geographical point of view, the design is to establish the correct positiorw of certain points on
t he earth's surfacn. ... The determination of the height of one principal station above another,
tho' essentially neceasery in order to eacertain the height of the measured basm above the level
of the eea, ie yet but subservient to the main design, and the determination of ... rafraction is.
generally speaking, altogether incidental ...oa a mere correction to vertical angless.
Blacker then wrote a vigorous letter to champion trigonometrical methods, and
to discountenance any suggestion that they could be displaced by the unsatisfactory
meane of estronomical observatione, which were only suitable for rapid explora-
tion [ 186, 190-I]. He admitted, however, that ~t ronomi cal control might have
to be accepted for flat wooded country unsuitable for trigonometrical operations
[ 185 1. He protested against setting a limit on the Great Trigonometrical Survey ;
It is extremely difficult to recommend any restriction of the great triangulation, short of
t hat imp& by the features of the country and the limits of British control ; ... but if such e
euggeetion were executed, I should propose for limit the termination of the Doddagoonteh
meridionel eeries of trienglea in the Thibet mountains [11, pls. 16, 171, the continuation of
the w&m b e e along the c o d from Ooa to Cambay, and the prolongation of thet on the
-tern coest from Masulipatam to the n e w t pructicel point to Fort William.
From four to five yeare with the pment wtablishment would be the probable time for the
completion of the meridionel src, which may justly bo denomineted the great axis of Indian
geography, end would connect the minor eurveys of the Duokhin with those of Hindooatan. ...
For the acoompliehment of the othor t~wo. which would nearly oomplete a oorreot outline of
India to the seer, ... about four yeara eech would be required.
ICD to B. ( Mil ). 20-10-23 ( 6 4 1 ).
'dhm transforring tho QTS. from tho General to the Militaq
Ihph
'Ever& to SG., 7-7-24 ; DDn. 171 ( 218 ).
; . ,i cehlot, homver, too forcibly, aa Surveyor-Geneml of India, ~l epre cete... e Wri ot i on ao
j&,nBistent with the liberal views under which this Rurvey has been hitherto 6onducted ; go
nnworthy of the feme whicl~ the rillera of India have already acquired ... for their promotion of
geodesy, and so destructive of all hopes of an accurate knowlerlge of the geography of ... Central
=die.
mt her , on the contrary, let there be employed mom hand# and more instr~~mmltn to give
fresh vigour to the ~mdertaking, trnd to reduce the period ... within a calc~ilebln tirno. ...
, I f-1 a difficulty in adding more precise'information in regan1 to the ... somey. ant1 the
prticular ppurposes to which it is to be applied. ... Without this bmis ... all detailed aurveys
may ,lot ollly be wrong, but extremely terlious; ... no single point can be anrurately placed.
can the estent of India, l~articularly in longitude. I)e known without it [ pl. 1711.1.
one of the greet questions ... i8 ... the ~nngnitude trnd figure of the earth. ... ( The fiqure of
,the Rsrth is so far f r on~ being an object of mere curiosity that it effects a large portion of the
bbles by navigators. ... No power hns more rmmn thorefore to be intercwted in this
bvestigation than the East Indie Co r n ~ n y ) I. ...
There is no branch of phi-sics1 nriencr apecjcrlly aKuc.tetl by the t l m ro-or1liuate4 of latitucle,
b a t u d e , and elevation, to which tho prmt trigonometrictrl opmt i ane nre not of primary
importance ; whibt the changea of gravity in different latitudes. the l am of terrastial and
celeetial refraction, the phenomena of tnagnetimn unil tempraturs. with several important
@nqGhea of geology. should probably accompany or follow them.
I have now placed ... the co~iti~rutttion of the Oreat TrigonornoLrical Survey in the most
p .
ednspicuous light.
I have rejectocl t,he ~netho~in hithorto followed of an uninterrupted triangu.
letion for tllat of several meridiunal wries, which appenrs tu ~ne, if les!, setiafmmry, to be a
&ing of time of 20 yead. ... The noxt alteniativc. colnprises the cnrnpletinn of the Dad-
&boonh meridian, and continuat,itm of the series on ewh const ; and if that be c.onsided t.oo
.e*mive, the meridian may stand lone. whilst the survey of t.he collats ~l l al l be abandoned, ...
future survey should...be cor~siderwj final. unlass it shall have been conducted on the
k;nostapproved principles. with epprol~riate instruments, and by skilful hands [ I 20-1 1. ... Sin&
the discovery of high scientific principles, all the advantage tlerivml from the application of
them to pract.ica1 pur p~s w 11aq depentleii on the accuracy of ... eser~ltion, which can never be
hu&ed wit,hout loss of oFfect. ... The great ~losideratrlrn t.herofr>re is ... the em[~loyn~ent of good
m e y o n , with soitable instrtun~onta.
Let .these arg~~mentq, which challenge ~ont~radiction. stanrl i r i r*tv~,ur t ~f the contirluance of
the Great Tnigonnn~et,rical ' S~~r vsy on an onlarged establishment,, c~~rnrnensr~rato wibh t,he extent
of ccmntry stiU open Wi it.8 oporstionea.
Between Oct,ober 1823 and March 1825 Everest complet,d t he field work of the
&xth'section of t he Great Arc, Tgkarkhera to Sironj4, in addition t o finishing off
t he fifth' section t o t he sout h, [ 232 1. His health was shat,tered by continuoue
fevers, and he was compelled to ask for leave to Europe on medical certificate.
He left men and instruments at, Agra and Saugor and, after settling offioial business
~ t h t he Surveyor General, sailed from Calcutta on 1 l t h November 1825 [zq6 1.
After much discussion as to t he best way of employing t,he establiehment during
his absence, Government accepted his proposal for a bm.nch series runnin@; eastward
'from S i m j 60 Calcutta along parallel 24' ;
The nmegement of an extensive e-tem or w-tern seriar, in which latitudes and longitudes
& detarmined, call@ 'for much lnom skill than that of n~eridional serim, became t he former
implies the necessity qf freq~~ent l y ascertaining the true direction of the meridian. Both
my principal sub-as~istant@ a& acquaulbd with the method to be puluued. ... and...wou]d
become sufficiently expert in its practical application. so that ... a series of priucip\ triangles
might diverge from the Grunt1 JIeridionaI series a t eit,her of the sided. Tek t o Raneepoor. or
p u r h ~ i j a to Bhom~ase. [ 246, pl. I ; 1. ...
The llttter line would embrace the parallel of 24'. and, though the feat~lres of the Country
k m at the outset by no means favorable for the promution of a wo k of the kind, yet there ie
this dvmt a ge that the climate is much more eligibles, and that the belt wollld pacls over , ,
comparatively fertile and populous territory, so that its mu l h would be of so mooti the greek
importanoe to general geography.
In my jonmey from Hindoostan to the Dekkan in IS18 [ 271 1, I t revel l d through a
part ... of this latter belt, and I should judge that it would come upon the HonSble c~~~~~~
'Xots in brackets by IVaugb. 'Cbe nystern evenlually rollowed by LSuera~t.
'DDn. .LD( (07-9).
11-8 -24 ; PR ( 25-8 ) gives eummnry by Waugh. 'M 1:13.
LOlliwt & Ro~sennxle.
'This did no(
prove enrrsat.
provinc -...in latitude 23" 47t ' S.. ~ 1 1 1 1 t linL t , ~) wit.l~in 70 ur NO milen I I ~ the Pwai(ler~~.y there&
be ntJ apprehension of a want 01' ruuiulwin Iw(l.
But euch nu midertAking wurrlcl...c~II f i ~r the nitwt unccwsiug n))plirat.it~il fur several ymla.
l'aliing ... t he c l ~ n n c ~ of s i r heas nnd other rnaualt.im. 1 nt ~e~i ~l (l edtirunb t hat 1201niles per year
the utmost. t hat co111d be expwt e~l oncl, u8 t he wha~le ~lintaoc-ein It ~nni t ~al e is el nut 600 d w ,
and in Intitncle ahout, 90 ~ni l w. the coml~let,ion wr~~ilcl ... cert.ninly IU.~*IIPY i ~pwa~( I a of 0 year,+.
Blacker upp ported Everest's proposal--Joseph Olliver wan selected for the
charge--and work wt ~ i started before t he end of I825 I 261 1.
There nre. no t l ~~nht . ot.lrer i ~nport ant line* iu the DWICRII wl~ie-t~ 11ns.e hwri nhr~lptly (ti#.
eontul~~ecl", ... Irl~t ... their reaulnptiolr Infly be elfec,twl at. H I I ~ f11t11re ~writxl. ... The eotmhlish-
ment am1 nll the inr;t.r~~menta have al r ~at l y H*I\. HII~Q~I wit.11 11111c.11 ~iiffir~rlt~y i r ~t o Hintlo~,st~rn. and
there wt,iild c.onuequently he mnrh 111s.; III bi~ne an11 rn111-h rivli in ~*nrryiny the111 h r k . ... Tile
line 1 have first n~ent.icmml ... h ~ a tile 1Ic111hle ohjer-t of ~ ~ t i u ~ ~ l i i ~ y ~ R W* li)r t:)l~r~grapl~ivnI ~llrvg,ys
in the clirtu.tion 4 4 the lnwer 18ro\-ii11-ca. and of a~)~)rouc~hitlp t,he 111eri<lin11 of ( ' t l l r ~~t I N with ,-, vieW
to it* t~n~ulectic~n in longit~ale with the other prwi(len~.it&.
1 have every reason. after mature ~i i - r i i ~qi ~~r l with h11tnirl k:verelt.. to POIICIUIIH tl~nt. tt~eflrat
rub-eristant. Mr. Olli\~er, is vot.irely C H I ) R ~ ~ C 11f r~)l l ~i i ~(-t . i ng t,llr ~)rl)l~oaed s~~r veya.
The Directors thought. another officer might carry on t he Great Arc during
Everest' s absel~ce, but tmhough Hodgson coll~itlerptl Herbert "perfectly ant1 eminently
qualified" he could not he 8~arect [ JOS 1. ant1 no further work was (lone on the
wnt ral meridian t.ill after Everest's retnrr~.
During his fire years in Europe. Ererefit devoted himself t o the cause of the
survey. 011 his advice t he Bengal (:oremmel~t had indented for t he latest end
best instrument8 from home, and he visited t he leading ~nanufacturel.a in 1Snglead
end on t he continent to select those best suited to Indian couditione [z&, 2601.
Again on his advice, the Directom appointed a Mathematical Imbrument Maker to
~ c o mp a n y him t o India. He spent much of his leave writing up an account of
t he survey from 18l8 t o 182.5 [ 246 1, and spent several months wit,ll t,he Tri-
gonornet,rical Survey in Ireland t o bring himwlf lip-to-date.
On his return to HyderBbPd in February 1 8 3 3 L.{O 1, Everest spent some time
straightening out, t he muddle cau.wtl by Dr. Morton'e h a ~ t y sale of Lembton'e
belonging in Sl gpur , and had much trollhle recorering k v e r n ~ n e n t instruments,
equipment, and PaIErs, t.hat hat1 been uiixeti with private property.
There was no difficulty in obtaining approval to the nort,hward extension of the
Great Arc as Lambt4)n had p l a n n ~l .
'Che Amt objevt Wad. ..to ~:rm~]~iet, e t,he aerie* to t11e sa~lt.k~ a6'L'nkal Kllera L 2 3 2 , 1441, the nest
t o take nn adequate number of zenith di~tallcev. wit.11 a \-iew to the f ~ ~ t ~ u r e tleternlination of the
amplitude of the arc to the north I 2.33. 253 1 and. when t l r e~e were att,ained. the work of
t.rienyulntit~n waa t o he carried 11rer H cl ~ai n of rnonntainn rnlle(l by uonle tile M ~ } ~ e d ~ phsr,
by ott~ere the \'inclayn4. which r i w frllni ... within twenty lnilea of 'L'akal K'trera, rtlna eaat end
wmt HS far ne tlre eye can refl1.11 81111. s t r ~ t r h i n ~ 1111wnral~ in A nort.Irerty t l i r ~ t i r ) ~ , Bradully
s l o w [ down ] to meet tire elevutril lenrl R I ) I ) I I ~ the Ser h~~~l cl n. ...
'I'he Mahadeo rn~runtainr forni H great nat,ilral h~~t l ndary hebweerr the Droccin an11 Hindoetan.
Prior t n the Pindaree war they hall f ur r ~bhr ~l shelter t o I I I R I I ~ of Phe predatt,ry hordea of t hat
fe~rn~idahle c.onfedmwy. ... The military ptlst *)I' Ho~~**llnpahncl in or1 the ~011th bank of tile
h' erb~~dcln, nnrl clt~se to the rlirer.ti(ln l l f tng umrie~ [ pl. 1; 1. The post. of Bnitonl lies within tlre
~ r i e a t~ t he erret. ar, that it W ~ R very d e ~ r that. nobwit,l~etanding all bite friphtrt~l r~rmo~lrn
whif.11 haal ~~revai Ied[ 241. 245 1. the (laneera in t.hiu wild trnct were mllvh leu* s e r i o~~s t,hnrh &hone
to whiclr we hedhben!n.expnsed in onr former erpl i t i ul l a : and t,l~oi(ph t,hey were s l ~ f i ~ i ~ ~ t l ~ fnr-
mirlahle yet. i r ~ can* 11f sirknes~. relief HI I I I mhelt~r were nc~t far rlietant.
h i d - . 1 !lad nrlw ~l'llllirc*l the knowledgo rlrn fnct whirh was vor.y impr~rtant., vix., that, by
11~inn niyht .light,# t.11~ ~~per nt i ~l ns rtlul(l he rnrrirri on with YI.RH~. facility in tlre colrl aeatller anti
-on of hot win&, whereby the cruel neaeeeity of expoaing my followera in the rainy msnon
would be avoided [ 235-6 1. ...
I had resolved to remein a t Hydrebad until the 15th October, and then m m h up t o the
of Berar.
That part of the establislunent which had accompanied the late Lieutenant-
Colonel to HL~g'han G'hat, and ... had gone t o Nagpore, war directed aleo to remein where they
wm...antl then to meet me a t Takal IC'hera. ... Xr. De Penning was exceedingly anxiuue t o
bring thern all hol i to Hydrabed, and thus incur another uselass expenditure of time, by maroh.
ing and counter marching, st~ch as had previously occurred in 1841-2 [ 233 1.
nrr. Voyaey joinecl me ttt Hydrabad in . J I uI ~, having paearn1 tllro~rgh Nagpore, ancl visited
the pave of the late Lie~~tunant-Colonel a t Hing'han G'llat'.
V o p y brought back valuable information about the country to the north;
Col. Llunbton conlmissionetl me to ... ascertain tho practicability of continuby hia v t
nleridioru~l arc ... from his base measured a t Ellichpoor UI 1922 to the latitude of Seronge, and
from tllence to 9 g a , nnd Lilcewise to report on the fitnwir of the ground a t the former plwo for
t,he lneasurerncnt of another base of verillcation [ 245 1.
Col. Lan~ht o~l had for n long time consiclere d... the Gawilgltur range of hills as nlrnoat insur-
mountable. from the nature of the stirface which was rcported to bo flat and coverell with
f omt trww, rarely offering elevated points for trigollorn~trictil station?, in the viuinity of his
meritlian. His rl1ir.f llope, t,herefore, lay in ... ~l i scoveri ~~g stntions sitnatetl ... as to enable him by
large t ri a~l gl e~ t,,, pass over t,he hilln with nunirient rapidity to avt>i~l cr resicle~lce in tlleln luring
tile unfavorable sea.qon. His alternative ... was to carry up a~l nt l ~er lneridioual series ~AJ the
eastward ...p nssulg near Sagporo [ 226 1. . ..
The valley of Bemr, tiveraging 1000 feet ubuvu the It.\.rl 13f tltrt soti, is h ~ ~ n n t l d on the north
by the C:awilgllor rnllge?. ... \\%en \-ia\vetl f r o r ~~ the plain ... the ol~tline in fiat and um~lulating.
and no part ... much el evahl above the other ; h ~ ~ t on ascending ... the land declinw considerably
to the northward, and...offors many ...p roul~n overt~)pping the s~~rroundi ng haights. Nearly
the whole yluface is dastitut, ~ of mood. and particulnrly the summits of the hi h.
The valleys and beds of rivers nre rl~okerl up by the thick forest and jungle, a1111 it ia UI
them places thnt the ~ninsma is genor~ltscl. Here also reside an abundance of tigem, the terror
of travellen, ancl so great is the alarm tllrlt, if you cannot find. ..Cfiands for ...p lecing your
f l op, you will povsibly find some ~IiITirulty in ellgaging others ... unless attenrle~l by a t least two
sopoys. I hat1 the mi sh~rt t u~e in JIarch lest to see one of my servauta perish miserably before
my eyee, wit,hout being able to afford ntry aid. ~mdor the fangs of a ferociorls a n h l wlrich had
csrried off 5 human beings ul 3 preceding months [ 76 1. Jf I had ha11 n Gomd for my guide
this accidalt would not have o c c u d . as these nlen are perfectly iwqiu~ulted with the haunts of
these animals. and give n.arning of approach to them.
pro via ion^ &re not to be had except on the -eat road, if s ~ ~ c l l it can hv calle~l, ant1 then only
at the principal villages. It will therefore be necessnry to provide the mlnp with bune~sJ from
EUichpoor until the survey arrivw a t Baitool.
Voysey goea on to describe the country northwards to Sironj, pointing out
ereas which might be unhealthy, the position of the more prominent hills, and the
euitability of Sironj for the measurement of a base :
Seronge according to the observations of Capt. Fielding ij in let. 24' 13'. anrl in long. 77' 30'
according to those of Lt. Gerard [ 89 ] : consequently the base mv be rneast~retl in any part
of the extensive level plain. ... Should the longitude of Seronge be foluld erroneous, or 10 miles
further east, the base must stiU be measured in the plaur, the nomerons gaps and ravines on the
hills not admitting of such a measurement.
He climbed several prominent hills suit,able for trigonometrical stations ;
The road t o Bhorghw lies by Bait001 ; there wa5 formerly e direct roerl. but I could get no
person t o direct me as it had been for a number of years unfrequented on account of tlle danger
from tigen. Bhorghw lies about 6 ~nilss to the westward of Shnpoor which is on the main r o d .
It wae with considerable dil3icult.y that I could get any &and to acco~npmry me t o the summit,,
the r e f u d proceeding from a fear of bears, whether m l or ~~rekmderl I do not know. There
a stone tanlc on the summit which containv water until the end of .Jenuary ; after t h t ma &
none Ls procurable nearer than 3 miles. The summit of the hill is quite b;~ro oft- end jungle,
and is composed of enormous masses of embedded granite.
From the commanding situation of this hill. riaing to the height of 1500 feet above the
plain, there will be a great choice of pmka in every direction. ...
The obstaclas to carrying the ~neridional nrc...are few and wi l y eurrnounterl, and ... I hew
seen no diffirultiee at all equal to those which the survey encountered in 1891 b e mn the
'Goo. Evrrrst ( 3'24 ).
'GHwUpirh fi~rt,. 5.5 G/ i ; I mp f kz. ( 193 ).
' pt t y pmvisic,n mt.rohunts.
24.4 GRE~ T TRIGONOMETRICAI, SURVEY UNDER EVEREST
Goda\.ery and Ellirhpoor [ 232 1. ... The ror~t* I have pointed out will be ... p;reatly pre[erahle
to the plan of carrying up the meridian of Ctirangooly to Nugpr~re [ 2 2 6 1. ... The c o u ~ l t ~ to ule
north of Nngpore is still wilder and more aavage than between Ellichpoor and tho Nerbu&lnll,
without having the advantage of proximit,~ to military 8tRti1)nu urld great roads'.
The resumption of field work was delayed by a return of the fever which was
to haunt Everest prsistent*ly for the nest two years ; it was only his overmastering
determination t,hat enabled him to carry on and reject ndvice to take sick leave.
All now seemed again propitious and prominitlg when, n b ~ ~ u t the 20th of August, I had a
ernart attack of bilior~s fever, owing tn t r~o lnr~cll I~rhour of cornl~~~tution, which rendeml the llse
of merrury nwmmv. I got t l ~ e better of this in 11 few daya ; but n~errurial pills were given me
as aco~l ~t , ant close, and one morning, having Leen overtaken sonle miles from home by a violoat
ahower which wet me t hro~gl l , I fo~lnil ~rryaelf on my r et ~un ngain rutl~er fm-eriel~.
The mpening nf t,he f i ~l l o~i ng rlny ( September 3rd 1823 ) in one of which I sl~all carry the
remembrance with me t c~ the pave. 1 was seize11 suddenly with an llneasy sensation in my
loins ; and on t.lle follnwulg rnorning u \.erg. violent pain in all my bnnaq, rrccompanied by typllus
fevers, mhe\vd that. blre emhem of my Tellnpoora~n illnew had only benn nmot,hered fnr a time, to
burst out ruore f or ~ni cl ~bl ~. [ z j z 1. ... For six nlnnt,Ils after t.l~is I \vns never nl~le to lie ill nny
other pusition t.11a11 on my hnck, and even then, if my nlenp excw~l e~l the period of throe t ~n ~~r s .
I wnq nwaltened hy une of these conv~~lsi\.o paroxysms, atbnclrul wiLl~ 1111 ago~~iziny pain. ...
The mwlicnl gentlemen ... a t Hydr abd i~luisted on ... my procewling i~nmediately to t,he men.
cnu.st ; ... but I had made up my mind. ..that now or never the quest i o~~ waa to be decided
wl~et.l~er the Brmt Arc ~hould be carrier1 through to Hindoostarr, or terminate ingloriously in t,lle
volley t ~f Rerar. ... If I 11mi gone to the sea-coast a t such n rriais. the work Inllnt, have heen
suspended, the eatablishnlent would have become disheartened ; the greater part,, or the whole,
would have retumetl home. and perhaps never have rejoinetl me, for they were already at the
limits of their native Decmn. ...
But it was a tleapentteresolut~ion ; for my limbs being in a grent measure paralysed I wae in
the unpleasant necmsity of being lowered into Iny mat a t the zenith sector, and raised out of
it again, by two men, during the whole of the observations with that instrument. At tile
great theodolite, in order that I might reach the screw of the vertical rircle. ... frequently ... I
have been under the necessity of having my left o m supl>orted by one of my followers ; and on
eame ocrasions my state of weahleas and exhaustion has been such thnt without being held up
I could not have stoocl to the instruments. ...
Finding by the 18th October that I could bear the motion of a palanqueen, I quittad Hydra-
bad ... in company with Mr. Voysoy, and marchod along the high road to Karinjah. a large town
in the r~eiphbourhoorl of wl~ich is a station Pmll;'l~er, one of those beyond which the operations
of 1821 had not been s ~ ~ c c ~ s ~ f u l l y carried [ 232 ; pl. 1814.
The f i r ~t task was to select mitable stations to close the sixty mile gap sout,h
of the base a t Th r k h e r a which De Penning's party had left two years before ;
For want of howledge of...tho enonnoua increme of night refraction [ 235. 2 j y 1. the party
then empl oy~i had avtablishetl a station called Donud, about eight miles off, because they could
not see beyond it in the evening, but I harl ~ e n t on n party to light a pair of bonfires at two
o'clock in the morning ( t hat being nearly the period of the maximum ) a t Budgaon [ 111. 18 1.
which is the land they are anxious to see. ... and ... allout that hour 1 wm awoke by the people
wl~orn I had eet to watch, exclaiming that the firm were clearly visible.
I hrwl given writtan indructiona to Mr. De Penning from Hy(1eruhnd to explore the lanrl well
on which my station of Batlali was situatetl, end 8elect the most ernitlent poirit, which the party
engaged in 1821 had failed to do. Tl~ie he accomplished very entiafmtorily6, anrl thus two of
the mein obstacles to forming the connexion ... were obviated.
The final station connecting TBkarkhera waa selected with the help of Voysey ;
-in pointa in the mountain range. which could be seen everywhere, being known in
raped. to their dintan- from each other, as well ss from the end8 of the bone. I instructed him
to mesmve with a sextant from the back of an elephant the anglee between any three of them,
and when thsee anglea had certain values, to fix cm three or more elevateci spots within t h m~
limits. ... He accordingly chow bhree auch ~pot n and ordered double fires to be lighted at each
on mcoassive nighta, which wcre oamfully looked for a t a b t e d hours by persona placed by me at
end of the b- ; and the third of the three. Yaholi, hevink answered the purpose. the
d o n wm formed without further difficulty.
1 DDa. 91 ( 816 ), 16-7-23. 'Nurely mobria ? 'This hes elsewhere he n wrl~ngly tc~ld of Lambton.
a h . E v d ( 8 6 4 1 ).
Ljoining from NQpur mrly in Novembnr.
I have mrub it. 11rule getier11Ily to nbuerve by night ; in which cme I havo rllwayn taken the
vert,ic.al angles o.bont t,t>ree o'clock in tho morning. because I think that method d v ~ s the
fflilwt ct~ance of overconring Llle errurn of t omt i a l refrtwtic~nl.
Wvi ng Olliver t o observe 8t the last four stjat,ions, Ever e~t took ~~t r onomi cel
szillluth~ and zenith tlistance~ at Tikarkhera [ 253 1, and then connected both en&
of the b w to the surrounding atationo. He now lost Voysey and I)e Penning
who both resigned early in 1824, antl he mi-9 left with only two trained ~ssistants.
Olli\~el. ant1 Rossenrode. Nothing daunted, anti in spite of oonstant ill-health
[ qo3-.+ I, he worked st.ecttlily ncrons tlie Ckwilgarli hills. By May he h d sr l ecM
stetions so far for\\-ad as Tek, weat of Pech~n~r hi , a ~ ~ d then sorit Howeruvde
forward to select ntatiol~s in BhopLl [ pl. 17 1.
Operatio~la were great.ly facilitated by tho good offices of an old frientl. Captain
&l,ert, Low, "Assist.ant the .kgent to the Gover~lor General for the Nerbudde
districtsg wit.h hendqnarters at Bet.ill, to whom Ever e~t writes in August ;
I s ] i ~ I I cliiit the \~irinitoy 01f t,lle H ~ ~ I I I I ~ clistrict tn)~norrr~w, antl an rny own wcort is I I ~ W r ~ f
mltxcient strength t o e~lnble ule t41 tliapenso with the ~ I I L L ~ I ~ which yi)11 wore so obligil~y 8~ to
autlll~rhe, ... I have onlercrl the w11r)lo party to IW~LICII. I *IIHII still hdve two ut.ntinn~ within
...yollr jnrkcliction ucrol)iecl I>>- 1 1 1 ~ flays n 1 ~ 1 lights for srlrne tima t ~ ) volnn. ... nn~t I will be
thankfill to you t.o nffnril the ptlrti~...~lI1 tho proLol.t.ion they ma)- atan11 i l l 11ewi1 of. h4-1 of
the...stutiolis iu mnrlierl wit,ll n st o~i +~, 1111 wtlirt~ is m)jirnved n ~ i i ~ l e I I ! ~ a centre. A list of
thca;ae in enclnsed, anrl ill t~c~i~*i~lerntit)tl c~f tlloir nxtwme i n~pr t et i r e tjo I U ~ o~)er&tiolld. I will
beK...you to t,ake suc.11 niettsures as . . . ~~i ~~>-. . . pre\ . e~~t ~ their \wing ... merldletl witl~.
Permit me. ..to ret.urn ~ C I I I my wur~rledt mlinowlotlyo~no~~t for i.lle \-t.ry Iki~l~l as~iatlanre
whicll I have eqerienctnl fi'r)nl ~ I I I I . ... I t wna tit 11110 t,ilno ~upp.wof1 t . 114t thid ~no~u~t *r i no~~s
tract would have formeal an inout-mo~li~fal~lo barrier t,o ... the Great Trigonr~met.ric~I S ~ l ~ e y .
anll...t,lle pnlupect wore u very fornli~l~bble apprrnnro, for. ~~otwit.!lrltn~~rliny t bu co~nrnandhig
features ui' the count,ry, ... there \ro.~ulcl hnve been ntl po~qihility of rotnailling ut the s~~r nl ni t
any one ... blr 24 IIOUTS t,ogether hull my supplied bee11 at all deficient8.
Leaving ohserrat.ions in Bhop~l to be taken later, he pushed 011 to mech Sironj
early in Noremher nntl spent t,he next three nlcnths rneasriri~ig tl basen, and conneat-
ing it to near-hy atatlonu. I~rsitlen taking astronomioal observatious a t an observatory
which he e~t~ablished a t IialiLnpl~r nhout 10 miles to the west. Olliver wtas sent to
select a station to the north anrl huild t,he usual plat,form ;
you will ~~roceetl ... to) li~~rnklio. nt11.l t l i e ~ . ~ examine tile s t nt i n~~ anll tho qrl~unii ahout. it.
... If the point nlronily elec.tw1 (Itlea not. tbnrwor Rrry utt~er purpose t8htt11 to t,ramFer the bwe,
yon nlltst try t.11 get R statin11 which will serve to carry on (.lie principal trianglew without
spoiling their regrllor an~lny~nn~etricol tiwm" ... I t is niy wish if pn~i bl e to continue the mriw
on t.he east side of the nleritlian [ 7;' 30' 1, in whir11 cme the atrttinn you select mu.~t llave a view
of l~ho\vrasstl, and either 1iom111 or Iinmkliern [ pl. r 7 1. ... I t is always a11 object. to keep nwr
the meri~lim. but I sl~o~lltl ])refer going Homo tlistnnt,e from it t,o haring the symmetry
of my t,rianglas injured. ...
The clay that you z~rrive at Surakho. ... be so good as to sink a st o~l e about 3 to 34 feet lonE
into the grouricl to FI level with the surface, nnd give orders for preparing a~iotller atone t , ~ be
pln~etl dully above it., as also for collecting briclcs and chunams t o raise n s ml l pile of n ~ m o w to
the height. required for the ht r ~uner i t . >lark out the foundation 34 feet in rmliuq. and set
p l d e to work upon it,, ... leaving a l~ollow in the centre for you to d j t wt the uljper stone'.
At the cnd of January Everest rcturned to observe a t Rossenrode's stcrtions to
the south, writing to the General Officer commanding a t Saugor ;
31s prepsretions HI** all 11wle for c~lrryulg on tile remailling triawlffl tlrroog11 the t,errit,orieJ
aubjert to Bl~opnl and Bhi l ~l i . and n little more than a montl~ will be rerluired, ... but if by
any accident I ahoulrl be prevented from wcomplist~ing it now, it iu impossible to fo- what
ma). happen. Every Lnie t ~f Iny principal stations is marked with a circle neatly e n p v e d on
&one, and if one of t.hese slioi~ld ho m0\ , ~d, however slightly, the whole work rnn.lt be c o mme n d
de not-O. ... Instmcea of the mrnoval nf them central marks have oc.corrod on more ocrctsionj
than one, nnd given rise t,o p w t conf~~uic)n [ 415 17.
By the time observations were closed at Bhaormes a t the end of March, Everest
had decided to follow his doctors' advice, and take leave to Europe for the reooverg
'Geo. Evemt ( 41-2). 'DDn. l i 2 ( 164 ), Aug. 18.24. 'completed 1:3-12-041_14g-50]. ashtion
wlested Rarentnl[ pl. 17 ] or d~~rnntnl. 1HO" l't.. 10 IU. S. of Sironj. Ilimc.
a Dl)". I,.' ( 2 0 ~ 4 ). 12-1-25.
'ib. ( 240). 1R-1-25.
' 20 rn. E. uf Simoj.
of his health'. He still required about two ~liontlu to complete his charts and
angle books, and begged that,
es my mputatio~i as a man of science is moat intimately c o l u ~e c t ~~l wit11 nly late operatiom, ... I
m y ... take full and complete copies of my wllole work. in ~ ~ r d e r that t he soie~~t.itir reaultb ~y be
a l c ubt e d by myself. and subrnitte~l w11e11 entire ti1 t,he Hon'ble C~wrt. I I ~ Di~~ecl,ora [ 256-7 11.
He reported later to the Surveyor General t hat his field work was
brought t n a cor~cl wi t ~n on tlie 36th ulti~nqr ( .\[arch ). IIy health w a by this tirne ronaider-
ably impaired, but I had no apprehensi o~~ tllnt the ir~runveuienre I felt arum from any other
muse than fatigue, and accor~linply I 11uraue11 my original intention c~f pn>rce~ling to Goonah3.
where I expected t o be able to hring up rny work more quietly. and a t nly leisure. than at the
military cantonn~ent of Saugor. But,, on the 30th of the rnontll n. ret ~t rn of my tli*nrrler took
place, n~uc h nrorv violent t,ha11 ally ... hefi>re ... anti. OII lny arrivn.1 nt C:oonnh. [ wns in a most
Ar mi ng state, ant1 nearly deprived of all power of motion4.
Two weeks later he forwarded his chart of
t he 6th and pert of t he 5th section vl'...t,he .h-r r ~f the tnet' i<lial~~. 'r11e1e ope ratio^^, with the
measurement of A base a t Sironj, the obuer\-atior~ of nrnr 400 stars nnnr 'rakalkhera, and near
600 a t Seronj, for determining the celestial nmplitl~~le. ~ n t l ~ I I H oo~nl~nriaon of t,he chnim, have
occupied me since the end of November IN23 [ 252- 3 1.
Not feeling capable of further effort in the way of computations, he closed work
~ n d left for Calcutta before the end of RIayfl [ 241 ] ;
l' he establishment ... were employecl in tlie milnth uT April, an11 part of May laut, in tonking
t he rough calculations depending nn m:. lato operation%, and UI trncing t,wo planr of the aeries
of triangles. ... On t,he 21st May I detached my 2nd suh-assistant and the greater part of the
establishment t o Sagt~r, to place themselves under the ordera of Captain James, D.A.a.a. a t
t hat station7. Mr. Rossenrode received itiatructions from me t o p n ~ c o d , as @#Ion H. * the weabher
was favorable, from nly late points Bhowrawa an11 Gurhguja [ 131. 1 7 1, n1u1 carry on u ~r r i es of
secondary triangles so a9 to determine tho porit,ion of Jagur. ...
I proceeded my.%lf with Mr. .T. Olliver. Iny ~mt i ve writer [ 2 56 1, I L I I ~ a party OF 111y tl~cort.
on the 25th May towa~~cls ('nwnpure, where I emhnrked with t he pitblic record3 and documents
on the river on the 4th July, and readled (:alcutta on the 12th Augi~rt. ... l...enclose a...receipt
for such of t he inst, run~el~ts ad were deposited ... a t Agra in n aer!y aecure njtd d r ~ ~ pktre in the
Annoury, as also a lint of those wht ~ ~rcolnpflnied Mr. Hosse~lrt~de to Sagur. ...
Sot having found my health impn,ve. but, 1111 the contrary nty disorder tlnily gaining
grounrl since my arri\.al at the Prmidency, I Iln\.e heen unclrr Llle paurli~l necaqsity of c~btaining
s medical certificate wit.11 t.11e view of pri~coe~liug t c~ Et ~t . t ~pe~.
Leave waa granted9 and the Directors infor~rled that he had been allowed
t o go to Englancl on account c~f t he bail 9tate 1 8 f his healtll, and t l ~ e valuable services renclered
by him are hrnught to t he Court's favorrrble not,ico. 1'11~ operations ... I~a\.e not been sumpended
aa Captain Evermt requ~mted"'. l'lie ~ l i r wt i ~ ~ n in whit.11 the establishrno~~t will. ... be employed
under the cunt , r ~~l of Mr. OUi\-er. ser~ic~r a ~~t ) - n ~%i ~l , ~l n t , i u explnu~ed in the Pr c~~~mdi ngs [ 241-2 1.
... An indent ... for new instn~rnentu is t r a ~~n~ni t t e ~l . wit11 a r e q ~~r s t t l ~nt . C'al~tain Everest may
be corwulted UI their r~r~lstruction [ 260 1".
During his four years i n England Everest worked u p the r es~~l t s of his work
and published them in 1830, a t the expense of the 1)irector.s. under the title
of An a c mn t o j the Meaeurenrent o]' a n orc rg' I I r o *lfrridian belu~ean the. Pa.ralleb
of 18" 3' and 24" 7', bl' ing u conlinwltion of The Omnd .Ilrtridionol Arc of Zruliu, a8
detuiled by the lntc Lieut.-Col. Lrrniblm~. irc tlrp Volronrsof tlrr l ai nt i c Socie~yoj'(=nlcutt~'".
Of tlir ninny changes which Everest introducrtl, none was more far-reaching
than that of observing to lights a t night instcad of to Bags and beacons by day.
As has already been described, this had two very great advantages over tlie old
syetem [ 235 1. First, 1t took advantage of the increased refraction a t night, which
I)l)n. YO1 ( 53 ). .j 4-2:). 21)1)~~. l i l ( 322-3 ). 2-3-23, ~~; , III, I, 50 m. NW. t , f Siran~j. L)L)n. li2
( 8 ) . ? - 'pub. 1938. actllr N m. to incll. Bun Hegr. B8U ( 29 ). WDn. 171 ( 34i ) 04-25.
'Wm. Jume~ ( 1785-ld.55) Ben LnL, D.A.A.O. tlaugor Ir~~rn 28-1-25. "DDn. 171 (351-6), Chuwringhee,
3 - 0 2 * I loin Ictkr tu SG. of 54-25 ; DDn. 171 ( 331) ). 11 B to CU. AIil.. 21-11 -25
( 1-21 1 ; J n I ( I ). IPfrrely quoterl in Lhii ~~cca~ont under t l ~s refurcrlri. " l ; r ~. ISvrrrat".
made it po~sible t.o obr r ve much lor~ger rnys ; and secondly, it became poa~ihle to
observe right. through the open aeaaon, insbead of waiting for the unhealthy monthe of
rnin. " There is mother great adventage ; in the rainy Reason t'he inhabitants are all
in cultivating their fields ; in the hot weather thoy are all idle and glad t o get
emplojment for hire ". The following is u letter from Do P~nni ng, who hacl not h e n
on the western branch with Evcrest when the Vase lights were h t tried out [ 235 ] ;
'Phe new xnethotl ... for burning light^ is rel~lly IL very val~table acquisition t o the Survey,
nntl...l~ very cheap ~ l t l correct rnode of taking night, ohsnrvations. T t is cheap, not only
", itsel[ from the nlat,orials used [ 248 1, b ~ ~ t frum the utlvantuge ... t l ur i ~~g bnd weather, as tlm
a ~ l g l ~ rould be observed during the night, nnd tl~ereby render it unneceanary for tho whole ...
pmty to r~rnnin pent up for whole ~I)I-tnighta on the top of mn e olevoted and unhealthy land.
'171e cnnstmction iu truly ingenious and exi,rernely simple. and greatly preferable to blue
lightn. rinc,v it cHn be seon ~t t.110 distance of 40 ~niles and up!vnrrls ill fair weather'.
Blue lights were still useful in thick weather, and Eyerest tried to get them
maintained as an article of military store ;
1 urn out of reach of all srr1,lrlies. 'Thtr nernr district run furnish none of t,he material3
requisite for making hlue lights. and 1 must carry an at1equat.e portiorr of them with me.
I
mll~t, nlso have r\, hlue-light cutnl~oln~tlor a t hnntl, ant1 indeed i L has heen by the dint of mere
good fortune that I have fallen in with aurh a person2.
I t was usual during the life time of the lnte Lt. CL ~ . Lambton to dopend up011 daylight
for all observations, and, as it is only in peouliarly h e weather thnt distant. flats can be observed
it had become of late years a practice to carry on ... al mo~t entirely in tho ruing season.
The drendfid misery alld sickness which hence aroee is a painful and feoling source of re-
collection. I have seen the ground st.rewed with the wretched followers, some of whom were
left for want of means to convey them array to periqh in the jungles, and I have myself deeply
paid the penalty by the destruction of a drong and robust constitution, which had previouely
borne me through every privation and hardehip [ 231-2 1.
When I came to the head of this survey. I determined t o alter this system altogether, and,
having by ... s fortunate accident discovered the power of the vaae lighte which I a t pme nt
use, I introduced them ... into constant practice. The expence has been certainly greater, but
... I can now carry on. ..at any season of the year. and need never he in danger of wit,neseing or
causing the scenes of ... dietrees that formerly occurred as an o r d b r y annual affair.
The vaae lights are of a very simple cc~xmtruction, requiring only oil and earthem veasela,
and they can be distinctly seen in very dim weather a t the dietmce of 20 miles ait.h the
telescope of the theodolite. They will penetrate through the common mi& of the hot weather
a t the distance of 36 miles, and in very clear weather I irnagiue will he seen a t 60 miles. When
not agitated by the wind they give exceedingly correct observations, but funlieh a much
more clearly defined mark for intewection than any flagstaff will ever do.
Their power fails in long distances if the weather be dim, and then it becornea n m a v
t o force a p-e through the mist,s by means of blue lights. the luminous matter of which
I should sstimate to be 4 times ns rndiunt ns that of the vase lighb. ...
22 blue lights are requiretl nt each tati ion where they are hl~zml, and us they 11" not slmil
fro'n keeping nnless exposed to moisture, 1 should imagine tlmt H, suff~cient s~lpply nlight.,.be
made up in the , 4 ~ a magnzine n11rl iurnishecl on nly indent. ... The blue lights wllicll I u~
weigh each I seers, and...l60 d l be the proportion for a camela.
, Thaw aarticlrw are only required to ponotrnto t.ho dry vnpours of t,he hot nntl cold weether
in distallces exceeding 25 ~nilee. ... It 80llletim6w ht3ppen~ that all my angles are completmed
in 24 ho ure... which, had 1 depended on daylight only, would have deteinod me 8 or 10 daye,
and perhaps forced me st lnst to quit them in ~lespair. ...
Native receipt for 61ue l i ght s.
If t,he cornposittion bo ilivicIe(1 into 739 pnrts, the proportion for each ingredieLlt is m fo]lows,
via. ;
gunduk . . sulphur , . . I 3 6 nee1 . . indigo 20
ahora . . nitre 544 ehuttgrufl sulphuret, of nleroury 3
hu~?rJ . . s~~l phur et ~ b f t i me~~i r 32 ood . . gutu benzolin 2
knphoor . . camphor 2
Ewh blue light ought to weigh I$ seers, or 3 Ibs.
The form is cylinclrial, being 14f inah-
b the length and 24 in diameter. The covering matter uned...is es follows :-pp 3 bpen
-come ootton 010th 2 layere--eheepls bladder 1 layer.
W t c m should be take11 t o prevent the matter exploding in the shape of stars whioh,
however desirable in Areworlrs, we extremely inconvenient for observation. The composition
is simply pressed into the papor cage. What might be the effect of driving it hard with ramumm
& a good mould, as is done with portfims anii fuzee. I am unable to my. ...
For the current year 170 will probably be required. These ~houl d be sent to Seronj eo
am to arrive before the enrl ef .January'.
Both blue lights and vase lights were still of occasional uae twenty-five yeara
later, when the more powerful reverberatory lights were not at hand ;
Blue Lighta are very powerf~~l and can be seen at ciistanoeu of GO or 00 miles. They are
slso useful in hazy weather w11r11 other signals :ire not visible : if not carefully shelter xi... by
gnrss screens the tlame iq li;~bIe to be blown tioido. On thin ncoo~lnt it was the practice of
Colonel Evnrmt to burn t , h r ~ ~ ~ bellhid on iron errroll, ui which an aperture cut was centred over
the mark. The blue light faat e~~ed on the end or s stick was Iield ... l~crlrind the aperture.
Blue lighta being exl~ensiva articlas cannot he kopt oo1ruta11r1.v burning, but are Gred at
regular intervals. They an, i ~ i ~ ~ a l l y cut in 1-n@.hs to burn ahout fvur minutw. and are 6red
a t five minuto intervals, whicll enables the olx3nrvor to rend off the observation, and also to
ob~erve md read oti the referri r~~ lamp. At e\-rry anconcl or third blue light a l o~~ger i~~terval.
of say 10 minutes or f of an hour, is allowed. ..[or cl~nnging zero.
Blue lights are alwaya bl;en ~igainst n referring I ~I I I I ~) , o11t3 ut~tio11 at a tilnoa.
Vase lights wereinvented by Col. Everest ntmrly 30 years ago [ 235 1. The vese light coneinh~
of a common earthen dish about 10 inches in diameter, lrntl filled with cotton seeds and common
oil. Thia is p1ac.d on tlie mark, and, tv ))revent the flame being blown aside. a large earthen
pot, in the aide nf whicl~ nn aperture hw heen cut, is invert,eti over the dish. An aperture in
also cut in the top to albw the smoke to eni-ape. Further protection is necessary from high
wind by means of grew ncrtrens and hlnnkvts, leaving merely tho requisite oponu~g in the
direction of the observer. 'L'lie materinls for this ligl~t are procurable in nearly every villageb.
Olliver describes the working of his si g~~al s on the Calcutta Longitudinal series ;
The chief mode of taking the n g l w of tllu pri~nery triangles is by oil burning a t the several
ntationa, and the observations n~tlcle at night. Thia in a 111ode introduced by the Superintendent
ee being leas subject t o error, and I~eyond a shadow of doubt is far preferable to day observa-
tione, even in the most favourable time of year. ...
The Sub-Aesiqtmts i n~pect the fixing of the mark stones ; they a t the same time also Ax
in the several rays of the surroundu~g stations ar a guide for the flag lascar3 to place the
aperture of the vase which is used to soreen the light from the wind. I t frequently happen8
t hat I am detained an uncommon length of tirne a t each station during the hob months. Owing
t o the state of the atmosphere the flaga are not sufficiently discernable for observation, being
a t distanca of from 25 t o 40 miles, nor are the lights wen in all directions a t tlie same time.
Often ... I was able t o finish the obeervatio~is to a part of the stations in two or three nights.
When these dficultiee occur, the sub-assistant and myeelf relieve each other for aeveral
ni ght together till ultimately r ecoi m is had to blue lighta at those stations, in which case
a sub-assistent is dmpatched to inspect the burning of the blue lights at stated times by e
chronometer, he being furnished with 8 written rnemomndum of the intervals of each. ...
It is also worth reciting a most serious disappointment I experienced during the lest trip. ...
When I was a t ... Baugor, 1 availed myself of the opportunity of using the Great Theodolite,
deposited in tho magazine there [ 259 1, ... for its powers aro far superior to the instrument
in use [ 259-61 1. ... -48 the distanre was about 39 milea, I had recourse to blue lights for the
anglw. ... Though the blueligl~ts rmually burn for five minutea. I was able to see them for three
minutea with the telescope of the Great Theodolite with sufflcient light to see the wuw a t
t he name time, where- a person watching with the other instrument could but just discern
them only for one minuto through the dark telescope.
After the blue lighb. and by way of experiment. I also tried the vme light a t the same
place; it was seen sufficiently distinct for obaervation only with the telwcope of the G m t
Thealolite. ... I was able at another etation t o use the lmser inetrument and, the distsnoe
being about the m e , was able to take my observetiom with the vase light. ...
When I had to obeerve the third angle in the triangle. I was detained en unoommon length
of time, and never once had a glimpse of the vaee light during 10 nighta, and ultimately, though
I wen tried the blue lighte, I wee not able to me it with...the wirw et the aame time. ... Thin-
e i n l y a a d dhppoi nt mmt , and the comquenccr wes that I was induoed to abandon Ihab
a
-
f D h 171 ( 2714) . 20-8-24.
'These preasutio~ were probably not d In praotics More 1.380.
ThJLLur h Bmyth ( 396,888 ).
a t i o n and adopt another. ... I dare not venturo to uee a eupplemental angle in the p r w
triangles. 90 much iR the want of a telescope of ~ufficient power felt in thie splendid work'.
We have already referred to Lambton's interest in the mysterious variatiom
of refraction [ 11, 259-60 1, and Everest's discovery of the remarkable increase t hat
took place after sunset [ 235 1. We have noticed how perplexed were the nurveyors
~s to the correct allowauce for cornputi~lg heights of the snow peaks [ 11, 86-7;
III, 48 1. Everest records that comparison between wot and dry thermometer bulbs,
as a measure of humidity, was first suggested by Voysey ;
The late Lt. Col. Lambton's intended experiments of applying tho Hygrometer to t he
determination of...celwtial and termtial refraction seem ~luvor to have been carried into
etfect. I do not incleed rernembor any hygrometer ... in the late Lt. Col.'s posse3sion. excepting
one of those comtructetl by Captain Ketur whlch uftor. ..a short time ... was found...uselese .
My late lamonted friend. Mr. H. W. Voysoy. when he first jo ined...in 1918, euggedted ... en
ingenioirs rnodo of deterlnining the ... evnporntion by applying e piece of wetted muelin over
the bulb of a thermometer during tho tirno of observing terrwtial vertical anllea, but I oannot
hd...nny recorrls of thie hrtving been introduced into practioe. ... I w a ~ nover in the field with-
out tlmt gentleman until tho year 1822, an11 it wr~r not until the letter pert of ... t h~r t eesqon t hat
I thought it might be of ugo to introduce the above practice. Tl~ri f i r ~t observations recurding
the wet and dry t herm~me~ora bear date Netoli the 13th Jan. 1823, and mince that period
they have been continued with as ~uucll regularity IIE oircumatarlzea admitted. ...
In regard to Refraction in goncrnrl, there are no regular documents in my oEi ~a rec~rdi ng
observations mado upon t hk eubjoot by tho lete Lt. Col. Lambtan. There are some loose
and disjointed memorends in an old boxe.
The length of Lambton's base-line at Tfikarkhera, near Ellichpar, was about
379 chains, or over seven miles; the height of the south end was made 1226 -9, and
of the north end 1289.4, feet above the sea. Measurement was commenced on
6th January 1822, and, writes Everost, was made on the ground;
the chain waa stretched out by two small wooden capotans placed ono a t each end.
The
register heads were fixed on to plates of lead. ... imbedded into the earth, and the v e r t i d
angles ... were determined, as usual, by a transit instrument ... exactly in the alignment. ...
This method of measurement is remarkable for its simplicity, but is ... objeotionable on t he
hvo accounts ; that it iR not in nature to preaent a perfect flat other than in stcrgnnnt weter ;
and that the tenaion of the chain cannot always be the same when drawn out by the force of
the human arm applied to a capstan. But Colonel Lambton called these objections absurd and
pedantic. and used to say that any erron ... which oould thence ariae would be insignificant in
comparison with those which are inseparable from celeetial amplitudos3.
The length of the meesuring chain was carefully compared with that of the
ehndard chain both before and after measurement. The length of the standard
had been asoertained by comparison against Catmy's 3-foot brass scale at Hydes bi d
in June 1821 by the same means as used at Bellary in 1813 [ 11,257 1, and a aimiler
comparison was carried out a t Sironj in 1815, when Everest charged for
6 hbric of well-poliahed atone, 120 feet in length, and eupported by 16 pillars 3 feet high,
with square brasa marke soldered in at 6 feet diatauce from eaoh other, for ... comparing t he
etandard measuring chain with the brass standard scald.
The Sironj beee was measured on coffers [ 11,255 ] and wea just over 384 chsim
long, and Everest records that he attended personally t o every detail;
I hi d every register head, and every ooffer. and superintended t he driving of every piokel,
myaelf; I took the preoaution on every ooouion t o see that t he might eoted h l g on (be
IDDn. 173 (28-38). 18-11-26.
'to 80.. 8ept. 1824 : DDn. 171 ( 264 ).
a h . Evereat ( 21, 1- ).
'DDn. 172 ( 206 ). 13-1-23; of. Qeo. Everast ( 51-2 ).
ohain. I kept a oonstant supe~.intendence over the thermometers, ten in number, and left no
precaution luubttended to'.
The length agreed very closely with that brought up from TLkarkhera by triangu-
lation, but there was a discrepancy of over 6) feet between the bases of TLkwkhere
and Bidarz. This discrepancy was eventually put right by the re-observation of
the triangulation be,tween these stations during 1838-9. After computation of tile
northern section of the Great k o , a discrepancy of over three feet was found
between the Sironj base and that of Dehra 1)fin. On remeasurement of the Sironj
beee with the new compensatior~ bars, the measurement of 1825 waq found to be
2 -8 feet in defect, and on remetlsurement of the Bidar base in 1841 the &sore-
pency between Bidar and Sironj bases was reduced to 0. 36 feet. Everest was thus
entirely vindicated in his condemnation of the chain for base measurement ;
Foreigll mathematicians have always protested against the use of the ohain in delicate
measurements, chiefly on account of the difficulty of giving it, a t all t,imea, an equal tension-
t he impossibility of accurately ascertaining its temperature-and the diC6oulty of p r e a e h g
t he joints from r u t . ... The precautio~l of stretching the c h i n by n conetant hanging weight
was not nlways attended to by Lt. Col. Lambton. ... He sometimes measured whole bases with
aspstana managed by hmd to stretch the ohain, ... so here wu have prevailing the very 3 ce-a
most likely to be dreaded ss origin of errox3.
Everest further points out that, in spite of La,mbton'e recomputation of a11
earlier work in terms of the latest values of British standards [ IT, 262 1, i t ww
impoaaible t o determine the actual value of his unit, which vaned continually ;
Them are two eteel chnins. ... one ... used 88 a etandnrd, and the other for measurement,
... but in consequence of the effwt of nzst and friction the lengths of them have altered, and
frequent cornperisom with the brass standard scale have beoome necessary. ... The m- we
have inIndia of performing theae very delioate comparisons are inadequate ; ... besides this, the
brass standerd sct%le requirea to I J ~ compared with the latest parliamentary standard&. ...
The length of the chain resorved as a standard wss originally known only from the state.
ment of the late Mr. Ramsden to the effect t hat ho sat it off from his bar a t ... 60' Fahrenheit
end, aa this mode of setting off was nvowdly rude.. .in comparison with more modern methods,
... i t followed that even in the outset there was a sourre of uncertainty. ...
Intermediately, owing t o want of due preceution, the joints had become thickly covered,
and infect eaten into, by met, in... cleering away which the length of the standard of reference
waa lost for ever [ 11, 257 n.5 1. ... I am quite ~ u r a that ... the exact lengthe of all bases meaaured
prior to and including, that of Beder, never a n be referrible to the parliamentary or any other
Imown standard. ... In 1826 I urged the expediency of eending the chain used as a standard
h -England, that itmight be compared with t hePar l hent ar y standard, but my recommendation
wan overruled. Be e laat resource 1 pecked both chains in mutton fat, and left them to take
their chance in t he d in Agra [ 26, 2461.
On my return in 1830, one of my first inquiries waa as t o their fate, and they hnd hnrl a
vary narrow escape indeed, for, independent of other muses of injury, I found. ..that permission
had been given ...to... Lieut. Bailmu to une these very chai~m in the operation of certain route
surveys. ... I immdiutely withdraw this permieeion, of which fortulletely Lieut. Boileau had
not yet avnilal himaelf and, to prevent further accidents, directed both chains to be sent
immediately to Calcutta. On their arrival. I found to my abundant satisfaction that the
precaution I had used it packing had been effectual in preserving the steel joints from m t ,
... and therefore that both muet be in a state in which I had left them in 1825'.
In discu~sing the possibility of recomputing Lambton's work [ 239 ] Waugh
pointed out in 1849 that, with the loss of his unit of measure,
his work can never be uniformly combined with Colonel Evercst'a, in the sense that uniformity
implies to the scientific world. The subject of a eta~ldurd of measure was not understood in
those days in the same rigorous light as it now is, nor were the earno precautions considered
indirrpenaahle. ...
Cblonel Lambton's original standard was in fact a @tee1 chain, an implement incapable
of r e be d accuracy, owing to the impracticability of nacertaining its temperature, as well na on
nccount of the wearing of the joint and stretching of the linke. ... The joints beamme rusted.
IDDn. 342 ( 88 1. 28-12-37. ' Me r i di d Arc ( x, xli ) ; UT8. VI, A-vii ( xiii ) ; DDn. 342 ( 66 ).
28-12-37. 'Dh. 342 ( 88 ) %l2-37 ; of. Everest ( 192 ) & RT8. I ( 3.5-46 ). 4DDn. 171 ( 322 ), 2-3-2S.
'Hardly hir ; B o h u W M to measure 8 bRse for trinngulntion, DDn. 220 (247), 1-8-27 [ a6 11.61.
* DDn. 980
( 276-374); 304-38: pars. 141.
md Colonel Lambt,on was so diutrl~atful of its invariability tllnt he resorted t o e rompflrison
with a 3-foot braes scale by Carey, the length of which warr laid OR by beam cornpaaoeo.
Supposing that Carey's braes srale was in the f i s t instance a trustworthy Linear standard.
which ia by no means certain, as it is not known t o have been authenticated by direct com-
pariaons with other national standards, it. is clear that tho use of the beam compesees rnmt
epeedily have destroyed its original pretensions to accuracy.
The difficulty appears to me to be illsuperable, and the objection it in\,olvrs will a l wa p
attach to the old work, however carefi~lly the computations may be revived'.
All the angles observed by Lawrence and De Penning south of Pilkher [ 223-4.
232 ] were observed with an 18-inch theodolite which had a double oonicel axh for
use as a repeating theodolite [ 111, 259 1, but, writes Everest,
that method. whatever advantages it nay present in the mea~urement of one angle, is so very
incor~venient when three or rriore points are to be observed, that it. mas ne\.er employed ss sugh.
though the zero point w w rhanyeil for every 15 or '30 degree@.
Observatione from Pilkher nortllwards to Sironj, end those of Everest's western
branoh, were made with the large 3-foot theodolite.
For the accuracy of his horizontal angles Lambton trr~fit,ed to several ropetitione,
generally withont change of face, and invariably on one zero only. He gave
Everest the following instructions for working the great theodolite ;
The instzument was accurately adjusted at the Gardens3 for d i n g from zero on t he
limb without the neceqsity of turning the telmrope nvor, and the instrument half round in
azimuth, becanae t,hem is an error in the semi-circle whir11 ougllt to be divided, and it will be
more simple, and urifficiont~ly ecct~rate, to place tho wire of the micrometer t o zero on the semi-
circle, when the t,elescope ia prrfert,ly af l j t ~~t e~l . ant1 the level in broright parallel to the line of
oollimat,ion. 'rhia wan all clone nl t,lra Gnrtlens wit.11 the greatest care.
The regular changing of zero was introducecl by Everevt to counteract the
distortion of t.he horizontal circle cansed by the accident of 1808 [ 11, 241, 254 ] ;
The rewtoration of t,he limb had beeti so successfully l~roupht about that, between t,he read-
ings at one part of the limb an11 those 90' f r o~u them, trhere was a diffwence not exceetling 26".
whilst t,he intermediato dirisio~lq ~greecl rrtrelnely well, and gave nearly a mean between the
othew. If, therefore. t,he zero coultl be chunged a sl~ficient number of times, it waa a fair
aaal~rnpt,ion t,hat the errors wo ~~l d he ntlnihilntecl. ... I have arbitrarily assumed ... nine times
for the whole semi-circ~~m~erer~ce, by whicl~ nleana every t,wenty ~leg~.ec's have s~~cceaefully
conle under the micrometo~r [ 258 1.
At each change of zero the angle hw been observed twice, an11 in many cases four. five,
or more, tunes, and the nritlrmetiml mean nf all the readings ~t t,he 3ame pnrt nf the limb has
been taken RJ one observntion. ... Rut it frequently llapperw in observing by night ( parti-
cularly with blue lights ). that tlte a t ~ ~ l e is talten by parts by meals of a referring lamp. I n
this case it has a1wn-y~ bean my practice in me ~ u r i n g the corresponding part, to bring baok
the limb to the very same reading which t.he lanlp gave a t the measurement of the first part.
so t h L the ineqltalities of the limb ... migl~t bs allowe~l to have as litt,le inflr~ence as posjible. ...
Of the succwa which ha. attended these precnutionu a judgement will be best formed
from the colun~ns of ermr in the table of the principal trinngles ; and. M I...reject no observe-
tion which had been once ~ n d e . ... whether ... t.hey differed widelv from the mean or not. the
general mean of them aU i~ hem given.
But, that. no menns tuny be left, untried of exposing snch erron as might still lurk. ...
1 have taken frequent oppnrtimitied of cl.o*ing the sides of my trinngle~ diagouaily in vnrious
way^, so thnt the ... agreement of the side.^ comnlon to each m h t furnish en ell-pomrful and
irrefragable test of the degree of conj?dence to which the work is entitled. ...
In no cRne baa n,ny ~ n g l e of my serie* been left unme~sured. and ... the instrument has in
every inatance been placed over the centre of the stahion of observation'.
Between Taka1 Khera and Kaliaupur ... I waq in the fleld the whole time-I observed
all the terrsstinl angles myself with hardly an ex~ept~inn-I measured the bwe of \%ri6~.ntion
DDn. 40'2 ( 286-307 ), 15--1-49.
'GPO. Evemt ( 45 ). the French Oodena. Hydeniheded hmhton's
d m [ I 3 I . I r : I 2 - 1.
'Gw. Evecost, ( 47-9).
a t Neronj almost unaaaisterl-1 took nll the oheert.utiona for a ~ i n ~ n t l ~ and zenith distalwe at
both extren~ititw, end in the latter wit,lrvut relyil~g for ruwishnre on any ]lerRoll \vI~atever.
Tile triangulation was lmrformed entirely with the large t,hr+~~dolitel.
The eefier work of La\\-renc~~ and De Z'enning to the south fillet1 him wit11
di.strust [ 234 ] ;
J find on reference t r ~ thc c~riginal angle books ol'...Jlr. Lnwronce tni.rtukrn freql~el~tly occur-
-.
The means of t l ~e readings, &a well nrj t,he ~ n g l m detluced f i on~ t,h~In, appear to have
bee11 seldom or never riyc~r~~usly trrnnlule~l by t,wu tlistil~rt individuula ; t.tw genoral lnoan iu
not dmwn ~I YI I I I t.hr w1101e of t11e O I I R P ~ ~ U L ~ ~ I I S . Imt only fi301n uurl~ a..r were selmterl acl lihitton.
and the exce* or rlecect ill tile s u ~u of the :3 nnyles. uhi ~- h i l l xliito ornll I ~I I I I I HI I P I I ~ D will 11Iways
arise. iu thus nrl-~ibrarily 1nn11e legs UI ulq,ennlnt.e t.11e11 in reallit?.. ...
I may be told wlulst t . 1 1 ~~ c'ritici(linp t,he 11rrfi1rnl1111c.e of otllrm ~ I I I I I I I ~ I I ~ . I~omr. H I I I ~ that my
o~ra1.io11s ... a1.e just air lial?Ie to be fal~lt.?. nr t h o ~e tu tile ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t l l w f ~ r d . hut ... w far 11s 11111iimn care
and cn~ltion e ~ u l d l~revuil, I have p;l~arducl against, error ... nono of t l ~e ohjm!tiolw above urged
apply to me. fnr. . . I I~nvr io no cuae arbitrarily rejertml nn ~)h*ervntioll. but have always taken
the general ari t h~net i c~l mean without selec-tion or excq~t i on~-- ... I have divided the excess or
defwt ~ g g m b l y to the rule of prohl~ilitien-n111l ... l y angle I>OIJI<S 11ave Lllrn~~gllnut been
carch~lly cxaluined by two pernonu, and in p t pnrt by ~nj-aelr~.
Where posgible, .sttttion.s were n~arlred by cutting on ~ol l (l rock [ Ir, 267, 415 ] ;
otherwise by B markstone [ 245 1, with si~it,able pr e c ~~i t i on~ M thus de~cribed by
Olliver ;
\\+hen a etation is fixed 011 a prolninerlt det n(. l ~d I~ill, nothing remai ns...but the sinking of
a heaw sk~l i e eve11 wit11 the eurfaro, murkiny the position by insefiing a circle ant1 cnntre. ...
On an extensive flat, it then becomes necessary, ... to raise a plat,fvr~n of stone...to u height
snfficient to overtop tlle neiyhbouri~ig Rats. ... A 8~1)-cwslstant shonld ... fix a marked stone
even with the surface of the platform \!.hen finishnl, taking cam that the centre of t.110 stone
above should correspond with the center below. and in tho event r~f it being ~ ~ we ~ a a r y to
have the platform mlconuno~dy high, similar rnurketl ntorlcw are p l a r d between the upper and
the lower aa the work proceeds, unll t,his is nlwnya (lone with the great.twt possible nicety by
means of a ~)lnnib line'.
Tlle astronomical observations regularly taken were -for azimuth to determine
the meridian-for zenith distance to determine latitude, or differences of latitude6.
Regarding azimuths Evemt records that Lambton's common method
was t o measure the horizontal angle betweon the pole-etar a t the time of its greatest emtern
and western elongation and a referring mark. ... placed as nearly as could be done by con-
jecture in the direction of the me r i dk, the position of the lamp having been then ancerteined
relatively to one of the principal etations. ...
In ... 1822, when employed in carrying on the wentern series, ... it seenled to ma..waata of
time to wait ten or twelve days at a station merely to get a solitary observation a t night ; for
t he pole-etar is never obsemable in these latitudes at both elongations, except a t that period
of the year when the eun ia below the horizon at the time of each phenomenon. ...
It appeared to me, therefore, that the best mode waa to extend the same prinoiple to other
circumpoler Btars beeidea the pole-star. and accordingly since that period my azimutlm have
been made to depend on the angles of greateet elongation of. ..the three etam in the C~~eenwich
catalogue n-t the pole. Not, however. without considerable object,ion on tho part of the
late Lieutolent-Culonel who, though he had too much good seme to overrule me. upposed whet
he pronounced t o be an absurd innovetion. I argued in reply that, u~~providetl ey I wes with
any other time-piece than a common pocket watch, it was better to take aa my guide the
variations in altitude than t h d e of the hour angle. ... The reeult hes shown to Iny ~athfaction
t hat there is really no difference between the d e g m of reliance to be placed on the wimutll,
whichever of the three stars haa been ernployeda.
The relation between the angular difference of latitude as obtained by astrono-
mical observation and t.he linear distance as memured by triangulation gave the
' 80. to Guvt., 8CM-38; DDn. 288 ( P703i 4) . wee. 138-0. 'Such ncoopb~~ce of aorioeslg
aLovrJaot vbserrationni. not approved by all. v. Cd. Hev. I& ( 88 ). 8I)L)o. I i l ( 3 3 - Wb ), ;+9-5. 4 h m
OUirer ; I)h. 173 ( 28-36 ), 18-1 1-20. lor amplitude of arc. #Oeu. Evonnt ( 8 7 4 ).
essential data for deter~nuling the length of tile degree upon the meridien, and for
calculating the figure of the earth. To redurn to a minimum the effect of error mnd
unoertainty regarcling the plaoes and movements of the stars as given in avnilrrl>le
rntaloguea, it was Lambton's practice to observe the -me set of stars at each station.
In observing at TTlknrkhera, however, Ile overlooked the faot that the solithern stars
would no longer be avaihble further north, and Everest had lat.er to make a fresh
set of observations to suitable northern stars1 ;
A certain catnlngue of chosen stnm war mul e 11se of by the late Lieutenant Colonel Lambtrt~r
at all stations, ... br ~t when t l ~e meritlional uerim W&Y lbronght up to Tnkal K'hera. it nppehr*
that the declin;~tions of thonu which h~arl served in Ic~wur l nt i t ~~dw were rlow heyonrl the reru.11
nf the limb of t,he zer~ith sect,or ; and the few which were still within its lilnitq drow tho t nl esco~)~
111' to yo great IL cleviation fr~rm the zunith that the imlwrfoctions in the ~t r uct ur e t ~f t,lro
instrurnont became R prominent o1rje::t of nnxiety. ...
HRd it beell formeen, ... not.hilry woulil have 1-n ewier ~ I I I LI I to provide against such I &
1-ontinyency ; but 110 provisio~~ having been made, it fi~llnwerl that the excellent method ...
g,f cleternlini~l~ the ampliturle by ohserving the wme nhw a t b~rth ustrolnities of each s ect i o~~
mllst eitl~er be al>axrdone[l, or else Dnumergi(1da mu& hu \.iaite:l a uwon~i time, n proce~ll~re 1r11t.
only ... esreedu~gly vexat.io~~~s, h~~t...woll 11ig11 impractic~blu.
I t ... re~nainetl to det,ennine the coltntinl amplitu(1e hetwmn Daumergidda 8ntl Talial K'hura
by absol ~~t e latitudm ; n met.lv1t1 llc~i~btlaw ol~jectio~~trl)ln. I>eca~~ao the mu l t is liable to all the
errors of cataloqles. ... III tulol~ting tl~i* neth hod it I~tullm~o nececlsery to recompute the correc-
tions for Colonel Lambton's zenith ~l i st anca both nt 1)a~urnergitida ar~t l Punnm ; the former
hecatme theGreenwich catalogue of It102 ( which hall boen I I ~ througt~out ...[ r j d] ) wm inferitnr
to the more lnoclorn one of 1830; nnrl the htter, because the conatants of aberration nntl
rlutation had ~ultlergone solne altel.ation since 1809 nnd 1815.
I t has, h~~wever, bee11 an object to interfere ae little a3 possible with the Itrbours of Lieuten.
unt-Colonel Lulnbt, o~~ ; not clnly becau~qe it might IM ruther l ~mumpt i ous to correct what
IIIY venerahle l)retlecesaor hnd deernerl defl~itivo, but becnufie the latitudw and longitudm
tleterrninerl have been nclopted in tho Cnrruntion of the In(lian Atlas [ 282-6 1, and any chanye
in one point wo~~l d involve a corresponding rhmge ill all. .4n11 l~euce there will appear to be
two sets of lat.it111les ; one ... dduced from I.ioutenant-Colonel Lnmbton's ohnervntiom n~rcl
reaervo~l for googral~l~icn.I I)llrposes ; whilst the other, ~letermine~l by me, will serve na element3
in cornp~lt,ing t,ha figure of tthe eartha.
At KaliHnl~ur, near Sironj, Everest observed the sanic stars su he had a t Tlkar-
klieraa, in a special observatory built for the purpose [ 234, 245 ] ;
To avoid t,lro u~~ecl~~zrl attract,iolr of tlre higl~ lanrls, I was trbliqed to pbce the zenitll sot?t.t>r i n
a very eqrused situatitln, and the violonce of the winds whish prevnilsi tluri~lg the wl~ole tllin
amon I1n8 been sucl ~ that the observi~rg tent would not have afforded sttfficient protectioIl.
To adjunt this inst,rument with accurncy ... tho reflecting l11ntor11 mllirh illurninatas the wires
8hould he proterted f n m~ ugitsti~rn'.
A summary of La~nbton's contribution to knowledge of the figure of the earth
has given elsewhore [ 11, 262 1, and a full account of the deductions made
by him and Everest is contained in Everest's Arc of t k ~ Ue r d i a n ~ and in The Accoud
of the Operatiom oJ the Brent Trigorwmetrical Suruey of Indiae. Whilst on sick
leave in England Evelast worked out new values
fmm different pi ca of arcs in diffel-ent par& of the globe. From this u~vertigntion he illfernel
that "the direction of gravity in hnrdly any part of the surfwe r ou~o~das w~ t h the normal",
and comquently that small arm were objectionable. ... hi nq lial~le to be burdened +tll
erron, in the determination of thou amplitude, which might greatly excoed the error3 in the
measurement of their length. 130 c o n e i d d the most trustwortl~y of tus com~r i nons were
thoae obtained from the longast arcs, viz.. Puma-Kalianpur and Formenbra-Omlwirh. ...
They made the semi-axw of the m t h to be 20,922,931.80 feet and 20,853,371.88 feet
respectively, mrci the ellipticity 1 ; 300.80. T11eae. ... which am known tu " Everest's Constn~~ts.
IQTS. XI ( 7 ). SQnn. Everent ( 1-3 ).
'374 observations st Tliknrkhero. %dB s t Ilsliinpur ; in tile
end Tiharkbere h and zonitl~ distsnwa were dinm111rnI. and Bidsr-Sironj t-ted em one section.
4 D U ~ .
171 (310). 14-2-18. h ( h ~ . Evereat ( 103-16 ). '(77'8. 11 ( 125-7 ) & VI ( 1-7 ).
He t11e11 organized a party to take obnrrration~ & ' for fndir~g the length of the
pendulnni at the equator ". ant1 on the advice of Sir Ntmnfortl KaMea [ 11, 4731
ao~l t it to t,he inlands lying off the west. coast of S~~r uat r a.
Two experiencetl arreistant surveyors. .John Robineol~ 11. 1 4 1 4 , 3j2 ] end
Peter 1,awrerlce [ IT. 346, 351 ; [ I l , 3791, were to make the ol)servation* ; two
British byarrant oficers held charge of t,he ntores, and they harl a lindnl rind nine
lwcar* to help. For cl~arga of the trxpetlition (:olclingliam askcrl for an oficer
with a regular ncitrntitic: ed~rcat.ion, ... with n l ~nhi t of overcoming difficl~ltiea ...
and a power of co~nmantl". HH wna given Jolin (:rial), who had been s t the Military
Institution [ 11, 321 1, who attentlec( the Observntory for preliminary training.
Tlir party elnl)arked 011 t,he ,tfornitry S111r ou the I:lt,li hfarch 1822, and after a
passage of 34 clays lancietl at. Fort hiarlhorough near Benkulen on 16th April.
After ob~orvation* there, t.11ey spent .111ne nntl July wailing from 0110
inlnntl to another in search of the one lleerent to the ~t l nat or. They eufimd
stormn-earthqi~nkks-- sea-sicknsas. Ry I)ec.enlber t,he>. I~atl tiuetl on the inlencl
of (:a~~nrah Lout'. I ~i i t t , ~ o monthw Int8er hatl 41 visit froin
t , h r ~ or tlie wa\.ege inhabitcrnts of these part*. who rsme l~ere U I I I I F ~ t l ~n [>refence. or f ~ ~ r t,he
T MI ~ ~ I C , ~ ~ , of tidii~lg. got i nto the large tent, and hook fro~n ~ I I ~ I I < W tl ~n t.rmnsit in3trllrnent.
~zimutli ronq,nw*, cirrulnferer~tor. an11 a small box belonging to Captair~ ( ' ri ~p, thir~kinq, en i t
woi~ltl nlqtrnr. tl~nt the brasa part8 uf the i~lrrt.r~r~nents were gollL.
Fo~Zun;ttely the Hurvey wns already cornplete~l nntl the pendulnm apparatus
W - ~ R not touchetl. On the I:%th TTebruary Robinson and Lawrence commenced
obnervatioua with the pel dul u~n, eacll t,aking separate 8et.s. These were completsd
by the Nt.11 March, as well as those for l ~t i t t ~cl e. After observatione st other
p~i nt ~s, they re-assemble~l a t Benkulen 011 9th ..\pril, and arrived hack et Madras
on 4th ,June IN?:!. After checking and analping t,ha results, end "by combining
the TAondoil with the Madras experiments, and t,aking the length of the pendulum
at tlie eql~ator cledocect fron~ the Cieuneah Lout, esprimonte", C4oldingham found
t,lle ellipticity of t,he Enrth to be 1:JI)H.RI. r,t~wrrilce'tr training under Lembton
llatl not been in vain [ 11, 346 ; 111. 378 1 ; his obw~.vat~ions were b'very Llnmerouu,
and so good t.hat very few intleed were reject'etl on acm~ult, of ... differing from t.he
niean".
Robinson's ren11lt3 were not wo good.
(:oltliilghanl'w pr~blial~etl reportQivee full tletailo of 811o h r v e t i o u ~ n11~1 their
comp~~tations, with a most intereating account of the expedition, and maps and
viewa of the i~lentls end r o u t of Su~nnt~ra:'. t'artirularly intereating i* a coloumd
sketch of tlie island of C;a~~nsah Lout. shewing tllr observatory and encampment-
four Englishmen in felt hst,s. blue costs. :~nd white t,rouilers-heavy trees end
large tenta. '. This ialantl is 365 feet long by ?oO feet b md sntl ia about I I feet
above low water. Tide is 9 feet rise and fall. ... Well of fresh water 7 feet cltwp"6.
Evered took pert, in norno pendulum experilnents whilst. in England during
1829, ant1 brought, out a pair of Katc?r'# intnunents, but never fount1 opportunity
to use them.
Lembt,on's general view wee t,hat, every 4 mouths in the tield required 8 months
indoor work [237]. At the time of his d0et.h there were heevy armera of mob
intloor work both for the Great Arc end for Kverest'e .. wesfern series ", end the
'computations and report* had to be closed I)?; Everest [ 2- 56] . During 18.23 De
Penning was occupied at NBgpur with the computation of his own trrisnguletion,
and of Lsmbton's observations a t TBknrkhera :
The errors. ..in my c ~l c ~i l at ~on nf R~laria nrlae prt l y [ I - ~ I I ~ Lhe d~fferencea of our Tablw,
and tlre mode of calrt~lation atlnpted ~cronl i ng to C'III. Lnrnhton'e instmctior~s. Thr Table as
Ilat. 0' 1 ' bY'.B S. ; long. ((:oldi~~~barn's) I)YJ 4;' &.
y':olcli~~gham ( I-JW) : UBO Lilz W 1PA
l i b. ( pl. 16 ) gmgl. map. Ill m. to lncl~. *healnu nll place* v~ritrd from 0' 3.5' S. to So 40' S.
ai b. ( pL 11
GREAT ~ ~ I OONOMPTRI CAL SURVEY UNDER EVEREST
have'in Lhe officu I;lr t he stat* 'i* ( ~ f I I very early date. ... t t ~ t he I~eqi nnb~g of' 1H00, ... Cul,l 1
hsa bmrh in us0 l i o~u the comn1twcelnent I I ~ tho survey 125.3 1. Uut Col. Lalrtbt,on lately gave
me I,hc right. nsreuait)r~. kc,.. 111' Pol~~l.irr t'r411n a. tublo of' ZWI I ' ~. ... t he Iwgitu~i~lg 01' 1822. ...
'I'lie diffen~nrfu i l r t.11~- 'ISol)le *...will i ~ ~ ~ l r r ~ . ~ ! Ine t.0 n~lsl~ond my ~ ' u I ~ . i ~ l t ~ t ~ i ~ ~ n for tllo #tllrd
... till 1 IIIII 1'avourc~d wit11 l'\trt,l~tv it~*lr~ic,t.itms ~ ' ~ O I I I j ~ I I I , ... s-I1el.11t.r 1 a1111 I t , !tsv t11c1 t.ubloh lls
given in tile Snut.it*al :lIn~ar~~rnc tor 1R12. ... I In~nmhl~- 11% you will ... favau~r Itre with st1111o p1-11l)e~
ndo ant1 nxn~~~pl e s r,.~r aw1.11 t,Ilth s111ri t)i* ,,orrt,t,tt*.l. ... f t ~r 1111tut.io11, nl~nrrut io111, ; IIIII
e q a t r ! I i t t i n I r t I I I ~ I I I I . 'l%e v~, ~. re~. t, iou fell. tlle Inttel* \vnr(f I I P V ~ ~ ~l l ~pl i e~l
by us.
I n tha. mesn\vliilo I 4iall 110 g81i11g OII with t.lm ncrc,t>ntl~try tZriu:lgles'.
Oncc fiold work \Fit$ rcstr~rtcd i r r Octobor 1 WI there was little t i n ~e for coin-
putat,iona, a.1111 i t wnp orllj- wit11 difficulty t hat El-crewt war able t o meet the 8ilr\-oyor
Genernl's rcqi~est. for copies of Lambton' s rcl~ost~s. To a ca.11 for t l nt i ~ for MatIra*
topogrn~hic:bl sl i l . ~e, ys he pleatled t ha t his sub- assi ~t nl l t ~ were
aid>- orenvorlietJ. unal I ha\-u I~efore me t l ~ o msclsurernent df a bu$e lit~e. t he obnerviltiorrs of
zenith tli~t~anccw, transit.^. and rirc~nnpnlar sttar azimllt,lt*, \\41ivlt will ocoupy Ine a1111 all I I I ~
people ... from t he hegiluling of Sq~vr. until tho 19lrcl OI L' Febr u~r y. When them ~rce finishell I
have ~ I I calary clown a ~ ~ r i e u ot' prinripnl trinngls9 I'CI>III Reronqo I,O meet my oltl poinLx pn the
Nurbutlduh, a11c1 anor t.llat LO provoed nt>lutherly t ~ ) .4gra2.
Be malrsged. l~owever, to rccruit a Bengali writer "on a sal ~t ry of :lo .a. rs. in
quarter8 and 10 when travelling", t o help ill copying t he reports, and obtained
sa~l ct i o~l t o t he pro~iljion of an office t ent of siich size and dimensions
es to admit of its being pitched ( ~ I I the tops of roclis and rnol~nbainsa. ... \Vitllout nnd, much
time is lost hecru~se 1 csnnot Itolil rep~ltu. ufflce in t he field. I ?rlloulcl not be so anxious...
were I perfect in health, but an 1111 in\-t~licl I require privacy, H I I ~ t ~ m o t , HB fttrnmorly have the
celculatiom r u d e in my o m tent4.
He had lnade b u t little progress on thoso arrears before ~t s r t i ng for Ci~lcutta ;
The Report canuot be made .ant iumLil...the c~lc~~lntions...are..are byought up. 'l'hia will be the
work of Inany ~nont hs, and from t he state of my Ileulth it is impossible fur tne bo undertake
i t at present [ 246 1. ... \Vitlt 1.egart1 ~ U I t l ~ e untinisllal Report of t,hn late Snl ~~ri nt endent , ...
ouo rc~py i;s nearly written fnir alltl only I-oouires t o be erat~linod. \Vant of ~ ~ f i c e arrshnce,
ant1 t he ~r ( i vi t , y of my late operuLiona, have prevented more pr ogms being made, as neither
my time, nor Mr. Olliver'u, coudtl I~nve been devotetl t o t hat object without h~sing the
favourable season in the field. ,411 t he tlocumonts am ~l ndor charge of Jlr. Olliver, who
1st Sub-Assistant is oficially responsible for t,hem6.
Soon after arrival in Calcnt,ta, he reported t hat
t he 3rd and 4th vols .... were for\vardecl ... in January 1818 [ 11. 264 1. The 5th end 6th volumes
will contaui ... original data an well as t he ralculationa cirawn from them. ... One copy of that
Report [ 6th ] ia (.ompleted, and remains only t o be rigorously compared with t he data and
cnloulations. The latter were made during t he lifetime of t he late R~~perintenclent, and have
ell,..bwn gone over by two pernoma. ...
The 6th volume iR complete, all but the Article 230, Swtion 42rmd, ancl the ill 11rndix~. 'I'lie
former of these king a scientific paper I had iutended t o reverve fttr a. fr~turu trnaminatioo. ...
The appendix contain8 the, alphnbeticul Table of Lat i t ~~cl es and Longitudm, ... us also Llle
Elevation8 and Deproscliuns, w11ivl1 have been ~~nl cul ut e~l . ... l' hc Plaua ro~lllectacl with thb
work ... will comprise all t,ho operation between the Kiatno ant1 God~vory rivers. ...
The aeriee on which I was engaged between Lho midtlle of Oc t ~~be r 1822 anci the lattor end
of Fel>rllar?; 1823. ..wan b r o u ~h t up as far as t he neigllbourhot~d of Sl ~~~l al i c~or , h t ~ t t he confilsioth
conwyuent 1811 1.l1e dent11 of n ~ y Iattt mut e r ... ~v~lclered it iulpo~aiblo for me to 11r1,cmtl 12361. ...
Tl~irj rorien i n pt~rticr~lnrly valunhle ...( even i l l itu nnfinishocl ~l a t , e ). I~ri.uusu it will rnlite the
mr vq- a made under t he late Captain Garling with t he Ud n r boao. ... Tho original data. ie
all very rumplete, and aU the corrections for the rircnmpolar at.ur ~~bs e ~- vt ~~i ona , 97 in tiiunber,
on which t he azimuths dapend, lm\re been accuretely calculated by myself an11 Mr. Ollivers.
He wes allowetl to take t o England extra0t.s and copies from his own observtt-
tiona, but t,he originals had t o be left in the Sunwyor General's oiiicu [ 246 1.
From these copies he worketl up t he account of tho 5th and Atli sectioi~a of the' nrc
'toEverest I(ML28, L) DI I . ~I ( ~O~- I U) . 'L)Dn. 171 ( 284) . .Sap&. 1824. ~L)DII. 171 ( 271) . 20-b-21.
'DDn. 204 ( 128 ), 1512-24. 1)l)n. 03 ( 144 ). "5-26. ETS 5, sd. by Lau~bt o~~ ; isa~~cd and countornd.
b Evereat. 1832 ; 10 Cd. ( O ) ; QBO. l'omp. G 616. Q 116. ''N A ; contain. nppx. Evercst'd reri~a 1(1?2-:) ;
bu~ing'm trimnglea Raiohur 1Blt)-i, nnd W. bonier NizOm'e dominion^. 1r)lU-20 [ 117 1 ; ifisttnl and acl. by
Event IU3A. 10 Col. ( I1 ) : GBO. (L~rnp. O 6/6. Q 116. 8 1)l)n. I71 ( :#ill ), i--!)-25.
Additinnnl instromentr. helonging to the Quarrter hfe~ter aeuerel's r)epnrtment:
3 small Theuddiles,
2 ha e s of 1)maing Instruments,
3 Gunter's scales. 2 twelve-inch parallel rulers.
1 Sextent, 3 Cirouhr Rotrectotn.
2 fiftwn-inch pnrnllel rulerr, 2 braes LOO-feet Chains, with pirkete.
Unserviceable instrumente; 2 bnrorueter, 1 theodulite, u nrxtent.
Note.-1. I n the r e t ~ ~ r n or instruments, fomarclecl ... on t,ho Yth October 11123, (5 thermo-
metern were inserted by lointake ; :l of the six were broken in the 1>11blir service in Febnrary
1822. and t.hem nre IIIJW only three UI store.
2. In all the returns hit,llertr> finwanled only lr11r br ~s a standard scab h a been illserkl.
There nre however two. 0110 of which was received fro~ii the late Capt. Garling'.
The Great Theodolite was used by Everest on his wmtern series in 1822, and also
on his ht er triangulation up to Sironj. On his return to Hyderkbiid after L a m b t ~ ~ ' ~
death. 11s sent c,ert,ain parts down to Madras for repair:
I prefer llle tine-tlrawn silvor wire to anything elm, especially for t,lle micrometer. ... The
wire should be of adeqrrate thicknem t11 cover the (lot on the limb. b~r t t, l~e lighter you mn put
it the barter. It is usual, I b o w, t o nee the fino golden robwel~ which the upidera in these
jungles weuvr no st. beautifully, but it is not so good for night ~>bnervat,i<maa.
The poor old instrument had a fortune escape two year8 later ;
A very disevtrol~r accident ~~ccorrml hem on the of the 10th. the corlsequencas of which
pill detain me fur some days. About 9 o'clock a. sudden .storm rr~mme~me(l, acco~npauied by
hail and rain. and the violence of the wind was ao peat. that, n~>t,hing could resiat it.
All my
tent,s were bloa-n to the proru~d, and some of then1 were to1.11 to 11ieces.
The large Theodnlite was on its atand ready for observing. an11 was overthrown by the
falling of its tent, though t,he latter waa fastened I>y double rnperr. nntl ten of my people were
stat,ioned t o hold them. Fortunately it has received no other injury than t he breaking of one
of the lower screws which I have the m a ~ w of repairing, I ~ u t I lament to add that one of the
beautiful Troughton barometers u-l~ich stoorl in t,he tent wna completely crushed, and that
I have little hopes of being able t.0 restore it without sending it to Calcuttaa.
Everrst suggested that he should take it home with him for thorough restore-
tion. hut i t was decided better to indent for new in~trumonts altogether ;
The large Theodolite met wit,h a very serious accident...in the Tanjore country [II. 241,111.
239 1. from ... whirh it never has recovered, and never can, without undergoing a thorough
repair under the hands of n first-rate artist. The late Lt. Col. Lambton succeeded, it is true,
... in approxin~ating it t o its former state, but t.here have ever sinre been great irregularities
in. ..the limb, and the anglecr taken with it differ so much inter ar, that common accuracy in
not to be obtained without frequently changing the zero [ 251 1.
I n the beat days of this beautiful inattmment, 3 or 4 obeewations were deemed sutacient
to determine an ar~glea with wrrectnese, and the zero was seldom changed above once, if at
all ; but eince the crash t hat the limb received in the Dekhan' it has been found neoesesry to
change zero 9 or 12 times, and t o take a me.m of 18 or 24 observations. ...
The different clime tes... have werped the mahogany stand and table, and upper freme, so
much t hat it cannot bo adjusted without great difficulty, and will hardly preserve its level
for t.he pa c e of 20 minutes. The delicate screws of the levels are all more or less out of
order from continual use ; the mahogany rim to which the lower clamp is fixed has in some
place yielded, and the dots whicl~ mark the tlivisions are, from frequent cleaning and the
effect of. ..dust, ... in some parts nearly erased, and in others entirely sob.
It was put away in store a t Saugor, and was once talren out by Olliver in 1826
[ 248 1. Everest found it there on his return in 1830 ;
I recommended in 1825 that tl~iu old umtrment nhuuld be sent to Englantl to be renovated.
It may be doubt d, however. whether any artist of celebrity would have an-filling to say to
such a procedllre, for it was in a. wdly ricketty ronclition and. ns it was depoflited at the time
of my departure in 1826, so I found it on my return in 1830. ...
I had...farniliarized myself with the finest instrument8 of the day, and gone through the
wurkahopa of the ... moat celebrated artists of c i vi l i d Europe ; my taste. ..had undergone a
thoroi~ph change. and my old aoquaintance certainly did make but a sorry display. ... Its
dimtorted limb, ita wooden framework. ... patohed up with an iron plate on which the marks of
t he original injury were still apparent ; its mahogany 4-legged stand and table, cracked ... and
'DDn. 171 ( 1.56 ). .Tan. 1824. 'to Geo. Gordon & Co.. Msdr ~. 22-.%2R : 1)Dn. 171 ( 413 ). Sib.
( ale ). 12-?-25. ' prssumebly on 10-226 ( a up) . 'ib. ( 322 ). 2-3-26,
fm111 nauly n hard duy's J C I I I ~ I I ~ ~ . a11 wt wl trgeinst ita good l oob, n11d i t wlrs a *llbjer:t
of nlvprirw, ~ I I mu 11ow I coalcl 11eve managell with UII apprrrnt.uo so crazy1.
The wonderful old tlloodolite wire renovat,ed by Barrow in Calc~ltta, ~rlcl then
reglilsrlg rl sd on principal trianguletion until 1860, and is now Dn honouretl exhibit
in the S l l ~ e y Inuseurn in Dellra Diin.
The 18-inoh Circ~lltlr Instrument was obtained from the M1~lra.8 obmrvatory to
replme a private one belonging to Lambton that had been ~ o l d to the N B w r
Government. Lamht.on's i ~l s t r ~~mcnt h ~ l been used by Lawre~lce and .Do Penning,
rind probably also t)y Everest on his advent,urons work of 181W20 ; for he tlesoribm
it aq " 1111 oIt1 fricmtl a,rid fellow traveller" [ IT, 254 ; 111, 229 1. T t wrsn one of a p i r ;
C',,lonel L>~~nl ) t <~n 11nlnrrr1 frt, ~n C'uroy 1111 i n ~ t r u l n e ~ ~ t which combined the tulvs~ltep(w of
the 'l'heotll,lite nnfl ZonitJ~ Sect,l,r, wl~ich he r~v-eiveli u1 1810 or 181 1. ... A uilnilar one lvna nt
t.ho rulrlln ti~rro roceivml by C'olo~~ol JirrnrclY, tt1e11 Q~~;xrter M~s t e r (41.llernl, nn~l WIIY by him
dinponecl of t o <; ~bvern~ne~~t ~, rultl in now 1111l~ud in t he i ~hqer\ . at ~~rg [TI, 1961. ... The prico
1s t he rrnme. tho ncljustmor~t. enrry. aml, us it ooml~intw every rrqninit,e for t, rigono~n~trical end
~t , m~i r , mi cal ~ ~ h n r v a t i o ~ ~ s , it mnclrrx un,v ot.hor i ~~r t , r ~l ment coml~letely ~ t n n w e ~ ~ n r y ~ .
As Lamhton'e i~lstrr~rnent. conltl not he recovered fro~rl Nitgpur, where it wm
wantetl for Ktowart'n nurvej- [ 91 1, Evrrest askotl Co l ~l i ~l g l l : ~~~~ for tho twin ;
Yo11 will 111ivr I I R R ~ I ~ ... of the di ~ut l ~ of the poor 11111 CIIIOI~UI. ~111il of Illlo lnntlller in whic:h my
operntionq have beon ulnho.rrwed by ... Mr. \[ortoll, cme of the ~ ~ x ~ ( : l l t O ~ . ... ~ 1 1 0 hiw sold off all
. t he I ) r i r ~~t e il~strumonts ... ernl~Ir)ye~l in t,lre service of Covernmollt [ z j 7 -Y 1.
I am. ... rn11c-h tlist~.caw~l I)y tlltr want of ulstrtllncnt,~ nn~l , c~~lculzat.inq on yonr love of
science, venture t,o apply ~ , I I ynrl. ... YIILI hevo UI your obsorvutory I L Kopnoting Circulnr
Instnunel~t,, the exact co~~rltel. [~urt of thnt, ... sold by 31r. 3Iorton, frrrnisheJ with two ~nil:rolnetenr
for t he hori7.ontaI limb, itncl a vert.iouI u.*t.ronomical circlo. l~lao wit.11 t,wo nricrornekr*. I t doas
not appear ... n~leqnnte to your clelicnte oh*nrvations, nor in1lm11 tn 110 ;ct 1x11 the khltl of i ~wt nl -
mal t you reqllire, but it ia pt~rticultrrl>- well nrhpted to my purllose,acb that, if you cnn possibly
JI'RW it ti, mo, you will ... (lo tho gretltost service to o w a s t a l ) l i ~l ~~ne nt ~.
Bt the same time he made officinlrequest to t,he S~~r r eyor General, 19th Sprill823,
and another through the Resitlent at, HyderBbLd, sopport,etl by a private appeal ;
I have mnde bold t o 114lclm yon in 11 puhlio letter, and ... tharo id yome little i r qul ar i t y in
ao doing. ... An npl)licet,ion uf t,hin nat~um should by right tSrnvel :~lon# t he bronrl highway of
regmlar h l l n i n ~ ~ ~ ; ... it aI10111tl k t be ~ r ~ l ~ ~ n i t t , ~ r I hy rno t,o t he Sur vq~or (4ene~1.I ; next by him t o
the Government t h r o r ~ ~ h t he Swrobnrv ; then xgitalarl ul Council. & so forth. But. alea, hope
del~ayml lnaketl~ t,he IIHHI-t sick ; it u-ill ... have to p~by tho urrut~l tolls of delay tat. e~lcll turnpike ...
and t,he relief will arrive so I I L ~ , ~ . if ~t oll, as t o be little n1101.t 111 ineffectlln16.
The official request to t,he Surveyor General passed through the proper channels
with all speetl, thorlgll Met.cnlfe's direct appeal to tho Gover~lnr. w w speedier still,
and tho instrument reached HytleAhld early in June [ 261 lo. Ererest only intend-
ed it for secondary triangles, but on his departure for England it wss the only
ht r ument available for OlLiver's branch series to Culcritta. and proved b-y no
means worthy for H I I C ~ an import,ant tmk [ 261 1.
A valuable a~tronomical ulatrument, a ze~litll micromet.er by lhllond, reached
Calcutta on Lambton's order.cluring 1823, was p~~rchctsod from his est,ats by the
Surveyor General, and became one of the most uuefrll of the illstnlments nlnintained
at the Surveyor Genernl'n srnnll ohservetory [ 187-8 1. 1t;q hill of lading rend under ;
1'0 Colonel Lnmhton London, 59 St. P~ml ' s ('h11r14r Ynnl. 24th 511a1.t.11 l80:#.
IJot,. of G. Dollonll, Opticinr~ to His >Iaj e~t y. Hin RoynI H~PIIIIH~.; t.110 Dllke of C: I <I ~~C~: +~B~~.
an11 Jlnthenratir~~l I~mtrurnent >raker tr) the Hc~n'ble Boilrcl of fi~rt, n~n. ;. etc.
A Zenith JIicromet,or. nlnde t c ~ ordor, and 1111011 t he principle rec-a~tnmencllr:l by 0 ~ ~ t .
Kuter. \pith t he ~) l ~l mh lino in t.he crelltro of ~noliorr, t he telascopa of six ftwt fo~~trl longtll with
an apertore nf 3 C 1 ill1.11~. .A st.rony nlneatoninns stiuld. 10 foet in Ilnight, urlrl oven. I.equidite
sdjuntment, with chiplirnte aets I I C sc:rewa end o y o - t n h , one bobbin of fitre win, for the
mirmmeter, nnrl ~evernl for t he ~) l un~l ) line. Tho whole pltrkml ill IL nt.rt,lly tlrucl h ~ ~ , rnit,h two
l.llrrirlio,~nl drr ( cis ). ?.Jolln Mn~lro [ 11. IN n.4 1. ' f i ~~m 1Lithlcll. 1.i-10-17 : nDo. lill
(50.
'YL)n. 91 (271 ). 2-4-24.
(31ar.ler BlotcnlfeL 12 u.10. 11711.71 16-1-3. DDn. li:! (31)).
Wffioinl rormspondonar har~lly f:rrr.; q~~irker in the 20th century ! ! !
'\I'm. Ro~lrrick. Dakt? crf c ;lourt*lkr
&Edinhurgh ( 1778-lH34); hro. to i ; ~ul . 111.
'Jol~n Smr~ton ( li24-!12?: FRS. : Civ. Engr. : dtbaiwetl 3nl
Eddptonn ligbtllt~tlm : DNB.
looh, handles. etc. an ohservulp plune. etc. Pontl's Cat al o~ue of 400 stars [ 184 1. 2 P m b
Cmee. ... f280. Directerl tn tho care of Jlewrs. I)avidson, ltohert~lon & Go.. Ualcottal.
Though its purohaae was sanctioned "for the use of t l ~o Tripnometrical SurneyU,
we do not find that i t waq offered to Everest, who might have been glad of it%.
One of the few recoveries made from the sale of Lambton's property wee "a
valuable Astronomicel clook by Earnshew" [ 254 1, which Evereat found
comidernbly out of order. and hl consequence of tlln warping of the rnnllogtuly finme, it has
becolne of late entirely useless. [ put it up thiu netlflon nu IL~IIRI. but it *topped of itself before
it had gone fnr 12 houn, and after relmated trinln I RRVO the ceae up as altogether hopel&.
He went on to ask that a11 the more important in~trurnent, ~,
the large tl~e~xlolite, tllo zenith sector. tlie aat,n~tiolnicul clook, the t a l l chrilia, nr ~d the b r m
standard ecnle, be vent to Errgland UI order to 1111dergn u thorouglu repnir and co~nparison
under the 111,nd~ of t l ~ e Ar t i t s employml by the Hon'bb Compuny. ...
Tliere instnun~elita have now been ~i pwa r d~ of 20 ywa1-s 011t of the rneker'e lmndu ; ... they
have ptreaed throuugh n variety of climateti. nncl beeti t*spo~etl to yrettt vicimitude~ of -on
and chanpw of temperat,uwe, ant1 whwl it ie furtl~nr conui dml l 1 1 ~ very ~nui ut e the quantity
is, which is the object of thwe slllenditl operationrr to ~letect.. 1 Iulmhly hope t,llnt my recom-
mendation will sppear to Im warranted4.
Goverrunent did not agree that they YIIOIILCI be scnb out, of the country [ q o ,
2581, for that would prevent all progws on the survey until their return ;
On the other henrl, by contiuuu~p t,he survey with the 11rcrrelrt ... inetrumenta, ita p r o g m
will be unimpeded, ant1 tlie services t ~f the estnhliulnnent not lmt to the State, while, by for.
wadi ng an indent on t l ~n Holi'ble CI I I I ~ ~ , ... we hall in due time receive, tlot only e complete
set of inatromenta, ... hut tlerivo all the RdvantR~ps to be nxpo~t~od from the I I I I ~ A ~ O I ~ B improve.
ments whirl1 ere daily taking plnce in t,l~eir comtruvtion.
As... the estronomic!al clock iq entirely ( ~r e l w, it may lm I)rought to Celrntta to he repaired
or sent home, ... hut. with this ex~ept ~i or~. ... yo11 will cl i mt Captnin Everest, ... to deposit
the hst.rurnentd nndur the ~ . I L Y ~ O I ~ ~ of tlitl 11rin~il)aI sthff oficer a t Sago$ [ q 6 . 2501.
Two barometers ~,liicll came out on Lnmbton'n order were purchased by Everest
on Government accour~t,, nl ~t l he charged a further Itri. 100 for their dispatch "by
khossid, ... to avoid os much ILS pounihle any accident th& these valuable artioles
might meet with on the road". He also reportctl that
both of t l ~ e ctlrolio~neten...receive~l aolnc injury Iwt yaur in the rn~~ulntains, notwithtunding
... the precaution of nlwuys carrying them in my owu palanqueen. 1 sent them both to 3Iedre~
t o be repaired hy JIaasm. Cmorge Gordon & Co. [ 258 n.2 1, b i ~t thej- were delayed betwee11
Nagpoor and Hoosangabad on their return, and did not reach me until long after T had com-
m e n d my zenith distnncem. In thia exigency I applied to all my acquaintances within 100
miles...and ... met with one by Burrow, which n frieud...let me have for 350 Sicca Rupees. I
have never made any charge on this account, but now that I am ...q uitting the department, I
hope I may ... t.ranefer the chronometer...to Government a t tho price I paid for it. ...
The Great Trigonometricel Survey is very ill aupplie~l'with chronometers, there be i q hut
two, one of which ( an old-fnahioned piece of meclmism by Hure ) i~ absolutely worthleea,
and the other a. mall pocket watch by Arnold by no meam euperinr of its kindo.
An account of the new instruments which Everest brought out from England
in 1830 will be given in a later volume [ g, 242 1.
lhmbton'n Banker. & .4gente. PBMC. 4-12-23 ; DDn. 107 ( 114-5 ). .Another olock, by Barraud,
bought at hmbton'a sale by I)c Penning, sne keeping excellent time in Old Court Ho. St., Cnlouttrr, 1937
[ 11. 394 1.
'DDn. I71 ( 828 ). 2-3-28. ' DDn. 201 ( 63 ). ,5448. 0 DDn. 171 ( 403 ). 9-9-28.
GREAT TRICONOMETRICAL SURVEY, 1823-7
NAGPUR TERRITORIEB
Detail in black shows work of the Grrrat Trigonometricel Survey
1823-7, with the Grsst Arc in thick lines, M extended by Evereet
northwardm to Sironj [ 242-61, and the Calcutta Longitudinal Seriee
os m i e d &war& by Olliver [ 261-4 1.
The map in brown is reduccul fm~m one compiled a t Mdr ae in 18 I4
[ 11, 276 n.6 ] and ite diecordance fmm the C.T.S. and modem malls
illuetratm the danger of oompilirag m a p fmm mute surveys and
aatmnomicel control alouo [ 226. 278 1.
It wae to check such uncontrolletl mnpping thet tho poets of Sur-
veyor General at Bombay an11 Madrea were aboliehed in 1.416, and the
Surveyor General o i Indm alone t n d e responeible for one general mtrp
[ 274 1. I t waa later ruled tbat no survey wlra to be incorporated in the
quartet-inch Atles of Indin thnt wen not b md on, or truly adjusted
to, the Cmt Trigonornetrim1 Survey [ 283 1.
CHAPTER XVIII
CALCUTTA LONG1'I'UL)INAL SERIES & OTHER TASKS
Calcutta Longitudinal 10erirs. 1825-30 - Dr. Voy.*ey, Oeologist to C. T. S. . 1818-24
- Other Geological Szcrveys, 1817-28 - Viuutil l el sgmph, 1817-38 - Natural Histo y
- Meteorological Observations.
I
N his account of the Calcut,ta Longitudinal Series1 General Walker suggents that
it was taken up against Everest's advice, but, this is not so. The whole matter
was fully discussed bet,ween Everevt and Blaclrer at Calcutta, and they agreed
that, all things considered, thin was the most suitable and ~~s ef ul employment for
the available staff [ g , 241-2 1. I t was not at the time intended that thia series should
become a major branch of t,he trigonometrical survey, ant1 there was no series of
lm8 importance on whioh Olliver coulrl hare been employed to better effect.
Everest was satisfied that. Olliver was fully competent, and left detailed irwtruc-
ti0n.q that were s cr ~~pul ous l ~ followetl. He ktlew that the 18-inch "circular instru-
ment" was not suit,ahle for principal triangles, but it waq tlie best available ;
1 had expressly cteclnrel the prirrcipal instrument. ol' the Great Trignnometricsl Survey
to bt, no shattered Irj- ekpcnaure to olirnate, wear and tear, ... end various accidents, as tt) render
them quite turtil for further etnploynlont, so t hat there only retueined...nn 18-inch instrament
of inferior powem. whic-h Sir Charles Metcalfe, when Resident at Hpdrabad. had kindly obtained
for me from t he hlndrrw 0hrrervat1)ry [ r5c) cjo 1. ...
1 never approved t.he employment ot' t.l~is inrrrurnent in tAhe pri ~~ci pal t,riangles of any part
of the Great 'I'rigonnmntrical Survey. ... 1 never l ~ d ooriwion to use it for other t han secondary
triangles. I n a minor series, on one of t.he s~rhordinate meri~tiana for instance, it woold answer
exceedingly well with some altemtions and, if employer1 a t 811 in the priucipal triangles. ...
i t would be certainly less ohject,ionable in a longituclinal aeriw t han in t hat of t he Greet
Meridionel Arc.
These are the opinions wliirh I pave a t t he time t o Colonel Blacker'.
Whilst Everest and Olliver were in Ctllcottn hl 1825. Roasenrode ran a secondary
series from Sironj to tix the posit,ion of Irii~,~~goi [ 246 13. His chart, with H COPY of
the 0 b s e ~ a ~ i o n ~ "bot l ~ night and day'', and full calculations, were sent down to
Calcutta on 19t.h December.
Olliver joined hirn at 8m1gor towards t,he end of the year. nnd stnrtetl work in
January 1826 frorn the (h*eat Arc side Bhaorasa-Gergaja [pl. 17 ] with three
assistant,^ in all4. Rossenrode wt~n employed s~lect~ing stations in advance until
he fell sick in May. In t,he neigl~bo~~rhood of Hatta t,he selection of stations was
partiaularly difficult, "the country being one general succession of flats bearing
no prominent features", and during the hot weather the atmoephere ww so thick
that large signal fires had to be lit at each forward station [ 244 1.
He went forward again in October with Pepton. each with "a small theodolite
and reconnoitring telesoope", whilst Ollirer went back to his earlier stations to
make Rllre that. the mark-ston- had not hoen t,ampered wit,h [ 245 1. Whilst a t
Saugor OUiver brought out the large %foot theodolite, and found its more powerfnl
telescope greatly superior to the feeble one of the 18-inch instrument [ 248 1. There
was still a lot of fever about in November ; Rossenrode was again laid up for 8
month, and Olliver had sir cnses in his camp, one man dying after 3 days illne-.
Visibility wan good and with the aid of blue lighta [ 2 4 7 4 ] Olliver bmught
observations up to Hat'ta by Jannary 1827, with Rowenrade and Peyton
getting on in their tmk. whioh ia douhtlem di6cult. mom so from the contintlolls Bats. and...
'QT.9. VI ( iii-rii. a ). '90. t o Gort.. 5-2-32 ; DDn. ?BS ( 25 ).
'17ch oar. b 8th h a . 18s.
'Rasemode. Payton. nndl'orriok [ 327 1.
CALCUTTA ~ A O X Q ~ T U ~ ~ I N A L SERIES & OTHER TASKS
their beilly t.Iiick set unrl c.~)verrd with old n l o w~ ~ l ~ trees1, auch au witjll rlitlic:ult,y 4 men could
fell one tree tho wl~ole (lay. ... l ' l ~e corlnLry E. of Relh~rri Ijenra a very rtlv~~rahle appmmnce,
being a fair olwn ci)utitry wit11 ~l ct nchsl I~illn.
Further east the colintry was "wild, desolate, and unhealthy" ;
'I'he c)pe~~ationa ... 11re I I ~ ) W ah~) ut entering the Itenah Stmato, xn(l ... the nurvey
i n
dvanc-e ... clcae ~ I I ... Si l ~growl t l ~ r1111l Sirguojul~ H ~ I I ~ I W I St3 I . 111 jmt)l~et,rt~ting f l l ~ t l l ~ ~ . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
t he ~ ' ~ ) p l e are nth wernal. ... h~ [ l ~ ~ ~ mn r ~ r o ~ l r J lnny Irav13 Lo nnc.~)ltriter still yreatel- qlificul-
tiej. ... Unt,il ... t , l ~e Agents L;)r t l ~n (:~rvernor General a t I3onnr~q. AI ~ I H~ . nncl H t ~ % t i r ~ h ~ ~ h
have been al>l~rizmI ... 1 fwl Iot.11 t.11 allow arny party to wlv~inibe. ...
Arrorn~tn f' r~~nl Mr. K~)~qenrc)~l r rlrn~-rihe tile no~lnt.ry in wlvtu11.e ...as 11eing t11i11ly i11hnbiM
by ( : I > ~ I L I ~ S . II will1 turcl siivttye ~) ~' i q) l s I 1, 00: 111, 24.1, :'PI. 414- . i 1, and w one Hvene of
de.%oInt.i<,!~. ~)r. r~~i*iul~i-. 3.1(.111.1.11, 111101 in 1~1rt i ~11Iar. W ~ I ~ C ~ I i q I I ' ~ H ( ~ 111 1111 ~1111111 (111:11ltit,~ ~t tile
6evr ~i I ut at i o~~s, I* I W , ~ l\e l ~af l vve11 iiir a si11~1e I I I I ~ I ~ ~ .
In July 1 S27 the whole party withdrew to MirzLpl~r for tlie r t ~i n~.
Observation
had reached mr.ridi~11 82's, and under the Surveyor (.:RIIC)I'U~'I instructiol~~ t ) br a~~ch
line was run t o t he ancient Hirltlu obser.\rittory at Hetmres4 [ 1, 156-7 1. Nort year
there was a grwlt rleal of sickness and Olliver writes fiwm Gaya telling of
har~lxliip, uicknew, an11 n~unberless ()(.her n~ortilioationn u~~prec:mlenhI. ... AlyaeIf in bad
health, both the yr~unger ~~tb. a&~int+%nts Iniql wit.11 the kvr r n ~ i ~ l , in fact, t.he I)ebter Iialf
of the department wan totally 11aeless ; ... Ir,q~gla+ tllr # l r , ~ t l ~ CI S U 1>1' tllu I I I HI ~ 1.405 I.
I n this prwlic-ament L w~i s I I I I O I ~ T 1l1e nec~.*.;ily of (.allin< in 111.. I CI I S S ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I I ~ . . . WI ~ ~ by
thin time l ~ t u l tiearly redcl~el t i c ~ i t ~ . ~ J ~ i ~ ~ ' ; i . 0 1 1 l ~i * i~rrivnl. I wa.5 F~~rtIier 11111rt,ifie<l on ~mi n g
t,he train ,dsii*k that l ' ~) l l ~~wr ~l I I I I I ~ , 1 i1!1(1 1 1 ~ 2 1 3 1111tl0r l, l~e lbt~i~iti~l I I I I ~ I 111ge11t ~iiv-e<qity,..( tile
native rioi.t.o~r illno I ~r i l ~g n , l h r 01f t . 1 1 ~ ~ I I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ , I I + I > - sir+. ) r~?t)l~r,st. hinl to t,~ilic r.l~:~rge nf the
sick, quit the jungles, anrl l,n)v~o:l LIB Ll~n 11on1,ent n t n t i , ~ ~ ~ wl~nrt: I I I HI I ~CI I I mill c o~~l i l he ~~n, ~:urett. ...
After Mr. Hussenrrrle I)I. oc(*~Ic~ wit11 t.11e r l n ~i g e ~~) ~~s l y i l l ... t o (in)-all, I wnr ~ b l e , what
with tlie aid of 3Lr. Torrick, j119t rwtcr,veretl, ail11 tlie c~>nvalrnce~~t.a, ... t ~ , ti~iish ft,r t l ~u myon
... i r i PaIa~now. ... :in11 quit,te~l it f i ~r t.l~is sttiti011 in tile Imginninq of the p ~ r t I I I O I ~ ~ I I . ...
I wan still more nnfort,niiat,e wit.11 rerl)ect t,,) t,he went.ller, for in AInrcl~ a11d April, for nhout
40 (lays t ~~yet her , t,lrr! wht,le extent. of vinw war one C O I I ~ ~ I I I I R I ~ nni4)liy ut n~o~l ) her e [ 76, 1S4 1,
owiny 10 tilt. hlaeiny f ~ f thn ~ PRR' I and ~ ~ I I ~ ~ I W O I I I ~ , and ... rl ei t h~r tile sigil~il ti1.r~. nor even the
blue ligllt.~, were a t a11 c l i ~ ~ . ~ ~ n a l ) l ~ ~ . ... so t l ~ i ~ t t1II tl~in tinin I coul(l I ) I I ~ ti11i~11 wit11 only two
stations [ 247 1. ... TIIR Hrm seen I I I all ~lirwt.ir)ns c a u d a urmt r:t)nf~lnil)n ... varinrl* inatn~~cee
oc c ~~r r e ~l in w11i1.h t hr Hng IRSI~BRI, mistaking the tirw for niynalr, rluit,t,n~l their rtationa and
actually jt)ineil me, while I htul m)ntin~~t*i rtiU lot~kirry out for their lights. ...
Enclosed N-e two medical cert i t j cnt , ~ ... or] the &ate nf t he aick. BLr. Peyton i~ quiclc recover-
ing, mci haa j ~ ~ s t cornrnencert attending t o I~in 111lty : moat of the aick have also quite recovered.
Mr. R~wse~~r ot l e Im had t he rnisfc)rt~~ne a few dnyr t~gt) to lone l~iu N < I ~ of t,lie feve$.
During field season 182S-8 observations reached more open cou~itry ;
Having expr i encal extremely h ~ y mcl opprehlsive weather, I war co~npellecl t o remain
on tho Paraanat molultaitl@ station from the middle or ... March t c ~ the begi~lning of May, and
though rec:ouw wan hail b> tlie use of white lights-. .. one night forty do~l hl e white lights
were hurnt,, of whirh I wllr ~) ol y aide tu clk.ern twcl-nml. thoicgh 1% ~ ~ i l e of woocl of nbout
6 feet diemeter a t the hwe, and tapering to a height of ahout 1% feet, wu4 hlaanl a.4 it nignal, ...
even thia imrnenae blem was not ~liscernml ... wl ~ere ... 0110 of t he t~saintantn 11m1 h e n ... at.ntioned
with a thetxlolite t o watch hly si pal n. ...
After repeatel di~npp~)intmentn from e c~)ntinlial wutching of no I t w than lifty conseculive
nighti, and...the i n c r a mg rage of fevem, etc.. end t he then appearatice of t he epi~lernio
cholera, I r mol vd on quitting ... t, t henext rrtaticvl of ohaervat i o~~ ; but I hall scarcely heen half
way when s mcvlt Favoorehle change of weather ocr ur r d, uo t hat after having tinistied a t the
station I availed m y ~ l f r)S the g(u111 weather t o revinit Parmoat, ... a n L. 1 finished o ~ r the h a t
evening all t he elevatiolw an11 dgpressior~9 of t he utatiolm. and. . . I I ~ tl!e name night in three
houm all the nhneryationa which hefore cletained me for nt) 1-9 tlra~l fifty night8 togetller7.
The triangles were llpw approaching the plains of Bengal, " one continued
undulate country, inter~persed with lofty groves, of chiefly mango trees which
form a very formidable impediment." Olliver proposed masonry towers, as a
portable scaffold would be difficult to ce~itre over the mark, and
1 Ba- kllijolia ; s velueblr t m, growing tn 50 feel, both fwd end ligunr bein& ~ d u & .- aha
dowen. 'Dl)n. 174 ( IOW?), r 5 2 7 . JSkelt-h~n map of trisnylea. Rimnj lo long. 82'. Ben Regr. 588 (32).
'Po*ilion* vf *acondery r t ot i o~~q. Henere* Series, V ~ U J L Arc Tablw ( 61-:!), 1842. * DDn. 173 ( 87-lo%),
1-8-28. #73 111 : ht. 4180 h. 'DDn. 173 ( 133-8 ), 16-7-20.
i l wl,lll,l he i a c l d vary inlpruclolrt l o risk the in&rutnenb or t he livffl of tho- ul atknclarlce
at on it, a t ni gl ~t or oven in bhe day, during tho high wind)- mo n t h in
partiulllar, rlnlmu II vory uxpnsivo and bulky sort of d i n o r y bo constr~wtecl.
In the case of a&oldhg aleo, while engaged in night obsorvatio~ur, it ~111dd rt~quiro t he
utmost caution, mt l even thon it would be extremely imprudent t o allow t he irurtrument to
at
on t l ~ e aratiolding, tbnrl ... t o have liqhtq ... blazing. ... rro t hat ... when tho mnfTolding
is ~ o p ~ . . . o n l y day observ~~t i ons 111uut hn ~ruo(l. ... I n this CWA, IW i t will he unpwi bl o tu
have t,lle *tation* ah peat ar d i s t a n e ~ ~ t,lit~n 25 miles nqundor own in good wmthor ...( in the
mcmt\ls of firarch ~r l r l -4pril it xvnuld bo di fl i c~~l t t o dincon1 t he signnla a t tho distar~ce of
16 lnilm ), ... it will r oq~~i r n ~ n ~ i n y moro qtntion to cover t he snme ... country1.
~h~ problem hntl been for.c,scmn hy Rlnckcr in 1x23 [ 18s ] ;
stony ert o~ui ve trrivte are RO lljlt 116 tn clefeat tho princbiplm anrl inntrlr~nonta 11l' the Cr mt
'rriC"lnt,metric.al Survcsy, urllwr lit t . 11~ rli~~n.lt,rous expenan of urectilrg Ilunloro1l.I 1brti6cinI poi nk
t,, ,Nlll)llly $110 place of nah~r ul olov~lt~ion. I t n-auld IJH idle t,o ontar iuto any c?alouletion of t he
Inllnbr Irhicll in tt111t. cnno wc~~llcl bar nvll~irorl. fc~r their I~oight tinel stul~ilit~y woulrl involve so g mt
,\iq bl~menlont ... tlult ... tvoultl IncLny tirrlw ose*w~~l any oxpo~~su which o~ul t l ... bo mcommendeda.
Tilt. exto~~siouof triangles ricross tho l nst hundrt.tl rnilcn t o Calcntta wm therefore
a nla.t,trr for cttroful raconnai~wa,nc.o, for Olliver was clctnrmi~led not to clepsrt from
Everest's rogard for well-sha~)c!tl triangles ; uo nnglu greater t , ha~l 90" or less then 30".
bs s e nr dc and his recoll~uissnr~ce pnrt.?; 11ad to abantlon
the t r wt ... S.E. of Btmooorali3. ... i ~ l l extensive Hut, covered 1)s an almost iml~enetrable fore&
st,ately t m . 'Choj- persevered Tur sevornl clays in tlmt \\-ild t r wt , i nfmt e~l with tigem, by
...raiai1lg one ladder al)ove anotl~vr lusl~ocl t.c> tlro t.rtw, ulitil t,lloy COULCI get t o t he branches.
wllemI~y they worn al ~l e to 1:lilnb upwl~rds of UO fimt, urld itftor ropmtnd diaepl)ointmenta thoy
were incllloed t o nbn~~don it with t,ho c.~rnviction t hat it woulcl require t o build no lare tlltln 80 feet.
... Tile tlrtwl of tigers WHN HCICII trlltlt t he Dengalme I n b o r n , who bnri tc) attand tho part7
witll c~~t t . ul g imp1orncnt.q. ... \~,oulcl t ~ t c v ory r!l*tlo of tire tlrg Ieavw tllrow t l o m t he lerldem.
on11 ... clinl~erae in all clirectiona.
Jlr. Roanonro#le rlntl Mr. Poyt , ~~n are now ongaged in exploring tllv tracta borderiug on t he
hotweon Bancotrnh o~i l l 131trclwmi for t.110 ~oi rt ~hern etatiom. an 1 north of t he Damooda
river fi,r the nort.hvrn statillnu. This tract 1 ~ 1 q be consirlered an open conntry, but ... t he
difliculties t,n 110 overcome is rt.ill very p l t o\\*ing t o t he ~lo30-sot villagon. nnd tlle lofty t,rees
of mango, Ilnnil~n, otc.. whic.11 ~11rroc11ld tho111 ~rm011t t~ formidablo obat.ruction in all directiomq,
alld whirh ultirnnt,nly in b~ bo ovorcv~~ncr onl!. by being able f o I~uild q u ~ l l l y u* hiyh aa tho t r ~ .
Rossenrode wrrntecl n station nt Bhalki4, but, writes Ollivor,
thot~pll ho con~truetwl a rude atago of 18 Tmt, high over a tnnk brmk 7 foot high, he wa.9
unable to overtop t he trrcw abo~l t t l ~o villaeo, so t hat ... it will require t o build about 40 feat
high or more, or t o lop away t,llo brnnohes o[ t he t m , which \votlld in ull l i kol i l od annoy
tho villtigors. ... Mr. Poyton ... tlmcriboe t he col nt ry t o be altogether alarming, ... miding i t
as 11is tirm opinion of tho nmasi t y of resorting t o t he telegraphs. ...
I have been obligocl t o detach the 3rd aub-assistant. Mr. aIurr~hy 'I:~rricl;, t o eolect the
intermediate etatione ; he will have to oxplom anuthar very junqly tr:rct. but tho land is hi&,
withal ; he will have to cloar more tlmn one ominenco before he ran be sc~tisflocl in his selwtionS.
Tho very next day Olliver had '. a very checring letter " fro111 Rossenrode who
was able to discorn t he a i w l firee blazed a t t he ~t t ~t i o n s of Radamadapor nnd Dhunaim]alla
from tho tank benk of Cakoo ... blltv ... [ these ] ~tatiolla sro 011 high l ear l ~, ~i n d t he etatione for
whiclr Mr. R. next pn>rewls ... will Iio in t he flnt country. ... Mr. R. nwme rno t hat hh. Payton'a
appalling clewription id notl to disliwrten him. and I a m conlidelit that. ho will etrenuouely
persevem t o attain his objrrt ; ho will Ienve nothing uneifted bl any ahapo t,hat could be
cleviaed and, if his sbaenm from t he H ~ O of operations happens t o be nt all protrcrcted. ...
I nhrall be uttorly at a atancl until hi.; rtrtllr~l. He is t he mein prop, for. ..the murk of -tion
selecting is t he most irkdome eud tho moat ~Ielimto part of trigonometric~~.l operationw7.
Herbert had suggested making u.se of the telegraph t ow~r s thibt heel been
recently abandoned. They were laid out in a single line [ 271-2 1, and might
~s stations along the right flank if Olliver swung hi8 series towamls them. OUver
wood, but naked for alterations to their superstructure and pointml out that Evemt
yould aortainly oxpect the instr~l~nent to be on a pillar isolatecl from the mein
'Berhsm
re. 167-29; DDn. l i 3 ( 133-6 ). ' Dlh. 204 ( 0 ) . frqlm S(1.. Blrekor. 24) -12-23.
aB&um.
Ibbl/-l.
'73 $11.25 m. NW. of Burdr5n. Dh. 173 ( 148-61 ), 8 -2-30.
*on C:.'r. hur l m. I1Jj;
the railway, 20 m. from Bhkars.
7 DDn. 173 ( 163-4 ). 9-2-30.
He aaked that the Executive Engineer should make out suitable desigm, for he
himeelf wae "in no-wise versed" in suoh matters.
Work pushed steadily forwd-Rossonrode wou now lasu than 70 miles from
Calcutta-special mounds and towem wero erected at sowe places-tolegraph towem
adapted at othcrs. Olliver reports in August 1830 from BurdwBn, where the party
sheltered for the rains ;
Having experienced 1nucI1 unstmncli~~wa ul the MBhdpoor d o l d i n g , though the p-b
were of whole p a l m~ ~ a t.rrmlrsl, the bmew ant1 st~mcliions were also of palmyra, I am...of opinion
t.llat for tlre lrrrlnunolit stations scctffoldulgs trre better dispensecl with [ 163 1. Beaid- the
immense labour and 1 1 a h requiaita for the proper ... erecting of them. and tho uncertainty
of t,heir Iloldi~~g out. ... i t in by no mea m... either chmper or expeditious. ...
I mode a trip to LLlralkm \r,here, finding tho old positioll of the stat,ion to be on a narrow hnk
bank, too slight for building on. I ventured to alter the position t.o rnoro Arln ground. Tho
work of huilcli~~g ... mill be finishod durhig tllo contin~tonco of the mine. I shnll...have to ... h p t
the work ... tl1ortc.11 the only mode of ~novirlg about the country now is to wade, chiefly tillrough
... i nt ~~i (l nt e~l 111ul<l?- gruul~tln, and ... with elvphtmt Ijr [~nlankcwl~ at a creeping paco. ...
Mv.nry. RWellrode and Peytoli lrn\.e ustablirihed two otliur positions M statiolls, but oKing
t o the formidable t,opee it waa not possible to ascertain positively what heighta the building
... should...be. ... From ... their having contrived, by moans of bamboo scaffoldings, to use their
theodoliteq at an olevcltion of seventy-six feet abovo ground, and a t that height still unable
to overtop obstructions, ... the buildings a t both theso place8 will require t o be a t least my-five
feat high, wh h t tho rest will have t o depend on tlle lopping off of tho moat conspici~ous trow. ...
With respect to the enormous exponce ... of the Mahdpoor scaffolding. ... it being a new sort
of a machinery t o the country artificers. it wus all to do t o koep them t o work and, the posta
being entire palrnjmt trunlcs, it was no m ~ y rnatter for the urt,iticem to cling t o them, ant1 even
t o have the fh~ use of one I ~ ~ h i l , b~t'orv tire m;ichinery was ...p erfectly safe, and which ruquired
eeveml days with repeated doing and undoing ... before i t could be properly adjueted~.
Most of tho 13 tower stations were hnilt after I.;rerost1s return in October 1830.
Pour of theso wero adapted from the telepaph towers, one at Nibria, 5 miles
wsst of Howrah being still in good c-ontlition in 1960. Ht l foot high [ Z ~ Z n.g]. All
field work was co~nplet~ed bofore the rains of 1832.
Olliver's work came in for much criticism l ~t e r , end the standard of accuracy
wan not, indeed, nearly high enough for such an important link in the great frame
of trianp~lat,ion. But 1,lame ~houl d not be attributed t o Olliver, who waa working
with a most inadequate instrument, and strictly to instructions. So many aa
sixteen of the later nleridional chains of triangles were dependent on this longitudinal
series, which waa nearly 700 miles long, and i t waa eventually found imperative to
have i t entirely re-obsewed. This did not take place until 1863, 'and again occupied
si s years. Olliver's work, writes Waugh,
was executed many years ago with M ine5cient 18-inch altitude and azimuth instrument by
Cary, of an old pattern [ 25- 1. ... The eyetom of observation...wna bad. The face of the
instnrment WBR never reversed [ 251 1, consequently the angles are all, more or less, affected
by e m of collimation and inclination of axis. ... Theae errors ... appear to have been very
large, no ettempt having been made to eliminate them. ... nor to render their effecta nugatory
by a proper nptem of obnervation. ... No process, short of a thorough revieion of the field
work, can prove perfectly eatisfactory. ...
The Calm~tta Longitudinal Series is 671 milea long, and ... the linear discrepancy ab the
Calcutta Bneea is 5.266 feet in 6.431 mil-. ...
Obaervatione for azimuth acre taken...at nearly every alternate station on the north flank,
or about ever>- d e p of longitude apart. The errors. ..of inetrumental adjustment vitiated
these ... excowivel?.. unrl an the latitud ee... were computed by means of these elemente, the
mngnitude of the azimuthal errors is in fact the mo ~ t important defeot in the work4.
DR. VOYYBY, GEOLOGIST TO G.T.S., 1818-24
On the appointment of a geologiut to the Great Trigonometrical Survey [ 225 1
i t wes particulerly stated that hie roports on the geology of the country should
' Bora~~uajobdl fi rmu, palmrra palm. 'DDn. 174 ( 210 ). 4-8-30. 'measured by Evereat in 1832-
'DDn. 671 ( 17), Junc 1883, ef. ~7' 8. I1 (71 ) & VI, B iii.
kmp pace with the work of the surveyor, that attention might be drawn to any-
thing that might influence geometrical and astronomical observations [254 ]. ~~Me
to a question as to "how far the operatione of your survey are Likely to benefit
from the gcological ohservatiom"1. Lambton reported that he wes mnding Voyeey
to accornpnny Evercat's first serious independent survey [ 2291 and was
particularly alrxious tlrat he should succoetl in Iris geological pureuita. The near nlliance of
that brmch of srierrcw wit,]) our geographical operatiom is well known t o the lear~led world;
rind the mu t ~ ~ a l het~dils that must accrue to each other from their advancing hand in hnntl will.
I t n ~ ~ t . al,pbHr from the results of our combined l e l ~ o ~ u s ~
EveresL's ncco~~nt of this expedition refers frequently to geological details and
tllcir probrille influence both 011 triangulation and healtha. Voyaey's professiod
mport was submitted to Fort William and a box of specimen8 sent by sea from
11asulipa.t.am4. A year later Lambton submitted a further roport from Voysey,
explaining "what 11e llad already done, and what his ideas are respecting that part
of tho Pellimula, through which my moridional operations have be011 csrriodm6.
In this mport Voyse~- writes that
sinae m y last roport. ... datexi Junu 24th 1820, ncco~npani d by a geological I-, dr awi ~l q~, eto..
ant1 f ol l oa ~l by n box of specimens, collected and ar r nngd witlr comideroble cam, I have made
...- addition to my geologiccrl map of about nix degreos of latitude and longitude. ... I have
complotRd tllroe barometrioel and geological sect i ~~ns, ono of which is nearly five h u h 1
miles Lr lt\rrgtlr, and ... 1 have sufficient evidoncc to decido on tho rock which is tho mabrix
of the diamond, hitherto II. dosicleraturn in mineralogy. ...
A very important olijwt ...lies 11 determining the cnuse of thoae nnomalias whi ~l l eornetimes
occllr in trigonometricnl uperations, and which ran only be explained by supposu~g tltrom to arise
[corn concealed disturbing forcm, owing t o tho difference in t!~e specific gravity of tho upper,
lower, or contiguous atrnta [ II, 261 ; 111, 254 1. The error in latitude a t Arbwy Hill in the
Trigonornetrical Survey of Engla~rd, supposed tirat of all to hevo arisen from tho imprfwbion of
observations or of instn~rnents. llas surco been attributed witlr groat probnbility t o the above-
ment,iond cnuse. The f wt is only to be ascertained by a perJon uccwtnme<i to observe t he
manner in which st,rata of different (lomities dip, thuir diroction and relat,ion to one another.
To t,l~is object my onquiriev ant1 ol>.;orvatio~rs hnvo been particularly clirected8.
In 182% Lambtoll sent him to esl~lore tho country betwmn Aara sntl BcrLr
through which tho meridional arc was to be cnrried [ 236 ] ;
The season bourg now favourable for going roiurcl to Calcutta by water. and thencn up t he
Ganges, I llnve permitted hlr. Voysey t o go by t hat ronte ; ... ho will have full time to meet
Ine mt Nngpoor before I promod north from Ellichpoor. ... I shall ... make such arrangements
that our mutual hhoum may be more immediately combined, by npplying certain mientifio
inrastigations of mino to gaological purpoew. The field forgeological science in India is now
become eshnsive and urbresting, and n man of Mr. Voj~ey' a ... talenkq ... most render his ~ervioes
a benefit Lo his country and an honour to himself.
At t he same time he urgcd that Voysey was worthy of moro generous terms,
ant1 rocornmended, without success, that he should be appointed an assistant
surveyor, reporting several oocasions when he had helped in actual survey'.
Voysey returned &om his expedition in June 1823, after Lambton's death. and
sub~nitted to Everest a most useful report on the line from Ellichpur to Agra [243-4 1.
He also brought back geological information that enabled him to extend his section.
Madras to Ellichpur, northwards through Sironj to Agra, making it about 1,000 miles in
a . Ho had now been absent so long from regimental duty that he found himself put
on half pay, and Evorest premed again for his appointment as easistmt on the survey,
having afforded great easistanco in taking observetiona on different oooaaiona. ... Aa the
country t hough which I em about to proceed is one of no ordinary danger end ditaculty, ...
Mr. Voysey, I b o w, will never mfwo me hie assistance when called on, and I will put it t o
your consideration whether Government can fairly benefit by Mr. Voprey's ~itl,~,,)
gi\.ing him a mlary for the ameB.
Govern~nent was however adamant in its refusal, and Voysey sent in his reeigne-
tion, with a summary of his services ;
' 1)Un. 64 ( 73 ), 8-6-18. ' DDn. 82 ( 0(\ ) . 14-19.
Evemat ( 12-3 19 ).
I L.mbbn
I'ilb. Ikpt., 11-i-20; DDs. 92(136) ; report pald. J d s R. 11. June 10.93 ( 298305; 3i)2 d a q ) .
'DDn. 83
( Ill7 ). 94- 21. sib. ( 188 -M ). 04-21. ' i h. ( 231-3 ). 19 4-22. * D h 01 (
). 3-10-23.
$86
CAT.CUTTA ~ AON~ I T U~ I NAL ~F;RIES &. OTHER TASKS
1 lmve completed two principl brrrometric~l I I I I I ~ ga,logicnl seetionq, one extellding fronl
-bay to the mouth of tho Gotlavcry, and one fmm Agrn to Madrae.
In addihion I heve
comfleted several minor section8 of 3, 4, and 500 miles each. and a goological ~ection of the
country between Calcutta and Agra. I 11n.vo const)<l~~ently the mnbrinh for malcing the only
geological map of Illclia that hn.q 5-c9t bcen nt,t,enlptcrl.
It is now five yeurs sinre I joinml the l'rigonolnot~rical Survey ... nntl dnrhrg that pcrio,l
I have been constnnt,ly in my clut.)., notwithntnnding I have boen twice subjwtetl to fever
caught in tho junplm on the brinks of the Gc~luvt~ry. 1 havu travelled by land ahout eight
thouaand miles, and h a w always btmn in cnrnlw, wit11 the exception of few months. ... All nly
i mt r un~enb und bo111;a ]lave boon I)IIL. CIIHSWI at IIIJ. ow1 expence. ...
I...t,rust r.hnt ill cot i ~i ~l c~rut i ~~n nf ~ n y t,rr~vellitig clown the new road from Nagpoor t,,
Cekuttal, r1.111l ~>rotlucinc it b.oologit.nl and hnrornotriral section of that unoxplorcd colrntqv, 1
may be allo\rwl to tl1. a~ Iny prestnt *1111t.y of 600 rupees per menmlll llntil 1 rmi1111 Calcutta,
which I engnKt. t i ) cl,~ brfure the ~niclclle of Xlarrh nexta.
With Everest's 11c.rmisriion he set o ~i t fro111 THlinrkhera on 6th Janunry, but ho
never reaclletl &lcutt.i~ ; he was struck l)y fever, and ciietl on the 19th April, two
nlnrches short of Il i * clelstinatio~l. From the tragic ~ircumst~ances of his death it wm
a long time heforo his later professioual roports mere properly edited and pllblished.
most of thrln hoing collected in tho archives of the Asiatic Socioty of Bengal.
Those of 18 19 and 1821 [ 265 ] appeared in 1833 or earlier, but it was not till 1841
that hi# notebooks were properly exeminod, and im aocount of his later profeseionol
work )irepared for pnhlication~. The geologicnl map of 1821 had been sent to
London, and was sent out to the Societj: 1844'. Voysey had never been able to prc-
pare t11e estendetl nlap which lie l~atl planned.
Na.rkham mcords that Ile u . ~
4,110 of the oarliest writers on tilo r oc b of the Doccan. He oxplorecl tho Nalla-MaUa r n o u n e
betweell Culrlm~lm in C:l~ddal)d~ nnd Amruhacl ~ ~ n r t h of the Kistnal~. and wrote an intereating
wo u n t of the clian~t~nd lniries in southern India5. He nlso wrote papers on the building
&me8 of Agra, ; ~n d 1111 polrified ~llells in t.11~ Ttll~t~eo vde y.
A few mo~l t l ~s after his mo\-e to Caluut,tn,, atld after tho announcement of Voysey'~
appointment to Lnmbton's survey, Mackenzie writes to Riddell ;
goo log^. is tllo p e a t fnshion llere ~ I I U - . 'Yhrao or four eminent geologiuh & r~aturnliste
l s ve arrivcil in t llo ccwlluct of these 18 rnontlis; one vory lately from Frnl~ce [ De 1-trucol], who is
tho pcecllmur of t l ~n celcl~ratetl 1111mboltlt [ 44 11.5 ] who is oxpectod out next year.
, ?r[y collrc.lic,n , s f min0r;lls 111111 *tOllfiS ~ J C I J V ~ I ~ 111or0 va1uublt) ~ I I U I I I oven s11[)pos1~1 ~nydelf.
'nlere are tn-II c,l~*t* of t,l~cm, I(r 1 IILL\.H l l ~ l t l 21 Dr. \.IJYSOY a t t ~ ~ ~ t l i n g heru fur some toilnu arrung-
ing and ol a ~~i ng them. & relec:til~g specuucnw for 3 or 4 ot l ~er cullwtom".
From early flays there had heen legends aboot the mineral woalth of the Hi ni Lby~
mountains. i i ~ d in 1817 tl ~pecial geobgist urt)s attnched to Webb's survey in
Kumaun. Lord hloira, Govurnor General, took special intcrest ;
BIr. Laidlaw 11i~s cc~rnc, 111lt. ... hy p~nni . ~i c~l l uf tho Court ofDirwton, specially ...to uoeli omploy-
nlent 11s n miric~rnlopist.. or as tin invcitigntor of nny other branch of natural hi6tory. ...
' rl ~o Court. murt, I~nvo rmt,~lrnlly trllstctl t,hnt we ~horild not fail t o oml~loy him if nny return
commena~~r~l t e to tho oxpense ehor~ld prtqsrnt itself. ... The probability of peat, advant ap
from rewrclr m... 1)s 11 Ismun no qualiliotl ns Mr. Laicllaw is clear eno11~11. ...
\Ye hnvo been cltlly mnaible of the want of pr of o~~i on~l onquiry into the mineral praduotr
of the hill colmtry Iuti3ly acquired by ue. Tllo romedy now offera itself. I therefore pmpoer
that 35r. Laidl~iw be enungat for n f i xd term a* a monthly mhry of 600 rupoen, oxclueive of
hi8 trovellirl~ ox~wnces7. ... and t hr ~t he be Rtt+3cllod bo Lieutenant Webb for the purpose of
~&i ng inrlic.atinm of metidlic voinn in the traote which that officer ia 811rveying.
To cc,pI)c'r ur iron I wn~~lcl not point Mr. l~icllaw' n nt.t@ntion, IUI I think t he worlcing oithor
rtlight injurinualy effoct, important articlee of Britiah exporta.
' Swr y c d b>- .I. N. Jnek~on [ 27-8 1. '1)Dn. l i l ( 134-Fi), 1--I.-% ; cf. 6'1'S. 1 ( rxsir ). a..IASB. X,
lA41 (416); XI. IS42 ( 8M. RY:!); XIII. I N &+ ( slis. R53-02). '(:I>to Inclio(R~h), 1-11-43; OD to ASB.
27- 14 : i b aoulcl not bo found for t ho cenbnnry exhibi*on nf t h o h l . Roy. of Jan. 1881. >lnrhhsm ( 207 I.
6A.R. XV. I826 ( 190dmq ).
#DDn. l56( 327 ). 13-?-I% 'Ssme anlnry n8 Voysqr ["up.. 268 1. 'Tbc
bad old dy. ! DDn. la ( 1@&201), 6 4 - 1 7 .
I n
t.he eppoi nt ~nent Lfiitll~w i ~sked for ~~i i t a h l e chemicals nntl apparat:l*
for mineral analysis, he~i des a few sitnl)le yurvey ilwtrnmentq ;
I nln fnr fronl wyi ~l y t hat everytl~iny 1 lrrlve me~~l i ~>r l u i 19 n I ) +~l ~~t , ~l y ~ ~ I ~ I ~ S ~ I P I I < ~ L I I I I , ; tin the
r on~mr y, ... I mi ~ h t even he cwrrect in my inve*6iyrrt,ion. witho~nt any nplwrnl 114 n1 nll ; blrt
it i H Nurely ht t , er to be 11rovitle,l wit,[> the Inesnd I I ~ enh>l.r-ing ~ 1 1 t . 1 1 HIIPPCY.I tl1111 t,,o hnve it
depRnrlent , I ~ I the c:hn~~ve
fevn~r;~blt: c: i rr~~~n?l t nncw~.
He joined Webb dnring Fet)rnary l H l U anti ahnoet nt once went off on hi3
independent, reqeibrclleg, ant1 for t he next. two yes1.a not only made no effort to
co-operato with \Vehb, I n ~ t pe~~i*t,ent,ly i'ailetl t.o report his prooeedinzs. After
twelve mo n t h he was w~~r ~l e r l t hnt if he tlitl ]lot f~triiish
asstinf,tct,llry explar~~it,ior~ e~l ' t l ~n cleluy by r t r t ~~r r ~ or pc~rit. or~lers w.)uld I I H i s u 1 1 ~ 1 t't)r the ut oppng~
hin t Ll l nw~ncr ~.
.I l>eriocl obr t.\vo I I I C I I I ~ . ~ I . U i11g e l n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l . . . \ v ~ t l ~ c ~ ~ ~ t e ~ o ~ n ~ ~ i i ~ ~ r ~ r n t ~ i ~ ~ n , ... order*
were LrRnalnittal 1111 the 131.11 >lay I R I!+ t * ~ t,llr C' g~~~l ~~~i s ~i wne r i r ~ liurnaun for diacontinrlu~y
the paymerlt or Mr. Lni~llilwh t \ l l ~~\ v~i ~~vt ~*, or wl ~i vl ~ .\In,. Llti~llaw WIL* ~l ul y informeds.
No Rply was receivotl, escept. for :t refusal t o hnntl in Iii* i nst r~i ment s to Webb.
He was dismiasetl nntl t he L)irect,ors uo~~sic.lere(l his coriduct
nohighly ~~bjwc~iollrtble autl i~uprulmr tliat WI j . . . alirect. Llndt, t.Ilnt gelltlomlr~l be 11q1t aqein employell
in any pllblic rapawiLy ~ ~ n ~ l e r y41~1r Gu v e r ~~l ~i c ~~: , I I I I ~ iilluive.l t ~ l remain 11,rlger in Lndie then
be nw~.ej*ary lirr l1i111 to 1)repnre k ~ r Iris v o y i ~ ~ c Ilrlllie. ' YI I ~ 11erio11 f11r \v1111:h he 1 1 4 O I I ~
pemik9ic)n t,01 resi t l ~ in 111(Iiat 1wi11g : L I ~ I ~ : I S I J ~ t ~x~~i r c ~l " .
Laidla\v i g~~or e d t hew orders, a.nd uont hut d t o live in Kr11nau11 uliere he died
in 1 $:<ti [367 1.
No inforlnrtt.ion ha,.; l ~ o ~ ~ l fo1111c1 d ~ o ~ l t 11i.i work n\.en in Hurbert'a
reports [26H+], and i t is not know11 how ;\Iarkhi~nl It.zrntjel t.lrat " he wau a very
able men, and ia said t o hi ~ve been badly treetetl"4.
Towards t he end of IBL!), Sir John hlalcolm, who WAR in politic:al charge of
M&lwa where he htul ernployad a uumber of officers on snrvtxy and ~nltpping, recom-
mended t hat Frederick .L)anyt?l.ticaltl should be put on special tlutv t o inake a general
survey of the resource3 of tllat cori~lt,ry [ 123 ] ;
Iron ore 01' guod qualit>. an11 ... I . ( I I >~I O~. J ~ > O L I I ~ ~ R i l l t h a e t~tbcts. ... The survey of Malwa ...
&ould be colnbir~etl wit11 a oolliplett, shtiat.ioll ~ l l d scientilic ac:l:uunt, e~nbrncaing its peopl-,
m a e r a , cuntomri, H I I ( ~ villagw rlgl~tri ; it3 v r g ~ h b l e ~ I I V~ ~ I I I J ~ . ~ ~ I I I S . md~l ~r f s i ~t ~~r ws , n~inuralogy,
gwl ~gy, aud natural Iliatory i l l every p~bilrt. ... Chptaiu Dangerfieltl ...p roceeds in the end of
Decenlber upc , ~~ a snr\-1,)- f)f t hr ~ I [ ) ~ I ~ I I I [)r*ltlllc~ OF I\lt~Iwe, ... which shoillil 1nc1111Ie t he filling
up the bl anl i ~ lr(l 111 11111. ~ c ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ a p l ~ i c s l Itlbu~~ru, the coli~pletion or our etetisticul papers, nnd
gn HC~!OIIII~. tu rninr~te ILR could be ~ n t ~ ~ l e , o l tho mineral and vegetable prodoctione. ...
If IIIY slrggestione be adopted, I will so launch thie survey t hat it ahnll nt en early period
make o ret wn Inore t11n11 adequate tu tlie expenditure6.
Dangerfield took t he work up with enthusiwm, but early in 1821 was sent
down to Bombay t o recover his health. With his own may of Mllwlr Malcohn sent in
. a penlhgical sketch from Ca pt ~i n Dangerlieldd. ... His hnnlth, wl ~ i r l ~ had boen much broken
by hi^ unrenlittad exorliolia luring tll* lust throe yeaw, co~nl)eIs him to pro~.eed t o the -
coast, but he will on hiu jollrlley tu Bl~lllbay, un(l lifter hie arrival a t tlmL place, col~tinue (0
complete the index of towns all11 villttgm of Malwa. and ... wrange fur t r mi s m~ ~ i o n tO CaICII~te,
if desired, t he great variety of geolocicol qle~?imerlr which he lian collectal. ... The complRLion
of tl~ia task canrlot be exl>ecte,l ~PI' OIP t, l~e el111 of - \ 1~y or April [S+. 123 1. ...
'Fa1 c~m11lete the rrerllvgicnl illvodt,igntion of ... tlria part of the pel~insulu -...with ~. , , rrect
estronolniral olmervut~i~~ns 111' Iatitrl(led a1111 longitudaq --... with rern~rlia on tho lliflkrent levels
o f thecountry. n.3 well SY the l a r ~e r features llf it* geogral~hy--I know or 110 I,ernoll rnore qrlnlified
than Capcsi31 1)nngerfield. ... 'The accurate investigation ot' t he b ~ k fa~re*t.q i l l tile vulley
of. the Serhu~l dnh. ..I cleeru an object of sc~lne c*onseqllonc.e [ 11. 168 17.
Dangerfield was, however, granted nine mo n t h leave on me d i d certificate, and
sent on a sea voyage. being allowetl t o accompany Crawfiird'e mi3sio~l to Siam
and Cochin China. The Survnyor General ~neanwhile strongly recommended t hat
on his return he sl ~oul d take up tlie geologic?al sorvep t hat h d been entrusted,
withont res~i l t , t o Lsicllaw :
IDDn. I41 ( 308 ), 3-7-17. DDn. 146 ( 347 ). 11-8-20.
'CD t o B.. w.. N - L &~ ( 17 ) ; ~ h .
206 ( 4@ ) : B W . 1C9-36 ( 10 ). 'Mmkhsm ( aO7 n.1).
'Db 146 ( 1 ). %1I-l@.
1 ~ . s ~ 6 a * , rsport
pub 1023 in ~ o o l m' e Ccnlrd I ndi o, l I t 920 ) ; ~ k h m ( 908 1.
'Dh. 101 ( 101-8 ), 10- ~21.
Ceptain Dangerfield's whh is, when he shall return from the expedition to the emtern
islmds. ... to make minedogiccrl and geological enquiries and surveys in the mounteins end to
collect f w h... respecting the structure of the ~ru~untains and the earth. ... The enquiries heve
not indeed been neglected ; ... Mr. Laidlaw wus sent to the Kumaoon mountaine to make 811cl,,
but how he hau fulfilled what was expected frum Iiim C do not linow.
On the Gurhwall survey also [ 35--8 1, Lie~rt,enmt Herbert and rllyaelf directed sorue notice
to the subject, but since I left the mnutit.aina, that ofiver has tllade a very extensive and Valu-
able collection of the minerals, fosils, alul specimen* of tlie vrrriow rnckrl colnposing the
daemnt. chnin of mountains, and l ~ e has alsu ettained to B very raspectable knowledge of the
theories of geology, or geopnosy, from bool~s. ... Z~ ~ d ml , ... I have hope. that the u ~ f o r me t i ~ ~
he can afford ... will be valuable, and probnhly tnlare so than that of Mr. 1.ai~llaw who, though
sent to this country ar a person of skill in t,hat pnrticl~lar litte, does not appear to have h d the
dvent age of liberal etlncation, and. thollgh i r ~ some poilltr I I C tilap I)e ~ b l e to describe the
minerals more ncc~~ratelp than Lieutenant Herbert, the lnt-ter nus st hnvo greatly the advant ap in
taking a general view of the subject. and in tlescribi~~g t.l~e ~l)brilnens. HI I ~ , what i9 of great
consequence. being able to hew clearly ancl i l l yoo,l In~~y~rnqe tthe heights, the positions, and
every particular t ~f t.he r e n p of mount ai ~l ~ from rnhi(*h hr scrlerted t,l1eln1.
Dangerfield's appointment was sallctioned. his allowances being fixed at "rupeee
1,0OOpermonth, in addition to the pay a ~ ~ d frill regilnontal allowances of his rank ",
oonaiderably rnore generous than Vogsq' s RY 600 [ zGG, 3261. As it turned out. how-
ever, he preferred the opium department in Miilwaa, and in February 1823 Herbert,
was appointed. "to conduct the Geological Survey of the Himilaya Mountains"3.
I n July of the same year James Manson was appointed his sssistant4, and stayed
till the survey was closed in 1828.
Herbert started work in January 1824, and 8ubnlitked his first, and incomplete,
report with a geological map6 30th November 1H26 :
Mineralogical Rurvey of the Himalaya hlol~ntains lying between the rivers Sutlej and Kalee;
Illustnrted by a Geological Map ; by Cnpt. .T. D. Herbert,, Superint,entlent. With 12 large
coloured views of mountain scerrery an14 dasrriptions by Captain .T. Manson, Aasietanta.
Geology as a science [ writes Herbert ] hw not yet, at,trarted in India t.hat attention which
ite importance merits. ant1 it would be futile in me to deny that till selected for this duty I
hnd but a slender acquaintance with the aubject. While exploring ... thia traot, I have been in
r-lity studying the principles of that science, an advant. ap in-as-much-es I may hope to have
esceped t,he trammels of s-yetem.
Though in some directions the Rurvey had proved disappointing.
in the Copper, Lead. and Iron, however, in which t.he province abo~~nds. may be found a more
tangible, RR well nu more produc!tive, source of wealth. It. is certain that t,he former metal
exists in very considerable q~~nnt i t y. and for t,he iron nothing is wanting but a proper system
of management to render it n~~per i r ~r t.o that of England. Ciraphite, e s~lbstance of considerable
value, hns been diucovered7.
The report and map were produced as a special supplement No. 126 with the
Journnl of the Aaiatic Society of Bengal 1849, which also contains an account of
Herbert's last tour through Kumaun beheen Sol-ember 1827 and January 182E0.
In Jane 1828 he started hack to Calcut.ta to resume duty in the Surveyor General's
office [ 310 1.
This minernlogical report llad been the concluding part of Herbert's rough
draft, the rest of which he had never written up, being interrupted by ill-health
and his trensfer to Calcutta and then to Lucknow where he died. His gedogi d
specimens lag in the mlisellm of the Asiatic Society until the Curator opened them
up some years later, hut found '' not a line of catalogue, journal, or note ". After
much oorrmpondence, five volumee of notes and journals were discovered at Almora.
Two wore neat and legible and, writes Batten from Almora"J, described a tour
'W). ta God.. 27-9-21 ; DDn. 08 ( 103). 'He married at Pnnnng in May 1821. 'BOC.. 27-2-23 ;
DDn. 203 ( 6 ).
'Herbert had m. hfmnson'm minter in April 1823. 8M.p dated 1828, 18 m. to inch;
aopied NO. Frh. 1.927; from Satlcj to Kali. bnmcd nn svvs. 1818-22 [plw. 5, 6 1; pubd. JABB. XIII. 1844
I. 171 ). 'Oripinnl Report nt NAI. ; Home De t hiao. vol. 48; A ; Aa R. XVIII, part I (2!!7 el a q ;
YIdpB. XI. Iw. psrt 124 ( i-clriii ). 'Cupper a n t k n not wnrkable in Kumaun ; Burrerd a Haydea
( -3M) ).
O h t not noted by Burrrrd & Havden. .IARR. XI. IM3 ; XIII. I041 ( 171. 734 ). 'Copy of
y r b t o hreotnnander U to CD. 1-2-27; BM.'Addl. MR. 1+3!bI, cnmprimm 10s pp.
1*John KaIlett Bat-
( 1 11-08 ). BW. rrmt. Cornnr.. Kumaui, r . 183.546.
OTHER GEOLOQICAL SWVBYS 268
the lower ranges of Sirmwr and the low oountry and hills about ... Roopur, below tho
Boobathoo mountau~e, to the Terai east of the .Jumnn belonging to the Saharunpore Zillah, t o
the Dehra Doon, and then croneing tlie Uarlges along the edge of the Bijnom and Mor edabd
end Pilibheet 'rerai, to that of Kumaon, ... ulld thence to Almorah.
Capt Herbert stayed at Almorah e whole summer and recorded observations. Then-
hie journal shows his tour ... towarde the Juwakee Peas ... and the snowy range. ... Befor*
resching Melum Herbert fell ill, and his journal ends. ...
Three other volumes of rm. ... ar o all badly writtell. and parts of them very obscure. ...
Nobody a t Cdcuttn can possibly interpret the volume. ... I therefore propose to edit i t
myself. ... Jam- Prinaep gave up the teak in deepair. This volume also contains Captain
JIason' s continuation ... to &lelum. and b ~ l i over the l~ills to Almorah. I n its present state
I defy anyulle who hna not bee11 a t every place named to decypher the words arid fill up the
gaps cawed by moths end white ants1.
Batten then describes Herbert's final tour to Dehra-through the Diin--across
the Jumna to KLlai-into the hills through Jaunxar and Jubbal t,o the Rorendro
paas--down the Pa bar River to the 'rons-and buck to De h r ~ over the kIueeoorie
rmge.
Froni hero he olosed work and started hk journey down to Calcutta. '; I
do not t,hink " writes Batsten " that anything very nor-el will be brought to light
by the journal ".
Of another rough journnl the museum Curator writes ;
From a cumory examination. ..I congrntuIate the Societ~y very sincerely upon t he amount
of geoloficel and ~~rit~erulogicnl knowledge: ... if we can but connect Captain Herbert's
complicated system of ntunber3.
Amongst other report,s about minerals is 0110 from Grant, in Moulmein; [ ~ g g ] ;
I received some apecimelw t ) f ore brought from near Yolm-Zoluno. I t is found in
tho bed of the creek whicl~. 11ur-ing it,s eource near tlrat town. falls into tlie Ynlwoen tabout
10' or 15'nbovo Miane. Tl~rj mineral in snid to be very abundnnt, and yield from 30 to 40 per
-t. These ores were not worked by the Burmese Government, and it was certnin death even
to be fount1 in the act of ~eei ng it. I t i~ not therefore an eaey rnattor to procure specimens of
miner~ls fro111 opposite banlca. 'L'llr chat1 inspired by former t,ymnny still paralysas the
natural bills of indrlstry. To tho same cause we may ~wcribe the ignorance of the people
regarding t l ~ e mineral richm of the ditrict. ...
The ore has been worked hp Oojna ( 4 1 chief UI rebellion ) for some time past, but I auapeot
it ie not for the sake of the lead done. Tliu cl~rriers [ I<nrens ? ] are the proper people from
whom to obtuin ores, but they nre nnid to be n very unacoomodnting people.
In March the carriers [ ? ] come down with the protluctivrw of their country, consisting
ohiefly of wax, honey, ivory, oil of aesnnmum, otc.. ~ n d roceive in exchange the mtlnufncturea
af England, India. and China4.
I t was not until 1861 that the regular department of Geological Survey
founded under Thomaa Oldham.
he nor~ual means of postal oommunioation in India --err by postrunners,
014 in a loin-cloth, carrying a light bundle of letters fastened with a few jingling
bells to a short spear sloped over the shouldbrs.
Such men run t o this very day,
sometimas singly, but in jungle country more often in pain. Ddk wea laid in regular
stclges, eeoh stage having its regular runners passing to end fro a t e ateady jog-trot.
Stages were about eight miles mob, and post trevelled up to eeventy miles e day
[I, 3031. The " Bhangy Dawk ", or parcels post, the runner's epringy at& beering
a load a t each end, was e less speed\. bueiness.
I n 1813 William Boyce, of born be^^, put forward a scheme for eetebliehing
lines of telegraph signal8 from one end of Indie to &nother. Such linm had been
~uocesaful in Europe for the rapid despatoh of meesogea over long diatanoes. I n
recommending t h e ~ ~ proposals, the Bombay Government remarked that
1 from Battan, lL2-42; JASB. XI. 1848 (683-4).
' bhm Curator. 31- ib. (em ) ; He r Wa
Jown~b, cci..by Batten ; JASB. XILI , 1844 ( 734 e4 a ). 'Y~mulin, joins 8.lwaa. 91 Q/11.
4 DD~. ,
221 (2 a), Grantla Report o. Tenuusrim; 1827. 6 1 a ~ C . Progl. XXVII, 1OJO ( 78-81).
*Wm. &*
ud. d"hr uds" b&n 1.0. when he ltat p p o d the bhgm h; "-of the Bomb h-1;
1813; m.. Bornhay, -7, h. Mery AIUI 8sv.gs. ridow ; m r ofTrm BOP. amp b CO. 1810 ( 1 ) .
a man Mter qunliied tllsn Mr. b) yca to mtpe~.u~tmnd t he mtrcblinhmer~t could l~arrlly bo f a d .
He waa for aume p r a employed under s vnry enlightened IIII~II, Mr. Edgeworthl, in bile
management of t he bl egml ~hs in Imlt%n~l.
Boyce himself records t hat
bhe fimt iur~rlern t el qmph t b t ... a t t mt e d any 11otice WRS the one ... n ~ ~ b ~ n i b h i tO t he ( 31nl mi t b~
of Public Safety in Paris it1 1793 by Monsieur C!hrbp+. en11 in ... in &mere1 use throughont tllo
French dominions. 'rho nest. is thttt...inmnta~l hy I,onl U n q e JI11rrn9 a h o ~ ~ t t.110 wrmo timll
m ~ d in. ..mtabliuli~d lblong tile CI I I I S~S o t f E~~c l nr l ~l .
He llnd liimself been t!rnployetl ~ r s l i ~~l t l *urtTc4yor under Edgnwortl~ on the
erection of telegraplia rountl t4hc const of Irclnnd after 1803. Ho tlescrit)cvl t,lle
im'mense ndvantage t,hat Chnppo's nystern gave t,o Na.poleon. His otc.11 systeln was
t o be an i n~pr or o~l ~ent , on t , l ~: ~t I I YB I ~ l)y F:dgr?wort,h, a-orlic:tl 1)). t,lle tlisplaY of large
triangnl;~r vanus in seven clitferent, csonlbi~lt~tio~is ;
T l ~ e 11mchinery i* st1 si ~npl e t ~a to 110 11erfewtly r nnna ~n~! ~l u to I L Irn~y I I ~ t,1?11 y~t l r s old. ...
*. E~i g~\ vt ~r t h' s dylltanl workttll wit11 bt~tif>l1* twollty llliltw ltpnrt. A nil'wciKt) rerjnirul~ 19
hours of time hy L~, rd Ger~rge JIurn~y' s telc~g~tq, l~ I . *I I I I I I he 1nnlmc.0~1 wit,h Mr. I3dgocnwo1-th's
in 33 minilha. ... 1 have elfoctnrl in~pro\:t~rrlent rl...u,lli~.ll I.RII# lor it. infinitely v11perinlr 60 m y
6~legrtl.pli whatavor. ... \\'he11 en overlun~l II~GI>H~.I:II 11rrivm1 or any news of irnport.rmm by
e m, i t cntrl~l be c- or nm~~~~i c~t t t xl to t he Supreme (; IW~R~IULIL*II~ i l l half 1111 IIOIIP, 81111 an nnswor
received hwk in tho next llnlf h o ~~f i .
The Supreme Government was interested, but naked for mportn OIL t he line.; to I,o
traversed end t he number of st,ntions recl~lirecl ; tliey pointed out t he t l ; ~r~ger from
plunderers such as pi ddr i s t o whose attncks t he posh would be ~turtic111arIy v1111ier-
able. Tlie Sr~rveyor General wns connnltetl. Boycc: had prol~osed two routes ; the
f h t from Bonibay via L'oont~Hydoriih5~i-Ellor~C11ttnck t,o Calcntta, 76 ~t at ~i ons ;
t he second, from Bombey along t,ho west coast t,o Msngslorr, und t hen via Soringa-
patnm and Bangalore t o Madras, 133 stations. hra.ckenzie was I-riticnl ;
Whilst I have the l~iyllrat npi ni o~~ of t.he ~ ~ x l t s ~ ~ l ~ r i c ~ r i t ? ; 111.. Fk~yce's t~Ieg~up11 over
my other ... of the shlno liin~l, 11nd I I I HI J duly nclii~c~u~lmlge tire ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n l ~ e r l c . a s ml\-antagea that
would accrue from I l i r~lanr;, ... yet 1 c.linnoL I119lp differing ... wllon I I H prllpoaen to commence
t he to\vers w-ithorit, 111rving the whole sx+ent of t,he country usninii~~vl by 13, skilful engineer.
... I do llot think wit11 tli~u t hat t.he building of W I I ~ I I ~ H ~ I ho~tn as... woul~l ubnnwor, as they would bo
so liable t o n11cl1 rupi~l tlecuy, not only frcnn t l ~o ... c,lirn~~te, I J I I ~ aluo froru. ..t.l~o wl ~i t e ants.
With reapect of thcl nl~ml>or of towew requirwl. I I I O not t l i u~k it conl~l evor be even gueseed
at,, for, 61s tho tclegrapl:ic parL 1 4 the tower is only abor ~t 16 or 17 feet high. when n j ~~nyl e
tract was to bo got througl~. they rolll,l not Hee each ot,her 11t IL fnrlong'a di8tnut.e. ...
Mr. I3oycr ... has ... ~~\ ~erl ooIc~el some oh~tuclos that, harl ho Lrnv~IIed milch i i ~ tlie peninsula,
he wo111(I have foull~l very clinirult ~ I J overcome. ... Fir& ... t,he Pu~clnriva. or any other Iswlea~
t r i h ; fnr, althouph the tcowow ]nay I)n Inilsqnet [,roof, annrl si~fficie~~tlylrtrong to prevent the
tower being carried Ly force, yot how txra they t o prr1c:llre wnt,or or proviaionrr ? If t he tower
must be protected. tohen only one lnwl (.~LII 0 1 1 t l ~i s erranrl, whose rub could be ewily gueasd.
... I n rnnny pl ncw... tho clistnnc-e from any auppliw and, whatwould bo still worse, not being
s b b tr, procure water. or of itn proving barl, wonlcl prove ... very difficult to overcome. ... Tn the
moat of these jungles it wu~l r l oftem happen ... thnt ... t he \wholo complemrmt of men wonl~l he ...
all dnwn with fevers nt t he same time6.
I n Auguat 1817 a committee WRR appointed to in\,eetigate t he possibility "of
ehbliehing en esperimentnl telegrephic communimtion between Fort William and
Nagpore", and t o lSeport on tlie vcthleof extending auch ct line if itprovetl a~ioceasfnl.
Mackenzie, as Su~veyor Ckneml, a-as nppointed pmeident, with t.111: -Aclj~~t,nnt General,
t he Qo~r t mmwt e r General, ant1 otller military officem, as members. Amongst the
many oficers corlault.nl by t he comnlittee WAN J ~ mb t o n , who t l i s c~l ~~et l a t length the
proposal and t he pomible linw.
The commit.tm then obtained tlie appointment of George Hvurent, wit11 Ferguaon
8n .wsi.*ttlnt, t o nurt70,v a line from Cal c~rt t a t o Chundr, ant1 srrlect ~ i t f l ~ for t he
towern taking t he general line of Ra. nkenp~ roar1 [ I, 38 1. .A line following the
Hlullnnl hvoll klgcworth ( 174CIR17 ). 1)NB. . "lad tn inventlr plan fat blsgrnphiag by the desire
b b o w tllv m%ult of a nae at Newmukst". 'Clwude Chsppe ( 1783-1805 ) ;drowned him8nY in woll of hie
wa.Plhap ; model uf %-lograph RUNT. muevnm. Whitel~sll. uxbf. 0870. ( 1761-1131)3 ). 1Xr. 14' ' C e ~ p b .
Ad d d t y . 17W. Binllup of St. IJrvirl'w IWl. 'Is#er of 612-la; I3 Pol (:. 44-14 ( 0 ) . 143
( 73-6 1, arwr-14.
Ganges waH recognize~l RJ imprecticublu'.
k:verest's survey had rwohed Shergbti
by the middle of February 181 8 ;
His dietan- ever ap nearly 9t milee, but. tm a greet portion of the country ... ia covered with
thick f omt , that average may be considered rather low, and, in fact, the distan can... sh1.e he hna
-bed the open country have occaeionally beon ua high es 12 end 13 milw.
The surveyors were fur11iahd with the coulmoll achromatic te~escopes generelly used by
military men in the trench- or in roco~rlloitring part8ies. ... These...are. ..insufficient for a greeter
dietance than 7 miles in the low wooded coimtry. alhd somewhat more on the open plaine. ...
on one occtlsion where two of C'nptail~ Evoroet's utations were separated by an l mh l t mu p ~ l
of rnrnething more t hnl ~ 13 lnilen ill breetlth, e tele~cope of the power of 14 affonled him
a distinct view of the telegraphic apllereu (luring eight honra of the day. ...
The height of t, l~e teleyrlq~hu is calrnlntect wit11 referellce to the curvlrturr of the earth.
but ill (,l,en count ri s it i6 endwtvnureal l o give t,hem nn elevatiorl, by meens rrf isolated hills
or otllerwine, will I,reve~lt t,he ris\ral line from npproarhin~ nearer than 90 feet to the
slufwp of t.he p ~ l n d . In Hat we,ode~l count,ry, howover. that line hae Iritherto been neluly
a tengent to the general VI I P\ . ~ I;>rrne11 by the illt,ervenir~e f(diag9.
The survey reached Chulitir in Yay, ~nl d Everest sent JJambton e long account ;
TIle lnntl between C'nlrutta R I I ~ 13i1rclwn11 is Ant. nnd awrrtr~py ; highly fertile end fiopuloun,
ntl~dcletl everyahore with vill~gen in \ ~l l i cl ~ there nee almost. always found tnxts rising 60
great tleight. and t~bstn~vting tlrt. view.
All obuer\.er ( I ~ A I I ~ U I ~ OIL tlm ground would...never
be able to extend his lr~lspeot I~oyc~n~l 3 111ilm. I U I ~ very seldonl beyond three miles in any
directic~n. 11nd it lrns nut, been 1111(.111111n(11 t ~ i rt118C !t 111nt.ro~ln of 70 I'eet, ill ortlvr to view an
of DO feet in hei~lut itt 1,ha (lirltt~r~(.@ of tl miles.
The whole trnct is ... llm:ulinrly ill-vnlc~~latc*l fill' tc.lrgnrpllic c.urn~lloniration, from there
being s r n ~ e l y nny rising gr4,nnds. crit.l~er nai.u~ral or ~lrt,ificrnI, 80 t.hnt the edifice muat be
m i d frorn the grountl. nncl the I J I I ~ ~ ~ d a n ... \ rw to ~rlare la~lders tlpon some lofty end etrong-
limbell t.rro, nnd nscen~l ... t.o n anlnll Imrnbou frarne\r-urlc rnisml to the l ~ei gl ~t required [ 264 1. ...
After mchi np Hnr~koornll [ 263 1, n~hich ia abou~t LOO nuiles frorn Cnlcutta, the fme of the
country is divided int,o upk~n~l a nnd vnlleyn, and nbollt 20 ~nila* fart,her westward we enter
upcn a wid0 extended plairl, irr ~vliicli nre novernl isolntetl Ilillnckn nnrl lrills nlrnont approoohir.~g
$0 the ~i z o of mo~mtain.;. ... 2,000 feet is fnr tno great f i r telegraphic purpoam because t he
telegrn1111 being n dark r ~~l our e l object, recluireu n light bnckp.romnd ; in thin part of the line
t hmfc~re, the ernil~el~cw ilf 300 urld 4OU feet Ilsve generally beun ohonen. ...
After passing Cllncua, ... the verJ- rc~pi~l riw in the land t d a q plwe whir11 continuas t o
Heznribau~, the rnout, elr\at, e~l pnrt or t,he new road. Tlro peaks uf P~r ns na t l ~ are visible
through nearly 100 tniles elf the new r u ~ r l UI clear \vnather, nnrl the t,olegraph post which i m
neerest to t.hr rnorlnt~~in is I9 nila as ... from t.lle sununit. ...
v 3
I tle I'c~rt, of Cl~unnr is ... 11r1 u. roclc. ... ' r l ~e telegraph p11st.s to tho west,ward ... have been taken
up principally on the ruins i ~ f mucl furtil, or ~ u c h other rnounds as were in former days wed...
for protection agninst Pill~it~rieu.
I look forward ... to t.he nrrivol of the Trigonornetricnl Survey in this part of the country.
and pnrticolarly in the plauls wmtwnrd of Sheergetti, for no artificial elevation will be
required, and the atlno~phere is so esceeclingly clear dming the greator part of the year that the
view may be extended to 35 or 40 miles, or even to a p t e r distance, without difficulty. ...
There is a peculiar vapour in the hot weather which affecta the atmosphere e t a lass height
then 100 feot,, ... and causes so greata divergency in the rays of light, that telescopes of
rnegnifying powers are of little use, and inuuch situatione the telegraph distances have eeldam
been preater than 7f miles. whilst in t,he hilly tracts 18 miles baa not been too paat .
Thedistance8 bet,ween Lhe telegraplrs l~avegenerally been meesured ... by taking the contained
nngle between nne t e l e p ~p h nncl rtny conspic~lous object,. Thus the mountain of Pareanaut,
whirh preaenh never81 rvmnrknble ptrnks, n-as used to determine the distances between p,
different sites, and ...a roltgl~ approximation wne obtained which was somewhat better then
perambulator meauuremer~t.. ... There uere many occasions where. ..the perambulat or...becemr
the only resource. The sllrvey in fact has been a very rough one. and differs only from the
generality of the route surveya in there being nlwaye an opportunity offered of -ing from one
end to the other of mcll ' relepaph line, ~ n d thus obtaining the goneral direction'.
The survey wes closed down on 16th October 1818 when Everest left Ch- to
join Lambton at HyderBbLd6. [ 227, 352-3 1. Temporary signal stetions h d hn
BGO. 21-10-li. from Telegraph Corn. to hmbton ; 26-?-I8 ; DDu. 91 ( 157-9 ).
3 Chm. 73 In.
'rnpies of W. nbmta survey wiLh telegraph nys. -10. 81 ( 37-0 ); Eve& to Lsrnbtma. 14-1A ( 37-9 ) ;
1)l)n. 01 ( 163-70). 'BQC. 2-10-18; DDn. 64 ( 74).
specimens wesackt~~)wledged by t he Aeiatic Society. Met 1)isril end Voyney in Calcutta [ r G 6 ] ,
and in December aacornpenierl Diercl t o t he Sunda la. tleturnecl t o Chandernagore 1820.
and in .July 1021 left for Hylhet t o extend his loological uolleotions into t,he Kt18oi & .Ininti&
Hills. He returned wit11 a fever from which he llever f11Ily recovered. a ~ a l died a t h1wlres in
Augoet 1824. C'ontribr~t,wl several papers t.o the Asiatic Snciet,yl, hesicles stuffetl bircle end
-
snakes in spirits.
Pierre MCdarcl Dirlrtl ww born ~t ('1inten11 cle I,uhr~~sne. Intlre et Loire. 1Otl1 .\[arc41 l i 93.
Met Duvaocel ant1 Voynsy in C'alcutt,tb in 1818 1 *tip]; with Duva~lcel to the oasterrr i*lenda,
and then spent, aevernl yenrs in ('ochin C'hiluc. w11~1.e 11e n ~ e t Ckorpe ( : i bs ~~n, wit11 wllo~n h e
exchmlgerl geographical inrolmati~tlr [ ;q- 80 1. c\ft.er I ~ I H L I ~ ~ r l v e n t t ~ r e ~ he settle11 i l l JIHIBCCD.
He d i d nn 16th February I84i3 at Djntti. n ~ P I V rnilc'1 from Rnta\-in in .Tevn. p~.~isonerl wt ~l l d
11reaerving his wpwimenn of Htrallge alli1na18~.
Jwquemmt. wcm horn at. Paris on 6th At~gnrt. IHOI. c1111l wel~t nr ~t tn In~l i n hy t he 311lwe11m of
Kutural Hiet,clry. Hea~.liinu ('nlontta irl Alny lS2!l. trsvsllocl thrc~unh Z-pper India, visiting in
pnr t i c~~l ar Hunrlelklian~l-- Det r r ~ Di ~n - Sirnla--an11 lillnhrnir. A ynllrlu nmn of great charm,
wae welcometl hy hot.11 13ritiull ~ n t l l nr l i nl ~~ \vl~erever he wrrtt. \\'a* an enthosieetio ucientist.
and collected an in~rnenss vol ~~r ne of i~Sorlntltion an[l trow ~notorinl, chiefly botanical.
He is well known f i ~r the .Joitrrurl c.o~~tl~let rlti vo!lrrgr rle 1'. .Jncqlr~rrmnt, noec les dencripticnba
zooloyiquee ~t botn~tiques, pub. 1H35. Son10 11f his c~~rreay>on~Irt ~ce Ivn3 t.rnnsltlted into English
in 1834. an11 l ~obl i ~l ~ecl under tlis title of Let t rr~ /r,~nt In(li(r. ' ~ J I I ~ ~ ~ I L ~ I I I I I I I his writinga he
makes const,ant referenre to mnprr crnd nor\,eyors, somotirnes rriticnl. often mt ~st apprenintive.
Like I ~ I \ . ~ I I I * P ~ . his I I CHI I I I WHS ~t ~r \ t mt . ~r I by Ili* wnnderinp. : I I I I ~ ilo (lie.! at Hnlnhap in
or1 7Lh Oeremher IH:l?.
The keeping of daily meteorological ohservrttio:ls, hotall in finld and office, had
long been a subsidiary dut,j- of nll surveyors, nntl Inany of t,hem toolr a keen interest
in maintaining their rocortl.;.
Pearse hat1 recorded cletitilmtl 0t)ser~~t~io118 at Fort Willin~n froin 1773 to 1776
[ I, 361-2 1.
C'olehroolic. kt>l,t oi~servationu for over threo iuonths in C~ l . ~ u t t a during
1787 [ I, 327 1. l'ntrick (;etea.rd liol,t r e g~~l a r ol)eervt~t,iol~q nt Sablltllu and Iiotgerh
from about l H l G to IN":(. Hnr(lwiclie, t he I~otnnist. sent \Vebl) copy of his journal
in 1818. kept whilst con~mt ~~i t l i ug t he Artillor!-:' i ~ t l)t1111 l)111n [ l o j 1.
Blacker was particularly interested in ttllring reg~l l t ~r baro~net er obser\-t~t,iuna a t
Cnl cut t , ~ for assisting tield surve-ora with cnrrrsponilent ohaer\-abionn. He stitrtod
a regular rnoteorologicl~l ol ~nt . r\ -at . 0~ frr11n 1st ;\pril 1823, \%-it11 e register entered
four times e clay \vit.l~ reading of b~ r o ~ ~ i ~ t e r - - I I ~ c ~ ~ ~ r no r ~ ~ c . t e r -liygron~cte,r-ombro-
meter-anemomf~t,or--n11(l photomotel". 111 IS.'!^, ilk r e t ~v o for a copy of t.his register
sent to t he Litemry Society of Bombq. 'rhomas .Jerris sent a copy of t he one which
his brother George had kept at t he Engineer Inrt,it~it,ionj.
I n 1830 t he Surveyor General got n monthly allo\vnnoe of Its 10 for his clreughts-
man, W. H. Scott., for charge of the ilutrunients tlntl for taliing their daily reatlingse.
Again in 1830, iln was directed t o issue a colnpletc set of meteorological instrulnonts to
Mr. h i s t a n t Surgeon rthodee. who is aboiit to proceed t o t,he a&nnt.orillrn in the Cousye Hills
[ Cl~errapunji 1' . wi1.h tho rrqi~iaite inetrulner~ts for observing and registering t he pressureand
t e mpr a t t m of tllc aLrnusphel.e. togebher wibh b1111rl; fc~rmr of n ~net ~~r ol ogi cul jolunal, and
euoh inutructionn n.3 y11u clwln ~ieuessary~.
' As R. S I V ( 471-5 ) SV ( 167-1W9) : Aa J. 91.Y. Unroh 184.3 ( 24. ' ) ; J d S B. VII. Aug. 1836 ( 7344 )-
a I.'illlayson'a Miasion lo Siatn a d IIUI:. London. 1826 (307-0 ) ; Brrllelin As .l,niada I'ieur Hul:. 1935 ( 615 ).
'MRIO. M 834. 'i!,. hI414. Don. 204 ( 38 ). 19-9-29.
a J ; l SB I (2S33 ). Snmmary of meteorl. obms.
at 800. 1828-30.
4459 ft. t~l~nve roa : avornge rr&infnll458 inches ; mil. sal~atorium till 1RB1.
R Pol C.
20-0-30 ; D1)n. 20" ( 30 ).
CHAPTER X1X
Bettgcrl -- .lfftdrccs - R O I I I ~ I ! ~ - - 0( netvtl Maps of I ~l di u -- .4tlas of Indict.
W
HEX i ~~~t l i ori zi l l g t.llt: es t t ~l ) l i s l l ~~i e~~t of a si~lglt- Surveyor General of India, the
l>irt-ct.ol.s lnitl dou-11 a9 his niain d11t.i~~ t he co~uyilation of large hcele m a p of
ell pa.r(.s of India fro111 t he brat availab1e BUI . \ ~ C~ ~ , and t,he r ue i nhs nc e from
theye of 11. penor:rl nlnp of Illdin on redlteOdfioalc 111, 287; 111, 281-3 1.
He WUR to
be tllr *ole :111tilterity for ~ 1 1 ~ 1 1 I I I R~S, ant1 was ren~n)tisihle bhbt copies H.RI.F nnly made
for R I I ~ I I I I ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ( ~ II?PROIIS R I I ~ ~ ~ n t , 1111dlily ~ ~ ~ ~ J t ~ i p l i n d l .
X, t he ( 'o!iipany'a trrrit,ol.i~rl atritdily espar~cled. nnd great~er intereht. was taken
in I;~ti,cls 1);r-yclntl tl\e front,ier~. no a l ~ o did t.he st , rra~n of new surveys cont,inually
i ncret ~>~\ : t , l ~r prrasure on t he Hnrvr~.or C~e~i ur al ' ~ few skillet1 d r a ~ ~ g h t ~ ~ ~ i ~ n never
relesf.tl. wl~etlier itt (hl cut t a or t he 1)rii11ch offic~s a t Madray alld Poona.
Col~tpil:~tiol~ of Bengnl mapa wits ~)art , i ~' ~i l arl y diffic~ilt. because each field surveyor
w a ~ entirely ind~.pe~ltlent of t.lic* ot i ~e l : there war IIO uliiform syet e~n, eit.hel. for t,he
surrey or f o ~ the st,ylr of dr ~~\ \ . i ~i g. 3I i ~~l z ~nz i r rt-plies t o \Vel,b, who had pressed for
a i I ~~a ~~g l i t s ~n a . ~l assint.al~t I 4S, 307 1 :
The young man who drew the limp uf uysc~re you saw UI England in now in this ofice, aa
I have brought him roilnd I ~ U P ~ ~ R Q I J ' ~ : & for Inore of t,ho same kind we should have ample
emplojment here. ... You do not <lo justice t o yourself iu deprecating your drawing. Your
...map s that I have swn are s~~t i ci cnt l y satiafrtctory [ n. 453 1.
The Surveyor is the person to c o ~ ~ s t n ~ c t t he map of hie own surveys ; the draughtamanis
only required to tako off tho fair copy, & more thnn one copy is not required. ... In all my own
mrveys ( for I am not R good rlraughtsman, auy more than a good writer ) I have constructed
my own inaps ... & then got one fair copy made.
He disapproved of a mr\-eyor 111a.king several copies "for a.11 and sundry". Further
copieu and redl~ct,ionu were t.11~ t111t-y of t he Htirveyor General3.
Though t he Directors \voulcl not hear of any resurvey of Bengal [ 186,284 1, the
oltl enpavr d sheets of Rrn~lell' n surrey were long out of print, as well hopelessly
out-of-date anrl inadecjuate. and ee no copies co111cl be made except by hand, i t was
elmost impowiblo for local oflicials t o get hold of maps of their clistricts. There
was a tlispute in 18 16 between t he Collectors of Ghgzipur and Benar e~. Barlow
of Ghazipiir m~ked Hemilton of Renarar t o lend hi111 a inap of Jaunpnr for an
official tour". Hamilton replied curtly t hat t he ]nap "was mtretched on cloth, ~ t l d
hung up t.o preserve i t ", ant1 coultl not he supplied ; upon which Barlow "handed
him up t o t he Commissioner "5.
I t wan n long time before t he S~lr\reyor General founcl t he staff t o colnpile maps
on reduced scales, and, reports Mackenzie in 1819,
Complete maps of t he provincee are entirely wanting, except one district, Chittagong
[ I I 1. I do not perceive any map that can be considered aa fully inclueive of a province of
lete yeare. Bwarea, Bundelcund, Cuttack, the Sunderbunde, some parts of the Upper Pro-
vincea, esrd othem, lmve been begon ... many years ago, but never conpletely fmi~hed. Theee
mmeys have been repeatedly interrupted. m d their materials either damaged by repeated
copying, by being eent out, and in some instances none whatever eent into the ofice.
The copying of t he mrveye on their original largescale eeems to meentirely unneceaeary, and
attended with a great Ions of time and expense ; the rmp now aacompanying ie one fourtll
lCl) to B. 3-0-14 ( 10.20 ). 2Scwmnn or Hamilton [ 312 1. aDDn. 160 ( 144 ). 30-11-18. 'Roht.
Barlow ( 1788-1845 ), Ron of Adm. Sir Roht. Barlow, OCB.; offg. Gnllr. Chizipor. 1817--Sir Frodk. Hamilton
( 1777-1863 ) ; 5th Rart. ; Collr. Bemrer, lLIIf%28. 'Dewor ( 331 ).
of the eiee of the original and. in my idea, oomprehends everything requlnitel.
In 184% t he Board of Comniissioners st Pat.nn asked for maps
of the ~ v e r a l districts p r e p d from the latest eurveys. It ie generally supposed that there
me er ne objectiom to complying with such applications, arising, it is believed. from some
old order [ 11, 288-92 ] ; but, fie the Qovernment are disposed to incur considerable expenae
in
topographicel surveyP, the Board are inclined to think that objections no longer exist3.
The maps demanded covered no fewer t han thirteen districts from BihBr t o
Cawnpore, and t he S~l rveyor General replied t hat he could not possibly bupply them
without laying aside t h o ~ e of t he extensive countries of which
we b v e only lately acquired a geographical knowledge. There are et present under prepera-
tion in my office for transmimion to England, and for record, the following maps, and en several
of them are very large, and two peraons are employed on each, it is evident that great delay
will take place if I am obliged to relinquieh them to s ~ p p l y copies of ... almost ohsolete mnpe
...To r...the settling of abkaree boundariesi.
Reductions and copies were being made of t he Hi mi l evan surveys and panoramas
of Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb [ 39-40 1 ; a map of t he co~intries west of t . h ~
Jumna ; maps on scales from A t,o 20 miles t o an inch of t,he upper provinces ; of
M&a; Bundelkhand ; of the peni n~ul a of India ; of hli~cartney' s large map of
the Punjab and AfghBnistan [ 11, 270-1 1, and Inany others. Hodgson promised
a copy of Ensign Stephen's maps of Benares, jtc. [ 11, 36. 1 43 1, to be m. de for the Board ; it
is, however, not a topographical, but a geographical m&p, as are nearly all othera in thin
ofice. This map was first received ... on the 19th February 1811); the firzt sheet in rather rm
injured state. ... having bee11 in constant use with the Ahgistrate of Goruckpoor sinco
October 1817. The other meps ... are ... from very ancient yurvoyd , they are merely nf a
geographical nature, often founded, as most surveys in t,hia widely extended country
are, on military operations. ... Few, or no, surveys have been made of them since the time of
Major Remell, to whom atlaa, and to Arrowsmith's map, it may perhaps be expedient to refer. ...
J annex an extract of 8 letter ... from Colonel Meckenzie, dated the 18th September 1819
[ 274-5 1, which may ... confirm the expedienoy of restricting ... requisition3 ... which not only
embarrag the current buainess of this office but aeem a t variance with the epirit of the ordora
of the Hon'ble Court of Directors. ..to limit the multiplication of geographical materinlsj.
The desperate straits t o which local oficel-s were put. from thi s lack of nlaps is
well illustrated 1)y t he following appea.1 from t he Magistrate of Ghl zi p~rr ;
The published maps of this part of the country are per hap mare defective then those of
any other park of the Company's provincee. The rich district of Ghrszeepoor, which abounds
in populous towns and vi l l a p, is left almost a blank. This defect i; q.1pplie.1 f or :r prt?.it part
of the district by the excellent and recent map of Captain Stophens : sup 1, but for the pur.
gunnahs situated to the south of the Ganges, and tho= along the south-eastern frontier, ...
we are left to fill up as we can the blanks left by Rennell and Arrowamith 1277-8 1.
The convenience of a good m p for judicial and police purposes 1 can speak of from experi-
ence. ... We know a t a glance what officer cen most conveniently be employed on any speoial
duty, and we can adjust the proper stations for our police chokeecr. The new nettlernent of
Azimghur is about to commence, but the Collector hes nothing on which to found his measure.
manta or surveys, end even the sites of the principal towns are unknown".
Sir John Malcolm's map of Mlilwa [ a 4 6 1 was compiled in eight sheets, scale four
miles t o an inch, by Robert Gibbings, A. Q. M. G. , whose dranght,smen were William
Sundt7 [ 280 n.3 1, L. I. De Mello, and possibly Arthur [?]Whi t e, who worked for St..
John Blacker [ 8 5 1, and later for Briggs in Khsndesh [ 124 1.
The fill1 mapa
etretched from east of Saugor t o t he mouths of t he Tapt i and Nerbada.
A
reduction on t he 8 mile scale, adjusted t o t he Great Trigonomet,rical Survey, wau
drawn in t he Surveyor General's office in 184Ss.
During his time as Surveyor General betwoen 1821 and 1823, Hodgson
a
greet deal t o clear up t he drawing office, and sent home to t he Directors five owes of
meps, journals and fieldbooks, originals and copies10 ;
'for comdg. offioer in Cutteok ; DDn. 108 ( 60 ). 18-9-19.
'The new revenue sorvegs of Upper
Provinoes [ 14-31 ] 'DDn. 196 ( 77 ). 23-13-22.
'DDn. 108 ( 65-9 ) 1 W 2 2 .
"DD 1196 ( 210 ) & 198
( 6 0 ), 244-22. WDn. 106 ( 262 ), 8-1 1-22.
'MRIO. Miso. 2-0-18 [ 86 n.z 1 ; hll material pxcsr~I to Sa.
under B Pc~l C. 1-1-22; DDn. 108 ( 9-12 ).
'DDn. 278 ( 21 ) ; MHLO. 83 ( 67, 69 ) 84 ( I . 2. 5. 6 ).
0 1 ) ~ ~ .
278 ( 10, 1 1 ).
'"Typical of theao in MRIO. 10 ( fl ), Country W. of Delhi-Karnil. 1823, 4 m. m ioub : 'b. 11
( 33 ) : Delbi to Jdpw & Ludhiina, IBm. to inoh, 1822.
Slowing ... the very greet utility of 1nap9 on e large soele divided into separate sheets-
bound together in e...large folio [ 278-9, 284 ]-I have prepared the title and following 15
oonteined in the oaso No. 1, and ... recommend ... engrevinge to be executed by Mr.
h w m i t h , or any other competent person, and published in the form of an atlas.
The utility of the Bengal Atlae publiehed by Mejor Rennell many years ago [ I, 227-30 ]
( but which excellent work is now...out of print ) has been generally ecknowledged, and ...
bhe work which I now send may be estee~nerl valuable. It oomprisw e...oorrect delineetion
of the geography of countries of which no eoourate maps have been ooostr~~oloted except by
myself.
I t w a ~ my intention to have extended the atlas to ... Central India. ...
I also annex a list. of maps ...p repnrcnl it1 t hb rrffice ... between the 1st o f .1111le In21 and the
22nd October 1H2:i. amountulg eltogether t.o 244 mnp*. plans an11 aliotuheal.
Hodgsou's "cnse No. I" cont.sinetl t , l ~e first, shmt,s of a clr~art,er-inch at l as of
north-west, Intlia, plallnerl by him hut, not, carriecl or1 hj. Hlacker. "At. t,he t.ime of
my rerno\-al from ofice I l ust L st,rllck off at ti10 ... lithograpllic press fi\.tr sheets of
thin ~ o r k , which have heen di s t , ~i b~~t e d to v;~riolls ofice~,.s ... and consitlerotl very Use-
fill"? . The 1)irertors great . 1~ a p p ~ ~ C' i ~ t 0 d these ruq's ant1 ~)ropose~I t o incorporate
them int,o t,l~eir new .-itlns. \vhic.l~ t he1 l ~opml \voultl sa\.e a great. (lei11 of t l ~ e labour
spent. in t,he Snrvuyor General's ofice* ill making rallies for loci11 l1se3 [ zgz 1.
On t hr crthrr hnntl t.hcy hartlly ap[~rcc*iat.tvl t hc r~~t nl ~I: t t i \ -e ?Ri.ct of t,lieir veriorls
order- ' I ' l i ~ S i ~ r v y o r (: r~~ernI I t i ~ ( l t o senti ~ I I I I I C ~.ol)ics of t2very ~~~r vc . , j ~ ant1 111ap ;
he \vas forl~itltlen t o 1n111bil)ly copic.s: hi> of i i c~ eslwllnrs al ~t l establishn~ent wore
rigorously controlled. Colebrooke's rrc, o~nt nri ~t l i ~t ~i o~i t,hnt. every tlirt~ic,t 111;!1) nllo~lld
I)e engraved had be r l ~ rrfrlxetl [ I. 231 1. a.ntl yet t he T)irect,ors \rere
surprised tm find that tire Collectors rtrltl Ju~licbl nut,l1oritie8 are not furnished with ~naps of
their respective ciistrictu. We are not aware who is to blame for this o~nission, but we
desire that no time be lost in iwuiny instrl~ctiona to the Surveyor General to prepare i l l nU
practicable cases 1mp9 of the neveral revenue (listricts for the nae of the l oc~l nuthorities, who
ought to be held rejpon.tible fer the s ~ f e c~wtody of the same.
We alao dmire tlmt a nap be prepered for our own use shewing t l ~e b~r~in~inries of all the
districts, ... aa well t-w the udder [ hmdqunrter~ ] stations'.
A nia,l> that, proha.hly rnet a great, nec.11 at, t he t , i ~nr , t,hougt~ not i~pp;~rent,ly
printer1 fur genernl i*s~le. a11(l sho~vinp I I I I roatlw. nhows all police tl16?111.s ant1 principnl
towns in t he lower provinrm, srnlc. 241 miltbs t,o an inch6. The tl18trna corresponrled
genera.lly wit,h present tlintrirt,~. but dist,rict hollntlaries ant1 even na,mes were
continually changing [ 154 n.5 1.
An interesting map of Kashmir \vas tlrawn by . ~ I ( - . Y H I I ~ ~ ~ C:erar(l f r on~ ~uat eri al s
rollectc.tl by t he polit.ical a.gent s t AIII~AIH : "The Valley of Iieshmit., scale :j nliles
t o an inch". 11 shows. wit.hout esplanation, cln arhit'rnry botuitlary line across t he
valley junt. nort,h of Srinagar. The Ool~cr Luke i n shown ~nnc h nearcar Srinagar than
t o Rar at n~~l a. It shows "'I'onhe Mydan IJ1ain. covered with flowera", and FP~OZP-
poorn, b ~ ~ t not. (411lmarg~. .bnongnt many early descriptions of Kashmir is that by
Moorcroft's agent, Mir lzzat Ullah [ TI. 431 1. who gives an accl ~rat e record of his
marches, stage hy ntage7.
1)lrring t he two years which he sl ~ent a t J t t l r a s before moring to C'alcutta,
Mackenzie clearetl ofl'all arreer.r of nlnpping left 1)y the Military J~i nt ~i t ~rt i on ant1 the
district ~ur veys. The Assistant Surveyor (:enem[ wab left responnihle for rollrcting
from t he field par t i e~ t he rcvl t ~ct i on~ t hey ninde of their nurveyw each year. ant1 for
c-ompiling then1 for the Surveyor General arid t he Coi ~rt of Direct.c~rs. Tt wnq his
rl ~i t y t o ~) r ovi ~l r any ri~npq callrtl for hy AIa~lrnn (: overr~me~~t , hut : ~ t t he wbme
I l ) l h ~ . IIIU ( 131 1, 22-10-2:i. 'D[)II. 231 ( 4F) ). 5-1 1-27. V!I) to R. l:3-10-24 ( 15 ). : it,., (;en..
3M-2n ( 33 1. it). 22--12--30 (H ) : Horlpron'n mupr inchlrlr Hooyhly & Midnapore diatr.. f.inrh. ILL%+-9,
MHIO. 38 ( 9- I O. 19-21 ). 'ih. 41 ( 3. 4 ). 'ib. 8 ( '24 ). ' tr. & pub. nq Tmnrh i n Cenfrd Asia. Cnlrutts.
1872 1 11. s ~ v i i I ;artr*nh. Orirnbd Q.q.. MI. PP. 3709, 3 ( I Ob 3 1 . 286-W2): 4 ( 126-40, 2R.SRR ).
tinle to
tile Slirvej-"r (;ellera1 as the sole autlroriiy for the pr.oductoiotl of
map8 [ 274 1.
Macketizie wa8 exceedingly jealo~is of his duties in t , t ~ i ~ mspct, , and
insisted on being kept f i l l l ~ inforn~ed of all such work.
Iittle could he done from Madras to provide maps for the carnpeig~la ill the
Deccen, 1818-7. and Blacker, as Quarterrnast.er General, had to rely mainly on his
own staff. Mackenzie explains t,o the Comn~a~lcler-in-Chief the delay in supplying
mapa ; only three draughtsmen were allowed ; and these could not cope with the
demalld even when assisted by field .surveyors1. In May 1817 he tells Blacker t hat
the mpiea of the B MiIitary Divisions [II. 27G, 292 ] were sent in some mont h ago. ... By your
applying st the Secretary's you could get them. There is a General Map of India published by
Arrowsmith b s t yenre. for which i ~ e wllp si~pplierl by the Directors with the latest matarisb
[ 287-8 1. ... This 11-p would be more useful to you for general pur&m.wa than any other. The
ma p of the 6 Diviaiom contain it more at large, but that of the Circars is still very defective.
The b t e son.eys of t.he Ceded Dhtricts [ 152- 6 ] wore in November in t he hands of t he
ellpaver, so t hat you ran have recourse to them at length when t,hey oome out ; next year 1
~ U~ ' ~ OS C ' ~ .
fickerlxie was ext,orrished (,hat Mouritfurcl t ; ~ r ~ ~ i d 1it.tl1. tlrnw irig to be clone ;
I am uwprized you should want vmploymerlt for draugl~tsmen-fair copies of all provinohl
-ps. of the beet old mepa of roads, for books of the surveys reduced to 2 and 4 milea [ to an
inch ]-...All this I pointed out as proper :,bjectu when Governinent do not required plans4. ...
There should certainly be abundance to do at all times. All surveys that come in t o bb
copied ... for Englan~l and for thie Presidency, end ... reduced copiea of collectomhips when
ordemd ; copies of' ~)ertinl surveys coming in ; reduction^ to the geueral ~ml e a of 2 & 4 miles.
When ( if ever ) there is no work of that kind, nor copiw required by Government, my
intention was that the draughtsrncn, convalescent. sttrveyom, and ... apprentices, etc.. ahould
be employed in copying such of the maps in depot, as were conaidered most eseential for
preeervetion. The pract,ice also improved their style of drawing ; but still, if you should not
hove employment for the draftsmen, I imagine Government will not object to reducing MY
part you think necessary. You will weigh this well tho' before you p r o v e it, and reflect it
mey not be ensy to recruit bhe rlrnwing department if any extra work is required6.
He waa irrtlipr1:3r1i at tl(.111nnds made by Dc H~villa11d in his rnl),zcity (if l ~l s pc t or
(I[ Tank IC~tir~lntrs. i t new post urltler t,he Revr11ue Koarcl. 1)e Havillalid had tslwirp
llwn en ent l i ~r ~i ~ht i ( . I ~ I ~ O - I I L H ~ ~ C I . [ 11, 270. 280 1. t1.11~1 i t \~.:i,.i 11atura1 that ~vitli a job
t,llet oxtended tllrt~~rglloirt t lit. p~wsidenry, I>(? sllc~lrl(l \ \ ar~t i)otll tletailetl ib11tl yt-nel.nl
I I I I ~PY, hut JItcckrrlzic woi~ltl II; L\ . ~! r ~or ~r ot' it,.
I do not, undvrgtancl thin plart uf Da Havillnnd'~. He has sotnu view, but svhnt it is, and
who ere his roailjut,ors at bhe Rmvenue Hoard. I c&nnot gums at. I t soul d he of importance
t,het I knew. ... :is to rue1;iny n mol, I ; I ~ (,nblicution it woulci be cut of the q~lestion ; ... the
value of money is too well appr ec: i ~t ~I t o he lightly ~ncrificwl. No Inb\p for 20 y a m at lerrat can
come in compet.iti~m wit11 .4rrc1w?rmit.h'n L 28; --8 I with all it* defect*. ~n the engravulg is EO very
expensive, so that. it. ir a project 11ot to bo meddlml with. The Indin Company tllno set their
face8 egain8t it. ... De Havillentl ~ I W ROlnR other scheme in view, M it iu wid he 11- [ tho
intontion ] of going home. ... Ho wishas to ncqnire kclet ee n gw~grnpher, ... for 11e is an...
entarprizing Inan. t,llo' I wish it hnd been tompmrl wit.11 more tliacmtion in thiu casea.
Mountford had already protestud s t l)e Hevillend's recluest for material
to finis11 ~etisfactorily o map of t.he Penu~~ul u. ... 'rl~ibl onico 11 w... bwn declared to be the only
repoeitory of tlleae materiala. ..from whence all geogral)l~ical information ia derived. ... Or@
materials, wl ~i cl ~ are in a cbonatant st,at,e of examination. ralttction and reference, roultl not
be iaeued...witllout, putting o sk)p t,o t,he olwrations'.
On this i t WRH orderctl that De IIavillal~tl slrould have his map corist,rucltecl in
the Surveyor General's officc, a deoision applibutled by 5facke1izie :
I much approve of your h t e let,km about this now manufaatory for t.he Revenue Hocrd. ...
Let me h o w what answer go11 get.
If any uingle plarls am cellOcl for by the Revenue &d.
if Government order. then it ia your buaintwe to obey ; but thie new mode of putt.me en
in correspondence t o demend, if he pleacles. ~rll or anything, I m o t u n d e Wd a .
AU your offloial lettern are come.
Uovenlment. have jurlged correcbly ; ... but, in s(lotbiryr
it ee e duty to you, they have forgot tlmt the co~wt r ~~ct i on of general mspa ia not., end asa no)
intended to he. t l ~o d11t.y of nny ot,her ofice tho11 the Surveyor C m l ' s . ...
l)l)n. I XI ( 26 ). 3.-CLti.
' l U an. tu inch.
il). ( 1.20). l&li. ' 1)1)11. 119 (37). 27-I--IN. mih.
( 41 ).!23-2 - I @.
'ib. ( S.7-9 ). 1:)-! -1% ' IbDn. 1414 ( I I 4 ), 3-.!%-lQ. Ilih. l4fl ( 76 1. 4-1-10.
Take such preparatory lneaaures as may be ner war y but ... &he Itevenue Hoard ou~ht . . . t ~
state the neaasaity of this new map-What objectione they have to the general map done by
Captain W m n ~o much to their aatisfaction in 1811 [ 11. 2 7 7 ]?-What purpose it is dosigned
for 7-... Take care that none of the surveys or maps in your omce be again exposed to be
damaged, for this constructinn ... a ppa r s to me altogether unnecwmry. ... I will object
my
surveys being introduced into their map earelrting what i s under their management'.
After protests frvrn T)e Harilland a,nd t he Re\,enlle Boartl, it wan ordered t hat as
De Havilland had alreildy romplet,ed a large part of his new map from t.he di8trict
maps, and a.s it was not of t,he high qriality required by t,he Sonc.ynr CeneraI' ~ ofice,
he should complet,e i t from slrch ~nat eri al s as he could collect in t,hoTank Department.
The struggle wan ntrt yet over. and in 1827 Ml~nt~gomerir. was till refuning t,o lend
oripinal dorument8s to t he " Irlapct,or General of ( 'ivil Est,imntea".
We have n.Ircitdy noted Meckenzie' ~ jtrnlonay of R~i ~nc~l l ' n effort8 t o get h t t e r
maps of t he Nizini'n tn.rit,ories [ 116 1. Htx particularly resentrti t he reqri e~t of t,he
Madrw Gorern~nent for "as fllll a map as ran he preparrrl ... of t,hr cSt)antrp bet,wwn
t he Ton~bul i drn & Xerbudda ", and Rrls~ell'fi coml>laint,n c ~ f delay :
The Resident of Hyderabad complains that his requisition for geographical informstion
is ... not complied with. It becomes absolutely necessary for the vindication of the offlee that
t he cause of t hat delay ... be sstiefactorily accounted for. On the 11th of July Iwt year ths
Resident wrote me a private letter on this subjeot. ... & -...the Government had of 30th Julp
directed you t o furniah a map, ... any further order from me wrur unneceaswy. ... Mr. Rumu' e
own private corrsspondence dficiently uccounta to me for your deferring it, but ... Government
should be satiefied. ... I beg you will not, longer defer the lnap required.
I think Mr. RUBBBU haa acted v e v inconsiderately in d~lliring you to...wait for any
materiale, & a t the same time complaining of want of ready communication. ... For the delay
in this map you mill be expected t o acco~u~t . & if it hes been sanctioned...all ia well. For Gad's
mke write soon & do not be applyingfor mzt&& . ...
No Resident in India has required so much, or been firrniehed with so muchs.
It is netural that, Jhmbt,nn, who was in close touch with R111we11 a t Hydrr&hBrl,
nht~uld sympat hi ~e with his impatience [ 116 ] ;
It is eeny t o discover the source of these objections, and it has in a great measure been
from such grovellin~ prinoiples, and the jealoosy of Departments, that we are at this day
alnlost entirely ignorant of the geography of countries of which we have been in posclasaion for
upwards of forty yearn. I wae much surprised when I firet croaeed the peninsula to find that
Arcot waa upwards of t en milea out in its position, and. according t o the Requieite Tableea.
Eyderabad is no leaa than 11' out in latitude and 32' in longitude [ 226 1. Thk, however,
may be wrongly recorded in the ... Tables ; but e v q place that I have been a t ie so muoh out
M t o render the maps and plans nearly ueeleaa [pl. 1 7 ~ 1 .
I consider the Nizam's country as t he greet military key of India, and me we to remain
ignorant of its geography for fear of exciting the jealousy of an individual ?
He points out t he large demand for his map of t he south pel~insula [ 11, 277, pl. 17 ] ;
Fortunately I have preeewed a copy of it in my office, otherwise it would have pseeed
from one tracing-glnm t o mother till a t lest ita copiw would have become ao distorted ~a
scarcely to reaemble the original4.
I n 1822 Hodgson commisnioned Mountford t o co~npile a new map of t he peninanla,
s a l e of 16 miles t o an inch, based on T~rnbt ~on' s triangnlntion, to comprise "ell t,he
Honorable Compariy' ~ po~seenions which have been regillarly surveyed", and "t,he
territorie6 of His Highlies8 t he Nizani ... an far as t he regnlar stlrrey ... has heen
conducted". The map was submit,tm6d t o Calcutta by t he end of 1R.'3=.
Another map t hat Mountford had in hand a t this time was "an atlas for t,hu
uae of t he Revenue Boardo, and i t was from this quarter-inch ablas t,het he wns
able to prepare a duplicate 16-mile map for t he Surveyor General :
I...propose olrrrying on thie work and that of the map for your offica together ; for, aa the
former will be in sheets embreoing the country falling within one degree af latitude and longi-
tude, the.reduction will be simple, ... and neerly the eeme surface of paper will embrace four
' DDn. 119 ( 70 ), 0-8-19. ' 'to Riddell. 15.7-18 ; nDn. 166 ( 369 ). a by J. Winorie, annnel,
1801-36.
to Rendt., DDn. 92 ( 43 ), 21-5-1R ; cf. MRIO. 144 ( 4 ), General Map oCPenimule, scale 8 m.
to inah; 8. of 17O. 'DDn. 197 ( 06) 6 200 (164). 1-8-23; 8. Indis. 12 aheets, I6 m. ,to inoh, 1823, 10. Cot.
( 06 ).
'wmmenced on letter from Madras Govt., 3-7-19.'
deg- of latitude end longitude, or aixteen aquare depew. 'l'hese alleete may afterward- be
paabed on 010th. or put up in the ehepe of an a t l ~ , which I consider pmferable for oaoe UW.
ea it dmi t a of easier oorrection. end ia also much more convenient to copy from1.
About this tilnu 'more drtaughtnmen were engaged, in order t hat "rnaps on
different scales, and for various purposes, ehould be constantly ready" instead of
waiting till copies were called for3.
The quarter-inch atlas for the Board of Revenue w ~ s a long business, and under
Montgomerie gave way t o t he nrw At,las of India [ 284 1, Hodgson suggesting t hat
Arrowsmith's Inup on t he ssnle scale was " a very t ~s ~f i l l w~ ~ r k ' ' and should "anewer
tho purpose required by t he Ronrd"3. I t was, however, resumed later, and final
sheets were submitted in 1940. Theucr were only single copies, and t he iwue of
pi nt ed maps t o all oficiala Ilad t,o await t he c r ~ ~ r a v e d sheets of t he Directors' atlea.
During 1826 Montgonlerie had in PCOgTRllr) ;
( I )
An Atlae for the Bon'ble the (blurt of Directors, ou o soale of 1 miles to an inoh. ...
( 2 )
An Atlaa for the Board of Revenue, on a scnlv of 1 miles to an inch. to oomprehend every detail
in the originnl plan* ... of thnqe prnvinww i l nmdi ~t rl v under the Qovernment, with s ekeleton
ouly ... ol'thoqv territurir~ by which the Ibrmvr nre surrounded.
( 3 )
Map of the Uuntuor r~rllnctorntc., nrr the .~r.ala of 2 milen to arr inch, Ibr the 11de of the Collector.
( J
Map of JIyeore and ('oorg. on tilt. scnle of I miles to nn inrh. for the use of the Reeident.
( h )
Jlop of the Smlghcrrv billa, seale 2 mile3 to an inch. for the uye of the Collector of Malabur.
(ti. 7. 9 )
Maps of I:olleo&rntes of Trichir~opoly. Idwer Cannro. and ('uddepah. Llr the uar of the
Collectors, scnle 2 milen to nn inoh.
( R )
Plans and doo~rment* of con9trn~tion IIF the .*urvcys or )fnd~rrn. I'nimbntn~~r, nnd'l'nnj<rrr collec-
torntm. the nriyinals ... rent to l'nlcuttn.
( 10 )
A nPt of B11I1tnr.v Divuion m~bp* for H i K':\(.t.IIenc?) the (:ommundt)r-in-Chief, uu the scale at*
I ? milrr to un invlr.
( I 1 )
Binp of 'I'rlrvonc$,rp alul l'uclrin. ... ucirle ... 4 milt-8 tn nn il~rh. for the Qua~ter Jlaater Grnersl'.
Many OK these I I I ~I J Y hat1 her11 orcleretl five or six yeaw earlier, and on Mount-
ford's asking leave t o withdraw srvveyorH t' ron~ the field t o push then) on, Chvern-
rnent had replit.11 that geographical information should be supplied
to those public depwtments to which it is calcuhted to prove ueeful. On the other hand. ...
progrw of the uwveye 11ot yet complete should not be interrupted. ... Ultimately the Bard
of Revenue ehould be furnished with a complete set of maps of the provinoea under theif
superintendence. but ... the advantage to be derived from them is not ao great as to juatify any
material additional expollre, and still law the interrrlption of any survey5.
As in Benqxl, thcre \rc.~.c condtant. der~ltlltdn from district offirers for reliable
maps, and the nstrctl illls\\Pr \v;4.j tllnt a Illay) hatl bee11 sul~plicd ten 01. twenty yeam
ago which shor~ld be good carlo~~gh. ('ollrc.t,o~ of' Ti nl ~evel l ~, 1827, did not agree
t hat Robinson's s r ~r r ev of 1307 -13 I 11. 141--6 1. was of any val ~l e :
The district map ... in my cutcherry is of old date ( January 1816 ). and in point of exeoution
much inferior to others. ... The wntercoumes are in snme resev i~nperfect, end in others not
n~tarked, end none of the anicutse. either new or old. are Inid down. The mounteino which form
the western boundary ... are ... not represented with su~fic.ient detail, and there ia no notioe of t he
bearing or distance of any place beyonde the bound* of the diatriot. ... It ia moreover in a state
of actual demy, not having bee11 either verniuhed. clr evenly stretelled on the canveao to which
it is attached ; the surface has in some plecw been rubbed 0 8 7 .
Montgomerie was neither sympathetic nor helpfr~l :
Another copy would not be found at all to differ from the map now in the possmion of
the Colleotor, excepting perhaps in point of execution. It bas not been ombomary io t he
compilation of dietriots mepa to insert any detail beyond the boundaries of the districts, end...
no map8 ieeued from this office are ever varnisheds.
After t he abolishment of his office as Surveyor General, Williams still remeinect
responsible for t he supply of maps t o liis own government, though not repreeeuth
t he Surveyor General at Fort William. His main task, self-imposed, wae t he ex-
tension and revisio~i of Reynolds's great map of Western Indi a [ 11,282-5 ], and
'DDn. POO ( m) . 11-11-23. i ( 1 1 3 SDDn. 230 (1-2). M) - l l - ~ . I D D I ~ .
282 ( 2 ). DDn. LO2 ( 175 ), 3-7-21.
dmwonry dams [ I, 9 j 0.6, eta. 1.
7 DDn. 222 ( 1- ), ~ . . . j . 2;.
'ib., 04-27.
ill his capacity as l i e v e ~~u e Snrveyor at. Brc.1ac11 he maintained a drawing office, with
depot of NUTI-ey and nliipping l uabri al from which he 1~rotli1ceci copies of any
areas t,hat. might. be reqr~iretl. He writes t mo t he (!hief Secretary in 1 R I 7 . before the
final hmak wit,h t he Peshwa. [ I, 124-5 1, t l x ~t he roulcl furnish
a ma p of t h e Pcishwa' s domi ni ons on a l arge soale, t h a t wiU exhi bi t a very comprehenaive
view of t ho geography of t h e oount ry, end will cont ai n ... t he g r e a t a t por t of t he t o m s anti
villegss, bot h large and small. Bu t 1 a m not ill possession of pl ans of nng fortiflmtiona,
o r of wr i t t en i nformat i on on t ho t owns a n d villages, ... nei t her c a n I ehow t h e boundery lines
of the different i nt ernal divisions of t h e oount ry, nor thono betweell t h e t er r i t or i m of Hi s High.
nws the Pai ahwa a n d ot her Statee of his Tr i but ar i m.
Capt ai n ... Jolulsnn' s ma p of t h e Deccan [ IT, 165 1, which n ~ a y ha usefill, ... ehell be f o r n a r d 4
t o yc~u i mmedi at el y by 3en [ f r om R~lret 1. A ma p of t h e wl ~ol o Concan, fro111 t h e Damaun
Ri ver, nor t h, t o Goa. sout h, has been compiled i n t hi s office o n t h e s ame scal e 8s t he mnp of
t h e provi nce of Guzernt , v i ~ . , 18 inches t o a degree, k is f or wa da d herewith' .
Itcync.,ld'n 111ap was 1.rvisad 011 t he sca.le of 9 inches t-,n i~ tleprer ulltIer the
t,it,le of d 0r t t r r ( 1l Hal) of Hindii.slu~r , and n a s ro~~rl ~l ot , ed, 111a.in1.v 11)- LVilliclm Webbe,
in 1821, \~-1ie11 \Villianrs offered t o present it " in perst)ll t o t11e Most Noble tile
Governor General of India, for ~r-llose use i t is intended, anci for ahicll purpose 1
h a ~ e been indulged with leave to proceed t o Ct l l ~l l t t ~ "'. Di~appoint~erl. l ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
a t 11ot being sel ~ct ~erl t'o ~ucceecl Mnrkenzie ns Surveyor General [ ~ o o , 322 1, Williams
abandoned his i nt e~~t i on of t i ~ki ng t he IlliLp in person, and sent i t round by ma
[ I. 219 1. Aftor careful exa~ui i i a~t ~i o~l . Hodgs~l l came t mo t he co~iclusioll that. in
spite of t he time and labonr rspendetl. i t \van riot sl~fficiently ro~npl et q or l ~ p - t o - d ~ t ~
to be worth pr~blicntion [ 11, 285 ; 111, 287 1.
I n n lnemorial submitted shortly before his retil.enlent.. \villinn~s pres~ed for
t he grant of Surveyor Genera.1'~ allowtl.nces for t he full period since 1815, on
account of his continued work as ole surrey adviser t o t he Bombay Governmellt.
He gave a full list of t he various nlaps which he had furnished during these five
years, n~ost,ly on t he scale8 of 9 or 18 inches t o a degree, t he ~c a l e s 11sed by Reynolds.
Anlongst tllein were :
Lfnp of the eastern hnrders of Gurernt,, wit11 ... Mevwar. complete. 'ro thn Resident of Barodn; ...on a
scnlr of I N inchea to a clegree3.
Copy of the General .\lap of India I)?. f;i.ncral Rrynuldr. I*n *mIc 9 ~ ~ C I I P ' I to I& degree, for the Supreme
ravrrnment [ aap 1.
Map of Goojernt k Klltch, improved l ~ y late *nrveycrrs : ... 18 i nchc~ to a dsqree ; extendi~lg from Damson
to the eastern branch of the I n d ~~s .
Copy of hlajor Genernl Reynolh' surveyn of the Rivers Taptp and Xurbndda, containing all the hter.
jacent countries. For Colonel Smith, rommanding the Poona dubsidiary force in thc field [ cf. 11, pl. 151.
Map of the whole Provinoe of Goojerat. including Klltoh and Choorwagnr.
I8 inches to a degree. For
the officer commanding the Province.
%p of the Ejortllern and Southern Konknn I I ~ 9 inches tu a dcgree, for the Reaidel~t a t Poona.
Hap of the dominions of the l~rte Paishwa in the Dekhnn, the Konkan. Kmdeea, and Goojerat.
E r b d .
ing from the Bautpoora mountains, north, to the Manlpurba River, south. To the see, west, and to 78O 26',
east. ... For the Honorable the Commisrioner in the Decknn.
%p oiMalwa. h[eywar, Harrowter. &c.. extencling from the 22nd t o the 27th degree of latitude, ... on n
mcslo of 44 inches to a degree.
Supplied to tho Resident nt Barodn.
Plan. with rcmvrks anncxcd, of the r ~ u ~ t c pursued bg the Bumbey .lIails Iwtweun Baueein and Ahmedabnd,
on n scale nf 2 B. miles to 1 inch : explaining the nature of the cronsing places of all the rivrra ; shoring the
ntetions of the runners where the route leads through the territories of other Governments [ 28, 2691.
Report ou the chiefs reaiding along the Ghauts ... k the comparative facility of the different p a w ... for
the ndmiwion of hnnditti, either inhabiting the mountains thcn~srlves, or coming from the u p p r countrg [Bz].
Report accompanied with a sketch on linrs for klegraphic cnrnmunications throueh India. To the
Teleqraphic (!ommittee, Calcritts [ 269-72 1.
3lap for the (hllector of Ahmedabad. containing. an sell ns the whale of his own collectorship, also thnt
of the eaatern zillsh north of the Llhye, sl~owing thr boundnries of each, nod a considernble portion or the
adjacent country in every direction. on a ~cal c of 2 I3. miles to one inch. Sire 9f feet long by 6f feet ride.
Two mapa of the province of Khandrie, one on a scale of 9 inches t o a degree, to s l ~ o r t.he whole extent
of the mobah ag i t originally stood, and the other nn the largest amle of General Rcvnolds' work, vizt. 18
inohw t o n degree, to oxhibit. ..as accurntely aa the office materials would allow the paskes.inn of the direrent
powern aa they stood tm61re the late war4.
Williams hRd no hand in Melcohn's map of ?diilwa [ 85-6, 275 1. nor in tho mapping
of S~t~herlantl' fi survoyb in t he Daccan [ 124-5 1.
h SC.. 3-%& 30-8-1817. ' Bombny, 2 W2 1 ; Bo \IC. 26/1820 ( 1044) ; map% 0 and 18 inchun
t o m., for Koynoldn' aLlan. I 0 Cat. ( 44-5). ' of. URIO. (N ( 20 ). f r ~ m Ros-nolds : sd. bg Williams, April
1Rlri; clrawn by Wm. Nundt : 12 m. t o inoh. (from IVillinrn*. 1-20: Bo MC., 28-&20. .
On him ret i ren~ent Sntherland was appointed Annistant, ant1 later Deputy, Xor -
vryor General ( 323 1, and regular co~~espondence was t hen o p r ~ e d with t he
Surveyor General a t Fort William, hut it was not until 1823 t hat Blackor learned
t het , except for Reynolds' ]nap ant1 " t ~ h o s ~ of t he Revenue and hhri ne Lr anchr ~ ".
no Bonibay nap^ or surveys had been sent home t o t he Directors'.
After succeeding as h p u t y Surveyor General, Jopp ~~r gges t ed t hat he s h o ~ ~ l d
el~tel.tltin more drur~ghtnmeii, and relieve t he field surveyors from t he clrndgc!ry
of napping [ 126, 284, 393 1. The o111y &aught4smen hitherto ~naintainncl had b ~ e n
Webbe and Sllndt. 323 1. He was u I I o ~ d t o enterta.irl eight ext ra t l r ~~~g h t ~s me n
for the preparation of the maps required for the Surveyor General of India [ 292 ]-to provide
for the correct compilation of the aurveye nuw carrying on, and the making of copie* of thorn
for...Celcutta and for ... local offlcers under thia Presidency-M well as to ewure...a more
h n d b t e oompliunce with the orders of Government-tr1111 t.he progressive improvement of
our old maps by the inlcorporution of such new ... information aa may hereafter be collecteda.
The Sr~rveyor Gent.ru1 also cnllod for a retlrict8il>n ot' all Bombag surveys on
t he 16 mile^ scale, which hn sent home with ;+ si ~ni l ar retluction of t he survr.yn
of t he Nizini'a territoriee, *uggre*tinp their i l ~co~por at i o~i " I,y Mr. Arrowsmith in rr
new map of Indi e which he is now preparing on this con\-eniunt acrde [z87-81".
He also sent an 8-mile mnp '' of 611e Southern Maluattlt Country which, if separately
engraved would be 1-0r.y uvofi~l to,the local al~thoritien"~.
A smn.ll HCHIB nlnp of wastern I n d i ~, itpJ)attrs a s frolitispiece to t.hr . ; ac~~nd rol ~t rns
Grant l h~ff' n Hi,q/or!l IJ t 1 1 ~ Mahrnttrln, nnder t.he t,it,lt: Ntcp of ilfc~hroaktu. The scale
is about :I inches t o a degoe, and it covers an area between 15" and 23' X, and Ti+"
and 80' E. Grant Duff nolino\r~ledges i t t l s t he work of
Captain Henry Adelm, Revenue Surveyor to the Raja of Satara [ I j r ] ; ... Captain A11nms
is the compiler, in many parts the wrveyor. ... I regret the necessity for ita reduction from
a wale of 6 inchea to a degreu : ... still, the situations and distance3 are...more correct than
those of m y map of that country I~itherto published.
Tlie originel materials for Captain Adame' map were procured from hie uwn surveys, from
thorn of the late CHptein Challen ...[ and] of the late Captain Garliny, ... flnd which lest were
mnt to me by Lieutenant Frederick Burr of the Nizam's Service, filled up hl Inany places
born his own rout e. Captain Jetnee Crnikshank ... furnished me with such information aa
t he mor de of the late Surveyor General, General Reynolds, afford, and with Sir John 3lelcolm'e
map of Malwa, whioh altllough then unpubliehed that officer readily allowed me t o une.
Finally t he Court of Direotors granted me permiasion to publhh4.
-1 map signed hy Jopp i n Jul y 1838, under t he t i t l e of JZap n j tl14 W~,storrr Part
of the Continent of India, was lithographed in t he Quertermnster Cteneral's ottice a t
B0mbn.y in hlarch 1838, on scale 10 miles t o 1 inch.
Although ~t was laid down t hat t he Surveyor Cdneral shonld ma~rl t ai n a general
map of Indi a on reduced scale. "iu a progressive st at e of i ~uprovement " [11, 2871,
neither AIackenzie nor his sliccessors ever found time for so formidrrble a tusk.
The last. of t he p r ~ ~ n a l gen'crnl maps t hat t he Directors were so anxious to
discorlrage [ 11.2861 was t hat of Charles b~ynol ds , scale 9 inches t o a degree. or about
74 mile8 t o an i ~ ~ c h , on which Williams continued t o work till 1 8 2 [ 280 1. This
enonnolls ~ u a p co~nprisstl 36 sheetr, extending from Cnpe Conlorin to Ktwhmir,
and from ICarBchi t o Chittngong, and ~n e n s u r d 2.' feet by 17. The full set t hat
wea sont t o Calcutta in 1841 has not bwn fonntl, hot 18 sheet* of t he 1808 set em
atill preserved [ 11, pl. 3 Ib.
Mackenzie was too much occupied wit11 original survey t o encourage pr epmt i on
of general maps, but he laid down t hat t he s a l e s for ga)gaphi cal maps should bo
8, 12, 2'4 and 48 miles t o nn inch. For his own surveys he prapirred innps of Mysom
and of t he Ceded Districts on 12 and 34 milos t o an inch1 [ 11, pl. 11 ; 111, 296 1.
For his "general plan and view of t he st at e of t he provincial surveys" of Madra~,
which he submitted bot h in 1810 and 1815. he rtsed t he 48 miles scale4, and thicl waj
a h used for t he indexes submitted in 1821 and IR23a. These index maps were
not, however, serious geography.
A more useful geographicnl map, also on t he 48 miles scale, compiled a t Madras
in 1817, WIM entitled, " Map of t hecount ri es included between t he parallels of Madras
and Delhi, designed to exhibit a t one view t he capitals of St at es & of Provinces"'.
This was prohnhly j>rep:rrad t o nlret t he request of t,lut, Director3 for
a &etch map of India on a moderate scale, dwcribu~g the coiulne of the principal rivers, and
the eituations of the principal citiea of the penimula, together with the namw and positione
of all military posts a t which Inore than five companied of troops may be stationed, and that
the Adjutant or Quarter Master General of the Army may ... be duet el l to insert in wordo and
figures under each military post, the number and description of t,ro~.)ps 8t.ationd at it. We
desire that such a m ~ p may be trans~nittod to tin n ~ ~ i ~ t ~ ~ l l y ~ .
A part,ici~larly interesting, p~l i t ~i cal runp was pr e pa i d hg >Iackonzir: in 1820,
scale 64 miles to an inch. w~ t h a schetir~le of prnl-inces and States, giving their
areas. ant1 datt>s of cession t o, or treaties wit!), t , l ~r ( ' omp~ny. On t.his anrne scale
also is n general map t hat was lithogi,aphcd in 1829, and rtsed for i l l ~st i nt ~i ng t he
progrens of surveys considered fit for incorpol-at,ion ill t,ho Atlas of India8 [pl . 241.
Of t he maps compiled for Blaokcr's Memoir of tho MarLtha war [ 86 ] a manu-
script set is now preserved in a folio t,hat niav Itace been for his personal use. There
are nine sheets or1 ~ci t l e 8 miles to an inch covering hhe whole peninsrila sout.!~ of 20'
N. , with a northward ext en~i on t,o 30" N. bet.wwn 73" and 82'4 E.. wit11 tit,le,
A General M8p of Central India, comprising the Nizam's Dominions, t he prinoipal terri-
tories of t he Mshrattas & Rsjpoots, with parts of the British Poseeeaiona & Minor States under
British Protection, prepared from original materials by V. Blacker. Madras, 1st Jan. 18217.
Thc sheets covering t he sorrt>h peninsula shew t he fuller detail derived from
t he work of t he Military Tnqtitution and t he district revenue surveyors [PI. 24 1.
For t he central area, north of parallel 15", there is a separate map, ahorttt'B4 miles
t o an inchs, t hat is probably t he moat co~iuplete nlap of central Tndia of this period.
This is reproduced in Blacker's Yet>coirB, n,nd was incorporated int,o t he 25-mile map
of India engraved by Carp " iu six large sheets" [ 289 1.
Blacker was a man of ideas, and was t he first t o propose a t nsp of Southern
Asia, t hat w~l r put in hand some sixty years Inter. He points out t he want of
such a general map of so much of Southern Asia w would show a t one view the relative
situation of India to all the countries much connected with it. both t o the east and weet. A
map of India is too particular for thiu purpose, and a map of Asia is too general, whilst the
limits that I propose would comprize Chins to the east, and Persia to t he west. Ma hc a a d
Bingapore to the south, and sufioient to the north to include all such geogrephioal informations
a9 may be expmted from the entarprizing research of Dr. ,Moorcroft [ 44 1. ...
The scattered materials from which it will be propared cannot be colleoted in a short time,
and ita progrssa moreover dependa on the oocaaioll~ of lekure which ... my ofice esteblisluner~t
mey enjoy between rnore presaing exigencies of the public service. ...
Recent end accurate marine surveys of the Persian Gulph and of the ooaat of Mekran have
been completed under the orders of the Bombay Government, an rl... would be e great acquiai-
tion to my undertaking [ 1.3.3 ]I0.
Thc ordera iasued by the director^ regarding t he responsibilities of t he Surveyor
Cieneral of India with regard t o mapping [ 274 ] were t hat he waa t o compile first
a wries of mapu, bound by lines of latitude and longitude, on a comparatively large
'YRIO. IT:! ( H ), el r. ; MRO. Mnp 201. 'MRIO. 135 ( 31 ) ; MRO. Map 18. 'MRIO. I35 ( 33 1.
' ~ b . 07 ( I ).
WrI to B.. Mil., 16-4-17 (4' 2-3); cf. MRIO. 95 ( 3 2 ) . Divisions of Army. 1830; 32 m.
t o inch.
'MRIO. 04 ( 41 ) ; 126 ( 8. 9 ) ; 136 ( 37-8 ) ; Miec. 1-0-29. I . 97 B ( 6-13 ) nib. ( 4 1.
' B h b r . I1 ( plo. :! 4 ). ' 0 from 913. 3-8-25; Bo MC. 10/1825 ; BMC. 14-8 -25.
s cel e- - ~d ~ w n d l y , a small-scale general map of India-both to be kept continu-
e ] ~ ~ up
date. Copies of improvements effected were to be forwardecl to the
Directors with suitable erplanatiolls [ 11, 287 1.
This mapping tlitl not run according t o plat1 owing t o t he lack of ~rlffioient
drallghtsmen t o cope with t.he fresh 8urlTey t hat was continually pouring ill [ 274 1.
~ t , was not long before tho Direct,ors rcmlised t he urgent need for a continuous map
of India, 011 uni forn~ ncale, in ~iniform style, and t hat this was more t hen t he Surveyor
General could acco~nplish in Illdin. Arrowsmith had compiled t he R I I ~ I ~ O ~ S of the
eouth pe~linsula into a prnul.al q11nrte.r-inch nlap [ 288 1, nnd t he Directow were
produce a si111il:l.r 1~1e for the whole ~ ) f India. Markham telln un t hat
"Colonel S1~lmolid, then Milit,:try Secretary'. \vas for solno yea,rs in cons~~l t at i on with
Colonel Mnckenzie, t he Sr~r\-eyc)r Gcncrnl a t Calc11t~t.a. on t,he subject "a [ 286 1,
but t he earliest official veforr~lct. appears i n n 1trtt.e.r of 29t8h Octohrr 1823 :
We are extremely desirous of I'ur~ning ... a complete Indian - 4 t h upon a eoale of 4 milea
to an inch. ... the best suited to penoral purpose*, and which hw been adopted by Arrowsmith
in a recent publication. ... This map would...form an oseful...bunis for a complete geographical
delination of India [ 2 , 281 1; and it is our intention to have the several sections ...p r i n a off by
some eminent map engraver, IW fast as... satisfactory materials shall bo supplied to us. We
have caused enquiry to be made of that distinguished geographer Major Rennell, ant1 we
t r anmi t ... a copy of a me~norandiun ... received from him [ I, 376-7 ; In, 185 1. ...
You will, of course, have those parts of India first surveyed, the geographical knowledge
qf which appears to be most important. Each survey will be printed aa soon as received.
end added to the Atlas, nu~nbered according to its eituation in the sketch, and in this way
we may expeot within a reasonable period of time to obtain 8 map of India$.
Whilst Blacker firmly reiw:tntl Uennoll's sngqestion of building up this ~. t l ns
from a rapid Rurvev I~nsed on n.st.ronomical obnervat~ions [ 185 1, he t,ook inlmediate
S ~ P R t o 8.Rsess t,ht- w0rt.h all esist,ing sllrveys. An essential conditinn. in his opinion,
wee t hat they uhonld hnvs hwn lirlked t o Lamhton's work [ 240-1 1, and a t hi^ re-
quest M~nt ~go~ner i e ~nat l e an tlslla~rstive report on t he surveys of Madras [ 120-1 ].
To ensure thkit ii11 1nntaria1 shoultl he uniformly prepared. ready for engraving,
Bleclin tlrew out. a gr;tticulr l ~ n ~ e t l on t,he projectiol~ used for t he French military
map La Cartc de E'Ptrrpi~.e Ftnrlpris [ 294-5 1. He was, however, l l nfort unab in
misunderstanding t he intelltion of t he Directors, who hat1 not wanted special mapet o
be colnpileti and drawn ill Indict ; t hey had alreitdy started work on a projection and
ley-out devisetl by Srrowsmith in England4. Aaron Arrowsrnit,h 11~d died in 182.7,
end arrangements were made a t t he Indi a House with John Walker "for t he engrav-
ing & printing. ... Copies of t he maps SO printed to be disposed of t o t he public to
defray t he cost, as for t,lle marine chartsu6. The material sl rsady available and
suitable for engraving included surveys of
Kvnaun, Gurhwal. etc., by Captain Hodgson, Webb, etc.-Bhopal, by Lieut. Joht o-
-Bundelound, ... by Captain Franklin-Country from Palamow to Rewah, by C e p G Smith
-Collectorate of Md i p a t a m, by Meearn. Hamilton and Summers-Dindigul Province, ...
Colonel Meckenzie-Principality of Kodugu [ Coorg 1, ... Lieut. Conner-Sketch of ... Soonda,
... Col. Mackenzie & Capt. UarlLlg [ pl. 241.
We have also Col. Mackenzie'e survey of Myeore and t he Ceded Dietriota. ne well ae a -p
of the southern provinces of Tinnevelly, Medura, eto., on t he same wale of four miles to
inch, and a survey of Guzerat by Col. M. Williams on a wale of two milea t o an inoh [ n, 173 1.
We heve likewise received from Captain Hodgson several reduced surveys on e, of
10 milee to an inch [ 278-9 1. I f the originala of these maps have been coustruoted on
scale of 4 miles t o en inch. or on any larger scale, ... oopi =...may be immediately t&tM@.
These and other Madriis surveys showed how much was available and how
still wanted t o complete a general Indian Atlee. You will take immediate rnw- for
having thew defuienciee supplied by the Engineer officers of your several Preaidanoiee. who
have been specially educetad with this view under Colonel Mudge end others [330. 340 1.
' Jarnea Henson Selmond ( 1768-1837 ) ; Ben Inf. : Mil. Seo. to EIC. 190a-37 ; M Gen. 1837 : pr,rtrabt at
10.. Fosbr (40). sMerkhsm ( 406 ). =GD to B.. Mil., 28-10-'23 ( 47-54 ) ; DDn. 80 ( 21 ).
but not
*a lag.oot shown on Arrowsmith's t-loah Atlas or South India [ 1881.
'Corn. Cor. 2-6-5. *Chmpe'.
aurvry of Ch~ t t ~ po a g alao ncaptcd.
3I.w~ & Mar ~ I AI ~ I NU
It will not. however, be neoeessry, a t leeat a t present, to resurvey Bengal. Rihar, or any of
t he &tory formerly surveyed by Major Renttell [ 186. 27411.
In furt herance of t he m orders, t he Surveyor General. now Hodgson, eent
i nst ruct i ons t o Madras and Bombay f or t ho preparat i on of qnart er-i nch degreo
aheetn on t h e projection devised by Blaclier-to Maclrrts ;
The drawing establialunent ehould be augmented and ... it nray be ... necesmry to e w
more eppmnti oea... [ 279 1. ... If t l ~ e preparation of t he atles for the B o d can be diapeneed
with [ 278-9 1, t het for the Direatom may...be cornmenced. ... Thr morl; is a p t , one, and will
oocupy a c ~ ~ i d e r a b l e tirne. ... but the alreets finished mnj- bo trccnqmitterl to me st hdf-yearly
intervals t~ opportl~nitie? occur of sending them safelj-.
As to the f om. ... the mast convenient appears t,o be t o ~naltc separute sl~cwts, ... wh...one
degree of latitude ant1 one of longitude. I\qrorl hound tho portions will form the left end
right pageo of the hool;, an11 ... not. ..too largo to be cunveniently carried [ 276 1. ...
Drawing ... ought to be as clerir a* ]joesil~lo : tllo rrntnrs of places written in LL strong hand,
and d l principal r o d e ... well defined by double linm, ant1 by-rotrds by a strong single line. Very
dietinct, delineation is darirable, and too much c ~r ~~a ~ne ~~t ubi on 1).11d crowding k to be avoideds.
... It will hardly be neceawrry to insert tho rery s~nall villages and ha~nletu w you would in a
map intended for revenue purp0e.e~ only, but. every lir~oxvn rcnnnuurication and roe11 must he
merked, end...as many \rillegee neur it as can be writtoll without r ~~u c h crowtlillp. ...
Tile drawing of the heights elrollld bear some regard to their comparative elevation, bnt if
the lines are made too desk, they ...g ive a cotlft~qed appearance, and. ..obscure the names. ... It
will, I think, be better to &betain from the Iwn of roloura, and to 1180 only intlitln ink ; by doing
so t he engraver will sm more clenrly what. lro i q to osnc~lt, e~.
-to Bombay ;
You will. ..st tlre close of -11 sewon ...* erld ... c o~) i a ~ of all naps ... on LL scale uf 4 British
milee t o en inch, with n full me~noir regarding the construction, ... describing the methods
end instr-uta omployd; nnd also inform me what meena...you have for digwting and
oompiling en Atles of...the weat side of the continent of Iud ia...( not h~cludulg 31alwalr) ;
-h &get t o contain one degree of latitude and one of longitude. ...
Commence t he work in a regular gradation ; ... the neighbourhood of the Presideroy
moat immediately desirable t o he completed. The at l w is required from Ine by the
w m n t in England, and I mnd you ct grnticule ... for ite conatruction4. ...
The first corniderntion appenre to be how to incretwe the number of draftsmen 1281 1. ...
is not intended thet the pmgrase of tlle mvegor s in the field ahould be in~pedwl, b ~ t , on t h e
oontrruy, it is expected that the s my o r s will me their lltrnout diligence [ 126 1' .
Bot,h Blacker and Hodgson had ~rndernt ood t,l~;lt s l ~eet , ~ of t,he new AtIan were
t o
cnn~pi l et l in Trldin. nntl xvnt home t,o 11e ~-lrgrnvt.cl es act l y as t,hey st ood, and
it, nus u c ~t till 1828 t h a t it wa,s nlitdr clenr t hat t,)~cb I)irectorn wal ~t ~ecl t h e surveys
jlrst tllc+y \\-ere xuhmi t t rt l 11y i i ~ ~ l i \ idual ~III.\.(.,I.OI.S~ : no co~n], i l ~. t i on was t,o he
done in Indirt.
Ho d g . o ~i llrttl wri t t en t o ?VIontg~>~llc~.ie t , l ~at ,
an her conaideration of the Court'u late letter, it does not appear M, clear that they order
us to -ke it here, but rather they eeem to want meteriala for something they are doing in t hat
way a t home. ... Our bent way will he to nend the111 the nlaterinla ... on 4 milea to the inch. ...
~t ia no alight, work. but ... we shell, I tl~ink, be obeyinp the letter of the order. When t he
work is clctlrecl off, me can rnnsitler ... a rnom perfect Atlus than they ran nmke at home. I
would. indeed, bogin on it uoa, but that ... they ... may be impatient'.
l ' t t o ~ ~ g h thin an% 1-lrt. t.or~.rc~t i ~ ~ t ~ l . ~ ~ r ~ * t , a t i o r \ of 1.11~ 1)irectors' isli lie$, Hodgson
wm st i l l in t wo mi nds, mt i ten rlit~.n I ~ . t r r cl)~c~tntl tt~lot,hc.r orclcl implying t,hn,t t he
At , l a~ w0.g to 11c. cton~plt.trrl i l l I l ~ t l i t ~ :
It is a hea\ s work indwl. ~ n d exceedingly ao nntlor t(11is I'rcrsidnnoy. where so m n y and
large acltlitions Ira\,e becn murle t o our territory on every mide, north from the Nr~rbl~ddn t o
~ h i b t , ~ i t . h t l ~ e addition of all thet we have vkited <luring the late eastern ware.
He now ehenilonetl degr w wjuarrN i r k ftwuur of Blrtcker'rl Isy-out. :
~tlelaryenesa of tl~oeheotu i w a ndvnnt a p. ... anti in the countricrs north of the Xurbudclah,
nhm the extent hoth in lntitudean~l lnngitutle i ~ n o great. it ia better to see au much na po~nible
1 I I . I . 2 .i I I i ; 1 I ( t i 2 ( I 1 ) . @l'onvention~I eignn ly
M,nlt~)ulrir,. Illhl. ?-!I, r. Ilrt,. Ih2ti. DI I I I . 4% ( 184 ). 30-1 1-31;. ' ib. ( 172 ). 21 .lo-26. 'ih. ( l7R ).
H;CII ..I&
'7'11~ I)inrtor+ c~pr.4.tc.d tlrnt at!ti~ul bllrvrv wn111d 1113 CJ I I +. i ~~r h sr~11. 1286 1. I)T)II, 22%
4- 1. 8 . .J e:.
91,. 1 4 ; a". I n- ? 2:.
s t once, for m~ich consideration an11 compnrbon are requi8it.e in bringing many elirveyd of
different degreea of merit into one I~armonious construction.
On your side, with the trinngla* to sic1 you, you work with more ndvantage, but here we
have linw. rolltm. and sur\,eys, from Peishawar to Amerapoora, to s t ~ l g . connect. and compere.
I t ia, however, corious and pleasant to see how well they do work together in general. ...
I...hope you will not And the oonatruotion on the large sheets troublesome. I have d e
well-seesoned drawing b o d s for my eheete, and think you would 6nd them convenient1.
Anot her l et t er now errivetl from home c.alling for a complete list of ell geographi-
(!~LI ~nat ~er i nl avei l ahl e in Indi a. a n d aski ng that, car e ,should he t aken t h a t o n ever y
"lap o r snr vey " tmhe lines of Iat!it,nde a n d longit, r~de rnsv he omreft~lly s pci t i ed and
correctlv dr awn, several mpi es of Innpa havi ng heen received by us wi t hout t h a t
... necessary i nf or n~at i on "2. Horlgson wan t, hr>rol~ghly pnzzled. a nd asked
whether thie great work is to be effected by the Silrveyor Cmneral here. or whether he is to
eald home detailed documents that it may be compiled in Enqlanrl. ... The projecterIAtlas wi l l
be...the great& pographical work ever unclertalren. ant1 the expense attending the engraving
... of so very large a map ( as it will contain 1211 aqunre feet of paper ) will be heavy, and
eome ymrs mnst ehpse ere the work can be complet,ml. ...
Aa it appeared to me ... t h ~ t it wns irit.enlled t,hnt the At,las ~h~~111t I be cl~nstructed here. and
es tile hest means ... are ... ~i ncl ~i mt i o~~nt ~l y those i l l the hands of the S~~r vey<r r General of India,
1 immerlit~tely took Inensllren for p r c ~ c ~ l i n g wit,ll the work her?. ... Sir dtimt %..are now in
hand here. and nt tho other {)m%itlsncies thn work in also in progrms. ...
I htive recri\-ell ... en extrnrt, of n C:eneruI I.ott,nr iinterl 2nd >Iay 1827. ... From this, and
from the fact of six CIIOPR\' PII d11wt.a 14' lnall.1 4ent home by me Octi~ber 1423 [ 2715 ]...have
bee11 I)~lblillhi%I 11)- .\[I.. H o M~ L I I . ~ ~ . t l l t . ~ ~ y ~ ~ r ( l ~ r n p h e r , it RpI)ear-. t,(l me tllht, all At l n~ is in pre.
paratmion nt honm. Grlrlnr t,linae ci r cu~ns t u~~ca~ I do not knnw how t.1 nn t.. ...
The Surveyor (:enera1 of [cl~iin, knornilig generally the ... circumstane~1 under which t he
different surveyn have henn lnu,I*, the ~:hnrnotsr and ahilitim of tllo-e employed to make them.
and many ot,her pert,i~:lilnr*. ... w~l l he het,ter able ti) fit such materials together than any
Hydrographer ... in Englantl-who (.an have little irlen of t.he varied modm necewmy ...in... this
vest country-who never marrhe~l with armien- ... who has not been compeUed t o have recourse
to the varinun ahifte ancl inventions wl~ich rrecw~itvcllones~:ggwts tooficere actually engaged
... - a n d who must ever be ignorant. o f Inally t.ernw ~ n d nllliaic>ns llsrtl in the i~npremeditated
journals and field notes of t.he oriental s ur veyo~~. ...
If the Court wo~il(l ~enr l out a goocl ongrn\-er. wit.11 t~tle or two jnuroeymeu, and a complete
... apparatoe, part,ic~ilurI~- preprrrerl cnlllper plate* of t,lle size t,he qheetr*. ... t,110 -4th w~l l in
due tiine be ~ ~ e c l l t ~ ~ l l lntlrp expwlitio~~aly ant1 ct~rrectlg t,llan it. could he i r ~ Englmds.
April 1x28. sevmt xh&s hirct 1ict.n cc~~nl~letcttl in T.c~~ltlor~, nntl a nleaprtr 31 t o
40 cc~pic-s xelit otll t o t > i i ~ l ~ I' resitl(.nc.~-~ [28H I. Eac,h short was a h o r ~ t 39 inches
h v 2'7, on it " g l o h ~~l ~+r . ~ ~ r ~ r j r e t i o ~ ~ " ~)~. ol ~~)sc*cl t,. ;i~, ro\r. s~nit. h [ z H ~ . 295. 1' 1. 2416.
Ry
Augl ~s t t h e srtnle year. .\Iil,tlra.; l ~ i l t l r on~pl e t e d a n d s ~ ~ l ~ n ~ i t t e t l five xhr e t , ~ t o t, he
Sl~rvc.yor (;enern1 (111 Rlaclic.r'.u la>--c~r~t' ' . H I I ~ I thtb6v \ rvrr folloir-ecl si x t nont hs I st er
I,? sevrll Inore. Hotnl)a,v s ~ r l ~ r ~ ~ i t t e t l t \ \ -II ?ihrrts ant1 htttl t.hrrc1 othcr?; i l l Il n~l d.
'I'he mi hunt l t rrst ~a, l l di ~~p iitltl r t w~ t l t ~ n t cltil~lietbt ion o f 18bour t vt ' r~ a t last CI RRI * . ~
up by tlelinit,e innt.rl~ction* frron~ t>he Direct,ors. The y wrote t,o 31at l r n~ :
We desire Lhnt *uc!Ii a work he not pn~wieted in. TI) the nttelnpt.9 that hare a t different
times been macle bg the Sur\,eyor vkmerrrls ibt t,he aeverel Indian Pmaidenries t o conatrurt
rnnps embracing a large ext,ent. of country, allit the rnn*equellt rwtention of doctunente in In~l i a,
we impute the little progress that IIW yet heen made ... of a pueml Indian Atlas.
All projeots of that fintilre hegun in Iuclin I~ave failed froin the superveiling sichlerra or death
of the projeotom. or from other obs t r ~~ct i ~~ns . ... The requisite dociunenta having been retained
in Indii contrary t,o our rei t erahi orclem, we hnve been prevented fmm taking the n-sry
meclrrurea for the aoml~letion of a general Indian Atlw in this country.
We therefore direot in t he most po~itive manner that all origiual maps and surveys he
transmitted here with the lenat prartivahle clelay'.
To Bengsl t hey confirmed
that the Inclian Atlas sho~ild be cornpilet1 a ~h l engraved in thia country. For which p u r p
1I)r)n. Xi( 53 ), 27-7-27. '('0 t~ 13.. Mil., 2N-2-27 ( 2, :I 1.
DI)II. 2~91 ( 49 ). 5 -11-2;. aCl) t , ~
. I . I t ( : ) I . 0 ( 3 )
bllidsr t.11~rrva.11, .I. & U. Walkor. for Horsebargh, 1-2-27 ;
b l l m ( 0 3 - ) I . ! ( I ) I ( I ; 1 ' I . ( l - . *sheets nu111lwr4 mt..'.rw.. ctr.
'CD tc~ >I., llL. 0-28 ((I.;-70 1; lll)~i. '217 ( '231 ).
we have, in preceding letters, directed t hat all parts of India not previou~ly sclrveped shollld
now be survey &...in a scientific nnd natisfectory manner. upon tin uniform scale of four milm
t o an inch [ z 9 6 ] , and t hat t he cbriginol ullrveps nnd field bnokn rhotdd he t r a n mi t t d to us,
copim ... being cnrefully preserved in India. ...
We forward t o yon an index map in which t,he uheetu ... which have been already c np\ - e d,
or of which we are in poese~pion of t he neceuary materialp of compilat,inn, am c-olo~~red red. ...
We have transmitted t o yo11 copies of eurh parts of t he Atlau ar have been p u b l i ~h d , and we
shall continue t o supply you wit,h other parts ... aa the work pr ocmd~.
The Surveyor General will observe t hat t he rllrveu of latit111le nnd longit.ude are so pro-
jected t.hat they will, when romplet.ed, caoincide corrwtly and form one map ; and it will be his
dut y ... t o examine ... each P1IrVRj7 t.ransmitted to (IS, r;nncst,ioninp uur*h as I I ~ R correct by hie
aut.hority, and correcting ... nucll &s may be erroneo116'.
In 1829 t he progrew of t he Atlas WM reviewed in C~l cut t , a ;
This noble work. of itweif a ~pl endi d manunlent of t he n~unifirencr of t he East India Com.
p n y ie upon a scale of 4 miles to an inch. and taken from actual Rurveys which when completed
will form a Map of India on one uniform plan. The project w a ~ first conceived by Colonel
Mackenzie [283 1. and a large poPt,ion of those pnrte alresdy published mere eorveyed under
hk mperintendence. ... The aheete fire published ct.s they are completed ; eome of t.hem have
bl& spaces t o be filled up as bhe surveys proceed, nothing being allowed t o go forth t o the
world which is not founded upon actual eurvey.
Sheet 47 contains t he surveys of Capt. Horlg~on Ec Lietit. Herbert in north part of Sirrnur,
end principal part of Bimshir.
Sheet 48, Hodgson & Herbert, in sol~tll part of Si mnr , p ~ r t of Gnrhwal & Dehra Dun.
f i t country from surveys of White, Hodgson, Colvin, and Blake.
Sheet 66. Hodgaon & Herbert ; source of Ganges, Hen,mey & PrLIoorcroft, so~lrces of Indua
& Ganges.
Sheet 86, Webb, Kumaun.
gheets 80 & 70, Bundelkund by Franklin, brother to Sir John Franklin, R.N.
Sheets 42, 43, 68, 60, 57, 78. 80. 81, 95, are surreys executed in t he PeninsulaP.
John Walker, t he engraver, "combined t he various docurnenta sent home, ...
t he eheete for publication, engraved them on copper, and issued them ".
He worked under Homburph until t he latter' s d e ~ t h in 1838, when he "was then
engaged t o t ake charge of all t he r e ~or ds " ~.
lCD t o B., Mil..%O-29 ( 3-6 ). ' Ql ~ a n l n ~ s in Science. Nov. 182R ( 345 ) qunted froro 4 n J . ' Msrkharn
( 406,438 ).
T
HE: rnore i mpol l : ~. ~~t . gol~rl;+.l IntLps of t.11iri prriotl wa1.e r o ~ ~ i p i l r d ant1 published
from rnlttt+riul l ent iiorn 111tlia Holist,, first 11y t h e celebrated cert ographor
Aaron Arro\r..unlit,h' [ 11. 285 11.8 1. > L I I ( ~ nf'trr Iris t l t ~~. t . h ill 1823 by t h e firrn of
&gsbrlry, l'nrhury ant1 .Allen.
ArrowRmith'c; first nlal) of 1111li;h II:I. I~ 11rt.n l ) l ~bl i sl ~et l i l l I W4, in sis sheetn, o n
ecel ~ &olrt 24 inches t,o :I degree [ I I , 2Rj-7 1.
111 1x16 he i s ~ u e d n new map,
in eight s h ~ ~ t , s . HCBIC Ili 11lile5 t,o :III inch. \vit,Ii :I.II irlrl~+x \vllicl~ h n r s t hi s not e :
For the great acidit.io11 and i ml )r~~va~nont in t l ~i s ropuhlimtion of t he >lap of India. I have
to exp- my gratefill thanks ... t o Hia o r a a the Duke of Wellington for valueble rnatariela
collectd during his ca~npaign hl In~lilt ; to Colonel Allan ; General Iiyd ; Sir John Malcolm ;
air Jemm >leckintod12 ; Dr. Burt~enan ; Mr. Sytlellham : but cl~ieOy to the Hon. Court of
Directors for their liberally permitting rile the use of the truly \raluablo >lap or JIysore by
Colonel Colin 3hckeuzie, Sllrveyor Ge~l e~~al of India3.
The nlnp 1rn.s n.11 rxcbellt.ut ~ ~ r o t l ~ ~ t ~ k i o i ~ , t hough i t i~:~t~uritll.v c.nlne i n for nnlch
criticialll f r or l ~ slir\. cyors lit^ were filnli1ia.1. wit.11 ill#: t.oiintry >~11d I I I OI ~Q ~wc e nt
aurveyr.
I ~nmht , on \\.>la pa~. l . i c~nl ~~. rl y wvcr e :
I t is mortifylly to uw so beautif111 a ~r mp ... replete wit11 errors. The outline of t he Peninsula
evi de~~t l y been taken from some ball copy of tny plan of positiorls. I ~ut , on comparing the
places it1 general in tlre ulterior, there is arcrrcely one that ia not out 2. 3, S: 4 minutes of latitude.
Unpartlo~lable errors whore a colultry llt~s 1~ee11 a c t ndy s~irveyed. md where the position of
every place of note l ~ns bean fisod 1,y Ille to witllin orie or two seoon(1.s of the truth. Luckily
my nuno 11- been kept out of sight4.
111 1821 Ho t l g s o ~~ c-nml)nrtrtl it itgi~insl. t ht* ~xh\-iscvl taol)y of R. eyl~ol(ls' 111np before
reportoiiig t h a t tho latter M-i1.x not u.ort,l~ l ) ~ ~ b l i c ~ ~ t . i o ~ ~ [ 11. 67 11.1. 285 ; 111 280 ] ;
ArroGmith's eight-sl~eet map ... containa more places than are laid clown in the Bornbey
map, and ... with equal uccurrccy. ... I do not perceive my additions t o Genaral Reynolds'
original map which are not in Arrows~nith's, and the latter oontnins several which are wanting
in the former. ... Arrowsmnith. ... as he had wcese to the geographical lnntarials in t he India
House, ... availed hirllself of it with ~nuch succesq. I t id fair to suppose that he copied what he
chose out of General ReynolM map5, as well aa from. ..more recent surveya. ... and, ... consider-
ing Arrowsmith had the best materials extant in England in 1815. and tuhis map ... contaim...
more places than t hat of General Rejmolds' cloos, though double the size, ul d is of recent con-
struction, ... it is more valuable than tlle large innp of 1808 [ 11, pl. 3 lo.
The map of Arrowsmith, though ... far from correct, and exhibiting great blnkg. I...
consider ea the best hitherto pnblished, but in its turn its value will soon be much di mi nkhd
by that which I am preparing on the scrme scale from Inter and bet hr materials, of which there
ie a greet accu~nulation in this ofire not yet (1igesto:l or reduced to ono scale [ 274. 281 I.
It. was e ~ y t o poi nt or~t . in I X2 I lunriy RPCR.S where snri-eys hati been t on recent
f or inclunior~ jn n nlnp of 1x15, I)ut i t ni r ~s t h&ve given Hotlgnon tr special delight
t o not e t hat . "nit11 regard to t'lie 11orther11 moi ~nt ai ns land former l ~ o s s e ~ s i o n s ~ f the
Nep~l aqe, mor e places are laid dobvn i n -4rrowsmith' s than in Reynolds' map, but
t her e is not hi ng of t h e l omt value ill eitliur" [ 29-48]'.
I
' ( 12i50-1823 ) ; Hydrographer to the Frinoe of Wale*. 1804 ; 24 Rathbone Place k 10 Soho Sq., London ;
DNB. ( 1786-1892) ; Recorder of Bombay, 1804-11 ; Board of.Contml. 1830. DAVE.
'10
n da
(98) ; 10 Gal. ( 86 ). 'to RRadt. Hyderibid, 11-5-18 ; DDn. 92 ( 4? ).
the originsl. & horns by
Reynolds in 1807 [ I1 283-4 1. 'the copy nnnt to Celoottrr in 1809.
. DDn. 1M ( (90 ), 18-9-21.
Arroa*rnith tnoli his detail for Hi h h :~ncI R(*IIL' ;I~ ~nost l y ~I. OIII Rrnnell, and it in
not surprising t hat t he E'lal~tntion ('o111111ittse of IS.':! found it. inntleq11at.e fnr their
purposes, though their conil~laint.: hror~ght Hotlgson f o ~ ~ v e r ~ l in deter~ce :
The very valuable map ...is coll~ulted with ~l va nt a pe by all the departments. ... I t is the
reoult of the labours of our most ilktinguilhetl Geographern for half a centnry pwt. and was
oonetruc ted... frorn the anthentic documents tratlsmitted from India. ...
Since the lower and miilde provinces have cen~e11 t. ~) be the sent of \r.nr, mrveys have not
been continued in then, and the maps of Re~uuell, Colebroolie. an11 other surveyors, whioh are
incorporated into hr ommi t h' s [nap. are our only authorities, and hitherto unimpeached.
Nevertheless, such proofs a3 the Pl ant at i o~~ Co~nmittee ma>- offer in support of the alleged
inecouracy of the most recent map publ i ~he~l will be doly attended to.
It is true that in the very remote province which o~t r nrmiea have I~rtely traversed, even
the excellent map of Amowamith is ... deficient in peoprapt~ical preciainn, b ~ ~ t . IM most plaoes
of note are to be found in it, ... sorne ditference~ in ... true poaitionq msy not renrler it un-
worthy of the ... use of tlle Planhtion Com~nittee, for to attempt to recnnqtruct the ...map s of
the..Bengal Presidency Tor its special u . woultl be e Ishour of incredihle magnitude. ...
Arroasmith's m p published in 1821 is more full than that of 1816, ant1 may be purchased herd.
This n1a.p of 1821 was ~clrertiaetl i l l 1820 :r.s ".41~11\vs1nith'r; rle\v Nap of India,
with rttlditionn t o 1819, t o fold in H. ms r : price Its. I :;(I ( r e x t l ~ I I I O I I ~ ~ )"*.
Six ropitw of t.he 1815 Innp was s e ~l t c ~ut t.orac.11 p~.esiilet~c.!- [ z6j ] . Rrl ~gnl wm
honoured by a n extra four. with tht. ~. r c~~~t *zt . tl1:l.t ~ I I O col)J- shor~ltl he ret-l~rned
with nn~end~nent ~s. ;I. t.nsli thnt. t,he Sur\.eyor C: or~~rnl ~ I I J on onc si~ltb regixr~llt?ss of
frequent renlintlers3. Hoclgson \vrit.rs .sI~ort,ly n,ft.er taking offirc. :
I have found ... a letter ... tlatecl 13th .Tan~lary laut. to which ... Colonel >Iackenzie who was
then in infirm health, was unable to reply. ... To correct ... Arrotvsmith's large map of India
which, extending from the 67th to nearly the 93rd degree of east longiti~de. end from the
8th to 31st degree of north latitude, comprahenda a very considerable portion of the map of
t he Globe, ... is...aa desirable ar it9 execut i o~~ is laborious and ditEcult4.
I nst n~ct ~i or ~s were pt~nsed o ~ ~ t t o ell sr~rvcr?~ors tso sc~nd in retl~~ct.ions of ttheir field
work both on t he f-inch itnd I(;-mile srelcs. ~mrl Hoclgnon toltl (: orrrn~nent t hat he
was preparing t he 16-milt> 1n~t11, as ordered in 1820,
for the corrections of the general geography of India, for which purpose I am reforming the
maps of the Peninailla on the fu~ndamental and pnrfectly correct basis of Colonel Lambton'a
trigonometricel operations, and also of that vast tract frnm tmhe Xerbutldnh ... to ... the confine8
of Chinese Tartary in the 32nd degree of north latit,mle, regions in which very great adrlitions
b v e been merle to geography since our armies have tra\-ewe11 or occiipierl them".
I n 1622 Arroasluith iasnetl ;t 111;al) of t he s ~ ~ ~ ~ t l l e l . ~ ~ ~rc.ninsultt on t,hc q~~rr8rtj~?r-inch
scale8, of t ~hi ch JIarliha.~n \rriies :
The labonru of the ... 3Iadl.m 3lilitary Tn.rtit,~ite ... hrcau t o nt.tract at,tention nqsoon an t.heir
results arrived in England, and the necessity for ... mnrr accurate and detailed map* ... was
soon acknowledged. Aaron Arrowsmith ... constr11cto(1 a projection for a new atlas of India
on the scale nf four rnilen to an inch [ rQ.3 1. anrl the >lt\clrns sur\-ey map* were placed in his
hands. The rest~lt w a ~ the publication of tiis a.tlnn of Hontli Indin, from CRPR Co~norin to the
Krishna in IH nlieets. ... whicl~ appeareil in July 1R?2:.
This was a great aadancc on n.ny previorls pl!l~lication. hut. lvns very sliehchp in
ereaw RIICII 8% Guntfir mitl Ongnle, n-hich wwr yet, t>o he cwrcwed by regular
surveys. whilst Trrsvta~~corc, was ]raftt, crnt,irrl- I~lnnlr. 'rllr 18 sheets i ~~cl l i ded an index,
and an inset showing ,h~.o\vsmith' s projoctetl rertanpulnr In>--out of *-inch sheets,
nrunbered from I in tlie soutll t o 102 ill t he Hinlila.y~t. \Ye fintl a bill from
W. Thaclier R. ('0. [ 214 n.4 1, Cnlrutt,a 1A27, for s11pl)Iyinp-,4nt~\vnn1ith's Atlas of
South 111tlia-Elephant Fol i o-~-houn~l in ~uauit~-Tn.o copies @Ks. 200-Pnclring
i n wax-cloth, t i n, etc. Rs. e8. In tlefore~~cc t o tllo Direct,ors' favourable reference
tr, t hi s m:bp is,. er. basis .for their new Atlas of Indin [ 2S3 1. Klirclcor al)atainetl "from
tlie i nvi t l i o~~s task" of pointing out its deftrctn9.
I n 1 X 18 Arrowsmith isn~red a Map of ;\sin. Sollu\\atl by :x IW\-i.:c+tl etlitior~ i l l 1822,
on which t he (:ermrsn gw~grnpher Ii l ap~. ot h 1 57 n.4 1. ~vrot,e a upit.ef11l ~.oview ;
I)I>II. I!## ( 12U-30 J . 2 1 -10~2:3. .lOm!l. Gu:. 22-11 20. 3C!Il to H., 1?4-lo ( 10 ) ; 28-ti-20 ( ill 1:
13-10-24. ' I I ( 2 . , I I t - 'ib. ( 90), 18-U-2l. 'copy in Conncmnra Lib.. Jlaclrea : ah0
I 0 Map. I. A(:. 17 : I0 I' rrl. ( M ) : rT Ar I : . S V I pl. 1. 1 JInrklion~ ( 409 ). 11I011. 220 ( 223). *DDn.
204 ( 87) . 11-8.24.
Amowsmith, the most ignorant of all those who are employed in constructing mapa, hes
borrowed a map of Japan by M. Abel Remusatl and hes copied it just. as it was into hk Mep
of h i e , in four large sheets. finished in 1810, and revised in 1822, Hence these bl ends
[Japanese ] appear three times lerger than they really are. ... I t ia much to be deqimd t hat
the few pervons who make geography a scientific study, and who are capable of judging of t he
hdmible product,ions daily offered to iw under the ~lenomination of maps, would give themselves
the trouble to examine and criticise them severely.
He concludes by st,;lt,ing t hat n1n.u). ~>r~bl i sht -~l ~nt r p. ~ " pOw"4 no other rnr~rit bc:idee
t he bra.uty of t hc engraving "'
-4niongst ot.her maps issrlrcl by ;\rro\vs~nith s-(?re t.hose which aocornpznied
Blacker's llrienroir oj, . . the .lfrrhrrttto If'ctr, pl ~l ) l i ~l ~et l i n lY213 [ 282 1, and bfalcolm's
Map of ('entral Indi a, inclqlrliny Mnlii-a [ 84 1.
I n 1824, after Arrowsnlit.11'~ dea.t3h, a full map of India was published by Cary,
in six sheets, largely f r on~ Blacker's rnaferial, scale 25 miles t o an inch, followed
by a reduction in two sheet34 ;
A Now Map of Hindostan ... from original materials, exhibiting its political divisions & t he
natural features of the country. ...- To Lt Colonel Valentine Blacker, C.B., Surveyor General
of India, this map is most respectfully Dedicated, in gratitude for the very liberal asjistance
afforded by him in the cornmimication of man,v valuable materials from whioh it has been
principally contructed.-G. 8 . I. Cary. London, 86 St. James's Street, Jnlp 1st 182C5.
An interesting extension nn.s printed \\-it,h (':try's six-sheet map of 1824. ontitled
Mnp oj ' t l ~r Clou.?ltrirs bct ~i . r ~) t Inrlirt nnrl Ettropc, scale 120 n~i l es t o an inch, t hat
gives a. drt,siletl table of orerlnntl journtbys het!vcn~~ India. ;t!td Europe -
Carsten Kiebuhr [ I, r 10 1. 1561-3 -- Eyles Irwin [ I, 341 1, 1777, 1780-1 -- George E'omter
[ I , 337 1, 1783 - Captaiu Campbell. 1792 - Captain Jackson, 1797 - Jnrnes Morier [ II,
444-5 1, 1808-9 -Major Rinneir [ John Msodonald, 11, 418-o 1, 1814 - John Johnson [ 11,
409-10 1. 1111i -Lieut. Heude ( si c ). 1817 --George FitzclamnceB, 1818.
Fitxcl~rence had I~ecn A. D. C. tso Rfarquew Hastings cluring t he RI;brBtha War, end
WRS ser t home overl and witJl 11t.n-.; of pb;rce.. Hie :tccount of t he journey, with
maps, was prlbliahecl i n I R 19.
Another niap issued about this time a-as ollcr by Ki ~~gs bnr g, Parbury, & Allen,
in four sheets scale 32 ~nilea t o an inch, t<hat was advertised in Calcutta' ;
Juet landed A for sale-A newly constn~cted nnd extended map of India-From the
latest surveys of the bast aiithorities, published principally for the use of the officers of t he
army, and inscribed t o Maj . Cmneral Sir .John XZalcolm. Price in portable case, on rollers,
40 rupees ; varnished 45 rupees. Wrn. Tl~acker &- CL).
The snnln firm also published tl~t: n1a.p is511ed 3.; f r o ~~t i s p i ~c e to Prinsep's ,+Ta.prra-
live of ... Britinli Il~rlirc r 1 ~ 1 i / 1 r tkl -4Inr(l?tis of Hnstillg. ~, 181 3--1s. entitlcrl Jfrrp of the
Rent of 1 1 1 ~ 111rtr in Inr/i(t l Sl ; - - S. s,c~~.le t x o inrhc- t o a degrc*, "compiled and
for the use of t he Conlmantlt.r-i1i-("I1icf~s offic.~. Fort \17illiitm. Rengal. ... 1st ,June
162,',". The I I I ~ J gives routes of varioi~s columns which operated against the
pindEris enrl Mariitlias. They also pnblisl~ed a Map of the Western Provinces of
Hdndoo.vian, in four s h ~ t ~ s , inscribed t o Malcoln~, together with an
index, containing the Names and Geographical Positions of all pleces in t he maps of India,
especially thnt newly conetructed and extended Map of India8, lately published by Eiiogsbury,
Parbury & Allen. Booksellem to Hon. East India Compsny, ... London 1826.
I n their inhtrrlrtions for t he est.al)lish~ne~rt of R Srrrveyor General of India, t he
Directors n~nde him responsi1)le for nlnintninin5 a depot of nmps a t Fort William,
1 Jean Pierre Ahel Remusat ( 1588-11132 ) ; Frcnch scholar of Cllinese ; Editor of Journd & SO-
from 1818 ; Enq. Bril. ' As J . 18'26 ( 8.i ) ; quoting from J a r & Aaiah+, of Parie ; rnpdnobd in W
Frenob : I0 Trod. 461. 3engraved by 8idney Hall "onder the inspection of Mr. Arroaamith".
6 x 0 C&
( 8 0 ) ; NRIO. 97 B ( 1-3). 10 11 AC. 13.
'John Cnry was a noted en aver and publisher of mpp
betwmn 1787 and 1820 : his firm C. it R. Cary continacd to p~tblish in lfinzn up to IBW.
a Lt Col.
Bug. W k . Fitrrlnrence ( 1794-1542 ) ; cr. 1st Earl of .\Iunater. 1YYI ; D.VB : tho 5th Earl of Yunstar flea
to India in LBI L tn visit the 14th Army, pilnteJ bp Dsvid Phill~more, my nephew. 'Uosl. Urn. 15-12-23.
' I OCd . ( 80) .
and for security a,nd distribution. There was a strict rule t hat surveyors ~h o r ~l d
t reat their work as secret, ancl not Imsn copies t o local officers, either civil or lnilitery,
ait,hout proper authority [ 11, 288-9 ; 111, 274 1.
Even when aur veyi ~~g Orissa a t t he ('omnliasioner's request, Buxton asked for
t he Surveyor Genera,l's pernlission t o issue a copy of his survey : "My instructions
are to show a nlap t o ilobotly, and ... I have refused t o do so t o t he Comlniuuioner,
much, however. T rather suspect, t o his stirprize. I beg ... t o be set right if I have
acted mong"'. The Surveyor General approved, a.nd referred t o a remnt Govern-
ment order t hat local officers iasuod with maps
will ...p rasewe them in their offices, and transfer them to their succewora, ... and not ...p e-t
any additions to be inserted in them. But ... the prohibition against allowing copies or e f i r ~ b
should be qualified by sat~cti~~liing the practice io cases where it may be found necessary for
the public service, a repurt then being made to your office2.
011 his an.iva.1 from Madras Mackenzio found t hat these regulations were too
often disregarded, hut before talting a,ction he consulted Garstir1 ant1 Tholnss
Wood. He writ.es later t o Webb disapproving of Tate' s correspondence with
civil officers ;
It is not approved that a person employed on public duty should communicate on the
mbj mt of his official duties t o any person whatever without permission. ... I may go thro'
t he disagreeable ordeal of declining propositions, 9E be reckoned a crusty disobliging old fellow
for my pains, while meantime an order may be obtained before you can help it.
He: asked Webb t o pass no pa.rt of his survey t o others until tho whaler was con~pleted
anti officiallv suhn~ittecl to the? Sun-eyor (-: en~ra, l ~.
In spite of all preca~ttions, i t was fonnd in 1820 t hat many nlaps were scatt,ered
through t he vari o~l s Governn~ent offices in C'alcntt,a, ~nost l y unknown t o t he Surveyor
Genera,].
Franklin was deputed t o esamine them [ 337 ] ;
A co~isiderable 1-8 of geographical information has...bwn collected in...p ublic ~l e pa r t ~~~e nt s
w]>ich, from wnnt tnf due a~~rangernent. ... may in time he dinpersell altogether heyonal the reach
of Gover~nent.. ... The Most Nohle the Co\.eisnor General in ul po~session of several important ...
sketcheq...fru,n~ varioiis nHicelu on active aervice. Many are n1n0 in trhe office of His Lordship's
Military Secretary. ... There are likewise a few )naps in the ... Politiral Department.
Yon will enarnirle. arrange, and collate the ... d~~rnment u ... in s ~ ~ r l l s fnr~n as to rencler them
8ccessible, ... and ... c~,nutruct descriptive catalngllos. ... and ... report your opinion wit11 regard
to...[ distrihr1tin)n between] the office of the Surveyor General, or the Quarter Maqter General.
Friznklin f o ~~n r l material not yet incorporated in t he Surveyor General's maps4 ;
I wan able to collate the whole ... and arrange it into uniform end complete ~listrict maps, ...
end, this appearing to me to be the most useful shape in which I could condense the variety
of inlormation, ... I commencetl on Bundelciind, aa well becauee it is centrically situated,
h w ~ u ~ e I had full and authentic materiala for the wock [ 81-2 1.
AS I procead in my labours, I register in a catalogue the various documents I make use of=.
I havn already commenced a map of the Statm werrt of the J u m a River. because the informa-
tion we pnuaass regarrling them is extensive. ... It consists of actual uurveys and ... routes
which, when arranged and consolidatecl, will ...p roduce a map greatly superior to any which we
...PO ,+seas of that part of the country. Mmltime I arn making endeavours to procure efficient
info-tion for ... filling up the more interesting blanks of Jubbulpore and Central India. ...
I have commenced e General Military Map on a smaller scale, on which I have al r edy
completed a skeleton series of points from the Sutlej River through Central India to the
Defian, and have comected in the most satisfactory manner all the labours of the Yadrue
@arter >fester Generel'e Department with those of Bengale.
He was t#ol(l t o confine hinwelf t o listing t he mapsi nt o srlitable grorlps ;
It waa not contamplatd t hat you should engraft the information so obtained on former
-krials, or ... frame compilations which would greatly protract the period of your present
smployment, and which could more regularly ancl more expeditioilsly be executed under the
direction of the Surveyor General7.
He completed t he work in anot,her six months, con~pi l i r~g two new n~a ps which
he submitted with a de~cri pt i ve catdogue, reporting t hat it hat1 been his
&ief care to avoid copying documents which alrearly existed in the public offlces. ... The mepa
whit+, &re herewitl~ subr~litterl are new, nn(l have. I I ~ tneana r ~f Iny pre9ent. enq~l ~~yment . been
prtwervml t o the public service. After the rnrnl ~l et , i ~~n of Chow twn nurps, the reroaining doou-
menta..,will ror~viwt of various plan3 of fort* not at prwent in the offic:e of the Chief Engineer.
-veral ~llanx of I~attles mt l nther t(~pogrer~lliral R ~ < ~ L C ' ~ R R relating to t,he late rsmpaign. ...
and a180 a very extensive collwtion ... tnntte hv t he late I, i e~~t enant Pickeragill. nntl intended
by him for n wclrlc whirh he rtinte~nplnted nrr tlw Sepnulest, war [ 11. 43; 1. ...
'rile present cl~~c.nment,n nppenr to me more nllaptei for cleposit, in [ t he ofi re ] of t he Suuvey~)?
General, ... ns t he Q11nrter Mast,er ( :011ert%I car1 l~tt\.t) Rr('n*3 t.0 thorn st. nny time [ ,)oz. j { + 1. ...
I have ~ever al maps. the ~~r i vnt e property of tlru late (!c~lc~neI Fa.ganl. which ... 1 solicit perrni**it,n
to deplwit ... also in t.he oftice of t he S u r v ~ y ~ ~ r (;enel.i,l wi t l ~ 4% *e[~arate (*atnli~qtle~.
His I ~ ~ ~ p o s a l s were al l t ~i ~l >r ove( i .
Tho& Blttcker had c ~l , t ni ~~r t l l ~t . r~ni ssi r~rr t o rtsc* off~cittl nlups f or t h e ilIunt~rtbt,ion
of his ;lfp))toir- of t, he Alilrfit,ha will., i t was s~~g, aegt, e(l t J ~ n t hc. hetl exceetlecl his pert ni t
ill I#assing a n y t o (' ary for \)rivat,c. ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ l i ~ - ; t t . i o n
289 1.
Tt. i s hart l l y likely t h a t t h e
ni rert <, rs worrltl h a w al )pc~i nt rt l hit^^ SII~\. I-J-(II. ( : c - ~~c r ; ~l if t , l ~i s wertA t, rae. for it was
a p c t , i r e t.11ltt hat1 c a ~t s e d tilt-nl I I I I I ( . ~ ~ COI ~( ' PI . I I e x \ . ( 1. s i ~i c e t, he ol d days of Cl i ce and
Va.nsittttrt [ 1. 256 : 11. 287 1.
He~t l gs or ~ bro:;chetl t.llc. suhjcct. to J n p p i n 1826 :
; The improper liberty which llirs wit.lli11 late years to(, ortoll hmll taken by publir officers
a d Hmds of DQl,t~rt.me~ltu, of carryi~lg tiway with t t l ~nl to England paper3 in their charge.
and esptrially map*. must hn brnught to bl~e n81tir.e of (!rl\-ernment,. here and a t home. I
know t,hnt very ri ni ~t er use* I I I L V ~ I>CRII I ~ H I ~ O of S I I VI I ITL$[IS. hllt 1 t r ~ ~ s t , I L s[)mdy report rnn(1e
to EngInn~i will [,revent. t l ~ e nhuse in ft~ture. [...flnsiro ~ I I L t<i prepare l i ~t a of all t he maps yo11
have, an(l to ~ n a k r 11arti~.l1l~tr rllenti(~n of a11y...wllicll are missing. Theae rir1.11mutrrncar nllould
be htlly explai~~e:l t,,, yltur c~wn (;~~vornrrlent,. an11 repnrte~l t,c~ t n ~? .
T h r ~natt,c.r elrr\r fl~rt,lrr.r con~r l l ent t ' r c ~~r ~ t 8he Tlirect,orr it1 1823 :
Home of onr otficaerrr wl ~o have he11 e ~ n l , l ~ ~ y e ~ l in t he snrveging Department have sent
copies of t.heir surveys to E11n1pe for ~ ~ ~ h l i c ~ r t i ~ ~ n 011 private behalf; ... you will ...p rohibit such
practice in fut.ilrc. All surveys mn~ltr nt the pl~blic expence are public property, and we direct
t hat no copies of any nllr\.eys, s~ um~le. he delivor~ii tn nny persona except t haw appointed
by Government to rereive them'.
C'ircula.rs were t h e r e c ~p c ~l ~ sent. r o ~ u ~ c l t o al l sarvc\yo~. s r ul i ng t,hat,,
in tile event of your q~lit, t, i~lg t he S u r v ~ y Deperbmenr,, a rleclaretion on honour will be required,
epecifying thnt you h n v ~ 111lt retained oc deli\7ered t o h11.y individual. or sent to your friends
in England. any malJd ( ~ r jmpers whnte\-er r~~nlrert, eii wit11 the aurveys on which you may have
been employed t ~ t the erllense ut' t he ( : ~ ~ v e r ~ ~ t n e ~ ~ t [ 11. 2SY o Is.
On tlils hl ont gomeri e c n m ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ t , e t l :
I think it is a pit)- t , l ~e C ~ ~ u r t c~f Directom di11 rrot IlHllle the r)Hicers who seut copi a~ of their
eurveya for pul~livation on private trc1.01111t. Have yon rrny idea M- I I ~I they were ?
Colonel
Blacker. I t,hink. wn* the cmly [jerann in t,llin Pre*iclency wl ~o 11\-nilerl himself of his 8it.uation
when Quarter \Inst,er (:enera1 to trike t.o11ies of s~lr\' eys [ 80 1.
It hat1 beer1 tlirect,etl t, hst, cust ~ot l y of HIIrrey records at Rl~trlras s r ~ t l Bonlbity
~ h o u l d be ent.rr~st.etl t o t h e ('llief El l pi nerr [ 303 1, hrtt. Mr cksnzi e hwt l i t t l e r l i f f i c ~ ~ l t ~
i n denl onst r at i ng t h e a h s ~ ~ r d i ~ y of such ibn ar r angement [315-6]. Before he left
Madrau h e crrerhauled t h e records t,here, Hn t l i ~~g tt t ot al of 2.986 i t ems. whicl, he left
11nde1. char ge o f Ri ddel l [ 316 1. t o whom h e wri t es from (Ilalcr~tta :
I have just got thro' t he inspection of the contents of t he depot ; there ar e only sb,lut
760 titles, scarcely 1/ 3d of t he RInrlrkq tlepot.
These consist almost entirely of itinerary
surveys. corrected anmetimes by astronomical ~bser \ ~at ~i ona : no statistic surveys.
Only 2 or 3
general coml1iletions ; but one of them \wry exbnni\-e. hllt old. t nearly obsolet,e7.
On the
whole the depot ia inferior to the > I ~ l r a s one.
I have not yet ... examined t he records, but ... tlhey ro~wiyt chiefly of field booke. &...there
are no ... memoirs.
'l'he reg~~lntions, reports. k oRic.e h o l r ~ , differ r n~~ol l from "urn, & I have
hitherto declined bringing m.v Mndras peclple in rt~nt~rrct. with them. till I e t into a large I ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
capable of one regulating system [ j ~ o In.
Rot h Mol r t ~t f or d n11t1 Mont gol neri e had tr r ont i nur l st. ruggle t,o keel, 118ce with
t he dullland for copies ancl ~~rtlilct~ions <of nlaps, which Ilittl ell t o be iilatic by ht ~l ~d.
Mountford repen.t,etlly nsketl for regular tlccc>unts of mapH isaned and t hat ,
on a rnap being furnished, ... a receipt ... be deposited in this office and that, wibh a view to
the further safety of such maps ...( the preparation of which haa been attended with so heavy
an expence ), periodical returns be made. ... ]...hope t hat Inape will be better preserved ; ...
md that. while every latitude is given to the circulation of geopaphical information, ... due
attent.ion t,o tlie spirit of the ... ordere relative to the multiplication of rnap will be granMl.
The Snr\-eyor Genrt.xl (lit1 811 he c~niiltl t o pri.suede c~tlicrrs to list! mapa publiehod
in Eug1a.rtt-I, t.at,her t , h~, n c~. Il 1n1 t he rtirvry tdtice lilr ha.tltl-clr~,wn copies 1 276-7
Regarding n1~1. rl ~i a. I~ for t,lle $-inch .4t,las. Hotlgscln srrlred Montponter*io t o
be particularly cnreful t hat all the work. ..be done ... under your immediate inspection, and
t hat notthing ... is made public by privnte lithographistsa. lEarll sheet when finished ~l l o~t l d be
kept by yo~t, Inclzwl up md itnrler your sml3. ...
There cun he no reasou why labour, which 1nig11t he utllerwi~e SII ~nucll better employed,
and nrhicll is ... so ~tryenLly require11 Ibr the fitki!nlent nf ... the ])o~iti\. e cotnnlalld~ of the Supreme
Government, sltoul(l he lost in making fnr t l ~ e Comnltu~dor-i~~-('Ilief ~. ~)l>ies of rnaps which hie
Quarter Xlaster General 1111s. \\'lt~i. I - I I I I I ~ lie 110 wit,h then14 ?
*As copir* of t he II(.\V Atlas I J C ~ R ~ I t,o r e ~ c h T I I ~ ~ R . . t,l?e L)i~.rc~t.ors I~ec.;t~ncr rnn:e
t han e \ . n ol)posetl to t.11~~ tlist.rib~it~io~i of 11a11d-rlrawl copies :
With our despatch of the 28th January 1829, cnpies ... were sent to you, stid we sriticipate
a great saving of labour in the Deputy Suuvey~,~- Gonnral's Onice. ...
We ... draw your attention to the frequent, nntl we believe often ulrneceratlry. calls for maps
b~ our officers, vivil nnd military, caused by the tteglect,ful crwtnrly. or irrehwlar upproprintion,
of thofie d ~ c l ~ n ~ e r i t ~ ; and we desire that it tnny he i nt i n~a h~~l t t ~ 1111 1111r servanta t,llnt rnaps
rnpplied from our public offices are lntblic ~~ropert.)', t ar ) IJO ~~threfrllly kept.
;\I, Bornha.? t he cristody of Innps t.est,rd wit-h LVillia.111~ till his retirett~ent,, and
then ~ ~ a s ~ e t l t o 8ntherlf~ncl, f i ~~s t as .-\ssi~t,&nt., t~lttl then H.H I ) r p~~t , y, S~~r ve yor (:enoral
[323 1. To #it-r t he Snrreyor (4c~neral closer c ont r ~~l . Blacker h ~ . d t he following
orders issuatl hy the Al ~pr ~r ne (;ovc~rnnient, :
All original sorveyy, with whatever original (1o1:tunents tney be abtaclled to them, now a t
either of the subordinate Presidencia~, are to he transferred to the Geographical Dopot in
Bengal, the Depr~ty Surveyor General ret.ainu~g copies of auch as may be thought necessary.
Thk last rneesure, ... prescribed by the 22nd ~)a~' agraph of the Hon'ble Court's letter of the
3rd June 1814, becante neoeswtry in consequence of the late instructions for the preparation
of a General Atlaa on a large scale from original materials ; but ... the ... times in which he may
require to call for them are left to the S~uveyor General. ...
No survey shell be admitted by the Surveyor Qeneral as cornplebe, unlem accompanied
with a document explanatory of its authority and constructions [ r y j 1.
Tha rst;tl)lislio~l pl.ocedure ulrtlt9r which copiea of field l ~ooks ant1 surveys were
regularly despatched to t he Court of Directors \vrts coufirulrtl in 1614 [ 11, 2871, but
t he Dirr!ctora had t o send constant reminders, ;tnd call for 1-egular list8 from each
Presitlency. During 1821-2, Claude Wn.tle, Assistant Surveyor Genoral a t Calcutta,
was employed for several lnonths "ssaniini~!g tho copies of journals a~nd field books
..,for t he Cc,urt of 1)irectors ". For several years, honrevol., nothing was R O I I ~ from
Bornhay except copies of t he revenue sorvegs 1281 1.
For t he preparation of the Atlas of Indie in Lorit1011. strict ilccuracy became
imperative, and in 1827 the Directow noted t hat "severel of t he slils\reys ... sent to UR
from your Presirlenny are very inco~rectly copied " [ 313-4 1. and ordered t hat
originals shonld he sent I ~ot ~l s, ant1 co1,ir.s rrta.inet1 in India [ 285--6 1'.
Rrfore haticling ovor dut y as S~itlreyor General, Hodgso~l cent in a cornplete list
of t he material* t,h:~t had b e ~ n srnt home, and r)f whet ~.emained in India :
DDn. 192 ( 315 ), 17-11-21. 'Lithography introduced in CaI~utta nnd Madraanbout 1624 [ 29.8--9 1.
a Dh. 184 ( 421 ), 30-11-20. 'DDn. 223 ( 44 ), U-227. &CD to El., Mil., 15-4-29 : DDn. 203 ( 131 ).
' I 1 - 2 5 ( 6 ) 'CD to B., Mil., 2-6-27 ( 4 ), UDn. DO ( 49 ).
Regenling the construction of a map of India a t home, ... and ... the transrnimion of d
field books and other documents, ... every.attention hm been paid to... ordem. ... I
have compiled two very full liste, eant herewith, ... the one of maps and plane, t he oCher
of field booke end other written dooumente ; ... The ... arrangement of thia eKtenaive catalogw
...hm been a work of great labour, and hae employed several of the most effentive penple of
the offlce for many month@ past. If ever the task of constmctinq a map of Inllia in England.
be executed, it will be mainly owing to the aseistmoe which thie cat el o~~l e will afford'.
A year lttter Herbert doopatched R filrthcr conoignn~ent,
pecked in flve tin ceses, secured wit11 brasa locke, whioh are covered with wax-cloth, and ai ded
with the seal of the office. These doc~unents are... all original, and ... it was nec-ry to have
correct copy of each document before the original could be epared from the office. ...
Nothing but the very peremptory nature of tho C011rt's order co~lld have induced me t o
rnnd materials which are so likely to occasion ... disappointment in any attempt to turn them
to in England. ... To follow my own judgement, I would have subetituted for them such
sheeta of t.he Great Atl U...FM might have beon constructed with tolerable correcltnass. ...
, That such a task cau be better perforrned here than in Enqland ... 1 cannot but believe. ...
In comparing discordant rnltteriala it wo~lld be 0 great help to the map compiler to be...
rnquainted with the ... acquirements of tho wrveyor, with the instruinenta used, and the metho&
followed [ 285 1. ... I should have considel-ed my time Inore wefully employed in ... digmting
the heterogeneous material now Rent into something like shape and systern, than in ... copying
doo~~ments many of which are...not worth the Iabor~r.
Rut I ooultl not substitute ...my viewe
... for the repeated and positive orders of the Court [ I, 252 1' .
Most suweyors could lay clown the projection of bhnir maps and surveys
hon1 arrthorized tables giving lengths of parallels and meridians.
Hutton's tables
were Renorally used [ I. 2481, until the issue of Lambton's values [ 11, 215; inf].
Of his lllap of Ku~ne r ~n Wol~l) writes in 1819 ;
TIle length of a minute of the mericlian has been taken a t 1810 fathome, and the projwtion
of the map itself has been made on what is called the Diagonal method, the only mode I am
acquainted with by which the relative positions of places can he pr f f l e~ed, as well cu their
di&,ances from mch other upon an equal scale. 1 imagine the method itself is not new, but
it wes first pointed out and explained to me by Mr. Arrowsmiths.
On receipt of t , h ~ Dirert.or~' latter of October 18.):4 proposing n "~on~pl ot e 111dian
Atlas" [283], Blacker ;assii~~iod that Ile was to prepnre it in India [ 284 1, follodng
appro~itnat.ely the lay-out shown on Arro~vnr~l i t ~l ~' ~ .~t,las of the south peninsula [288].
He first consulted Everest ;
The lest paper of Col. Lambton ... that discusses the figure of the earth aa d e d u d from a
comparison of his own meesurements with certain others in Europe ...h published in the 13th
vol. of the Asiatic Rene.wches4, after he had advanced his meridionel arc to 18' 3' 45'. ... H~
concludes the earth's ellipticity to be ... 11304, rw~d ... annexed a table of the value of degrees on
the meridim ... for every degree of latitucle. m ~ d on arcs perpendicul~r to the meridian [ 11, 260 I.
In consequence of orders from the Court nf Directore, I am about to engage on the projection of
a General Atlaa. .. md...I am desirous of aacerteining whether any reason has occurred sin- t he
date of the paper in qumtion for doubting the correotnm of ita conclusions5.
He then worked out his projection ;
The calculations for the pt i cul m heve been completed. ... Considering the pmpoaed
atlaa as a greet national work, every part of its conet mct i o~~ beoomes a matter of imporhce,
and exaatrr a reference to principles that ahall abhd t he teat of scientific investigehion. 1
have therefore Mo we d on the determination of the intereections of its great and amall
p8in11 whioh, I apprehend, are novel. ..in India. ...
I...forward for trammimion to England a oopy in duplioeta of the tablaa whioh haw bee,,
douleted, end the arguments whioh have been employed in arriving at the dwired -la.
I heve been induced to take some impresaiona of them in lithography. an well to m- the
mcnrecy of the copiee, es to provide a euacient ntlmber for filture referenme; for...th=
' DDn. 281 ( ?RA ), 4-1-20. 'DDn. 205 ( 2 ). 20-1-30. 'DDn. 150 ( W ). 4-3-19.
dpp. 1-12,.
'DDn. 93 ( 120 ). 4-9-24, Evemnt'a reply not found.
'no mpy found ; " n rinple nhwt of laqe fialm.np -.
tablm will anmer for all other maps within the parallels of 8" and 32". under any other meridim,
aa Wtewiae for any other scale by ... simple proportion. ...
In order that ... the proposed atlas m y be oleerly undemt.oucl. ... I herewit,h ftbrwerd in
duplicate a geopphi cal sketch exhibit,inp its prnl,omI dimensiolla md m~bdivision. but exten.
sion. ..will be attended with no cliffici~lty. \Vith regartl to t,he size of ear11 ehwt. I have con-
formed es nearly to t,he instri~ct.ions of t.lie Honorable the Court of 1)irectow trs was possible, for
the size of a sheet of Arrnmmith'a atlas. which r~c-eivecl their apl~roval. contaula 1071 .!) Rqure
inches. nnd ul the present projecticrn it measurea 105H.O square inches [ zcr0 1'.
Two year8 later, Hodpson records the RCI I I ~CP of Blacker's inspiration ;
This graticule and scheme af calculat.icrn is t,aken f r ~ ~ m n wr y gnotl model. that of the
greet mnp of France, as ... described in the SupplPment of P u i w~ ~ t ' s "'l'opcigraphieW2. ... The
meridians converge to t,lle 80th degree of Lonpitude. ant1 the 20th d e g ~ ~ e of Latitude is the
central parallel. The extent of the map ( of which earh sheet is a con~l,oneot piece) is from the
8th to the 32nd degree of north Intitude. and fmm t)lte tIit.11 to the 93rcl degree of w t . Ion@tude,
and I thinlr t.he arrangement ...w judicious as nny t.hst, coold be prop~,aecl.
The Hon'ble Court use the t.er~u General At.Ias oC India. \\'it11 n 1-iew tllat it, m y be
completed in t.hat apnse. ... the component parts shoolei be so arranged t,l~at. they map compose
one perfect whole, in the manner of t,he great ma[) of Frar~ce. I t is not intentled, nor expmted,
nor could it be of any use, that the sheets s111 bold be actually laid tupether on so large a scale of
four miles to an irmh, yet still it is in arrordance with the best ~nn~l el s t,het t l ~ e meridians
should converge to some centre, ... and. wllat is of most conseqrlence, it is neowary that the
differences of longitudes in so vast an extent as 26 degree9 ( nay more. when we include our
new &coverim t,o t,he borders of Tunan in Chint~ ) shoulcl I J ~ well ndjusted among the~nselvesJ.
He explained t.o llontgcm~rrir that lie
was almwt tempted to make it oo a smaller IBage, i.e.. t,cl n degree and a llalf in Intitilde end
two d we e j 11 longitude, making each converge to the center of the sheet,. hIy original plan
of only one degree of latitude was too small, anel CcdoneI H's is rat,her tot, large, but in ewe
of f h , h e r d u c t i o n to 8 miles, it will be convenient. It certainly is not of consequence to m&e
t he meridians converge t,o the centre of so great a map as all these sheets laid togetl~er would
compose, becsuw such a map would be useleas ; however, it. is the fashion to make bhenl so,
end ea to the size of the sheets there is mrtch to be mid on all sides'.
With his lithographed tables Blacker had attached inst.ruct.ions for their grapllic
protraction, eccounta of which are given twenty-five years lat,er by Thuillier and
the head wmput,er, Radhanetb Sikdar. Neither of them makes any reference ta
Puhsant.
I n hia Manual of ~Yuvvrgin,g Thnillier describes
the graticule of maps comprisuly mal l portions of the globe for wl~ioh Colonel Blacker drew
up s memorandum of instructions, which is siniple mitl ercurate a-itliin certain limits. about
100 square degrees. The object.ions to t, l~e nlebhocl are that it in an empirical proreus based
on no known projection. ant1 the protraction has a tendency to Renerate error becaow it is
not laid off from one common origin. The Rpacev are built one on the other, whereby the
error in any point is carried on thrnuph d l the s u c md i ~ ~ g on&.
Radhanath Sickdhar writes in the depertmental Auxiliary Tablee of 185 1 ;
The tablm for map projection. anti the mnnner in which t.hey have been computed and
ar r a~qed, will be foimd well explained in the ... memorandum drawn out by the late Colonel
Bk k e r for the use uf the draughturnen in the Siirr-epnr General's ORice. By a mechanical
operat,ion ... is produced a graticule whose mericliru~s are all equal. are equidistant at, all correo-
yonding point,s, are intersect,cl by the parallels at. equal nngles (111 the same side, ant1 whose
wralleb consist of parts propc~rti~)naI to the cosinea of &heir Iatitudea8.
Following the clue given by Hodgson. we find that the lit~rary a t Dehra Dnn
atill holdrr the identical copy of Puiwant,' ~ Traitk du Topogruphip. d ' Arp~nt nge, et de
Nie.ellrmenl. t,hat was consulted by Blacker. I t bears a note in Hodgson'n hand-
writing, "8urveyor cener al ' ~ Offict.. Purchneetl 2 bray In.'.", Bs. 12. ,J.A.H. ". I t
is freely ennot,atecl i r l pencil, more particularly the paragraphs which deal with
t he modified Flam~tet.tl projections, adopted by Colonel Henry, "Colonel au Corps
Imp6riel des JnpCnie1lm-G6ographm", for the great ~l i l i t ~ary map of Franoe.
IEtting duuble.elepl~not drawing paper [ 296 1; Dh. 201 ( 170). 12-7-I. mColonel Louis Puisssol
( ~ mn - 1 ~ 3 ) ; Corps dea Ingbnieurs-&graphen ; Seruim Q&qraphique ( 20. 28. pl. 30 ). 'DDo. 231 ( 49 ).
6-1-2.
'Dh. 223 ( 6Q 1. 97-7-27. 'Thuillier & Bmyth ( 052 ). ' Aur . Tabla. let edo. ; 1881.
pasibly frum OmnL [ 183 I. 'Rev. .John Flomate~d ( IMO-lil0 ) ; tirat AR.. 1876 ; FRS. 1077.
DNB.
Puissant's Suppliment which deals with the subject of map projection^ is dated
Paris, 18 10, and deacribcs
le projection que le Depot gBnBrtrl de la Guerre a adopt& pour la dunion dee lev& topopa-
phiqum. Cette projection coruiue aous le nom de "projection rnodifiBe de Flmsteed". ou cle
conique alter6eW, a obtenu dans cet dt abl i ~ement la pr6fBrerlce sur toutee les autrml.
The project-ion \va* sp~~cially tlenipned for 1rlap.d comprising a nulnher of sheets
cllvering a \vide il.Tl('R. ; t n its% part.ic~~lnr properties were ;
Ire.
Y~l r le mdridien rectiligne cle la rarte et les paralltlea, les longenre nont lea mb e a
que lo globe ternstre.
2me.
Tous lee meridiens coupent B angles droitv le parallble rnoyen.
3me.
Lea petits arcs tle mtiridier~ ayant meme amplitl~de, wmt sensiblement Bgaux e ne e
en=, au voisinage de oe parallble, ou du mhriclien rnoyen.
La ~r6sent e projection s'identifie ebsolu~nent avec celle tle Flamatbed proprement dite,
lorsque I'on prend I'dquateur meme pour parall8le rnoyen ; auquel ow lea mbridiene et leg
autrea parall6les sont placb symetriqrle~nent de part et d'autre du centre du d6veloppementa.
In the official hiut,ory of tlrt- S;ie~vice GCoyrnl)liiq~~r t,his ~)i,ojert~ion i~ describer1
as devisctl I)y t.he t*ltlt'r Bnnnt.3 a t ~ol ~t 1750 :
Le eygttme de projection. adopt6 ( Flurnst6ed-Bunne) conqiste tlnns la projection de la
eurface B representer srlr un cone tangent B la torre le long d'un p~r al l t l e ohoisi.
Cette projection a I'itvantnge d'etre "Pqoivalente", o'est h dire de conserver leur vraie
valeur aux surfaces ; ello n'est pns equianglo, mais n'altbre q ~ e peu lea anglas et log longeurs.
jusqul& une assez panrle dbtance dos mdriilien et par~llble 0rigine.F'.
Colonel Henry ~dopt ~r d t h i ~ motlifiorl projection to the needs of' the French
military !nap, nrrtl worked ol ~t t hr neche*sary formula? arlrl tahles :
11. Henry, astronome du Depot ~6nClral de la Geurre, doit publier clans le MBmorial de
Btablissement un Memoire sur leu proprietes et l ' wg e de la projection actuelle. Outre
les formules pr6cedent6s qu'il a obtenuea rle son cot& et reduiteu en table% il est parvenil.
per lm analyse BIBgante, B tl'autre formules non moins utilee6.
The SupplZrnr,nl gives Honry'n fnvrn~~la, and it is ohrious thtbt Blacker, who86
attent.ion had prohnhly been tlrct,\vn t,o P~~i ssant ~' s tle~cription by Hodgson, applied
it, to t he co~rt~ina~it 01' India, ;rntl worl<txl out hir tah1e.u for protracting the gr~t i cul e
of his new qoa,rtar-inch at.les. llsi~rg L:tnlbton's constants [ 11, 262 ; 111, 253-4 19.
Jt ha.n been sugpentrtl that Blac.lrt\r I I I I I S ~ havtx been a. pe a t ~iiathenlat~iciari to have
tlerisrd t.hin prnjclction, tiut he was not 807. Hc wt~s essentially a keen practical
man, of high intelligenc~ a.nd forcr.fnl character. anti an excellent organizer and
admini~t~rator. Henry and P~iissnnt were the mathematicians.
Thouglr Rlacker's projection was later adopted for departmental standard maps
prepared in India, his tables had been despatched from Calcutta after the first
ulleets of the Atlas had been prepared in London on Arrowsmith's globular projec-
tions [ 283,285 1. John Walker appears then to hare adopted them for his later
sheets with considerbble modification, without leaving any clear record. After his
death in 1873, General Walker cliscu~ses nt length the projectiol~ actually used
and describes it es
one of the numerous modifications of the conical development: i t repreaeuta the parallels
of latitudo by concentric arcs, but the meridians by arcs ooncave to the central meridian.
and not by straight lintls as in the true conical development.
The elements of the figure of the earth which are here employed are not stated, but there
o m be no doubt t hat they must have been those which were determined by Colonel Lambton
from his measurements on the great Indian Arc, and are given in vol. xrrr of the "Asiatio
Reeeerchea" [ 11. 262 ; 111. 293 I. ... The accordance is euffioiently close t o leave no doubt. ...
The meridian which b been adopted 8a the central meridiau or axis... is 76" 30'
of
Greanwich ; this ie not only stated in hir. Walker's memorandum book, but oen be deduod
from the calculations. ... What parallel ww adopted M the oentral parallel of the projection
ia nowhere eteted. The sheeta of the Atles arareotangular, their dimeneiona ae taken
the marginal linas on the oopper p l a h being 38 by 27.4 incheso. ...
'Puisesnt ; Suppljmtnt ( iii-iv ). Oib. ( 40 ). Sloeinieur-Hydro%raphe. 'Ssraicr 0inpraphiq.r
(3R-40). 5Henry'a d f e m' r tirat pubd. 1810; MsrMn'aJ du Depol rlc la
11 7 ; 2nd edu. In31 pp.
4W;*li : Puiwent ( 146 ). eCheape or Vinmnt Reas 1 3w. 31.31 may have helped.
7 I,. Ssndan. I[ ( lw ).
@M~arlrlinln ( 406 ). nairnilnr tn thnsr of i\rrowsmith'm irldex n l 1822 I 289 1.
None of the documents to which I have hitherto had access give any information aa to
who wes the originator of the projection of the Indian Atlas. There is e lithographed p m-
plllet in this office, which is believed to have been written by Col. Blacker, who was Buweyor
General of India, but it does not give either the name of the author, or the date s t which it
WIM written. It pmposas a method of projection which in principle is identical with the
one actually adopted, and La besed on the eame geodetic elements, but ddiffers in all other
deteile, the central parallel-the adopted value of which influences the whole of the cal cul at i o~
-being 20" instead of 24r , and the central meridian being that of 80" inatetad of 76)" [ 295 I.
The size of the sheets WM intended to he 38. 3% by 47. 53 incllw'; the origin of co-ordinates
waa pieced in the centre of the atlas, a t the point corrmponding to ht . 20'. long. 80". the i nbr-
d o n of t he central pamllel with the central meridian. ...
All the calculations seem to hnve been carefully mode out and verified, and the reault~
am tabulated in a convenient form for uae, which is very far from being the ctwe with the
calouletione for the actunl projection. The design of the atlee k believed to have been
i duenced to some extent by Mr. Aaron Arrowsmith's Atlas of Southern India, whioh aa9
evidently designed by ita author as the 'orurnerlcement of an Atlasof all India. ... In both
atlasea the dirnentions of the sheets appear to lrave been regulated by the size of the double
elephant sheet of drawing paper2.
In 1869 the preparation of the Atlas sheeta was transferred to Indin, and a new
projection introduced, which lacked the advcl11tage.s of Hlaclier's polyconic,
wbioh mahies the standard one-inch sheets assume the form of n spheroidal surface when mn y
of them are joined together [ and writes Burrard] is so superior to our Atlas sheet projection,
which makes all t,he sheets lie on a horizontal plane, ... that I [ Burrtlrd ] have in my silent
lnind given Blacker a very high place in comparative history3.
Ge11era.l 1Vt'alker does not discuss the selection of the quarter-inch scale [z83,
2861, but poh1t.s out a mi1111t,e error by which
t he dimemione of the copper plate, which should have been 38.31 by 26-65 inches within
the border linea, are only 38.00 by 27.45 inchea. The error neces~itates a reduction of scale
of dl geographical met&~Is which ere drawn on the quarter-inch scale before they can be
correctly ineerted on the copper platee, but otherwiee it is of little importance ; in the printed
ehee ts... larger errom arise from the shrinkage of the paper'.
Regarding scales generally, Mmckenzie writes to Webb ;
The a l e s I recommend for all geographical mapa are 1 mile, 2 milea, 4 miles, 8 miles.
12 milee [ I. 247-8; 111, 281-2 ] ; accordingly, by this eatehlished rule, an uniform method is
introduced throughout. The h t protraction generally one mile to an inch-at least two-in
order to admit all villages. The hIilitary Institution ueed for the first protraction 4 inches
to a mile. B good one certainly for a town, but too unwieldy for a countrys.
Mountford writes more fully ;
As far as the purpo8es of general geography ... rrre concerned, I coneider ... the scale of 4
British mil- to an inch sufficiently large. There are, however, some districts ...p resenting
such a variety of features es to render it very difficult to delineate clearly their character
upon so smell a scale. ... I would instance the province of Travancore, the maps of which,
upon a scale of one mile to an inch. I shall ... shortly transmit to you. The map of the circer of
Guntoor has lately been reduced to the scale of 4 miles to an inch, but ... only a few of the
principl namee are written upon it, the others being referred to the margin ... by bearing and
diatance from the capital to which they belong [ 11, 213 1. ...
Our surveys ... claim something more than what ie expected from cr Geographical and Military
Mep, and the demand of Government for copiea of map8 upon large scaled for the several
branohm of the W N ~ C ~ ( particularly the Revenue and Tank departments ) appeere to intimete
thnt eo~nething more is expected of them [ 277-8 1.
The eurvey of a considerable part of the Cnrlmtic below the Ghauts was exeouted
upon e soale of 4 inchea to mile. which, thougli unneceaearily large. had the good effect of
introducing a number of officere well skilled in the delineation of the features of the country.
' f i e districts ceded by the Nizam in 1800 were surveyed on a ecale of 2 milea to an inch ;
but the whole of Mymre and ell the districts surveyed under this office were done upon
e scale of 1 mila* to an inch. which ... is the best calculated to prevent any practical error
of importancea.
1oonbnta 1058.6 M given in Bhoker's letter of 12-7-25. and lsrger than Walker'a [ 294 1. ? blarkhsm
(4al-8) cf. Hvy. Corn. 1906. 11 74l l W) . 'as told by Oen. Oeo. Strshsn. DUG. Trip. 1888-B4 ; Hurrsrrl to
pbillhpre. 6-.5-I933. ' ih. ( 430 ). '1)Dn. 166 ( 1624). 26-3-19. e DDn. 102 ( 180 ), 9-7-21,
The rival sy~terns of Sir William Jones and Dr. Cilchrist for the transliteration
ot' Indian names have been desoribed elsewhero [ I, 249-50 1.
The subject WW
not one that interested all surveyors, but Gerard of Bengal, and Mountford of
hl~draq were amongst those who took trouble over the spelling of their plece-names.
(; ward writes of his map of the Dfin [ pl. 3 ] ;
Then- of places in this map, a9 well a s in that of the northem division of the Saharan-
poor District ere written according to Dr. Qilchrist's orthography, with the exception of hi8
fillel 0 and Arebio Qaf. The former I think is often liable to be mistaken for 00, and I have
accordingly written it ehort a, which is its proper sound.
I have put down the letter K. and not Q ss Dr. Gilchrist has it.
The difference between
and 3 beiig almoat imperceptible to Europeans1.
On the other hand Mounford advocated Sir William Jones' system of ortlio-
graphy"a.
Being ordered to supply the Board of Revenue with a complete set
of district, maps [ 278-9 1, he asked Government for
lists of all the villagas, ... correctly written ... in the characters of the language in current use,
... considering the p m n t a favourable opportunity for introducing one general system of
orthography into allourmaps. ... Hitherto thesystem3 of Sir William Jonea end of Dr. Qilchriet
have had their reapeotive advocate^ among the surveyors, while a leas definite one hes been
followed by others. ... The syjtom of Sir William Jones, beinq univereally under nod, warn3
LO claim the preference, end if no objection is offered ... I shall adopt its.
To the Surveyor Goneral he added that he proposed no change to name3 whose
pronunciation was "sanctioned by long established custom. The system of Dodor
( :ilchrist is not so well rlnderstood in this Presidency asi t is in Bengal"' [ 11,271 n.4 1.
Montgonlerie fait,hfully observed the same rule, and in 1830 found that the
correction of the nnnles for his quarter-inch nlaps entailed a great deal of laboup.
Holt Mackenzies gave wise advice to his revenue surreyors ;
The we of some fixed principle in exprwi ng native names with English letters aaemr
t o me muoh more important than ...g enerally considered. I n the maps of the country I heve
recently traversed, the names of a multitude of places are so apelt 8 s t o make i t imposeible
for a stranger to -certain what plaoe is meant. I t seems t o be very desirable that you
should [ record ] the Hindee as well as the English and Paraian, and for the rule of convaraion
into English you should apply to the Record Committee7.
There had never bonn any high-class map-engravers in Calcutta! and the oity
maps of Beillis and Upjohn [ I , 53-41 aro anlongst the few produced locelly.
Maps had as a rule to be sent* tto sonle private publisher in England, or laboriously
copied by hand. Blacker had a good deal to say about the homo engraven ;
In var i o~~s parts of Arrowsmit11's At1ltw the gradation of s h d e e x p wi v e of hills and
rnollntains bears no analogy to the heights or rnnpnit~~de of those eminences. and consequently
mb ~ e a d ~ the judgment in a most important point. Yet it, cannot be expected that any engrever
will be more ... sedulous than Mr. Arrommitlr in g-urding +inat this. ... but .... it is inseparable
from the circumstancas under which that individual compiled end published his maps from
various materials prepared in different styles and strength of drawing.
Manusrript sections sent home from this country sr~ffer a similar fate, us I know frorn
experience. The indbn ink ... ~mdergow a chengs of st,reogth on the voyage home, and. if d e
generally darker to provide against the Inore delicato ~hodes vanishing, an opening is given
for miscorrections. 8~ the different alradea do not change in the same proportion. ... The
engraver ia ignorant of what. is intoncied to be expressed. ... notwithstanding his k t intention3
and endeavours. ... The geographer who p r e p a d the ~bnuacr i pt is the only individal
competent to superintend the engraving of it. t\n he is the only perJon who knows the effeot
required.
IDDn. I33 ( 150 ). 10-3-18. 'DL)n. lR2 ( 2W2 ), 24-i-21. l i b . ( l a3 ). 14-7-21,
lib.( I &) ) ,
14-7-21. 'Dl)n. 237 ( YO3 1. 19-31). 'Seo. to Terr. Rev. 1)ept. till 1'191.
' t o Wm. Brown. &bdrsnPIY,
17-11-27 : BTC. 2s-6-31 ( 34 ).
This truth appears to have been understood in the engraving of t he Ordnance Map of
England-of Casehli's Map of France-ant1 Ferrari's Map of the Netherler~ds-as well ~e other
eimilar works in Getmany. Hu~nboldt superintends the engraving of all him own mal)s, end
a t that princely Austrian eAtahliahment a t Milan, "Jinpt. Reg. Inatituto Geogratico", which
I frequently visited when there, I wes muret l that aa much attention wes required on the
part of the Heed in superintentling the engraver who had the fair drafta to work from, in
directing the ltlbours of t.he tlraftsnien. ...
Although outlines which are tleterminsl hv the m-onlinetea nl' latitu~le and longitude
may he transferred with great fidelity to the copper, it is otlrerwi~e wit.11 the shncles expresnive
of the difference of level, which nre therofore very soldom given wit11 nccuracg'.
He srlggtbsted t h a t a n engraver 9hnultl he sr-nt o l ~ t t . ~ CLlcrlt.t,a t o prepare t he
At.las ~t n d e r tht- ccont.rt~l of t hn Srlrveyor (:eneral, r ~ t ~ t i t1his iva.s a.gain rlrgetl follr
years Iitt,cr hy Hotlpson [ 285 1. ~ 1 1 1 ) f nr t her s i ~gges t r d t,I111.1,
young men from the schoois might hfl npprerlticm I... mxi rendily instructed i l l the hllsinens of
engraving. ... An Engraver seenls ns necessary 1511 adjunct in the Surveyor General's Office
ee doea a cutler and repairer of srwgical instrumentq, who wa* aent from England to ... the
dispensary, and Inally ~~r t i zans have been aent to... the mint, steam, ancl other establiuhmenta8.
In 1829 Her ber t had Wilcos' s map of Ans;r.ni engrn\.etl 1oci~ll.v [ 64 1 ;
Considering the value of this map. and ... that more than one copy of it will be required,
I woulcl ... sugga4t ... that I. ..have it engraved. One of the native dmftsmen UI this office ie a
very tolerable engraver, and ... will engage to finish it in four months. To make an ordinary
copy would consume two, so that the espence of the engraving will only be ( in ndrlition to
the price of the copper ) the value of his labour Tor two months. For this we ahall have any
number of copiea desired, and ( ra point of no smnll importance ) all eqrially correct.
The price of copper, polinhi~lg etc., will be 98 nllwes. The impressioils will only coat
&bout 8 rupees a hundrocl. The plate will remain in the ofice for correction in ... any of the
doubtful points, or ... filling up the blanks3.
Anot,htxr of Wilrox' s ma.pn was lithographed hp .J. B. Tassin 1299 1. who hacl set up
e n cl ~t ahl i s hn~ent in C'alcut.t,ra a short while heforcl.
Lit,llogritphy wi ~s yet s new a r t in Engl t ~nt l when H o t l g ~ n suggostcd in 1822
that. a l i t , i ~ o ~ r n ~ h e r ~ I I OI ~ I CI be t)rorlght o n t wi t h h nit able appar at un ;
-&, in the progrees of the Revenue Surveys, the i ncr we of map and plana and the demand
for copies ... will be considerable, it appears to me expedient to adopt every mode of fecilita-
their transcription. and...none offers better than the method of printing on stone, called
Lithography. If the lithographic presses are really aa useful as they are described to be by their
inventor-their powers may be advantageously employed in public offices, but particularly
in that of the Swe y o r General. I...aubmit ... that two lithographic pr eeses... may be com-
nlbioned from England for the use of the department, and that the stonas and ... other ap-
paratus ... may be also sent for ... two more presses. The larger the stones are, the better, but...
if they are d e 33 by 23 inches they will answer the requisite purpose. ...
The lithographio presses will occupy a good deal of room on board ship, but ae all the
woodwork can be made here aa perfect M in England, m y number of atones, which may here-
after he sent out, ... coultl be wi l y mounted in Calcutta when the machine in its complete
s t a h hns been seen. If...two complete pres -...he sent, ... it will he most advieable for the
Agents in England t o take the advice of Mr. Aokennam', who makes the h~etruments, as to
such p ~ u l i a r structure aa he may deem most oonvenient for copying maps and plans.
No pr ew was procured for t he Survey, h u t by 1H23 e Gavel-nment Lithographic
press had been establiehed i n Cal cut t as [ 292 n.2 1, which was avai l abl e for t he prin-
t i ng of maps.
B~ ~ r n e y ' s ma p of Burma wag pri nt ed there i n 1824 [ 79 ] ;
The exeuution of the map htw not failed to attract the notice of His Lordehip in Council.
who conaidere i t to be highly creditable to the Lithographio Preaa ... whioh on various ocm-
miom during the p-t War hen been eminently useful in furniehing numeroua impremione
oharts and sketahee, ... es well aa proclamations in the Burmese and Aesameae lenguagw,
could not indeed have otherwise been procurable. ...
YOU will ... communicate to Mr. Rind, the euperi nhdent of the Lithographio Preee, the
v e ~ fevourable eentimente entmteined by Government of the utility of his eetabliehrnenta.
I ulh. 204 ( 87 ). I I-[CU. DDn. 231 ( 48 ). 6 1 1-27. 'ib. ( 272 ), 30-4-30. 4 Rudolph Ackar.
( 17-I-) h~kwller of Sonnesborg, Bohemia; established lithogrsphy in England. 1817. DNB.
' at %I. 1 Rnyd Rt. 'Lh. James Nathaniel Rind ( 1703-1&40 ) ; Ben. Med., probably nrphea of the Sum.
1 I, ~ R I ] . DDn. 103 ( 45 ), 6-8-24.
'Che Surveyor General was e member of the Lithographic Committee which
mallaged the press, and in July 1828 he reportu that acting quarterrnester-serjeant
Jalnes Gordon had arrived, sent out by the Directors apparently in response to
Hodgcron's request of six years earlier. Having brought no apparatus, he wee
attached t o Rind's pre~s. and employed nlostly on printing maps for the Suweyl.
Special sanction had to be obtained bf or e a niap of Gorakhpur city could be
1it.hographed in 1828. The uurvey had been carried out by Wroughton [I~z], who
wanted copies for the magistrate-for the Court of Directore-ancl another for
record with the Revenue Survey-and. writ,en Herbert,
a fnuuth might be desirable to ... the cominandi~iy oFficer at Gorockpore. end it is not even
improbable that a demand for a fifth or sixth may liereafter arise. In the case of even tlvee
copias being required, it appears to me that lithogaphy will effect the work with the aame
econonly as the employment of C I I ~ ~ ~ E ~ R , while the perfect similarity of every i mpmi on ia
assumd, without t,he labour of exnmininy more than rille, the proof impreasion. ...
I would further ... employ an extm chauuht~rnt~n in t,llia l abo~~r , charging for him in a con.
tingent bill. The draoghtsm~n- ... Mr. 'I'asuin-prol>oaes ... llrnwing on a stone for 300 rupees.
for which he will alnn colour any nnmber of irnl~ro~sions. ... He ia a very superior artist.
and I do not think...~mre~sonable . ... Tl~ere ia no dra~~ght sman ill the office of the Litho-
graphic Press capable of executing thin wc~rk ; Iior even in the office of the Surveyor General
( slipposing the current work coulll be def*rre(l ) is there any one capable of competing with
Mr. Tassin ~q a draughtsman ; add t,o which that he has had some experience in drawing on
atone, tlie river maps now publishing by Captain Prinsep ... being eveouted by him [ r g d] .
The proposal wns sanctioned. Herbert being allowed t o exercise his discretion "in
multiplying the nunlher of copies for nmle"g. Other maps including some from
surveys in Assen1 by Fisher and Jones were drawn on stone in the Surveyor General's
office, and printed off at t,he preas. Useful work was also done in printing traverse
forms for the revenue surveyors [ 160 1.
Thomas Jervis, a great advocate of lithography, records that
the Court of Directorn sent out a lithographer. ... 1 believe they have sent out two or three
at di er ent times, but they have all died, sinking in part under mental diippointment, end
possibly under maladies incidental to constitutions unsuited, or uninured, t o India. They
lived j wt long enough t,o teach some persona the nature of lithography, to set some local presea
to work for ordinary purposes of business, and to satisfy the outhorititw and community of
India of the immense value of this arc.
'six Europeans emplo,ved. B I )i r & l:R. IY3.3. do [lot inrlede Oorrlo~~; DDn. ?31 ( I66 ), 50-7-28.
'BTC. 164- 29 ( 2 5 4 ). 'Jervi* ( 173 ).
CHAPTER XXI
ADMINISTRATION
Surveyor Gcnrrnl oj Zndiu ; dppoi r~l ~nent s - Ralulions uilh Government -
miu - Retqtnue Surucyor Ge~~el nl - Stipcrintt ndrnf , Trigono~tvlrieal Surz-ey.
order substitr~ting a single Surveyor General uf Il~dia, wit11 headquarkre
a t Calcutta1, for the indepntlel~t posts of Survexor General a t the t h
THE presidencies, reached 111dia in November 1814, but it was not until 17th April
1815 that the Gove~~l or General nominated Chlin Mackenzie to fill the new post
[ 11, 306 427 1. The appointnrcl~t, datring from 1st May. a a s promnlgated at Fort
William on that date, and repeatod at Fort St. George on 96th [ TI, 307 1.
As 3Iackellzie had only rece~itly returned to Madras after four years absence,
he obtained permission to stay thcru in his new capacity to re-organize the depart-
ment and raise field perties [94-j 1. He writes in January 1816 ;
I have, since my arrival on 31st 31arclr. I~mn ernployed without any intermission ... in pre-
psring...mnterLls for a...view of the surveying wtal~linhment. ... In a few days I shall. ..submit
abstracted state of the Sivvey Departruent ... from the 1at December 1810 to the 1st
December last ( a period of 5 years ). ... [ Ho kqkcd time fix ] winding up the complicated
dutias of this office, and malting ... nrrangernents regartling the current wants of this Pwsidmcya.
In his abse~nce, (hamford continued in charge at C:dcutta till driven home by
sickness in llocember 1815. The Calcutta office was thorl left to the charge ot a
subaltern [309 1, and field surveyolv and Government left nitliout professional
guidance or counsel. After several polite enquiries an emphatic order mas dov-
patched in May 1 A1 7, tllln Suprchlnr ( :ovcArnment rc+gnttting
that circumstances should have protracted ti? arrival of Colonel Mackenzie in Bengal to
this late period. His Lordship is the more urgently solicitoun that an event eo exceedingly
desirable ... should on no account be longer delayed, becauso upon its accomplishment depends
... the new systsm of general survey a~ ordered by the Honourable Court.
The arrival of Colonel Mackenzie ... will enable that competent end zealous omcer to see hia
way more clearly, and to mature his ideas a t leisure, on the many subsidiary matters...which
remain to be deviaed for the effectual accomplishment of the Honourable Court's deaigm3,
while ... the ... decisions of this Government ... must be accelera ted... by ... discussion...on the spot4.
Mackenzie closed down work a t Madras, handed over the office to John Riddell,
end reached Fort William on 29th July. He waa now 64 years of age, and under
the anxieties of his new responsibilities, and the trying climate of Calcutta, his
health rapidly declined. After two years he wes continually withdrawing himself
in search of more salubrious air ; up the river to Palta ; down to the Sandheads ; and
t o Puri on the Orissa coast; there were no hill stations in those days. He died on
the 8th May 1821 on a river trip, having spent 38 years in the east without any
reepite from duty other than his tour to the upper provinces in 1814 [ 11, 78. 426 1.
Much to the disgust of both Williams and Webb [ 280, 322 1, John Hodgmn
succeeded ea Surveyor Qeneral from 25th May, Thomas Wood of the Engineers
holding charge pending his arrival6.
Although the Direatore had nothing against Hodgeon, who was indeed a most
cepbl e and experienced surveyor, they preferred Valentine Blacker, and nominated
him Surveyor General under a letter of July 1822, whilst he was on furlough.
Blecker was indeed one year younger than Hodgson, and lem than two yeam
senior by date of first oommiseion, but he hed had a distinguished military Career
' CD to B 3-8-14 [ 11.306 I. ' MPC. 3-2-18.
'nn the a~~l,jwt ofravenne anrvega [ 134-5 1.
' I)l)n.
142 (81-101 ). 64- 17. * BGO. 30-621 ; BMC. 2 8 2 1 ( 14 ), RGC. 26-8-21.
as Quartermaster General of the Madras army from 1810, and right through the
Maritha war, and tho Dilwctors entertained "a high opinion" of his "merite and
services". Though he had not dono much practical survey himself, he hed
commanded the &fadras Guides, had been ~*esponsible f r the surveys both of the
&fi]itary Institution and of the Quartermaster General's Department, and had
produced valuable ma p of Cont8ral India after t,he l wt war [ 86, 282 1.
Assuming office in Calcutta on 24th Octoher 1823' he admininteretl the depart-
ment with u-isdoni during the Hurnlese war, a~r d strollgly advocat.ed the Great
Trigonometrical Survey as the only sure basis for accurate survey [ 240- I 1. After a
brief illness he died ill Calcutta on the 14th Fobr ~~ar y 182(i, in his 48th year.
Hodgson was re-appoi~~tecl from 17th March*. after two years an Revenue
Surveyor General [ j og 6 ; pl. 21 11 1, clnd reti~rned to C'alcutt,~ at t he~l l t l of July 1 82ti1,
retaining charge oi revenue slrl,ve~-y. 111 Decerl~ber 1828, after .'x years cont i ~~ous
service, her applied for leave to Englend with pt!r~nissiori t.cr retain I~is appuintrrlant,,
a request which c o ~~l d not ht) pra~lte~14. He jvas however granted f~~rlougl-I on
medical certificate, and after he~iding over r l ~ a r p tt.t, Herlmrt sailt.rl from (hlcutta
on 24t,h January 1 82!15.
I t was sol-era1 I I I O I I ~ ~ H bttfore t.ll(* C:over~~or Genernl, I,ord \Villiam Be~~tirick,
selected Henry \\ralpole ns successor, l&er calling ftrr 1lanw.s of sl~itahle canrlidates
from the throe presitlencios 'l'l~oue name.; were ;
Frorn Be11ycr1.-Lierit. Col. Sir T. Anburey [ I, 301, ] ; Captsirw Herbert ; Frit~l!<lin : Oliver ;
Cheape. From Nadras.-Major \ \ ' ~l l ~i ~l e ; Captains hl~nt~gomerie ; Crisp. 'I'he ilaine of Captain
White6, though not bn>llpht forwarti by hi~nself, has been strongly reco~nrnanated both by
Lt.-CIII. Conwny7 ancl (' nphin Tn))-er, under whom Ire was instrurtncl in t he AlilitRry
Institutiol~ a t hlaxlras. Froin Roiilhoy..-Captain Jopp. De p ~ ~ t y Sun-eyor CIeneral. ancl very
favo~uably mentioned by Sir John >lalcolm.
If I wm restricted tu a solel-tion f r , ~ rn... t he Rengal Presidency. I s h~~t ~l ol consider Captain
Herbert entitled t o a decilltd preference. Hia ability ant1 zeal, together with his extensive
contributions, not ni11y t,o the i ~n~net l i at e ol~jecta of the department, ... but t t ~ ge~leral srience,
entitle lriln tu groat resIIe~t ,... b ~~t , , regtlrclirlg ... t he views of the C11nrt. ... nntl ... their effortn
t o astoblish a general 311~1' of Inrlia, allcl ronceiving t hat i t is from t he wmt. of aynte~n ... t hat
are to be formd t he CRI ~SRB of failurn. T nrn of opinion t hat Major Wnlpolr ...is Inore competent
than any other officer t o place this Illan upon a prinriple of prtlgreusive ... er w~i t ~i on [ ,282--6 ]a.
011 I\'nl~~olc's r7,ss11mption of duty on 30th October 182g0, Herbert was appointed
hput , y Snrvey~)r (:enera1 [ 3x01.
As i l l the case of Blacker, so also now, the Directors made their own selection
regardlc!ss of t,hat made by tho Governor General, and in August I829 they informed
Eve~wst, who was still on leave that they had appointed him Surveyor General,
"entertaininga high opinion of your mrvices as Srlprintendent of the Grand Trigono-'
metrical Survey, ant1 of your scientific ucquire~nentv and general qualifications"~0.
Everest returned t~ India nnd took over aR Sllrveyor General on Sth October 1830,
resuming ch: ~r p of'tlle trigonnmetrical survey ut the Rame t , i ~r ~e [ I, 10, 308 111.
The Surveyor General's department in Bengal had beon controlled by the
Military Department of the Supreme Government since 1785 [ 1. -762 1, having been
under the Publio Department during Hennell's time. From 1st Jnne 1818, the
Governor General directed its ret,ra~lsfel. to the Pi~blic Depart~uent'P, being
altogether unaware of any sufficient relnona for ... the Surveyor General's d n t ~ er... co~~l i np under
the Mily. Departt., or for placlnp expenres of the office t o the hem1 of Benqal char-3. Military.
In t he infancy of t hr t3r1t;sh terrltorlal poasmsions or IIII~IH, and while a CrInatan8 wwm,
'BMC. 24-10-23 ( 178 ). ' B(i0. li-3-26. DDn. 233 ( 38 ). 8-8-20. ' BYC. 13--12-28 ( 101 ).
' DDn. 231 ( 266 ). 28-1-29. Henry White [ 11. 4.56 1 : r\lHIO I. i t i ( 61) \ : s v v . rwlrr. 5. of Pn, ru~ on
Irmua(lclv R., .\lttv. I$?>.
'Tllcr. Hairy SnmrmaL ('ui%ray ( 17i %l W7) ; ~ d . I d. ; AG. Mdrv from
1 m ; Bi. &I. 1831 ; DI E. ~GG.' II rnlnutr, MMC. 11-9-20 ( $5) .
' DDn. 231 (269). 30-10-28.
IoCD.
Mlee. 88 (2837). 2.5-8-29.
1)Dn. 285 ( 61 ). 8-10-30. l a BMC. 5-6- 18 ; DDn. 133 ( 83 ). 14-10.
struggle for existence ww maintainetl, topographical and geographical knowledge was sought,
chiefly with reference to it3 ... use in a Military point of view. The early uurveyoru were them.
fom us~lally military men. and ... their expeditions were naturally conaidered as incurred for
military-political purposes only.
The continued employment of ofticem in t he wmy as surveyors has arisen probably out of
t he peculiar frame of Enn~pean society in India. T W~ J classea of rnen only coulrl lawfully
rwort to the cuurltry. The scanty pay ... nf a Surveyor held no temptetia~ns ~ I J tire Civil cl rn,
but ia an object of ambition to Military Inen. whose e d~~c a t i s ~n ... renderall them. ... perhapa,
better qualified for such r~nployrnent.
For some time punt, ti<~wover, trn in~portant c.hunye Ilas heen yratiually taking place in
t he ... character of t he Survey r>eparblnent. ... ' rhe con sol it la ti^)^^ of our Empire, it's complete
military security, arid t he nnt,ural ext ensi ~~n of its pn~nseaxiona t ~nd inflt~eilce, have procligiously
d d e d to tho ... aruveys in Intlin. ... \Ve now distinguish hetween Top~)gaphi cal Surveys for
purely hIilitary purpose4. fin-i Civil Surveys, which moy be said to comprehend on the one hand,
t he magnificent tlperntit~na or t he Sciontifir CAeugral~her and. on the other. the minute but
useful researches of the Lana1 Sur vey~~r ... fi)r statistic.al ant1 financial enquiry. ...
The arrival in Bengal of Colonel Xeokenzie. and his asatunption nf the inlportnnt ft~nctions
confided t o him, ofTen n favor~rable o[~r~ortllllity for affecting t h i ~ necenmry neparation.
The
Depar t i ne~~t of General Y~lrvey for I ndi ak ... wholly new. If it i* toanswer the great ends con.
templntarl by t he Hon'blo Court --...if it i n ~ I J render poworful aid to the internal administra.
tion by ... t hwe accurate district surveys nt, much want011 in Uengal, st) happily effected by
Col. Mwkenzie in Madras. ant1 now inLrndt~ce(l ILL Lli~inbny -...it must ... receive s ~l r h an
organization aa will adapt t he engine tn it's ill~entled t1se.r. ...
After the transfer of the ...y eneral -iur\ry to the Public Dol>nrtilront, the hiilitary Depart.
merit will remain chargenblo or~ly \vit,ll the tr~l)~!gral>liicnl vtalf of t he Arrny ( Quarter Master
General's Departnlent ) [ 334 -71, b11t His Lordsllip 1l18es 110t purpuae ... that the Surveyor General
should be prevented from availing himself ... (nf tho services of rnilitary oHicers. ... Agreeably
to... t he General Orders 1st Jany. 1817. ... rsparate stlrvoyors were to be en~ployed only when
war, or t he preparation finr war. ah~~ul t l pr~clucle tho Q~ltrrter Master General from placing the
officers of his department a t the cl i r p~~~nl c~f the S~lrveyc~r Oerroral [ .j.34 1. ...
The Surveyor General anrl his aubonlinaka will become civil functionaries. ... No part
of their emolument.n. pay excepted, ran be permit ted... to burthen t he ... Military. ...
The Governor General purposes tlo collsirler the Surveyor Ceneral'n office as ... the gr md
depoeitory of all ...genp rnpllical and to[iopraphicnl knowledge regarding India. ... The tri.
gonometrical operations of Lient. Co1. lAarnbton are only oxempted from t he juriscliction of
t he Surveyor General lor t,ernporary ancl special rewon*, which will cease to operate when the
Lieutenent Colonel's rharge shall devolve on a successor. ...
The Quarter &laster Gflneral~ nf t he Armies under the several Prwidencien will ... furnish
t he Surveyor General with t he originals. nr copim. of every actual survey made under their
orders. ..which t he Surveyor General may whh to p~~sms' .
Lord Hastings rejected a suggestion that, became of its general confidential
nature, the Survey should be placed under the Politicel Department, pointing out
how slender h t he connexion of the Surveyor General's r~fiice with t he Political Department. ...
Whenever.,.plans or information are required in that branch ... they will be supplied as they
ere a t present. ... The probability, however, is t hat t he maps wanted for political purposes
will be generally executed for military objects hy t he topogrnpl~ical ataff, end preserved in
t he otlice of the Qr~arter Master General. which is utrictly the tlepartment of military survey. ...
I n neither case ran there be any difficulty in t he Secretary's malting his requisition direct ;
indeed t he Honourable Court's instructio~u, are peremptory, nnd enjoin the Surveyor General
t o keep his record8 strictly private, and t o attend in person on the O o v ~ r ~ ~ o r General or Corn-
mnder-in-Chief, when called olr to furnuh maps or information of importance. This system
of vigoroup secrecy has long prevailed in t he Surveyor General's ORce [ 11, 289 10.
The new orders laid a heavy burden on the Surveyor General. who had to keep
~pnr e t e accounts for " 111ilita1.y surveys " ant1 to correspond with the Military
fipnrtrnent " on all questions ... which may be strictly of a military character ' 3.
Mackenzie was far from happy ant1 writes, privately to the Rlilitary Secretary :
A machindry under direcbi~ne from one Department cannot be satisfactorily managed in
mother. ... I t is tho collision with other Departments t hat I dread, because I have experienced
such detriment ulreedy from it. I am also snxiot~s t,o be apprizerl of theappropriate channel
I h, VP. in (i)uncil. Mil. h p t . . Camp Oorhsr. 6-1-19. #from Yer. to GC.. Mil. Dapt.. 164-18.
1)h. 133 ( ), 31-7-18.
of comrn~rnicetir~n with t he Governor General. ... Tllura is lnucli in thin depnrt ~nent to be
explained to him, but hc~w in it pomible hlr me. grey headed in t l ~i s line, to received com-
munications only thro' tho Quarter hIa8t.e~ General in whet I have ever b e ~ n tB!lght to look 1x1
ee my proper line of dut y
The new arrange~nont clid not last long. for in 1822 the Directors rl~lerl that.
m the principal Rtrrveys nude in Ir~din arc for Military ant1 Pt)litical purpocm, ur1.1 the Surveyor
General, nu well nn the otlicem o~npl oyo~i 1111der hirn, are treually ~nilitary men, ... the regularity
of public businma w11ul11 be hetter pruservod by retaining the Survoyor Genernl'n ofice in t he
Military Dep~rtlnerit. ngl.esably t t ~ ft~rnlwr pmcl.i~:e2.
Wit11 brief exceptionw, BIadres surveys, ot,lrer tllen thorn uncler the Quertermester
Generel, hed long been a civil charge, and in I 828 it was ruled thet all expenditure
of the Surveyor Ger~ernl' ~ rlepartmunt in Madrns Prenidency ~houl d be cherged
"in the C'ivil 1)epertnisnt". from 1st &lay3.
The Directors llad laid spucial st,rcss on t l ~ u Sur\-oj-t,r General's maintenance
of a central depot of geograpliical ~nsturials, ;mtl preparetiu~~ of tii~trict or province
maps, ant1 of a, genorel )nap of lntlia [ 274, " q - ~ t ~ 1. His respr~nsihilit~ies regarding
initistion and c~,ntrol of surveys, and control I I ~ surveyors, wure IIOI. 11revir;oly defined,
exmpt for the enforcelllent of secrecy, and it u.;:.? gonerally heit1 thet existing
regulations continued in fi,rct? [ 193 1. 111 Hengal tlleae co11l11rised ordors t,hat had
been iwued during t, l~e last t.hirLy YHLLI.X or ~i i nr e~. whoroan 3lndrae regulatione
were first issuetl on 9t,h Orto ber 1810 [ 1 I zgq 1.
The idea thet the aurveys of all tlvos presidencien could be cont8rollod from
Bengel was by no meailrl universaliy wc~lco~ned and. m-rihs Hodg~on to C:reaford,
I am quite ~ n x i ~ ~ u a tu know if me nro to have the good fortluie to rstrbin you ea our Chief:
I hope ao.
Surely Lord M 1 .\loira ] will sea t , l ~e ~ b s ~ ~ r d i t y of the new arrangements, for. if the
Survey Departlneiit is thought worthy of keeping ti]), i t is evident t hat a Surveyor General
here can liave LIU d e q i ~ a t e means of judging uf t he rwcrlrwy or merit of his eubordinntea,
d i n g perhaps in Guzerat, or Lord kl~ows where. They might as.well order one Superintending
Surgeon, or Huviewinp (ieneral. for t he 9 Preeidenciea : 'tie not by this sort of ceconomy t hat
t he arcli-enemy Buonaparte acteds.
It nes, indeed, in~pousible for the new Sur vepr General to assert control in all
three Presidencies with any effect without auitabh deputies. For two yeare
Msckenzie made no ettempt to make contact with survoys in Bangal end Bombay,
end confined himself to orerhenling the surveys in Madras, where he was completely
a t home. Before leaving for Calcutta in 1817 he obteined authority fcr the establish-
ment of n smell branch office under en Assist,ant Surveyor General, insteed of handing
over the depot of maps to the ('hief Eligineer as had first. h e n ordered [ 31 5-6 1.
After arrivel in Bengal he took some time to get a grip of the work. He found
it particulerly gelling thet, the Quarterlnester General should hare a seperate staff
of military Rurveyors : enti that nlany of his own surveyors had, in his absence,
been taking orders either dimct from (4overn1nunt or fro111 local officers [ 334-7 1.
It ~ppe a r s t o me ... t hat the mode of communicating with the few surveyors ernployed under
this office should be defmed, and either t he former regulations observed, or new ones made.
Regarding t he survey of Sirlnoor, ... I know not oficially who llas charge of it, se Captein
Hodgson writas me privately he is corning away on ill-health [ 35, 328--0 1. Lieut. Herbert is
detached under instructions unknown to me; w d I rnust hesitate ... on giving any. se my
attempt8 are frt~streted by IneRRurea taken without my concurrence.
It would be useful ... if I could have t he honour of swing Hie Lordship, es Inore could
be explained panonally then can be well done in writing. I am quite exbuet ed, end...b
little purpose, aa ... nothing ... can prevent it excepting an adherence to t he former rules, or t he
establishment of othera modified \o t he pweent stetee.
He found that Franklin in R1lnde1kliantl [ R I ] hed not sent in
' DDn. 164 ( 36 ). 30-8-18. 'CD b B., Pub., 17-7-22 ( 2 ). MGO. 164' 58. 'CowdFs Coda,
1812 : BY Rags. 1817. DDn. 136, 11-7-15. a to OG.'m PS. ; DDn. 164 ( 27 ). 18-10-18.
the plan he promised in May 1817. ... I am entirely unable to estimste the extent of that
s ~ l ~ e y , how far it may connect with othem ( such ns Sackville'a) & many other points nec0-r~
for my communicating his instructions. He huq never reported his leaving the survey. ... All
coming under ... the Surveyor General should report their corning on survey & then
leaving it ; os well os the perindical reports & returns that are required1.
Again t o t he Private Secretary after diactissing some new proposal ;
I have really to apologise for occupying ao much nf your time yesterday. I thought it
very necessary that yon should have a distinct understanding of the complicated duties that
hang so heavily on Iny slloulderri. ... wherein no one cnn relieve me. and in which I am engaged
from motives of public feeling rntlier than ... my personal comfnrt, interests, or satisfaction.
... The following principal objevts mwt have a temporary sl~spension.
1.
... The State of the Surbeyi n~ Department. together with all that depend on it.
Thin
I consider a primary object.
2.
The correspondenre with illadran, in erroars and nllnost confusion, from the contradic-
tory memure3 taken tlloro. ... to IJO ... brought tn that proper situation in which I left ite.
3.
The c,~mrnunicatiuns and correq~ondence with the new surrveya ordered in the Poona
... territory, which yequire &I he umcleratn~~rl, to prevent that excew that threaten3 [ 1.4, ,321 1.
4.
The neres%l.ry comrnimication to the snrveys of this Presirioncy.
5.
Replie3 to a nurnber of roquisiti~~nu f r ~ ~ m C;uvernrnent now in tirrearn. Very heavy
and formidable for one to go into.
6.
The current. ofice duties a~ estahliuhecl I J ~ me occasion no extra attention ; but beaid@
thee0 is-- 7.
The Telegraph Cclmmittee, which frequlently. and a t this vory moment requires a
serious consideration [ 270 ] ; wl ~l to t l i ~t - 8. The com~nu~nication and correspondence on
t he survey lately ordered for exploring o new road to Nagpoor [ 27--8 1.
I trust that any delays that may occasic~n 011 this head. and several othera that I could
mention, will not be imputed to nny neglect. in me:'.
Work became no easier with his illnay ;
I have been so excedinqly unwell fur the last fortnight that -at the earnest recommenda-
tion of the medical men I was obliged to leave tuwn on the 9ttr to reside a t Pulta4 for the bne6t
of a change of air. I came dcrwn totlay ( tho' not to the ndvantage of my health ) in con-
sequwce of numewus otEciaI lottera which I could not anawer from Pultsh. :..
The ... claims for aurveyors' ~tllowsncm, the frequent discovery of further surveys of which
no official notice appears a t the ofice, and the applications for rates of allowances or certificatas
from me ( which ij t,he only occwion apparently where the Surveyor General is now called upon).
tends t o increase this ... enlbarrassment. anrl points out the necea~ity of a speedy remedy.
The main ohject of this office, meantime, is thrown back, and the weight thrown upon
me is very injoriouu to my health. an11 now retard* tho nlearls recommended for my reliefs.
AY pointed out elsewhere, he was worried by Lambton' s proposals for special
increments for his staff [ 307, 32.5 1, and was greatly disturbed by Gerling t e h q
instructions from t he Resident a t Hyder8bsd [ I 17 ] ;
Colonel Lantbk~n'n snrvey. ... which was rlriginally designed to assist and not to embar-
raw, ... is a weriour subject that I ought trl he nllnwe~l time firr, nntl the principal object of all.
the actual s a t e of the sarv0.v departmer~t,, is atill kept hack hy the mass of detailed matter
that hay fallen upon me, to the 10% of my heslth. ant1 almn3t r~f my resolution.
Mr. Russell of Hpdmahad has a t last pn~cmded to the l e n ~t h of ordering away the surveyor ...
on a scheme of hi9 own, ... in opposition t i 1 all I have prnpose~i. ... \Vhat becomes of the
Surveyor General's office then ? or what is the use 18f it ?
Are tliele matters to be repillated by these gentlemen at pleasure, or why should I alone
be kept in the dark 1 If thia ofice iu to he merely nominal. it may u~tit very well any person
dasiroua nf FA salary. but [ conceive neither my oourae of service. nor any other reasons, would
warrant my beiny lair1 aside. or employeti in a nitnation of c.nnnirlerahle responsibility, without
power of ncting accord in^ to the line apparently down fitr my guicience. ... t am sure ynu will
forgive me for sllggesting that all ordera, etc.. relsting to the Srlrvey Department be communi-
catel to the Surveyor General. ... and that no officer of Government be permitted t o interfere
with surveyors. excepting in cases of urgent necesuitp [ 311 1.
He remained ~uepicioue end jealow of t he Quartermaster General to t he end,
and l e ~ s than three montl~a before his death compleinsd t hat ho hstl only just been
at11 QMG.. DDn. 154 ( 2 ). 1918.
' L)e Hevilland'd dnmantl* for maps[ 2771 ; Garling'd work for Henry
R e [ r r b 7 1. ' Dlh. 154 ( 74-6 ). 10-a-18. 'eb>nt IS m. north of Caloutta, o n left hank of
Hmphly.
I)L)n. 151 ( 0 9 4 ) . 10-H-19.
"h. ( 1 1 1 ), &I 1-18,
informed of the new eeheme for road eurveys [a7 ] : little of the former dutiee
ern now left to the Surveyor General'e Department "1.
Mackenzie wrra incleed exoeedingly jealoue and touchy a t any treepaes on hls
prerogatives, and constant ill-health greatly exaggerated his dl ~cul t l es. h v e r n -
ment was consistently considerate to his protests ; they encouraged him either to
r e b e troublesome applications, or refer them to higher authority, and authorized
him to comespolid direct with the Government a t Port St. George.
The inception of t.lie revenue surveys and of the new quarter-inch atlas brought
new problems for his successors, and the oxtension of surveys into Maratha terri-
tories, and to Burma and Assam, soon relieved the tension with the Qualtermaeter
General, especially a~ Rlacker knew both ends of the question eo well. He found
it desirable, however, to have his poaitiun clarified by the following rules, that mr e
entirely grounder1 011 tho inntr11ction.c. of t hs Hon'ble C!~~rlrt of Directors ".
That no new survey shall be rlndertalierl at the nohordillate Presidencies without the
mnction of the Supreme Oovernmont, onti thnt an opportu~it.y be given to the Surveyor &neml
to report on the qoalificntion~l of the duveyor nr~d on the cal~ability of his imtrurneata.
That an oficer once appointa~l to a surrey yhnll nl ~t he rnmovcnl frorn it without reference
to the authority by which his employment wn, sanr t i ~~ne~l .
That the Surveyor Cblleral be nuthorize*l to dictate. ur.,l?r tho approval of the Supreme
Government, the scales wllicl~ sllnU be uqml, en11 the I[,-.in$ slid manner of praparing the memoir
of the survey ; to call for detailed reports v f pr.wti:al operations. and t o be obeyell in such
imtructio~ls an he ~11nll lilul it tlece3qnry to i s i ~~t ) t l l ~ro~m?.
These rule3 were issued under (;e:ierd Orders of the supreme Government
deted 6th January, 1825, togetlror with 0ther.q which gave the Survoyor General
oficisl accew to the survey rec~~rils of subordillhto presidencies [ 292 1.
Though tho Dirocturv had lc~ng 11eon alixiolrs for a start to be made on the
revenue survey of the Upper Provinces, Covornment had not been able to get
any concrete help from Mackenzie [ 135 1. and it was not until Hodgson succeeded
8s Surveyor Geueral that they received definit.ely ~~roposals, and enthusiastic co-
operation. Several parties took the field during 1821 and 1822, organized and
controlled by tlie Surveyor General, wlio foulid his work so much increased that
he obtained tlie assistance of Herbert at 1ieatlquarter.q. On Blacker's arrival in
1823, a new post was creat,otl for Hodgson-Revenue Snrveyor General-
The number of Revenue Yurvep actrlally in prngre~a, with the prwpect of still mom. ...
appears to dictate ... some special nrrangement for ... efficient superintendence. ...
There are now five parties conduoting minuto village surveys in the Weetern Pr ovi nm
and in the Dehlee Territories. ... In Bengal there are three nuweys-that of Lt. Fisher on t he
Bylhet frontier [ 141-5I-that of Captn. Rlake on the coast of Bullnoah and the adjoining
Islaids [ r38--c1 ]-and that of Mr. Prinsep in the vicinity of the Soonderbuna [ 141-2 ]-dl
engaged under the Civil authoritioa. ...
In the above surveys, 10 commissioned officers, and 11 ~tncovenantml wi st ent a and
apprentices, are employed. Already therefore they ronsidembly exceed in numberthe praone
employed in enera1 geogrnphical nrlrveys.
The nature of their operatit)ns-involving t l ~e acc~trate ascerteinlnent of the boundaries of
... villeges, with ... minute infnrmcltiol~ in regnrrl tn the exbent of the rt11tivat.d and uncultiwted
lands, and other points of ntatistic8-requirea that the books and statements furnished by them
..should be detailed. ... 'l'he examination of theso ... irivr~lves a compandi ng d e w of labor. ...
The Rdveni~e Surveys. eve11 n~ now oo~latituted. occupy a. q much of the Surveyor Qnerel'e
time and attention as all the general *urre.ys throughout India. ... Without a careful su--
sion over the exeautive nficem. we car1 have 110 adequate sssnranoe of the sumoienoy or cor-
motncul of their work, end we cannot. hope to secure e full return for the charg m... whioh.
if tho survey be successfully pmeout d. wiil c l n~~bt l m be ropaid to ue tenfold.
' DDn. 188 (5 ). 15-2-21. ' DDn. 204 ( I14 ). 1-10-'14.
Adverting to the - 1 which Cap& Hodgson hag evinced in forwarding M object lDag
anxiously desired both by the Court of Directors end by bhie Government. ... and to thr
experience which he hea obtained. ... Government might still...retain...him servirm. ...
Now therefore that Major Blacker has asaumed cbwge of the Surveyor General's omae,
no advantage whatever will result from continuing the existing connexion between it and
bhe Revenue Surveys. On the contrary, ... the duperintendance of these ewveye would only
tend ta embarrass that officer. ... Superintendence of the revenue surveys will unqu&ion.
ably afford ample employn~ent to a single officer. ...
The Governor General in Council resolvea t hat a new oftice be constituted under the de.
mignation of Revenue Surveyor General, for the ... direction of the various village surveys now
in pmgreaa, or which may heroaftar be instituted. ... The situation of Captain Hodgson, end
the part he has taken. ... point him out for the office, and the Governor General is ...p 1- to
resolve that he be appointed Revenue Surveyor General. ... Personal salary of Sa Rs. 1,200
per mensnm, with a monthly allowawe of Sa RR. 360 Tor ofice rent in ~tltlition. ...
As to establiahrne~~t, Captain Hcwlgaon w~l l ... furnish a statement of what he rnay comider
necessary. Every posible attention must be paid to economy ; hut the eatrrhliahment must
necessarily he enlarged ... as the numbcr of surveys ... increase. ... Coilaiderable advantages will
probably result from his occasionally visiting ... the surveys ...in progress, and holding personal
cornrnunications with the officers conducting them. ... The above allowances are to cover all
expencos i ncumd on account of travellillg charges and the like. ...
H e should have some fiaod olicc, inalre espwially as the maps and records will rapidly
~ccurnulate, and ... he should have under him anme i~~t,elligent IJenon in the capncity of Regis*,
who may look after the t+fEce ... chlri~lir 11:s occa<ion;tl clul~itationu [ 314 1. ... At tho expiration
of each year he will ... report on tht* progress or each of the rurveying parties'.
Hodgson planned an eariy move fru~n Calcuttti to Rollilli11;~nd by river,
t aku~g with me the assistai~ta tuicl ~rpprirrrtices belonging to the Territorial Branch, thnt the more
advanced apprentices msy he supplied to the alrveys in the field. and the juniom ... receive
in~truct~ion in the ctffice, and . . . p reparatt)ry practice in the open tield wl~ich ... is almost i~npossible
to give in Calcutta or in the climate of Bengal. ... I t is my wish to train up the young men
... to mich hahits of hardihood and indnstry 03 they con ]lover tlcquire ui this cit.y [ 361. 363 1.
Also I am in hopas of being al ~l e t,n teach solnu of the intelligm~t natives of the Upper Pro-
vincea as much of the practical art, of l al ~d surveying aa may make them userul and cheep
aids to the surveyor [ j8o+o 1. ... 1 a ~ n ... anxious t o visit the several mrvey parties in the
Upper province^, and to confer with the lneln bere of the \Veatern Hoard of Revenue. ...
I...propoae...to proceed hy water towards Bareilly in the beginrlu~g of the next month
[December 1823 1. The people of the ofice being with me in good hoats, the intenial work
of the department will proceed with ad little, or indeed lees, interruption than ul Calcutta1.
He made headquartersat Patehgarh [ 151 1, anti1 recalled to Calcutta in 1826 on the
dmth of Blacker. He then waited till July before he moved, for in the hot weather
boats are hardly procurable, and there are several iinpediments to rapid progress by water. I
therefore propose to defer my departure till the commencement of the raim, whon I intend
t o p r o c d to Calcutta as fast as possible, taking with me the office records ... and those persons
... wbwe servicea will be required therea.
He was allowed half mlary of Revenue Surveyor General ul addition to that of
Surveyor General, as the two departments were distinct,
t hat of the St~rveyor General of India being under the AIilitary [ 30.3 1, and that of the Revenue
Surveyor General under the Territorial Department. and the dutiee and expensea of each must
necessarily continue eeparate. On my re-appointment I ceased to draw my salary of 1,200
es. RE. ss Revenue Surveyor General from the 16th March. drawing instead of it that of
Surveyor General of India, which is ea. lta. 1,435, ... a ma l l allowance for the heed of so
very extensive a department, and in which there are no lese than 33 commissioned officers
employed in different parta of India [ 310 1. ...
h I have conducted the dutiee of the Revenue Surveys from their first establishment,
I do not wish t o be relieved from them. ... I respectfully solicit that ... I may be allowed to draw
800 aa. Ra. per month, bcing half my former salary as Revenue Surveyor General ... from the
17th March. being the date of my appointment [ 301 1'.
On leaving India in January 1829, he handed over to Herbert who, on
Wdpole's succession as Surveyor General, became Deputy Surveyor Canerel in
c hr ge of Revenue Surveys, an office that was not abolished until 1006.
BTC. 28-10-13 ( 1. (rum ILS(J.4-11-23; HTC. 20-11-23 (40). 3 i l l . 28428 ( 43 ). '1fit.Wr
d 18-8-28 ; mnrtioned undrr B'l'(!. 21-11-26 ( 38 el n ~ q ).
Before 181 8 Lambton's official designation had been simply aa "on a Survey ",
or "on General Survey ", and though he was sometimes addressed by Mackenaie
es "Suporintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey ", this term was not used by
Government or himself, until his transfor to the Supreme Government [ I, 225 1.
From the tune of Mackenzie's appointment as Surveyor General of Madree in
1810, it had been ruled that, though in no wey under his orders, Lambton should
submit to him quarterly returns of establisllment and expenses, for submimion t o
Government with those of other Rlirveys [ 11,335 1. This srrangement wm continued
on &lackenzio's appointment as Surveyor General of India, and from 1817 Lambton
submitted these returns through the Assistant Surveyor General a t Madras.
On the transfer of Lambton's survey to the Supreme Government with title
"Gmst Trigonometrical Survey of India", and Lambton as "the Superintendent
thereof ", the Trigonometrical Survey was placed
immediately under the Public Department, and wholly distinct from, & independent of, the
Surveyor General of India ; but as this mensore is adopted out of respect to the rank, talents.
& -inent services of the pment Superintendent. in the event of that officer's ceaaing t o hold
the direction ... the Governor General will consider this regulation LLS open to revision.
Lambton was further directed to put forward proposals for revising the pay
snd terms of service of his stsff on their transfer from I'vladrasl [ 304,379 1, end these
proposals were passed to the Surveyor General to report "how far they correspond
with the general rules established with regard to the Department under your
charge"2. nIackenzie thought tlie~n far too generous, but, instead of d e a h with
them promptly, put them aside-grumbled about them to &Iountford-and in spite
of repeated remhiders eventually left them as a legacy for his successor. He
appears to have agreod heartily with Riddell's comment ;
Now that the Governor Goneral is a t Calcutta, 1 trust that you will soon get everything
wcording to your wishes. The incongruity of three independent departments3
will or itself nppear, rind ... they will ... turn their eyes to YOU n.3 a channel of communication
betweon the Trigono~notrical Survey and Government. ... 1 cannot conceive how a mwey of
which the principal end is to serve as a bask t o other undertak inge... can be separated from
the Surveyor General of India. The scientific part might perhaps be kept apart, or corn.
munioated direct to Government, but. for tho rest, T cannot see how you oan be passed by,
As, however, you yourself say, patience will bring about everythingd.
The need for closer co-operetion was in fact recognized by the Directors, who
held it coll3istent with previous ~.)rders to place tho Trigonometrical Survey
under the general superintendence of the Surveyor General of India. ... We do not mean
that the operations of Colonel Lambton should be interfered with. but that report of his
prograss should from time t o time be made to the S U N R ~ O ~ General for the use of his o&ee,
and for our information, and that the Su~rveyor General should ... call for quarterly ret urn of
expenses, and for estimates of the time required to complete survey on hands.
Lambton had no objection to sending copies of his professional reports and
charts in this way, but was extremely g d h d by Mackenzie's continued failure
deal with his application eboirt e~tablishment, and the incc~nve~iienc~ of having
my propositions submitted to the S1mveyor General, nor can I conceive what he can have
to report upon them, except what may immediately appertain to surveya in their literal
and where he may wish to be supplier1 with date. ...
When I was first croasing the Peninsula, and wheu the Myaoor Survey was cm-
my communication with the Superintendent of that survey ~. . . di s or et i ond,
intended to draw my attention from the main object. ... General Geogmphy [ 11, I 1 5 4 1. ... I,,
the letter from the Honorable the Court of Direc tors... dated the 7th April 1819, p-Ph
168 eays "We do not mean Colonel Lambton's operations ehould be i nt er f ed with". ...
I have only this request to make, viz., that I may hemafter be f d from every kind of
embarraeament occaeioned by referring to any subordinate authority, buse 1 but
believe myeelf the beat able to explain the object* which I have in view, end t hat I be left
entirely bo myself, so far ea is coneistent with the authority of Govemmenta.
'QG. l o VP in C.. 25-10-11 ; DDn. 142 ( 227 ) BMC.
'ib. ( 253 ). 1%1-18.
:Illnder 80. ; QJ~G. :
Lmbtnn. 4 DDn. 161 ( 211 ). 4-7-18.
&CD to B.. Mil.. 7 4 1 0 ( 167-8 ) ; Dh. 11) ( 37% ),
I to
Pub. Dept.. DDn. 100 ( 37) . 21-8-20.
This brought a heated reply from Mackenzie who complained that Lambton
not only animadverts on my conduct for not pawing certain propositions of his, ... but pro.
ceeds to attack the messurea of Government UI appointing an office of Surveyor &neral.
Soon after my arrival from Cuttack I was taken so ill as to be prevented from t aknq up Colonel
Lsmbton's business as I intended. ... These proposals may lny over till I am enabler1 to extract...
information...that will be necessary previouv to decinion [ 304 1.
I...-et that that oEicer's branch should again unnecessnrily tend to interrupt the COUMe
of the Surveyor General's duties, which it was originally intended rather to assist, and never
interfered with ... for twenty-two years that I have been repeatedly in contact'.
Meckenzie's unhelpful attitude was due entirely to ill-health, and his inability
to concentrate on papers that had bsen awaiting disposal for over three yeara.
His petulance was not consistent with the friendliness that had persisted betwmn
him and Lambton since the early deys in Mysore [ 11, 115-21 1. Bath these m t
men laid down their tasks within the nest two years ; Bfackenzie indeed within
the next three months.
After Lambton's death, Evorest was appointed t o suoceed as Superintendent, and
placed under the regulations affecting t l p Surveyor General's Department, and ... all future
reports from the Superintendent ... t mmi t t e d to the Survej-or General of India, through which
channel the orders of Government connected with the Great Trigonometricel Survey will in
like manner be communicateda.
Before codrming his appointment, the Directors called for a report on the
reel neceeaity to continue th9 survey [ 240 1, and imisted on
great ceution in the selection of an officer to fill the vacancy. ... Sntiafactory testimoniale of
his qualifications ae an clstronomer and mathematician may be submitted to our considerta-
tion, without which the nomination will not be confirmed or ~anct i oned~.
There w w never any friction between Everest, as Superintendent of Trigono-
metrical Survey, and the Surveyor General, whether Hodgson or Blacker, but it
ww probably just as well that on his return to India he was appointed to 61l both
appointments ; he would not hare worked comfortably under a Surveyor Generel
who exercised any close control.
On his departure on sick leave in Norember 1825 [ 246 1, the Directors were
anxious to fill his place if a suitable officer could be found, but, except for Herbert
whose services could not be spared, there was no one whom the Surveyor General
would recommend [ 242 1. Eoerest himself explains that
there was no officer in India who had any practical acquaintance with the methods pureued
in the Department. ... I do not by any means presume to question the talents of others, but
simply to state that any person who might at that periocl have taken upon himeelf the task
of conducting the operations UI my absence, would have had to learn those methods which I
hod acquired by the toil of a seven years apprenticeship. ...
There never wero more than two individuals boirlrn myaelf who had been assistants to
Lieut. Colonel Lambton, viz., Captains Warren and Iiater-f whom the former was residing
a t Pondicherry out of the service, and the Latter was in England-and ... none but theLieutennnt
Colonel's aaaistants were allowed to use the larger $struments, or to have any share in the
higher partn of the profeesion. ... The df i c~l l t y of nominating my successor waa... such that
the late Colonel Blacker ...p referred recommending G~ve mne nt t o keep my situation open
until my return, and in the meantime to employ the e~tablishment ...M I should nuggest. ...
It ia not upon record that any individual at that time was bold enough to stand forward
t o grapple with an occasion for bringing himself thus prominently to the notice of the scientific
world. Moreover, the Court of Directore had most decidedly declared that they would not
p m i t the appointment of an officer...who could not produce substantial proofe of his abilities
ea a Mathernaticim and Astronomer, so that the list of those who were eligible was limited,
and of them it does not appear that one stepped forward to court the dangerous honour4.
DDn. 180 ( .5-8 ). 15-2-21. 'YMC. 74- 23 ; Dh. 107 ( 2- 9) . SCD t o 0.. Mil.. 28-10-23 ( 10-1 ).
4 DDn. 283 ( 26 ). &%32.
CHAPTER XXII
OFFICE ESTABLISHMENTS
BENGAL ; Assistunt Surveyor Cfeneral - OBce Premises - Ofice Stuff - Revenue
Surveyor General - MADRAS ; Riddell, 1817-8 - Mountford, 1818-23 - Mountford
& Mmtgomerie, 1823-30 - BOMBAY, 1821-30 - Great Trigonometrical Survey.
J
OHN Hyde, appohited "Assistant to t,ho Surveyor General" a t Calcubtlr in
April 1814 [ 11, 296-7 1, took sick leave to Kew South Wales in December, and
did not rejoin till February 1816, so Crawford, who was leaving for Europe,
obtained the fiervicee of Hugh Morrieson from Octoher 1816 to bridge the gap.
Hyde had originally bccn appoirittd t,o itssist with ~atronomical observations,
but, tho Directors considered the appointment unnecessary, and cli~ected "that it
be in~nlediately discontinurci". At the Ranlo time t,hey asked for a report from
Mackcnzit.', who had no doubt w11atuvc.r about the necessity for an arsistont, and
exprlbsses himself frealy in a private 1rttc.r :
I cannot see how the duty can be done without one assistant a t leaat ; but certainly not
for the duty proposed by Colonel Crawford in 1813. ...
My dear Sir, I could seriously wish that no further change were mede in the office till the
whole State of the Depadnient is brought under review of Government. To do this I certainly
require mistance that I do not think can be obtained from any person unacquainted with the
routine of office duty. ... What I consider most necessary is to have the Office and Depart.
ment brought into a regular systematic order, and ite dutias well defined. ... I am labouring
to bring this forward [ 303-4 1. and to carry on the curreut dutiea a t the same time, of which
the latter is not difEcult with the people I brought round [ 311-2 1.
Mr. Hyde ... haa been useful, and is willinga.
Hyde's appoint,n~ant was colifir~netl, but in Deccnibrr 1817 hn was again granted
leave, this tinlo to Fort, Marlborough in Sumat,r:a, rcjoi~ling in July 181S3. Whilst
his return was uucertain Macknnzic. cliscussed t,he possibility of appointing James
Franklin, but noted that the pay was
only 260 rupees, nnd attendance expected from 10 till 1. Another of my ideas would be to
make the situation of an assistant in the office a qualification rather for being sent out on
survey with auperior allowance ; this instmction would be useful to o Surveyor4,
He did not find Hyde an ideal assistant, and wished he had one like Mountford,
for whom he had a greet regard [ 318-9 1. Hyde's pay was raised to Rs. 500 p.m.,
but it was unfortunate that he yhould take furlough in March 1821, just t,wo
months before Macknnzie's dcat.11. Thoman Wood, howeyer, who h e w the survey
well [ I, 398-400 ; 11, 457 1, was in Calcut,t,a and took charge pending Hodgson's
arrival. Hodgson a t once asked for t,he services of Herbert, who joined from
Garhw5.l in December 1821. Pending his arrival Claude Wade lnadn hilnself useful
in tho office a t a timo when Hodgson was busy organizing the, new revenue survey*,
and he was kept on till September tho following year [zgz, 312 1.
Herbert was withdrawn in February 1823 for geological survey in the HirnZlaya
[268], and Cheapo who took his place was sent off to the Chittagong-Arakan
frontier [ 67 1, and then to military duty in Rangoon. He rejoined in March 1825s
but in September was transferred to Public Works6. Blacker then brought W p
up from HyderZb5.d for tho double purpose of nssist.ing in the office, and of re-
arranging the records of his survey [ 118 ]. Crisp ww thus available to tAko charge
on Blacker's sudden death three months later, and after Hodgson'e arrival remained
'CD to B.. Mil.. 7-1-17. 'DDn. 1 M ( 21 ). 14-&18. "GO. 11-8-18.
'DDn. 1M( 21 ),
io-eie. 'BQO. 23-3-26. 'oh. aoi ( 13-4 ), 13-1-26 a 231 ( 86 1, tz-aa.
till Novenlbcr when he t,ook two months leave before returning to HyderLba.
He
wes allowed to draw Rs. 500 p.m. in addition to his allowance as surveyor for the
period he hold sole charge1. Hodgson was then left without assistance till 1828,
when he once more brought Herbert in from the ficld, reporting
the inefficiency of my ofice for want of a duly qualified officer as chief mi st ant . In October
1823 Captain Chenpe, of Engineers, t he h i s t e n t to the Surveyor General of India, was detached
from the office, and was employed on various military services during the Burmese War. on
hie return to Calcutta, he was on the 22nd September 1825 appointed to survey and report
on the state of the New Jaggernath Road, and finally removed from this Department.
During ... 28 monthss, the scrlary of the Amistant. ... being 500 rupees per month, was not
drawn, and consequently a saving of about 14,000 rupees has been made. ...
In this Department 33 cornrnisaiond officen are employed in the 3 Proeidenoiee in veriom
and dietant parts of India [306]. ... The Survoyor General L engaged in... extensive superin.
tendence and correq~ondence, which occupy much of the time roquired for ... forming rnep
end attempting to ... reconetruct the geography of this whole extensive country ; of attending
to the operations in the observatory which require constant direction; in instructing ... the sub.
~ssistanta of the office, and various other duties. ...
The second officer in e department ought to be one in wl~om tho Government and the
Principal could implicitly rely, and who, in the event of the sickno93 or unavoidable absence
of the superior, shoilld be capable of performing his duties ; an assist.ant who does not posses
these qiialities is rather a hindrance than an aid.
I...beg...that...the services of my former assistant, Captain Herbert, may be made avail.
able. ... His labours and his nlerits are ... !mown to the Governrne~~t, and I consider him
beyond comparison t,Le most skilful oficer in India in ... the various branches of science necessary
to the Geographer and Astronomer, and ... he adds unremitting indwtry and activity.
Captain Herbert is at present Superintendent of the Geological Survey of the Himalaye
Mountains [zG8-g], and ... willing ...to return to this Department. ... He is ambitious of being
allowed the designation of Deputy Swe y o r General insteed of Assistant as before. ... In
the cese of an ordinnry es ~i s t a~l t I would not venture t o make euch a proposition, but Captain
Herbert cannot be considered as such. ... I respectfully hope that some increaae to the
present very small asla ry... might be made. That salary is 500 rupees per mensem, which
in so expensive a place as Calcutta must be considered as a very slender recompenae for the
second officer of a great department, supposing him to hold the station of DeputyJ.
Herbert was duly appointed Assistant, not Deputy, and took up his duties
about thc end of June [268]. He took charge of the department on Hodgson's
departure till Walpole'a arrival at tho end of October 1829 [ 301 1, and then became
Deputy Surveyor General with salary Rs. 750 p.m. [ 306 1.
Crawford appears t o have had his office somewhere in the region of Chowringhoe,
paying 220 aicca rupees house-rent, and drawing a consolidated allowance for house
and office a t 300 sa. rupees [II, 2971. Morrieson and Hyde drew rent a t tlie same
rate, their allowance of rank being Rs. 60 only. In 1817 Mackenzie moved into a
larger building, KO. 8 Russell St.', as he had brought a considerable staff with him
from Madras, with several interpreters employed on his historicel work [ 311-2 1.
The house that had been engaged for me since January 1816, tho' sufficient for our own
eccomodation, could not receive the office ; & in the house occupied for the Surveyor General'e
o5ce there waa not room, not only for my Madmm establiehrnent & mnterials, but soarcely
for myself t o eit in. Divicled between two houses, the month of Auguet pessed very uncom-
fortably, & to this moment I have not been able to open up the collection from Mad-.
The dampne~s of the weatherwaa another impediment. ... I have got into a h e large house
on 1st inat., & the office is just removed into it, but as... the lower rooms are still too damp
& require repaire before I can lodge the almirea in them, the whole regular arrangement oennot
yet tako place for somo time5.
In Fobruary 1818 Gorernmcnt approved his move ;
DDn. 21 1 ( 28 ), 14-7-26. 'Oat. '26 to Feb. '28. DDn. 231 ( 86-8 ), 4-2-28. 4 JASB. IX,
1840 ( 71 8 . ' DDn. 168( 208 ). 5-8-17.
Altho' the houee ... appeam to be charged a t a high rate. the Vice-Preeident in Council will not
objeat to the rent agreed on, viz.. Re. 420. ... but doee not ... authorize any increase ... on eocount
of the addition proposed ... to the building detached. ... The house ... might be obtained on mom
favourable terms were it taken on a leaae for a longer term than a twelve-month'.
The agt?nts2 refusod to make any such mduction,
having lately incurred an expence of nearly 3,000 rupeen in erecting an out-houee and improve-
ments, for which ... an additional rent was to have been allowed. ... Should it, however, be
taken for 5 years, we are willing to waive the proposed increase of rent, and to let i t to
Government for that period a t what is now paid, viz., sicca rupees 420 per month. The
proprietor is ... liable for the ~lsual repairs, but not alteratione unless previously agreed upon'.
Mackenzie was allo~ved housc-rent of his rank in addition to otfico-rent, but
not tentago allowance. He and his family occupicd part of the house, m d the
staff employed on his historical collections was acco~~~modst ed in the small out-
building. After his death Hodgson obtained sanction to purchase from his e ~t a t e
4 large book cases, or presses, ... for the ... safe deposit of the very valuable ma p ...many of
which are injured by dampness and insects for want of R more free circulation of air, ... ae
they are too closely packed together in the preaqes. ... which are not sufficiently large to
contain all the papers or the valuable instruments. ... I aho request ...to purchase an iron
cabin-stove for the purpose of keeping the air in the record rooms drier in the rainy ~eason4.
When I took charge of the office. I engagod the premises on a lease of two years on my
private account a t the eame terms, i.e.. 446 mpeea per month. of which 420 are allowed by
Government. and it was with great difficulty that I hired the howe even on thoee terms. ...
The materials in this o5ce are always nccumulating, and the increase will be unusually
greet when the Revenue Surveys are in progress. By the addition of these eurve ys... it will
be much more than doubled, and ... several ~pprent~ices for thet branch are already engeged,
and under instruction [ 361-3 1. ... A great deal of space, and good lights, are required. ...
I have under my custody ...in the house the whole of t he va!uable &ronomiml and
surveying instruments for ... my department and thet of the Quarter-Mesier Generel, ae also
to meet the occasional demands of the ... Madras and Bombay Presidencies, and of e-i.
tiona proceeding on foreign uervice [ 212- 3 1. They occupy much room, and i t is nece-ry
that they should be kspt dry and frequently inspected, as do also the m a p and reoorde,
and ... they would run the risk of being damaged if removed to a house of inferior deaoription.
I find it also necaocrery to provide for the aocommodation a t night of some of the aasistanba...
that they may be in di ne s 8 t o aid t he occasional astronomical obeewationa. ...
In no department at this Presidency is dry and spacious official eocommodation so n--
eary as in that of the Surveyor General6.
Blacker moved t,o 35 Park Street, which he took on a five year lease, occupying
part of it as his private residence, and adding an astronomical observatory [ 1874 1.
The tamon which this house ( ... one of the most appropriata about Calcutta ) is an&
is 460 sicca rupees per menaem. It ia no pert, however, of the present proposition t hat
Government should ... increase the existing rate, ... but that it shall be obligatory on the
Surveyor General of India. ... to make up the difference from his personal rente.
I n 1815 the Surveyor Ue11ert.l was still limited to the rstsblishment authorized
thirty years before, viz., one native writcr @ Rs. 50 - 3 harkaras @ 5 each -
3 lascars @, 7 each - 1 darrcidn (3 Rs. 4 -and 1 aikligcar @ Rq. 4 - beaidc.s draught,+
men to the limit of His. 600 a month [ I, 236, 262, 290 : 11, 274 n.3 1. The full
sum, Rs. 694, was drawn monthly as a nlattrr of routine, and from t i ~ne to time
eenction w&s obtained to engage extra 1uen for ~ I I WI Y teml:orary purposes'.
On his move from Madras Mackcrnzio wt~.; dlowcd to bring up, on incmesed
n number of sarp-eyors, clerks, and dmughlnnrn, with sewn inlnrpnbm md
translators for his arch~~ological ~ n d lustoricn1 r ~ x ~ e a r ~ h e ~ R.
~*vtral of the Hindus,
including Lechmya, travelled t.he whole way fro111 Matlras hy land, as their custom^
of oast " did not allow them to go by sea [I. 40,362 1.
Amongst those brought up were-Lucius Rewdon Burke1, Register, or Registrar,
who hed been with Mackenzie since lHO0 [ 11, 303 1. He was promoted from Re. 301)
t o Rs. 326 p.m. tom 1st Jenuary 1820 with house-rent allowance Rs. 50 p.m.-
Scott, Hamilton and Marcellus Burke, field surveyors, who worked in t he drawing
ofice t o st art with [pl. 2 n ] J o h n Newman, one of t he befit draughtsmen, who
died a year later.
Macltenzie writes t,o Riddell regarding their movo ;
Write immediately to Hamilton & Burke to come on [ I OI 1. ... I am anxious, aa, tho'
a very good young man, the former is unfortunately of a short temper that may not alwaye
conciliate. We are much in want of aesistants. There are frequent enquiries whnt detaine
them.
They want much sunreyors for Cuttnck [ 17 1, but I want Scott & Hamilton for the
office, ae there is not a soul here capable of doing what they can do, & it is a real loss to the80
lede that they did not come on, aa every month they etay their loss will be more.
I have got Nevirnau a good pay [ R. 1 2 0 1, & he merits it, considering his qualifioations
compared with what we found here. If you could send me 2, 3 or 4, draughtsmen of the
same kind. I would find employment for them2.
Newinan went sick and arrived back in Madras "rather bet,t,cr ... t,han when he left
Calcutta, but *till looking very ill Mack(-nzic lamented his death ;
I am sorry for poor Xewman's fate, the only man I had who understood perspective in
any degree.
We ahall have no want of draughtsmen, but I shall miss him as one of my own
reering, t hat I took a pride in4.
Recruits entert,ahled in Calcutta included John St uart May, who was engaged
from 1st January 181'3 6 RS. 200 p.m., "clliefly for t hc purpose of tra~wcribing
Lieutenant Colonel Lanl bt oni Memoirs", and was a year later promoted sub-
assistant on Rs. 2406. I n discussing his appointment, Rlaclienzie writes ;
In employing any new person, we must not overturn the old scale. The death of one of
my draftsmen would enable me t o entertain him with less difficulty, but his ekill in drawing
ie not equal t o that of tho man I lost [ h'ewman 1, who waa a half-caste, and if Mr. May, an
European, was to get more, the whole of my Madras Establishment would be in a m and
overset, and i t is by them alone I am enablo t o carry on the curront duties8.
May was appointed Superintendent, &I&tBbhBnga R,iver, from June 1820, but carried
on t he Surveyor General's ~t r engt h t,ill 1825 [ 15-6 1.
After Mackenzie'a deat h his establishment of interpreters and translators was
broken up [ 391 1, some of then1 being given temporary employmont under Horace
Wilson, Secretary of the Asiatic Society, who arranged and listed a11 t he historical
material t hat Mackenzie had brougl ~t to Calcutta7.
The full establishment of bhe office on 30th April 1832 co~nprised [ 360 ]
Captain J. A. Hodgson . . Survepor General from 25th May 1821.
Liout. J. D. Herbert
. . Aaaistant to the Surveyor General from 14th Sept. 1821 [ ~OFIO] .
Ueut. C. M. Wade . . Temporary Assistant from 17th Aug. 1821 [zgz, 3091.
hlr. L. R. Burke . . Fbgietrar from 11th Nov. 1817.
William Scott . . Surveyor ln~tructor t o apprrntices [ rz, 191.
Henry Hamilbn
. . 6urveyor, Head Dreughtsmnn.
Marcellus Burke . . Burveyor [ 17-91.
J. Andrew Macpherson . . 1)ranghtnmau ; 6-year lrpprontioe from 8th Nor. 1813 [II, a73 1.
Thos. Lockwood . . Draugbtsman ... since 1814; 1822. with Ferguson in Swguja [Be].
Arthur Fitzpstrick . . Apprentioe draughtaman-surveyor [ zz 1.
Mustie, Gould, C. H. Burke, and Poy, apprentices, were employed in t he drawing
ofice before being posted t o field eurveys, hut Lockwood alone fell under the
stending grant of Rs. 600 for dreughtsmen. The majority accompanied Hodgson,
when he became Revenue Surveyor General. arid, on becoming Surveyor General,
Blacker objected t o drawing 8 routine allowance for an establishment t hat did not
correspond with actuels ;
On the separation of t hat part of the office establi~hment which accompenied the Reven
Bweyor General. I found my number of &aftamen and other eervante so incomplete ee
4
d m their amount of pay considerably loas than the dowsnce granted by Qovernment. ...
The first abstract I have had occesion t o eign ... has been for the month of November Iset,
and to it wee attached a declaretion upon honour that the sums charged have been neoeeoarily
mother d. Medres, 8-12-22. 'DDn. 160 ( 300) , 28-11-17. . DDn. 161 (162). from Riddoll
64-10. 'DDn. 166 ( 376 ). 1-8-10. 'DDn. 146 ( 21 ). 7-1-20. DDn. 164 ( 63). 19-12-10.
'Eorarm H a y Wibon ( 1788-1860 ) ; Ben. Med. 1808 ; DNB. ; h y b t e r 1818-82 ; bulb A8B.
O.botU W h n . H.B.
i n d . . . f o r the purpoaea eet forth. Howevsr obviouely t hh wm a t variance with t he a o t d
d b of the cese, I have. ..to put my name t o it, in order that the individuale ooncerned.
... now two mont h in armam, might receive their pay without longer euapanse.
The balanoe remaining in my hands amounts to aicca rupeea 363-13-7, or sonet rupeg
389-12-7. and I request you will favour me with ordera how I am to dispoae of it1.
With the hands I have a t present employed. I cannot conaider the office efficient. but I
spare no endtmvoure to complete it, and, have even written to MBdraa with some eucoeee to
procure competent draft,umen from that place ; but even dtho' I hsd the eatabliehment com-
... plete, it will be continually lhble to variation; for the amount of salaries for draftamen
... - never. ..accord exactly with the established allowance of 800 sonet rupeea per mensem.
I...propose...that I...make monthly a bondde charge, supported by the ueual atteeta-
tion, and a nominal liut if neceawy, for the s u m I shall actually disburse for the pay of drafts-
men, provided the eame ahall not exceed monthly the aggregate amount of 940 sonet rupees-...
... 800 sonat rupees established allowance, and contingent limit of 340- and t hat any further
... contingency for clraughtsrnen be inadmirwable.
These is an allowance of 60 rupees for a writer, en11 pay for 1 darwan, 3 hacara, 3 hircarrahm,
and aiglegar. which will remain untouched by the above proposition [ I , 290 Is.
Though dreught~nien were always diffic!ult to find, ho was able t o
... trench on the oatabliahed allowanro for (lraftsmen in order to defray some other expenses.
... One Writer only i n allowed by the regulations. which were framed in 1788 for a Surveyor
... h e r e l of Bengd, but expericnco has shown me the total insufficiency of a single hand for
thie office. ... and I have accorilingly employed two clerksa.
The acquittanot: roll for February 1s" ~ho\r.s Rs. 530 spent on rlranghtsmen ;
Drafh~en [i n addition tu Henry Harnilhm. who drew Rd. 323 aR Chief Draughtsmen].
Mr. A. W. Tud11r.4 frnm tho 17th tn the 29th Fc~l)ronry ( I Rs. 1:O p.m. . . Rs. 86
Thos. Lockwood . . . . . . . . .. ,. 70
Benjamin Ssxt,in [ 360 n.1, 3721 . . . . . . ... , BO
Thos. Nowey . . . . . . . . 60
Ditto pnid at Nadrn~ frnm ?2nd Sor ~l nl ~e r tn 31nt Janunry, ~~~~~~~~~r. @ Rs. 50 .. 116
Sheikh Ahdulln . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Sheikh Deen Mnl~omed . . . . ,, 60
Shoikh Nt.rjecLoollnh . . . . . . .. ,. 40
Rrilera. Ono at Ra. 40, one at Rs. 2; -
The roll for Deceinher onlitt,rtl ' ~udor, Lockwood, Newey, and substituted
J. W. Wymyss a! Rs. 100 ; Andrew Je\r.t.ll @; Rs. 70 ; R. Dashwood, Rs. 505.
Wynlyss had boen brought up from Madras on a three year contmct, and was
allowed an additional Rs. 20 p.111." Tho nanles of aU three draughtsmen appear
frequent1.v on maps stmill preserved a t Dohra Diin.
Anlongst men brought. from Madres was an "artist ", otherwise instrument
repairer, named Saiyirl Mir Mohsu~ Husain, wllom Blacker had found ivorlring with
George Gordon, a well-known jeweller of Madras [258 n.a,260], and had engaged for
the Quartermast.er General's office there. He was now sent for to t,ake charge of the
many instruments at. the Surveyor General's office, for which the authorized siklignr
was complotcly useless [ 188 1. Boing promoted to Rs. 36 in April 1827, he later
won the notice of Everest and became lmtruiuent Maker to the dr par t ni e~~t and
retired after more than thirty years service.
In January lSS5 Vincent Rees, a well-educat,ed Swiss, was engaged in place of
May on salary Ra. 240 pni . for coruput,il~g astronorniccrl observations [ 1881.
He continued in the office, ~inder various closignet,ions, for tho nest twenty years.
After the death of Han~ilt,on, June 1826, John Gralla~u wa.9 brought dojvn from
the Delhi revenue survey to take over duty as Head I)rouglitsman7, a post which
he continued to hold till his ret,ire~uent in 1858.
There was always a short,nge of competent writers, mom especially for the
tedious business of copying journals and field books, as Hodgson points out when
tlhe Directors oomplained of some being carelessly copied [ 292 1.
It is extremely difficult to procure a t low salaries in Calcutta native ooppists who ha-
6 aufaoient howledge of the English language to treneoribe c o mt l y any papers but tho-
IDDn. 204 ( 76 ), 14-7-24.
'ih. ( 36-0 ), 16-1-24. Bib. ( 76 ), 14-7-24. 'appmntioe surveyor
with Grant to Burma ; DDn. 220 ( 138 ). 3-1-26.
'SGO. SP ( 1 ). a had a wife md 3 obildren in & (.
leal: entertained at Madm 10-2-19.
'left Dslhi Sept. 1827 ; aoted In oh. bring oeoe till appb &
244-213, @ st. Fb. 328 p.m.
which ere written in the moat plain and olaer manner ; but the journals of t he Bweyora eon.
bin a multitude of fig-, symbols. t e r m of science, and ... names, which the native soribee
certainly do copy very incorrectly. ... The monthly field booke alone of a single surveyor ...
often consist of 40 or 50 pagee of foolscap closely written [ and ] will take up the time of the
idle copyiete in Calcutta perhaps for a month, end after all be ill done, and require much
examination and probably recopying. ...
Inetend of extra writers of a better order being added to... my oflice, i t would ... greatly
contribute to correctness end expedition, if each surveyor...were allowed an expert miter ... in
his harmi ng duties. ... 100 Sa Rs. per month could not be thought too much. ... With t b
mistance of a writer, the surveyor might make his field booke and memoh in duplicate, one
copy to be sent to England, and one lodged in the Surveyor General's Office. ...
No clesa of people make so ma l l (I return for their wages as the writers in Calcutta, ...
owing to their natural idleness, the few hours they attend at the officea, their frequent 4
or pretended sickness, the interruption caused by numerous holidays, and other causes'.
In April 1829 9. Dias was appointed t,o act, as Registrar on t.he death of Burke,
followed by C. Morrison from 14th January 1830. The draughtsmen now employed
under Graham were Breton, W. H. Scott4, G. H. McReedy, C. K. Hudson, IChadum
Ali, and Roop Chand, all names found on tho beautiful maps of this period.
On taking up duty as Revenue Surveyor General, Hodgson obt,aincd a generoue
office establishment which included, besides 15 apprentice srlrvcyors and their
instructor U'illian~ Scott., a Registrar in the person of Marct-llus Burke [ 11, 351 ;
111, 306, 312 1, and "draftsmen and writers, or copyist,^ ", also
1 Accountant. or Native Regiqter . . Rs. 50 or 60 1 Frnah' . . 5-8
1 Dufteree and Hate . . 12 2 hfihturs, or Sweepera. 4 each . . 8
6 ILLcarrahe @ Rs. 5 each . . 30 2 Bhisties @ 5 each 10
1 Tindal . . 8 1 hiintry, oarpenhr, and mate . . 16
6 Lascan, @ Ra. 6-8 eaoh . . 3 2 4
-
Total Sicca Rupees 182
The Accountant ... should be a trustworthy person, who can give seaurity, end cen keep
the eccounta of the oflice esteblishment4. ...
The Lescare are required during the instruction of the young men in the field, and for
other miacellaneoua services ; a frash, sweepers, and bhieties, are requisite to preeerve cleanli-
n- end health where there is a considerable number of Christians employed. The services of
e Carpenter are continually required for making and repairing signal Bags and ooamr instru.
manta, and repairing office furniture. The expensee of such otiice f wni t we . . . ~ is absolutely
necessary may be most conveniently charged on a separate contingent bill5.
In 1826 Burke was recommended for promotion to ~tllary of Rs. 250 p.m. ; he
had "respectably, indl~striously, and skilfully mrved in the Survey Departmont
20 years, having been apprenticed on the 1st March 1806" ; his salary of Rs. 151
and 2 annas a nionth "is a small sum to enable him to srrpport himself and family "O.
When the office was brought back from Fetehgarh [ 306 1, Hodgson sent ell the
epprcntices out. to field ~urvrrys except four ;
William Nix Jam- [ 188 n.8, 190 n.2 1. Edward Winston, William Chill, and Charles Hyde
Burke. ... senior apprentices, ... I brought down with me. ... Their -l ay is 80 rupees a month,
which w ~ s eufficient a t Futtehgurh, where they could live a t less expense than in this Capital.
end where I generally afforded them lodging on my own premises, but in Calcutta I cannot
give them thie advantage, and the charges for house rent, dearness of provisions, and convey.
anw to the oflice. straighten their circumtancos and distreas them. ...
I...aek...that I ~houl d ... rent a small two-storied house. ... which very closely adjoina to my
own, in which I could lodge them 4 young men, and where they would be ... immediately under
my own eye. ... I n the lower story ... I col~ld also deposit some of the more bulky i nst ment a,
E,,W a large supply ... hm arrived from England, and is now in tlie Fort, but they will occupy
ID-. 231 ( 81-3 ). 16-11-27. 'Wm. Hen Bcott. b. Sept. I012 ; appd. dmn. k miter 1-3-27;
OD. ]+be.
a oillee attendant. &Alexander ~ o t a x , appd. 23-10-23 ; drew Rs. 60 aa acot. plum Rs. 9 u
rriter.
'&om Bodgaon, 4-11-23 ; BTC. 20-11-23 ( 49-60 ). 'lb. 264-28 ( 43 ).
mo muoh epme in my otace, elreedy overorowded by the addition of the Revenue Burvey
establishment, ... that I shall have dimoulty in &ding room for them.
The rent of the house is Re. 160 per month'.
I n obtaining npprovel t o t he establishment of an ofice in Madras subject t o tho
Surveyor General, instoad of hansferring the records to the Chief Engineer [ 291,
316 1, Muckenzie ernphasimd t he multifarious duties i~ivolved ;
Constant requisition for information of a territory embracing 1,68,126 square milea. ..-
frequent attention ... to ... boundaries ... dommunications and ordere to the surveys carried on
in this Presidency. ... These. ..can only be carried on by a rogular series of Instructions, of
orders, of reports, periodically, monthly, or quarterly. The program of the surveys [I, 283 n.81
...in distant provinces is a constant subject of solicitu~le ; in varying climates, they are to be
directed, watched, oncouraged, or checlted, as occesiorl m,\y require. ...
An establishment of 29 native surveyors [I, 283 n.81 ... occnpy ;n~lch of the time...-Necessary
orders and explanations on ... their professional duties...-Regulation cf their pay and allowances.
... The employment of a srnall well-arranqed establishment ... i n e t r ~~~t e d in the element3 and
practiceof drawing and surveying, wo!llrl he equally 11reful in al! she presidencies. ... and ... the
employment of a certain portion of them young ~non ... by tru~lafer to the other presidencies
might relieve this. ...
I would propo se... that the depot of Charts and Surveys, ... with the exception of those
... to be transferred, be retained as an immediate appendage to the ofecea of Government, under
the charge of an Assistant to the Surveyor General of India. ... appointed for that purpose. ...
That all orders and communications of Government ... bo made to tho Surveyor General
of India, but such 89 require early or immodiato attention be communicated thro' this ofice ag
a regular channel of communication to the sun7eyors. ...
That the Assistant in the Surveyor General's Ofice at Madrw submit to Government
periodically ... the state and progress of the surveys, receiving for that purpose the report4 of
the Surveyors, retaining duplicates, and transmitting the originals t o the Surveyor General of
Indie with his observations thereon. Quarterly accounts of the expense of the surveying
department aa usual t o be sent in to Government and to the Surveyor General. ...
A report of the progresa and conclusion of surveys will be made up fmm the Surveyom'
reporta by the Assistant in the Surveyor General's Office, and submitted to Government
periodically, and the maps, memoirs, journals, and field books...&c., will be trammittad ... to
the Surveyor General's Office a t Calcutta. ... A moderate establishment for this omce will
be employed in copying such documents as are immediately ordered by Government, or
required for the Surveyor General's Omce, and regular reports and returns...will be trans-
mitted to the Swe y o r General of India at Calcutta.
All Surveyors employed on survey under this Presidency to addreas their letters and reports
to the Surveyor General's Omoe a t Msciraa. ...
The following establishment is proposed ; ... An Officer Assistant, in charge of the depot
and offioe of the Surveyor General of India per month ( exclusive of batta ) pagodaa 70-
One draftsman, not to exceed per month ps. 26- one writer, not to exceed per month ps. 15-
... One Assistant Surveyor ( William Lentwar ) who has been instructed for this purpose. He
will be necessary for some time at leest to assist the Officer in Charge till he has acquired
sufficient knowledge of the contents of tho depot and offices. ...
Any native Assistant Surveyor that may come t o the Presidency ... will be ... employed
in the drawing and writing department ; ... the attendance of one of them ... may be con-
sidered permanent. All the Assistant Surveyors being already sent, or about to be sent. to
the surveya in the country, with the exception of the two above-mentioned, and one lately
arrived sick, the eame room ... will be no longer requisite for the establishment, ... which will
seldom exceed six.
But the meteriala proposed to be transferred wdl still require aoarcely l ea room then
before ; for the elrniraaJ and their oontmnts will gradually inorease from the materials coming
in from the survey. The quantity of instrumen ta... will also ino- oonsiderably. ... On
'36 Park St. ; BTC. 24-8-28 ( 44 ). ' unfortunately Lantwar died, 28-5-17.
eopboards [ 310 1.
these mcounta a convenient house...would be dwirable. ... but a fixed commodioue a c e in
Fort St. George near to the Government House would be much more...convenient. ...
I must deprecate the further removal of what m y be c o n s i d d a very valuable collection,
that has coet ... very coneiderable sums, until e commodious place is secured permanently ; ...
the repeated removal of theae charts hae considerably added to t hat injury they have nus-
tained from varioue modea of keeping. ...
A previous knowledgo of the practical application of the [ survey ] principles in this country,
ea well ae of official details, is still more essential. ... In the distance from ... Calcutta, fie.
quent occesions will occur where the assistant's own knowledge will be ... referred to. ...
0 5 ~ 0 ~ already acquainted with the practice of geographical surveys in India would be mom
usefully appointed ... under the direction of the Surveyor General, but subject in every rwpmt
t o the control and orders of this Government. If a knowledge of ... conducting m d calculating
trigonometrical operations ...is added, ... it will be still more useful.
He suggested John Riddell as possessing these qualific~tions to the full
[ 11, 439 1, and asked for his early appointment. This mas referred to Bengal ~ n d ,
though the Suprenle Goveriin~ent was reluctant to depart from the definit,e order
to deposit the records m-ith tlie Chief Engineer [ 315 1, tlioy agreed that
the Literal execution of the Hon'ble Court's orders, by compelling the delivery of mmy valuable
records ... to the custody of a department usually overburdened by its proper functions, and
by vesting ... the superintendence ... of survey duty ... in nn officer wholly distinct in his powem,
and independent of the Surveyor General, ...may tend to defeat the projected unity of effort
and concentration of geographicel and statistical inforrnation-
The Surrtbyor General should take wit11 him all records requiwd in Bengal-
The remaining records ... sl~ould be transferred to an officer who shall be left in charge pro-
visionally of the branch of the Survey Department which will remain a t Fort St. George until
the expediency ... of permanently establishing a subordinate survey branch under that Preai-
dency shall be finally debermined. This officer .,. will ... discharge all such duties under the
o r d e ~ of the ... Governor in Council na have hitherto been conducted by Colonel Mackenzie.
In ... the choice of the individunl to fill this temporary office, ... every sttention should be
paid to the recommendation of an officer so distinguished for public spirit and eminent talents as
the present Surveyor General of India1.
After ranlest persuasion, and after the Coininanclor-in-Chief, Glenera1 Hislop,
had speciallv inspected the office, Riddell's nppoiiitmant mas sanctionedz. He
joined on 16th Juiw and tool; over on 18th July on Mackenzie's departure for
Bcnga13. The office st,aff on June 1st comprised ;
4 Draughtsmen :-Christian Andreas Ignatio ; John Newman ; John Mustie, and John
Gould, the two latter being apprenticed t o Mackenziea.
4 Writers :-Luciue Rgwdon Burke. Head Writer ; ... Anthony Rodrigues and Domingo
Ferrier, copyists ; and Henry Hamilton, assistant surveyor [ 312 1, employed aa extra writer.
Mackenzie took all of these to Bengsl exwpt Ignatio and tlie t xo copyiets.
On Sewman's death [ 312 ] he thought of calling Igrlatio to Calcutta, but decided
against it, writing to Mountford ;
Be so good aa to give some douceur to Ignatio for the drawings6. and send me the whole
round by sea, finished or not, aa I can get them done here.
I some time ago enquired of Ignatio whether he would like to come here in the vacancy
made by Newman, provided your oflee could spare him. He first declined it, then lately offem
to come, but with so many conditions implied that I do not much relish having anything to
say to him, and at all events not without your express permission. ... I could get him the sene
salary as Newman had, but I am really apprehensive that he would ultimately hang heavy
on our hands, aa I know he was involved at one time.
I enclose you his letter - i n confidence. I do not much like it, nor his ignorant coarseness
in mentioning his complaints, which would require the Swtt'e remedy of a ecrubbing poet. h
senior draft man he had the first choice of coming round, but he foolishly declined it, and poor
Newman accepted. Pay Ignatio what you like ae a gratuity, tho' in my time I rnede them
do theae things in the o5ce ae an improvement to their qualifications~.
Riddell's appointment brought a protost from Garling against the use of the
title "Assistant Surveyor General" by an officer who wee his junior. hokenzie
'DDn. 142(01). 1-17. 'MMC. 18-6-17 (20-31). 'DDn. 161 (12). 18-6-17; U C . 1 -
28-7-17.
'Edw6rd Jervis, dmn., drew fair oopiem of mapa, 1817-18. 'for the oolleobionr
8 DDn. 140
[ 61 ), 2&8-10.
pointed out, t hat whi l ~t Riddell was acting on n
temporary salary of 70 pagodas per month in a very responsible rharge nt Fort St. George,
Lieutenant Garling holds the more advantageous situetiort of a Y I I N ~ ~ I I ~ , on a ealary of
160 p r month [ 350 1.
IIad Lieutenant Garling been selected for thin situntior~. ... he
might justly romplain of b~i ng put into a more rxpeneive ~ituation on diminished allowances1.
To Riddell hinlself he writes ;
I am sorry that thin pnt,leman every day seems studinuslp t o increaae the perplexity
which, however, must be removatl. ... Remoml,er. thnt you are the organ of Government :
that it is their ordere and those of Lhe Surveyor General you communicate2.
Tile Supreme Government riiletl t hat Riddell's official designation should he
"Assistant in t he Surveyor Ge n e r ~ ~ l ' ~ Department" and Garling was a t length
pacified.
He had given Riddell an opportunity t.o hc tt~nusing, having
veried about thro' all the chengea he could ring. At first it ww "Lieut. R., in provisional
charge of the Surveyor General's Department", and then "Lieut. R., of the S.G.'s OEce",
and now it is "Lieut. R., in charge of Office. Surveyor General's Departmentws.
The field surveyors took t,o uxil~g un~~l t . t ~ori zut l clrsignotion.. for themselves,
such as "Surveyor in Travencore", or "Assistant Surveyor General", the latter
a title officially reserved for officers ill the Presidency officcs. Tlie correct designa-
tion of t he o5cer in charge of a field Hurvey unit IWS, writes Mackenzie, "Surveyor,
in charge of the---Survey "4.
Altl~o' it is of nn great consequence, yet it id proppr in giving t,he names of the eurveyom
in the Almanac that tho wtnal situation and deaiq~mtion sho111d be correct. ... The gentlemen
on survey were recum~nended by me to he sent out rrs Surveyors in charge of dserent partiej.
Their now describing themselvc+a ee hi a t a nt a is by no authority. JIajor William of Bombay
might just as well s ~ ~ h ~ r r i b e himself Surveyor General because he ww artitally euch before
May 1815, and an older Surveyor General thtbn I was6.
Meckenzie and Kidrlell, cxchangecl Ietterrl, both public end private, almost
every week. Regarding ofico accornorlntion Itiddell writes ;
I expect to leavo your house about the let [ Auguat 1. There is certainly no good one
to be got for 20 pagodes, but I must do my best. The Government ha8 no idea of giving
more than is neceamry, and Mr. Shore told me that he must stop the allowance ( above 20 )
from the day of your departure. ... Since my lMt lotter of 3rd instant nothing particular has
occurred. The Depot is moved to the house formerly occupied by you in V-e'epery [ LI, 303-4,
421 1, which I have bee11 obliged to take for sin months, with ... two months notice8.
Mackenzie was most punct,ilious >thorlt oorrexpondence ;
I mot e you from Sagr~r, or t<erlgeree rather, a hurried screw1 of 24th July on our first
arrival in the river ; I could not egain write till the 18th ulto., when I a d k e d you e letter,
marked No. 2, by post. This will be No. 3. & I propose aft.erwerds to number my letbra
in succeseion aa I observe you HIS(> mean to do ; it is an excellent plan, by which we will
immediately observe if any ntiw397.
Avoid shewing the official cnrresponde~tm. nr any othor documents t o uny person what-
ever. Blalce it a rule to receive your Friends in your sitting room, clesr of office documents.
I have myself experienced much inconvenience from not adverting to thiss.
You have mede a mistake lately in reforru~q in one of your public letters to a demi-
o5cial letter. ... Remember there in no such thinq as 8 demi-official letter recognized in
the Service ; let fill your referable letters be official & entered as such. I again recommend
to you to avoid writing on duty matters in private letters. as they m y occasion mistakes.
Your letter to Lieut. Gerling of 18th July was perfectly correct in its aubstence, only you
should not have adrlremd him 'My dear Garling' if it was official. & if it wes private you ehould
not have signed it officially. ... Excuse me for putting you t o rightsB.
Riddell describe8 his first rether awkward interview with t he Governor;
On the Monday after you left us, I thought it proper to wait on the Governor, and report
that I hed taken charge of the Department. He received me moat graciously, told me th&,
orders from Home had left him no choice, that they were poaitive in favour of the En@-
offieere. & thoee only, being employed on survey [ 283-4. 330. 340 ]. and that he had thought
it his duty to oppose me on that ground.
He told me that I was entirely under the Bengel Qovernment. & asked me if he had eqp
from SC. 25-4-18 : MMC. 16-6-18.
DUII. 156 ( 34'2 ), 244-18.
DDn. 151 ( 86 ). 24-12-17.
' DDn. 148 ( 51 ). 23-3-18 ( BB ). 8-8-18.
Lib. ( 97 ). 28-11-10. Oib. 16-8-17.
' D h . 1 1 ( 898 ),
l o . 4. 6-9-17.
l i b. ( 304 ). 23-11-17. nib. ( 310 ). 22-I-16.
authority over me. & if he could demand plane, &c., from the Depot.
I could only bow, and
say moet certainly. ... He then enquired into the strength of the establishment, ... and, on
being informed, remarked ita smallness. I stated that it was conformable to the order0 fmm
England, in the event of a transfer to the Engineer's Office. He replied ' But we should then
have hed the use of their draftsmen, &c. '. So you see he does not appear a t all uneequaint.4
with the arguments on that side of the question.
In answer to him I mentioned that maps of moet parts of the country had elready been
supplied to the variow authorities t,o whom they could be of use ; that a good map had h b l y
been published by the authority of the Directors a t home,' and that of more particular pLns
they seemed to wish to prevent the circulation [ ?74, 289-901. ... SO we parted.
It mas not long, before he was on close terms with all the secretariat ;
I am happy t o hem that the Public Department is again to be the channel of our comes.
pondence [ 303 1. I am sometimes out of all patience with hIr. \Vooda but, ~s hia dilatorinms
is
h p r t i a l l y extended to all, have no particular right to complain.
To Blackenzie's great distress Riddell died on 1st Septomber 1818, and at, the
suggest.ion of t.he Chief Engineer I\.lount,ford was brought down from Guntfir to
relieve him, taking over charge on 25tli [ 96 la. Mackenzie welcomed his appoint.-
ment, though he had hesit,atetl to press for it. He writ,es to the Chief Secretary ;
I took the liberty of mentioning your name as not unfriendly ... and I mentioned my remom
for hesitating on recommending any individual, after the obstruction I met in the case of
that excellefit young man, Mr. Riddell. I have pe a t confidence in Mr. hlountford's capmity,
zeal, md honourable principles, as qualifying him for that charge until a permanent
appointment is mnde. But, as I do not know whether any notice of my approbation would
be advantageous t o hi? ... make use of my name as you think most expedient'.
To JIount,ford h~ ~ v ~ o t e that it was the busines~ of the
Government of Fort St. George to appoint an officer to...a duty belonging to that Presidency.
... Attend with patience the determination of Government ; you cannot suffer at any rate by
being called up. Write me ofton of every step, and I will. ..inform you of every point necessary
for your guidance ...as I did poor regretted Riddell.
You should call on Mr. Strachey6 with my complirnonts, as a friend of Captain Troyer's
[ I1, 447-8 ] ; he will give you every reasonable support. ... Write to me often, ... very fully,
and...observe your m a 1 discretion till matters are adjusted@.
Mountford's appointment was confir~ned by the Governor General in a letter
dated 18th October, and Mackenzie writes wi~hing him
joy of your appointment. and may you enjoy more eatisfaction of it than some others have
had. ... Take care of my old aervanta in and about the office ; there are not many of them
now. W j e a you will find a very usoful, valuable, man [ II, pl. 22 ] ; Riddell found him
so. ... Write me often. What ia become of Captain Troyer ? recommend me to him [ 338 17. ...
You are ... the organ of Government, for receiving their orders end communicating them
t o the aurveyom, to this office, and t o other Departments. and you will refrain from iaeuing
m y ordera of your own unleee directed to do so. That excellent young man Riddell gave
me great satiefactim. I had occaaion in a few inetancee to put him to rights, but he alweya
received my sentiments with the g a t e a t good humour. and conformed ee soon as poeeible. ...
Mr. Garling has expreassd much dissatisfaction a t Mr. Riddell's being in the offlce over
him, but the opinion of every official and military men I have consulted is edverae to hie idea
that seniority in the Military Institution, or any Corps or other Establishment, gives any olairn
to appointment in an mc e . when the incumbent ia the selected organ of Government for
communicating their instructions [ 31 7 1. This ie for yourself. aa my eentiments have been so
little ecceptable t o Mr. Garling, that I do not wieh to trouble him further. ...
Be very guarded in your correspondence ... on oteciel mattera ; indeed the h t way ie to
avoid altogether eay private corrwpondence. ... Your oftlcial duty ...is entirely coddentiel;
t h books, l et t er~, eta.. are not to be ehewn t o any pereon. ... I take the liberty of recorn-
-ding your ... excluding from your office and drawing room all visitors [ 317 1.
'Anowsmith'e [ 2871, DDn. 161 ( 5-12 ), 24-7-17. 'Edward Wood, MCS. ; Peymsoter, 1815
k t.n OOvt. Mil. Dept. 1817; Cb. 800. from 1020; d. 1824. DDn. 161 ( 130-47), 18-2-18.
"ohn Ocorge
Pmby.. Adjt. of E n p . bold cb. during interval ; MMC. 28-8-18.
4DDn. 164 ( 37 ). 36-9-18. 'aeo.
8tMhmy ( l77Ci-1849 ) Ca. Sac
from 1813. OD%. l4B ( 5-8 ). 610-18. 'ib. ( 0 ). 1C1&18.
There ia one apprentice still of mine with you, Ch. Ignatio [ ,318 ] ; ... get allat moue9
ie necessary from Meam. Binny. ... John Newman, t he draughtaman, was sent round on
medical certificate, and I have drawn his pay here till the day of his death. ...
The office a t Madras ie not designed to compile maps. which is t he proper object of this
office. It ie merely as a depot end an organ of commut~ication. ... If you once embark in
... compiling mRp8 a t private requisitions you will find yourself embarressed [ 276-8 1. Your
mad is clear; Obey an order or Government, and communimte t hat order directly t o t he
Surveyor General. ... When you ... or~ce ... master ... the correspondence, you will see ... i t ie ell
plain ailing. ... I never wish to hurry any person ; I wish I could say the same of others'.
It WIM not my fault t hat Mr. Riddell had not particular ilistructione officially on every
point, 1)ut I was urged orf in 611ch a manner t hat it was only practicable ... t o shew ... what was
possible of all the vast materials. nnd leave the rest to future correspondence. 1 recommended
to him the peruwrl of t he correaponclence. but ... the wl~ole 11f the cl~lplicates were not ready
when I left lladras, an11 have buen only sent since. You have now the benefit of that, and
I can only recommend to you to sit down tranquilly an11 peruse the correspondenoe from t he
beginning in Novernber 1810 till the preqent (Itby.
Yo11 will elwaye recollect t hat the oftice nt Mt ~drj r~ i.r...at pme nt temporary. ... and t hat
nothing is t o be done but by orders. I t is nut the dllty of the Officer in charge to propose
new surveys, or multiply <luplicat,n of rutnpilations, without he i-I cilllerl Ilpon. ... Any applica-
tions from other depnrtments are to Ile rel ' err~l t o Government and t he Surveyor General. ...
-411 yollr official letters I mill reply to one by one, never doubt. I have thought of setting
apart Lwo clays in the week to .\tarIra8 official duty, but a t prevent I cannot attempt it from
t he heavy pressure here [ 303-4 la.
Mackenzie'a hcnrt was still 1vit.h Madras, and his letters arc fill1 of enquiries on
all sorts of small matters rtbgardulg liieps and surveys, ant1 old servants ; no metter
appe:al.ed too slllnll to engagt? his attc?ntio~~. and, ill spite of occasional complaints
of t.hings not goin? cxactly ns he wvislled, he maintained the friendliest relatiom
wit,h all Madras 0fi~iil. l~. He klla Mountford to consult
M-s. Strnchey & Hill. whnse judgement I never found t o err. nor their kindness nor good
of8ces wanting, excepting ml~ere press of business prevented, whish ... is the only reason for your
not often hearing f~.om rne. ... Write me often, Moont!i,rd; I wish t o know how all my frienda
are going on ; I always remember my M\.ltldrtm friends with pleasures.
He: makes repeated references to his ill-health, and to being overworked [ 3041 ;
I have been under such a cc~nt.hnal pressure for some time t hat it hes been very heavy
upon me, but while my health keeps up I have less reiwon to complain. All my correspon-
dents have the snme reuson na you to feel the want of reply which is certainly not my fault4.
This hns heen it1 l~arrd three days, as I a m kept in a hurry a t this season of despatch. ...
Don't blame me for silence; I am really so harressed t hat I have not a minute's rest, and I
wish rather to go into the Madraa business thoroughly, but this cannot be done shortly. and
all instructions must be submitted t o Governments.
Thio inetant I have yours of 18th ultimo ... and all preceding are oleo come. There an,
heaps due t o you, but all business has been suspended on account of one which hoa occupied
me theee 8 weeks upstain, anrl I find it necessary t o state t o Government the arrears increasing
in consequence of my being overloedetl with referencaq on mattem t hat belong rather t o t he
office of wcounta, which I beg t o be relieved fromo [ 301 1.
You are merely the organ of official communication. and ought not...to make propositione
t hat may pomibly [disagree ] with what has been, or may be, intended by t he euperior
authorities. You should avoid all contmversim wit11 any individuals. and refer them to
t he supreme authority. The Collectorj have no bushaps t o cormpond with you but thro' t he
Board of Revenue, and Mejor De Hnvilland being put in comm~lnicetion with you, excepting
thro' the Board, I coneider an error [ 2 77 -8 1' .
You ehould a t the end of the year begin o new No., and you will recollect t hat copiee of
all letters to and from Government. as well as othor Departmen-, ehould be transmitted to
t he Surveyor General a t t he eeme time officiallye. ...
Puri. My health ... does not permit of t hat cloeo attendance to t he dmk es formerly. Lest
night, however, I have ( thank Heaven ) got over one job t hat has long given me uneaeiness ;
t hat ia the quarterly eccounta, which were interrupted a t t he time I l eh Madras. ... For a long,
bng, time, I could not ... bring them up for want of vouohers and documents and, aRsr th-
DDn. 149 (0-18). 7-11-18. l i b. (27-34). 1-1-10. 'ib. ( 27 ). 18-1-19. 'ih. ( 9-18 ). 7-11-18.
"ib. ( 27. 37 ). 1.5 & 27-1-10. 'ib. ( 75 ). 4-1-18. ' DDn. 154 ( 100 ) 8-2-20. D h . 140 ( 127 ) ICB-XI.
wem obtained, t he loed of busin- in t he olfice prevented my going into them'.
It was one of Mountford's duties t o submit quarterly returns of expenditure,
and t he following is the bill, September 1921, for t he whole survey establishment.
Limt. F. Momtford. Aeaistant Surveyor General, salary. Rs. 350 ;
half bath, 65-10 ; o5ce rent, 175 ... ... ... Total, Rs. 690-10-0
C. Ignatio. Head Draughtaman ... ... ... ... 87- 8-0
A. Rodrigues, Writer ... ... ... ... ... 35- 0-0
D. Ferrier. Writer ... ... ... ... ... 17- 8-0
... ... Permanent OBce Contingent ... ... ... 56- 4-0
Total c z p me of lhe Surveyor Qenual ' a O@x and Depot
7 8 6 a
Lieat. B. S. Ward, on 8uruey in Coidmkmr, ealary, RI. 350:
P
half batta. 06-10 ; bscera' allowance. 70-6-3 ... 4.95404
dssistant Surveyora
William Kevea, aalary. Re. 122-8; lascars' allowance. 29-14-11 ;
... horae allo&ance. 15-12 ; tent allowance. 24-8 ... ... 191-10-11
Charles MacMahon, salary. R3. Yi-9 ; etc. ... ... ... 156_10-11
--
Tohl czpence of the Coimbo(oor Suwsy 833-41
Lint. C. Snell, on survey i n l he Northern Circors, salary. Rs. 350 ; etc.. ss for Ward
485-3
lSlristant Surveyom
Michael Dunigan. salary, Ra. 122-8 ; etc. ... ... ... 191-10-11
.. John Faulkner. Ra. 122-8 ; etc. ... ... ... 191-10-11
Thomas Anderson, .. M for Mublahon ... ... ... 156-10-11
Charlea Barnett, ,, Ra. 66 ; Issoars' allowance. 2 6 4 7 ; etc. ... 122- 8-07
Tol d czpence of the Survey in the Norlhern Ci nors
x 7 - 0 9 4 7
... Wt . R. You~lg, a survey i n Hydcrabad ... ... ... 485-30
Awiitant Snrveyors
... Thomas Hill ... ... ... ... 191-10-11
Richard Iang ... ... ... ... ... 156-10-11
Richard Ficker ... ... ... ... ... 166-10-11
... ... Andrew Chamarett ... . . . 156-10-11
;Total e z p me of the Eyderabmd Survey 114611-11
br+ Smveyor T. Turnhull, wkcl i ng hislorical information i n Ti nnmdl y, [ r r I n.11
. -
aalery. Rs. 157-8-0, etc. ... ... ... ... ... 261-10-11
GUND TOTAL. Madras ... Rs. 41704446
In March 1823 Mountford asked t hat his st,atus should bc raised to that of
Deputy Surveyor General, and l ~i s salary increased t o correspond ;
Being in charge of this office and depot, and the channel of communication between the
surveyors, yourself, and t he Government, ... a greater ... responsibility seems t o be implied
t hen is attached to any officer a t this Presidency under the designation of " h i s t a n t " . ...
The Deputiee in tho principal offices, ... their immediate principals being on t he spot. ...
have none of t hat responsibility which attaches to me, nor are any of them in direct oommuni.
cation with t he Government2.
Hodgson'ti rc-co~nmcndat~ion t o upgradt? both Mountford a t Madras and Suther-
lend a t Bombay was acwptnd3 ;
The staff salary allowed to Capt. Mountford appear3 to be inadequate t o his merite, and
t o support t he respectability of the situation he holda an the immediate head of t he Survey
Depertment a t 31adras4. when it is considered t hat it is only Rs. 350 a month, end 05-10
difference of b&ttas. being lesr, than t hat of Captain Young, one of t he surveyors under him
in t he Nizarn's Dominions. who hay 525 rupees and 05-10 difference of batts, and only e q d
... to t het of the other eurveyora under hia ordera.
On t he Bombay Eetabliahment t he eteff sslary of Major Sutherland, t he Aaaietant Surveyor
Qenersl, ia 600 rupeas per month. and t he difference of b a t h of his rank 226 RE. As the
duties of Major Butherland and Captain Mountford are eimiler. I...suggeat t he propriety of
aUowing to the latter officer the -me etaff allowance of 500 rupwe a montha.
About this timn also Mountford obtsined an increase of office establishment to
oope wit11 tllc ever-increnringdamend for ma p . He was able t o recruit apprentice
l l ) L) . ~ . 149 ( 141-5) 23-9-2il. IDDO. 200 ( 21-2 ), 13-8-23. I D h . 187 ( 49 ). 184-23 ; con6rmd
d e r C1) 1- B M. 11-6-21 ( 84 ). Hm ass now o%nior ta all the field rurveyora. b e i i the ) bmU0
A w e d tu all aoldiera onntonments. ' DDn. I28 ( 13-6 ). 28-3-23.
draughtsn~cn and surveyors, and brought Turnbull into tho offico to train them
[IIO, 3771.
In 1825 Montgomerie, who had succeeded on Mount.fordls death,
engaged Joshua L)e Penning, who hntl rcsigned from the Great Trigonometricel
Survey in 1824 [ 245, 326 1, and in January 1827 the establishment stood ;
Lieutenant and Brevet Captain D. Montgomerie. Deputy Surveyor General ... Re. 57048
Thomlls Ti~rnbull, eenior Amistnnt Surveyor and Instructor of the npprenticea ... 15748
J. De Penning, senior Assistant Surveyor, entertained [ 11-4-26] by order of
Govt. 11th Yarrlr 1826 ... ... ... ... ... 113-12'
C. Ignntio, Hoad Dra~iqhtsman 132-8
J. Gnntz' Drnughtsmnn 87-8 [ from 20-lW26 to 9-2-28 ]
J. C. JosephJ
42-0 [ from 1-5-23 ]
J. Clamp 52-8 [ from 2(cl(V26 ] 304-08
)lark Healy Apprentice Draughtsmnn [ from 1-5-25 ] 21
...
E. Rodrigups ,, 3 1
J. Summed ,, ,. [ from 1-.i-251 31
... ... ...
Wm. Ignatio ,, 2 1 e4-0
... ... ... ... ... 3 Writers ... 73- 8
... ... ...
Pormnnent contingent and office rent ... 238- 4
At the entl of 1825 tlle drawing ofice was reinforced from HyderZhBd and
Northern C'ircirs for two field Reasons.
Cr i ~p took Hill t.0 Calcutta Snell took long
lcavo on medical certificate, ant1 tl~eir asaiat.ant sul.veyors were brought in to
Madras [ 118, 376-7 1. When the surveys were resumed, Moatgotnerie asked
... that 12 apprentice8 may be imm~cliately entertained for t he dutim of Dr ~f t smen and Sw-
veyors. ... They become much more usefill tliun if t,rained up merely ay draft*men, and e
draft,sman can hardly excol in delineating t he features of tho country unlaps he has prmtiaed
... in the field as a surveyor. ... I would reco~nmend t he aamo allowance for cloathingand main-
tenance as heretofore. ... viz., 21 rupees eaoh per mensem, and t hat t he monthly sum of
35 rupees be also ennctioned to enable t he instructor to afford them accomodation6.
By September 1828 there were 11 apprentices under instruction [ 377 1. beside8
the office-establishment of 6 dmughtsmen, 1 apprentice and 3 writers, and in view
of this increase. and other res~onsibilit,ieu. Monteomerie's staff mv was raised to
. "
Rs. 760-& montil a t the sacrid& of half-bathe.
"
I n February 1827, when Goldinghem took furlough pending retirement, Mont-
gomerie took charge of the Observatory, with an allowance of 100 pagodas a month,
and moved the Survey office across to it. I n October 1830 tho new astronomer,
Thomaa Taylor [ 257 n.z 1, arrived from England, and Montgomerie withdrew "to
s commodious house ( Sullivan's Gardens ) "'.
After his appointment 8s Surveyor General of India, Meckenzie'e only mntaot
with the Bombay Preeidenoy was his correspondence with Elphinstone, Resident
at Poone, regarding the survey of the Deccen [ 124 1. He writes in October 1820 ;
The next Annual Report for 1810 & 20 ... will be eubmittad es soon es ~ i b l e . Meen-
time, ... es no communication hes yet been made from t he Government of Bombay since t he
abolition of t he Surveyor General's Office them. ... and no report of t he ~~ying Department
of t hat Presidency haa yet been ... cornmunicetad t o me, i t s e e m desirable t hat meesuren ehould
be taken for phi ng t hat Department ... in communication with t he Surveyor General. and
perhapa for t he ... formation of an office for t het purposes.
Disregarding revenue surveys, the Bombay Government replied that the only
survey completed since 1815 was that of " the boundary of the Settare Territoriee
[ 171 1, which has been recently forwarded to Bengal", whilst "the Survey of the
Deckan by Major Sutherland is yet in progress"B. They consultad Madm about
the "Surveyors' establishn~ent" maintained a t that presidency, and at tho same
time invited comment from Williams who, since the abolition of the office of Surveyor
'raised to Rn. 157-8 in 1827, with pension 22t 8. 'previous wrviae under CE. ; recantly mturnd
from Penang. 'probably Chne. Joaepb. tr. 1933 to GO. G~louttn, whsm 119 draw many important mnpe.
'probably aon of Jam- Summers. appce. Survr. 1800 [ 11. 35~ I. 'DDn. 922 ( 2 ). 12-1-27 * DDn. 897
( 4 ).3&12-28. 'ib. ( 246 ), 20-10-30. Bo MC. 28/1820 ( 2 2, ; 15-10-20. * Bo. Csstle, 22-1-21.
General had continued to act as their survey adviser [ 279-80 1. Williams welcomed
the opportunity to ventilate his disgust a t Hodgson's appointment M Surveyor
General [ 300 1, which was even more bitter than his disappointment at Mackenziegs
selection in 1815 [ 11, 457 ] ;
In January 1815 ordere were received here ... for abolishing the office of Surveyor &neral
a t the three Prwidencies, and for the appointment of one Surveyor General of India, qpen
to eelection from the Mililary Servanta at the three Premdenciea. I had then been 8 yeam Surveyor
General of this establishment, and I submitted ...a claim to the new office. ... The answer
to it was..."that His Lordship has decided on bestowing the appointment of Surveyor General
on Colonel Mackenzie, of the Madras Engineers" [ 11, 306-7 1.
After what had thus pesed. I never entertained a doubt ( aa Colonel Crawford .,.had
returned to Europe ) of ... having the next claim to the situation. ... and I continued with
unabated zeal ... to pursue the improvements in the general geogmpliy of India. ...
Thwe pursuits were, of come, greatly interrupted by the dutiag of the Revenue Branch,
... on whicli Government had been pleased to employ me. Still, I cannot but feel proud of
having just brought. to a completion ... a General Map of India on a scale of 9 inches to a
degree [ 280 ] ; a work which has not disappointed the Government here. ...
Information unexpectedly reached Bombay ... of the death of Colonel AIackenzie. ... I felt
very confident that I should not be overlooked. ... The latest intelligence from Calcutta, how.
ever, announces the appointment of Captain J. A. Hodgson. ... I only ask that the degree
of my disappointment ... may be ... deemed ... asufficiont rsaeon for the alteration of my intention
of going round to Calcutta. In the meantime ... the General Map of Hindustan is entirely
ready for transmission to Bengal [ I, 219 ; 11, 2.18-5 ; 111. 280 1. ...
The establishment as well as pay of Surveyor General ceased on the 1st March 1816. ...
All the expenrres of carrying on the duti -...remained upon me. The h a 1 preparation of the
great map alone has cost a good deal of money, ae well as the preparation of many other papem
of magnitude and importance ... during the last 5 or 6 years. Although I have ... derived con-
siderable ~ssistance from the Revenue Survey office, yet there have been ... additional charges
of various descriptions, of which I am sure the Honourable the Governor in Council will ...
sanction the reimbursement. ... They must have at leaet amounted on an average to 80 rupees
per month, from the time the Surveyor General's establishment was etoppedl.
The Governor, 3lountst11art Elphinstone, noted that
Major Williama has. ..been referred to... on all subjects connected with geography, and b
it exactly ae if he was still Surveyor General. I have ... no heeitation in a p i n g to
the allowances he requiree, but I think he ie likewise entitled to a peraonal allowance for per.
forming dutias entirely unconnected with the Revenue Surveying.
The arrangement which abolished the office of Surveyor General of Bombay must restrict
t o the remuneration suitable for an Assistant or Deputy Surveyor General, an office we
ought long ago t o have formed, and without which we could not ... have gone on, hed not
Major Williams gratuitously performed the dutiee. Ae Major Williams ... waa formerly Surveyor
~ener el . he might not be pleesed to be now paid as an assietant. We might grant him. ... in
eddition to the 80 rupees for establishment, a eum equal to the pay of the Aesistant Surveyor
General a t 'Mdraa'.
Though Williams was now told that a special oxtra anowance of Rs. 700 a month
had been applied for, he still pressed the injustice of Hodgson's appointment, and
submitted a memorial asking that he might be appointed "Principal of the Survey
Deportment" in Bombay. This the Bombay Government agreod to forward, but
out that tho choice between candidates war a question on which
the Governor General alone is...q uali8ed to decide. With regard to the appointment you have
wast ed, the manner in which the Survey Department a t this Preeidenoy is hereafter to be
eomtituted forms at present a subject of reference to the Supreme Government. If, however.
... arrangement8 should present any situation...suitable to an office of your rank end merite, the
Governor in Council will have much entiefaction in appointing you to it9.
Williams refused to he reco~lciled, and in November his resignation wes accepted.
He wont on furlougll shortly after 19th November 1821, handing over oll survey
duties to CYuiktjhank [ 170-1 1. It was not until February 1823 that the Directors
authorized RH. 200 a month in addition to his other allowances from the date of
abolition of hi d post as Survcyor Gcnera14 [351].
'from Williernm. 24-8-21, 'Bo MC. 20/1020 ( 109-10). 6-7-21. "ib. B-8-21. 'OD Co Ba
26-2-23 ( 2 ).
From 1st May 1822 Sutherland wee appointed Assistant Surveyor hner al l , with
his office as depot for
of mery epeciea of geogrephical information, and 0iTioa-m in charge of eurveya to receive their
i&mctiom through him. Monthly communication of the progress of eaoh eurvey, together
rsith the work proposed ... during the ensuing month, t o be made to the hi e t e nt Burveyor
&meral, who will eubmit to Government frequent reports on the etate of the surveya. ...
OWcera in oharge of w e y a to be left uncontrolled on d mattera of detail or the mamer
of exeauting their imtmctiona [ inf 1.
The Assietmt Swe y o r General to take under hde particular congizance ell routes or eurveya
b e d on with troops moving through districts imperfeotly known, and to be careful in preserv-
ing ... documents which ere to be transmitted t o his oflice. ...
The Aesistant Surveyor General to correspond direct with the Surveyor Qeneral of India
... but m y chenge directed by the Sumeyor General is to be communicated to the Government
before it is cerried into effect.
The Revenue Surveyors will furnish any geographical information they may posseae when
called upon, but ... they are...to be independent of the Assistant Surveyor Generela.
Sutherland's nppoint~ucnt was warmly urclcomed by Hodgaon3. Handing over
charge of tho Deccan survey to Jopp, he mado Poonn his headquarters. His small
office st,aff hlcluded the nxpcrienccd drnughtsmun Webhe and Sl ~ndt who had worked
under Malcolm and Williams [ 281 1, and were now ttmnsfcrrt:d from the GujarBt
revenue survey toguther with all t,lio goographical maps and papers that Cruikshank
could disentangle.
Tho tmncfer was corn[)leted by November 1H324.
Sutherland was upgra(1ed t.o be Deput.y Srnveyor Gonera16 in May 1823 [ ~ z o ]
but protested that his salary ru~nnined thc same aq whnn in charge of the D~ccan
survey, though his responsibilit,it!s harl bmn much increased.
It wns ~t ~i l l a long t,imc beforc thcro was any clo.2~ co-ol~erat,ion between Bornbay
end tho Surveyor Cienoral, and in May IS24 Blacker ost)rossed diaappointmont a t
the scantiness of tho inforlnrttion providetl in Sutherland's reports, and asked the
reeaon which induced the establishment of your head quarters at Pooneh instead of the
Presidency. ... I cennot discover why an a.rrtxngernent, which ut Bengal and the Con& [ 193 n.a]
ia indispensable to the ... duties of the department, should be uumecessnry a t Bombay'.
Again in l J ~ ~ ~ l ~ 1825 ;
On the 29th January Iaat I cellcd, arnonp other docnments, for certain reports, ... and
being still on the 26th Marrh last without u reply. I on that date tr~manitted to you a dupli-
cate of my former letter. Although 1 have since been favoured with two several reports, ...
you have omitted t o notice the perticula~. information I demanded. ... I...repeat my former
o d e re... that you will ... transmit methodized lists ... accolmting ... for the delay, which has imposed
on me the tnak of frequently repeating the same i n s t r r ~c t i o ~~.
In February 1826 Sutzherland took furlough, liavhig spr,nt 24 out of hi s 28 yoars
service on survoy. Jopp succeeded him, and still wtained headquarters a t
Poona. On Hodgson's protest against his signing liirns 9lf" Depoty Surveyor General
of India", he pressed, without success, for improved status ;
I do not poaqess the advantages enjoyed hy Deputies of other Departments, of holding
oharge of a superior station nor, in the absence of Principals, have I the proepect of ~uccession
to a superior grade ... Although nominally only a Deputy, I am virtilally at the head of a
Depertment at this Presiclency ...in the situation of rt Deputy in Charge. ... Although promoted
... from Superint,ending Surveyor of a Provulce to the highorofficialsituatiouof Deputy Surveyor
General of India, s~l ch prornotiou ha9 not beon attondad with any increue of allowunceu@.
In 1827 Hodgson cullod attontion to LIK: il~stru~tio.lq ~~l i l l ) r wi1i3h Jopp W R ~
preoluded from directing the officere under yot r superintendence in mntters of detail, ... Ae
thoae earpraaeiom ere evidently inconsistent with tho auperinton~iing power delegetmi ... by t he
seme order, ... it ... appeam to me t o be ...p roper that. the Daputy Surveyor (3eneral. who ie
rseponeible to the Government, should have the power of ... controuling ... t l ~e surveyors under
him in ell mettera which he deem conducive to the good of the service. ... I requcrat you will
bring the mbject to the notice of the Honourable the Governor h CouncilD [ aup 1.
Bo QO. 14-22. Bo MC. ( Camp ). 5911822 : 25-3-22. DDn. 198 ( 224 ). 3025-22. BO RC.
8811823 ( 1W ), 12-11-aZ. b 1 3 . ' DDn. 220 (99 ). 18-5-24. 'ib. ( 82 ). 74%26. Bo YC.
Isellme ; 30-11-20, * D D ~ 220 ( ~3 1, m-7-27.
The eatiablishment of the ofice on 31st Ootober 1828 wear es under';
Captain Jopp. Deputy Surveyor General ; staff pay. Rs. 600 ; offioe rent, 180 1 .,
writen, 130 ; herkssaa, peons and laecua, 82 ; stetionmy, h w i n g mat er U eta. Ra. 1111
... ... ... Mr. W. Webbe, Asst. Surveyor ... ... 460
Mr. W. Sundt , ,, ... ... ... ... ... 3M)
DraRamen ... .,. ... ... ... ... 800
Toma ... nS.2711
Eatabliebment of Writers, Harhuraq Peons and Laran.. .
1 Writer ... ... Ra. 80 2 Hark- @ 12 Aupu. . . Ik. P4
... 1 Writer ... 60 2 P m 0 1 0 , ... ... 20
Establiebment of Draftamen. ... Government letter dated 12th M q 1886 [ oar 1 3
... ... ... 2 Drahmen @ 150 Rupoes eecb ..& Ra 900
... ... ... ...
2 ,. @loo ,, 200
... ... ... ...
4 ,, @ 778 .. 300
Ra. 800
From the time of Mackenzie's appointmrnt as Surveyor General of Msdres he
had been rcsponsiblt: for reporting oxpendituro on all surveys, including Lambtonla,
and this was continued on his appointment as Survoyor General of India
[ 307 1.
Larubtoil's expenditure for October 1815 wasP
Salary, &c., of the Superintendent ... ... Pagodasa 602-2046
. . . . . . L a a m, Coolies ... ... . . . . . 136-0-0
Guard ... ... ... ... . . . . . 77-35-40
4 Aseistant Surveyors ... ... ... . . . 213-16-0
Total, besides extra Contingencies 77-18-86, . . . . . 929-34-05
On t ransf~r to t l ~o Supreme Govc~rnmr~nt he was ordercd to put forward rocom-
menchtiona regerdulg his est~ablisl~mci~t,, who would now be serving outside their
own presidancy4 [ 225-6, 379 ] ;
You will ... ncldresu yourself without delay ... tllro' ... the Public Department on all pointa
of detail ... relating to your people, e&abliahrnent, papers, records, etc., which require the
interposition of Govonlment. ... You will alno correspond ... thro' tlio same channel, on all topicu
... on which you have hitherto usually communicated with the Government of Fort St. Georges.
Lambton's first rcyuest was for improved pay for his three msistant surveyore,
Peter Lawrence having been discharged a t the end of 1817 [ 378-9 1, and for their
number to be increased to H ~ X . He asked for an incrchso to his escort [ 228, 406 1, and
there will be varioue contingout expencea. ... many of which cannot be foreseen. ... The
principal ones are those when the inhabitants are employoil ... in making roads and getting up
the mountains, where sometimes I...employ three liuntlretl ; but by paying aa many fanams
I prevented the delay of ...p erhapfl ten or fifteen days. ...
There are various other exponces, mch as... signnl flags and flag staves ; building permanent
p l e t f o m ; aid given and materials supplied when tho base-Iinea are measured. ... The con-
tingent account also includes the sepoys' clothing ; stationery ; new instrument boxea, or the
repair of old nnes, otc. But ... I have had a full di~cretion to do what I thought was neceeeary,
... and...the Civil Auditor had ordors to pass a11 nccountu bearing my signature.
My supplies of cash have come from the Colloctom, and sometimes from the Military Pay-
masters, when I wnn in tho Compnny'u Difit,ricts, ant1 these gentlemen were directed ... to furnieh
cash for bilk on my private Agenta [ 269 n.1 1, to whom I sent a draught on the Sub-Treasurer.
... Now that I am in t.he Xizam's country, I am supplied in the same manner by the Residenta.
His return of expenses for Janual*y l nl n, nhewn in Madras rupees which were
worth a littlo 1r.s~ than ~ i c c a lupees, ma y as under ;
Bnkrg to Ueut. Col. W. Lambton ... MBdras Rupees 14004040 [ 3521
Addition sqeal to the bmyuny'n sllowanoe to a Major
for half-batta, anrl tent dlowance for 31 days ... ... 360-03-08
Allowances for the carriage of Instrument. ... ... ... 301-0040
' D h . 234 ( 8 ), 1-3-20. 8Q.'n 14-12-16 ; W. 12-1-18. ' 80 m h 1 fanam ; 42 /oMm 1 4 ;
1 pqda from 3 to 4 &mad tupesa [ II, 278 n.7 *Mamkendo'a a t d hnd all had in- of pa a
t m~ f e r to Bengal[f~j 11.21. afrom Bsc. to ad: 26-l&l? 1 DDn. 61 (80). 'DDn. BB (M), 27-1l-1~~
Pay of 1 Jemsder, inoluding batta for 31 daym 91-114
,. 4 Hevildm ,, 61-10-00
,, I Naige 61-10-00
,. 48 N ~ P O Y ~ 461-0843
..... 24 Flag Coolies aLd 1 tappal'~80n1 ,. 1764o-m
... Balery to J. T)e Punning ... ... ... 157-08-00
... ... ,, J. Olliver ... ,.. 122-0840
... ,, W. Rossenrode ... ... ... 122-0840
... Horse aIIowence for thrm ... ... ... 41-04-00
... Tent ellowenoe for three ... ... ... 73-08-00
... 3 Leacam for J. l)e Panning ... ... ... 28-11-02
... 4 Lmcarn for J. OUiver & W. Roanenrode ... ... 3844-02
Total Abstract. Biccrr Rupees ... 3280-10-07'
Expenditure wt~s increased at the end of 1818 by t,he arrival of Everest end
Voysey [zz7-8, 3531, and in October 1819 Lambton asked for hi8 ellowence for
c a mi ~ g ~ of instruments to bc increased 40 as to cover t.he many instrument,^ he had
acquirod on his privetc? avcount [ 257 1, and aLso for
... two private or baggage tents for each instrument : ono for the guard, and one for the inatru-
ment and the ...p eople who remain with it on the mountaul. There ia besidw an observing
tent...carried by three cooliaq. ... -4s these tents are built and carried a t my expencw t wiah
that something equivalent to the tent allowance for five t,ents map be granted.
I have for many yeam been using iwtrumente for the public service which are my own
property, and, which being of the highest order, have cost me considerable sums of money
[ 11. 2.54 1. ... With respect to the tents, I havo never been in the habit of charging anything.
even in the contingent account. The erpence, however, becomes now so heavy that I venture
to eubmit the circumstance to the con~iderat~ion of Government3.
Becoming impatient et receiving no reply about the pay of his msietants and
the strength of his escort, he put in e strong reminder hl August 1820 ;
Ae near three years havo elapsed aince my letter of the 28th November 1817 wna submitted
to the Surveyor General, without my having received any reply, ... and -...he ie now on the
see-coast [ 18, 300 1, where he may remain for many months, I milst beg leave once more to
... bring this suhject t,o the notice of the Most Noble the Governor General in Council.
If the dclitional mcort ia not approved of, it may be reduced. and the old number
remain. ... but the partifir in the field must have g u d a from the line. The paregraphe regard-
ing the contingent eqencss and supplies of cash were all complied with when I waa a t Calcutta
[ 228 1. AE to orders to the public functionaries, it will be better that they be given when I
em likely to stand in need of them. The same with respect t o the Cornmisscrriw of Bt om. So
that nothing now remnim ... but ... what relate^ to the Sub-heistants [ 379 1' .
Meckenzie strill did nothing, but the matter was t,nken up by Hodgson directly
he became Sunwyor (:enera1 [ 300 1. He strongly supported Lambton's recom-
mendat,ions even though they added Rs. 672-15-1 p.m. to the expense of the survey ;
I coincide ... on the expediency of augmentin8 the salarie~ of the th me... aasistanta, and of
adding three more to his wtabliehment. To state my remol~s. ..would only be to repeat those
urged by Colonel Lwnbton. ... In such important .... operations ... the t mmt economy is t o employ
a d c i e n t number of assistants of the beet talent*, and to afford them liberal t~llowmcea. ...
Aa to the increased number of assistants, it Reelns a pr~blir advantage that as rnnny yo~mg
men aa may ho weful should reap the benefit of the instruction they will ... receives.
Hodgson'~ rt~commendat.ions were arcept.ed forthwith, and confirmed later by
the Directors wit,hout the dighkst demure, so the nlannnr in which they wore held
up by Mackenzie eplJenra t,he more unrensonablo [ 304-5 1.
On Lambton's death Everest had difficulty in procuring cash for official pey-
ments, more especially 8s bhe Trigonometrical Sur ~c y had lrsc+n t,rensferred to the
Xlitary Department. under the same orders a:: applied to the Survnyor Ck+nard [ 31 1,
who recommended that cis the Superintendent hes such a large eshblishment, end
may occnsionally have to detach some of his people at short notice, ... and ... make disbursemen&
for contingent expensea ... which canuot always be foreaeen, m d when it is considered that
hie dut i e~ must frequently place him remote frnm the regular rhrulnels of payment, ... he may
be authorized under pressulg circumstrwlces to receive advanem. ... for a considerable period
...
must elapse ere the audited bills om be paid in the regular course of disbmement7.
post runner [I. 303 : n. 334 I. a DDn. 92 (12 ). 1-2-18.
a DDn. 144 ( 388-92 ). %lo-10. 4 DD,,.
146 (3860), 81-8-20, a DDn. 6*(03), 1-21.
' CD to B. 2WO-23 (46). 7 DDn. 198 ( 101-a), &&=.
The utmost ext ent to which Government would relax pre-audit was to promhe
that ordere will be comrnunicated...to insure adjustment of Captain Evereet's abstracts monthly
on their pramtation t o whatever Pay O5cer he may be a t any time most approaimate, by
draft payable at the nearest practicable point t o which Captain Evereat may approach.
Under this arrangement an irregular mode of transacting buaineas will be avoided, and...the
went0 of Captain Everest's department will be sufficiently provided for1.
The esteblish~rient taken over by Everost was ;
Salary to Captain Geo. Evereat. Superintendent S k u Rugoea 1300-0040
... AUownnce for carriage of imtmmenta ... ... 3B4-0040
Pay of one Jemndnr, ono haddar. three nai.guea and
... ... thirty sepoya. with bath for 30 duye ... 3m7-10
... Pay of 24 Bag coolice end 1 tappal peon ... ... 102-0840
... AUow~oe for 6 private or bsggage tents ... ... 11Ck00-00 2238-15-10
Salnrg to H. W. Voysey, Esq.. Surgeon, etc. ... 6 - x
, a Dmser ... ... ... ... 4 0 - 0 0 5 64O-OO-00
. Joahun De Penning, let Sub-histant ... ... 4m0- 00
. . . . ... .. Joscph OUiver 2nd ... 250-00-00
... ,, William Rossenrode 2nd . . . 1382 ] ... 250-0040
,, William Lumbton 3rd ,, ,, ... ... 107-0&00
. . . . . Joseph De Penning 3rd ... ... 107-00-00
,, Xurray Torrick 3rd ,. ,, ... ... 1074040 1221-0040
Total Sicca Rupeea 4007-18-10
Within twelve months he had lost t he services of Voysey and Joshua De
Penning [ 245 1, and young ItTilliain Lamhton [ 379 ] ; J os e ~~l i De Penning was
dincharged a t t he end of 182.5 as unliltely t o make a useful surveyor.
As he advanced northwards t,hrough t he wild hi l l u north of Bergr [243-5 1,
Everest had considerable dificulties about cwh ;
The unusually large amount of the contingent account for last month requires, I think,
some explanation. ... It has been necessary t o move all tho i ns t me nt s and heavy apparatus
... above the Ghats to Honsrmgabad, where I have deposited them in a bungalow of my own,
end aa no regular charge is allowed for the carriage, ... I have been obliged to pay such price
for cooly hire as the local authoritim chose to fix. The transport ... has been IW cheap es I
could...m&e it, but the expence is still heavy.
I...carry about ..a large sum of money. frequently ... 4,000 rupee8 and upwards, ... at my
ownrisk, and ... advanced from my private funds. Still, it in a measure of absolute necessity
... in this desolate tract of country, and hence arises a monthly charge for coolee hire.
I trarwmitted my monthly bills to the Paymaster at Nagpur in March last, with the request
t hat he would forward the amount in Nagpore mpeea. ... In lieu he sent me a bill on the
sub-treesurer at Fort William. This bill was cashed by the Paymaster a t Ellichpoor in Nagpore
rupee0 a t a lose of 4 RE. 6 annaa 7 pies per cent, and. AJ I was then entering e tract of
country where these NpeeS only were current, I waa obliged to abide by the loss. ...
AE the monthly abstract cannot be sent for payment before the termination of the month,
I am obliged to advance the pay. ..as well as all contingent charges from my private funds. ...
As it is impossible for me to violate the long-established custom. ..of paying up all errem,
I must continue t o submit to the lorn and inconvenience. ... I t would, however, be of greet
~ r v i c e if a written authority ... were...to enabIe...Mr. Olliver to draw the amount of the re@r
abhacta...in the event of my absence. Without much provision it is inconceivable what...
conhaion would take place in case any accident should occur to mea.
The inability of " H~ R Lordship in Council ...to sanction any departure &om the
established rules " weighed very heavy on Everest, who pointed out t hat regulations
were not. devised for work in such inaccesaihle tracts, and t het without
some indulgence in the settlement of my contingent accounts, the total ruin of my private
... affairs is inevitable. ... I have no hope of escaping a perpetual correepondence, ... the evil
of which I muat deeply deplore, became every how is of importance t o me ; because to the
performance of my professional duties an undivided attention and mind free from anxiety
ere indi~penaebly necesaery, and because it will be ... imposeible t o liberate my ofice from
curreare of oalculation ... u n l w ... my present corrwpondenoe be coneiderably.reduced. ...
I have never evinced any disinclination to use my own private funds in the public eervice,
but...have almost always large ~ums advanced on the public accounta.
The difficulty wen eventually met by tho deputation of e special commisseriet
official t,o undert,akc all diehursenronts ;
'DDn. 107 ( 80 ). 17-10-23. ' DDn. 171 ( 180-4 ), 114%. 'ib. ( 280-70 ). 17-8-24.
In 1824...the delay in passing my bill0 ww such that I had upwards of 20,000 rupoee of
my own money advnnced on the public account, and carried about in my writing derk
authority from my agent8 on native bankers in dl the large towns near my line of operatiom
... to the amount of 40,000 rupees. At length ... orders were bed to the Pay Department t o
pay my monthly bills immediately on presentation at the neareat pay offlce, ... md a Com-
mlesariat Agent, provided with funds from his own department, was placed in attendance ... to
... relieve me from all further concern with the contingent accounts1 [415-61.
When Everest toolc furlough to Europe, he left under 0llivc.r'~ charge
Mr. Joeoph OUiver. 1st Sub-A~sistant ... ... ... Sicco Re. ... 400-&0
. . . . . .. Wm. Ruenonrode 2nd ... ... ... 300-04
. . . . . .. Murray Torricli 3rd ... ... ... 140-0-0
,. John Poyton 3rd . . . . . ... ... ... 107-0-0
1 Sirder end 2 instrument coolies @ Re. 7-2 ... ... ... 219-8-0
... 12 principal tlng.coolies @ Re. 5 ... ... ... 06-0-0
6 Hurkaraha @ Re. 8 ... ... ... ... 30-04
1 Jcmadar. 1 hnvildar, 3 nnihs nnd 30 sepoye ... ... ... 3324-9
Allowance for 6 prlvate tenta @ Re. 22 ... ... ... 88- 04
1 Dresser ... ... ... ... ... 404- 0
---
Total Sn. Rupees ... 1752-84
Contingent expences ... are paid by the Commiesariat, and in order to pr wr ve efficiency it
is merely necemary that the native agent should be regularly supplied with rash to meet the
current demands. ... Camels mu& be supplied by the Commissariat Department ... viz.,-for the
office tent 2 camels-for the mediaine cheats 2 camela--stationery and book boxes 1 camel-
Total 51.
Olliver set out with his brief from tho Surveyor Cdneral [ z ~ I ] ;
You will despatch your abst,racts on the 1st of the month to the Paymaster at Benarea.
by whom will be remitted to you without delay the draft for the amount. ... If you have a
sufficient escort in waiting at Saugor a t the proper time, you will be able to disb~uae t he pay
... of the establishment in a short period after it shall be due.
You wi l l no doubt me the expediency of regulating your control over the establishment
with such a mixture of knneas and kindnew aa shall attech all the individuals of it to the
... common object, and ensure the success of the survey.
Keep a regular acquittance roll. which will always bear witness to y o u integrity and fidelity.
You will pursue the example already set you by the Superintendent in yoiu communics-
tion with the civil authorities and Commiseeriat ; and your own good sense will direct...^
tone of respect in all your addresees to officers of authority, whether civil or military=.
He wm from time to time dieturbed by audit ~bject~ions, as we all have been,
and he eppeals against a cut of Rs. 30 p.m. for rent of a house during the rains ;
Secure shelter is ementially neceeeary during the rainy season for the office, ... laying wide
the urgent advantage of obtaining efficient medical aid by taking up monsoon quartera a t .a
military station, ns also the advantage offered in the magazine in the way of sundry repairs
and improvements to the inatrumente, etc. ... If the department were to remain during the
raim at some village, ... it would even then be necessary to erect a temporary sort of thatched
roof d c i e n t l y secured from boisterous weather, es well es from cold blasts and damp. ...
I have earneatly t o solicit ... mme mangement t o free me fiom...retrenchment on actual
expencea. ... Independent of...offim rent, objection is made on the sepoy clothing bill. and
I am at a loss. ..to have that item arranged for. I have no competent authority t o indent
on my but the Commiseariat Department for all items of contingent expencar. ... Should ...
the charge for omce rent [ be ] inarlmissable, I must cheerfully submit t o the decision and bear
the loas, but...what would be expected of me in the way of having an office ... during the
monsoon' ?
Control of expenditure wm so close that the Surveyor Gonera.1 had to apply to
Government before he could authorize Olliver to ongage 12 peclc-bullocks for the
carriage of consumable supplies through Rewah and Palamau, ea they were extra
to the seven cemels authorized for Government property.
'Dh. 280 ( C) , 22-5-33. 'Dh. 171 (412). 2-26. 'Dh. 201 ( 173 ), 11-11-2& 4DD..
174 ( 38 ), 3-1-27.
CHAPTER XXIII
SURVEYORS
BENQAL : Topographical Surveyma - Revenue Surveyors - Quurtermaster Qeneral'a
Ojkera -MADRAS ; Mi l i t ay Imtiktion - Quartennaater Qeneral'a Oficers -Surveyor
Qeneral'a Oficere -TRIOONOMETRICAL SURVEY -BOMBAY - Uniform.
W
ITH but few exceptions all Bengal surveyors were withdrawn for military
duty during the NepLl War, and many of them did usefill survey whilst on
active service [ 11, 40-3, go 1. The majority of military surveyors came
from the infantry for, though the Directors urged the employment of engineer
officers who were given special survey training in England [ 11, 308-9 ; 111, 317 1,
these could seldom be spared, and Mackenzie deplores a shortage that compelled
the employment of untrained officers on engineer duties ;
If ... employment ... wi t l ~oi ~t the presun~ed necessary qualifications is a a c i e nt , why h p
up a Cor p of Engineem at nu ? But if a body of officers, educated for the expreae purpose
of conducting ... wor kr... of defence and of military architecture, is necessary, ... why ehould
they not be in a eufficient number [ 11, 309 ; 111, 330. 3.10 ] ?I
He had only recently come up from Madras, and was shocked at the caaual way
thet survey officers were appointed. IVlorrieson, for instance, was given a totally
inexperienced assistant in the Sundarbans :
Captain MacGregor never has been employed on any eurvey in any way whatever. This
is hie first step in tho line of an mi st ant . He hRs never been in the Sundarbw~de in hie life,
which u one cor~tinued net of rivers. Were his firat attempta to be made with a perambu-
lator and compass on shore, it would be hard enough to drive him out at once without having
seen a survey even on lem f i r m. but, when placed in a boat a t the mercy of currants and
winds, getting hia rate by a piece of string-with the numberleee difficulties-he is sure of mis.
takas. ... It would be... very unfair. ..his being directed to take charge of the survey. ...
He ought not t o go to the Sunderbunds now; ... my being sick is unfortunate, but it.
ought not to place him in so reeponeible a situation. ... Had Captain MacGregor been permitted
t o join me a t the time of his appointment. ... he would have seen enough of the country and
the survey ... t o take charge of the business now, but he did not join, and lost the opportunity.
When I waa an aesietant myself, and when I had Lieutenant Ychalch as my aeeietant
[ 11, 17 n.2 1, it WEB always cuetornary for the eurveyor and meistaut to be together during the
-on that the work was a t a stend. I ehould therefore imagine thet ...Captain BbcGregor'e
proper place would be with me if the boats are dieohargeda.
Though Mackenzie had met Hodgson at work in 1814, he knew nothing of
Herbert who wm taking over the GarhwLl survey [ 35, 303 ] ;
I feel very much a t a 1088 ; all t h b would be removed by ... the usual practice ... of intimating
when a eurveyor ie removed, relieved, or appointed. and whether the survey is to be con-
tinued, and by whom. I do not by any means presume t o interfere in their appointments,
and only deeire to be informed...to enable me to report when called on. ...
Of Mr. Horbert, I am glad to hear your favourable opinion. The Principal, Captain
Hod-, would a110 have weight with me, ... but I consider the appointments of all surveyors
and their aesietants the peculiar prerogative of the Governor General [ I. 269 1, and when at
any timd the opinion of the Surveyor General is aaked ae t o profeeeional matters, it should
be framed on his knowledge of proficiency or talents. It is for this reason that I would recom-
mend that specimens should be regularly submitted. Had Mr. Herbert's field boob only
been sent down ae I proposed, I could be prepared to bear testimony t o hia merita. YOU
see Capbin Hodgeon declined this, and even quotea the reguletione againat it [ 347. 354-5 1.
' DDn. 151 (63). 10-12-18: Enginoer oadre, Beugel. 1820.30 ofloem only.
from Morrieson. 274-18.
DDn. I47 ( 13742 ).
328
Captain Hodgeon's remove1 t o enother duty, end his eiokneaa, intemptr hia closing it.
Mr. Herbert is a promising young man. Do you think he hes experience enough to oonduct
operetione thet may come in contsot with the moat scientific men in Europe ? Thet he
pas- d o u r and all that theoreticel knowledge that would justify hie appointment in
eny common cam I can believe. ... Would it not be a good plan to put the whole of that
Thibet survey, ... from the Jumne t o Almore, under Captain Webb's direotion ? Both, in
fact, tho' aepereted a t first by accidont I preaurne, ought to have formed but one work ; Mr.
Herbert might then be ... advan~wd in salery and comfort, while he end the public derived
confidence from Captain Webb's experience and telents. About the letter there can be no
hesitation after the etrong testimonial he has producer1 from the Astronomer Royel [ 44 1. ...
Thero is another offlcer in this country who has very strong testimonials from the Astro-
nomer Royel ; he belonge to one of H.M.'s Regiments of Dregoonsl. I know not how he conlea
not to be employed. I have not the honour of being knr~wn to him, but I presume it is owing
to a modest diffidence that sometimes keops back men of merit, and perhaps to a not illaudable
spirit that, in time of ection, lceeps back mlicitation. Such men should be sought for. provider1
the public expenditure permitted, but these economical regulations make us all tunid. ...
To return to the Kumoon ... surveys ; ... I have latoly applied for an assistant rlraftamen
to Captein \!'ebb, n young mall who I truat will be usefula, and if two native assiqtants could
be ettachecl to him, ... we might expect n good account of the whole of that country in e
reasonable time. I t has been now going un for 4 yearn. I think, but with a lame esteblishment.
for ... that work should never have heen committml to two separete officers without aid or
aesistanta. ... In such n situation, in wild tracts, in rl~gned narrow valleys where the peasage
from one to another is oven n matter of difficulty to men in tall the vigor of health, what ia to
be expected but ... vexatio~ls interruption. and, the result of nll, ill-hotrlth 3
You will see. I am an advocate for all these works, but ... on a regular system of subordina-
tion-work well-and pay wells [ t-page 1.
He was most anxious t o get Thomas Oliver as assistant to Herbert [38] ;
When I lmt took occasion t,o mentinn your name...tn the Governor General. His Excellency
seemed inclined to think the eituation rather belonged to the Quarter Master General [ 334-7 1.
I almost gave up the pursuit in despair. ... I recommended the propo~itiun ngain thro' Mr.
Metcalfe's medium; ... I believe ... it only raquires now to be brought before Council. ...
Drawings of plnns have nt nll time been considered an ea.sential qu~lification for a sur-
veyor. ... Drawings of all kinds, views, etc.. have ...p romoted the advancement of officers. but
that of map-drawing, tho' somewhat neglected of late, is... an essential, next to ... adequate
mathematical ... knowledge, ... whose applicat.ion to tho different kinds of surveys can only be
acquired by practicea.
Two surveys, Garo Hills and t.he Sundarbans, had been closed down because of
the surveyors' death or sickness [ 1z,49 1, and after Garling's death at Hydergbid
[ 1171, Meckenzie urged the Madraa Government to make it a regular practice to
appoint a second officer to every survey, as had been recommended by every
Surveyor General from Rennell onwards [ I, 270 ; 11, 311 1.
From the interruption ... and ... loes of materials from the death or siclmms of single oflicer~
employed ...in distant and ... unwholesome sit~~ations. ... I...[ suggest ] two expedients which ...
might ... accelerate the completion of the provirlcial surveys, and ...p rove 1- expensive ... than ...
appointing only a single officer to survey, sometimes of little practice. ... and not sutiicie~~tly
... inured to the climate. ...
1st. That to every surveyor on a provinoial survey ... an officer ~s Awi ~t ant Surveyor
be etteched. ... Thoae assistants ehould afford apecimens of their quelificationa in geometry,
methemetics end drawing, to the satisfaction of the Assistant Surveyor General a t Mwires. ...
2nd. That in all cases of the death of officera or surveyors employed in the provinces.
the next senior ma1 up the effecta. and epply t o the neaest competent authority. civil or
military, for an inspection of the effects of the deceased, that the offioial documents may be
tranefemd t o the proper channel, and privete property sectlred for the proper cleimente.
I believe thie is already the prectice in the military branch of the s e r vi d [ 341 1.
Though the Madras Government aocepted these recommendations in principle,
no immediate action was taken [ 341-2 1, end it was only in the revenue sumeye of
Bengal that Assistant Surveyors were posted as a matter of course. Hodpon in-
f ~r med Bombay in 1822 thet under the Bengal Presidency
'not identified. Robart Teta [ 367-8 1. 'to Sea. Mil. h p t . ; DDn. 1M ( 21 ). 12-Q-18. 4 Ib.
( -2 ),ii-aio. ' DD~ . 181 ( 11s-6 ).Ls-~o-~o.
t he Burveyors am aH commissioned offioam of the Hon'ble Compmy's service. and ere usually
ah- from their tried abilitias. and appointed to conduct operations which have hitherto
been of a geographical nature. There is no regular gradation. and the appointment
with the work.
Occasionally a surveyor hes an mi st ant appointed who is a commissioned
officer elso, and received a salary of 100 rupees a month1 [ 11, 31 I 1.
When Blacker took over charge he found himself left with only one surveyor
in the Bengal Presidencya, though there were a number on revenue surveys under
the Revenue Surveyor General 13331, and othere on road surveys under the Quarter-
master General [ 27,337 ]. When, therefore, the Directors called for surveys to
provide a general map over the whole of India [ 283 1, he pointed out that
at present there is not a single individual employed under the orders of the Surveyor General
in India in the Bengal Presidency, except Captain Everest and his establishment, recently
arrived on the Xerbudda ; nor am I acquainted with the names of any officers who are qualified
to be employed on s w e y that are not a l d y attached to the Revenue Surveyor General.
or otherwise provided for. The paucity of Engineer Officers compared with the demands
for their services in the field, in gesrisone, with the Sappers and Miners, in the civil Building
.and Barrack Departments, leaves none disposable to exercise the elementary howledge of
surveying they acquired a t Addiscombe [ 11. 308 ; 111. 283 1.
It is otherwise under the Bombay Presidency, where all the surveys are superintended by
Engineer Officerss, some of whom are ... found among the Assistants [ 343-4 1. The Madras
surveys continue to be performed by some few officers. ..educated at the IIilitary Inst,itution.
assisted by the remains of the Revenue School, for there, as well as under the Bengel
Presidency, the junior engineer officers seem t o prefer other branches of the eervice. ...
The pay. ..on this establishment is not inferior to t hat on either of the others.
Yet, as on
the Revenue Survey in the Company's abundant provinces there are fewer privations to be
suffered than on general survey, ... whilst the allowances are the =me, it is not surprising that
individuals who have both lines open to them shoultl have chosen that which presents fewest
difficulties. It might be equitable perhaps on this account t o propose a higher rnte of pay for
officers employed on gencral s we y . ...
To have systematic results there must be systemntic inetruction, and the only part of the
Anny who enjoy the opportunity of that advantage are the office= who are erlucated at Addis.
cornbe. They, however, appear ... not to covet employment on survey, and geodetic operations
are consequently at a stand. In this dilemma. I can suggest no remedy but that of eending
out professional surveyors as well as professional astronomers [ 185-61. In both cases the
individuals would be unacquainted with the language and customs of the natives. and
unseaeoned t o the climate, ... unquestionable evils ; bot their skill and knowledge of natural
acienm ... much more than what can be expected from the casual self-instruction of military
officers who have other pursuits, and no favourable opportunities for leernind.
Hodgson wna glad to fmd a useful surveyor in Alexander Boileau [ 24] ;
the Hon'ble Court is desirous that when. ..officers of the Corps of Engineers ... be available
they should be employed as surveyors [ 283-4 16. I made enquiry ... respecting ... such of their
juniors as, having been a sufficient time in the wuntry to have attained some local knowledge,
might be desirous of being employed as geographical sweyor a, and I was informed ... that
~ i ~ ~ t . A. H. E. Boileau. now employed in the district of Allahabad with the Sappers and
Miners, waa...an officer possessing the necessary qualificationse.
Before hie departure on furlough he pressed the worth of his brother officere
in the infentry for any new survey ;
The Bengal Amy, which hamnever shewn itself deficient in talent, will fumish a sufEciency
of
officers. ... Government is aware that the senior officers of Engineem, who poseass
Bufficient local knowledge to make them wf u l aa mrveyors, have more pleasant and profitable
duties open to them, and nothing but necessity, or a strong bias tower& the science, ever
mde any man mrve in the dangerom end arduous work of surveying ; the younger Engineer
otficem be of no uee es surveyore till they have a competent knowledge, not only of the
bgua ge , but of the customs, prejudicw, and peculiar feelings of the natives.
~ h e s e di5cult attainments are required in no common degree by an officer who pwea his
life mo n g them without any European society, and whose business it is, not only to perform
the mere part of his duty well, but to gather information. ... No md tact and
I DDn. 191 ( 31 ), 9-3-22. ' Gerard, in Mdws o to April 1024 [ 89 1. But neither Rotherlend
c,m -hsnL rsre Enfieen. a DDn. !UM (: 106-7 )), 1f-8-24. &CD to M. 23-3-18 ( 1 ) ; CD to B. Edil.,
2&&24l( 75 ) ; 164-28 ( 17 ) ; 1-20 ( 84-70 ).
DDn. 204 ( 321 ) ; 67-27.
+mce are requisite t o know whet questiom to ask, and how to ask them. So different
are idioms and feelinga in England and in Kndia, that what ie conaidered oomplimentary in one
is regarded es insult in the other. ... As hes often been the case, a matchlock ball from 8
distance would warn him not to punrue investigations which appefimd ... laudable and hsrmhm.
Elweyors am elway8 mgruded with dietnlst and tlielike by the natives, many of whom believe
that they are oondemned to memure the roads and rivers as a punishment for crimee corn-
mitted agaimt the State, and ... may be insulted with impunity [ 149, 345 ].
I mention these thinpy to show how utterly usaleas, nay prejudicial, any attempt would
be to employ what have been termed " profemional surveyors" who have not local knowledge ;
that knowledge which placm the Compeny's civil and militaryservants so high above all c l ~
of p mo m ul thia country, or who could be sent t o it. ...
Yo~mg Engineers should, as the Court desired, be employed na surveyors when their looal
knowledge renders their services val~~able, but ... they ... cannot be expected to remain in the
moat laboriorls of all duties longer than they can avoid, and we will Bnd, aa we always have
done, that thoae who effect the most in the a ue e of geography ... and ecientifio research are,
a d will be, the offlcera of the Native Army, csptains and old subalterns, men accrlstomd to
mamh from one extreme of thie vest country ... to the other ; obmrvers of loralitiea and manners.
and learned in the school of nocollsity end expediency. ... But I noell not dilate on the
attainments arid merits of the Benpal officers : the records of many learned societies here and
in Englnnd evince them, and will cor~tinue to do so if such merits are encouraged. ...
In Hindomtan the line8 of rssearch run from the Nerbuddah a*:ro~e the snowy mountains
to Tartary, and from the Indm to the borders of China on the east, sncl of thia v a t tract ...
much htm been explored end surveyed, ... and a knowledge obteulud of regione and rivers, of
which a few years ago we hardly know the names. ... Ant1 this hna h n done a t a amall
expense, and by B fow officers, not young Engineors taught to survny after the manner of
echool~ in England, but by intelligent and well-informed offioers of the Bengal native m y . ...
Compared with the operations of the surveyor-pmpaphen in this extended field, those of
the other surveyors are like the work of coasters colnpared with that of navigators ; they are
nevertheleas sufficient for the purpose in hand, and the hhdrna and Bombay surveyors work
with p a t neatneas ; their maps an, well drawn, and they hsve the groat advantage OF sub.
ordinate ~ssiatants who excel in the mechnical duty of oopying. If such were allowed to the
Bengal geographical eurveyon, t,hey wonl(l be able to tlo much more, and to save the valuable
time they are obligcul to throw away on work which csn be much better executed by native-
born chriatiana and native sub-assistants and draftsmen. By ... their aids, the Madnra end
Bombay m e y o rs... conduct their operations with great regularity1 [ 126, z 8r 1.
John Malcolm once gave the following advice t o "Cornet M" [ Montgomerie ? ] ;
A young man...should never be balmring about climate or expences. If you are wanted
to survey-if you get 100 rupeon. 50 rupees, or nothing-you should volunteer. Cslculation
about ... expeme is RtufT and nonsense. It should be your pride to be above these luKuries9.
We have had ocoasional references to awkward situations arising from military
eurveyore not being under the ordem of the local military commander [ I, 272-3 ;
11, 288 1. Mackenzie's advice to Buxton on this subject wlas eminently practiod ;
My private sanction would not do. ... You should report your corning away to the
Commanding Officer where you ace. tho' in fact yon have nothing t o do with military dutiea
a t present ; but it is an act of civility due from all officers to superior military oomnder s 3.
For the start of the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces of Bengd, Hodgson
had to collect a number of surveyors end, though the work was entirely of a civil
oharaoter, his choice with fow exceptions lay with infantry officers ;
Though we may avail ourselves of a cheaper agency ... in the detnile, ... the Superintendent
of each aurvey mu& be a British officer, of experience, ... not only professionally ~s a
Surveyor, but in the langmge and customs of the high-spirited natives of Hindooatan. To
eaeoute e diElicult and delicate duty, he must possess 6rnlneu and moderation. ... to prevent
or modify dieputes between the bnclholders and hie om1 ~ssietnn~s' . Though the ... revenue
' DDn. 231 ( 230-62 ), 24-1-2U.
3 Kaye. I1 ( 388 ), quoted by Davis ( Q ).
' DDn. 150 ( 182 ), 4-7-19.
'from SG., 20-7-21 : BTC. 7-9-21 ( 47 ) ; BR9.
~unreys ere instituted for civil purposes, the of8cers ... employed on them ...acq uire many quali-
fications hqhly desirable to military men'. ...
It ie matter of no small difficulty t o me to lay before Guvernment the narnea of ofemre
posrreeeing ell the qualities r eqhi t e. ... Captain Oliver. of the 6th Regt., a t present employed
in the mountaim in mccmion t o Lieut. Herberh [ 38-9 1. ... will not be available ... before
the beginning of next cold season. ... He bears a respectable character, ie of mflicient atan-
in the service to have s knowledge of the manners and prejudice8 of the nativee, and
d c i e n t s U . ..to conduct a survey. But of his real merits. capacity, and Atnew. I shall
have better opportuniBiee of judging ere the period of hie preaent duty ie expired. ...
Lieutt. Pemberton...I think well qu&ed to be an aeaktant. ... The name of this offimr
is... favourably h o wn ...as a distinguished etudent in the College [ 11. 308 1. and an oriental and
general scholar of promise. ... His character is highly respectable, and he hen a competent
knowledge of surveying ... for the station of an asRistmt [ 65-6 1.
There are a t present a t Moradabad two offlcere of the 24th Regt. N.I., who have lately,
st the private request of Mr. Halhed, the Judge and Magistrate [ 152-4 1. ... been ... making
w e y e of the civil and military atations of Moradabad. ... The plans are exeouted with
comrnendeble accuracy, and the field boob accompanying them are correctly arranged.
I do not pemonally know Lieutte. Bedford and Hadaway, but I think ... they may be employed
advantageously in the Rohilcund revenue surveys. They are oficere of about 13 y a m
&ding in the aervioe, and I underetAnd t.heir characters are respectable.
I also ... mbmit ... the name of Mr. Horatio Nellton ae a person whose mrvices may be found
useful. ... Thie gent,lem an... has been.. .in the Navy, and was latterly an officer in one of the
Corpa of Irregular Cavalry, which waa disbanded, and...ie consequently out of employment,
.and ie solicitow of being employed in surveying, for which he has some talent8 that may improve
by experience. ... Worthy of trial aa en aeeietmt...on a salary of Rs. 260 a month [ 151. 165 1.
With a tribute t'o "the well-known zeal and ability of Mr. Halhed ", Hodgson ob-
tained the appointment of Bedford Hadaway and Birnie Browne es essistant
revenue surveyors in Mora&b&d District, with the prospect of early promotion.
Pemberton took up three apprentices from Calcut'ta, and Nelson joined about the
eame time8 [ 154 1. l'emberton had to be appointed D.A.Q.M.o., aa he had less than
three yeam service [ 11. 309 ] ;
05cere who have actually uerved one year with their corps shall in future be considered
eligible to the situation of aide-de-camp, or to be appoi nt d to the Querter Mnater General'n
Department, and ... after three yeare of regimental duty, they ehell be competent to hold any
other officisl situation open to officers of their renks in the Ann?.
Oliver was posted to charge of the revenue survey of Delhi, and William Brown
joined him tw wi st ant after the rains of 1822'.
Grant who had been working in Gorakhpur District for several years [zo-2,
151-2 1, had to take sick leave to the Cape, the Surveyor Uenerrtl obtaining a ruling
for him to draw recess dlowance during the whole period of leave ; "the amount,
however, is not to be drawn until ... return. ... Of course also if the survey should
be discontinued the allowance will cease "6. He wall relieved by Wroughton, who
was promoted Surveyor from 1st October "when field operations commenced ".
Further changes occurred in 1823. Hdaway' s health broke down and he
died in April.
Pemberton and Nelson went sick. Simmonds of the 28th Regt. N.I.
was posted to Delhi, and Wilcox of the 30th to Rohilkliand. Roth had served with
their regiment8 upwards of three years. Wilcox wa8 a good oriental scholar, and e
student of the College [ sup la.
In July 1824, owing to tho outbreak of the Burmese War, most military oficere
.in civil employ were recalled to military duty [ 151 1, and Government ordered t , h t
.all public works likely to occnrrion any considereblo disbumement and which are not of indis-
peneible necemity ... shall for the present be suspended. ... Thie Resolution applies to the
employment of Military Oficere on civil duties. ... The surveys oannot be euspended without
mi o m inconvenience ( fc~r the work is a most important one ) ; still. ... the inconvenience
.likely t o reeult from their diecontinuanco is muoh inferior t o ttmt which l nwt be the consequence
.of e paucity of offlcem with the corps'.
'DDn. 198 ( 120). 24-10-21. IBTC. 27-11-51 ( 23). 'GO. to Q(4 in C. 18-3-20, emending thet
d !&I-&ll [ 11. gog 1.
* BTC. 1-8-22 ( 1 1 1 ). lib. 10-7-23 ( 32 ), 7-7-23. 'from R8Q. 8-11-23 ;
ib. 612-23 ( 40 ). ' BTC. -7-24 ( 38 ).
Ofloern on rewnue e we y e other then Delhi were withdmwn, md b not
required with their military units employed on geagraphid r m p under tb.
d m of Schelchl [ inf 1. In July 1825, a* hie da t h, they w m trs- to
the oontrol of the Surveyor h e m1 [ 53, 68 3. The following wue the
employed on revenue murvq in 1824 ;
Appointed Diiriot Bwmsr Wsr
Rwmnur m w O w d
Cbpt. J. A H d p m 03-10229 - -
1.iaut. P.W. Grant ... 14- 9-21 WL h ~ u r Burme. Julv 1826 to Doa 1827.
-. - - - . - . - .
Leave to Cepe, 10-8-24 to 12- 6-25
,, R. Wmaghton Aest. 1&10-21 Qorakhpur Araksn, Oat. 18% te Jur. I&%.
Sa-r L l .LPS
-,- ... v .- -"
.. J. Esdford bet . 27-11-21 Rohilkhand h m Valley. Deo. 1824 to N q t . lB2&
Sum. 10-1%2-2
B. Brome ... 2241-29 ?dorSdibFd ( N) Cbch6r. Jm. 1836 ; Barma. El+ 1628
to &ah 1828.
bpt . T. Oliver
,, B. Blake
Liout. T. Finhor
&a. T. Priiwp
1- 8-22 Delhi
-
@- 2-22 NoikhiJi with regiment from Oot. 1824.
( or Bulloosh )
1- 8-32 Sylhet Clchk, from Jan. 18%.
16- 3 2 1 Sunderba~ haken, from Deo. Ill?&
AaairhrJ Survcyora
Lieut. R. B. Pcmberton ... 1- 2-22 Rohilkhand Chhir k &nipurn from Jan. 182Q.
,, R.Wileor ... 5-1:;-23 Aaaam Velley from Deo. 1824.
,, W. Brown ... TLI 1-23 ~ ~ l h i " -
Capt. J. H. Si~nmonde ... - 2 ., -
Dr. J. Ihncnn ... 3- 1-23 Sundnrbnna -
Mr. H. Nolson. uncov. ... 2i-11-21 Rohilkhand Arahan, Nov. 1824 t o Juno 1826.
Mr. J. Blechguden, uncov. 9-1W23 Sylhet & Assnm -
Mr. H. Nacen ... 7-24 (4orakbpor Araknn. Oct. lY'2-I; Burma, from July
1825 to Mnreh 1826.
Chpt. H. Tanner ... 4- 7-32 BhAgalpur
The orders posting the eurveyors to military duty read as under ;
let.
That tlvee ternporarg companies of P i o ~ ~ e e r ~ ... bo raised a t Chittagong. ...
2nd.
That the command ~r nd general superintendenoe ... be committed t o Csptain J. A.
Sohalch, Snperintondont of Can& end Bridge3 [ I 3 1, with the locel rank of Major, and etteched
t o the head quartem of tho Army during t he preaallt war.
3rd.
Tlmt the following officord bo placed under the orderj of Captain J. A. Schelch
with the 1en.d practicablo delay ;
Capt. J. Taylor ... 5th B.C. [ 141. Lieut. R. Wilcox ... 50th N.I.
Lieut. J. Bedford ... 48th N.I. ,, R. B. Pemberton ... 44th N. I .
,, R. Wroughton ... 63rd N.I. , G. Thompson ... Engineers
,. B. Browne ... Artillery. , J. A. Crot~imelin ...
4th.
That the following unoovenentad Burveyora and epprentioes be attached [364-5 1. ...
R. Mamn W. Pohill J. H. Schenclir
H. Nolson A. >lcPl~urson J. Dumbleton.
!Chat the Officors and Surveyor8 above-nametl he formed into a Department, diatulct
and separate from that of the Q~iartor RIrrster Genertxl, to contuiuo during t he war, and t o
be employetl in tho ~orwt~ruction of bridges, improving or opeuing rottrls, and erlorally...
facilitating t he rnovements of an Army. ... Accllrate 8uweya of the line of march, ~11d of
t he rivora n ~l d atream8 in it'^ viciuity will be uiltlispensible. ...
That the officers composing tho ~lepnrtmont, wit11 t he excoption of the Engineer oficers,
be transferred from the dutiea on which they ere now enlployod, and attached to the hmy,
holding their present situ~atiom, t o wluch they will retlu'n on the termination of the war. ...
The Heed of t he Deplwt~nent will Filmiah the Surveyor General ... with oopiea of all suWeys
t hat may be made. ... end ... on the termillation of t he war ell recoda of t he depertment
#hall he delivered over t o tho Suweyor ChneralP.
The party from MorldBbBd came ill to Patehgsrh on 23rd Ootober, and s h ~
down the river by boat almost unmediately, whilst the party from Goragbpur
eterted down on 20th. Though Hodgson offered his own services and those of
the officera of the Delhi survey, they were not requireds.
'BBC, 10-2-24; BX. 17-( 28). lib. 174-21 (28 ). 'ib. l l l - 2 1 ( SO. 40).
I n 1826 Hodgson reported that most of these surveyors h d rejoined their
surveys. Amongst new aesistants now appointed were Alexander Bodges and George
Fraaer, the latter being brother to William Fraser of the Revenue Board at Delhi
[ 151 1. Another was a civilian, Robert Terranneau, descendant of the h n o h
artillery officer of Chandernagore fame [ I , 221-2, 388 1, who was recommended
by Halhed [332 1'.
I n January 1827 Government refused to appoint Roderick Macdonald, because
there were already five officers of his battalion holding staff appointments, the
maximum number of absentees allowed [ 311, 399 1. He was posted to the Meerut
Survey a year later on the death of one of these five [ 158 1.
Under a rule bhat officers had to revert to regimental duty on promotion [ 342 1,
Wroughton's transfer was ordered early in 1830a ; though Herbert did his best to
prevent it, and urged his industry and ability,
aa one of the first, if not the very firat, of our surveyom. ... His place will not be eesily supplied.
If it be the intention of Government to continue and extend the system of Revenue Surveye. ...
i t would be very desirable and most conducive to the efficiency of the public service to retain
Captain Wroughton in the Survey Department, nor do I hesitate to give my strongest ... recom-
mendation to that effects.
Though Wroughton was allowed to stay on till October t o close the maps and
papers of the Gorakhpur survey, Government insisted on his rejoining his unit in
October 1830 [ 152 1. He was reappointed in May 18324.
The prolonged absence of Mackenzie at Madras, and Ckawford's retirement,
left the seat of the Supreme Government a t Fort William without a Surveyor
General during the critical times of 1816-7, when the Commander-in-Chief and his
army had the utmost need for maps and survey advice [ ~ o o ] . I n this situation
Lord Moira, who combined the office of Commander-in-Chief with that of Governor
General [ 225 1, conceived the idea of forming a regular cadre within the Quarter-
master General's establishment, whose duties should include not only surveying,
but also all the various functions of quartermaster [ 11,300-1 1. Though i t was to be
somewhat on the lines of the Survey Branch of the Quartermaster General's
department in Madras, the latter only dealt with military surveys that could not
be undertaken by the Surveyor General's own staff.
I n Bengal, surveyors wcre only appointed under the Surveyor General for
the duration of a particular survey, formally sanctioned, and not as members
of an authorized ~t abl i shment . Under the new scheme the Surveyor General wm
left responsible for the custody and compilation of maps, and for surveys specifically
authorized by Government. For these he was invariably to call for officers of the
Quartermaster General's staff, unless "war or the preparation for war" rendered
them unavailable. This scheme was authorized from January 1817, and 6lled
Mackenzie with alarm and despondency; he very naturally considered it an
infringement on his functions, and a potential source of friction [303-51. The
following extracts are taken from the Governor General's minute of 31st May 1816 ;
The n e mi t y for such a provkion has been recogni~ed with the army of Fort Saint George
[ n. 321-2 1. A Quarter Mmter General's Departrrrent, excellent in its operations, exists
there, while the Q.M.Q. and Deputy Q.M.O., the whole wtabliahment in this presidency, are
-rly useless here for want of ... ht rument s. ... At present we have a number of officers...
annuslly employed in making survey^. The allowctnce to each is GAB rupee9 monthly ( Re.
818 for each of nine mont h, and Re. 250 for each of 3 wet months, average 688 ).
Say that ten officers are employed ; ... the amount of thew allowances would meet the
pay of tan or twelve officers. ..in the Quarter Maater General's department. I ehould propom
t o tske...d t h m of late engaged in surveys [ 11, 311-2 1, except the Engineer Officers, who
' BTC. 244-20 ( 44 ). 'promoted Captain, 28-8-20. 'ib. 27430 ( 16 ). 4 DDn. 281 ( 07 ),
16-6-32.
have ample duties t o perform in their own line. ... AU future surveys al~ould be executed by
the officere of this department. ... The department would stand t h w ;
Quarter Master General-Deputy Q.M.G.-now exieting.
Six Aasistants-of whom the two eldest should have superior allowances ...
Six Sub- hi at ant s - of whom three ehould have superior eUowsncea.
The names of the officers whom I reoommend, with the salaries proposed ... ere annexed.
I t is beyond whet has been employed in surveying in any one year ; ecaidental pa uaes...
having frequently ocourred in almmt every survey. But ... there will be great convenience
in having an officer of this department at each of the principal stations, whilst the others
are engaged in examination, measurement, and delineation in distant quarten. ...
If the expense of those additional officers in the Q.M.o.'s department shall not exceed
Rs. 6.000 a month, it will he considerably short of what is now incurred for temporary m-
veyon. ... The Intelligence Department ... should be a regular part of ... the projected system. ...
Taking t,he average expenditure for ... aurveyon during the yean 1812, 1813, 1814 ( tho
survey8 were mostly stopped during the war ), the monthly rate ... amounted to 4,292 Rupees.
The aggregate ... salaries proposed by me fall short of that sum by a trifle. ... The allowances.
which I think adequate, ere much beneath what several of the gentlemen have been receiving.
... On the other hand, ... their employment will now be permanent, whereas before they were
liable to be ordered away to their regiments on any preparation for the field'.
The allowances [ 348 ] covered all expenses, escept that surveyors were allowed
the use of instruments from Government stores [ 211 1. The Surveyor General
waa still responsible for professional control. A General Order laid down that
OfIicera of the Qmr kr blaster General's department ... are to be employed without any additional
pay on geographical or other surveya. ...
The Surveyor General's Office, as heretoforu, is to be the depot in which all geographical
howledge, all plena. and field boob, are to be finally concentrated. From t l ut officer
all the Quarter Mester General's staff employed as above will receive their instructions. and
to him they will report ; but their service3 are at all time3 to he immediately available for t he
more military line of their profession on the requisition of the Quarter Master General.
Copies of aU plans and surveys ... shall be ultimately made out in the ofice of the Quarter-
Mester General at the Presidency, and sent for deposit to that of the Surveyor Generala.
The follouring officers were posted to this cadre on 1st January 1817, and nearly
all employed on military service [ 82-6 1. The Quartermaster General being
Lt.-Colonel John Paton3 ;
A.Q.M.G. Capt. F. S. Sackrille ... 20th N.I. at Headquarters.
E. Barton ... 29th N.I. with Reserve. Grand Army [ 34 1.
D.A.Q.M.O. "
1st Clads Lieut. H . hlorrieson ... 20th N.I. Swveping the Sundarbans.
J. Pickersgill ... 24th N.I. 3rd Divn. Grand Army [ 11, 437 1.
.. H. C. Snndyn ... 14th N.I. Nlgpur Subey. Force.
J. Franklin ... Iat N.C. 1st Divn. Grand Army.
2nd Claaa Lieut. J . N. Jsokaon ... 23rd N.I. Supernumerary.
H. Hall ... 10th K.1. with Rarerve. Grand . b y .
, E. C. Sneyd ... 3rd N.I. Nigpw Subsy. Force.
, .. W. Pateraon ... 30th N.I. 2nd Divn. Grand Army.
., Cornet F. Palmer ... 8th N.C. Oficistiig.
3rd Class Lieut. E. F. Strettell ... 8th N.I. 3rd Divn. Grand Army.
, R'. Garden ... 18th N.I. 1st Divn. Grand Army.
, R. 8. Bmwnrigg ... 10th N.I. . .
Maokenzie found it impossible to work this arrangement in a friendly way with
the Quartermaster General, Franklin's survey of Bundelkhand being one of the
&st to disturb him [ 303-4 1. Before the Nepil war Franklin had been under the
Surveyor General and the oivil Commissioner. Duriug 1817 and 1818 he wae on
military duty. On his resumption of regular survey, Mackenzie resented the
interest shown by the Q . M. ~ . , and mote privately to the Militery Secretory that
he had been
ordered by His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief to sand the neoeaery iostructionj
'BMC. 6-7-18 ( 1 ).
'BGO. QG in C., 1-1-17 ; CO. Sd. V ( 12 ), 23-I-l7 ; see also I0 Tmd; lo ~ i b .
Cal. I ( 526 ).
( 1783-1824 ) ; Ben. Inf. Ens. 1785 ; QMQ. 1908-20 ; Cornmy Oen. 18- ; d. Caaurk
16-2-24.
to Captain Franklin to resume the si~rvey of Bundelcund. This waa communicated to me
by the Quarter Maater Qeneral. with s very extensive indent for instruments. ...
It has been always usual, and indeed necessery, that the Surveyor General ahould know
what has been done before he can pretend t o give instructions. ... On one point I have md e
up my mind long ago, t hst the same surveyor should, if possible, close the province, and...
should be liberally recompensed for it. As Captain Franklin has been so long employed on
Bundelcund, 811d as he had proposed before my arrival t o send down maps of t hst province,
it would certainly be desirable that he shoilld complete its maps snd memoir. ...
As to instmmenta, s ur l ~ as me have got will be sent by dswk bangy, and the reat pur.
chased ; ... but 1 doubt tl18t the whole can bo eent, nor indeed do I think them necesaaryl.
Two months later he records an intemiew with the Quartermaster Generala,
who was obviously anxious to be friendly :
Xovember 5th. Cul. Paton called on me, and after some convenation proposed thet his
son3 should be attached to my oft i ceSai d I would think of it a t parting, but gave no encourage.
m e n 6 ... He et t t t ~d to 111e in the course of converaatiorl that RU his assistants under my ordem
were entirely under my control, and that I was responsible for giving them the necessary
o r d e wh e had nothing to say to them-Yet, in conversation he proposed that I should write
to him to propose C3ptain FTanklin to survey 6augllr-This I declined-and I thought it
very odd he should propose it.
He insisted much that I should go over and dine en fsmille a t his house, and see Mra.
Paton-newly arrived-Went accordingly.
N.B.-In this conversation hinted there were other surveys proposed ( meaning Lieut.
Johnston's of Bilea but declined further notice of it, though solicited.
Rlackenzie now obtained orders for Franklin to close survey in Bundelkhand,
and after the belated submission of his fieldbooks for the first three months of 1817
[ 81-2 ] Franklin was moved to Saugor5.
About this time also, on representation from Franklin, who had previously
been drawing full survey allowance at Rs. 618 p.m., Mackenzie obtained authority
that officers of the Q.M.G.'s eetablishment should draw this full allowance when they
provided their own instrumentso.
He again complains of interference from the Q.M.G. [ 304-5 ] ;
That officer aseured me the hat time I saw him those officers attached to me were not
under his orders-that they were entirely under mi ne- & if they did not follow them & I did
not enforce them, ... it wna my business, Bcc.. &a. ... I wish to be relieved from the constant
perplexity their situetion occmione, aa I can never give any instructiom or ordem to them
t het ie not frustrated from some other quarter.
I waa about to point out to Captn. Jwlapon something I comidered neoaseery, when,
behold, I find he is on his return, [ 27-8 1. ... I s not this, then, interference t ... Hie return
is, I prmume, by some order unknown to me7.
This drew 8 6m ruling ;
After the clear m d precise manner in which the orgeniz-stion of the Quarter Mastsr Oeneral's
Department hes been detailed and explained. ... the most Noble the Governor General in
Council is n u p M to 1- that any misconception should exist ...w t o the exwt basring
and extent of ... employment under the orders of the Surveyor aeneral. ...
Officem...were appointed originally ... under the Quarter MBeter General to meet the call
for eventual exigenciw. While no demand should exist for their rnrvicea in thet line, it wan
underetbod that they were to proceed on thorn measurements of districts, frontieru, eta.,
which had before occupied them. ... They were t o be regarded as lent, ... and they were for...
t hat special duty to be placed exclusively under the direction of the Surveyor General. They
were to be exempt from the interference of the Qwt e r Mmter Qeneral aa they had...been
from that of the Commending Oficer of their battalion. ... Their eole communication on every
matter relative to thet employment wes to be with the Swveyor General. ...
Captsin Franklin haa...been betrayed into an irregularity in addreesing comspondence
to Lievtsnant Colonel Paton on topics properly recognizable by you. ... It is indiepenseble
t hat Captain Franklin should comply with your requieitions. ... He should have addressed his
for leave of absence ... t o you, for the eenction of Government. ...
1 DDn. 164 ( 21 ), 12-0-18. 'Nor. 1818 ; DDo. 6B ; M 262. 'John Forbee Paton. Ben. Engm.
111, 4361.
4 Bhibs. 35 m. NE. of Bhopil; Johnatone's survey oommenced 18 10 [ 87-8 1. 6 BQO. 18-12-18.
,b 1&8-20.
7 DDn. 156 ( 277 ), 261-20.
AU miaconaeption ... should be removed from the minds of the ofEctun of the Querter
Mester General's Department employed under your orders.
Their ignorenee and misconcep
tion of the established regulations leads to an unnecessary multiplication of cor npondend.
Franklin's employment under the Surveyor General ceased on his arrival in
Calcutta on leave about April 1820, after whioh he was employed a~ A. Q. M. 0. on
sorting out stray maps in Government offices [ 290-1 1.
-4 later order provided that before an officer could be appointed t o the Q.M.o.'s
staff he should " produce a certificate, either from the Surveyor General, the Chief
Engineer, ... or the Superintending Engineer of the province", that he possessed
" a competent Irnowledge of the theory and practice of surveying2 ".
The following is a list of the Quartermaster General's officers in 1825 ; they all
did useful survey a t one time or another ;
Major E. Barton [ 11, 38-1 ] ... D.Q.M.G. Cswnpore
Capt. H. Yorrieaon [ 11, 43- ] ... A.(>.hI.G. . .
,, J. N. Jnckson [ 11, 4r.g ] ... A.Q.M.O with army in Burma
I.ieut. W. Garden [ 27 1 ... D.A.Q.LI.O. I*t Clays Pmidency
Capt. R. Bccl~er [ 67 1 ...
Daoca
Liaut. J. B. Neuivillo [ 53 1 . . .
hsssm
,. F. C. Robb [ 87 1 ...
Snugor
.. F. H. Snndys I 87 ] . . . :: 21~2 Clars Nunserabad
,. Thos. Fisher [ 49 - 52 ] ...
Sylhet
.. J.G. Dmmmond 27. bll ] ... Chittngong
,. JohnPaton' [ z7] ... :: 3x;i~l-
In a despatch dated 15th May 181fj4 the Directors ordered the immediate
closing of the BLilitary Institution a t Madras, on the grounds that the education
given at the Royal Military College, which moved from Marlow to Sandhurst in
1812 [ 11, 308 ] rendered ~uperfluous any fi~rther instruction in India [ 11, 319-20 1.
Sir Thomas Hislop, Commander-in-Chief Madras, was disgusted at the decision,
but the orders were peremptory, and his protest of no avail ;
The students of the English college are r1oubtlc.s well groundell in tha ... theory of Military
Survey and Reconnaisance, but I aln not aware that the s~i b~equent laboura of any of these
young men in thia country have added in any material de ym t.o the great ma99 of geographical
end topographical materials, with which the ... students of the Me dm Institution have enriched
the recorda of the Company. and ... of t l ~ e civilized world. ...
The Madcaa Army can at present boast of 119 young officew [ 11, 320-1 1, whose scientific
attainments ... have rendered them capable of exercising the subordinate functions of the
Quartor Master General's, the Surveyor General's, and the Engineer'a departments. ... The
annual expenditure amounts to pagodas 7,37621-28, ... and even thia sum cannot be cou-
sidered as expended without its immediab retorn, for 1.620 sq. mil- are annually, and most
minutely, surveyed during the field practice of the students [ 11, 125-30, 21.1-5 1. ...
When Sir John Malcolm was sent to form an e~tablishment on the Per~ialh Gulph. ... young
officere educated at the ~ i l i t i r ~ Iustit~ltion ... were attache-1 to the expedition and, althouyh
its object was not prosecuted, they succeeded in compiling the beat mep ... of the countrim
between the h d u s and the Nile that ~ J Y ever yet been given to the world [ 11, 131, LYO 1.
The service in Tmvancore was the next occasion on which the utility of this Corps w t ~
conspicuous ; a certain number of these offlwra were employed there with the gresteat public
advantage [ 11, 130-2 1. ...
The militmy operations in the Deccan and in Walwa suocesded t h w of Travanoore, and
4 Officerrr of the Institution wero atteuhed to the ... field army. The country ... had never been
traversed by British troops except by General Godderd'a detochmerlt in 1779 [ I, 38-9 1. and
the geographical material^ collected ( in 1810 )...have given an addition of new important
matter to the Surveyor General's Ofice that must be of the greateat consequence to all future
plane of military operations in that quarter [ 11. 134 1.
Lieutenant Bayley's conduot in the Quarter Master General's department during the
expedition to the coast of Borneo receivod the most fletteriny ... epprobetion [ 11. 381 1. ...
'CD
1 DDn. 145 ( 261 ). 54- 20.
to M. Mil.. 15-5-15 ( 17-8 ).
1 Aa J. XIX, 1821 ( 1136 ) ; Wilson. W. J. ( 3137 ). a nephew oi QMG.
h r n thew very ntriking examples I would infer t hat the hahita acquired at the Military
lnatitution have a lasting effect ; ... for the ... mental exercise to which the students are there
inured. ..render the young men ultirnetely evailahle for important duties. ... No instance
on m r d of any one offioer of the Institution having been brought to a court martial, or...
bringing another to trial ; ... none have been remarkable for extrav~ganca, or ooncarned in a
duel ; and...not one quarrel has occurred a t the mess of the Inetitution.
On every field service ... since the expedition to Javai t haa been considered importantto at hoh
to it eome officers of this dascription-The operations in the Southern Mahrattah Country
under the late Lieutenant Colonel Dowee [ 11. 166 +The Detachment against Kurnool in
1813-Tlre force destined for Ceylon under Lieutenant Colonel Thomson-The Army of Reserve
last year, and the Division in arlvance under Colonel Doveton [ 83-4 ]-have aU been supplied
with their due proportion of officers from the Institution. ...
A certain number of officers have been permanently appointed to the S w e y Branch of
the Quarter Master General's Department. af br serving rempectivelg the preqrribed period
with their corps [ l I, 321-2 1, and have been employed, when not engaged with troops on
field sorvice, in plwming ... roads, ... and in framing the estimates of their expencea, and. ..of
the construction of causewayn and small bridges. ...
The offim m... have also been employed in preparing military plsm and memoim of all the
countries adjacent to the Eastern Ghaots, and have nearly completed this reconnaissance ...
from Paulghautcherry to the Kistnah. ...
To conclude-the maintenance of the Military Inetitution ... appears in my judgement to
be intimately connected with the success of our arms in the field, and depends on the
continuance of tho permanent mi st ant s In the Survey Branch of the Quartor-Master General's
Department in time of p c e ; for, unlo89 Officem foresee the prospect of some pomible
advantage, ... it is hardly to be expct ed that they will exchange the comparatively small
labour of regimental dut,y fcr the t~nremitting attendance required ... at the Institution'.
Formal orders abolishing the Institution were issued under a General Order
dated 17th April 1816, in which
the Governor in Council taken thie opportunity of expressing his ent,ire approbation of the
mode in which the d~~t i ev of Jtathematical and Drawing h t mc t o r t o the Military Inetitution
bave been discharged by Captain Troyer of H.M.'s 12th Regiment.
The Governor in C'ouncil has also noticed with the higheat satisfaction the te~timony borne
by H.E. the Commander-in-Chief to the merits and acquirements of all the offioem who have
been attached to the Institutiona.
The great success of the Mi1ita.r~ Institution was mainly due to the ability and
high character of Anthony Troyer, the Austrian officer brought out by Bentinck
in 1803 [ 11, 130, 315 1. After the abolition of the Institution and a short stay in
Pondicherry, Troyer settled in Paris until 1828, when he ohce again accompanied
Bentinck on his return to India as Governor General [ 195 n.4 1.
"The Survey Branch of the Quarter Maater General's Department" a t Madrae
WM formed in October 1810, on General Hewett's recommendation, t o provide
a body of o5cers capable of carrying out surveys and reconnaissances of a military
nature, independently of the Surveyor General [ 11, 301, 321 1. The branch com-
prised 20 o5cers, all of whom had passed through the Military Institution [ 11,320-2 ] ;
appreciations by Sir Thomas Hislop have already been quoted [ 11,319-20 ; 111,
337-8 1. Though this branch wm abolished in 1816, these officers turned out much
valuable work in the Deccan during the p i d c r i and Marstha wars of 1816 to 1818,
under the able direction of Valentine Blacker, Quartermaster General.
It was not the practice in Madras that the Surveyor General should draw all
hie surveyors from the g.M.0.'~ establishment though this ww definitely provided
for in the similar mtabliahment in Bengal [ 334 1.
1 C-in-C.'n minute, 16-1-10 ; MMC. 29-3-16. 'MaO. 17-4-10 ; Wilson. W. J., 111.
When Mackenzie resumed dut y a t Madras in 1815 he found only three officere
a t hie disposal-Garling, who completed t he survey of Sonde, or North Kanara, by
September 1815 [11, 158-9 ]-with Conner his assistant-Ward, in charge of t he
Sumeyor General's offim a t Madras.
His first intention was t o form four par t i esNor t her n CircSra-Nizgm's Tem-
bries-Coorg-Travancore. Allotting Garling t o Hyder&b&d, Conner t o Coorg,
and Ward t o Travancore, he obtained t he promise of an engineer officer, Duncan
Sim, whom he had known in Java, for t he survey of Ellore and Masulipatam.
From my lcnowledg~~ of Lieuteunnt Sun, ... hi8 capacity and knowledge of the different
brancho~ requisite in the Surveying Department evinced while employed by me in the Trig-
onometriml operatio na...in Jnva. ... wcertaining the distances a t the attacltn on Cornelis in
Awl s t 181 1, where he w w wourirletl in surveying ... tho new fort ... on the e&qt of Java [ IT. 13 j 1,
1 consider him a proper person to be urnployed on tho survey in the Northern Circnrsl.
Sim was, however, called off for t he survey of Pondicherry and Ki ri ksl [ 98 1,
and in spite of Mackenzie's ~:rfltasts was not released t,ill 1810, when he was wanted
for similar surveys of t he Dutch territ,ories a t Palicat2.
The closing of t he Milit,ary Institution left t he survey of Guntfir CircLr uncom-
pleted, but a t t he samo t i ~no released Mountford, who had been in charge. After
completing t he fair-mapping of t he l n s t ~ t ~ ~ t i o n surveys, and putt,ing their records
in order, Mountford wa.s sent back t o Uuntfir with two of Mackenzie's sub-assijtmlts
to complete t he survey [ 95-6 1.
Before leaving for Renga!, Mackenzie secured t he services of John Riddell,
who had been one of 1,ambton's most able assistants [ 11, 242-3, 245-6, 322 1, for
charge of t he office a t Madras, an appoint,ment which Oarling resentad as ignoring
his seniority though, as n matter of common policy, seniority was not considered
in selecting an officer for a staff nppointmcnt of this nat.ilre [ 318 1. On Riddell's
death in 1818 Mountford was brought clown from GuntBr, and ran t he office with
great success till his own death in 1824.
Mackenzie was now exercised t o find a really capable officer for charge of t,he
Northern Circiirs survey, which was of pa.rticu1ar importance because i t would not
have t he support of Lambton' s triangles [gg-1011. 'rhough starting from a side
near t he Kistna [ 11, pl. 16 1, the new survey would have to be carried forward t o
Ganjam on its own triangulation and base-lines, with astronomical observations.
Though t he assistant surveyors Dunigan and Scott held charge of t he Guntiir
and Ellore Surveys for two or three seasons, they were not able for independent
charge of an important survey of so great an extent.
Most of the officera reared in the Military Institution & with the Trigonometricel S w e y
have viewed the establishment of the Surveyor General's office since 1810 with distrust, &
aa hostile to their interests. So many were thrown out of employment, & it ww Lnpoasible
t o employ them all. Thus situated. 1 could not run about to enquire into the comparative
merits of Surveyors, or to engage gont,lemen whom I would otherwim be glad to employ.
While I was away, two were brought in that I am little acqeinted witha, & 2 others are
recommended. I cannot tell you the various solicitations I have had, whilst I had it not in
my power $0. bring in but one, and that is an officer of my own Corps.
Meantime the soliaitatiom for employment inurerule-bishops-juw-fair latiiss--&
grave magistrates-besides military friends in abundance4.
He asked Mountford for a liet of past students of t he Military Institution and
was particularly anxious t o obtain t he servioee of Montgomerie [ 11, 320, 430 ] ;
You m y imagine my surprise at...being called upon to select two officera of the M e h
Establiehrnent t o be employed on e survey of the Pooneh Territory [121-51, ... after the
intimation ... of8aially communiceted t o me st Madras of the entire abolition of my de-t
of survey under the Quarter Master General [ 11, 322 ; 111, 338 1, and eapeoielly when you
yourself WM on the spot, who, next to Captain Troyer, wes competent moet p r o p l y to
appreoiete the qualification of such surveyore ao hed been reared in the Military Inetitution.
'from BO. 14-12-16 3 F C . 12-1-16. 'Pulioat tr. to Britinh, 18M.
' Carling & Connar.
Dlhr.
168 ( 87 ).June 1818 kokensl e to Jenish Manhall [ jg6 n.2 1.
I consider it, however, but just ... t o call your attention to the claims of Mr. Montgomery
end Captain O'Domoghue, both whose worka ere mentioned in the recorda of your omca,
end whoee conduct since ...g ives them an undoubted claim t o be employed'.
Aa to Engineera ; ... their preeent system of education a t home eminently quelifiee them to
be employed aa surveyom, or in the office of the Surveyor General, whioh ought to be open to
ell corps that are qualified, but until I find that Engineers cnn be retained on thwe dutiee, ... I
must always decline proposing them, however willing I should be to avail myself of their
qualificstiona, and dmirous even to oblige individuals among them [ 330 1.
Mr. Sim's cnae ia in point, whom I proposed for a s w e y in 1816, which wna approved of by
Government, and yet till thie moment is retained on a duty entirely out of our view [ 339 1.
Thia is my creed aa to the Sumeying Department, ... and I have found nothing here [ Dengal 1
t o convince me t o the contrary. In fact the Corps of E:nginoem in both the Presidencies is
not strong enough to supply for profosaional duties and for surveys a t the eame tirne [ 328 19,
I will beg to be relievtui from all responsibility for Burvoyom.
I did proposo Rfr. Sim in
1816, ... ~d you see 1 hnve been t hwarkl , ... and this new n.stem of ordering tho Quarter-
Master General tu nominnto surveyors while I ww furbid.to recornmelld an naaistar~t for my
own office ( aa in Mr. Riddell's case ) u so completely at variance with the orders of the Court
of Directors ... that I wieh to be clear of all msponsibilit~. ...
For me to propose any officer by name would I I L ~ be well received. ... Mr. Montgomery
has the best claim immediately after yourself. ... If you represent to Government...that an
officer should be appointed to take charge of the Rwe y for whirh Lieut.. 8im was originally
intended in 1816, and that from which you were rnlled, and...whether the Sumeyor General
should not be called on for the norninat,ion of an ofticer, ... I should be prepared to atate my
opinion. ... Mr. nfo~lt,gomery in the first that stand8 in my list. Meesrs. Ward ant1 Conner
will be disposable bye and bye, but they aro inclined for the 1)eckan. ... You will keep me
informed of such ofticers a< you think best qualified4.
He was anxio~is that Ward should finish off Travancore himself [ 109-10, 3411,
but if either he or Jlr. Conner wkhes rather to come Nort,h. I wish they would intimate 80
much, na I think the field in the Decoan or the Circam might be open bye and bye. ... Their
report of progresa itl t.o me Inore satisfactory than any other aurvoy, hecauee I have less trouble
while their work is gradually going on to its conclusion. I t hi t ~k, however, that Ward parti-
cularly, if not both, woidd like to h ~ v e the merit of closiny their work in their own named.
Poor Riddoll committed one or two errors thnt have entailer1 on me some difficulty, but
I did not like to contradict what he had done from tho best intentions. ... One of these wee
hie ordering the two survoyon in Travancore to act jointly, while I meant it for a temporary
arrangement, to begin a t each extremity [ roo 1. ... This heu occasioned an embarrassment,
... and Mr. Ward might have ... complained. ... Mr. Conner was only sent to amkt in cwe of Mr.
Ward's being taken off to the Tinnevelly sidee.
Mackenzie's embarrassment was due to Conner being senior in military rank to
Ward, whom he wished to be reeponsible for the survey, though in fact they
worked together in the friendliest co-operation.
When asked to make official recommendation of an officer for Maaulipatam,
MackenzieJeft the choice to Mountford, advising him t o
point out to the best of your judgement without partiality ; only. for God's sake keep clear of
conceited pereons. ... I always prefer steady men who will observe the line laid down for them,
and conform e.q far as possible, candidly submitting their observations, but not resiating7.
With regard to the Rurvey of Rajamundry, ... an officer ought to be wnt without 106s of
time, as it may bring diacredit if these mi st ant s are left without a check [ 339 1. ... I leave...
you t o point out the officer, ... and anyone you propose will be agreeable to me. Avoid
litigious characten, who will battle with youwelf, and perhaps attempt t o undermine you.
Chum sensible diacrete men. ..who will attend to instructions end underatand their duty. ...
I could wish that Lieut. McPheraon waa employed, as Mr. Montgomerie is otherwise provided
for [ 111-2, 125 n.6 1. ... The objection to McPhemon as t o drawing I do not consider ... very
material, provided be ia correct and able to control tho labour of othera. ... I had a grest
regard for some friends of hie, ... but that would not influence me if he were not competent to
the undertaking. ... When you fix on your man you should pave the way by concilieting
the Commander-in-Chief. In short. I leave it t o your judgement but do not allow youreelf
to be c r d by the influence of any o t h d .
' DDn. 148 ( 3840 ). 22-2-18. lib. ( 27 ). 2-1-10. 8 ib. ( 06 ). 2 2 4 1 9 . 4 ib. ( 71 ), 10-9-10.
'to Mountford, 23-3-10, DIh. 149 ( 52 ). "b. ( 111 ), 111-2-20. 9 ib. 149 ( 82 ), 27-8-18.
lib. ( 87 ),
28-1 1-18.
It wss not until February 1820 t hat a suittlble officer wan found in R i o h d
Hodges, but he died a t Masulipatam in July. Another Institution officer, Ch a r h
BneU, waa posted in November, and held charge for the next fifteen yeam, without,
however, proving quit.e the fimt rate officer that Mackenzie had hoped for.
Mackenzie waa greatly shocked by the death of Garling a t Hyderibkd in June
1820, for though he had not found Garling easy to deal with he had known him
for many years, and greatly appreciated his ability. He writes to Mountford ;
Yo ~ v letter of 15th ultimo notifying the unpleasant account of pow Captain Garling's
death reached me several clays ago
I t war soon followed by private letter of Mr. Russnll's
of 8th ultin~o, enclosirrg Hill'n report [ 117 1. ... After your own inetructiom to Hill, it only
-mod neceauary for me to ndrl what noornerl to have escaped your notice, and whet mote
forcibly struclr me fmrn the severul surveys on this side where papetu have been lost by the
death of surveyors. The best rernedy ie what u~doecl the pmr.ti(:e of the service points out,
viz.. that a court of officers be applie~i for at the earlie& opportimity [ 329 ]I.
Two months later he wa-q much dist,reseed liy the dwt h of Hodgee ;
this coming no soon nfter Captain Oarling'j ia a nhock to t l ~n survey ; but I t r wt there are
mnny w h m talents and ilispo~ition incline them to a pmui t , which in certainly not unpleasant.
and I have ever found very intsrentinga.
As t he mvoy of Rnjnm~unrlry is nt present vnrant. ... I really do not know where a chem-
pagne, healthy, diRtrict can be aelectcd in India for Mr. Conner. a n ~i I look upon low swampy
plain8 to be just as unhmlt,hy tw hilb. ... It is high time now to send an officer to relieve
Mr. Dunigan.
If a clever c~llicer wns sent there, that ~ulrvey may be conqirlered a good
mminary where-from aasistants may be occs.qionally detnchetl to tha Dscknn when required. ...
I think officer miatantson thwe surveys would Ile ~~qeful, ... hecnuno they acquireexperience,
md am reacly to fill up vacnncim. Poor Mr. Hodq,;i ~ufferetl from thi3 ; he horl been too late
from convaleecence, and from England, to go a t once into tl1n3e hills. Tilo next should be
directed to the country near the nos, the delta of the Go lavury, for the firat year at least.
I hope you have tnken care thet Mr. Hodges' mrveyinq materibla be seoured. I have
pointed out ... the method to he followed on all occa~ions [ 329 1. ... Mr. Hotlges' papern should
be opened under the civil or military cwtomtlry authority. and not left to Mr. Dunigan's.
Mr. Burr's, or Mr. Russell's discretiong.
After a long debate he decided to send Comer up to HyderBbM ;
Captain Walpole lraa been recornmendrnl to me for another survey some time ago, and I
wiU not forget him ; it will be necessary, however. thnt he signify- his own wishes, and whether
he prefers to be ernployod in the Deckan-in Nagpore--eta. ...
kfr. Poole &LBO. and some otliel~l have been mentioned. I conceive 4Io3ers. Ward slid
Conner should have a preference, otherways they may be thrown out, ... I coold wish to
know Mr. Ward's own wiehea, tls he is first on the list I have got. What wn3 Captaiu Walpole's
situation in the Military Mi t ut i on [ IT, 320 ] 7 Wtm he senior to you4 ?
With regard to the eurvey in the Nizam's country, I am aa friendly to it aa ever, that is
to my under due mtriction ; but I can on no account submit to be made a fool of, to propose
eurveys and surveyors on my responsibility, who are t o be under the sole direction of any
Resident or other functionary [ 117. 304 1. ... I think it likely that Mr. Comer wiU have the
choice if Mr. Ward declines it. ... Many o5cera will be glad to be employed. ... I will send you
soon a list of some who have applied, but I think Wnnl and Conner have a preferable claims.
Conner moved up to Hyderibid in February 1821. He got ill on the march
and died shortly after his arrival. Mackenzie was not t,o learn of this further
tragedy, for he himself pa-ssed to rest only a few days later. Conner waa succeeded
by Robert Young, of whom Mackenzie had written some time before ;
Colonel Ha~l ewood. ~ an old acquaintance of mine, has wrote me about Lieut. Young, who
b deeirow of being employed on the survey, and he considers well qualified from his knowledge
of mathematics and drawing. As Colonel Hazlewood shew~: l Ilia judgement in k t bringing
Captain Katar to notice, who now make8 such a figure in the department of science in England
[ 11, 232, 313 ; 111, 238, 254 1, I am disposed to give credit to his recommendation'.
Though the Madraa Government had acoepted in principle the need of sn
eeeistant officer in every party [ 329 1, repeated repreaentatione had to be made to
1 DDn. 140 ( 120 ). 92-7-20. ' ib. ( 141 ) 1. 23-9-20. ' ib. ( 152-3 ). 13-1&30.
1 ib. ( la ),
22-7-20. 'ib. ( 141 ). 23-8-20. a Jcaeph Hnaelwood, Mad. Inl. 1791 ; d. 18.U [ I[ , 4661.
DDn. 148
( 162-3 ). 12-10-20.
them on the eubject'. On obtaining Noble'e appointment [ 114 1, Montgomerie
advised Ward t hat
the object of appointing an h i e t e n t Officer ...is that he may have an opportunity of w q u h g
a practical knowledge of the whole of the duties, ... and thereby rendered qualified t o t,&a
charge ...in the event of your temporary absence or removal. ... You will ... communicate to
him such imtruotiona as his inexperiollce may require, and ... keep him fully wquainted with
the etete of the work. so as to ensure ite uninterrupted progress.
I anticipate, however, that this will not be the only benetit resulting from your having
an assista~rt officer, but that it1 ?ue time the survey will thereby be much accelerateda.
Without this wise precaution it would have been almost impossible to prmerve
the continuity of the Madras surveys, more especially that of the Niziim's T e i -
tories, where casualties followed at an appalling rate. Robert Young, who did not
take over charge until December 1821, died in July 1823, before George Arthur,
who had been nominated assistant, had joined the party. Crisp, another Institu-
tion man, followed Young and had Arthur aa assistant until he was moved in the
same capacity to Rlalabar. On Crisp's resignation in April 1837, he was succeeded
by James Webb, who had been a t the Institution from 1810 to 1812. Morland joined
as assistant a year later, and took over when Webb went sick in 1829. He held
charge, with occasional breaks, for the next twenty yeBn [ 119 1.
Bot,h Ward and Snell had a number of assistants one after another, but the
only two who achieved distinction were Du Vernet, who joined Ward in 1828, and
Charles Hill, who joined Snell bhe follonir~g year. Both did excellent service for
more than twenty years. We have already mentioned Duncan Montgomerie who
succeeded as Deputy Surveyor General on Mountford's death in 1824, and in every
way justified the high opinion Mackenzie helcl of him [ 3 2 0 I 1.
In 1829 Walpole, who had been Carling's contemporary in the first clws of the
Military Institution, was nominated Surveyor General by Lord William Bentinck,
founder of the Institution, on the adrice of Troyer, who had been its wise and
able Instructor from start to finish [ 11, 447-8 1.
Under the Bengal regulations Wroughton had to revert to regimental employ
on promotion to Captain [ 152, 334 1. Madras restrictions raised similar dif6culties.
Whilst officers could not be posted t o survey till they had completed two yearn
regimental employ [ 11, 314 1, General Order of 23rd December 1827 ruled that,
It being desirable to fix by one general rule the limits under which officers holding staff
employments under this Presirlency m y retain them, or otherwiee, on promotion to superior
ranks, and to provide genemlly for all doubts or contingencies, eo Tar as they can be fore-
men. ... the following limitations have proepective effect from this date ; ...
Surveyor General-Deputy Surveyor General- . . no limitation
Surveyors . . . . . . to the rank of Major, regimentally.
The effect of this rule was t hat when an officer who had spent eomething like
twenty years on survey was promoted t o the rank of major, he either reverted to
regimental duty, with which he was entirely out of touch, or else retired. In
either caae the survey lost an experienced and probably valuable officer.
The happy choice of George Everest to be Lambton's first Chief Assistlri~t ia
stated by Everest himself to have been personally made by the Governor General,
who had been assured of his "eminent degree of science as a mathematician" [ 225 1.
Reports had been made of his surveys in Java [ 11, 137-8 1, and Lord Moire
had taken special interest in "his successful exertions as an engineer in reoently
olearing the navigation of the IvIatabhanga and other rivers"
[ 15 1. He had
been selected to survey the line of telegraph stations to Chunir [ 270-1 1.
Neither Lambton nor Mackenzie had any eay in the seleotion, and, indeed,
Lambton's own wish had been for Garling, who waa working near him in the NizBm'e
1 DDn. 202 ( 1024 ). 6425. ' DL)il. 218 ( 37 ), 24-1-20.
I)ominion~. Riddell writes in November 1817 t hat he had not
the slighteet idea to whom Lambton can be under promisee. In 1819, before I left him
[ 11. 246 1, he frequently talked to me of his intention to go home for a year or two. & of my
tsking charge of the survey during his absence. He even went so far as to enter on the eubjeot
of aUowmces. Latterly ... he had cut me completely. ... Garling. I think, must be the man'.
Mackenzie wrote a t the same time, their letters crossing, telling that Lambton's
survey waa to be transferred to the Supreme Government, Public Deptrrtment,
end ... a young officer of the Artillery, Captn. Everest, to he Head As~istant on a salary of 800
rupees. Captn. Evereat told me some time he h d applied to Lambton, who had wrote him
he hed already enqeged to a certain officer.
I really think Lambton ought to have raserved the claims of yournelf and of Mr. Hodqos',
and the latter ought without loss of time to apply ofllcidly to be employed on the nurvey.
Hie friendu at Madrar, wrote me about him3.
And again, when w-riting of Lambton's propomls for his country-born assistants ;
Coll. Lambton has pmpoeed to ~1 1 d to his number also, and it is under reference t o this
office. As Lambton will be going home, ant1 he i~ n etrunqor to Everost, I conjecti~re it is
refernble to someone else ; you may g u m who. He also proposes an increase of pay to his
people, but whatever L nllowe~l for them. I shall contontl for with us [ 229. 379 1.
Everest himself mites many years later that "When in 1817, I was originally
nonlinated as first assistant to Liout.-Col. Lambton, ... Captn. Garling, of the
Madras Infantry, was my only rival "4.
No record is found of any assistant being offered to Ererest during the two
years after Lambton's death, hnd he notes later that "dc.wnnd for officers in t he
Burmese war prevented any assistant being appointed, ... evvn could any ... hav4)
been found who was both able and willing to cngngo in n work of the kinl-l6".
Neither Garling, Riddell, nor Hodge, all three of whom were dead by 1820, had
shown themselves more than efficient surveyors and triangulators, or in any way
possessed of the genius and force of character later displayed by Everest, to the
glorious achievement of the Great Trigonometrical Survey.
Dickinson held charge of the revenue survey of Bombay and Salsette Islands
until 1821, when he handed over to his senior assistant, Tate, who brought the
survey to a close in 1827. Both belonged to t,he Engineers, but their few engineer
assistants were mostly removed from the survey during the Marstha war [ 122-3 1.
Williarng held charge of the rcrenue surveys of Broach and the more northerly
districts of GujarBt until liis retirement, when he handed over to Cruikshank who
finally closed all work by 1829 [ 170-1 1. Their assistants, all infantry officers,
were a t one time as niany RS seven. Cruikshank was considerably disturbed by the
order that officers should not remain after promotion to Major [342 ] ;
This dr1)nrtment having been formed from the original Suiveyor &nornl's, and ... being
the oldecrt e.;tablished in tho Survey Brtmch unrler t hk Presidency, I myself mrvud R., tul Amis-
tant in it r~enrly fourtee11 years,on very moderate a1lownnc.s. m~cl the two Senior Asi ~t unt d,
at present Captains Ov a * ant1 Newport, have acted in that capacity upwanl ~ of twelve yourn. ...
Neither myself nor t h e ~e officers mn hope to retain for any period the situetion of the
h ml of the dopartment, which is attained only after l o~w and ardoow service, and under
c:omidorahle aaorifice. ... being so entirely excludeJ by the nature of our e~npl oyrne~~t from tile
general field open for military preferment.
Conaidering the magnitude of the department,, together with the great r-ponnihility
of the charge, and that the situation of the Hesd a r s i ~ n i l a ~ so much with that of a Principal
in civil employment. I hope ... to retain my appointment to tlie same renk as other military
men Ilolding Principal civil employment, and that the ... two Senior Assistants, ... should be
admitted to a highor class than that specifid for Surveyone.
This application came to nothing, and the survey wm closed down. Cruikshank
was promoted Major, took furlough a t once, and retired two yearn later.
' DDn. 151 ( 77 ). 28-11-17.
ohvioualy J. T. Hdg e [ 11. 407 1.
a DDn. 168 ( 309 ). 5-12-17.
' Evereet ( 118 ).
DDn. 286 ( 117-53 ). 4-2-31.
Broeob, 7-9-24 ; Bo MC. ( oamp ).
For Sutherland's survey of the Deocan which started in 1817 before the close
of the MarBtha war, all the Bombay surveyors with any experience of t op~graphi o~l
work were soon drawn in, besides officers borrowed from Madras [ 125 1. The Madras
offioers faded out by about 1822, and when Sutherland became Assistant Surveyor
General he handed over to Jopp about nine officers, all of the Bombay establkh-
ment. There were frequent changes, and on succeeding as Deputy Surveyor General
Jopp handed over to Grafton. The number of surveyors was then reduced, until
the survey was closed down in 1830, leaving the trigononietrical survey under
Robert Shortrede, who became well-known later for his Logarithm Tables.
Other surveyors to be noted are Thomas Jorvis, of tho Engineers, whose survey
of the Southern Ko~lkan gave rise later to lengthy oontrovrrsy with Everest [ 127 ] ;
Adams and Challen who surveyed SitBra [ 171-2 ] ;and Stephen Slight who made a
valuable survey of K&thi&w&r between 1822 and 1825. I n 1847 Jopp was informed
t hat no more officers were available, being "so much required with their corps".
So far as we know, military officers wore tho undress uniform of their carp
the whole time that they were employed on surveys. Most cert.ainly the students
a t the Military Institution were expected to wear uniform on all occasions. I t is
most unlikely, llowever, that t.he ~~ni f or m worn by surveyors a t work in the field
was always punctiliously correct. In his account of an encounter with a tiger, Thomas
Arthur attributes his escape from the fury of the tiger's first rush to the presence
of mind with which he threw his hat, "e~~r~nount ed wilh, a black featWer", straight
in the beast's face [ 11, 378 1. When his camp was raided by pindiiris [ 409-10 ]
Grimshaw of the Military Institution lost-regimental jackets-belt with breaat-plate
-sword-sash-regimental cap complete-regimental greatcoat ; but, if he only
saved just what he was wearing a t work, this came to shirt and trousers, straw
hat, and a handkerchief; uniform pattern no doubt ! !
It is almost certain that the surveyors of the Quartermaster General's Depart-
ment wore correct uniform when on their "military surveys", end that surveyors
working on the frontiers, or in contact with troops, would also do so, but we may
wonder what kit Morrieson wore in the Sundarbans, or whether Lambton and
Evereat were correctly dressed in "regimentals" when taking observations with the
great theodolite or zenith sector. Certainly Mackenzie is most correctly dressed
in Aickey's handsome portrait [ 11, pl. 221, but was not that a special occasion 1
Of all suweyors he might be expected to be the most punctilious in correct
appearance on all occasions. On hie way back to Madras in 1815, Crawford tells
him that "the uniform for the Surveyor General is resembling nearly your own"',
t hat is probably to say, resembling that of the Corps of Engineers prior to 1806.
In authorizing the formation of the Survey Branch of the Quartermaster General's
Department a t Madrm in 1810 [ 11, 321-2 1, i t was definitely laid down that
Hie Excellency the Commander-in-Chief is pleaeed to make the following alterations in the
drem of the Army of this eetablishment. ... The officers attached to the Survey Branch of
the ~ . ~ . a . ' s Department, as well IW the mktanta of that Department. are to wa r the plain
uniform of an A.Q.H.O., with plain buttons, and one epaulette on the left shoulder8.
It would entail long research to determine the uniform worn in those days by
officers of the staff and of the various corps and regiments in the three presidencies,
and a comparison between the various portraits reproduced in these Remde seems
to indicate that considerable liberty wae alloweda. Officors of Bengal Infantry
battalions wore scarlet, with facings of buff, white, or yellow. Artillery wore blue
with red facings, whilst Engineers wore scarlet with black velvet facings till 1806
when the coat was changed to bluet Staff Officers, probably including the Surveyor
llettor 016-1-15 ; MPC. 12-1-18. PSeton Kerr, IV ( 97 ), 12-10-10. MG0. 14-6-1785 discoorsg-
ed the uwaring of "fancy uniforms". ' BGO. 30-11-08.
General, hie msietants and deputies, wore scarlet ooat with blue collar and cuffa, hut
an officer might well, weat his regimentals whilst holding a staff appointment1.
Blacker was too much of a soldier to overlook the importance of uniform, end
authority for a pattern, not only for the Surveyor General, but also for
hie Deputies.
He informs Sutherland that
the Governor Qeneral hse determined on a uniform for the Surveyor Gnernl of India ; and
that, in oonsequence of o reference from the Deputy Surveyor General at 31~iras. the mme
has been sesigned to him with the wual distinctions for a Deputy .
You may poesibly think a point of clrem of not much importance, and I have accordingly
adopted a private form of adrlrerrs, in ccwe you were averse from changing whatever uniform
you may weer a t present. But if you prefer the e-stablished drew of this department, and
will send round a coat which fits you, ... the proper miform shall be mede up here according
to it, and transmitted to you with the official authority for wearing the same'.
Hodgson was less interested, and writes to Montgomerie ;
I do not know what you can do about tho blue ooata ; certainly they ere very ugly. It
is bad policy mnking any claw of otRcors wear that, or any other colour but red, wtlioh the
people respect. and we should shew nr muoh .w possible. Here no uniform he8 ever been
ordered for the surveyon. and I believe they wear their regimental coate.
I remember that Colorlel Blacker, who wa4 curious in matters regarding his own dreas.
invented a coat different from what Colonel Mackeoeie wod, and got it approved by
the Governor General in Council, not the Commander-in-Chief. Colonel Bleoker ... aant to
Mountford the pattern of this embroidery, and r19 the Deputiea wear it ...y our Adjutant General
might ...g ive the aurveyon beak their red coakq, and you could trim them aa you pleaso.
I t is not. however, an affair in which I can interfere, but certainly the red coat commands
fm more respect than blue or g mn ; at lennt such ie the cave in Hindostan, and it is not well
to add to the prejutlicm entertained by the more i q ~ o r mt natives against st weyon. whom
many of them think amcondemned to memure rotarls a4 a punishment for misdeeds [ 149, 331 1s.
This certainly impliea that surveyors usually wore their scarlet whilst out on field
work ! See also the front cover of Manual of Survr;ydng for India, 2nd edition,
reproduced below.
ccr '
' Ba0.11-7-1787 & Bm. Drua Rrga. 6-3-1823 w d r m this.
' DDn. 223 ( 6 ). 241- 04; En. h
Ragl. contain nothing about uniform for Survcy Dapt.
DDn. 220 ( 58-0 ), 12-10-27.
CHAPTER XXIV
PAY & ALLOWANCES
Bengal - Madras - Bombay - areal Trigommetrical Sutvey - Fieldbooke &
J o u ~ l e .
allowrtnces fixed for Bengal surveyors in 1785 were Rs. 618 p.m. for nine
months of t he year and Rs. 280p.m. for three months during t he rains [ [I, 326 1.
THE
River Surveyors were allowed an ext ra 240 for t he hire of boats. Assistant8
drew Rs. 100 p.m., with Rs. 195 ext ra if employed on rivers [I, 277 1. These
allowances covered all expensen for instruments, s t a t i o n e ~ , transport and followers,
but were over and above regimental pay, batta, gratuity, o11d t ent allowance of
military rank. \\'it11 special sanction ofticers were allowed t o draw instrunlents
or stationerj- from Government stores, or t o charge contingent expenses.
The following table shows t he basic rates of regimental pay and allowances for
Bengal officers in t he field1. I n cant onn~ent s half-bafta only was drawn, and
al l owa~~ces for Engineers were halved. House-rent and horse-allowance were extra,
when applicable.
Pay AUowanoes Hattia Uratuity Total
Lt. Colonel . . Rupees 2W 150 600 . . 000
Major 180 120 460 760
Captain . . 12u 75 180 38 411
Licutenar~t . . 60 50 I20 24 234
Ensig~~ . . 43 60 90 12 200
The Surveyor General of Indi a drew an allowance of so~raut R,s. 1,500 p.m.,
and full bat h wherever he might be [ IT, 325 12.
The regulation survey nllowance did not provide for the heavy expense of
travelling in t he Himiilaya districts, and Hodgson was quick t o ask for reliof;
The survey I arn about to undertake mill differ widely from those...carried on in level
countriee, and...much time ancl labour will be req~~i red in erecting &pals ... to be visible at groat
distances. ... Many people m u ~ t be employed ... to fell the treed, and. ..to orect them ; also cordage
to etay them, and l ~r g e flags. ... To defray the expences of the above, a9 well as the carriage
of the ponderous surveying instrumen ts... in the mountains, where every d i c l e mwt be carried
by men, as well as the ... cl~nrpee for measuring the base, and other Rxpencee to which a Surveyor
in the plains L not liable. I raqectfully entreat ... that I may ... chnrge such extra expencee to
the public account ; ... also ... to indent on the nearest mnp&zule for such cordage, bunting, tools,
and other articl eu... as can be hadJ.
Sanction was granted provided t he contingent bills were countersigned in the
Surveyor General'cj office. To meet a similar petition from Webb, Government
authorized a special allowance of Rs. 200 p.m. from 1st November 1815, t hat was
later extended to Hodgson and Herbert. Webb estima.ted his transport expenses
a t RB, 300 a month, with coolies @ Rs. 4 each, as against Rs. 84 in t he plains4,
Tents . . 20 Coolies In~trumentu . . 12 Coolies
Bed B Bedding . . 3 .. 13o.1ks & Maps . . 4 ,,
Table 8: Chnir . . 2 ,. (:l(~tl~ew, &c. . . 8 ,.
Wicu & ?r'ecessxrir\ . . 12 ,. for Srrvnnta .. 4 ..
Letterm . . 8 ,. @ Rs. 5 each.
Hodgson's assi st a~~t s, Edward Garstin and Pnton, expected a staff allowance of
Rs. 350 a month, but t he Auditor General reduced i t t o t he normal Rs. 100. On
appeal t hey were alloa,ed t o draw t he higher rat e up t o t he dat e on which they
received t he auditor' s ruling. As t hey found i t utterly impossible t o work in the
1 EIR. 1821. 'CD to B., 10-3-15 ( l ). 'BMC. 9-2-10 (35). 'DDn. 191 ( 243) , 13-7-21 ; 141
( 317 ). 19-8-17 ; BMC. 16-12-.I6 ( 35 ).
bille on subal t ern' pay and thia reduced allowanoe, t hey both meigned. Herbert,
who followed, waa able t o manage aa he drew t he extra hill allowance of Re. 200.
Qerard, when working for t he Boerd of Cornmiseionem in BahEranpur and t he
Dan [ z z - ~ 1, drew salary of Rs. 360 p.m. with special addition of Re. 160. Hie
msiatant, Blandford, was allowed Rs. 200 p.m., as also was Webb'e rsesietant, Tate.
The geologist Laidlaw was allowed Re. 600, aa drawn by Evereat and Voymy
[266], and permitted t o "draw from t he Hon'ble Company's Apothecary ... such
medicinm, iristruments, tests, and other materials ...aa t he Medical Board may
oonsider neoessary" [ 267 1'.
Both Hodpon and Herbert had tho greatest difficulty in getting their allowances
and contingent expenses passed by t he Auditor General, t he most frequent objections
being t he lack of fieldbooks countersigned by t,he Surveyor General, and their
claim t,o draw full rates during months t,hat were officially too wet for outdoor work
[217-91. Hodgson was particularly hurt t hat for t he period November 1817 to
January 1818, when he took leave and surveyetl the routo from Delhi to Jai pur
with tlie Army of Reserve [ 34 1, it was ru1f.d t)hat he was entitled t o nothing more
than t he Rs. 100 p.m. allowed t o a regimental officer for keeping a route.
My bills for airvey allowa~icos for ... Novombor, n ~ ~ ~ l n b ~ r , .January, and February also.
have been returned unaudite~l. I i m~gi r ~e the rotson for mfiuring pnyrnont of the three Brat
months is that I won with the Heserve, but I...beq to 1x3 informed ... why the bill for February
in not paeaell, aa I waa actually enef~ged in op~rrations ... l~olonginy to the mountain survey.
The sun1 of 2,472 rupem h~ been now tle~lucte~l frum my allowanrua, end the Auditor
General hna retmnched tho nll11wance3 of Lieut. Horhert in such n manner that the Paymaster
only allows him 150 rupees a month. IJe~idea tho orditlttry expences of an omcer, his actual
dkbureoment on account of oxtra carriage amount to 200 rupees monthly for hill cooliw alone.
... Thus there ia nothing left bnt my regirnerrtal pay of 400 rupees, and the 150 rupeoa left t o
Lieut. Herbert, to pay ... the public! account and to sllpport ourselves.
I have been obliged to borrow cagh that the survey may not stop, but I faer cannot do
so much longer, as money is not procurable i r ~ these tnountains. For want o f meanr, I fear my
mearches will be ~r eat l y cri[)plo,i ... and t ht ~t a fornigner [nay be able to penetrate where the
officers of Government cannot. M without rnonuy I oannot bear the expen-, both publio and
private, of both m~uelf and my awistant. The Auditor Qelleral's renaon for retrenching Lieut.
Herbert's allowances is new, ... that his bills were not signed by me. ... I nevor heard. ..that
the bill of an mi at ant ... should be signed by the Surveyora.
As the allowances of a surveyor are not cortoin, nor his situation permanent, and ... severel
embarrassing circumstances a r k , causing great d e l ~ y ere he can receive his salary, whioh
he forfeita if sick [ 349 1, or ia unable to make a certain daily progresa which is ordered by the
regulations to be 5 cosses per day [ 11, 201 ; 111, 197, 201 1. ... the surveyor in the mountaim.
far dintant from the Presidency, finds himolf...liable to forfeit hiu aUowancos. ...
By the regulations all surveys are to be diacontinuod during the rainy w o n , ... but it
in in that season alone, when the snow is to a certain degree melted, that we can beat explore
those deep receesee of the Hirnmalya where tho rivem originate. Nothing but ... necasaity ...
would tempt the surveyor to keep the field at a seclson ...[ of ] more then ordinary exposure.
fatigue, end dangeld.
Fbspecting my survey bills when with the Reserve. The Deputy Military Auditor General
stated ... that I am ... entitled to the allowances of 100 Its. a month, being those of an omoer
deputed to keep the minutes of a route. ... If entitled to allowancas, I conceive it ia to those
I have always receivod aa a surveyor, viz., 818 rupeea a month. ...
There ie a greet difference between what is required from an officer ... deputed by hia corn.
manding oflicer to keep the minutev of the route ... and from an established aurveyor with the
vev beat instruments. ... Without routes we cannot move; ... when such ore aorreoted by
astronomical observatior~s they h o m e most valuable end important. The mere keeper of ... e
route cannot make such corrections ; ... his allowances of 100 rupee, a month would barely in
three years amount to a sum suffioient to purohase merely the ohronometera I used'.
Hodgeon's acuities were very real, for he had to meet all t he expenses of t he
survey. Herbert, moreover, who was now doing most of t he actual work owing
to Hodgson's ill-health, writes t hat t he retrenchment had reduced him
to great difficulties. Sinoe the latter ond of Mamh Isat, I have been ... expending on en a v v
'Dh. 84 ( e l ) , 211-10-17. ' DDn. 162 (46). 21-618.
a ib. ( 51 ), hby, 1818.
'ib. (60). 4-7-10.
200 Re. e month, ar indeed more. ... I have not mi v e d from Bhe Paymaster any part of thu
very coneiderable eum. Besides this, my personal dlowmce hee been r e f d p y mmt sincs
December leet inclusive, amounting to 1,000 1h. for ten months, ... a totel sum of I&. 2,426.
Of this. Rs. 560 ia absolute loas, being tlle amount of the emoluments of my Company whioh
I relinquished when I leh my corps to join thin survoy.
Difficulties have increased 80 fast upon me that I shoo11-l long ago have been forced to...
mign, ... hnd not my friends ... frinlinlled me with funds to meet the current exponces. ... I am
indebted so largaly now to i ndi vi d~~t rl ~, in conseqilence of the long ~t oppage of my allowancee,
thet I am really under the greatmt difficulties ae to how or where I am to obtain frm&l.
I n a later letter he urges his claims t o succeed Hodgson in charge of t he survey,
and draws a.tt,ention t o t he very small salary
granted to wi st t mt surveyors. being only an addition of 60 Rs. to whet an officer would enjoy
with his corps. ... This sum would nevor ... ulduce an officer to emhrace a line whioh is ... ruinow
to the health. ... Such an allowwce is not an adequate remunerutirm for the exercise of that
skill and knowledge which a surveyor. ..may be supposed t o poasesa ; or even for the ... constantly
moving about, bmidos the discomfc~rta and expence attending a life continually pessed in the
field, and wit,hout any fixed td~ubitation. ...
I WRS act.liatBd by a strong bias towards geodetical pura~lits. FLU well aa a natural desire to
heve my nnme connected with Captain Hodgson's in... his very interesting task-the meeeul.e-
ment of t.he height of the Indian Anilea. Those motives ... would heve ... retained me in this ill-
paid situntiorr, had he continued in the direction of the survey, but his appointment to another
situntion givps me, shall I say, a claim to look forward to some romunorationP.
Some relief was afforded by t he issue of special orders for t he speedy payment
of surveyors in t he hills. This did not, of course, cover t he case of Hodgson's
allowances for t he time he was absent with t he Reserve Army, and these were not
passed till t he maps and field book^ were properly countersigned by t he Surveyor
General [ I, 197 ; 11,217 1. HE could not, however, draw t he epecial hill allowance of
Rs. 200 for t hat period3. Even as late aq December 1820 his full claims had not
been settled because he had not complied in full witah "established rules"4.
Difficulties arose over t he allowances for assistants in t he Quartermaster General's
Department, who were to draw their special departmental rat e as A. Q. M. O. even
when serving under t hc Surveyor General [334-j 1. Hugh Morrieson, working from
boats in t he Sundarbans, was no longer entitled t o ext ra allowance as River Surveyor
[ 346 ] "because of t he permanence of t he salary in t he Quarter Maater General's
Department ", which mode no provision for t he hire of boats, RE. 240 for each boat
per month. He was eventually paid on submitting contingent bills counterfligned by
t he Surveyor General6.
Because t he permanent allowance of RN. 400 p.m., made no provision for the
supply of instruments, Franklin submitted a colossal indent which t he Surveyor
General could not possibly meet, and i t was t hen ruled t hat these surveyors should
."draw t he established allowance of 618 rupees per mensem, t o enable them to supply
.their own instruments" [ 21 I 16.
For Jackson's road survey to Nggpur [27-8 ] Government agreed t hat an
A.Q.Y.~.'s allowance could not cover all expenses, and authoriaed t he payment of
Re. 2,160 as compensation for t he loss of three elephants which had "been employed
for t he conveyance of t he sick through t he wild and unhealthy tract "7.
Under a ruling of 1811 i t was laid down t,hat survey allowances might only be
.&awn for periods of actual survey dut y [ 11, 327 1. I n 1823 Hodgson, remembering
his own case of 1818 [ 347 1, asked t hat surveyors should not only be allowed reduced
allowances during temporary absence on medical certificate, but even full allowances
if "able, in hopefl of speedy recovery, t o remain sufficiently near t o afford a general
superintendence from t he nearest station Government did not accept t he latter
suggestion, but agreed t hat in t he case of "sickness duly certified by a medical
officer" a surveyor might draw Re. 250 a month when "temporarily ...p roceeding
1 DDn. 162( 11 ), 4-10-10. #i b. ( 1004) , 11-7-10. ' DDn. 144( 60) . 12-2-19. 4 DDn. 145 (677).
9-12-20.
' DDn. I42 ( R3-7 ) & BMC. 9-5-17. WDn . 145 ( 106-8 ). 26-2-20. 7 DDn. 191 ( 221 ),
8-1-21. ' DDn. 188 (171-3). 22-1-23.
fo dietant etations, on the river or otherwise"l. Thie conceeeion wss later extended
to - voyage8 on Hodgeon representing that there were no officers
whoen duties are so fatiguing end so detrimental to health es those employed in lend aumeys,
end the diseaeea incurred by conetent expoaure to the sun muat generally be of e neture
which voyegea to see, or to the Cape, are most Likely to alleviate. ... No officer would wish to
leave his duty to proceed to the Cape on reduced allowances, end et e very heavy cherge for
p-ge money, unleaa compelled by the strongest nweasitya.
Special permission was obtained for Wilcox to draw full allowances at Sadiye
during the rains, after his strenuous tours across the hills in 1828 and 1827,
on the plea of ... heving been eeaiduously employed, not in tho ... compnmtively Light lebour of
hkhi ng plane, ... but in eliciting information for ... those aountriee whi h we cannot e v t
...to visit. ... My few leisure hours were occupied in acquiring e knowledge of the Assameme
language to fit me better for my duties of this season3.
By a further concession he drew full allowances whilst at Calcutta during the
rains of 1828 that he might work more efficielltly then in an Assam boat;
He wm direct ed... on his way down to meke certain surveys of part ... of the B-hpootre.
arrived in Caloutta on the 12th Junu laet, since which time he has been aasiduouel y...
employed in my office in conetructing a valt~able map of the course of the Burmahpootra from
Goalparre upwarda 8s fm as he could ponetrnte, and of the country end rivers of hm
generally, and of the contiguous mountninfi [ 64 1. ...
The s we y o r ...is oi course at much p t e r expense at Calcutta. where he is obliged to hire
a house, and also to keep up his pinnace and boat estahlisllment, that he may be reedy to
return to his duty on the river when orderod ; for ... in Asam the s~uvoyon, live in their boats,.
are their own property. ... I trust, that Lieutenant Wilcox will be considered fidly entitled
to his salary and boat allowance during the present r,en.gon4.
Special authority had to be obtained before Burlton could draw any survey
allowance in Upper Assam [ Go 1, the Surveyor General writing that
on the 8th September last Lieutenant Burlton ww selected by the Commanding Officer in
h m to accompany Liout. Wilcox on a nurvey. ... I do not know of any case similar to t he
present. Officers have indcod ... been allow~d to accompany surveyors on j o~l r nep of difficulty
and interest, but for their amusement only. In this maruler Captein Raper accompanied
Lieutenant Webb on a survey in the Himalyn mountains [ 11, 74 1, but I em not aware of any
dlowances having been required in such instances. ... Remuneretion might be granted for the
time ho wes actually employed ... end put, to extra expenses. ... Tho' not appointed an -istent
surveyor, the duti es... must ... be of a nature not very dissimilar5.
Burlton was granted allowances of an assistant surveyor with boats, and continued
to draw Rs. 300 a month till his t,ragic death [ 64 1.
The appointment of surveyor on special terms often raised awkward problems
for the accounts department, and the Surveyor General ww questioned by
the Civil Auditor respecting Mr. Bedingfield's allowances. In the vory general term. in which
he was appointed. ... no mention was made of hie allowances, end they muet now be ordered,
as auditors do not go but on precise orders and sure grounds. ... I hope Mr. B. will be p l d
under Mr. Scott's irnmediete orders and peyment, as he is best eble to direat him [ 64 1. ...
You must remember in making your bills that the Auditor pessea but d m not pay them.
... If you wish them paid here you should address them to the Sub-Treasurer. When any at,&-
lkhrnents ere charged for, the authority ought always to be quoted, and dato for the order. ...
I t is very well for powerful ... Secretaries to pat sweeping orders pa-d, but when you go to.
Paymasters end Auditors, an authority is required for every mpeea.
In spite of allowanoes which looked so liberal on paper, a surveyor's career
hardly ct business proposition ; they had to provide
their own eatebliehmenta and instruments, end these ere very costly, ... and several of the
most ambitious have in their private posswion some of the moet vdueble instrumenh whioh
can be mede in England. If the sunveyor is sick or otherwise interrupted in his work, he losea
his allowencea during the time it is discontinued [3+7,356]. nnd eltogether he cannot be
to be over-rewarded for o life of solitude and elmoat uneesisted t o i l 7 [ 11. 327-91.
The salary fixed for the Revenue Surveyor Cenerbl in 1823 was Re. 1,200
month, with RE. 350 for office rent [306]. The revenue surveyors drew the e t a n m
BMC. 3-29 ; DDn. 107 ( 81 ). a BTC. 10-7-23 ( 30 ).
' DDn. ZOP ( 308-3 ). i&i%~g . 210
( 36 ). 12-1-21 ; 210 ( 235 ) 1- & 24-8-27. ' DDn. 231 ( 175-8 ), 204-28.
8 D h
( 3~ ), &.
880. to Wiloox, DDn. 220 ( 281 ), 28-9-27.
'from Hodgmn, SG., 9 5 3 2 ; DDn. 188 ( 31 ).
salary of Rs. 618 for nine months of the pear whilst their officer assiatsnts were
allowed Rs. 250, a.d "the allowance to an Assistant Surveyor employed in geogrephi-
-1 survey is ... too small for the arduous duties to be performed "1.
The salary for survevors in Madras had been fixed in 1801 at 100 pagoda8
month [ 11, 230 1, which included the second half of bat&, and pay of lascars.
The
allowances recommended by Mackenzie in 1816 were more generous in that they
allowed the 4-batfa and pay of lascars to be extra ;
In consideration of Lieutenmt Ward's employment ss Amistant in this office since 1810,
in addibion to his experience in the surveys of Canara and in the Ceded Diatrirte, ... he should
be allowed ... t.he full allowances of a S~lrveyor, ... viz., 100 pagodns per month salary, with
one Tindel and G Lascars, ancl the additional half hatta of his rank. ... When a Surveyor does
ihi~ duty in this laborious sorvice, this is no mom than an eqnitable compenaation. ...
Lieutennrit Gnrling's salary was fixed on the 5th Febr~lary 1813, inolusive of all expenses
excepting leacam, at 150 pagodm per month [ 11.332 I. ... I...recommend that a tindel be added
... extra to the loscarj allotted ... by regulationa.
TWO ext,ra lascars allowed to Carling were "on account of a superior instrument
which he used" [ 11, 158 1. \Yard was allowed the ext,ra t i t ~dal .
Surrey allowance for Engineer officers still remained at 373 ps., the old rate
based on ten shillings a da.y [ I, 279 ; 11, 330 n.3 1, and this was all that navies drew
~ h e n on survey in the Deccan in 1917 1 11. 393 13.
Allowances were not cut during the rains, and Mackenzie writes from Bengal ;
All surveyon' allowances are etrict,ly lnid aside hare during the mine, & only 260 &.
p.m. ; the ... allonronces are botter than ours ( except Mr. Garling's ), hut the instru-
ments are dofrayed by the surveyors, & when tliey get any from the public stores, they must
be paid for4 [II, 221-3 1.
I n 1821 Ward drew--in addition to regimental pay [ I , 279; 11, 330]-personal
salary Ks. 350-difference of full and half-ba,tta 67-13-0-surveying lascars 70-6-3
-total Rs. 488-3-3 p.m. From 1818 he drew a further temporary allowance
for his extra employmellt in Travancore in the investigation of the limits of Tinnevelly ar,d
of the Cardomom Blountains ...- 176 rupees per monaem- ... for the surveying seaaoll only and
when actually employed on field duty, ... eight months in the year6.
\Then Conner was posted to the HyderLbid survey he was only allowed the
standard 100 pa., or Rs. 350, which he had drawn in Coorg and Travancore, and
not the higher rate sanctioned for Garling6. The standard rate covered all
items provided for under the old regulations, viz., "office rent, horse allowance,
inbTreter's allowance, etc. ", and Mountford refused to forward Young's application
for rent of an office as he thought i t the duty of the offimr in charge
t o provide a suitable commodious and safe house for the deposit of the public property. ... and
an no account to permit the mapa, etc., t o be kept during the monsoon in a tent, where they
are 80 liable to be injured or deetroyed7.
Young was allowed the higher rate after protesting that
the duties expected of me are not less arduous than those of my predeceesor; and the
-number of aaniatante being greater now than formerly, the sphere of those duties is consequently
in proportion. ... It is well known to you how materially daeerent the situation is
to me to what it waa to Captain Garling ; the liberal aid afforded to that o5cer by the Niuun's
,Government in the promcution of the survey hes been withheld from me [ 4x79 1. ...
The duties of a surveyor in them territories, if not more arduous, a t leeat require more
.vj@mce, and are attended with greater expenses than similar duties are in our own distriotss.
Snell's salary in the Circera remained a t Rs. 360, and his application for an
iinc- wee met by Mountford's llnsympathetic comment that
bigher dt uy is merited by work requiring higher quelificetiom, or ...g reeter elcpenditure on
DDn. 204 ( 307 ), 2-3-27. ' MPC. 437 1816,IO-6-10. 8 DDn. 161 ( 13 ), 8-8-17. 4 DDn. 1M
293 1. l u a . Beom rounurd ; oDn. ld ( 7 e s ,, 21-%21 . D h . 184 ( 10 1. -22. D a .
,182 ( 276 ), 26-10-21. a DDn. 184 ( 72), 184-22; ( 131 ), 10-8-h.
the part of the individual. Under the letter view I don't mp r i e e m y expenees ta be i n o d
for "raising mounds and cutting down timber to get a dietinct view". ... If the work in very
trying, the Iwoa re... may perform i t ; if heavy, it should be provided for by bills on honour,
and, in that cese, a previous view ... should ba submitted to Government for their sanction'.
Snell made another effort, again pressing the abaenoe of Lambton's triangulation
through the CircLrs, which entailed extra work for building high mounds and
clearing hill-tops [339]. Although this was supported by Montgomerie, Government
refused to oonsider it, but permitted both Ward and Snell to "submit statementa
of the actual charges incurred ... for work beyond what their authorized establieh-
ments of lascars were adoquate to perform"e. This rule was also applied to the
HyderibLd Survey when Morland took charge in 182g9.
The staff salary allowed to Riddell as assistant in charge of the office at Madrae
was 70 ps., being that of officers of the firet class of the Survey Branch of the Q. N. G. ' ~
department. For Mountford this Was increased to 100 ps., or Rs. 350, a3 for field
surveyors. On the upgrading of the post to Deputy Surveyor General, the aal aq
was increased to Rs. 500 [ 320 1.
The survey allowance of a military officer holding the appointment of assistant
surveyor waa Rs. 122-8, the same as for a civilian assistant promoted from sub-
assistant, but oxtra to rogimental pay end allowances. From December 1829 the
military assistants had their salaries raised to Rs. 180 a month as soon aa they were
reported fit for survey d u t p ;
The object for which yormg officers were recommended na Assitante to otficera in charge
of provincial mweys heving been more with ta view of their acquiring a perfect knowl.dga
of the duties of surveyors than the expectation that much benefit ooilld be dorivod from their
services for Rome time ~f t or their appointment, the small monthly snlmy of 1224
could only havo been intended to cover the ext,ra expenno t,o which thoy taro hbl n ...m the
field. and could not bo ...A sullicient remrineration for officers capah19 cf performing the vsry
nrduot~s ... duty of surveyors6.
The salaries of surveyors in Bombay were fixed quite independently of those
of the other two presidencies.
The personal salary drawn by Williams as Surveyor General before the abolition
of that post had been Rs. 702 p.m., in addition to Rs. 500 as Revenue Surveyor,
or "member of the Committee of Revenue Surrey ", and Rs. 250 establishment
allowance, amounting in all to Rs. 1,498 p.m. [ I I , 325 1. In his protest against
being superceded by Hodgson as Surveyor General of India in 1821 [ ~ Z Z 1, he
pressed for the recoupment of all his pnvate expenditure on the preparation of
geographical maps since 1815. The Bombay Government granted him a monthly
establishment allowance of Rs. 80 for the whole period, and asked the Directors to
authorize a further allowance of Rs. 700 a month, equivalent to his former dary
ea Surveyor General. This the Directors cut to Rs. 200 1322 1.
On his appointment to oharge of survey of the "Northern range of Ghauts"
in April 1810 [ 122 Is, Sutherland was granted a salary of Rs. 500 p.m., that wee
continuod when he was given charge of the regular survey of the Deccan, "which"
writes Elphinstone, "does not appear adequate to so extensive a charge"'. This
same salary was continued on his appointment, first as Assistant. aud then ee
Deputy, Surveyor General [ 323 1. He was disgusted at not being given any increase
of salary to meet increased responsibilities, but his appeal to the Directors after
his return to England, was sternly rejectads.
Rates of pay for assistant surveyors varied considerably. The standard rate
for a junior eesiatant was Rs. 4 a day, but Engineers drew Ra. 262 a month. On
' DDn. 220 ( 16-7). 28-1-24. 'bCbIC. 21-10-28; Dnn. 22% ( 341 ). 'DDn. 237 ( 173). aC7-29;
230 ( 188 ). 2-10-20. ' DDn. 237 ( 123 ). 1-1'2-20. 'from N O . ; DDn. 328 ( * - 7 )). 9-1k29.
a Bo Pol C.
1 1 4 1 8 .
'Readt. Poona to Bo. Covt. 8-12-18; DDn. 144 ( 111 ). ' CD Mh. U611133 18-6-27.
the Deccan survey no previous agreement had been made es to the pay of the
surveyors lent from Madras, which led t o considerable inequelity
in the allowances of the AsaistaotR ul Major Sutherland'a eurvey, from the officers belonging
to different establishments. and to different branches of the Army. ... I am not certain what
the Mdr es allowance ...is, but I believe it is aboi ~t 76 pagods*, or 262 Itupem'.
No sett.lement had been reached a year lator and Sutherland pointed out that
Captain Challen ... h w performed the mmt uweful duties 011 the allowance usually granted to
officew ernployod in taking routes, viz., 120 rupee3 per merwern ; the other officers have no
staff ealaries. The case of Captain Boles and Lieutenn~lts Perry and Montgomerie is
peculiarly had. ... They havcnot only beun without any allowances whatover. but haveabsolutely
incurred consirlorable expense out of their private fiu~ris. ... AH tlkese gentlemen belong to
the Madran Prwi de~~cy. t>hey might he paid ... according to the regultltio~~s of that mtnblishment'.
I t was decided e\-ent.ually tliat all assistants on the 1)eccan Survey should draw the
rates allowetl on tho Gujarat revenue survey ; 1st Assistant, Rs. 300 ; 2nd Ausistant~,
Rs. 950 ; ar;d 3rd Assist,ants, RR. 120 p.m.
Engineer officem when appointed
to the charge uf fort.mse8, or employed in the Superultendenc~ of Public IVl~rks, on Sl~rveya,
are eritit,la~! to rirew the extra personal allowance of their respective ranks. viz.-700 Rs. per
month tn a Fie111 ORi cer420 Rn.. .Captain-262 Rs .... Subaltern-and then only during the
time of their rctual ernplo>~nent~.
On his uurvey of KBtl~iiiwiir [ 127-8 1, Slight drew staff pay Rs. 600 p.m.,
t he snn1e as drawn by Jopp in the Deccan. Jervis, also an Engineer, asked for his
allowances to be increased to the same as Slight's ;
I.irut. Pliglit Lieut. Jerris
StatT Pay 5OCbO-0 300-0-0
Full batta 120-0-0 1209- 0
'Icntn? BCJ-0 66-3-0
(:rntu~ty 21-0-0 24-0-0
Nctt I'ny 62-0-0 &LO-0
Estahlsliaent 200~-0 - 0 412-0-0
Grand Total 1,002-3-0 984- 34
Jervis was told to wait ;
Tire extensive Depnrtnlent of which Captain Jopp i8 at the head [Deccan survey ] co~t i t ut ea
a much stronger claim to high allowances than ... any single survey.
The allowancm of Lieut.
Slight were fixed at a high rate in consequence of the expected short duration of his employment.
~s a general rule, however, the ealaries of such appointments must ... be regulated by the dutiea,
and not by the ... abilities, still levs by the standing. of the officers employed in them. ...
The Governor in Council thinks it neceaaary to record his dissent from the principles
advanced by Lieut. Jervis. He is sensible of his zeal and ability and ... statistical enquiri ea...
wU...decide on...some separate remuneration for that duty when it is completed4.
Lambton's survey salary a t the time of his transfer t o the Supreme Government
was 400 p a g o h , equal to 1,400 Madras, or 1,300 sicca rupees [II, 335 ; 111, 3241.
Everest and Voysey were both appointed with salaries @ Rs. 600 p.m.
On his journey from Chunsr to HyderBbBd [ Z ~ I 1, Everest of his own accord
made a survey of his route, 750 miless, and finding that he had no time to
protract it, asked that he should be allowed "an adequate salary" for the period
of the journey, to cover the pay of draughtsmen who should map it under his
supervision. His application was referred to Mackenzie, who commented ;
It is a fixed principle with me that labour and meritorious exertions ought t o be well paid.
Work well and pay well [ &-Page 1. The rulea of the servioe have provided for thia to an extent
that h m been generally admitted, encouraging to officera of the rank of Subalterns and Cap-
tains. In extraordinary cases Government habe always exercised their undoubted privilege
to discrimins te... and to consider particular cases with liberality. ...
1 from Elphinotone, 31-3-10; DDn. 144 ( 181 ). ' DDn. 145 ( 171-4 ), 4-2-20. 8 Bo GO. 31-3-19;
Bo YC. ( camp ), 59/1822 ; note by MAG., 28-10-22. Lib. 137118% ( 187 ) ; 28-0-24.
V nhests,
MRIO. 88 ( 10-6 ).
When officers or other individuals have not been specially appointed to any survey. and
not provided with any axed stipend. it haa been the practioe that ... the results of their.obaervs-
tions have been presented to Government, who. ..have awarded sometimes the fill1 Surveyors'
ellowancea...for a reasonable period ; in other instances a round sum na a oompnsation. ...
I have experienced mywlf the liberal consirteration of Government repeatedly, and lcnow that
&hem hnve been allowerl time to complete their work. and have received ... r ompens nt h ...
In Captain Everest's caee, ... he in allowed ... salary as aqsiqtant to the Trigonometricel
g-ey, which I consider him entitled to from the day he left the Telegraph duty to join Colonel
Lambton. ... This i6, howover, contrary to tho ctlstom that prevails here, but not at Marlrm,
that the surveyor draw9 not the allowance till he commencm the survey. ... No precedent
whatever exists of a salary and surveyom' allowances hi ng both clrawn by one person.
On Captain Evereat's relinquishing the Telegraph duty by order, and leaving Chunar.
he applied t o me for instructions to sltrvey, but I did not consiler myself warranted t o isaue
any instructions to Captain Lambton's weistent, both from an idea that the principal routes
to Hyderabad by which he would travel had been already surveyoti, ... and my ... instructic~ns
might )lave interfered with the material object of his early joining his Principal. ...
It appears that Captain E v e r ~ ~ t hes availed himself of this ocwi on to survey the route. to
take observation. and to mcertain heights etc., but unfortunately he hw not protracte:l hk
work. ... I am aware that ... it is difficult t ~ , protrmt the work from clay to day. nnd I have
myself usually allowed tllo 3rd or 4th 'ley for this [ lor 1 ; the fin111 books also should be wrote
in srlch a way that they may be protrnctnrl aftorwarrls. i f sicknovs or accident, ns ir too often
the case, should prevent the surveyor doing it, early.
Captain Evereat propos -...at the utmost to ca!culate the latiti~clus, and give a general
.quperintendence to the construction by some other. ... Tho' I think a hught s ma n might
be oseful ...in writing names. I have never known the protraction of the fielcl work left by the
8urveyor to other hande ...- it certainly requires some knowledge of the tletails ... to lay down
tho work of another by protraotion-I have never known an instance of it. ... Colonel Lambton's
opinion should be referred to, both of the benefit of the work. and for the aid which hl,
establishment might give'.
Evereat had no opportunity to protract this survey, nor any special reward ;
on the other hand he drew full pay as Assistant in the Great Trigonometricel
Survey fram theday he left Chunkr, 16th October, to thedap I~ereachedHyder&b&I,
26th December. He tidied up his fieldbooks and put them away t.iU his return to
India in 1830, when he passed them to t,he head draughtaman for protraction.
It was not until 1840 that he submitted the resulting n ~ a p to Governments.
There were special rules regarding private house rent, and special sanction had
to be obtained for drawing of office rent. During his visit to Caloutta in 1825
to close the affairs of the survey before proceeding on leave, Everest tried, without
success, to obtain rent for n house in which t o put the records
of my department in as intelligible nhape as I could: ... without resorting to it I could not
have superintended whet wcls going forward on the pest of my subordinates. The house which
I have hired c o d me 225 Rs. per month. ... I have never yet drawn any allowance, or mede
my charge for house rent, but have always dedicated the greater part of my own bungalow, or
one of my best tents, to the purposas of an office. thereby renouncing all pretensions to
individual comfort [ 256 Is.
Whilst Government rejected this claim, they allowed house rent t o Olliver :
Hie Lordship in Council conaidera the claim advanced by Captsin Eve mt for house or
office rent altogether inadmieeeble. With respect t o the application submitted by Mr. Olliver
for a house rent, ... with reference to the expenses of a residence in Calcutta, and the p t
dimculty of procuring any suitable accommodation on terms more moderate. Hie Lordahip in
Council authorizes him to draw e monthly allowance of 70 rupees for a house'.
Under regulations which dated from 1796, every surveyor had to send in a
monthly progress report t o the Surveyor General, together with copiee of fieldbooks
' t o Mil. Beo., 30-1-18; DDn. 164 (00).
a DDn. 402 ( 234), 17iWO. DDn. 171 (U)3),9-%%.
' DDn. 201 ( 167 ). 14-10-26.
and journals. Without the Surveyor General's certificate that satisfactory work
had been done, the Military Auditor General conld not pass any bill for surveyore'
allowances [ I, 197 ; 11, 217-20 1'.
Time after time various Surveyor Generals had issued detailed instructions
regarding the preparation of fieldbooks, and protested against delay in their sub-
mission, or slovenliness in their preparation2 [ 11, 219-20 ], and Mackenzie was
horrified on his arrival in Bengal in 1817 to find that, since Crawford's departure,
these regulations, amongst others, had been but little heeded [ 290 1. Though the
surveyors pleaded special circumstances, and gave plausible excuses, yet he was far
too conscientious to allow any relaxation of rules. So long as fieldbooks or regular
journals, or the resulting maps, failed to reach him, he would not certify that any
useful survey had been accomplished.
The surveyors pleaded that it was more important to get on with the work
than to sit down and make copies of fieldbooks-their original books could not be
sent in because computations and protractions had not been completed-no maps
could be drawn until the triangulation had been adjusted to the astronomical
observations-they were entitled to full allowances right through the rains because
that was the only period when field work in the mountfains could proceed-it was
most unfair that the Paymaster should withhold payment and leave the surveyors
to make vast payments from their rapidly dwindling private resources [ 347-8 1.
All this was true, but Mackenzie protoskd firmly when Hodgson handed over to
Herbert after working nearly three years without sending in a single map ;
The Surveyor General is expected to call on all surveyors relieved from that duty for
the matsrials of the surveys [ 11. 218--9 1, and in this ceae no materials, maps, eketchee of the
work, excepting field books, having come into the office ... he deem i t expedient. ... both for
the preservation of the materials of a work that haa lastfed tluee years, and to enable him
to perform hie duty ... of the general direction, ... to solicit his Excellency's instn~ctions whether
this survey is to be further carried on to its conclusion, and by whom it is to be executed.
... Considering the distence from hence, the difference of the seaaona of the country, and the
interest that the survey of the countriea towards the heads of the Ganges may excite [II. 84,
89; 111, 46-8 1, he would ... suggest ... m e s e w being ... taken on the abj ect . ...
From all theee surveys, none of those communications ... that have been usually furnished
both in this Preeidency and in %I adraa... are now sent in to thia office. From the survey of
Benares [ II, 36 1, that of Kumeoon [ 44-8 1. that of Sirmoor [ 29-37 1, t hat of Bundelcund
[ax-2. 303-41, no plans,mepa, or sketches. I do not mean to l hd fault with this, ea there may
good reaaona for delaying them ; but how is it poasible for me.. .to offer eny propositions on
theee particular surveys without I have materials to go on ?
... From Captain Hodgeon's side ... even the field b o o b are either delay ed... or unintelligible
-the only check I have on the surveyed.
He consulted Thomas Wood [ 11,457 ; 111, 300 ] aa to the reguletion
which requires eunreyore on cloaing e survey, or on being relieved from one by siokneae or removal
to other dutiea, to deliver over all the materials...to the Surveyor General, and what ia intended in
thia ; t he maps, p%, n o t . , end journals, I presume. ...
We have, or are llkely to have, two or more removals. ... and aa I do not find that thia rule
waa practiced of late ( I mem in Colonel Crawford'e time ), I am unwilling to take it up
without I find it WM expected. Yet I certainly see the benefit of it, and that when e w e y
ie to be continued all its former proceedings ought to be forthcoming. ... I would not like to
propoae anything unusual or harsh, and I am always an advocate for giving ample time to
surveyors ; on the other side it is n e m y t o eeoure my own side4.
Mackenzie still refused to give Hodgson the certificates necessary for his allow-
ances, not accepting his fieldbooks alone as sufficient, and Hodgson writes bitterly ;
Having beon long suffering from ill health incurred in the prosecution of my duties in the
mountains, I am ignorant whether any, ant1 what, report respecting my field books from
February to the 10th August 1818 has been made. ... Conscioue of having always done my
duty to the utmost of my powe rs... I am not aware of any solid objections that can be made
to my field books. ... If there are such. I mpectfully entreat that ... the field books may
delivered to me, that I rney submit ... such explanation ea I think neceawry. ...
BY Re p. ch. 60 ; BMC. 15-8-1706. BTC, 3-7-23 ( 70 ). 'DDn. 164 ( 28 ). 16-10-18.
'ib.
( a8 ),21-10-18.
I t may. perhapa be object ed... that,...the greater part of the obae~et i ons wcorded...wom
no$ made by me personally, but by my aaeistent Lieutenant Herbert. That such was the
oese I have explained to the Surveyor General [ 303 1. ... What obsarvatiom I could mmkn
myself were few and interrupted. but those made by Lieutenant Herbert fully juetilied t b
high opinion I entertained of his ability and. ... being made a t the p h and in the manner
I directed. I consider myself anewerable for them. and I examined them aa soon as my eight
would allow, and imerted them in the field bonks which I signed [ 347 1. ...
An Assistant Surveyor is not required to send in &Id booke, as I underatood from Colonel
Crawford. who forbid my doing so when I wee an Assistant Surveyor, informing me that the
duty of an h i s t a n t Surveyor wes to assist his Principal as the latter might direct'.
Government supported Mackenzie ;
During the months of February and March 1818, Captain Hodgaon remained e t Kurnaul
in consequence of indisposition, and, ... although during the following months. ..he was on
the mountains on the field of his survoy, he was still prevented by ill health from talring en
active share in ita prosecution. ... The operatione comprehended in the 5eld booka for thorn
five months were performed by his assistant Lieutenant Herbert.
His Excellency in Council would not ... i nad upon e minute account of the manner in which
the operatio nu... have been divided between the Surveyor and his Ae s h n t ; but to enable
the Surveyor General to exorcise thet controul over surveyors which is ... one of his principsl
duties, ... all eurveynra shoultl furnish him with r epl ar repo rts...to shew tbat their mrvia-
have been givon to the survey, and that when the Assistant k separated from the Chief Surveyor,
(he former's field books, under his own atteetation, should be regulerly trensmitted in addition
to the field books or other reports of the principal surveyor. ...
.
With the exception of the field boob and the -11 sketch forwarded by Lieuteneat
Herbert, no ... matoria ls... have been received in the. ..office eince the institution of the survey in
October 1816. ... Hia Exoellency ... would not be juetified in admitting Captain Hodgson'a
olaim. ..until the documen ts... shall be forthcoming. ... The delay in the dj us t mwt of thab
officer's survey accoi~l~tv cannot be justly amribed to any unnecessary procrastination in your
office, but to Captain Hodgson's irregularity in not furnishing the plam...of hie m e y , and
to his omiwionu to reply eatiafmtory to your references. ... Thoee requisitions seem to hem
beenmade by you with every deyee of consideration for CaptainHodgson'a peauliar situation. ...
Oovemment is of opinion, let., that hktenta...ehould keep field books, and thet they
ehould be forthcoming a t the requieition of the Surveyor &neral ; 2ndly., that the field boob
ehould be kept monthly, both by the Swe yor and his Aasistenta. ...
Hodgson protested against the suggestion that he had not given ample evidenoe
of the progress of the survey, even though no map had been submitted ;
All my field booke, ... are deposited in the Surveyor General's of8oe; They are digested
end compiled from the rough notes taken in the rain and mow, so ea frequontly to be herdly
intelligible to any but the writer. When I have had l e h m I have generally, in my o m
convenience, reduced these notedl into a more dietinct shape, and copied them, perhepe ai&
mom explanations, and sent them ea the field books to the offloe.
Not expecting to be called for, them rough documents. ..are interspereed ... with mis.
wllaneoue matter of tentative dculations, ... and Tablee copied from mienti60 worb on
astronomy ~ n d geodesic. Mmy of the notes are in smell books, elmost illegible, ... end from
having bean wet perhaps they would be unintelligible to any person exoept mydf . ... My
only wish to retain them ...is to mi at me in ... completing the ultimets dcul at i ons and e t
m ~ p with Lieutenant Herbert, if we should be allowed to meet for thst pupow. ...
I communioate with Lieutenant Herbert frequently with regsrd to the map. ... It want cm
gradually, end wm in progrees, ea will appear from a r e d u d oopy whioh wm sent down. I
wua ordered by the Surveyor General to send such e one on e amall s d e . ...
Burveyora were, in the mountains, frequently obliged to take the field in the r h , th'
oontrary t o the regulations. ... Much muet rest on the diemetion of the ewveyor, for ah-
employed in the mountains had every induoement to bbh their wide esk-mdad hid of opere-
tione ~s soon M possible, consistant with accuraoy. I nevw WISE ordered to send in eny
of the map in dsbeil, or I would have done so, but I viehed to plesent notdung till the whd.
Phwld be hished. M Colonel Crawford adviaed me. snd e variety of ravlona oonvinoe
h most eligible pl m in an ertanaive and difficult mountain survey.
Government held to their previous ordere, replying t hat Hodgeon's zed
and professional ebiity haa not been adled in question. ... The pdmotion of tkm
for ... forming e proper map of the t r ~ t surveyed must be deemed the principal objmt of t b
'DDa 1C( ( 167 ), -10. to SG., ib. ( 200 ), 87-8-18. ' Dh. 1% ( 68-74 ). 12-12-10.
a pt a h Webb should be again called upon t o furaieh an explanation. ... On m&pt of
m h explanation, you will again ... submit ...y our aentimenta nu to the erpedienoy of pPesiDg
the bills ... which cue in the -time to be suspended1.
I n spite of hie etrict inaistenoe on tho regulations Meckenzie wee by no memn
without eymp~t hy, end writes to Grant in Gornkhpur [ 20-2 ] ;
I wi ~ h all success t o your laudable efforts. & n d not recommend your complying with
allragulatione t o the letter. There is no intention to annoy surveyors unnecessarily. I em
aware of all the inconveniences. ..& so far aa I can will support what is reasonable.
My
maxim is that "the laborer deserve8 his hiro" [j52], but I a m also an advocate for regnlarity &
for conforming t o the regulntiom that Government coneider neoeasary for muons that -ot
be always understood or communicated at a dietancea.
and to Buxton in Orissa [ 17-9 ] ;
All I can do immediately for your relief iA t o send you one thoueend rupeea of my own
money.
Send no bills hero, for God's sake ; mnd them to your Agenta. Our businees is to
certify the receipt of your field books & reports @a being eatisfactory, and the Auditor
will then be authorized t o pess your bi b. ... Teke care of Mr. Burke [ 17 ] and give him
eome of this on accountg.
After becoming Surveyor General himself, Hodgson hod the rulea eaeed to
Jl ow the surveyors two deya halt every w-oelr
including Sunday, for the duty is extremely hum-ing. ar ~d sufficient timeis not allomd to bring
up the protraction, which is alwayo dmirnblo, and t o make ccllcula*.iom. If this rerrsonable in-
dulgence be granted, the enrve:r~rs, I hope, would by thoir exertions on the other five day8
render thernaelve. worthy of it4 [ZOI, 3531.
IIe waa strict enough now a i d returned Peqns on' ~ field books for correction
to the form requirecl. Theae last notes evince more care and attention than those you
sent before, and I em more satislied with them. I have this day certified yolu field books
... to the Military Auditor Goneral, and you may consequently present your bilk. ...
During the rains ...p ay the rnost strict attention to tho reduction of the rough 11otw to t he
proper and ordorly form requisite, and duly attend t 3 the travemes to prove the work and t he
circuit. Field book are frequently sent t o England in the original. and I leave you to judge
what a figwe those you sent me, and which I rot i m, would hnva made [11, 2191. ... Each
month is to be ~eparated, and ... sent in at the expirutio~~ of the month. If you furnish me sntis-
fectory field boob, fairly copied for the remaining months, I will certify them.
The map whmh was returned to xou mufit be reconstructed with all a r e , for it will undergo
8 rigorous examination hero. I t is the correctness uf the SCBI ~S and ...p retractions which I
insist on, far more than the beauties of firlishhg ; ... delicacim of that sort may be helped here. ...
Lose no time in completing the fair copies of the field boob, and sending them month by
month, and ...p ay every attention to them. They must be on foolscap pa*.
He gives similar ulstructions to Pemberton, though he admits
that the service in which you are engaged is of a laborious nature, and ...y ou have not time
to complete your full and formal field boob at the close of the mont h; in such cases an
ab~t r act ... of each day's employment may be sent tu me, ... it being understood thnt the field
book ahall follow at your earliest leisure. But ... when you pmi bl y cen...keep your field booka
up to the day. You will mve yourself trouble in the end, and dascriptiona written ... a t t he
time are much better then any ... afterwards digested from short or loose notas".
and to Wilcox ;
Journa le... must be so arranged that your steps may easily be retraced. m d your notes
may act aa faithful guidea to anyone who may have occasion to come after you. They
also neoeasrvy to the Surveyor Goneral, who must erelnine your maps by your daily notes,
which may be made very instructive. ... A Beld hook is a daily journal sent in monthly.
and such hes been the custom of the service for the lost 30 years.
When I wae a surveyor, I never allowed my field books to be a day in a r m . Every
day was accounted for, and the w e y o r waa liable to, and frequently retrenched for, any
day on which he wes not on foot, a t 20 rupees a day. Sundeps excepted ; now Sunday and
Thursdays are allowed for helta [ 201 1. ... You will see the neoeseity of your sending t he
monthly Beld books, of which copie4 go t o the India Ho w, and for whioh I may be o e U d on
at any moment by the Gowmment hem'.
'DDn. 148 ( 83 ), 26-8-20. 'DDn. 164 ( 43 ), 22811-18. ' DDn. 166 ( 167-8 ). 104-19.
*.n
wlp example of the 6ve-day weak; DDn. 198 ( 1614 ). 21-11-21.
DDn. I98 ( 7- ), 3-7-89.
a ~h
220 ( 207-8 ). 20-2-27. * DDn. a83 ( 47 ). 18-3-27.
On his way to t ol we in 1827, Gerard fell ill, and for many months eent in no
reports [ go 1. Hodgon grew even more impatient then Maokenzie had over hi
own delinquencies nine yearn before [ 354 1, and asked Government to order Gerard's
suspension and removal h m the survey. To Gerard he writerr ;
Your communications since you left Calcutta have hitherto been most i r r w r ond unaatiu.
faotory. and have altogether disappointed the h o p entertained. ... Uneccompanied by eny
notee or obeervations, they cannot be considered of the least value. ... It is of little come.
quence to know that you were at places mentioned on particular days. What is requir ed...ia,
what useful operations you performed, and whet observations you took a t those plecesl.
And to Government he reported that,
from the time that Captain Gerard left Calcutta I have not received from him any acoount
of his operations in the least mtisfactory. Though repeatedly urged t o tremmit his monthly
journale, he hea not ... done so, nor essigned any reason ... but ... bad health. ... Having failed
in my endeevoum t o procure either journals, medical certifimtea, or clear explenatiom, ...
I do not feel ... that he should be allowed to take the field after the rainsa.
A belated explanation arrived too late for consideration ;
I have not f o r wd e d the observaLions I took on tho way from Ctblcutta t o Agra beca~ue
t he latt, Colonel Mackenzie d e w me newr to send either fieldboob or maps in the rainy
weather, since a good-sized packet which I despatched a t t hat setraon wee entirely destroyed,
and two which Colonel Blacker sent me to Delhi did not escape injury, nlthough well soldered
in titi boxesa 14191.
It is notable that these rule8 making the payment of allowances dependent on
the receipt of properly kept fieldbooks operated only in the Bengal heeidency.
Surveyors of the other Presidencies had no such irksome restrictions, though they
were expected to submit fieldbooks and journale every month, and reductions of
their surveys and protractions every year. This was not so diffioult when surveyors
were organized in parties, but in Bengal each worked eeperetely end often single-
handed.
When therefore Maokenzie moved up to Bengal, he brought three experienced
eurveyors, William Scott, who. had been usher a t the surveying soh001 for many
years [ 11, 344 ; 111, 99-100 1, Henry Hamilton, and Marcellus Burke ; also three
draughtemen, Newman, Mustie and Gould [ 316 1. The surveyors did not reach
Caloutta till April 1 Y 18 [ 373-41. Three apprentices were recruited by Riddell',
two from the Madras Military Asylum [364 1, and one "from one of the achool,q
in Vepery, ... bound as my apprentice for 7 years ". He took a keen interest "to
accomplish them as draftsmen" ;
I have been enquiring concerning t he rates a t which b o p might be fed, olothed, $0.
Our
appranticee, st preaent, are very expensive in these respects, but with a greater number the
charges would of course decrease. ... I f a house & medical attendanoe be allowed, the 60
rupees you mention will be eufFicient to board &...furnish paper, pens, pencile, colowa & mathe.
matical instruments, & elementary books, & t o comple te... t he education of t he lade'.
Two mere sent up to Calcutta in June 1818 [ 361 n.7 1, and, writes Mackenzie, "they
seem to be fine bops. They are entirely under the care of Mr. Burke, where they
will meet with every kindness ".
Scobt trained the apprentices ; Hamilton took charge of the drawing office,
whilst Burke acrlompanied Buxton to Cuttack, and did valuable work till the
breakdown of his health compelled him to take a year's leave t o Madras3 [ 17-8 1.
Mackenzie a-as di.sappointcd in his ~f f 0I - t ~ to porsuade other Madras assisistents to
vo1untec.r for trander to Bongal [ 374 1.
I n May 1816, three apprentices from thc Kidderpore Orphan Sohoo14 were eant
to work under Gerard in the upper d&b [ 22, 157 1, and after the closing of that
survey the two still remaining, John Graham and Simon Raser, were transferred
to Herbert's survey in the hills [ 38 1. Gerard had used them only as recordem
and copyists, and possibly for running the perambulator, for Herbert asked whether
they should accompany me into t he mountains, ... being unft~rnished with any instruments
( except a perambulator ), & t he inadequacy of their ~a l a r y to meet t he expence of moving
... in t he hills [ 346 1.
I f they had h d instruments, I would defray pert of t he expence rather
t han that. they should remain idle a t a time when their services are so much required6.
Several months later he purchased "a surveping compass & a sextant for the
use of the apprentices ", and put them on survey "tho' hitherto they have only
h n employed in assisting in plotting & drawing-8. Samples of Graham's surveys
a t thi8 time are still preserved [ 39 n.9 1. Fraser died at Sahgranpur in May 1822.
but Graham accompanied Oliver to Delhi [ 155 1, and later had a long career as
Head Draughtaman [ 313 1. On their transfer from Gerard's survey, the Board of
Commissioners debited the Military Department with the cost of their equipment ;
Pm Each Apprenlicc
Wari ng Apparel ... ... RE. 1394-0 Bundrie,
A Coat A Poney
...
A Greet Coat A Country Saddle and Bridle Re. 72-04
A Jacket
A pair Bullock trunks. with loob
...
Two sire Pantaloon8 and keys ... !244-0
... TWO $eistoasts and s Quilt A Camp Cot ... 16-04
A Camp Table ... ... 8-0-0
...
White Linen ... ... RB. 147-15-8 A Camp Chair or Stool ... 1-04
One dmon Pantaloons A pair Rattan Pittaras. with loob
... .. Jackets and keys ... e4-0
... ... , Shirts A Rill Tent 100-0-0
, Waistcoats A Neoeasary Tent [II, jgg 11.11 bstwesn two.
,, short Drawers
,, Neokcloths From the Fd t y Qhr Ma g a z i ~
,, Handkerohirfe 2 oases of Y~thematioal Inetrumenta with ool ou~
Half dozen Btoolrings, Europe etc., oomplete
One .. .. Contry A braes cheok Perambulator
A Hat ; 4 pair8 Bhoea and 2 pairs Boots. A wooden .,
I n 1817 three other boys7 were sent to Morrieson in the Sundarbans to be
... instructed and employed in lend surveying. The neoeaaary indent urea... will immediately
'Mas hemon. Bahenob and Seaton. 'DDn. 161 ( 1 6 etc.), 18-2-10.
'leave from Deo. 1818.
aThe ~e n g a r ~p p e r Mil. Orphan Bohool Kidderpore. open t o sons of mil. oaoers, warrant oEoere, and
Bwge41ns. No list of pupih found later then Ang. 1798. 'DDn. 162 ( 127), 6-3-20.
'DDn. 162 ( 1621,
7-1 1-20.
' PohiU, Arthur Fitzpetriok, Clayton.
be p r e p d . ... h t ~ o t i 0 DE will be ieaued...ta furnish ... a tent and...moh 8urveying inetm-
menta es are requisite. Suoh of the neoesesry instrument8 M aannot be supplied from the
h n e l or Surveyor General's Office you are requested to purohsee..md you are l i k e a h
to hire for their accommodation a eafe and suitable boat'.
On closing the survey in October 1818, Morrieson left them boya with the
Surveyor General in Calcutta. reporting favourably on
their general good behaviour, and their attention to their duty. They have been instructed
in the moat useful branch- of surveying ... vizt. plain trigonometry, for escertaining the
heights and dietancea of objeote-mensuration for laying down on estate--route and river
s-eying-the observing the working the latitude. either by the 8un or a star-keeping t he
mte of o chronometer by observat.ions and calculnting the differenoe of longitude therefrom-
toreduce or increase a map in copying it-to find tho variation of the compass-they can elno
mi t e and print the namm of placoa in maps very neatly. Should they hereafter be employed
on any duty where it will be necessary for them to take Latitudes, they ought to be furnished
e t h good sextants, as those they have at present are bad, and not to be trusted'.
Their indentures had now to be amended. as their original ones had been made
out for service in the Sundarbans only3. After surveying the Sibpur botanical
gardens under Scott [ 12 1, Polhill and Clayton were transferred in October 1819
to Buxton's surrey in C~~t t ack, whilst in March 1820 Fitzpatrick was sent up to
Grant in Gorakhpur [zz]. Buxton's apprentices drew "allowances for apparel,
food, personal servants, and ttccommodation, Rs. 60 ; tentage, Rs. 25 ; for the upkeep
of a horse, Rs. 15". Regarding the horse allowance Mackenzie writes ;
I never hoard of palanquins hoing allowerl to native survoyora, and if European surveyom
uee thom, they of course pay for them out of their allowances. In case of sickness aome aid
is neoerrsctry to convey t,he sick to lnorlicnl stations, but if a perlnanent allowance is granted
for homes. does not this provide for thoso conveynnce~~ ?
Though described by Mackenzie aa "very fine young lads", Buxton had little
use for these town-bred young men ;
I c w make nothing of thorn. I dovised a mode which would e~reble them to live and
work on their aslariaa, but it wns extremely unsuitable to their ideas, for thoy tell ms they
cannot do without a Ilookah each, and their own separate servants, instead of tnking one
servant bet,woun 4. ... They will rlo\,er bu able to accompany me into the hills, as the expence
of carrying is very heavy, and it would be necessary to carry provivione for their people with
them into the jungle+ where none are to he hads. ... [ They ] will also have to proclue carriage
and kulaanim for the instrulnente which they have bmn obliged hitherto to pay themselvtt~. ...
I crtnnot say that I have witnossed in tho young men ... much of that ... spirit of enterprise
which you mention ; that total spirit of dandyism is, I take it, somewhat of u. bar to the
activity of the whole class. Howevur, they have conducted themselve~ very well since they
have been with me, a ~l d I hnve no fi~ult to find ... unlass the want of that spirit of enterprize
be excepted. ... With regard to ... surveying. I have their separate portiom done during the-
laat seaeon, which are neatly drawn and tolerably accurate ; a little preotice and care areonly
neceesary to make them fully competent to every kind of detailed surveying8.
Clayton died during 1821, and Polhill was transferred to Rohilkhand and then
joind Gorard for his survey to Sironj [ 89 1.
By 1820 Msckenzie had 12 apprentices working under Scott a t Calcutta, for
whom he drew Rs. 130 p.m. for house rent, and Rs. 35 each for other expensas.
In January 1821 he sent eight of these' to Puri for field work under Soott, with
Marcellus Burke doing the triangulation [ 19 1.
I have a t last got a paasage for Scott and his pupils, who sail this evening to be landed a t
Jegemal~t [ Puri 1. ... I seoured possession of the bungalow there aa a kind of headquarters.
for Soott, who ie sickly, and who will be benefited, I hope, by the trip. ...
It waa aome time a matter of doubt whether I ehould send them out t o Jeeaore or t o Orism,.
but from ... utility of surveying the tract betweon Pooree, Ganjam. nnd the Chilka, I detm.
mined on t he latter, as Scott is in an infirm state of health, and hk. Burke had j wt returned.
reaovered, from Madree. The latter could not be better employed for eome time than in
Mbt i ng in this works.
DDn. 147 ( 110). 25-4-17. 8 DDn. 133 (415). 10-10-18. a DDn. 114 ( 1 ). BOC. 1-1-16.
' DDn. 164 ( 110). 10-10-49. WDn. 147 ( 374 ). 6-8-20. ai b. ( 392 ). 21-3-20. 7 from Madrps. Yuatie.
aould, MsoPheraon. Barton, Sohenolo ; from Bmgal. Dumbleton. C. H. Burke, Foy. to Boxton. DDa
154 ( 123 ). 26-1-21.
Hod- reparts later that
the party proeesded by eea...on the 26th Jenuerg last, and amved on the o m t on th. M
of February, end t he young men have eince been employed under the diteotiona of &.
Bcott who ... is an invalid, and it does not appear t o me ... t hat he h~ nu& aontrol o v ~ &
young apprcmticen ea is requisite. ... I...euggest...recalling the party t o thin plece, whgo the
meietant surveyora and t he pupile will be under my immediate controul, ~ n d be indructed
M well in &Id operatiom as in drawing mape ... in thin office1.
An t he perty wee sent t o Cuttack rather wi t he view t o school exercise than to make actual
.urveyr there, ... t he ends of inetruction may be on t he whole better attained if the wty,
with t he exception of one or two pupila. were aent beck t o my omce. ...
If t he inetitution of any surveying school should be con temp la^, ... t he servicee of the two
d t a n t eurveyom will be found useful here as Instructors. ... When the lnvveying a ppm.
tiem were in Calcutta, they were lodged with Mr. Scott ... in a h o w taken ... for the p ~ p o ~ .
Mr. Bcott inetructed them in t hat houee, but I am of opinion t hat t he school can be held muoh
more advantageoudy in m y drawing offices, where there is room for the whole party during
*he day, and where t he inmtruotore as we11 aa t he pupila will be under my eye and control'.
The following notrs are taken from Scott's reports from Puri ;
Mustie and Gould undembnd the use of the Plane Table and the Theodolite, and are now
on a section which ... I ahall forward to you ... as a specimen of their work.
Their conduct...
hna been ... very eatisfactory. I intend ... to set 2 by 2 in rotation with the pla~~etablo. t b t the
whole may be qualified in sketching or delineating the true feat,uras of a country3.
One of the boys, C. H. Burke, contrary to orders and withou~t. lesve, went and bathed him.
eelf in the sea on the 1Stti instant, the consequence of which hue been that he won laid hold
of hy a shark in his left arm, and would in all probebi1it.y haye been oarried away and torn
to piecw. if a wave had not wsrhed him ashore. The wound is not so bed 8s mould be expected ;
however. I lost no time in aending him to the Sub-Asriatent Surgeon ... at Pooree, from whom
I Imrned lately thrrt the boy felt mrich pain for the tirat day, when it ebated, and that there
is every hope of his gettinq wnll in the course of 8 or 10 days4.
The boys ore getbing on pret.ty smoothly with the survey. Tho whole of thorn now under-
etantl the use of the Plane-Table, and in some degree can delinente the fentures of the country
to satisfaction. I shall soon begin to ehew them the use of carrying on the work with the Theo-
dolite, which I hope, their r~nw being able to aketch, they will perform the task with p e t e r
ease and expetlition than hitherto. ...
Mustie and Gould seem to behsve and conduct themaelvea with circumspection ; t.hey have
not ae yet given me any cause to reprimand them. ... As for the m t , they are wild, and seem
t o care little of what they are about. but I hope the lessons and ohtlstieement which I shall
be compelled t o give them from t h e to time will make them good subjects6.
Burke rejoined on 16th July, Scott reporting that "the wountl received in the
wrist joint of his hand appears to be perfectly cured"6. Field work was closed
early in Auguet 1821 [ 19 1, when the party withdrew to Calcutta, and was accom-
modated in the small house vacated by Mackenzie's translators [ 311 1.
I n October 1821 Schencks and Dumbleton left for the Corakhpur survey, whilst
Macpherson and Saxton were sent up to Rohilkhand the following month. Mustie
and Gould were posted to the Delhi survey in August 1822, travelling up to Karniil
by river. C. H. Burke and Foy were kept a t Calcutta, and accompanied Hodgson
to Fatehgarh in 1823. I n September 1821, on Hodgson's advice, several more
apprentices were recruited ;
When the young men bnrn in this country have received e complete education, they meke
very good surveying m~istcmts, drau,phtsmen, and copyists, auld if t he revenue surveys are
execut d e door will be open for the employment of msny of this class of persons. ... stdl
there are objections; ... the country-born youths educated in India are eober and docile,
but ... of flexible diapositiona, and very vein. ... The officer who conducta a survey &odd be
very watchful over the conduct of his country-born assiatanta, and not detach them to any
coneiderable d h c e from him, ... for alone they cannot act. ...
A number of promising lads might be selected from the Orphan Schoola, and apprenticed
to Government or perhapa to the Surveyor Generel. ... I think that if twenty boys 00uld
be elected and tnrined. ..it might be an adviseble memure. ... They will not be erpecbd to
b ~tronorners or geographers, but merely assistants to lend surveyora of wtatea7.
'DDn. 186 ( 7 3 4 ), 67-91. b ( 7 1 2 1 ' DDa 147 (200). 22-3-21. 'ib. ( m l h
24-3-21. 'ib. ( 182-3 ), 104421. 'ib. ( E14), 1-8-21. 'from 8Q. 20-7-21 ; BRS. ( 288-01 ).
The headmlleter of the Military Orphan Sohool [ 360 n.4 ] recommendednine boya,
who are by age and qualifioationa calculated for the eituationa, ... including others who are not
yet qualified, but who may probably be so in the c ome of a year. ... The four boys a t the
heed of the list have a pmtioel knowledge of surveying upon a small scale. ... I believe them
to be aa well behaved boys ao it is poasible to procure from any semina rg...in thie countrg.
They are docile, tractable. and industrious, but how they may turn out hereafter muat
be in the womb of time. ... If they are kept in proper subjection till they acquire experienoe
in the ways of the world, and stability of aharacter, which age alone can confer. 1 have not
the least doubt but that they will t u n out well. ... I have ever endeavoured to set them s
good example, and if any of them ... have imbibed overweening idem of their own cor n.
quence, or an undue attaohment to dress or appearance, I can moat muredl y easert that it hen
not been fostered or encouraged by me. ...
The only boys from this school who have come under Captn. Hodgeon's notice, and are
alluded to by him, must, I prestlme, be tllose who were placed under Captain Morrieaon, when
surveying the Sundorbunds [ 360-1 1, one of whom [ Clayton 1, and the most promising of the
whole, is now no more, having recently fallen a victim to a bilious fever at Cuttack.
These boys while under Cuptn. Morrieaon gave him the higheat satisfaction [ 361 1. ... and
bed they not been left to their own guidance in Calcutta for a considerable period bofore they
attained the age of 18 years ( a time when yout l ~ cannot, be stlid to have acquired stability ... ),
it is probable that they would have continuoll to. ..afford the same satidfaction. But they
were left for a considerable period without any aotive employment, to seek lodgings where they
pleased. ... I t is not, therefore, surprising ... they sho~ild have picked up some of the prevailing
follies, ... such aa the fondness of clrms. ...
I should my that their learning to dance, and mixing with the young ladiea once a week
... a t the public dances, are not calculated to lower the boys in their own opinion. but on the
contrary to inflate them with high notions of self consoquenco. I lcnow it diverts their minds
a good deal from their studies, but ... it wm allowed with the best intention of qualifying them
to appear to better advantage in general society'.
Six boys between the ages of 15 and 17 years, soria of commissioned or
warrant officers. were bound apprentices to the Surveyor General from 2nd October
1821, "the term ... to be six years, ant1 the stipend 60 rupees por month2".
William Nix James.
Hm a good knowledge of English grammar & paraing ; of
modem & ancient Geography, use of Globes, Mensuration, Tri-
gonometry in its application to heights and distance, and is e
fine tempered, industrious bop.
John Fitzpatrick.
Equally ndvanc~d with tho above. though not quite a0
expert, and is a tractable, well-disposed boy.
Alexander McQueen.
Nearly equal with the above. He is e tractable boy, though
he hao rather a sulky look.
David Henry Chill.
An excellent penman. ... Hns a good temper. ...
Edward Winston.
Not quite so perfect as the four preceding boya, ... and hea
not yet acquired a knowledge of the Globes. ... He is a h e ,
mild-tampered boy, but rather too difEdent.
Edwin French
Is nearly on a per with the last, ... not so good a
He is a little inclined to be sullen at times.
Alexander Wyatt [ 366,372 ] and Jenkins, under 16 yeaw of age, were recommended
for later posting.
The boys remained at the Orphan School-were put through a syllabus approv-
ed by the Surveyor General-and distributed to various surveys and
from 1823 onwards.
Four more were apprenticed towards the end of 1822, Riel],
Hodges, Wilson and Jenkins.
Friell waa not an orphanage boy, but
the native-born eon of the late Lieutt. Freil of the 11th Regt. NI., and the nephew of &.
Leyceate+ [ II, 86 1, end of Captain Macleod of the Engineers [ I, 352 1. At the requeet of
these gentlemen I have employed Mr. Freil in my office 8nd instruoted him since Januarg
last. His age is 18, and he ... hao received in Englend, from whence he only lately returned,
the liberal edumtion of e (3entleman. He is intelligent and trustworthy. and dram vary well. ...
'from Hadmuter 21-8-21 ; BTC. 7-9-21 ( 28 ). 'BRB. ! 192-8 ). 7-9-21 ; period later r d n d ~o
8 pus ; BTC. 28-9-91 ( 81 ).
9 Jamen had distinguished o e m m Om. and leR two mna who sarpbd as
depb. d; Fibpatriok and Wyatt rose to inde endent oh. of rov. nvy. partiis.
*Wm. Ls mh
( 17761891 ). BCB. 1780 ; in oh. Sibpnr Bot. Qdnn. from 1821 ; he md Maoleod m. misten, of ~i ent . hiall.
Mr. Freil may be articled to me for three years from the 1st Janusry lest, ea hia -Pices
hrse have been gratuitoue aince that poriod. Also. as the cost bestowed on his edwt i oa
hes been much greater than that of the boys a t the Orphen School, and hie aoquiremenk are
much euperior to theirs. ... his monthly allowance may be fixed at 100 rupees inetead of 601,
On the expiry of his apprenticeship Friell resigned. and was employed 8s h t a n t
aweyor , not departmental, at Ghszipur 1824 and Gorakhpur 1830a.
Hodgson reports in May 1823 that
some of the young men...are now sufficiently qualified t o be useful in the sur vep in'the
Upper Provinw. and tts they are now too old t o be kept under due restraint a t the Upper
Orphan School. ant1 their being permitted to lodge in Calcutta and left to their own discretion
would be very injurious to their morals. I...sentl David Henry Chill, John Fitzpatrick, and
Alexander McQueen ... to jo in... Captain Oliver a t Delhi and Lieutenant Bedford a t Moradabd.
... The terms of apprenticeship of ... six young men ... have expired. ...
Graham, Polhill, md Fitzpatrick [ Arthur ] were brought up a t the Upper Orphan School
end have received probably es good an education ay youths can have in Calcutta. ...
Macphemon, Snxton, and Schencke, are the sons of non.commissioned officera and privet-,
and were brought up in the Military Orphan Asylum at Mnclrtrs. ... Schenc kR...ie an idle
young man who makas no efforts to improve himself [ 365 1. ... Macphenon and Sexton ... have
only served ... five yeara. ... Their edncnt,ion hm been so defective that their sphere of utility
is much limited ; also, it being considered that being the sona of persona in low life, and brought
up at a small ememse, they can hardly be considered as havinq a claim to be paid at the same
rate as the young Inen who have been educateri at the Upper Orphan Schoola. ...
John Graham. ai m h tho best and most useful of the apprentices, has signified his inten.
tion of accepting a siturntion which has been offered to him by the Judge and Magistrate of
Ghampoor, who douht l m is not apprized of the high impropriety of this attempt on the
part of Mr. Grahnm4. ... I have desired Captai~l Oliver to admonish Mr. Graham.
On the Surveyr General's recommendation, therefore, Government sanctioned
pay of Graham t o be Rs. 200 p.m.--of Polhill and Fitzpatrick, Rs. 150 p.m.-
Macpherson and Saxton, Rs. 100 p.m.-the wretched Schencks remaining apprentice
@ 60.
I t was further ruled that Surveyors should insist on their sub-assistants
being provided with small tents to sloep in, and tattoos and bullocks for their conveyance and
that of their necessary baggage ; and if thoy should neglect to so provide themelvea, to furnieh
them with what is requisite, and deduct the amount from their wages6.
In October 1823 Arthur Fitzpatrick and Saxton resigned as they were dissatisfied
with their prospects. Hodgson considered them no loss ; "I shall be able to repleoe
these lmrsons...with others better qualified, ctnd ... more sensible of the great indulgence
of Government in having provided for then1 in a manner beyond thoir meritse".
More apprentices were engaged during 1823 and on his move to Fatehgah Hodgson
took with him, under the charge of Scott and Burke [ 314 1,
Willinm Nix James Geor e Comyn Michnel Shielle
Nathaniel Hodgea ~hargks Hyde Burke William Wileon
Edward Windon Charleu Christopher Foy John Bridge
Edwin French John Jnmee Roa Patriok Chill
Edward Jenkins Edwnrd Shiells William ChiU
He had suggested that the four youngest might be left at the Orphan Sohool,
but Government considered that the senior assistants would
no doubt be fully able to carry on their instruction not loes advantageously than the echo01
master, and early discipline in the mofui.wil will tent1 to mecure habits of hardihood and industry.
You will accordingly take with you the boys in question, ... adopting every necesctary arrange-
ment to ensure ... discipline, diligence, and good morals'.
Two other assistants, Chick and Robert Rose, were engaged locally for the
Delhi survey, where William Fraser, of the Board of Revenue [ 151 1, "had for 8
considerable time past employed individuals to survey parts-and villages-of
the Delhi Territory, paying them from his private resources "O.
In October 1824, four sub-assistants and apprentices accompanied the revenue
8-eyom from Gorakhpur and Rohi Uond on military service ; Polhill with Bedford
to Assam ; Macphemon with Birnie Browne to Sylhet and then to Burma [ 72 ] ;
1 f;om 8a. 18+22 ; BTC. 14-22 ( 11 1 ). ' Ben Regr. 182 ( I66 ). 'from 8a. 31-623; BTC.
1-23 ( M) .
40rehsm had tried lor another p t in Feb. 1821. * BTC. 12-6-29 (48). * ib. 31-104.
r lb. 2&11)-23 ( 63 ).
a ib. 27-2-23 ( 60 ).
Schencka and Dumbleton with Wroughton to Arakan [333 1.
The remainder were
transferred to Delhi or t o the Revenue Surveyor General's o5oe.
Polhill, "one of the most steady and useful of the Sub-Aseiatanta" waa employed
on office duties, and, in asking for an extra Re. 100 for him in place of a writer,
Bedford reports that he "had conducted the duties of my office for the last three
yarn. No person of proper description could be found to proceed to Aeaam on
that salary". Unfortunately his health gave way, and in 1826 he had to be sent
down to Calcutta, where he was admitted to "the insane aaylum". In pwesing
for extra pay in h e m he had urged
the hwvy loases I have sustained in boing removed to the h m Survey, and ... the edvanoed
mlary ( viz.. Re. 200 ) alrewly enjoyed by many of my own standing in a fertile and healthy
country. \Yheras I am brought to h a m , where everything ia extremely desr, and the climate
bad. Having been obliged to leave Mrs. Polhill at Calcutta, not having partaken of her
society for more than two months after our union, [and having] lost on account of her
extreme pi ef and mourning for my departure, my child prematurely born. And in such a state
I am obliged to labour under a salary that is not wlequate to my expenow'.
On Blacker's death in 1826, Hodgson had with him a t Patehgarh no less than
13 apprentices, most of whom were distributed to the various revenue surveys after
the Burmese War [ I jI 1. Five of them, James, Winston, William Chill, C. H. Burke,
md Ross, accompanied him to Calcutta, and remained some time at the Surveyor
General's Office. The brothers Shiells also went down to Calcutta, but in October
accompanied Gerard to Agro, [ go ] and were posted the following year to RohiLkhand
under Birnie Browne.
Hodgson asks Gerard to
keep the 2 boys strictly t o their duty, and fully employed, and p . ~ y attention to their morale.
bbi t e of obedience, and cleanliness and sobriety, and irwist on r a d q their prayera on Sunday
es usual. They are not intended to be detached, nor thrust out of your sight ; they nre illiterate
end can only be used under strict superintendencea. ...
They were not educated at the Upper Orphan School ; they are European by birth, and
the sons of a Serjeant in the Dragoons. In respect to the advantag- of education they are
very deficient, far behind the Orphan Schoul boys ; but having been some time in my office.
they are good draftsmen, and boing docile and teachable, may be of use. ... Aged 19 and 17
years ; ... salary of 60 rupees per month each3.
In December 1826 a new batch was recruited in Calcutta, and sent out to Rohil-
khand, Delhi, and Sahiiranpur in the following October.
Wroughton was not happy with his apprentices and, reports Hodgson,
had in person made all the measurements in the field, employing the two apprentices, Sohenoka
and Dumbleton, in making wpias only of hie daily field books, in which. ..alone they oould be
of service. ... In July last I attached to his Survey two additional apprenticas. Wilson and
Jenkins, who had been educated at the Upper Orphan School, and who are capable of being
rendered useful assistants. ... particularly W. Wilson, who is a well-dispoaed young man, end
a tolerably good arithmetician. Edward Jenkins k an idle and oonoeited boy, and I have
had occaaion ... to severely reprehend him for insolent oonduct, ... and t o direct Lieuteneat
Wroughton in owe of further ill behaviour t o deliver him over to the Mngistrata4.
Wroughton had described Schencks in Arakan as "industrious and deserving",
but had little use for him later, and eventually Schencks, who e t a drew only Rs. 60
a month after nearly ten years service, submitted his resignation, espreasing
an inoeecu~nt...irritation of feeling end diequietude of mind, originating from the mproeehful
language he [ Wroughton ] generally ueed towards me. ... Thia morning he abuserl me-...
and I trust the liberty I take in subeoribing it may be overlooked-"Demn you, Sohen&. you
m not worth a curse ; you are no more use t o me then ~ n y Boots" ! I ...
I bring to your notice the length of my sarvioes, but more aspeohlly the willingn esa...ta
join the ... army a t Arakan, where I...suffered...the ruin of my oonetitution.. .and the totel loas
of my property. ... So long M I poseibly oould have supported the vioislitudas of Lieutt,
Wroughton's unsuitable diapoeition, I have with the utmost reeign~tion done. ... It would
be deeirable for me to beg my breed or sterve...tlmn any longer remain under hie oonbl .
Wroughton gladly releaaed hi d.
l DDn 214 2-12-P1 DDn. 920 ( 214,234 ). 11-3-21.
Ifrorn 80.7J-08 ; BTC. 194-P8 ( 65 ).
'ib. 191-27 ( 43 ). I d . , %l-1%47 ; ib. 194-28 ( 81 ).
One of the euooeasful apprentioea from the Upper Orphan aohool wee Alexander
Wyatt who waa engaged by Halhed, Collector of Mor&dfib&d, in 1822 [ 154-5 ] ;
Bbing the head echolar a t tbat time, he was pitched upon, with t he oonaent of his mother,
t o undertake...the erticlw of apprenticeship ... for...b years on a salary of 160 RE. per me-
[ 372 ]. ... AE no Aasietant Surveyor ooulcl be had, and the sum of 260 RE. per month had been
allowed,it was resolv ed... that the disposal of that sum should take place in the nomination of an
apprenticeon 160Rs.. & adraughtsmen ( Native) on .. 100 Rs. per menaem. ... The draughtsmm
was...found incapable of performing his duty. ... The whole ... survey devolved upon Mr. Wyatt,
who executed it throughout to the satisfaction of the late Collector.
After Hal ed' s transfer, the Surveyor General refused to admit that Wyatt belonged
"in the slightest degree" to the department, which left him "blasted in his hopes
of advancement or promotion ". The special authority of Government wew then
obtained for hia transfer to the general establishment of Revenue Su ~e y o r s fmm
December 1827, with the rank of Sub-Assistant1 [363 n.31. He subsequently rose
ta charge of a revenue survey party, till his death in 1857.
On Graham's transfer from Delhi to become Head Draughteman [ 313 1, W. N.
James was promoted Senior Assistant on Rs. 250. He had served continually with
Hodgson a t headquarters ;
I have employed him near me, and instructed him with much care, and his improvement
hse rewarded my pains. His length of service is 6 yeam md 10 months ; his conduct is very
reepectable, and he is a marr~ed mena.
Inoreclam of pay were made a t the same time to the more useful sub-assistante-
John Could, a good draftampn ; salary to be increased from Re. 160 t o 180-J. A. Mecpherson,
education defectwe, but a tolerably good draftsman; increase from Re. 160 to 180-
J. Dumbleton, writer and dr&flsman. ..to Rs. 100-E. & M. Ghiells, J. J. Roes, ... were engaged
by me as apprentice writere and draftsman on...35 rupees permensem. The two former were
with me until 6th October 1826, when they were trtlnafemed to Captain Qercud on ... 60 mp w,
and subsequently to Lieutt. B. Browne. ... Thei rco~~duct has been veryreapectable ;recommend
adv anoe... from Re. 60 to 80. The latter is still employed in the oaoe. ...
The accompanying list will shew e decrease in number among unoovennnted eervenb
by deat h- and by several of them having left the servioe-and a further deore~ee may be
naturally anticipated. ... I...recommend t hat a few additional ... boys should be ... apprenticed
on the uawl terms, vizt., a t 60 rupees per mensem for six yearn. ...
It ie from the class of well-educsted young men born in the country, the arphens of
OEcera, that we must expect our best recruits for the Gurney Department, and when acting ...
under the immediate superintendence of European officers they perform unoful ... dutiesa.
William Brown [ 157-8 ] could hardly give his tlssistmts
too much praise. The conduct of Mr. D. H. Chill, the eenior, ... hes been most exemplary,
and in justice to them d l I...mention the daily houra of work, during whioh they have been
constantly employed, ... without a murmur. ... To get a t their ground ... every morning,
Bundeya and three holidaye in the year ( Christmas, New Year's Day, and the laat day of the
Holee' ) excepted, they had t o get up en hour before daybreak, and after remaining out till a
bte hour, had on the same day to protrect and finish their daily work, no halts being permitted
for thie purpoee. And thus were employed 8 or 10 h o w every day, thegreatest perb of the
time labouring on foot bhro' the fields ; and this last seaeon with soarcrely an exception were they
ever absent h m sickneas or any other c a w, but were most unremitting m their duty6.
I n January 1829 the field establishment numbered 7 sub-assistant surveyore, 11
apprentices, and 4 writere and draughtsmen distributed between the five district
surveys [ 165 1. There was no regular establishment maintained for other Bengd
nuweye, though ooceeional assistants were picked up on temporary engagements.
Civilian surveyors were engaged from time to time-nome u~eful-some fail-.
Nothing is known of the "young man named Jackaon, a seafaring man", who WM
afrw B. Brome. 27-3-28 ; BTC. 61-20 ( 41 ). nib. 21-8-l8 ( 36 ).
'ib. 91-84 ( 38 )-
4 Hindu F d v J . ' BTC. 18-9-28 ( 33 ).
engaged in 1819 by the Collector of Bakarganj to survey the rich islands of the
oreeks and rivers ; the Surveyor General was "miserably disappointed" with his
work [ 140 1.
Morgan Blandfortl came out to Calcutta in 1810 and from 1817 t o 1819 waa
assistant to Gerard in SahBranpur on Rs. 200 p.m. [ zj 1. He was an excellent
draughtsman and a delightful specimen of his work appears on plate 3. After
several years as indigo planter in Tirhut he returned to business in Calcutta.
His ability as surveyorwasnot forgotten and early in 1835 he was employed on a
special revenue survey near Barasat in the 24-Parganas1. He broke down with
fever and died at Calcutta later in the year.
Alexander Laidlaw came to India with a recommendation from the Directors as
"Mineralogist and Investigator of Natural History", though lacking a "liberal
education" [268 1. Even though he drew salary Rs. 600 p.m. plus Rs. 200 for hill
carriage, and free issue of instruments and stores, to say nothing of an advance of
Rs. 2,500 in cash, he produced nothing whatever from more than two years sojourn
in the K~imaun Hills [ 266-8 1. The Direotora ordered his dismissal, and withdrew
his permit to reside iu India, but he stayed on quietly in Almora District, and died
in the village of Pithoragarhon 6thAugust 1836.
Robert Tate had been employed under the Marine Surveyor General, and
Mackenzie obtained his appointment to the Kumaun survey in September 1818 on
the same salary as Blandford. He thought his experienco would be "useful in the
survey and climate of an unequal mountainous countryu2, and that Webb would
find him useful as a draughtsman [48,274 la ;
Mr. Tate ... does not draw finely, but I think he undentand.8 the subject so well that he will
materially assist in correct delinentions, which I comider much more important than fine
drawing. Were it possible indeed to get e very superior draftanan, I doubt whether any could
be induced to go up, es they are so much wanted here. The Mr. Nicholls you mention is either
dead, or has long since left this4.
Tate joined by the end of the year, and, in submitting his h t map [pl. 61
Webb reported that he had "every reason t o feel satisfied and pleaseds" with his
ability and industry. Mackenzie agreed that it was "a very handsome & a very
satisfactory map ", and "exceeded all he produced here ". Unfortunately this good
impression did not last ; and about a year later Webb wrote privately that
Mr. Tate is very well qualified to do all I require ~a a draftsman, and hie nature1 talents am
good, ... but hie actual knowledge is very limited in practice and acr to theory he has no
opportunities of study. Unfortunately, however, his disposition haa too much vanity and mlf-
conceit mixed up with it, and too little humility, to render him a teachable subject, and I have
long given up all thoughts of playing the part of tutor to such a forward genius.
Hie violence of temper and cruelty towards the natives makea him so annoying a neighbour
that I shall always contrive to keep him at a distance from my camp, but many of these objec-
tions would vanish if he were confined entirely to the dutiw of draughtaman. ...
Mr. Tate, if employed as an Aaeistant, must bye end bye get some travelling allowance,
and the sum so given t o him would amply remunerate two or three natives who, working upon
fixed points of mine, would get through 8 great deal more work than Mr. Tate can do, and
between us we should And sufficient employment (~j e draftsman. ... Such an arrangement
would haaten the completion of the survey ; creete no expence, and remove 1,000 ditEcultiw,
and, last but not leest, add greatly to my comforta.
Webb was not given further help, and Tate had to be used on field survey, for
which he drew hill surveyor's allowance of Rs. 200 [ 346-7 1.
When the survey was wound up a t the end of 1821 Tate's application for
charge of some other survey was not recommended ;
Mr. Tate stat- ... that Colonel Mackenzie had held out to him the prospect of e suoceglion
to e survey as the ultimate result of his services. ... I t is not likely thet Colonel Mmkenzie
would make any such aeaurance to a perJon of Mr. 'rete's deacr~ption, for. ..I apprehend that
Qovernment will continue to place a t the head of their eurveys their own military officam,
who me, on 8 variety of considerations, the only per~ona fitly qualified for such duties. ...
'BRC. 32-1-36 ( 26 ). 'ib. ( 281 ). 13-8-1H.
'DDn. 133 (SdB-D0), 13-5-18. 'Nioholl~ pensioned
from 384-1~[11,273]; Englnnd. 1R6-1: DDn. 166 ( 1CI). 30-11-1s. &ib. ( 95) . 1-3-19. 'DDn. 160 ( 131 ).
Mr. Tate is wrong in suppoeing himself attached to the Surveying Department. ... aie
temporary eervicea were hired on the 11th September 1818, and...ceased with the cloae of the
Kumaun survey on the 31st December last, ... and 1 think them fully remunerated by the
wlary of 200 rupees per month end 200 for extra allowance for hill carringe. ...
The journals and field books which he made when detached from Captain Webb ... afford
no favorable testimony. ... They are most defeotive in information, and the execution
very slovenly indeed. The map of Hurnaon hb. Tate atetoe to be his performance. ... Ceptain
Webb constmcted the map, arid Mr. Tate, as draughtsmnn, did his duty in fair copying
it. The execution, though not excellent, is suflhiently good. On the whole ... neither the
talents. mi c a s , nor character, of Mr. Tate give t o hie expectatio ns... the least supportl.
Good drauglltsmen were always difficult to get, and Baker found no one in
Calcutta to fair oopy his maps of Java [ 11, 138 ] ;
On the 1st Deoember last I hired a draftsman reoommentled by Colonel Fleming [ 11, 340 1,
who by the 25th January hed...eucceeded in spoiling two ma p , uo miserably done that they
were far inferior to the original rough oopies. ... I hall the honour of shewing ... the work...to
His Excellency the Earl of Moira who ... was much diaqatisfied with the draftaman Da hZgB
work, of w11icIi I informed the man. ... Instead of taking this in good part, he next day
eent nle n note declining t,o work any louger, leaving his two maps unfiniel~ed.
T t,hen ndvertisecl for n ~lraft.sman, and n led named McPl~erson came, who stated that he
was a11 apprentice in the Suryeyyor General's Office [IT. 173 ; 111, j r z 1, but had full leisure
enough to undertake copying the only map then wanting, which I shewed him. ... From the
1st Febn~ar y to the preuent day he harl not attended more thtrn two out of three days, and now
aends notice that in conaequenctl of nrmngements in the Surveyor General's office, he
attend no longcr, leaving the only job he had t o porform not quite half finished.
hlr. Da Cruz hm unfort~mately received one month of the llandsome allowance Government
wm so good IW to grant me. and is very anxious to receive the other month.
Mr. Macpherson
will no doubt be equally solicitioua for hie month and a half. ... I conceive the conduct of
both to be an imposition ... and ... I may be instructed not to draw anything further for either of
these men. ... In the meantime I shall get on as I can with the map thus left on my handan.
Little is known about the various extra-departmental surveyors employed from
time to time on the revenue survey of the 24-Parganas and the Sundarbans [ 139 1.
During 1817 the Colloctor had three "experienced surveyors" Blechynden, Mackay
[ 11, 419 1, and Gardnera, working for him. On the Board of Revenue's report that
the work of amine was unsatisfactory [ 141 1, Government agreed to the temporary
employment "of a limited number of [European] surveyors by the Collector ... in
lieu of e part of the establishment of native surveyor^"^.
One of these European surveyors was Henry Osborne [ 12 1, engaged by the
Collector of the 24-Parganas in 1817=, and assisted for a time by a sono. In
February 1822 the Collector asked for an extension of the engagenlent ;
I believe ... an European awveyor who thoroughly understands his business. as Mr. Oeborne
does, & who discharges the dutiea ...in an upright manner aa Mr. Osborne has done, a very great
benefit to the Public, aa well as to Government. He is a check to the nat.ive surveyors,
who are always open to bribery, besides improving tliem in the theory of their profession.
The Board have had frequent opportunities of obsnrving the services of Mr. Oeborne by
varioue plans & reporte ... which could never have been obtained from the native aumwns. ...
I a m extremely sorry to my that young Mr. Oaborne has been obliged to quite India. Mr.
Oeborne, senior, is still in charge of his ofica as Surveyor to the 24-Pergunnab'.
Henry Osborne resigned the following year, and the Collector obtained the
appointment of a younger son William,
about seventeen yeern of age, whom he has also been bringing up to the profession of a Surveyor.
... He is not yet sufficiently master of his profeesion to undertake any large surveys, &...not
... competent to the duties with which it was proposed to entmst his brother; at the eametime
he think^ him capable of making all the meaeurements ( under his superintendence ), furnishing
m y plans ...req uired. ... One of the principal objects in wishing to have an European Surveyor
'irom 6G. DDn. 198 ( 02-5 ), W- 2 2 . 'DDn. 141 ( 287-8). 21-3-17. ' B Rev Ed. 18-3-17
{ 10 ) ; %okay d. 26-6-17 ; Thon. Alan Hyde Gerdner. Aset. m Surveyor's ofice %-Pergenes, Cd An. ROW.
1818 ; reletire of Col. W. L. Gerdner [ 32 n.2 ] ; indigo planter. Nadis. 1818. 'B tQ CD., Rev.. 4-7-17.
&Ben. AR. ( 182 ) ( xvlii ) ; Henry Osha~rn wen puracrr on ship Ya l y l l r ~ 1815/6. 'map w ied in 900.
1819 by a. Osborne; pr. tho (lea. Ochorne, aurvr. to Opium Uspt.. Ghizipur, 1886. PB Rev Bd.
6-8-22 ( 49 ).
...is that I may have some person in whom integrity I can rely in all caam of ciispoted measure.
menta. ... I...recornmend...him acl Surveyor ... on a acrlary of 100 R.3. per rnqnthl.
Three yeam later the younger Osborne broke off survey of Chinsurtlh owing to
e dispute about his salary, much t o the regret of the Collector who greatly appre-
ciated the reliability of his worka. The Surveyor General was asked to settle a fair
rate, and as he thought "the terms which Mr. Osborne is willing to undertake to
finish the survey of Chinsurah very moderata ", Government agreed to pay Rs. 600
for "a neat map, finished with the same detail tw the portion already executed"3.
For tho revenue survey of 1821 [ 141 1, t,he Commissioner of the S~~ndarbane
obtained the Surveyor General's approval to engege
the nephew of the late Mr. Jonw, well known m a Civil E~ ~ ~ i n e e r , on ... 120 rupwd per month.
and his travellulg expenaw paid by Government. unit abo n yt)uurg country-born man to serve
as waiter, or apprentice, on ..A0 rupees per montl~. and h b e x p e w paid4
1391.
Jones broke down after a year end Government informed the D~rectora that
Mr. Jonee, an uncovennnted nasintar~t attnrllnrl t,o the Sunderbins survey wtablishment. ...
laboivhg under mental clnrnngement, we ...p rovide him with n pna~ago tn England. ...
We have --under the alleged Mc u l t y of procuring ... nn able rwistant for a service involving
much discomfort nnd exposure. and on the arr~~rcbnce ... tlrtat tho employmmt of Dr. Duncan.
the medical ~ent l eman attwhed to the Cornmi-lrion6, 113 Awi3tant Surveyc~r will not hinder ...
hie modicnl dutias--authorizer1 the ornploymont I I I t11u.t ~entlemrrn t w w.siutant to Emiqn
Prirwep on ... 250 rupeea per lnellsem t o cover all cherp5. \Vo have likewiqe ... authorizsd an
increaseof 50 nqme per men.uem to ... the apprentice nbtached to Ensign Prinsep6.
To assist Fisher in Sylhet, the Surveyor Genernl recommended James Blechynden
who had worked for the Collector of the 24-Parganas7 [ 136 1. and on various other
drawing and eurvey jobs since 18 15.
Mr. Bleohynden, who wos...eduoate~l for that brnnch in Englnnrl, ... whose fabher war a
well known surveyor in Calcutta, bears a respectable character. Ho sttbauts hy the exercise of
his talents 89 a Civil Engineer and Architect. Ho agrees to go to Sylhet as an mi st ant to
Lieutenant Fisher ... a t 260 rupeecl per month, ant1 100 extrn tm trnvelling oharges. Them
terms appear to be high, but I do not t hi ~t k I ran engage them for l ea, tw he had a family t-o
support, and an opinion prevails here that the climate of Sylhet LY insslnbrions. ...
The Board, considering that the field oporatiom in Splhet can only be parried on during
6 month. in the year, is of opinion that the sorvires of t he surveyom might bo engaged for that
time only, and that they might he omployo,l elsowhere during the rest of tho year. ... The
indoor work to be dono when a...porty leava4 the field in vnry heavy, ul computinp and making
mapa and reports. ... gonerally ... one third of the time employed in the field operatiord.
Blechynden's appointnlent waa sanctioned, and he reached Sylhet on 15th
December 1823, but entirely without instrnments, and Fisher reportad that,
all my inetrumenta being private property, ... collectell. ..at conaiderahle exponqe. I am un-
willing t o part with any of them : neverthelaw. had T any to spnre. 1 slloc~ld not hasitate t o
give them up. ... Mr. Blechynden may be aclva~ltn~counly employed with me in learning the
nature of this survey, ... and by the time Ile shall l~nve acquired the reqnisite knowlectp, ...
he will, I hope, have received from yo11 u. s ~~p p l y of the imtru~nents. ... 0tc.O
Fisher waa, however, called away for military duty almost at once [ 115 1, and
Blechynden was carried off by Scott for ilnportnnt work in the A~sarn Valley [ jI 1,
where he held charge of revenue surveys till about 1Y27 [ 14b 1.
Hodgson had no great opinion of professional surveyors of this t,ype
hired in Calouth. I have ex[lerierlce tc) wtrrr~u~t me in tho ctwe of Mr. Bleoh~nden and
othera, and know that their object is to get n wlary an11 do rrs little RS pomible : still. N them
are not many penons who w<>ulcl be willing to he employed in tho Suncierbunds, I think Mr.
[ Wm. ? ] Osborn's aervictw allould be engaged w proposed by Lieutt. Hoclges, during good
behaviour.
Appmnticos from the Orphan school cannot be engageil without the expresa orders of
Government, nor can they be tutoroll ui an sllort 21 time KJ Mr. Hotlgcw auppcwm. ... Young
men of that olo.. ... would turn to more prolit in the regular revenue surveys iu the North
Weet Provincee. ... Hia operations would bo more liltely to he rebarded thsn facilitated by
' B Rev. Bd. 16-8-33 ( 12 ). #Cram hllr. 30-12-26 ; B Rev Bd. 13-1-?i ( 3s A ). a ib. 30-1-21
( 02) & 20-7-37 ( 27 ). 'BE. 7-12-?I ( 10 ). LJames D.~nonn, Awt. Yurg. 1321 ; ret. I8Cl; d. 1853.
a B to CD.. Rov., 30-7-23 ( 80-3 ). 'oat Riohnrd ns wro~lgly ~tnted p. 136 n.3. * BTC. D-ltLn ( 13 ).
' DDn. al a ( saeso ) a o - 1 %~ .
the charge of inexperienced bop. whose wag- and t,ravelling expencea would be h e e ~
pared with the value of their services. ... Fully aa much effective services in the field might be
rend& by 2 or 3 stout native mootsudcli -...who can read and write their own l a n ~ ~ .
They could attend the surveyor, and write down notm and remarks, and mi s t in directing
the chain and whoel men, and might be made very generally useful [ 388-90 1' .
Three useful assistants were found for the Upper Provinces, Nelson, Macan
and Terranneau. Nelson had been in the Royal Navy, but found employment in
India from 1818. The Surveyor General engaged him in 1821 to assist Bedford in
Rohilkhend [ 154 1. Being called to military service in 1824, he waa given command
of the Dragon sohooner in Araken for survey of rivers and creeks. After the war
he returned to revenue surveys, in the Upper Provinces till his death a t Dehra D b
in 1839 [ 165 1. Mncen had
highly respectable connexionn, and was intender1 .for the Army, but circumetancea have
hitherto prevented his obtaining a cadetship or commission. ... If Hie Lordship in Council
should be pleased t o appoint him on the eame terms as Mr. Horatio Nelaon, wit11 a mlary of
260 sa. RE. per mon:.h and the boat allowance of a subaltern officer, to Goruckpoor, I would
recommend that 11e should join Lieutenant Wroughton without lose of tirnea.
During the war, Macan wa.s sent to Burma with Birnie Browne [ 72 1, and
rejoined Wroughton on January 1st 1827.
Being quite inexperienced in topographical meaeuremcnt, was ripon his arrival quite unequl
to afford me oily assistance, and ... the two young additional apprenticess had never ... been
employed upon any duty of any kind. ... Although the number of my aaeistanta were increaaed
two-fold, they did not bring with them the ability or fitness. ..I had calculated upon, and...
eome considerable time elapsed ere they were mede in any wey competent4 [ 152 1.
Macan soon picked up the work and remained with the Gorakhpur survey till
hie death a t Allah&b&d in October 1830.
Robert Terranneau was son of an indigo planter, and in 1827 waa employed
on revenue duties under the Collector of Moriidfibiid, on whose recommendation
he was appointed assistant in the revenue survey [434 1.
A valuable addition to the Surveyor General's staff of draughtsmen was obtained
on the winding up of the NZgpur survey in 1831. John Cornelius had been
employed in the Quartermaster General's office a t Madras from 1820 to 1822, and
then served with Norris who left a "chit" that he had worked
in the survey tlepartmmt a t Nagpore, from 1824 till its abolition in June 1830, ae Sub-
h i s t a n t and Draughtsrnan, and...displayed the utmost zeal, activity, and mmiduity, both in
the field and in office. As a plane-table surveyor hie exortionn were invaluable, and to his
aervic~s as dra~sht sman, and llis unremitting attention, ... I am chiefly indebted for the
compilation ... of the map of the Nagpore survey, which haa lately been presented by me to
Government [ 9 3 ; pl. 10 n. 1. ... The private character and conduct of Mr. Cornelius are
above all praise6.
Cornelius was appointed to the Surveyor General's office from 1st October 1831,
bnd though an excellent draughtsman was drawing only Rs. 80 p.m. in 1845e.
Name
Birth & Appren-
Death ticed
Employment Domestic
BELL, Chm. b. 1810-11 1820 ed. Kidderpore [360 n.4 I ; Delhi, unm. 1848.
Oct. 1821. ~~ - - -
Baloor. John b. 180,%9 1823 ed. Kidderuoro ; with RSG. to m. before 1848.
Fntehgarh. NOV: 1823 ; Delhi. 1820.
BUEXE, Chne. b. c dug. 1821 SGO. 1820; Orinsa, Jon. 1821 ; Son of L. R. Burke, Re&
Hyde 1802 ( to 50 600.1822 ; Fatobgarh, 1823-0 ;SQO. intrer[II, 3521.
1810 1 1820-7 : Sabtirenour. Oct. 1827 :
'from RQ. 27-10-28 ; BTC. 30-10-28. lib. 9-7-24 ( 87 ). Wilaon &Jenkins [ 152 n.5, 365 1.
'from Wroughton. 12-12-27; BTC. 19+28 ( 81 ). LDDn. 205 ( 204), 23-3-31. #DDn.404(9), 1-646.
Name
Birth & Appren-
death ticed
--
BURKB, d.. Vepery, 1805
Meroellue 23-10-05.
[ I 1351 ] aged 76
Cmau. Wm. E. ... ...
WL, David b. 4 4 4 6 1821
Henry
CrmL, Geo. d. 246-70 1823
Conatable agod c. 55
mu. Pat. hnpt. 31-1-09 1823
Spenscr
cam^, Wm. b. 3 4 4 9 1823
Richard
CLAYTON. b.c. Sept. 18l i
Horntio 1801 ; d.
Cottack,
1R21
&m, Geo. h. 8-9-08 1823
DAVIS. Wm.
DUMBLETOW,
John
~ P A T R I O H ,
Arthur
F~ZPATRICH,
John
FOY. Cbas.
Christopher
d. Allbd. 1818
19-9-64 Dmn.&
aged 50 y. Writer
I. 1-10-02 1817
Jan. 1808 1821
b. Drlhi, lR21
25-12-09
FRASER, Simon d. SaLiran- 1818
pup,
28-6-22
FRIELL, Philip b. 1804 1822
Fsswoa, Edwin b. April 1821
1806
QOBE, Wm. d. Jul y 1820
Francis 1846
Goan. John b. c. March
1800
ORAHAM. John b. 7-12-1801; 1818
d. Calcutta,
19-7-58
Honars. b. Mnmh 1893
Nathaniel 1806
J ~ u s e , Wm. Nir b. Wo. 1881
1804
d. Chuner
14-8-44
Employment Domestio
from Madraa [ 384 1 srrd. Calcutta,
Marob I818 ; Cuttaok. 1818; leave.
1819 ; Orissa. 1821 ; 880. 1822 ;
Fatehgarh, 1823 ; 880. 1826 ; with
DSC., UWP., 1832 ; read. 1838.
Under Bd. of Rev., Delhi ; Sub-
Asst. Servr. Delhi. Feb. 1828-28.
crl. Kiddorpore; Delhi, June, 1823;
Nshirnnyur, 18.27 ; Bulandehahr,
1x29; dam. June 1R33. Dmn. SGO.
Crrlcuttn 1832-5.
Fntehgnrh. IS23 ; SGO. Jul y 1826 ;
Gorak11~11r. ,111ne I828 ; later CUS-
toms 1)rpt. nnil lnnrl owner.
Fabhgbr i ~, 1'423 ; Snhirnnpur, 1826 ;
Hubn~l ~hi uhr, IS?!).
Fntehg~wb. I823 ; S(:O. 1826 ; Qorakb-
pur. June 1829. Rev. Bvya. NW.,
Sind, & Bihir till 1851.
ed. Kidderpore : Snndarhans. 1817 ;
SCO. 1818: C!uttack 1819.
rd. England : l.'ntel~garh 1823 : Delbi.
1820; mvr. 1831-4; dsm. 1834;
rp.erup. Pnt nr~ 1841 ; ret. 1846.
ed. Kidderpore ; SahHranpur, Oct.
18% ; B~dandshnhr. 1W29.
ed. Cnlcuttn ; Orissa Jan. 1821 ;
Oorakhpur, Oct. 1821 : Arakan. 1824 ;
(:ornkl~pur l82i-30; XWP. t o 1837.
ed. Kiddrrpnrc ; Sundarhnns. 1817 ;
SGO. 181s ; Gorakhpur. hSarob,
lS23 : rcsd. Oct. 1823 ; SGO. 1824.
ed. ICirldsrpore : Moridibid. June
IHPR ; in r11. Rev. Svy.. Balasore,
11333 ; Purnen. 184.0-5.
Ori ~sn. ,Jnn. 1821 ; SQO. 1822 ; Fateh-
g ~ ~ r l ~ . Nov. 1R23 ; Delhi, Jul y 1826 ;
B~dnndd~ahr . 1828 Sabtiranpur, 1827 ;
PuajmI~ cis.Sutlej. 1853.
ed. ICidderpore ; Upper Doib, Nay
1R10; Sirmhr. Feb. 1820; Delhi.
1822.
ed. Enalnnd ; SGO. 1822 ; red. 1823.
ed. Kidderpore; Fatehgarh. Nov. 1803;
Delhi, Jul y 1828; Sahtimnpur, 1827 ;
dem. 1R28.
ed. Kidderpore ; Gorakhpur. June
1829; Rev. Svy. NWP. & Uihir till
death.
ed. Nil. Asylum. Madrae; 9 0 0 .
Mndrea; t o Bengnl. Jul y 1817 ;
Oriasa, Jnn. 1821 ; GO., 1822; Delhi,
182233 ; Rev. Svys. XWP. till 1841.
ed. Kidderpore; Upper M b . Maley
1816 ; Sirmiir, Jan. 1820 ; Delhi, Rev.
8vy. 1822 : SahBraupur, 1826 ; SOO.
1827; Hd. Dmn. Aug. 1828 till ret.
Feb. 1868.
90n of Francis &
Margaret Burke and bro.
t o Lucius Rawdon ;
m.. Cslcutts, 22-1 1-20.
Eleanor Romlie Menmnd
sister of Aug. [ 3861;
shc d. Vepery. 46-08.
One of 8 sons of De y.
Commy. Sam. Gee, gill
( 1759-1845 ) ; Ben. Art.
1785.
Son of Sam. Chill & Ann
Apsley his wife ( She d.
Calcutta 1834 ).
4thson of Snm. Chill.
5th son of Sam. Chill. ;m.
15-8-32. Indiana Clarke,
of Muznffarpur.
Son of Lt.-Col. Thoe. Wm.
Clayton, Ben. Inf. ( d.
1804 aged 50 ).
h n of Lt.-Col. P.T.
Comyn. of 24th elsr.
Son of Sgt. Dumbleton.
overseer i n Lower Orphan
School.
Son of Depy. Commy.
Robt. Fitzpntrick.
bro. of brt hur.
Son of Condr. Andrew
Foy of Ddhi Hag; m.
234-30. Meerut. Sarah
Few ; m. 2nd. 16-1035.
Neerut, Ceoilia Temple-
ton. 16 y.
pr. son of Simon Freser
( 1780-1845). Ben. Inf.
nat . son of Lieut. Simon
Philip Friell( 1780-1801)
Ben. Inf. [ 363-4 1.
Son of Capt Robt. French
( 1777-1811 ). Ben. Inf.
Son of Dep. Commy. Gore.
Son of Sgt. of m.
69th Foot. kd. a t Cor ne
Lie, Java, 1812; m,
Delhi, 21-12-21, Chru-
lotte Stainss.
Son of Capt. John.
G d e m (pr. Ben. Inf.,
d. Amboina 180'2) ; m.,
Meerut. 6-1-20. Mra
Armbelle Smith: re-m-
-- -------.
ed. Kidderpore : Fat eh~ar h, Nov. 1823; 6on of a p t . A. H*
Delhi, Jul y 182635 ; NWP. 1838-42.
ed Kidderpore ; Fateh u h . Nov. Son of Riohd. Jam-
l ea3 : sao. J U I ~ 1826 ; bs. 1831 ; ( 1787-1813 ), Ben. Int ;
1st Rinol. Sub-Asst Aug. 1841. m.. Wout t a, 12-10-27..
NOMINAL ROLL- ( Continued. )
Neme
Birth & Appren-
Dsath ticed
Empl ope nt Domeatio
--
JERKIN~. b. 29-1-07 1829 ed.Kidderpore ; Fatebgarh, Nov. 1823 ; Ron of Wm Jeuhins;
W. Edward Delhi. Julv 1826: nwp. till death
Locuwoon, Thos. 1814
LUOKGTEDT, Peter ... 1836
MAWEEBOON. b. 31-8-02 1818
Andrew
McQvam, Alex. b. 12-1-06 1891
YUNBO, David ... 1826
M u ~ ~ E , Jolm b. c. Deo. 1813
1798
POL-. Wm. h. c. Jul y 1817
1801
ROSE. Robert ... 1823
John
Ross( B ), John ... 1823
Jaa. BE Dmn.
SANDEBBON. Thos. d. Sahiran- 1828
pw, 7-8-34
SAXTON, b. 31-8-03 1818
Benjamin
a t ~omdi b*i d, 8% 1837
Dm. , SGO. from 1814 till omitted in
list of Deo. 1894 ; with Ferguuon in
Snrgujeb. 1822.
ed. Kiddernore : Rohilband. Oot.
1827 discb: 1835.
ed. El. Asylum, Medrna; t o Bengal,
1818 ; Oriasa, Jen. 1821 ; MoridP-
bid. Nov. 1821 ; Nil. servioe. Sylhet,
Oct. 1834 : Burma. 1826-8.
SGO. 1813 [ 11. z 7 i ] ; Sub-Aset. Delhi
Rev. Svy. 1823 ; ponsiou. 1930..
ed. Kidderpore ; Jloridibid. June
1823 ; Dolhi. 1824 ; Morldibid, Sept.
1827 ; disch. 1833.
ed. Kidderuore : Sehiranow. Oot.
- A ,
1837 ; el&. 18-9.
ed. Mil. Asylum, Ndmna; SGO.
~ b d r e e 1813 ; t o Bengal July 1817 ;
Or ka , Jan. 1821 ; Dclhi, 1822.
ed. Kiclderwre: Sundarbann. 1817:
SGO. l e i s ; ' Cuttack. . 1819 I
&Ior?ulibid, Nov. 1821 ; with Gerard
to Sironj, 1822-3 ; mil. flervice,
denam. Oct. 1821 ; sick to Calcutta,
May 1826 ; Insane Asylum. 1827.
under Bd. of Rev. Ilelhi. 1822 ; Sub-
Asst., Delhi Svy., 1823-7 ; FWD.
Orisea ;road svys., cg.armo. 43 ( 4-6 ).
47 ( 0) ; Supt. roads & conservancy,
Calcutta. c. 1840-55.
Fatahgarb, Nov. 1823; SQO. July
1826 ; Rol~illihand. 1829.
ed. Kidderpore ; Sahiranpw, Oct.
1827 ; Bulandahahr. 1829.
ed. Mil. Asylum. DIadras ; t o Bengal.
1818; Orissa. Jan. 1821 ; Moridlbid.
Nov. 1821 ; resd. Oot. 1823.
ed. Mil.Asylum, hladrss; Benga11818 ;
Or i w, 1821 ; Gorakhpur, 1892 ; mil.
service. Amkan. 18244 ; C4orakh~w.
pr. son of John L., Aaet.
Cornmy., d. 1830aged 01.
Son of Capt. John &deb
phernon, oountry-born
officer of Marlthn service.
Son of Sgt. Maj. Alex.
MoQueen.
Son of Sergt. Mustie.
Son of Lt.-Col. Thou.
PolhiU ( 174617-1804)
Ben. Id. ; m. c. 1824,
Calcutta.
Ruling Elder. Free Cb..
Cdcutta. 1865 : nat. hiat.
~ b n of Qmr. Ross, EM.
8th Lt. Dragoons.
Son of Sgt. Maj. Sexton.
Son of Sgt. on Mad. Est.
1926 ; ked. 1827 ; re-empld. N%P;
1834-7 ; (liach. 1837.
8-LLS. Edward d. 204-37 1623 with RSG. to F~t el gar h. Nov. 1823; Sonn of Sqt. Maj. 5.;
n~d 29 v. S00.. Julv. 1826 : .Horidihid. 1827 : Edw's deu. d. Cnlcutb.
- "
with &eraid to ~ ~ i . 8 , Oct. 1820 . 1832, aged 4 y.
SHIELLS. h4ichneI b. 1811 1823 na above Miobael's inf. son d.
d. 204-30 Meemt, 1-10-33.
W ~ N , Wm. A. ... 1822 ed. Kidderpore ; FatehfSarh, 1823 ; m., Calcutta. 1833 ;m. 2nd
Gorakhpur. 1826 ; dmn., GO. 1830-3;
Calcutta 31-8-42, Mrs.
Rev. Svys. till 1848, with ch. 1844-7. Margaret Mitchell.
WIWBTON, Edw. b. dug. 1821 ed. Kidderpore; Fatetebgarh, Nov. Son of Lieut. John W,
1.300 1823; SGO. July 1820; with DSQ. ( 1786-1808 ) Ben Id..
till 1842. m. Allahtibid, 2-11-37,
Miss Maly Lawler.
WYATT, Alex. b. Jan. 1822 ed. Kidderpore ; Moridibid. 1823; Son of Burg. Qeo. N e d
1807 taCollr. xwp. Rev. Svy. t o 1842; ch. Ben. W. Ben. Med., who. d.
d. 1067 [ 366] Rev. Svy. parties 1844-57. 1817. Alex. m. Sopha.
WYATT, Qeo. b. 81-1&17 18213 ed. Kidderpore ; Rohikbnnd, Oct. bro. to Alexander
Nevi11 kd. 1867. 1827 ; MnridibOd. 1820 - n m. Rev. m. Augusta Warren.
Yvy. till 1841 ; Dep. Collr. Bonaree,
1811-65 ; then Indigo pbnter.
CHAPTER XXVI
CIVIL ASSISTANTS, MADRAS t BOMBAY
Madros - &eat Trigonmetrical Qurvey - Bombay - N m i d ROUE.
0
N the appointment of a Surveyor General of Madras in 1810, i t wrrs decided to
transfer the assistant revenue surveyors, except those wanted by the Tank
Department, to the control of the Surveyor General [II, 348 1. After the district
eurveys had been finished OF, those assistants who were not wanted by the Surveyor
Qeneral, or on Lambton's survey, were to be found other employment or sent on
pension. The observatory school wtu closed, and the Surveyor General made rea-
ponsible for the recruiting and training of any new apprentices.
On Mackenzie's roturn from Java and Bengal in 1815 he found 29 of them
weiatant surveyors on hie establishment ;
Ikawing Ofice aI .Iladrrw : Ceded Districls
William Scott Michael Dunigan
Charles Bt~illie Soda
Sylvester Pope John Fnulkner
Willism Lantwar John Terry
Henry Helnilton Richard Long
James Summers John H~lcolm
Thomns Hill Frederick Riohard Ficker
William Howell
Thomas Anderson
Tinnevclly
Charles Barnett
John Robinson
Mi l h y lnalihrlion
Dimdip1
Marcallus Burke
Thomas Turnbnll
Jnmes Aikin
Lamblon'a Trigonomelricol Survey : William Keyes
Peter Lawrence Christian Pareire
Joshun Ue Penning William Bird
Joseph Ollircr Andrew Chetnarott
William Rossenrode Charles McNnhon
By June 1817 these had been distributed between the office and various field
surveys ;
S.G.0. Madras-Popo, on red~rced pay, sick ; Baillio, Dunignn, Chamnmtt [ 11, 350-1 1, Bird
on eick certificate.
With Ward. Tmvancore-Turnbull. Aikin, Pereira. Keyes. NcYahon.
With Conner i n Coorg-Faulkner, Long, Ficker.
With Qarling, Na m' e Tcrrilorisa-Howell, Hill. Malcolm.
With Scott, in Northern Circdrs-Hamilton, Summers, Terry, Burke, Barnett, Anderson.
Lambton'e Survey-Lnwrence. De Penning, Olliver. Rossonmde.
In addition to the above Gould and Mustie. apprenticetl in Deoemher 1813 t o
Msckenzie pereona.lly, accompanied him t o Bongrl in 1817 [ 11, 345 ; 111, 316 1.
Robinson went to the Tank Department. Lantwar died in Mey 1817, having
nince 1811 ... executed with uncommon assiduity and industry the oornplicated duty of Exa-
miner. Register, Reviser of accounts, aelculntions, 80.. in this ofice, aa well m the profmaionel
dutiea of drawing and reduction of rnnps. After a serieq of ill health, impeked by c h
application, was taken ill immediately after the preparation comrnenoed for the transfer of
the Depot [ 11, 346. 352 ; 111. 315 11.
On his move to Bengal, and at the suggestion of the Bengal Government [ 359 ]
Mackenzie arranged for three of his most capable surveyors, Soott, Hamilton, and
Burke, to be transferred with him [ 360 1s. He hod intended them to move by oea
'from 50. 1-4 74-17 : MW. U7/1817. 24-8-17 & MMC. 638!1817. 68-17. 'with rim of psy.
from Nasulipatam, but as they could not get away before the turn of the monsoon
[ I, 303 1, Hamilton and Burke, after waiting from 16th September to 1st January,
made the tedious march up the east coast through Ganjam. Scott continued in
charge of the survey a t Masulipatam till he got a sea passage in March.
To further strengthen the staff in Bengal, Howell was sent up in July 1819,
but after reaching Calcutta with wife and family, refused to join the Cuttack SUNey,
and subnlitted his resignation, much to Mackenzie's disgust ;
Howoll hm behaved ill ; he hos refused to go to Cuttack, and has actually sent in a letter
ssying he has resigned the service. Will you look for, and send me a copy of, the Bond that
waa formerly taken from these youths [ 11, 349 1. Thie is a bad specimen of our Madras native
establishment, ... which annoye me after I had spoken favorably of them, anti will also occasion
restrictive orders, if not suppression, of any further establishment of this kind. Two inetencaq
of refueal to do their duty1.
The other refusal had been that of Thomas Anderson who had pleaded ill
health to avoid the move. Howell's own explanation was that he had agreed to
the transfer "on the promise of an increase of salary" which was not kept.
There was a steady drain through aickness and death. Pope was pensioned
and died at Madres in 1818 ; Pereira died the same year in Travancore ; Terry died
a t HyderLbLd in 1819, and Bird and Baillie the year after. The life was a hard one.
Terry had been constantly sick in Sonda [ 11, I j8-g 1, but Ward
never thought much of him ; he appeared to have too much of the beau about him, though
i t appeet-a Mr. Garling had an high opinion of the man. Scott must look to him or he will
try to have the ascendency8.
Bird, whose workin Tinnevelly has already been noticed 1.11, 145 1, was constantly
sick in Travancore. Ward, who "had a good opinion of him a t the beginning",
found him, "tho' clever,'unwilling and too full of natural duplicity". The doctor
who attended him was treated with "disrespect and insolence", attribut'ng this to
"intoxication", so Ward mas "very happy he was removed. ... He has done little
or nothing since the commencement of the survey". Bird waa given leave to
Madraa, but overstayed it by several months, which Mackenzie thought typical of
his "light horseman" attitude to life. Though he won a good report from Sim
by work at Pondicherry Mackenzie advised Mountford
not to send him to Hydembad till Rome officer is appointed [Carling had just died 1. He
can lose no time by employment in the office, and you will have an opportunity of getting
acquainted with his talents and disposition, which I am afraid Pondicherry hss not much
improved ; but Hyderabad will be still worse to one of a volatile disposition. ... Bird was 8
young man whom I wished to have some previous instruction in the office. ... The Aeeistante.. .
ahould get an opportunity of making themaelves known to the office in charge.
There were also circurnstmcea in Bird'e caae which meke it desirable before he is launched
forth into a country whero, upon my word, I consider it peculiarly neceseary they should not
be left t o their own diecretion. Who is there to look t o them, or how are they t o be employed
till eome officer is appointedg ?
Bird wm sent up to Ellore under Hodgea, and died there of cholera three months
after Mackenzie's letter.
Ward was keen to maintain the standard of work in Travancore ;
I have lately detected eome gross errore in the t r mt exeoutod by Turnbull & Pereire,
which I conceive is owing to lazinaw & neglect. They have laid down places they hsve never
eeen, or bee11 a t merely with an inattention, to mve themselvee a Little trouble, & have f i U d
large speoea with wood, which contains much detail. ... I...point out to them their errora in
two or threo instancee. with a hope they will be more particular in future4.
Bad work is often due to ill health, and Pereira died eighteen months later, whilat
Ward found that Turnbull, though "a very useful and intelligent man", waa "now
far advanced in life [ only 36 years ! ] & whose eyesight ... is very bad". At the cloee
of the survey he was sent to collect statistics in Tinnevelly [ 11, 146 ; 111,167,320 1.
Summers, whom Mackenzie regarded aa "an expert, clever, surveyor ", had to
remign in 1819 owing to asthma or oomumption. Pensions had been sanotioned
' Db. 140 ( 95 ). 21-11-10. ' DDn. 169 ( 180 ). 28-11-18. ODDn. 149 ( 141 ), 21-&20.
L D D ~ .
laS ( le0 ), 6-%17.
for Peter Lawrence, and some widowel, but i t took three yearn to get one sanc-
tioned for Summers, and Mackenzie asks Mountford to be
kind to him. The real laborers ought to be well paid. ... Ae long BE he wns able to do liia
duty in the field, he did it. ... Hie claims are stated and admitted. His services after he
went to Ellore and Meeulipatam are known to yourself. ...
t o hie conduct and state of health, reference will be made to yourself; if he ie, ee I verily
believe he ie, unfit for active field, or even close, eervice, something shoulcl be allowed him.
t o hie term of service, t o hie labor, and to his character. As far aa I know, he wm
never accused of clrunkennesa, sottisl~noas, or euepicion of theft, like the only precdenta of the
10 pagodee.
The civil auclitor in faot is not a judge of thoir pretensionsa.
Summers was allowed a pension of Rs. 61-4 p.m., and was given Light work in the
drawing office till after 1830 [ 401 1. He left two or three sons in the survey.
About this time the Bombay Government asked for the services of as many
waistants ae possible, but only one, James &in, could be spared [ 125 1. He
gives Jopp the following account of his services ;
In 1816 I was placed ... under the orders of Captain B. S. Ward, who wm appointed to
the survey of Sooth Travarlcore, and co-operated with liitn in defining the disputed boundaries
of the Travancore nnd 3Iatlra.q Cvlloctorutes [ 107-8 1. In 1821 ... I was transferred to the
survey of the Southern Malwatta States3, and in 1922 to your department.
From tho year 1805 to ... 1822. I mas wit,llo~lt uny intermission nctivelv employed, ... sub-
ject to the inclemencies of weather, dnugcrs, priratiorw, anrl dX~aultim attenrlant on a sur-
veyor while employod in tlre field. more especially wllon I ma4 employed on the surveys of
the Dindigul dietrict and the disputed boundaries of tho Travuncore nlitl Madurn Collectomtes.
tracts of the rnost wild and intricate nature, containing one continund forest. No just con-
ception cot~ld bo formed by any excepting those who had II share in it4.
It was because of this rough life that the early marriage of young surveyors
was discouraged, even as in later days, and Mackenzie regretted to hear that
tho lad Barnett proposed to marry. A9 tho is an apprentice of the Company under age, the
Clergyman ought to he warned not to marry him, es it may he ruinoua to the 1~11. The beet
way is to remove hun to Guntoor, or ovon to Cuttack6.
Barnett was already a t work in the Circirs, and married a t Jfasulipatam the
following year [384 1. The marriage did not prove so ruinous, for he was holding
charge of a survey party with success some 25 years later.
What with deaths and other cnsualt,ies, the number of these assistants remaining
under the Surveyor General's orders was reduced t o eleven by 1822. Lambton
had three others. For his survey of the Nilgiri mountains, Ward had only Keyes
and bIcMahon, who had made the pioneer survey there in 1812 [ 11, 1479 1.
Snell in tho Circkrs had Dnnigan, Fa~dkner, Barnett, and Anderson ; whilst Hill,
Long, Chamarett, and Ficker, were left in HyderibLd.
The return of John Malcolm was welcon~ecl. His career is of some interest, as
he was probably a natural son of the great Sir John [ 11, 173-j 1. He took leave
from the HyderBbEd survey in 1819 "to proceed on his private affairs to
Hindostan", and, without permission from the Surveyor General or the BIadrea
Government, obtained a commission as "local cornet" in Skinners' HorseG. He
resigned this conlmission in 1822, and was re-adnlitted to the Madras survey
establishment "without prejudice to his rankH7.
He was employed a t Madras from nbout February 1833, till in Ootober 1821
he was sent to the Malabar survey, with the record of "very bad work ... in the
drawing office. ... To be striotly supervised in the field". After various delays
in the sea passage via Colombo, he reached Cannanore on 25th December.
Ward had taken leave from Malabar in September 1824, and George Arthur who
relieved him had to take siok leave to England almost a t once. Keyes took ovor
charge but had boon sick for some time, and died in January 18268, so NoMehon end
'10 pa to Lowmnoe ; Rs. 10 to Pope's widow ; Re. 30- 10 to hmiliea of Lnt- & Perdn.
D I ) ~
1 4 ( 4 ) 74-20. 'joined h o e n Survey 27-2-21. 'to DSO. Bombay. DDn. 286 ( 62 ). 11-14.'
'DW. 166 ( 340). 17+18. 'dated 1-1-10, Hatson. IV (573) ; DDn. 149 ( 3 ), 25-3-19 & 194 ( 674 ).
2-22. 'MMC. 10422 ; D h . 104 ( 89 ) ; BOO., C-in-C., 12-6-e2.
'widow, Edsaia, g-bd
gnaion Re. 12 pm
DDn. 218 ( 160). 3-5-'B; d. 15-11-97, .ged 38 yeam 10 no . : gopanrep*
h k b m Female drph.n Aaplum.
Bhlcolm were left to CaRy on till Ward's return in December. Malcolm wm &-
oharged in 1829 owing to
t he debilitated state of hie oonstitution, brought on originally ... from repeatad at t ech of
fever, and latterly ... from a habit of intemperance, whioh may unfortunately have been pro.
duced from the original cause of his debility. ... The situation...is aimiler in some mpeote
t het of a late pensioned flurveyor, Peter Lawrence. ... to whom pension of 10 pagodas 8 month
wee granted [ 3791. ... Malcolm has only reachedthe 2nd class, on a saleryof 36 pagodm amonth,
and. ..his conduat has, until lately, been entirely approvetl of. ... Although he hm no claim
thereto bf the regulations, ... yet, a9 he originally lout his healt~h whibt in the execrution of
his duty, ... he may be considered ... for the favourable oonaideration of Government'.
He was granted a pension of Rs. 30 p.m. on the grounds that "his constitution
has been undermined by repeated attacks of fever contracted whilst in the per-
formance of his duty in the unhealthy country of Wynmd" [ 114 ]a.
Mackenzie was firmly convinced that no survey unit could be efficiently run by
a country-born assistant [359]. He did not think Dunignn fit for charge in the
Nortllern Cirdrs after Scott's morv to Bengai, and was not happy until he had
secured a military officer for charge of the surveys in the CircLrs [ 339-40 1.
In 1826 Dunigan retired on pension ; "from the defective state of sight, his
drawings have lately bean completed by the other assidtants" ;
From the expiration of t he apprenticeship ... up to the date of whioh he was recommended
for an increase of pay from 25 to 35 pagodm por menaem, Ira s eem to have given perfect
eatisfaction. ... He was 111 charge of the survey in the Coded Districts, ... which ... he con-
ducted and brought to o close in a very satifactory manner [ 11, I j g ].
On the conclusion of that worlr, 111 May 1815, he wns brought to the Praaidency and
employed in this ofico upwards of two years, during which ... he ml~nifosted a very turbulent
disposition, whereby he incarred the clirplonsuro of the late Col. Macltenzie, ... which ... was
in some extant the cause of his promotion having been ao long delayed. ...
For a length of time he did not dimcharge his duties zenlously, or give that satisfaction to
his superiors so very deuirable. ... He has already suffered for his delinquencies by his pro.
motion having been kept back Tor upwards of fivo years, and ... his immediate superior, Captain
Snell, testifies ... that he haa no r mo n to be diwtisfiod with liis conductg.
He was granted pension a t half salary, amounting to Rs. 157-8 p.m., and sub-
sequently re-employed at the Madras office.
In the intervals between the unfortunate deaths of the dfficers who held charge
of the HyderLbLd Survey between 1820 and 1823, it fell to Thomas Hill to hold
charge for several months, which he did most satisfactorily, though in 1822 Young,
who had recently talten charge, complained of a letter from Hill
m being disr-tful t o me. and I therefore desired Mr. Hill to withdrnw the letter entirely.
This he ... refused to do, and even went so far as to tell me to withdraw my letter to him. ...
For t h i ~ seditious language I ordered him home t o his quarters, and wrote to him ... that I
should stop 20 mpem a month from his pay until he withdraw the objectionable letter. ...
This he refused to do. and ... he hes ever since absented himaelf from office. ...
I must particularly request thet Mr. Hill may not be removed from this sunray. He is
t he only aaaietant who can print and sketch maps on a small scale. ... It has been my endes-
vow to conciliate all the assistants to the utmost in my power0.
In spite of these strictures Hill continued to give worthy service until February
1830, when he was granted a pension of Rs. 78-12 p.m.=
During season 1825-6 110th the HyderAbSd and Circlrs surveys were closed down,
Crisp being on duty in Calcutta [ 309-10 1, and Snell on a sea voyage for hie health.
The aasist,ante of both parties were brought down to Madras to push on the fair
mapping [321], and much reaented the loss of their field allowances, the rule being
"that surveyors are, a t the Preaidency, to get no more than 25 pagodas", w h e w
life at the Presidency must have been a great deal more expeneive than in the
mrfmil. Montgomerie apologieed for forwarding their petition ;
I would not have been the channel of such an addreae...had I not considerod it necessary
t hat Government should be made acquainted with the unjuatly diecontented and litigious
DDn. 237 ( 17&7 ), 11-8-28. nib. ( 187 ). 25-8-20. a from D8G. ; DDn. 218 ( 1634 ), 22-8-26.
'DDn. 104 ( 169 ). 22-S22. ' D h . 237 ( 183 ). 8-2-40.
spirit whi& ...b menifeshi. ... Thet the psrbiea ohould have dared. ... in the feoe of records
of this oflce, to eupport their oleime by st at ment a end sesertions which they must hsve known
to be felse, is not Inore surprising than reprehensible, ... more particulnrly +th mpeot to
senior mi st ant Dunnigan, who must have been fully aware that the regulations had been
enforced, not only with reapect to reduction of salariee, but also that fleld allowencea never
were granted to any surveyor when employed at this ofice'.
Government ruled that they should draw Re. 122-8 p.m. whilst a t the Presi-
dency, equivalent to the higher salary, 35 ps. [ 11, 349 1. The HyderBbBd assistenta
were not satisfied, and in November refused to leave Madras unless also granted
field allowances, and Montgomeric reports that
on the 2nd instant the. . . hi s t ant Surveyorsa delivered to me e letter ... refuaing to obey orders
they had received, but 8s I considered the measure a gross attempt to obtain what they were
by no means entitled to, thoy were informed that the letter could not be submitted...and wore
darirod to prepare thmuselvea for the march, and that an advance of 24 months field pay and
allowances would be applied for. But on the acquittance roh...for that advance being ...p rasented
to them for signaturo, and on being informed of the likely consequences of such dieobedience of
orders, they said they woultl etand the rmults.
Government replied that, as they had received their lawful does, they would be
dismissed tho service if after seven days they should still refuse to start'. There
wm no further trouble, and, except for Ficker who died a t Madras on 28th Decem-
ber, they reachedByderibLd on 17th January 1827.
Thomas Hill, on the other hand, was allowed full field allowances whilst a t
Calcutta during the same period [ 118 1, his move to anot,her Presidency being
temporary, and it being considered R hardship that
he should suffer nny tliminuetion of salary and the total abridgement of his field allowances
when necassitatetl to quit his stalion on public dut y; to live in a state of separation from
his family, end t h w become involved in the extraordinary expence of double maintenance. ...
The uniform zeal, ability. enrl good coutluct displl~yed by MI. Hill during the tllree years that
his dntiea havo been porforrned under my superintendence, and indeed the general good character
ee a surveyor which he has borne for the poriod of 23 year3 of a sctive service, induce me t o
recommend his applicntion5.
He was allowed to draw a sum eqiiivalent to his tield a l l ow~c e s from the dote of his
embarlation from Madreu in 1886 to C~l out t o to that of hu arrival at ~Masulipatam on h i return.
Mr. Hill's olailns to the differeuco betmeen Aeld and garrison pay and allo\rancea during the
time he remained at l&xdraa is i~ltulmiasnbld.
To replace casualties Mackenzie had tried to get a 8UrVey school started a t the
Madras office.
For various reason8 this was not possible though a special school
was started in 1819 by De Havilland for surveyors required by the Revenue Board'.
In 1822 authority was obtained to recruit a couple of apprentices, and more were
obtained the following year, when Turnbull was brought into headquarters as
instructore. Of these Charles Joseph who had insufficient knowledge of English t o
qualify as surveyor proved a valuable draughtsman [ ~ Z I 1. Augustus Meneaud had
acquired "sufficient knowledge of his dutios" to be sent to Malabar in October 1826,
and Charles Summers, son of that useful surveyor James [374-5 1, took Dunigan's
place at Vizagapatam in January 1837 [ 376 1.
In 1837 Montgomerie called attention to the urgent necessity of replaciilg
oasualties, and asked that he might recruit twelve more apprentices [ 321 ] ;
There being now only sevon of the 0111 Revenue Survaying School availtable for field
service. ... e considerable u ~ c r o ~ e would nppeor necessary. ... The prevent weal; state of the
partiea renders the srlrveya much more expenqive then if they were of o proper stmngth for.
es the superintendent of 8 survey can with oaso and atlv&ntage fully employ six persons of
that desoription, any numbor helow tlmt. ..occ.wions a proportionate lorwB.
Sanction was given, and in September 1838 Montgomerie ha,d altogether 14 appren-
tices being trained under Turnbull. Another six were entertained in 1830.
' DDn. 237 ( 134 ). 17-6-28. 'Charnarett. Long. Fioker, Britain. a ib. (290). 9-11-26. 'MJdC.
1-12-28 ; DDn. 218 ( 206-7 ). from Crisp; DDn. 147 ( 350 ), 16-10-2-28. ' hWC. 29-10-28; DDn. 1.94 (488 ).
'M Rev Bci.. 830/1819 ( 7302-3 ), 23-9-19 & BYO/1821 ( 0310-21 ), 1B-7-21. DDn. 200 ( 61200 ), 1 -
21-11-23 ; I MC . 27-8-22 ; C. A. Summers. J. C. Joaoph ; htbfa 12-8-13 ( 24-5 ). Bribain. Joleph. Mamud.
Rodrigurn. Wm. Ignstio. * DDn. 232 ( 2 ), 12-1-27 ; W C . 27-2-27 ( 8.44 ).
The old scale of allowances sanctioned in 1807 [ 11, 349 1, baaed on salaries of
26, 35 and 45 pagodas, with tent and horse allowances, and pay and bath of lasoam,
had brought the monthly scale to rupees 123-8, 15610-1 1, and 191-10-11 respec-
tively. In March 1830 the regulations were revised.
Designation for all gmdes
was to be Sub-Assistant Surveyor, that of Native Surveyors being abolished.
The estabhshment to be divided into three claases.
The h a t Class to be lim~ted in number
t o four. The 2nd Class t o be an equal number, and the 3rd Class to such number ns may be
required; the whole to be denominated Sub-Aeaistant Snrveyors.
The following salaries md
allowances are fixed Tor tlie several cl aw. -
A Sub-Assielti~~t S u r ~ ~ y o r , 3rd C h e
... Salary ... Re. 60-0&00
... Horse Allowance ... 15-12-00
... Tent Allowance ... 24-08-00
Three Surveying Lasoma ...
2614-11 Total Rupees ... 129-02-11
. . . . .
A Sub-Aesislant Sumeyor, 2nd Claaa
100-OW00
...
Allowances ... ... 79-10-11 ,, ., 179-10-11
. . . . . A Suh-Asaislanl Sttrueyor 1st Chue 146-00-00
A U O W ~ ~ C ~ ~ ... ... 79-10-11 ,, ,, ... 224-10-11
The period of apprenticeship before appointment as Sub-Assistant was to be
seven years, and, aa soon as they were fit for field work, the officers under whom
they were posted could draw RE. 28 salary and Rs. 40-4-8 allowances for each'.
The following is the roll as it stood in February 1830 ;
let Claae 3rd Cloes
Charles McMahon, Malabar Aiigustus Menaud, Malabar
Andrew Chemarett, Hyderiibd Charles Summers, Circiim
Richerd Long, HyderBbtid \Villiil~n I pat i o, Hyderiibad
one vacancy
2nd Claae rlpprenticeen
Charles Bnrnett, Circiim Jolm Summere
Richd. Henry Britain, Hyderiibid Wm. Henry Turnbull
two vacancies Henry Perlby
Lambton made the following report on his aasistants in January 1816 ;
Joshua De Penning. Age 31. Salary pegs. 45. Writ- elegantly. Thoroughly acquainted
with all the various computations requisite in geodetical operations. An scourate observer,
and competent to all the astronomical calculations necessary in the survey under my directione.
Dmws all kin& of plans well. The plain table he hea nothing t o do with, it not being
an instrument used in this survey. He speaks the Tamil language, and understands Gentoo
and Hindostanee. His character is mlivemally good.
Peter Lawrence. Age 33. Salary page. 35. Nearly the snme ...in all respects.
Joseph Olliver. Age 30. Salary pap. 35. Employed in all the higher computations, and
is making great progres toward8 all the qualificntio~is above stated.
Willam Roesenrode. Age 24. Salary page. 25. Tlie aame in all respects as the laet.
Remark. ... These young men heve been cliiefly instructed in the various brnnches of tl~ie
survey, most of which are complicaterl and tedin~ls, nnd different in their natrlre from those of
t he ordinary ones ; but, whenever this may be cnmplotod, and thoir services employed upon
a difforcnt scale, all other doqcriptions of surveyfi with common theodolitee, plain tobles, etc.,
must soon becove eeay and familiar to them. I...hope. when my lsboure are a t an end, thst
young men poseeeaing suoh attainments as they poasess, particulerly the two first, may be em-
ployed on aurveys of a more general nature. from which Geography may derive advantage, and
for which they will be so eminently qualSedJ.
The following year Lambton had to ask for Lawrence's dismissal;
I had alwaya ceaeidered him of a weakly constitution, end attributed his not attending
my offlce oocesi o~l l y to ill health, till the inehncea became ao frequent that I began to
1 DDn. 328 ( 0 ), 17-2-30. 'Other a prenticea engaged before 1830 inolnde Colin Ignatio, Wm. Mmtin-
Wm. Pa, Fmc b Bope, Thou. Bntfoy. bradMoCsrthy. Wm. Orrook, Whitaha Daly, John Laieh.
8 DDn. 83 ( 376 ). 22-1-18.
l -6 his being given to drinking, and, ... my apprehenaiona were too well founded, and he in
now in euch an emaciated state that he can scarcely hold a pen in his hand. As thia is the third
that 1 have given him. ... and being a t this moment in a state of intoxication in hi.
quartere. I should be r e mb in my duty were I not to report his incapacity. ...
On account of his former valuable servicea for at least meen yeare, it becomas equally
my duty to recommend ... that he may be allowed wherewith to maintaia himself end family,
he having a wife and five mal l children who look to him for support1.
L-nce was removed from the trigonometrical survey from 1st J ~nua r y 1818 and,
given a pension of tenpagodus a month from May 1818. Much to Mackenzie'a disgust,
he was employed in the drawing office till October 1820 when discharged after
of drinking.
He did excellent work, however, on the pendulum observations
at the equator during 1822-3 [ 2 j 5 1.
Being asked what changes he wanted made in his establishment on his transfer
to the Supreme Government, Lambton asked that his staff of aaaistants should be
raised to six, and that substantial increases of pay and allowances should be granted
to the three seniors [ 324 ] ;
~n a survey of this kind, wliore every individunl must be prepared to move rapidly over
grmt extent, it is absolutely nwewnry that they should keep up an emcient establishment.
and...mwt frequently leave thoir tiLmilie~ behind ... for several months together, which o b l i p
them to have a double estoblishmont. The expense %..must therefore be very greet. ...
The instruction of these young men, after they came to me...rnust give them a pre-eminence
over the ordinary c l w of surveyors. ... They soon become expert calculators. ... They an,
then taught ... the use of all my grand instruments ; to adjust them, and to observe, which
they do with great accuracy. ... Joali~ia De Penning wns so fully queli6ed in 1813 that I entrue-
ted him to a r r y a belt of triangles, principal and secondary, ... entirely across the Peninsula.
and he accomplished his taslc in a moet masterly manner [ 146-8 1. ...
Mr. De Penning stands in a very superior light, both es to his attainments and the ma-
pectability of his character. He is competent to the practical part of the survey in a11 ite
varioua branches ; thoroughly acquainted with the adjustments of all my u~t r t unent s ; is
excellent practical estronornera.
If their allowancar two not incrmsed so sw to enable t.hern to eupport their families, it
would be impo~sible for them to nttond me through different countries, and it will be equally
impossible for me to go on without them. I n which case my operations must either be con-
fined to this part of India, or be ~. olu~q~iisl~ed altogcthor. ...
I. ..recornmend that a salary oC four llun4lred ( 400 ) sic08 mpeea per rnensem be granted
to Mr. Joshua De Penning, ancl two hundred and Gfty ( 250 ) to eaoh of the others for the
present, leaving an opening for their rise according to their talente end bebaviour. Th-
allowances are t o include all allowances for hor~oa, tents, eta., which crre now specified in my
monthly abstract [ 11, 335 ; 111, 325 1. ...
Three more Sub-Aesistants should be added to my pment establishment. so aa to aug-
ment the number to six. ... Their pay for thejlret three year8 should be one hundred ant1 seven
( 107 ) ;for the second three year8 one hundred cmd forty ( 140 ), and for the aid three years
one hundred and seventy three ( 173) sic- r upee per menaem, and fifter that to riw according
to their merit. The young handa. ..me much wanted for copying reporta, etc., ... the older ones
... in calculations.
Copying and collating take up a vast deal of time [ 255-6 18.
These recommendations were first made in November 1817, and were referred
to Mackenzie, who put them aside. He could not see why the assistants of the
trigonometrical survey should have better terms than those of his own establish-
ment. It was not till after his death that Hodgson took the matter up, and obt i ned
eanction to Lambton's proposals as they stood. A further reference from Lambton
brought retrospective effect from 1st January 1818' [ 325 1.
Two reoruita wem appointed in July 1831 ;
William Lambton, a natural son of mine, is jllst from school. nnd is quite prepared eb be
imtmcted in the elernenbs of his profmion. ... Joseph De Ponning, a son of *. Joshua De
Penning, my f i t Sub-Aesishnt, is also a promising lad turd under his fathar's ht ruct i - fl
... soon beoome ~q u a i n t e d with the neoewary rudunents6.
The third reoruit, Murray Torrick, wee appointed h m 22nd April 1822. &
DDn. 03( 421-2). !2-10-17. nib. ( 426 ). 27-11-17. ' DDo.02( 144 ). 31-8-PO.
4 BPc. -21 L
DDn. 02 ( IBPB). 17-7-21. I to k. Depb. DDn. 82 ( 187 ). 39.7-21.
Lambton's death his son was sent back to school as far too young for service, and
Joseph De Penning was discharged two years later [ 326 1.
A serious loss was the re~ignat~ion of Joshua De Penning, who asked to resign
immediately after Lambton's death on the grounds of health and reluctance to
accompany the survey to Upper India. Everest tried to persuade him to stay ;
His applicntion to resign at the present time, when he muat know that Superintendent
haa urgent need of his services is. I fear, the mu l t of caprice. and I hope thet. ..he will not
think of leaving thdsurvey until the Superintendent can conveniently diepense with hie services.
If, however, Mr. De Penning should really, from his long a n ~ i active service in the field,
have suffered eo seriously in his health and cotlatit~ltion as to prevent his farther exertions here,
I think thet the remons for pant i ng to him the Liberal salary he now receiv as... will cease to
exist, and he could then be convidered in no other light than as an Assistant Surveyor of the
Bimt Class, with his ealary as such on the Madras Eetablishment, an11 entitled to his pemion
on half pay in the event of his retiring.
However, if incapable of field duty, he might still, I think, be advantageously employed
in tile office of the Assistant Surveyor General a t Madras1.
A month later, however, Ererest reported that De Penning would stay
until my whole party can aaaemble in the latter end of this year a t Ellichpoor, and I...solicit...
permission ... for Mr. De Penning t o resign ... from the 1st Fabruary 1824, and for Mr. ~~~~~h
Olliver to succeed to the vacancy from the same date. ...
During the tim3 that I have been with this survey his exertions have been u-itw,
and have ever entitlod him to the highest convideration of the late Superintendent. ... In the
various climates under which he has had to act ... his constitution has been so much impaired
es not to admit. in his own opinion, of his rem~i ni ng longer in this part of the country. ...
After a long and meritorious service of 23 years, he wishes to retire t o the coast with his family,
and it is with the most sincere gratification that I beg to recommend his casea.
After holding charge of the detachment a t NQpnr during the rains of 1823,
De Penning joined Everest near Ellichpur, and after assisting with the measure-
ment of the base a t Tiikarkhera, resigned from let February 1824, being allowed
to draw salary till the end of M~r ch to cover his journey down to the Coast. He
was struck off the strength of the Great Trigonornetrical Survey with a pension,
reverted t o his former situation and pay under the Madras Government, and w~
employed in the Surveyor General's office a t that Presidency.
After the discharge of young Larnbton, Everest recruited a boy named John
Peyton, son of the senior surgeon a t Hyderiibid, and he reports later that
Joseph De Penning ie a very well-disposed, obedient, and steady lad, and as mere under-
clerk I would not desire any person more effective bat, poor lad, he is very d d , and in the
field has w yet evinced no sym[~toms of practical talent whatever3. ...
XIurray Torrick is not only a very incapable and ignorant young man, but inert beyond
all concoption. He can by no means be urged to his duty, and during the whole of my laat
operations has been of no use to me whatever. ...
Job, Peflon has not been ... loug enough in the departmont to bo judged ; I sincerely hope
he will in time bo useful, and he is the son of one of my parLicular friends I shall be most
h p p y to make favourable mention of hitn whenever I have an opportunity.
& to my two principal sub-mistants, they aro truly efficient in all respects4.
Blacker held out no hope of finding a suitable subst,itute for Torrick ;
Inmporable difficulty will attend all endeavours to procure such a substitute. ..if I am to
judge from my own ill success in supplying the Surveyor General's Office with servants. ... I
eee no method of being aupplied with such aesistants except by apprenticing youths from the
Orphan School, who have yct to learn almost every qualifioation you enumerate6.
Everest agreed t o give him a further trial ;
1 &all make the moat I can of the Sub-A~eiatants whom I have. ... This young man' h a
shewn considerable xymptoms of amendment of late, & begins to be more ueeful and obedient.
In reference generally to the Sub-Amistants of my department, ... I have not perhape
much meson to be dkt i sf i ed, but the contrary. Accustomed, however, oa I have been, in
following up t he mystom of my p e s t predecessor, tn lead them to their duty by kindness alone,
I am unacquainted with the extend of authority which t he law allows me, and have
1 bo BQ. ; DDn. 198 ( 36 ), 30-4-23.
' Dh. 171 ( 22 ), 28-6-28. 'diaohar& Nov. 1826. 4 DDD.
171 ( 281 ), 28-7-24
' Dh. 220 ( 68 ), 8-10-24.
no memna of protecting myself ageinst those whi m and oapricer, of whioh I this day aubmittad
to you a lamenhble instance in the w e of Mr. Olliver.
The trouble with Olliver was an unfortunate instance of Everest's h t y temper
and impatience, which from time to time overwhelmed him. Repeated attacks of
fever, and the strain of carrying on a difficult professional ttlsk which would have
severely taxed the physical ntronyth of a man in perfect health, had brought him
to a most neurotic state [ 403-4 1. He had a sharp attack of fever just as he was
starting work on his base-line at Sironj [ 245-6 1, and sent a peremptory mmsage for
Olliver to come to his assi~t~ance. Ollivcr, who was engaged on triangulation a few
miles away, failed to come as ordered, and Everest straightway accused him of
insubordination, and placed him under arrest in such tt tactless manner as led
Olliver, who was really the most loyal of servants, to an obstinate opposition.
The matter was reported to Blacker whose t,actful handling of the cme eventually
led to reconciliation. Evorest replied to Blacker's letter that,
on receipt of it. I sent for Mr. Olliver and, after having read the contents to him, I reletmod
him from a m t , and desired him to return to his duty, allowing him 3 days to consider what
mwe r I should return. On the 3rd day ... he waited upon me and expressed his sorrow and
regret for what had pmed, and his t ha nk for the oonsiderate treatment which he had experien-
ced, both a t your hands and mine. ... I will ... coosidec the affair as satiafectorily eettledl.
Whilst short handed with OUiver under arrest, Everest asked the local
military commander for help, and was fortunate to find in Gunner, or Bombadier,
Fisher a man who was able to give most welcome assistance for several months.
In describing his measurement of the Sironj base-line Everest reports that
Gunner Fisher ... vary ~ o o n beoome tolerably export in thoso parts of the duty which I
required fiom him.
He was very alert and soon made himself usefnl.
He is a young man far
above the common class of European soldiers, and is... rospeotably educated. He has some
knowledge ... of mathematics. ... He hns a very tolerable practical knowledge of the use of
logarithm, and is able to apply the for~nula for ... difference of level, and hypothenusal deduo-
tion of the base, with oonsiderable celerity, all of whioh requires care and aome sku.
I feel quite loth to recommend any person to your notice since the lamentable conduot
of my &st Sub-Aesktant, but [ I recommend ] appointing Gunner Fiaher temporarily to my
department as a 3rd Sub-Assistant upon the usual nllownnce of 107 rupeea a month, to oom-
mence from the 27th Novr. 1824. ... My department is much crippled for want of persons who
can afford me even common awistance in my extemive calculationsa.
The appointment was sanctioneds, but Fisher was disgusted a t being reverted
to his unit when Everest closed down work a few months later;
When Ceptain Evereat...was in the act of the measurement of a base ... near Serong, he
found it ... neaesary to apply to Major Qeneral Arnold, commanding at Saugur, for a person
... to assist him in his operations, as Mr. Olliver wee plaoed under arrest. I m the person
sent out. when it is well known to the station doctor at Saugur I wns not able oven to walk
one mile in 8 hor n. Three months I had been ill with the fevor and a p e . ... Ireaolied the
Captain on the day appointed by forcing my marcherr, and went t o duty immediately. ...
Captain Everest is... well aware that by my temporary appointmeut I was deprived of a
permanent one [under my ] patron the Lord Biehop of Coloutta. Howover, he gave me
moh hopes, adding el way, "only be satisfied with being temporarily appointed", and I should
be permanent "if in his power". Rome, he had to tell me, was not built in one day. ...
I have not. I tnlst, been found unfit to fill the situation of 3rd Sub-Assistant. ... I am
prepared for a fair examination in thoso sciences, geometry, trigonometry. &o., on whioh
the whole art of surveying depends. Captain Evereat is well aware, out of the 5 Sub-Aesi&m&,
3 of them are of little or no me, and ... Mr. Olliver and Mr. Roas-de Little better. They
oan oaloulete plene triangle3 in aome oasee, but not general.
Anything you may be pleased to oonfer on me, so that I may be removed from bar&.
will oauee...humble, heartfelt, gratitude. I recommended to Government in bhe y-
1832 by W. h e r Esq. a t Delhi for the surveying department [ 151 1, but Captain J. A. Hods-
eon, bhe Surveyor General. said there wafj no vacancy'.
Barraok life in India in those days n~us t indeud havc been irksome to a man ~ t h
any education a t all, and it is possible that Fisher found oongenittl employment with
the aid of his patron the Bishop ; he was not taken into the Survey.
'DI)n. 171 ( 310 ). 12-2-26. l i b. ( 208 ), 25-12-24.
' BMC. 114-2.5 ; DDn. 201 ( 38 ). 4 D h .
171 ( 4 2 3 4 ), 26-9-26.
After Erereat's depart.ure, Olliver was promoted to Rs. 300 from 1 l t h November
1825, and left in charge with Rossenrode, Torrick and Peyton.
Ho reports a year
later that Peyton wtla " very quick of comprehension, and by no means tender in
encountering difficultie~ when subject t o hard~hi ps ".
Mr. M. Torrick ... lim also made a jullicini~q selection of one ~t a t i on during the laat trip, ...
a mere chance for, though Ire mn(le t he selection, he WKq qllite at a stand afterwards. and,
from t he very distmsqing de.scription he gave of t he fentura? of t he country.for further pro.
d i n g , 80 much discnuragd me t hat I then acco~lnted it an unfavorable selection. ... H~
is naturally very slow of co~npreliension. ...
Both t l ~ e 3rd Sub-Aswistanta ur* vwy rtsefi~l in t,he ralculationa. such es the probahilitiea
of error in t he observed a~iglm, tjlle c-lrc~nl c-urrwtinrls, and spherirol excffls, and the calclllation
of t he t,rianplea.
I t r e n ~ ~ ~ i n s yet. t.11 qualify thenr Tor the more intricate calrulntions'.
Olliver, whom Ererest hat1 described as his "light arm ", both on his operatione
east of HyderBbiid in 1819-20 and on his western series towards Poona in 1822-3
[ q o , 234-61, held charge of the CalcuttaLongitudinal Series between 1625 and 1832,
and continued to do noble service till his retirement in 1842, besides giving three
sons to tho survey. Roesenrode also was tl ~trost vlilr~able worker, and gave loyal
and capable service till his ret,irenlent in 1841, leaving two sons in the sllrrey, one
of whom held iridependenb charge of a part,y for many years. Everest records that,
a t t he dent,h of Lic,rt. C'ulo~lel Larnht,~rn in .Te1rlr11r2. 1823, Mr. Hossenrode wtu anxious to
quit t,he (ler,tart.ment.. but a t my ~n~~r l r l *i 1~11 over-lookecl t he HeVQre sufferilles he had already
,*dergo~le, an11 ronrentwl h) encoulrtcr t~yrrin tlre same Il nzar~i ~. mt l ~er t81ran exI>we the opera.
t i o ~ ~ s of tlre C:rent Arc t,o n r a i l ~ ~ r ~ fro111 \vtlnt of hi* IIIJIU w ~ i ~ t ~ l ~ ~ ( . e .
...
He wns tlrrrr a hale uctivn IIIRII i ~ r t l l n ~ ~ r i ~ n r of liic*, with 1111 I I ~ H fticiiltiea uni r npnk~l .
Hie
naturc~l intelligence, wlrir~l~ i n of a 111gIi onler-Iris con~~i l i nt or ~ dnl>ort.~nent in hia &dings with
nativm, whir11 acquirecl ftv l l i ~n an infl~~ence sucl ~ a9 1 never soon eclunlletl-his familiar corn.
mnnd of lllost of t.110 nativo rlinlerts from C'al~m C' l ~r nl ~r i ~~ t.o t he Hin~alnya ~nount,ui~ls-his
nntl ~rlrnost irnl~ert.r~rbnble good tenllwr -nncl Ilia t~l~t,itutlo for buinags-peculiarly
h i n ~ t , , ~ s~rccorrl U L a ~nc-rrnntile mpacity, RI NI hall he the11 yielded t o t he iniitnnces of
hi8 friencln ... he woul#l linve l18d every prospert. c~f lllt,~nfttel?. surnm~~~rnting t he evils for which
rcl~mtwl nttaclta of jungle fever had nlretr~l). h i d t,he fountlation. ...
By continuing with tho clepartment. Mr. H~menrnde WRH of t he greatest service t,o me in
conducting t,he ... Or mt Arc ac.rosa tllc niount~ain trncta bet,weon Sirc~nj and Ellichpur, and...
1 have lit418 l~esitation in wying t,lrat. but for Iri* vnluahle aid all my effc~rts t o bring the
Great Arc series t o Seronj woulcl Irave ~111led UI f ~i l ur e [ 2-15 1.
At my depnrture for England in 1826 nn sick certificate, Rlr. Rossenrode ww employed
in with Mr. Olliver in conducting t he Calcutta Longitudinnl Series, ... but here
again...he suffered most severely from t he effects of jungle fever, and his former illness became
now confirmed, so AS never afterwards t o be erndicatedz.
The first civilian assistants employed in the Bombay Presidency, other than
Indian revenue surveyors, were William Webbe and William Sundt.. Webbe
was the half-caste son of a British sergeant, and was apprenticed and educated at
the M a d r ~ surveying school [ I , 284 1. He had accompanied both Malcolm's
missions to Persia as eul~eyor-1799 to 1801 and 1809-10-and compiled the
maps [ 11, 176, 280 1. In October 1812 he was transferred t o the Bombay
wtabhhment, and worked under Williams on the revision of Reynolds' great
map [ 11,284 1.
Sundt also had been a proGg6 of Malcolm's ;
Mr. Sundt.. who im t he son of a Captain on t he Madras Eetabliahment, left t he Orphan Asylum
of t hat Presidency ta enter t he Quarter-Maeter-General'e Office in 1808, in which he wrre
employed ae S ~ we y o r and Draught man. He wae while in this line on field service in Travaa-
core [TI. 131-2 1. I n 1809 he went wit.h me to Perah, and in 1812 waa transferred by me t o
this establishment, along with Mr. Webb, ee a Surveyor in t he RevenueDepartment [11, 1881.
In 1818 he waa...directed t o ... my orders, and hes since ... been moet actively and mefully
employed'. ... This ingeniolle and able man could have had hisher allowancee ... if he had gone
to poona, but his zeal and anxiety to finish what he is now employed on hen, [ Bombay ]
made him remain on a lees sum. He is not merely an excellent draughtaman and c o m b
surveyor, but a man of general attainments, and of coneiderable wiencd.
Sundt was paid Rs. 120 p.m. in addition to his former salary of Ra. 162 8e
revenue surveyor. Of the work on his map of Malwa [275 1,Malcolm further writes ;
Mr. Sundt ( a native born ), who was lent to the Geographical Department in Central
India from the Revenue Survoy a t Bombay to which he belongs, not only drew the originel
map, to which he contributed eeveral surveys [ 85-6 1, but has since made 8 copy with divisions
of Dietricts, and has completed a goopphical index. ... Some information regarding the
navigation and trafio of the Nerbudda was aommllnicated by Mr. Webb, who is ale0 a native
born, and belongs to the same survoy as Mr. Sundt.
The author has particull~r pleasure in stating hie obligetions to these ingenious and ucientifia
perso~ls, with whoso labours in the public service he ha9 been intimately acquainted from the
time they left the Survey School a t Madras3.
Sundt continued work on Malcolm's map till its completion early in 1822, and on
Malcolm's recommendation was allowed an "additional remuneration" of Re. 1600 ;
I brought to Bombay nrat,eriuls for malting t ~ r l improver1 copy of my -Map of 3lalwa. and
for completing an index of all the towns md villagas that are included in it. ... The Index ...
now contains an account of nearly seven thousand plncea. Tho mngnitude of this index
and the great labour necessary for dofining the boundaries of the perpnnahs in the map will
make it at least three mont h befuro tho whole cttn he finished. ... I trust the charge of com-
pleting t hk taak may be left with Mr. S~ u ~ d t . ... and I cannot refrain from bringing ... his long
meritorious services to tile lot ice ~f the Governor in Co~mcil~.
After Williams' departure both Webbe and Sundt reverted to the Gujargt
Revenue Survey, and Cruikshank was most reluctant t o surrender them t o Suther-
land when he became h i s t a n t Surveyor General ;
Since the mode of carrying on the Revenue Surveys by means of a large establishment
of native measurers hm been twlopted, the rrorl;, instead of being confined to one purgunna
aa formerly has been extended to all the three remaining collectorships of Goojerat, and as
thwe natives, although perfectly competei~t, to perform the outdoor duty, aro unable to drsw
at all, the utmost exertionn of the oflicom an11 of all tho other draughtamen are recluisite t o
prevent this part of the business from falling into arrears. ...
Thie hes already occasioned an accumulation of the drawing part of tho duty beyond
the power of tho Europoan Officm to complete withcut delaying the surveys, and it can
only be finished with the assistance of Messw. Webb end Sundt. ...
The oharge of the office in Broach, whoro the drawing is carried on, then devolves on Mr.
Webb whose conduct and good example are fully roquired to regula te... the establishment thus
left under him, which generally consists of one or two draughtamen, an Europeen apprentice.
and soma native writom. And. in the event of any young men or boys from the echools ul
Bombay being attached to this Department for ... instruction, ... their doing well must chiefly
depend on the present m m of instructing and taking care of them6.
The surrender had, however, to be made, though Webbe was retained till March
1823 t o complete a copy of Malcolm's map for the Resident with Holkars.
Two other surveyors, or draughtsmen, were employed on Malcolm's maps',
Arthur or Alexander White, who, with James Evers was later employed in
Khsndesh by Briggs [ 124 1, and L. I. De Mello. It was possibly one of these
about whom St. John Blacker wrote from Sindhia's camp in April 1818 [ 65 ] ;
A draftsman whom I hnve employed in Cochin to make a eurvey of that country has
followed me here. This pomon has been instructed in all the necwsary branches of mnt he
matice to perfeot him as a surveyor, in which capacity he has been employed for thtge ten
para in Travancore and Cochin, partly under the superintendence of an Engineer of aod.
Blacker asked t hat he might employ this man in Central India, and draw allowanoe
for purchaae of stationery, and also n perambulator for the s~m-ey. In a lebr
letter he says t hat he lent this surveyor t o Malcolm for mappinge.
'from Malcolm. 3CL11-21. Bo RC. 5!5 ( 289-05 ). Erom hInlcolm. 25-11-19 ; DDn. 145 ( 1 ).
'Malcolm. II ( appx. i ). 430-11-21 : Bn RC. 5/ 5 ( 289-92 ). 'from Cruihhank, 20-6-22. * Bo MC.
(oamp), 6011R22. 18-9-22. 'MRIO. 83 (6i-Y ). M ( 1-9 ) : llilb boltlly &awn with littlo dotsiL 'Arthur
employcd a lad named Wl~ito in Mysore [ 11. 378 13.4 ] and possibly took him to Travancore 111, 131-21.
'Dh. 144 ( 379 ). 7 4 1 8 & ( 377 ). 12-10-19.
I n proposing an Assistant Surveyor General for B0rnba.y in 1821, Hodgaon had
suggested a school for country-born surveyors.
This was taken up withenthueiasm
by the Chief Engineer, and accepted by tho Government ;
Wi t h reference t o t he ... format i on of a n i nst i t ut i on for t ho i nst ruct i on of char i t y boys in
survey duties, ... t he Hon' ble t h e Governor in Council has i t i n cont empl at i on t o greft on
t h a t Inst i t ut i on an est abl i shment for t h e purposes of teaching boys bor n i n t h e country, of
Eur opean parentage, t h e lower branch- of science a nd mechanical a r b , s o as t o render them
uaef d in superi nt endi ng works under European Engineem. ... An officer of t he corps of
Engineem shoul d be appoi nt ed Superi nt endent of t he e~tabliahrnent' .
Under a General Order of 18th April 1823, George Jervis, of Engineers, was
appointed Superintendent of this school, but i t was some time before any of its
pupils became available. Possibly Price and Sanger who joined the Deccan Survey
on 1st May 1826 were;~mongst the first. Some of the Bombny maps about 1830are
beautifully drawn by William Bertie and J. Hanson, draughtemen in Jopp's office,
who may hare come from Jervis' school2, which was started in Bombay where at
one time i t hat1 as liiang as 79 pupils under tuition. On Jervis's transfer to Poona
in 1830, the school accompanied him.
Not onl y were i t ~s t r ur t i ~ms in mnthorrultics, drawing, surveying, rtnd practica~l mechanice
given, b u t t h e Superi nt endent ha d placed at Iris disposal t he lithn presses ... s ent out by the
Cour t of Directors since 1822 [ zgS 1. ... Th e Engineer' s presses, bot h u t Ro ~n b a y and Pmna.
have t ur ned out wor k nearl y as good ua t he climate allows. ...
Th e Eatablishmont. ..came i nt o existence 30 years t oo soon, a n d was maintained in a state
of prosperity solely by t he zeal of Capt . Jervi s, i t s f ~>under . ... A few years afterward8 i t
&appear ed from t he l i st of or u etlucational esteblishments, a nd t he b o o b , instruments,
dr awi ng materiale and scientific appar at us belonging to i t heve long l a in... inch- thiok in duei9.
I n Bombay ; a number of Indian surveyors were employed on the revenue surveys
and with Thomaa Jervis in South Konkan [ 393 1.
- - -- -- - -- -- - .- . . - - - . -
Name
Birth & Appren-
Death ticed
Employment Domestio
-- - -- --
- -- -- -- -
AI-. James b. c. Oct. 1803 Dmdigul, 1815 ;Travancore, Oct. 1817 ;
1789
[ a 3 5 0 1
to Bombay eat., Feb. 1821 [ 125 1.
-. - - - -
ARDIBBOR. Thoa. b. c. June 1810 SGO. Madrsa, 1812 ; Cicirn. Nor. m. before Ap d 16%.
[ It# 350 1 1796 1815 ; Guntar. 1817 ; Mslptm.
1820 : Viza~otm.. 1829 : omitted
from ,830 ~ i s Y
I)An~re.Chas. b. c. Sept. 1798 SGO. Madrae. 1816; MMI. Jan.
[ 11.350 1 1788 June, 1816.
d. 3-12-20
BL~NET~, Chae. b. 1-3-1800 I809 SGO. Madros, 1815 ; X. Circira, Sov.
[ 11,350 1
1815-1832 ; Nellore, 1833-43.
An apprentice H. Barnott, rsor
BIRD, Wm. b. c. March
[ 11. 351 1 1793
d. 30-12-20.
Ellore.
BOYIPB. Francis ...
B ~ T A I ~ . Richd. b. c. Fe b ~
Henry 1801
BWXE. MameUu~ b. C. June
L n. 351 I 1792
Bnnoy. 'rhos. d. 12-4-32
Wm. Brhmpr.
217. l mo.
wited in Madros 1822, d. 24-1-15.
1806 Dindipl. 1816 ; Travancore. 1810 ;
nick to Presdcy, March 1817; absent
without leave; re-adm. Feb. 1818;
Pondicberry. 1818 ; X. Qrcirs. 1820.
1827 Trchply., 1830 ; Hdbd. 1832 ; Salem,
1840; G' l S. 1841.
1823
Sub-hat . at Hdbd. 104-23; with
Hdbd. avy. t l l 1838.
1805 NMI. 1816 ; CircLrs, Jan. 1810;
Guntiir. 1817 ; by laud to Bengsl,
Jan.-March 1818 12.71 1.
1827 Ouujnm. 1330-2.
m.. Mnlptm.. 1-11-19,
Miss Leonora Hudson.
Leff a widow "db-
consolate ".
111.. Bangalore, 10-e-30.
Jeasib F:liznbeth Hayes.
m, ~ Wr a s . 3-9-23.
Charlotte Chamier, having
8 chilhen at Secndbd.
m., Calcutta. 22-1 1-20,
Eleanore Mencnnd, spin.
I Bornbeg W e , 10-3-23 ; Bo RC. 98/1823 ( I 1'8-37 ).
m MRIO. 128 ( 7. 8 ), eta.
Bo Ti ma Cd &
DiP. 1063 ( a44 ).
~ -- . .- - ~ . .~ . .~ .- . -- --
Name Birth & Appren.
Death ticed
Employment Domeniio
~. - .- - - - - - ..- - - - .-. - . -. . .
k r m g m . b. c. Naroh 1805 Dindiwl. 1816 ; YQO. 1816 ; Oundiir, m.. Scndbd. 11&20,
Andrew 1793 1817 ; Ellore, 1819 ; Hdbd. 182048. Kntharine Johanwm ; left
[ 11, 3511 d. Poona eon in survey.
18-12-48.
DAL ~ Y, Whitelaw ... 1827 Hdbd. 183043.
D. RNXINO, b. c. 1800 1821 3rd Sub-Asst. G'rS. 1-7-21 ; dinch. net. aon of J wh u m~
Joseph Nov. 1825. rn. Scndbd.. 1-37,
t?lizni~eth Prayero.
Dm P~s nr No,
v. Biographical Notes [ 111, 537-91
Joshus [ 11, 304-5 1
DoNIaAN.>~ichao~ b. c. blay 1708 S o . 31ny 181.5 ; 01lntGr. July I817 ;
[ 11, 351 1 l i 84
inch. from Se p~. IRIS ; i n ch. EUore k
Xlslptm., 1819 ; N. Cur i n, 1820;
SOO. 1825-0 ; pcnaion. 1820 ; m-crnp.
SGO. till I8:lO.
FAULKNER. John b. c. Narch IN03 Son~l r~. 1818 ; Coorg, Ort. 1815 ; pr. son of Condr. Henry
[ 11, 351 1 178.5 c l i n I ; I I I I ~ I I ~ I , ~ ~ n t i ~ r , Foulkner.
d. 19-1 1-21 IHIO ; airk. XIIV. I(i20.
FICKER, Fredk. b. c. 1)cc. I807 Soncln, I813 ; ('ourg, Ort. 1815 ; m., ChitnLlroog, 23 9-16
Ricl~d. 1792 ('rirhin, l s l i ; Hclhd. IR91; SOU. .41i1clia Fowler.
[ 11, 351 1
lW25 till ~ l ~ , n t l ~ 2% I2-2ti.
HAMILTON. Henry b. r . )Is; 1800 SCO. >ladma, 1813 ; ('ircirn. Jnn. Lo
[ 11. 351 1 1186 bl nr ~h, 1818 ; Head Dn~n. . (' nlc~ltta,
till rlenth. 6-ti--2fi.
HILL, Thos. b. c. JInrrb 1803 SOO. .\Iadrns, 1816 ; Hyrlbd. Juno
[ 11, 351 1 l iH0 1810; in tv111py. ch. 1820-1, 1H23;
d. Mndrns. on~h. Marlrtrs 9--2-20 t o Cxlrnt.tn,
20-3-40. returneil hlslptm. 1-1-57 ; Hdbd.
2bl - 27 : l'ol~liid. 1829 ; ret. 9-2-30 ;
SGO. XIodrna till 1833.
Ho w~ n o , Robt. ... I827 Trct~ply. 1830 ; IIdbd. 1832 ; Ganjnm,
1844 ; in I:II. 1840-9.
HOWELL. Wm. b.c.Mnrch 1803 SGO. Aiadre, 1818: Hdbd. 1Rltl; Took wife & family to
[ 11. 351 1 1791 and. Naclraa. Jul y 1819. for tr. t o Bengal and back 1810.
Hengal ; read. Calcutta, Dee. ltilt).
I anano, Colin ... 1827 Hdbd. 1.53040. Sun of C.A.1.. Hd. Dmn.
[ 316 I.
l onano, Wm. b. c. Xov. 1853 Hrlbd. 1830-33 till dench ill Yd. b1.o. of ('olio ; m., Scndbd.
1811 30-12-33. 30- 831 Hamet Hill.
KEYEB. Wm. b. c. 1789 1803 Uindigul. 1R1G ; Travancorc. Nov. Left widow Ecclwie L 4
[ 11. 351 1 1916 ; Dindigul & Coimbatore, children [375n.8].
1821-3; Jlnlabar 1824 to dcnth nt
('an~hnnort,, 2:)-1-2.5.
LAMBTON. Wm. v. Biographical lr'otes.
junr.
h n mm, Wm. d. Madras. 1799 Asat. aurvr. 1807 ; SCO. Madras, Son of Maj. Wm. L.
[II, 3521 29-5-17 aa writer 1816 to death. [ 11.352 n 1; m., Me d r y
13-1-10, Bridgst Te r e w
Folliot.
Lwnmwm, Peter b. c. Aug. 1789 Lambton'a svy.. 1800 ; dinch. Jan. m. Snrah ; bad 6
[ 110 351 1 1783 1818 ; pension 10 pa. from 31-5-18 ; children in 1817.
d.. JIadrsa, re-cmp. SGO. 1818 t o Oot. 1820;
21-10-27 on pendulum obsl~s. 18223 [ 255 1.
LEIOH, John E. ... 1827 Hdhd., 183043
Lona, Riohd. b. 27-7-1793 1806 Sonds. 1816 ; Coorg. 0ot. 1816; Coohin. m., Triahur, 30-12-20.
[ 11, 351 ] d,, Seondbd. 1817; HdM. , 1821-43; Pal ai d. Ann Watts half-1.
7-10-66 ; MI. 1828. aimter of C. R. McMd~on;
I&8on, R. H.. in mwy.
MOCABT~. ... 1827 Tmhply., I830 ; Hdbd.. 1832-3.
Edwud
& o h o n , Chas. b. c. Oct. 1806 Dindigul, 1816 ; 'Ravancore. Jul y
Robt. 1701 1816 ; Dindigul & Combatore. 1821 ;
[ 11, 351 1
Malabnr, 1824 ; Madura, April 1830 ;
Salem. 1834-42.
MLl ao~u, John b. c. l a m b 1807 Sonde, 1816 ; Hdbd,. June 1816 ; pr. mL l on of Sir John
[ 11. 351 1 1703 Lood Cornet, Sbner' s Hone, Jan. Af~Io~lm, Mad. hf.,
1810 ; re.adm. Mad. Svya. 1822 ; Cow. Bornby, I - .
6(30., 1823 ; Mahbpr, Dec. 1824;
p a i o n . Aug. 1820.
bra, Wm. ... 1827 aanjam. 1.930; to Om. 1832 ; rad.
1843.
N O ~ A L ROLL, MADRAS-( Continued )
-. .- -. . ... - - -. . -. . . -
Name Birth & Appmn-
Death tioed
Employment Domeatio
~- -- . -
bfmlcnau~. b. c. Jul y 1823 Malabnr, Sept. 1828 ; Madura. April Son of Auguntc M., arrd:
Augnstus 1804 1830 ; read. 1833 ; re-cmp. Sdnm. Madras from France,
183113 ; Nilgiri RVJ.. 11349-53 ; 1780 ; b r m founder.
I)IIII,. S( : 0. C'ulcl~ttn fro111 1 1-54. m. blntildn bf or o 1832,
OLIJvm, Joseph o. Biogrsphioal Notea [ 111. 491--2 1.
[ 11,352 I
OBBO~E. Wm. ... 1827 Madura 1830 ; Tr ch~l v. . 1832: ~ r . t o
. -
Ceylon. 1833.
PABLBY. Cbas. d.. Hydbd. 1827 Hdbil., 1830-43 ; Genjam. 1844. m.. Sondbd., 9-7-38
Henry G-1-73. $11. Sarah Elizabeth O ' h r y
sued 62.
-n--
PAUH. Wm. ... 1.927 Madura. 1830 ; Tr ch~l v. . 1832 :
. .
pr. t o Ceylon. 1833.
P a ~ s r m. b. c. NOV. 1833 Dindiqul, 1815; Travancore. Nor. m. Deu. 1817 ; aidor
Christian 1790. 1816 till death. Qui l o~~, 2:)-;-I*. ~eneioned.
[ 11, 352 I
PEITER. Erlw.
PEYTON. John
POPE. Sylvester
[ u. 352 I
Rosrwon. John
[ 11. 352 1
ROSSENBODE,
Wm. [ 11. 352 I
Scorn. Wm.
[ 11.352 I
S u u u r ~ ,
Charles A.
SUMMER~, James
[ 11, 352 I
S ma s s e , John
Tr a ~ l r , John
[ 11, 352 1
u. Bl opr ~phi ~aI Notes [ 44 j-5 1.
b. c. April 1704 SGO. Madras, 1815. pension (i3 10 pa., \\'idow pensioned.
1781 1818 1111 deat l ~. Aiaclras. 25-1 1 -1s.
b. c. Jan. 1704 Tinneselly. 1815 ; rend. c. 1816 ;
1782 with Tank Dent, c. 1816-25 :
pendulum obsns. lb22-3.
b. c. Ang. 1825 ordered Viurgptm., Jan. 1827 ; bnt
1809 still a t SGO. 1820.
v. Biographiod Notea [ 111, 499 1.
o. Biographiod Notes [ 501-2 1.
... 1821 Vizagptm.. Jan. 1827. Nellore. Son of James.
183313. Genjam 1844-55.
b. 20-3-1780 1800 SGO. Mndras, 1816 ; Pondicherry. Father of Charles k J o b
d. Medr s, 1816; Malptrn.. Nov. 1816; read..
23-12-32 I810 ; pension R3. 6 1 4 p.m. ; re-emp.
SOO. Madras.
... 13% Circzra ; 182032 ; Nellore 18334 ; Son of Jamem [ rup 1.
(;oomsur 1836-8.
b. e. April 1805 Sonda. 1816 ; auntfir, 1816; Mnlptm. Lett a widow.
1792 1817 ; Hdbd., April 1819. till cleath
Sept. 181!J.
TOBRICK, Murray ... 1822 GTS. ; dam. 18-4-33. pr. son of Micheel Torriok
"Free Trader ".
TUEXBULL Thos. v. Biogrsphicd N o h [ 508 1.
- .
[ 11. 352 I.
T ~ NB UL L . Wm. b. 1. . Sept. 2 7 Hdbd., 1830-50 ; Ganjam. 1860 Son of Thoa.. m., Sondbd;
Henry 1811) to death in fd. 5-4-53. 144-33. honor 8 Barah
Ficker.
A~mn. Jemm b. c. Oct. 1803 from Madran svye. 1811 ; Deccan Svy.. pr. father of Wm.;
1789
[3841 d. 1W@
Dhirwtir. 27-2-21 ; Poona. Nay 1823 ; wife Elizebeth d. Poonh
mt. 1&2-18%. 3-7-26. MI.
Am. \Vm. h. 181112 1828 800. Poone; cliacb. 2&2-34. pr. aon of Jsmm.
Bmnr. Wm. b. 1816;8 1838 SGO. Poone ; diach. S 2 - 3 4 .
Dm Corm, Joseph b. 181416 1829 clerk, SGO. Pou~ia. 1828 ; &oh.
1&234; 6nb- ht . Om. 1837, serving
till 1880.
Evrss. Jamm ... ... Khindesh. 1821-2.
Fs ~s ~t s . James d.. Poona 1H2-R Deooan, 1822 ; Bo. Trig. Svy. 1828 ; m.. before 1838, Labella.
15-12-89. Bu b - h t . OTS. 1834 ;rot. 1861.
aged 58 : MI.
HASSON, J. b. 1814/5 1828 SGO. Poona ; dinch. 1834.
Hoans. Francis b. Mdras; ... on svy. N. Konkan under CoUr., m., Medma, 28-9-11,
11.. l'otrna. e. 1810-20. Elizabeth Moniase; pr.
18-140. father of Edw. Home,
18ycd 5U, MI. dmn. Bo. 800. 1832-3.
Lowrs. Y. ... ... Bombay Trig. Svy., 1820.
PBICI. Wm. h. , Bornl~sy 1826 Deooan. May 1826; Bo. Trig. 8vy. m. before 1840
Snrnu.4 18l l j 2 1832 ; read. 1838 ; t o Rev. Svy.
. , . . .- . .. - - -- . -- - . . -. - - . - - ... . -. . . .
~.~ - - . . . -. .- . .- -
Name
Birth & Appren-
death ticed
Employment Domeatio
-~ ~ . -. . .... ~ . . .. ..
8 m a ~ Thw. ... 1828 Decmn, Msy 1828; Bo. Trig. 8 ~ .
I832 i QTS. 18M I Ahu Merl. Berim
GTS. 1866.
B P B ~ ~ R B , John h. 1810; 1823 Ueccsn Svy. 182334; Deccnn Rev. widow. Joana. d. 1882.
Hens d.. Poons. Svy. from 1837.
2W2-61, MI.
B ~ I ~ F , Wm. ... ed. B U Orphsn baylum. Medrm ; son of either Capt. C. L 8.
QMQ.'s office. 1808; Revenoore ( 1768-01) or J. A. 8.
1808 ; with Mslwlm to Persia, 1808 ; ( 1766-05 ) both of Mad.
Br ouh Rev. Bvy. 1812; with Md- Inf.. of Danioh family
colm. hlBlws, 1818 ; Bombay, 1810 ; of Trsnquebsr.
OujerLt Rev. Svy. 1821 ; 900.
Poons, 182230.
Wrsnz, Wm. h. April 1704 with Yelaolm to Parsie. 1709 ; Son of Bergt. Webhe,
[ 3520 454 1 1 7 W6 M d e s svys.. 1802 ; Persia, 1800 ; Mad. Eat.
Qos. 1811 ; Broaoh & Reynolde' map,
1812 ;Malcolm's map. 1818-20 ; GUJP
r i t . 1820-3; SGO.. Poons. 1822-30.
WHITE, Alex. ... pr. with Thou. Arthur on Mysore Svy.
( Art hm 7 ) 1804[II. 3781. f i l wa . 1818; KhiLnd-
eah. 1820-3 ; CE. Bombay had d m. ,
named White in 1836.
As original rolls are far from consistent regarding ages, the dates of birth are
not reliable.
CHAPTER XXVII
INDIAN SURVEY PERSONNEL
EDUCATED S T A F F ; Bengal - Ma d m - Bombay - LASCARS d, FOLLOWERS;
B q a l - Madras & Bombay - Great Trigonometricul Survey.
T
0 prevent their rivals, French, Dutch, and others, from having the use of reliable
maps of the country, the Court of Directors had long insisted on the secrecy
of maps and surveys [ I , 256-9 ; 11,288, 291-2 1, and restricted the a t of
survey to their own covenanted or military servants [ I , 266 ; 11, 340 1. On the
plea of economy, the employment of Indian explorers, or even uneducated followers,
to make reports and sketches was discouraged, and sometimes peremptorily for-
bidden [ I, 286 ; 11, 354 ].
The employn~ent of Indian measurers, amins or mirdhas, for revenue purpoaea
was, however, a different matter. They were the normal agency of the country,
and, in spite of a general reputation for corruption and untrustworthiness, were
capable of valuable work when better paid and closely supervised.
As time went on, increasing use was made of Indian draughtsmen, writers,
interpreters, and collectors of statistical information. Thomaa Munro, who cerried
through his revenue survey of the Ceded Districts between 1803 and 1808 with a
staff that was almost completely Indian [ 11, 181-2 1, was a great champion of the
employment of Indians in all branches of the ~ervices. Lord William Bentinck
elso realised that i t was i~npossible to administer so vast a country without their aid.
I n a minute on the organization of surreys he writes in 1829 [ 19561 ;
It is by a more enlarged employment of native agency that the business of Government
will be at once more cheaply and efficiently transacted. It will be for the Surveyor General
t o suggest tlie means by which the instruction of tlie natives in this branch of ~cience can be
the most conveniently ~xt~ended'.
Surveyors themselves were strongly in favour of employing Indians wherever
possible [ 161 1, and Norris writes from NBgpur in 1828 ;
AY several applicatiom ... rnarle to Calcutta, ... Bombay, and Campoor, for ...q ualified eub-
mi st ant s or draughtsmen heve not been succeaefiil, the Superintendent will endeavour to
instruct a few intelligent natives in the method of surveying with the plane-table, and their
eervictw will prove of the ge a t wt use in exploring the wilcls of ... Buster, etc., whose drendful
clunete no European constitution could poeaibly sustain for any length of times.
In his proposals for the revenue survey of the Upper Provinces, Hodgeon included
for each clistrict survey "4 ameene, or native measurers, a t 26 rupees each", with a
" moonshee, or ... writer" [ 149 ] and, besides training "some of those docile people
t o be draftsmen and copiers of maps, hoped to make others into useful and cheep
field surveyors " [ 306 1. The term amin was used only in Bengal, and in the
Upper Provinces the local land-measurers were termed mirdhas and mutsuddiee.
In native aurvoys I am not aware that the mudhas ever do more then measure. Few
of them ... are able t o read or write, and the calculations are made by mootsuddiesa.
On the re-start of the Gorakhpur survey in 1826, Hodgson mked for
s moonshee on 60 rupeea per month, and four mootsudees on 10 rupees each, insteed of 30
rupees allowed for one mootsuddee. ... 100 rupees was allowed for the above purpose when
the eurvey wae under Captain Grant. On Lieutenant Wroughton's return ... his labown am
perfected in a conaidereble degree by the aaaiatence of the moonehee, whose looel knowledgs
and good character entitle him to confidence, end I...hope that a good d e c t may brim
' BMC. 11-8-28. 'Dh. 231 ( 134). 14-4-28. "from Holt Macksnzie.17-11-27: BTC. 28-6-31 ( 34) .
from this man being allowed to retain his former situation and respectability in the eyes of him
neighbourn.
The Pewian papers which accompany the maps were completed by him1.
As the Rurveys advanced, it was found worth while to spend time and trouble
in training the Indian measurers, whether for work under the professional eweyor e
or under the Collectors. Brown writes fiom Sahiiranpur in 1827 ;
Much an Mr. Fraaer haa effected, a great deal remains to be done to render the mirdhaa
of real use to the State, and I beg leave to submit whether a scliool established for ... teaohing
mirdhns would not be of great service [ 160-3 1. A Surveyor with a sub-assistent and a senior
apprentice might teach 20 pupils in six rnontha to measure and calculate accurately. In the
understanding that the mirdha was alrendy a good accountant, the cleverest of them could
be taught tlle use of the circumferent(>r and protracting their work, and present a pomibility
of ... detecting errors, ar ~d thue, in a short t h e . the Collectors in the Upper Provinces would
be supplimi with good and efficient mirdhaa, md they would be of much use to the Judge
and M~gistrate in deciding on csqes of dkputed property.
The interior surveys migl~t then be dispensed with, and merely the boundary surveyed
as at present, with the site of the village laid down, which would enable us to get over at lemt
double the area we do now in the seuaon2.
Hodgson reported later that the experiment of the native survey school
i nst i t ~~t ed hy Mr. Frasor, and s~il)erint~e~tde~l by 1,ieutmant W. Brown, ... appears likely t o
answer, ... and probably ... the nntivw of the Upper Provinces may be mul e very useful in the
revenue surveys, for much subordinate assistance is required, and sllould never be denied, ae
it turns to great and profitable nccoul ~t ~.
Captain Bedford has also a native party which he liw urstructml, ~ n r l which proves very
uaeful, and he is organizing a second, find ... I think he will aurvey faster than the Collector can
settle. ... Much credit is due to Cliptnul Uoclford and Lieutenmt Brown for their can, in
instructing the nativea. ... I have directed the attention of other Surveyors to the subject'.
Brown reports a visit fiom the Revenue SecretaryQnd his inetructions
to entertain six native yo11t.h~ for ... t.eaclling them surveying, which waa nccordin~ly done, and
in a short time I succeeded in teaching t,hem to write accounts in English figurar, to keep field
books in the usual form, and t>o survey with t,he ci r cumf mt or . ... In ... April these instructions
were put t o a practical test by their surveying the interior of ten villa-. ...
The salaries allowed tllo schol am... hevo been defrayed by Ah. Fraser up to the 1st May laet.
Seven more scholars have been added, nncl have been taught in the asme manner, but I have
inetruoted them more in bhe use of tho bamboo jureeb [ 162 1, ant1 common measurements of
fields, which ie most likely t,o be their prnctice in employment under Collectors. where there
can be little doubt their survices will be most useful, if properly looked after.
In 4 months after entertnining the six ~chol an. they mere enabled to perform duty m
surveyors of cultivation. In 6 months their field boolcs and maps were examined by Major
Oliver, and his favourable report was forwarded to the Surveyor Cenernl. Besides the six
scholars on the estiblishment, I had 8 moreunder tuition a t their own expence. ... 6 of them
got appointments under tho Collectors in the neigbbourhood, and a t Major Oliver's requmt I
made over two t o him, and they havo since bwn with the Dehloe Surveya.
Each drew Rs. 20 p.m. and, with a squad of t he e chainmen and three flagmen,
"cost only one half what they would if headed by an apprentice", thus increasing
"the efficiency of the survey" and reducing "the expense of superintendence"'.
Arrangements were made l abr, writes Brown, t o increase the number of
Native Surveyors to 10. Last December I had tlle honor a t an interview with His Lordship
[Lord William Bentinck ] to show one of their Geld books and 8 mnp exerulted by them.
They are now capable of. ..all the field duty...-an observe wit11 theodolite and other nnguler
instrurnenta, recording their work in English in a pmfwional mnnner--can plot their aumJ3-
and calculate men-and have executed tho -test part of my mapping. ...
The a d v a n t a p derived to Government are ...capp ar ent . . . openi n~ a now field for ... naaivm,
teaching them a profession hitherto unknown to them in this Pmitloncy-and allowing
Qovemment to take adv~nt age of the cheapeat agency-btaining cor r oct suu\ v of the land.
on which theprinoiple revenue of the State depends--and a properly authenticeted mve y, so
neoclesary to the due administrstion of justice'.
1 BTC. 1M-27 ( 41 ). 'lrom Broan. 1-9-97 ; BTC. 19-8-20 ( 67 ).
'fmm SQ. 7 4 4 5 1 : m.
1 W2 8 ( 66 ). *ib. 18-8-28 ( 32 ).
'Eolt Maokenrie ( 1787-1878 ) ; BCS. ; Writsr 1807 ; 8w b
Tml . Dspt. from 1817 : to England. 1831.
'from Brown. 1-9-27 & 1E-11-32 ; BTC. 1-38 ( 67 ) &
15-3-93 ( 28 ). 'from DSG. 3-11-29 ; B E . 8-12-a8 ( 38 ).
'Gom Brom. 1 6 1 1 5 e ; Em. 16-
( 28 1.
Bedford found no reference to his own efforts in Brown's report ;
Captn. W. Brown apparently supposed that the benefih of native agency were first appre.
ciated and introduced by himself. ... Many months beforo Captn. Brown's interview with
Mr. Holt Mackenzie, I had not only instructed one or two native surveyon, but, so far bmk
8s June 1827, forwarded to the Surveyor General a specimen of work actually done. ...
In tracing the introduction of native ~urveyors into the Revenue Surveys, I )lave no
desire to assume the smallest merit t o myself. The fact is that, on my ret~irn from Amam
in A u w t 1826, I met a hLr. Nathews ( since dead ) s t Gowhutty [ 146 1.
He showed me
eeveral small maps compiled from t l ~ e work of a native surveyor, ant1 spoke so highly of the
accuracy, as well aa t,he cheapness, of these operations, that on reaching Calcutta, I spoke t o
the Surveyor General about them.
He encouraged the idea wd. when my survey was rermmed in 1827. I took an early oppor.
tunity to instruct one of my party who seemed both able and willing. ... During the rains of
1827, he made a sur\.ey of Moradabad cantonments, and assisted in teaching one or two more
of my party. By two of these men ... nearly the whole interior det.ails of the Stlheawan survey
have ~i nc e been surveyed. ... Though very efficient as field surveyors they never learnt to plot
or cnlcrrlate areas, nor, indeed, umt il... there was no other wn.y of reducing the expenee, ... was
I mysolf an advocate for employing these people escept tu field surveyors1.
Both Mackenzie and Lambton were burdened with a tremendous amount of
copying-professional records-routine repor-ts-and statistical memoirs. This
was entrusted mainly to the country-born assistant surveyors or specially recruited
writera. It was not until 1828 that Montgomerie obtained sanction for every
survey party to entertain a writer "for the purpose of preparing copies of memoirs,
registers, statistical tables, etc. ", and "with the view of preventing the subordinate
surveyors from being employed on any other than their proper duties" [ 126,393]9.
Reference h a already been made to the Brahman and other interpreters em-
ployed by Mackenzie for hie archaeological and historical research-, and one or
more of these were att,ached to each field party collecting material for the statistical
memoirs and verifying village names [ 11, 355-7 ; 111, 101 1. Some were discharged
on pension in 1816, whilst about a dozen accompanied him to Calcutta to continue
the work of deciphering and translating. Mackenzie could never have built up his
famous collections without their assistance, and stressed his anxiety
to do justice to the induatry and merits of persons who have been ui a manner reared under my
eye ( some got about 20 years back ) on a service of vnrioua anrl sometimes highly interesting
nature, in t he most dietent parts of the country. ... I t may not be improper in me to suggest
momurea euitable to their ...p retensions to the countenance of Governments.
Dunigan reports from Guntar that,
C.oornnahte Anunda Raw [ 11. 155 1, having completer1 the ... village accounts in the Innakonda
District, I have directed him to essist lrenket Row in finishing with all expedition the accounts
requisi te...in the E.E. quarter. ... I shell then require their assistance here in aiding me in the
deecription of t he villages, and ... the compilation of the memoir".
h a n d Rao accompanied Dunigan to Masulipatam, and continued with the Ciro&s
party till the end of 1825, when he wes dismissetl for misconduct6. For hhis statistical
memoirs of Travancore, Ward was assisted by
t he Bramin Nital Nirrah, and also by the hircarrah, who were also employed in the collection
of meterials for e general history of the country, but nothing in a definita shape. A largs
portion of these materials has been monthly communicated to Colonel Mackenzie by the
Bramin, and the remainder, containing two parcels under hi own seal, one of Cndjan boob, the
other of pepere. will be delivered in the office by Captain Conner on his crrrivel[ 109 J8.
This Nital Nirrah had been recruited in 1803, and was only drawing Rs. 35 p.m.
with the Malabar survey when he died in 1827 at Cannanore'.
from B a l f d . 28-3-33 : BTC. 134-33 ( 61 ). DDn. 222 ( 341 ), 1.44 ( 486 ) ; 21-6 %LO-28-
8 h - m 60.. 1-8-10; MPC. M/1816. 25-9-18. 'DDn. 148 ( 124). -10. 'MMC. 636/1817, (lXM-@).
' DDn. 192 ( 26 ), 3612-20. ' DDn. 237 ( 180 ).
The following interpreters were on the headquarter roll in June 18171 [ 11, 35541 ;
C. V. Lechmya [ Lakshrnaiah ] Brahman Hmd Interprutur ; Tullingn & Sanaorit trana-
Iator.
Abdul Azoor ,.. - Per~ian Moonahee
C. V. Rnmaawamy ... - Pundit.
Durmieh Poorooahotamiah ... "the old Jain" Caoara Writer & Interpreter,
[ 11. pl. 2211. ]
Venkat Rw, ... ... Brahman Mdprn Canarn Writer & Interpreter.
Vonkat Soolinh ... ... TeUmga Writer & Interpreter.
The aborc are all in the ofice at Nadrns.
Baboo Row ... ... Brahmin Mahratta writer & Interpreter ; detached to
the southward.
Narrain Row
Tamul & Canara M'riter & Interpreter; in
the Nizam's Country.
Ram D~ VH
Tamel & Cnnara ; detnched in the ?Jortl~orn
Circnrs [ d. Caloutta. 1821 1.
Appavoo ... ... Tamul ; detnched in the drcot Province.
Gundapah ... ,.. High Tum~ll ,,
Lechmya and others selected for Bengal left Madras in December 1817, nnd
marched up the east coast [ ~ I I 1.
They were not happy in Calcutta, and several,
particularly Lechmya, had family troubles and litigation in Madras [ 11, 356 1. For
others or their families Mackenzic succeeded in getting pensions.
It wna my part to ... compens~te the ...p eople who were constantly shout me for many
yewe. ... The principnl of them was the Bramin Lechmyah. who ~c t ~r a l l y formed tho rmt to
my pweuite. ... He never deceived me as to money matter8 ; ... he acted the part of a careful
servant, ... &...that he was even negleotfl~l of hie own i nt e mb from hie attention t o mine
w a ~ well 1;nown t o me. ... He ww poor end embarrassed & I believe honwt. ...
The brother Ramaswamya that i s with yo11 served me long without any pay. & afterwards
on very small pay. The 26 pa p. lately allowed him as Interpreter Seastree &, was e oom-
peneation for many ingenious explenatiom he procured me. ...
A Smcrit-Tellinga & Cannra interpreter will be always necessary ... on account of the
orthographical correct.ion of nnmes, or proper spelling of p l a c ~ a .
Riddell wrote that
R w w a m y haa got e situation a t the College. I t is one of the beat there. but, being only
15 pagodm per month. he is t o drew the difference between it and his former pay ( i.e.. 19
pagodas per meneoln ) from tho Survey Department. I pay old Dhurmiah and Kiatnajee [ the
peon ] their allowances regularly [ 316. 318, 392. 396 1".
The archaeological work on which these interpreters were employed was entirely
extraneous to the official duties of the Surveyor General6, and after Mackenzie's
death those a t Calcutta were discharged, as Hodgson did not think them
necesserg in the Surveyor General's Omce, as they cannot, in my opinion, contribr~te any aid
to the exteilsion of geographical knowledge, the objoct for which this office ie oonetitoted. ...
I enclose a liet of the namee, ... with the designations under which they eerve, m d the
eeleriw paid t o them, and ... suggest that they might, perhaps, be e~nployed in t he College'',
or some other Department. ... The Department may be reliewi from the charge, and ... the
femiliea of euoh. ..m have died may be provided for. ...
There is also a Javaneee writer who wen brought round from the I RI RI I ~I of Java in 1813
by the late Surveyor Gener~l [ 11. 427 1, ~ n d his mlery of 70 eonat rupees was s~nctioned by
Government on 11th November 1817. AS this pereon is himcalf desirolw of returning t o his
own country. ... Oovernment m&y be pl-d t o direot e to be furniehod ... t o Jeva7.
Special consideration was given to "CaveUy Venkata Lutchrni~h" who, with his
bmthers, had served Mackenzie with the utmost devotion from 1796 [ 11, 3 5 5 7 ] ;
In the yew 1809 a promise WRS made ... by the Government of Madras of a pension equal
to three fourthe of tho salary ... then received. ... The late Colonel Mookenzie. mrording to
your statement, promised to obtain for you the grant of a r et i r i n~ pension amounth~g to...
your actual increoeed salary, on condition of pour accompanying him tn Bengol, and brinping
round the eetabliehment which Colonel hiackeneie had formed r~nder pour dimction for ...
rweamhea into t he hietory and antiquitiw of Southern India.
1 m C . 838/1817 ( 8515-9 ). a proal~mnbly Venkatn Rnmsswnmi, 8ut.h. of " BioprapAid8)aWas of
D m n Pncb", pnb. Caloutb, 1820. a t n RiddoU; DDn. 158 ( 337 ), 17-4-18. ' DDn. 151 ( 130. 139 ). 9
& 183-18. 8 though mpprovd by tho Directors [ 11. 111 1. 'Ft. Willism Calloge [ 11, 308 1, m that at
Mdrw. ' Dh. 108 ( 22-1 ), 8-8-21;
You hevo produced no written proof of the above engagement on t he part of Colonel
Mackeneie, but as i t is h o wn that Colonel Mrsckenaie entertained a high opinion of your merits
and services, and ~a other members of the establishment ... were encouraged to expect pensions
equal to half of their rsllowances, or the like allowancas to their femiliea if they should die in
the service, t he Most Noble the Governor General in Council is dieposed to view favourably
yotw application t o receive a pension equal t o your present allowancee. ...
On your returning to tlie Coaat, the Government of Fort St. George wiU...order the
pajment of the pension of the three hundred nlpem at, such places as you may choose for
your residence. ... You nllould continue to render yotlr assistance in arranging and describing
the materials ... for ... being transmitted to the Hon'ble the Court of Directors. ...
With regard to tho niarkq of distinction ...y ou uolicit. ... the Governor in Council of Fort st.
George dill be solicited t o beatow upon you such mnrlzs of cn~~qiderntion a%..[ they ] may tm
proper. ... The ... coil\.emion of your actual tenure of the village of Tinnanoro into a rent-fee
tenure ... will bo recommended to ... the Hono~wnble the Court of Directors. ... The Governor
General in Council cannot directly interpose for ... the restitution of your paternal village in
Masulipatam, from whic.11 yoti ~ t a t e yoluxelf to have heen unjuetly ejected [ 11, 356 11.
Lechmya loyally stayed on in Calcutta for the next two years to assist Horace
Wilson [ 312 ] in cataloguing the nianuscripts which he took over from the Surveyor
General. Later, in 1830, he persuaded the Government of Madras to transfer that
part of the collection that was held by the Madras College to the Madras Literary
Society, where it could be properly arranged. On his further pressure in 1836, a
distinguished scholar was deputed to complete the task2.
Though it is generally hcld that the three Madrasi figures supporting Mackenzie
in Thoma.s Hickey's notable portrait of 1816 are definite likenesses of Lechmya,
of the Jain Dhurrniah, anrl the peon Kistnaji, their respective indentities are by
no means clear, and are discussod elsewhere [ 11, pl. 22 n. 1.
During the Mariitha war Dickinson had to give up all his military surveyors
except Tate, and when Tate took over in 1821, his establishment on the Bombay
and Salsette revenue survey was wholly Indian-
natives whom I have lately instructed in... drawing and s~irveying-and ... the extent of their
abilities and practical knowledge must ever mn6ne their duties to the more mechanical branches.
... It ... becomes my duty conetantly t o superintend and be a check over their work, so that,
in case of any indisposition or casualty befalling me, their operatio ns... must cersae for that
time. ... The four native clraughtamen were added ... on the 27th July 1818, and the four native
surveyors, and one mattara, on the l et February 1820.
Though the deficiency occasioned by the removal of the Engineer Assistant. ..wm to a
certain extent supplied by the addition of draughtamen and surveyors to t he native branch, ...
they came ...p erfectly unacquainted with any of the dutim they were expected to perform. ...
It became ... neceamry to instruct them in the first rudimenta. ... It waa not till October lest,
a t ttio opening of the fair #emon, that the survey derived any benefit from ... the nat.ive eurvey-
ore, but t he draughtamon had afforded considerable assistance ... a twelve month or ao before.
... I t waa not in my power t o devote much of my time to the ... more mechanical operations of
the survey, but I was then...enabled to avail myself ... of the native surveyors.
I...bring forward ... the exertion and merit already displayed by some of the native our-
veyors and rlraughtsmen ...as deserving of. ..encouragement, and. ..to recommend certain grade-
tions of mlari -... according to their relative merits ; which measure would ... excite a atrong
emulation, and thereby ... expedite the surveys. ... I...auggest an increase of native eurveyora,
which will always admit of two complete sets ... being employed on each islands.
after his retirement Tate sent Jervis a f d e r account of these surveyors ;
The natives of India, ... if properly instructed and disciplined, ... might be brought to such
... skill in tlie various branches of surveying, even from the capacity of a chain meaaurer to
t hat of an accurate observer with the theodolite, as well na of a neat draughtsman, es very
confliderably t o abridge the pemonal labour and fatigue of Europoan Officers, especially in
BGC. 17-8-21 ; DDn. 101 ( 311-7 ).
'Hig&bothem ( pref. 12 ). 'from Teta, 81-8-21 ; BoRC
6/1821 (453-77)-
Buoh a climate BH that of India, which ...is such aa t o render grmt exertion in the out-of-doom
duties of the Surveyor most prejurlicial to the European oonstitution. ...
~t one period Government appointed two infantry omcere 88 my aseistanta. viz., one
for Bombay and one for Saleette, but I llwl all the trouble of instructing them in surveying
an(i drawing. ... I wm well pleased when Gvvernment required their sorvices fnr regimental
dutiw, and I waa permitted t o employ ... any nunah of Wives I r e q u i d . ...
By the ansistance of aevernl parties of eurveyoln the work was extended, ... and the
two muvep were then brought rapidly to a close, ... and the first plans dra wn... by separate
,jmrrghhmen, who had not been instnlc.teci in surveying. ...
Hl,(l such a aystem bmn adopted some yean previously, my own health and ~ o ~ t i t l ~ t i o n
might have been preserved to t hk day, ... tmd the two survey8 of Bombay and Saslsettm might
have been completed in half the time, and perhaps at one fourth of the expence. ... The labour
of work is certainly much moro calaulatod for nativee than for European and,
as for the mechanical part of the plan rlrewing, ... I will be bound to say that my native
dreughtsmen would compete with most Europearla UI India.
Jly knowledge of them lends me to soy-Ln~troct them weU-Show them kindness, ea
well firtnneas and conqistoncp. ... Tl~ey require but comparat,ively low salariw, for their
walltx are comparat,ively littlo. I ht ~ve foi~nil them 011e(lient, submissive, and faithful servants,
and should yo11 ever fall in with arly of Iny poor s l u v e y o ~ and dwughtsmen, pray enlist
them, if disengage~l, into your service. Tlrn bttera I have received from them prove their
for me, and that they are not un~nindful of my labours in their instruction1.
Jervis, also, on his survey of South Konkan [ 126 1, had a staff almost entirely
Indian.
From March 1823 he w,zs allowed a draughtsman on Rs. 1002 and a writer
on Rs. 80 p.m., and by 1826 he had collected six Indian sub-assistant surveyors,
whom I have ulstrr~ct ed... for two yours p&qt at a considerable private expense, with a view
to some future rolief from the moro laborious and aunple details of the survey. Four of them
are Brahmins. and two Portugrlese, and I requast t l ~a t I may ... draw from the 1st of the onm~ing
month 30 rupees monthly for each arirvoyor, t o carry their instruments anrl n.qfiist them in
sllrveying ; who, with tho addition of the surveynr;l hereafter to be furnished from the Engineer
Illstitotion [ inf. 1, will enable me to conduct the detail survey both expeditiously, correctly,
and at little greater expenne than if n single officon wore attacheda.
Two of these surveyors, Hyum Essajie and Vishmu Agashe afterwarde worked for
the Chief Engineer, tho Quarter Master General, and with Henry Giberno.
On the Deccan survey, also, Jopp had a draughtsman on Rs. 100 p.m., aud he
later got authority to engage others for the Deputy Surveyor General's o5ce ;
The officers of the Survey Department in the Dulihuo being employed on the propara-
tion of a map of t l ~a t country on a large scale, a work which can scarcely be cornplet.ecl L) leas
than 4 to 6 years, during which the field operations ... must be suepended, I...suggest that that
duty migllt be performed UI t l i i ~ office equally well, and certainly a t a much less expense, ... by
good draughtamen entertained for that purpose, leaving tho officer8 t o be more profitably
employed ... on actilal mv e y [ 1261. ... If sufficient number are not imrnectistely to be found,
ot,hers well clualified might from time to tinlo be supplied from the Institution under Capt.
[ Goo. ] Jervis [ 384 14.
Shortrede's writers included a purvoe and a karkun6, but he could not iind suit-
able Indian assistants for technical duties ;
On tho 1st J ~n u a r y 1830 my office establishment consisted of a purvee Modhan Ksa and
a karkoon Dajy Govind, both natives, each receiving Rs. ( 30 ) thirty a month.
Their dutim
and qualificatiorrs differ in no respect from those required for similar situations in other Depart-
montcl. ... The pay of purvee is rather too small in relation t o that commonly received, ...
because when perfectly qualifiecl to perform the work of my office, he is able to get better
pay elsewhere, and on thia aocount the above-mentioned purvee hrrs since left me.
I have not ... to been able to find persons-properly qualified by their mathematical m d
mechanical knowledge-atesdin-willingness to work with ability, to endure fatiSue
expos-to perform the duties ... as draftsmen and ansistanh, and apprentices.
They would
have ... to use various mathematical imtrumenta, with whose construction and adjustmenb they
ought to be acquainted, 8s also with the calculations ordinarily occurring in the surve,d[ 389 I.
from Tste. 12-9-30; Thomas Jervis ( Appr. 1 ) ; Jorvis ( 2(M ).
'probably Forjett. omplo ed by
Jopp 1830-2 ; DDo. 235 ( 36 ). 2E1-6-32.
from Jorris. 28-2-28 ; Bo MC. 5/1836 ; nominal ro", D E ~ . 231
(14-8 ). from Jopp. 20-2-26 ; Bo MC. ( oemp ). 8/1818-8 ( 867-8 ).
'olerh or aritsra. Ro b a o m- J h .
a DDD 323 ( 220 ). 18-1 1-30.
Under the normal rules for surveyors' allowances, every Surveyor drawing full
allowances had to pay for his establishment himself, the salaries of 1777 and 1785
having made generous provision for followers at the rates then prevalent [ 1, 27*,
289 1. The rules of 1817 for the officers on the Quartermaster General's staff[ 3349 I,
provided that their reduced pennanent salary should not cover the pay of followen,
which was to be charged in contingent bills. Each surveyor was to justify the rate of
pay and the number of followers employed. I n supporting claims made by Jackson
[ 348 1, the Quartermaster General found that he
has explained to the satisfaction of the Commander-in-Chief that he necessarily maintained
two bangee burdars [ 269 ] on monthly pay for the carriage of his instruments, and three
khelwiea to carry, plant, and shift his flags, and run his perambulators.
The same want
must have been felt ... by the other officers, ... and is stated on so moderate a scale, that His
Lorliehip can have no hesitation ul recommending t l ~e aclmissioll of t,hese ... charged.
Two years later, Jackson's charges during his halt at Nkgpur [ 27-81 were
challenged in audit, and he explained that his men had been entertained
in Calcutta, and could not in justice have been tliaclra.rged at Nagpoor, a distant of 740 miles,
and left to find their way back, ... particularly when the r~nsettled state of the country ...is
taken into consideration ; besides my having ... every reanon to suppose their services would be
required in the performance of my survey duties. ... On my becomiug acquainted with the
natives or t hat part of India, the neceseity for ret,aining thase men became more decidedly
obvious for, could I have prociwe~l others ( whiclr wns utterly impossible for me to do ), they
must have been puid the enhanced rates of wages ... and would have been totally useless from the
want oCcompetent kl~owledge of the Hindoovtanee Ooriuh, and Bengally languagesa.
I n Bundelkhand [ 81 ] Franklin employed ;
1 lloonehee RY. 16 Indispensably necerwery for ... a regular intercourse with
the native chiefs, and for ... information of roads, limits, end
lists of villagea.
1 J e d e r Rs. 8 Well trained, and absolutely necessary for ... conducting
the advanced flag of the trigonometrical series.
2 Clashies @ 6 Re. 12 Trained for ... striking upon signal, and bringing in
the near flags when required.
4 Coolies @ 4 Rs. 16 for carrying bamboos of the flags and spare Raga.
4 Cooliw @ 4 Re. 16 for the carriage of Mapa & Instruments.
1 Coolie Re. 4 for the carriage of the Theodolite.
For Flags, Bamboos, The Flags were 6 feet by 7 feet. The Bamboos 30
amp- l i ne and Rope feet and upwards in 4 length ; the Camp-line wea made of
for splicing bamboos. cotton, end Rope in daily expenditurea.
For revenue survey parties in the Upper Provinces, Bedford found
t hat the field work can be carried on very well with the number already kept up, viz., 1
s mu t heed man, or tindal, and 10 others of all descriptions.
To guard a g a h t siokness, however, ... one or two more should be entertained, aud e
good effect might also be produced by establishing two ranks of lasoare, and two rates of pay,
the higher ... for a certain number who may evince uuperior hltelligence and activity. Them
rates would be very moderate a t 6-8 and 6-8 per meneem, considering t hat the labours ... are
hwvier than those generally experienced. ... since, in addition to about mi x houm work every
morning, mtwly. ..are requir ed... to examine and report on boundaries-clean the inetrumente-
wer t ai n the sitriation of jheels, junguls, and wastes to be eurveyed-and other similar duties. ...
Hircerrahs ... appear ...p erfectly annecessary if ...a proportion of the police and revenue
chupreesees accompany ... for ...p rocuring the attendance of t he zemindare whenever necessary'.
Each party wae then alloweda fixed establishment of-1 Tindal, Ra. 11-8-0-6
Lescarj @ 6-8, Rs. 32-8-0 - 6 Lascars @ 5-8, Rs. 33-0-0 - 1 Bilder RJ. 4-8-0 -
in ddi t i on to contingent charges to cover "cost, carriage, and repairs of the 0 5 ~
tent, the wages of a common tent lascar, and a sweeperMs.
When Simmonds joined the Delhi party, he obtained speoial sanction for tc squad
for survoy of villages boundaries, viz.,-
' D h . 141 ( 206 ). 25 dc 27-6-17. aDDn. 106 ( 44 ), 0 4 2 1 . ' DDn. 80 ( 7 ), 30-1-20.
'from
BeJfmd. 22-7-22 ; BTC. 10-12-22 ( 22 ). 8 ib. 19-0-22 ( 63-6 ).
for the Chain. 4 Leacars-for the Offeet Cham, 2 Luacars-for the Flags, 0 Lascars--for digging
etation m k s , and clearing rough pound, 1 Bildar-for carrying instruments, etc.. we llee o w
0- private servants1.
When Grant sailed for Burma in 1825 he took no porters for his precious aatrono-
mica1 instkuments [ 183 ] ;
Though I engaged a net of bearers, ... I cannot pel nude them to leave Calcutta before
the end of tho montl~. Such IL doltty, howovor, would probably lose me my pawge, ... and
I am therefore ...p rocetxline; without them. 1 trust ... 1 shall he able to obtain a t Rangoon
such easistance IW may be reqni rd. ... I t is natural I should feel consirlerable anxiety. ...
considering the heavy expense of the inatrumonts ... and the paim I have taken in rendering
them portable. It woultl ... be a very great disappointment to me if, after all this t ro~~bl o.
want of carriago alone should deprive me of them.
The lower circle and the supports of the vertical circlo require 4 carriers, the vertical
circle two, the two transit inetrurnonts two each, the reflecting circle, chain, barometere. und
chronometers, two more, making a total of twelvea.
He could raise no men in Rangoon, and had to appeal to the Surveyof General
in Calcutta. Jackson, the D.Q.M.a., regretted
exceedingly that you quittod Calcutta without bearers, for I doubt much your getting them
nt all, and i f you do get them they will I)e a set of good-for-nothing fellows. I heve written
to Colonel Stevenson [ Q. M. G. , Bengal ] very strongly on the subject, and ~ ~ r g e d everything
I could for them and claahles, beinq the very bwt to be got3.
Government orders were necessary before mer. could be despatched from Calcutta.
Blacker found it impossible to run his Calcutta office on Rs. 44 a month, the
allowance fixed in 1788, and had the strength raised in 1824 to
1 Artist [ 313 1 @ Sicca Rs. 25 1 Chokedar Sicca Rs. 6
1 Daftry & Mate .. 12 1 Durwan ,, 5
1 Jemadar .. 10 1 Sweeper ,, 5
3 Hircarrahs @ 6 each ,, 18 1 Bheestie 9 5
2 Leacars , ,, 12
Total Sicca Rnpees per Inensem Re. 98, or Yonat Rs. 10%3'.
Though Madras surveyors also h d to meet the pay of their own followers from
their allowances, they were allowed to charge separately for those of their
assistants, the numbers being laid down by regulation. Two were allowed to each
aasistant, but three in Travancore, whilst a later order allowed four to the assistant
surveyor on the Hyderiibiid surveys. Strict rules6 limited the period for which these
lascars might be charged [ 350-1 ] ;
On individoals ... being ordered from the fleld to the Presideocy, pay for leecars shall ceaeo
from t he date of their quitting the survey. ... unlesa in charge of instruments. when such
number as may be considered necessary ... shall be retained on the same aUowances. But lascam
and coolies discharged at a distance will receive an allowance a t the mte of 3 for every
20 miles to enable them to return to the placea a t which they may have been entertained. ...
During the suspension of field operations ... for inolemency of weather. batta for lascars shall
not he drawn, and the office rs... actually m cherge will cartify the nrrival and d e mu r e of
parties at ... head quartem during such suspension. Oftlcere in charge ... will take every oppor.
tunity of eecartaining t hat the ... lescan authorized for sub-wi st nnt surveyors are kept up in
an efficient state.
In the event of the charge ... devolving on the aenior sob-~rsristont, ... he $hall be allowed to
entertain three lascars in addition to the numbor authorized by the reqr~lations, for &he ...p ro-
tection of instruments for which tle become4 responsible7.
Both Mackenzie and Lambton regarded their followers aa private servants,
members of their households. When he left Madraa Mackenzie was much d i s h e d
at having to leave so many behind [ 318 ] ;
'BTC. 30-44 ( 100-1 ). 'to QMG.. Cnlcutta; DDn. 216 ( 7 ). Juno 1826.
"b. ( (34). C8-26.
4DDn. 904 ( 75 ), 14-7-24. ' DDn. 192 ( 129 ). 12-5-21: & 191 ( 343 ). 1-1P23.
* benring e diathot
fbmily likenass b the n~lrs of 100 years later.
1 DDn. 318 ( I86 ). 9-2-30.
My immediate servants, my dependents of 20 yeam under every privation, in every aitus.
tion of difficulty, distress, even danger ; from Hyderabad & Seringapatam, t o theunhealthy
climate of Batevia, for years I had encouraged their persevorence & zeal. ... You will reoollect
the trouble even risk under which I left your detachment in 1792 to get a sight of h o t y &
rejoin you on the march to Gandicot.tal, ... rk now these useful people, or soch.of them Ba
eurvive, are Likely to be thrown out of all employment. The poor provision of a pension,
after all their lahourn, ... is still undeternrinedz.
He was particularly anxious that special consideration should be shown to
personal orderly ; "that useful man Kistnajee should be employed in the office
conicoply [ I, 290 1, to nssist the care of the instrumentu" [ 11, pl. 22 n. 1.
Dickinson took with him on military survey in North Konkan [ 128 ]
a Purvoe [ 393 1, Peon. rind six Lwcare, which proved very insufficie~lt. the whole of whom
are now laill up wit.h tJln jungle fever, without a prosl~ect of their being for some time fit for
active duty in the int,~ri(lr. ... I have ... to request that arrears of bat,ta a t the rate of 5 pice
e day for each Inqcar and peon may be sanctioned for tho very sovere dutias I have been
obliged to exact of t.he pe~>pl$.
Surveyors in the Deccan employed 4 lascars each @ Rs. 10, whilst Jervia in
the Konkan had 5 ooolies @?Rs. A each. Shortrede had 10 lascars @ Ra. 93 per
month, 3 jasudrl', and 2 peons @ Rs. 7.
The duties of the Ia.~cnru are t o carry the i~i%t~ruments. ... Tllclse of the jasoods and peons
t o put up station piles on sucl ~ hills as I rnay fin11 nocojsary, ... an11 to keep up compunication
with the Deputy Surveyor General. ... I find their number to he only sufficient for the dis.
charge on the ordinary duties of the survey. The jnsoods a ~l d peons are required to be
rather more intelligent than the generality of such people, as they must occasionally be entrusted
with a diqcretionary power ill selecting stations in unknown ~>art, s of the country.
The pay of the whols ~lepartment wm a t firat purposely made on as low 8 scale aa posaible
in order that no one might consider l~imself above hart1 worli6.
When Everest first joined the Great Trigonometrical Survey he was greatly
impressed with the patriarchal manner in which Lambtor1 ruled his large follow-
ing-three sub-assiutants-escort about 30 strong-bearers for the great instruments
and tents, from forty to fifty-flag coolies and post runners, a t least thirty-with
families as well [ 399,403 1. Further coolies were charged on contingent bills ;
Although I have a very large permanent establishment, yet, from sickness, and from the
numerous little articlas of comfort which I must take along with me, I am always obliged to
have a number of them coolies, and my followers, who have been for many ymrs with me,
having moat of them their families, I must indulge in this particular, taking care, however,
t hat every person who attends my camp is pnid for his Iaboura.
Everest tells of the devotion and success with which the flagmen went out in twos
or threes into the desolate fever-ridden forests, and how loyally they persisted in
spite of sickness and difficulties [ 230 ] ;
I learnt how to value tho natives of southeru India, who, krlowing no master but the
Lieutenant Colonel, unconnected with and unknown by the Government they served, without
provision for themselves in caee of their being crippled by sickness, accident, or age, or for
their families in the event of their death, yet ventured fearlessly and without a mr mu r to
face those awful dangers which would have made the etoutast hearts quail and shrink.
The personal exposure which soldiers clieerfully submit t o in the day of battle ia cheered
by the reflection that, dying, they do not die alone or ingloriously ; but there is e, forlorn and
desolate foeling produced by the thought of yielding up one'n life in a wilderness. with none
but jackals to sing our requiem, and tigers to prowl, and vulturoa t o flit, round ourtomblea
corpses, which harrows 11p the soul with inuxl~ressible horror'.
On Lambton's death, many of these Madrasi followers were loth to continue
service ; his death "had naturally created a sort of desponding feeling amongst his
I presumably when attached to the Ellore Detachment [ I, rra 1. ' to Josiah MsreheU. DDn. lm
( 07 ), June 1816. 'Bo MC. 309/1817 ( 6373-83 ). 10-11-17. 'jauud=mcsaenger. lDDn. 323 ( 26 1.
21-6-30. a DDn. 83 ( 428 ) & 92 ( 8 ), 27-1 1-17. ' Oeo. Evereat ( 16 ).
followera, of whom many had been with him from the very outset of his oareer,
or born in his camp". Still Everest wm able to report to Madrea that,
althor~gh this srirvey has been transferred to the Presidency of Bengal, a very aonaide~sble
pr t , of the old ~stablishment remains with it. The families of moat of these reaide in the
terr~tories subjwt tv our Government, iind it is their anxious wish to heve eome convenient
mode of remitting the saving of their pay. ... I t is so much of consequence to me that my
people should be comfortable and contented, that I shall feel myself very much indebted to
you if you will ai~thorize such arrangement1.
For those who decided to quit, replacements were found from Upper India ;
People have been brought by me from Hindoo~t~rm ... at vast expence on my part, to supply
the place of my Carnatic followers, most of whom object to being employed north of the Goda-
very. The people in question have for the lest 34 mont h been in training, but they refuse to
be employed to the southward of the Dhabba Ghat2, and if the coume of my operations benow
diverted, I shall, after having incurred thiu heavy expense, be for a time totally withol~t people
to carry inatrumenti and flags, i ~ n l m I trust them to untrained persons, or such common
coolies es chance lntly t hn~w UI my way.
As the instr~unent..~ are of inmemo value, ... it is necmary to select the persons who
manage them with great cltre, because the taak is one of great skill and nicety. ... I a m obliged
to pay tlinm very high wagaq, and t11 treat them wit11 a degree of indulgence not generally
shewn to native folluwer~~.
There were occttsional lapses from good conduct, and Everest had sometimes to
call in the aid of the civil authorities ;
My Denr Low [ 245 1,
I hare n very disagreeable business tu refer to you. One of my people
is accuss(1 of having aei zd a Goandee girl, and ravished her, m d the injured parties have conle
to coml>laill to In* ; hut, es I know not. how to adjust it, I ht ~ve sent the offender under u
guard, and llnvti clesired the complainmlts tu lay their cause before you.
The offender, by name Rama Swanlee, was some time ago in e state of lunacy, and I had
him for 11rn11y mvnths in strict confinement to prevent Ilia doing mischief. ... He soemetl t o
... be reetarerl to his senaeu, and tho old man with red breeches. who is head man of all Iny
Carnat.ic followers ( Ramtrswarnee also by name ), earnestly entreated me to release him, and
engaged to be responsible for any future offe~~ce he might commit.
These people all speak Teloogoo, but to mi s t you I have sent one of the naika of my
escort, Asud Khan, who not only speak^ Telloogoo, but Hindooutanoe p l e ~ s a n t l ~ ~ .
When handing over to OUiver in 1825, Everest left a reduced establishment ;
The present establishment providea for the carriage of the zenith sector, the large theodo-
lite, and thir clock, neither of which will now be required ; the expenee therefore may be con-
siderably reclucml, but ... the rates of wages actually paid ... are somewhat higher than those
hitherto sanctioned. ... For instance, the rate for each cooly now allowed is 6) Sa. Rs.. whereas
the instrument coolies rectiive Rs. 7-2 each. and the principal flag coo1ie.q nearly R.9. 8 ;
moreover, without spare cuoliev tllera is no ~netholl of conveying mmagca from one sht.ion
to another, so that some hurkarrahs will be quite indispensable. The following ... will be
required to keep the astablishment efficient ; ...
... I~lstrument ... ... 4 Coolies Small Theodolite 1 Cooly
... Cirole ... ... 2 ,, 2 Barometera 2 Cooliea
Stand ... ... 1 Cooly Chronometers ... 1 Cooly
Tent ... ... 4 Coolies Lanterns, box ... 1 ..
Total 16 coolies @ 7-2 Rupees 114-0-0
1 Sirdar of Coolies ... ,, 20-0-0
12 Principal Flag Coolies @ Re. 8 ,, 96-0-0
12 Flag Coolies @ Rs. 7-2 ,, 86-84
6 Hurkarrahs @Re. 6 ., 30-0-0
4 private tenta @ Re. 22 , 88-0-0
Total Sa. Rs. ... 433-134
Thie involved the discharge of several of Lembton's men and, writes Olliver,
The mode hitherto adopted by the late Superintendent, in the case of discharging any
part of the aarriers, woe to make over to them one month's pay, exclusive of a full munth'a
WY for any number of days of the month of their discharge. This wee oonsidered in all
oaaea eufficient to enable them t o reach their homes. ...
DDn. 178( 110-80),8-2-24. 'Dsbgbsnt, on hill area& NE. of Ellinhpur [pL 171. 'DDn. 171
( l ee) , l 7+24. t i at l o l a ) , ~pri111124. ' DD~. 171 (418 h a0-e-a
The party enbarteined by Capt. Everest. ..were all snxiously looking homewards so
os they lost their old master and benefactor, and were one and all averae to the idm of con.
tinuing longer with a department penetrating furthor north, and working up to Hindostan,
for every move would take them further from their native country.
Captain Everest waa fully well convinced of the Carnatice being the beat sort of people
adapted to such labour, ... from ... the fatigue and hardehips they cheerfully undergo and,
as t he establishment could not move without them, it then fell to me to explfiin to the whole
party ... that they should cont.inue to meet with every indulgence a4 before, if they would con.
sent to remain till three years expired, or till the work wau completed up to Agra, and afhr
that it should be optional to them t c~ continue or t o return to thoir homes1.
I n 1830 Government asked whether it was not possible, now that the Great
Trigonometrical Survey was working entirely within Bengal, to reduce the number
of men and bring their pay into line with local rates. Walpole replied that the
number could not well be reduced, but suggmted 8 lower scale of pay ;
The monthly pay of Laacam under the Madras Presidency, while in the field. is 9 rupees
13 annasa. which is much higher than that of the prillcipal lascars of the Trigonornetrial
Survey. The Militnry A~iditor General i nform me t hat the orllinary pay of lrwcars under
this Presidency ia 5 rupee#, cind coolies 4, which is lower than what the corresponrling c1-e~
receive in the revenue and military mirveys.
The lascars and coolias of the Trigonometrical Survey have more labourious duties to
perform than those of other surveys. They must he nctive, steady, a11d intelligent, and me
t.horefore cnt>it,led to Iiigher pay t h m men who are merely required to wheel a perambulator,
or carry a measuring chain. A retluction migl~t. however, Re made in the prment pay, ...
and I have noted ... the r ebe which ... might be granted ui ri~ture-Principal Flag I.ascnrs,
Ra. 7-8-0-Seconclary. 6-8-0-Instrument Carriers, 6-8-O3 per mensem.
This reduction roused Everest's fury when he rejoined shortly after, and in the
following protest he gives a good description of the work of a lascar of the Great
Trigonometrical Survey-
It is a wild, rough, kind of life, but it is difiiclllt to conceive a duty more harassing, or
calling for greater perseverance and intelligence, than that entrusted t o the men who ... occupy
stationa in advance [ 230 1. ...
When the height..& one of a mr w which fills a large portion of the horizon, ... it become8
a most serious taRk t o discover the identical eminence which haa been pointed out from a
station distant 30 to 60 mils9 in a straight line. ... The object is only ultimately attainod by
amending a succossion every pedc likely to be that pointed out. ... and then mounting the
highest trees. ... This opemtion has often to be gone through in a country covered with large
forest treee, all of which must be felled, and abounding with wild animals : where provisions
are scarce, where there &re no bazare, and no water but wllnt fells from the clouda. I t d
cease to he a matter for marvel t hat I should rate so highly the value and importance of the
people who have t o effect it.
The people deteched on theee occasions often disappear for week for to surmount
a straight distance of 40 milee in mountain lands it is not unfieqoently necesswy to travel full
80. They mWt wait too for clear weather, otherwise after all their trouble they may fail in
finding out the right eminence [ 244 1. ...
I have seen natives of the Coaat, belonging to the old establisl~ment, who were hardly
ever a t fault in tho most trying circumstances. To keep these people together when, after
the death of Colonel Lambton, they had to quit the southern provinces. ... was no easy matter.
I did my best t o do 80, and succeeder1 t o a certain extent, so that the establishment with which
Mr. Olliver mmmenced the Longitudinal Series when I went t o England waa, though not 80
efficient as could be desired, yet not entirely shorn of its ablest flag-men.
The arrangement made in Major Walpole' letter of 16th August 1830, by reducing their
pay, instead of increasing it and holding out prospects of future reward, aa I should have
recommended, tended mainly to destroy the principle of cohesion. ... Applications are daily
made by the few who remain for Leave to return to their homes, and if decisive mewurea
be not taken it will be totally impossible, in my opinion, to revive the drooping spirits of
t hwe poor people, or again put the establishment...in an effective state.
The question naturally erieee, how did Colonel Lembton effect this, and the answer
plainly he had e eurplue proportion of people. and had thue fun& a t hie diepasel for giving
high pay. end occesional presents, to tho= who proved themeelves t me t wor t h~. His eebeblbh-
'DDII. 173 ( b ), 12-12-26. ' h d ~ d h g b d b . ' D h . 286 ( 41-8 ), 18-840. 'In early day0 it Was
umual b draw full -larim for author14 ed. regixdless of number preaenb [II, 340; Ln, 31-31.
ment cast, too, more than he received.
A system of thiq sort may be perpetuated much more
easily than created.
His people were in the outset encouraged to bring their familim with
them, so that they formed a little colony of their own, and many of the younger lads of the
establishment ha11 been born in his camp. ...
The dificulties of moving ... wen, less than at present, became the practice had not then
been abolished ... of taking village coolies; not that I...advocate the practice, I apenk of it
merely as a fact [ 411 1. ... All thirrga in Intlia are undergoing achnnge, and the idem of the
inhabitants are gradually altering ever since I can recollect. It must needs be so in peaceable
times of long duration. such as this country had not known before this out of mind [ epage I.
Even in Colonel Lambton's lifetime, however, the older and abler hwds bogan gratlltally
to fall off, and the nerious disasters eaat of Hyderabad [ 231- 3 ] hadso thinned theirranks that
they formed but n wreck of what they had once been. But with any establishment constituted
as it was prior to my return to England, the difficllltios were enormotw, and the ... expedients
which I was obliged to roaort to, tho extra duty to which my people were exposetl. areeuch
as never can, or ought, to be expected from men except in cases of emergency. ...
It frequently nccura that nine principal stations are in occupation a t the same instant.
A flag staff 22 feet long is erectecl a t each daring the tlay time, and a light burning a t night.
The flag staff must be kept truly perpendioular during the day, and these stations are perhaps
distant 30, 40, or 50 miles from the ninth where the inutmment stands. I mean ... ilistancee
as the crow flien. hut in truth ul mountttinons tracts they are about double the distance. so
that to communicate with thern 3, an11 often 6, tlayn are necessary.
The people then are in manner left entirely to themaelver, and if they have 110 motive
to incite them to exertion. they will infallibly go quietly to deep in the best quarterj they
can obtain, in preference to sitting all night lnng on tho top of a cold mountain. with naught
but rocks and fallen treea scattered arollntl them, and tigers and bears ,to break in on the
general desolat,ion and solitude.
I n certain case3 it is neceseary to supercede the ordinary lights by blue lighta ; the bwt
blue lighta will burn 8 minutes, and then expire, and as they are costly both in make and in
the carriage, it is necessary to he economical of thorn. To burn 18 blue lights requires nearly
44 hours, and if they are not well timed the observations cannot be made, and must he re-
peated [ 2.17-8 ]. It haq hitherto always been necessary to employ one of the sub-aesistante
with n watch for this purpose, in which rn.w he haa to travel from one station t o another. The
loaa of time ... con.sequent on one failure is enormous1.
Officers of the Survey of India will endorse all that Everest has written of the
devotion and loyalty of survey khalZsi8, whether of the Trigonometrical, Topo-
graphical, or Revenue branches, and whether they be men of Madras, HezBribBgh,
Garhwil, or Punjab.
IDDn. 283 ( 125 ), 10-8-32 ; BMC. 20-10-32 ( 70 ).
The Dindigul eurvey wee closed down, and the surveyors moved on to Travrnoore
[ 105-6 1, except for Chamarett who was sent into hospital a t Madras after being
"repeatedly ill of fevers & obstructions, the consequence of the ill air of the hills"1.
Death frequently came swiftly and from strange causes, but Sir Thomas Hislop
did not succumb on the thirsty march to the Deccan ;
You will be Rorry to hem that an exPr&8 arrived yesterday from Hyrlerahd ~t a t i ng t hal
these wna little chance of the Commander-in-Chief's recovery. Hin complaint ia a corntipa-
tion of the bowels, and hea, it is thought, nrinen from his travelling so long in a palenquin
aitliout hk us~ial proportion of clareta.
Two months after rid dell'^ sudden death in 1818 [318], Mackenzie writes of
cholera in Ma dr ~s and Calcl~tta ;
Your account of the epidemio [ ill Madras ] is really nlarming, na it haa been here. We
lost two of our peoplo l ~om by it ; amon@t them waa the [loor peon that accompaniecl Iny
Bran~in from hhi raa [ 391 1. He hurl served mo nearly 20 yeem, and tho' he ww brcn~ght
early in the morning to our house he could not be aavecl. Some othora of our people who
took the preecribed medicine in time wore saved. I believe it conuiata of strong opiates and
brandy. We have it always ready, and Mrs. Rlackonzio lias (li~perlnecl it euccerrsfully accord-
ing to our aurgeon'a directions, but it rnunt be givon early.
I make no doubt but that the metlicincw prescribed by tho faculty will have its due effect
with you as hore. I recolnmend to you. Mountford, to keep some of t,he rnedicinea in your
house. ... Dr. Stuart8 or eriy of your medical friends will givo you directions. Few Et ~r opa ns
have dim1 of it here, yet dome have suffered, amorrg whom wan poor Mrs. Cddell, carried
off in 24 hours. Major Cndclell is now hore, and pretty well4.
We hear often of asthma, and Mackenzie was much concerned fui James Summers,
who wa. ~ "subject to an asthmatic compl ai ~l t "~ [ 374-5 ] ;
I had expected that a change of nir & emploj-ment in the fiold would have answered better
then confine~l~ent to the desk in his hectic complaint. ... His consumptive complaint ... has now
re~ched such a height as to talre from him all chance of being useful in the Department. He
therefore requests ... to retire on whatever pelmion his services may entitle him)@-
Summers lived about fourteen years after retirement [ 386 ].
Garling premed in vain for a doctor to be attached to the Hyder&b&d Survey,
"as a t t a c h of a dangerous nature are gonorally sudden and rapid ... and ... individnals
... frequently detached a t some distance from each otherw7.
It was juet one year later that he himself died of cholera. The HyderBbkI
survey was indeed unfortunate, and ten months later Peter Conner succumbed a
few weeks aRer joining the party. He had been
confined to his bed over since his arrival, both with the bowel complaint. and fever, and is
a t present in a dangerous state, that there is but little hope of his ~urviving. Doctor Voyaey,
the surgeon of Colonel Lambton's e.qt~ablishment, iu affording him nledical nida.
Conner had but recently marched his party up from Cochin, and had fallen in with
cholera on the way ;
We quittml Trichoor on the 1st of January [ 1821 1. Tho tral~sition of climate produced
on many of ollr party injilrioue effects. On quitting tho western coast, numhen became
subject to n constant succesnion of feverish at t ach, and on parsing Ytrlem the epidemic made
its appearance amongst us, nor were we quite free from it till within I-L few ~narchea from the
Presidency. ... We had nineteen cnaes of cholera; in three inntances it terminated fatally,
and those who have survived are not yet fully recovrrred from i t s effects".
After closing the Travancore survey, Ward took his party back to DinQul
where survey had been abandoned five yeara before [ mp . , rxo 1, end his diary
gives a fair picture of the climate they had to contend with ;
Arrived a t Dindigul on 17th January 1821. ... 18th. The aasi~tnnta ant1 followers came
in, & some athcltetl with the cliolera ; one woman fell a victim this day.
D h . 160 ( 82 ). 'Sir Thos. Hidop ( 1704-1843 ) ; Gin-C., Madrna ; Riddell to SQ., 6-9-17 ; DDn.
161 ( 31 ) ; cf. Hestin~'8 J o ~ r nnC' ~ l 7 t h Sopt., Sir 'Phomas dangcro~lsl ill 23rd.. Out of danger".
'Alex.
Etuert, lld. Med. ; d. 1820. ' Cno. Carloll ( 1783-1857 ) Md. Inf. ;It. i800 ; Lt.Col. 18% ; m. Swan -
who d. ~olcuttn, I-B-18, aged 27. . D ~ I . 149 ( 1 % ~ ). 16-11-18. . nI)n. 160 ( a ). 1 . ~ - 1 0 a
( 162 ). 04- 16. 7 DDn. 148 ( 100). 19-6-19. "ram Hill. DDn. 147 ( 246 ). 27-4-21.
VDDn. 192 ( 6 5 ),
Feb. 1821.
19th. My butler, oook. and some women attaaked this day; the w e 1 remedies werre
tryed, but the dieorder appeared t o inareaae with violence.
20th. Another woman fell a victim thia day.
21et. My butler fell a victim to i t a t 3 a.m.
Cook still indisposed.
22hd. The cook died at 6 a.m.
Proceeded t o Madura a t 5 p.m. ... My maity attacked.
23rd.
Arrived a t Madura a t 7 a.m., and had n sl ~or t interview with Mr. Peter'. ...
26th.
Returned to Dindigul a t 7 a.m.; McMahon & Keyas who were taken ill on the
Zlet recovered, as well as the other followers.
Another woman fell a vict im... laat night. ...
28th.
Aacended the fortress to take a station, but the weather being very unfevourable,
and the hills cloud-topped, descended a t 1 p.m.
Iieyes again indisposed.
27th.
At 3 a.m. this morning I wcss taken unwell with a looseness and vomiting ; admink.
tered the remedies instantly, and rose a t 8 a.m. recovered, hut excessively weak.
28th. Sunday. Lncliaposed. ... 3lst. At 2 p.m. left Dindigul. ...
Maroh 1st. Halter1 ; rather ~mwell this day.
5th, 6th. Confined to my tent wit11 a severe bilious attack. ...
May 27th. Sunday.
Halted, my face being excessively inflamed & painful from exposure
t o the heat corning up the mountains, and in some degree owing to the change of climate. ...
June 13th & 14th. Halted d: ink011 part of the work on the Tablea ; indisposed with a
looseuess which rendered me excessively wmlr, with vomiting.
Symptoms similar to the
cholera ; was attended with no bod consequences. ...
July 16th. Rose a good deal indisposed. ... While proceeding to complete the only
day's labor t o be performed on the hills, attacker1 with a bilious fever, but with some assistance
and support. exerted myself, tho' scarcely able to discern objecb, and completed the task,
and returned nlmost deranged at 2 p.m.
17th. Having been refreshed by a good night's repoae, started ab 7 a.m., and commenced
the descent of the mountainn t o the plnins. ...
18th. 4 return of fever worse than over ; continuell much indisposed till the 24th, when
I wua relieved by throwing up large quantities of bile, at.tended with several evacuations.
Weather excessively hot. ... Exceseive wenk & want of appetite continue till the 31at.
Ward then remained a t Palni till August 27th, when he went out on survey againa.
Montgomerie writes to him on the Malabar survey a few years later ;
AB the prmemation of the health of your party is ctn object of the firat oonaideration, ...
in ... any tract, the climate of which may be considered a t all inimical, ... keep each individual
actively employed during the day, an r l . . . so soon as the sun has sot they should shut up their
tents. which shoulrl invariably be pitched in the most airy eituations.
The final drrrwing of the work may on such orcasionn be left for a more convenient opportun-
ity, so as to admit of quitting the tract M soon aa possible. I t has. ..been observed that the hot
weather is comitlered t he bast ~ l a p t e d for ca~ryi ng on operatiom in euch situationsa.
To the Surveyor General he writes t hat Wart1 intended
t o carry his operationsinto the Wynerrd district immediately on t l ~ e breaking up of the monsoon,
as the climate a t t hat time is conaidorably more salubrious than at any other. But ae thk
district is somewhat noted for a malignant fever a t certain time4 of the year, it will be
advisable that the party should quit it immediately on the indication of any febrile s y mt o d .
Though the forests and hills of the south peninsula have always been notorious
for their fevers, we hear very little from Lambton about them, and it is possible
t hat he was by comtitut.ion and age less liable to infection than most, and by
disposition little given to dweUing on personal discomforts. It was far different
with Everest, who on his first field season struck a particularly unhealthy tract at the
very worst time of the year. He and his men were overwhelmed by a virulent
type of malaria, and he remained personally most susceptible to malaria and other
infection6 so long as he remained in India. He tells us all about it [ 229-32 1.
This does not mean that Lambton neglected the health and welfare of his people.
At his requeat Voysey was appointed Surgeon to the Trigonometrical Survey, but
'Rona Peter ; MCS. 1801 ; Collr. & Megte. Dindigulk b d w e from 1812 ; d. Mndure, 1828.
' Jo~~rnal,
-10. M 26. ' musqui h requiring humidity ; DDn. 228 ( &$ ), 2&2-28. DDn. 218 ( 314 ), 21-8-28.
he suffered as much from fever as any other, and es his handa were more than full
with his duties aa Geologist, Lambton got him an assistant.
So much of his time hrm been talren up lately in the mixing of medicines and drwing.
that he has had very little time to attend to his geological pursuits, and he hns ... mentioned to
me the great convenience that would accrue from his having a Dreaaer. ... This, in the medical
line upon the Coast, ia a native or half-cctste ...in hospitals. As the expence ... will be very
trifling, and will add but little to my monthly abstracts. ... such an arsist,ant will be of public
utility in allowing Mr. Voysey more time to attend to ... hin other profussional dutiml.
After Voysey's resignation in 1824, Everest had to rely on the nearest medical officer
when he was within reach of one, and on the dresser when on the march.
We have noted Lambton's practice of taking the field during the rainy season
when fever was rampant [ 223, 232 1. In spite of the device which onabled Everest
to work to lamps by night during the more healthy seasolis [ 235 1, it waa with
considerable apprehension that he set out through the notorious GCwilgarh Hilh
after Voysey's loss [ 243 1. His departure from HyderBbCd was delayed several
weeks by a fierce attack of fever, and he had repeated relapses. It seems to hare
been a sort of rheumatic fever, so~netliing like that which worried Mather in Mysore
[11, 109, 359 1, and affected his limbs so much that he had to be held up by his
men when working a t his observations [ 244 1. In January 1824 his wretched state
led him to apply for leave to Rombay,
and thmce by Retl to Calcutta. Since the beguling of Angu..rt lnst I have been unwell and from
the 3rd Sept. until the present date ... often very dnngerously ill. BIy medictcl ... adviser hnve
frequent.ly urged t o me the absolute ~~ecessity of proceeding t o the sen coast, but I know my
presonce to be so indispensably requisite to the euccess ... of the Trigonometrical Survey, thnt
I have preferred incurring every personal risk to nbsenting mpnlf.
The favourable season.. .is now fast drawing to a close. I have succeeded in taking an
excellent set of coleetial observations for the further extension of the meridional Arc. ... All the
important pert is brought to a conclueion. and the little which remains to carry on the trianglw to
Hooshimgebad may safely be entrusted to my sub-mistant, Mr. J. Olliver.
Aq I have ... triangles running westward in the parallel of 10' 20', which a t some future
period will be carried on throulgh Poont~h and Bombay [ 234-6 1, it is... necessary that I should
... make myself ncqutlinted with ... that part of the couintry, ant1 I should ... wish my journey to
Bombay to be consider od...p rofeesional duty. In that ccwa my leave of nbsenco will commence
from the 1st May next and be extended to tho en11 of September, by which time I hope to be
able to rejo in... in perfect health. I...encloee...the opinion on my cRse by Mr. R. RiddelP. ..
who. since the departure of Mr. Voysey, haa atrordd medical aid to my departments.
By the time permission arrived Everest was better and had started into the W,
but he reports later to the General O5cer commanding a t Niigpur, that
my health wos in so alarming a state t,hat I was uncler the nece~sity of spplying for medical
aid. ... Mr. Griffiths" the meciical utaff at Hoossumgabad, came into the heart of the forosta
to attend me, since which time I have been a porpetunl patient undor his charge. ... I waa n
perfect stranger to him nt the time, and had no claims whatever. ...
The operatiom of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India ham, since the month of
February laat, boen within the limit8 of your niviuion, and my hend qurnrte ra... a t Hoowunga-
bad [ pl. 17 1, where they are still likely to remain for some months.
In the month of January last, the modical gontlemau of my eatablkhment [ Vop;ey] ...
obtainod permission ... to proceed to Calcutta on urgent private affairs, l enru~g Xlr. R. Riddell of
H.H. the Nizam's Ellichpoor Brigade. in medical charge, but this arrangement censd ... on my
quittinu His Highness's dominions, and I hsve since that t h e been nltn~et~her without medical
aid. My eetablislunent consists ... of 2 principal Sub-Assistants with thoir wives and families.
3 inferior Sub-kssistants unmarried. 35 sspoys, non-commissioned oficelg. mtl. ..81 ihstrumenb
attendants, beaides camp followers. ... Almost all have ... wivos md fnmilim [jg6, 3991.
Fortunately, until latoly, my pm>plo lrare hron very healthy, and if occeaionally m y onsee
of a seriom nature orcmred, I dispr~bcl~etl 6110 sick porsons to Hooasungabnd, where they have
been kindly takon cam of by Nr. kqistant. Surgeon Griffiths, but the cnse is now beginning bo
alter, and my sick are e v q day begimlulg to incroasa. ...
' DDn. 02 ( 108 ). 2-12-19. 1 Roht. Flower Riddoll. MRCS. 11318. Asst. Sr~rg. B Sure. Nidrn's army.
18'2043. Bo. Mod. 18.2&7 ; (1. I.ondon. IHOH ; Crrwford's Roll. Bo. 631.
DDn. 171 ( 136-8 ), 18-1-24.
'John QriRItha ( 1706-18J1 ) MRCS. 1821 ; Boo. hid. 181s-41.
country, may even be deprived of the aid of the ... chaser, should he be taken nick. and. e.~ 1
not perhaps be within 60 or 80 miles of. ..modice1 aid. ... the clepartmer~t would eventually
be reduced tn u most deplorable cuntlitionl.
The Surveyor General pronlised to arrange for an apothecary but none had
arrived six months later, when Olliver wrote that "in consequence of the daily
increasing sick", Rossenrode had abandoned work and conie in with a trnin of sick
to the nurnbor of 22, of whntu 11 were ... conveyer1 on cots, t,he remainder on private cattle.
To heighten the disa.st,er Mr. R. wtla hi~nsalf lnid up ... when he alone had to attend to ... the nick.
... Tho sick pnrt,y will ...p rocentl fnr rnnrlict~l uicl eitl~er to Mirzapur or Chuner ~inrl. IM it will
depend on the chmre of pn~cr~ri ng bungalow^, ... I am not yet certain whicl~ ... 1 shr~ll talte
ilp during the ensuing monsoon.
I earnestly regret tho imprnnticnbiliLy of allowing the only medicul ciresaer ... to p r o c d
with the sick, for I shall require I ~ i x trtbncluncu cluring tho c!xt.enrion of the work now advancing
into the same tract where so much evil aw;iihd the ndvnnro ~I I P~J . . I regret also ... tltat nince
the urrival uf Mr. Hossenrode's pnrty. nly ],oople ... uro v-ry clishenrt,ened a t the itlea of
imponding evil, added to the srurritg of provisions. ... [ Iuivo nnt yet felt the effects of
gcercity, but ... the southern parts of Rnwu ... (,.re miserably depo[~ulatetl~.
Two months later he reports fro111 Miniipur that he had nsked for aid t o the
sick scmt in tu Yirzapoor with Mr. Rowtmrode, and ... tho Hrigndior.Oenoral vory readily issued
the trucwary orders to afford every rornfurt to the ... sick, and soon aftor their reaching
thiu, the whole were sent out of hospital. ... I...bnlst thut the fow sick at prment who came in
with me will also soon bn rentored ; tho one who died on the way fell a victim to the cholera
which, for the last four months, rnged violently in Rundelkund and Boghelkunda.
Seoeon 1827-8 was equally unfortunate, and Olliver reports that during
November and December, ... I have had to bury three of the followers. Several of the people
ere quite emeciated,.and this evil hw so panic ytmck the people that through a dread of
further havoc, a few have ever1 ventured to decamp, and a Iew have insisted on their discharge.
... I had...the greatest anxiety fur the safety of tho party, and in particular for Mr. Roasenrode
and family, who were altogether violently Inid up, as well trs Mr. Torrick. of whose safety I
quiba despaired. He ia now reeture(l, but quit.8 worn down.
I have myeelf been ill from the 24th of December, and but a few d a p beck was moat
seriously laid up with the fever, and I have been obliged to make up to this little open amphi-
theatre for my recovery, trnd am now ...q ititme n?stored4.
He writes to the magistrate at Sherghzti ;
During the last few months almost hnlf of t,lle public followera ... have been visited with
the jungle fever. anrl in most cmas followed hy a dynentry, and t,l~o number of sick still bearing
n !arge proportion to the strength of the purty, ... I have [rnquested ] Jlr. Roasenrode to
proceetl in searrh of efficient rnc<rliral aid to some stat.ion where the department mnv also be
accomodated dr~ring the rains, ... about @hat t h e ... it be advisable for me to quit the field, and
to hasten to Icclge ... somewhere safe frnm the mine. ... It is not unlikely but that I may
eventually be p ~ ~ t to the hnxarci of being shnt even from all comrnumication by the flowing
in of the rivers6.
They spent the mins in Gaya, and Olliver again sent in a tale of woe [ 262 1.
Except for surveyors working beyond the bordera or with troops on active
service, military escorts were not otherwise provided without special orders, such
as were issued for the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces ;
The Governor General in Council is pleased to resolve that a Gunrtl of one naik and four
eepoys, either from the Regulars, Locals, or Provincials. a t the diacmtion of the Officer Com-
manding in the District,, be attnchecl in future to each of the Revenue Surveyors.
Whenever ckumstancoa ]nay require a Inrger guard, burknndrrzas8 must be hired under
the authority of tho Revenue Survoyor Gonorel, who will make an irnmodinte report thweof.
Bedford required such larger guard for his survey in Rohilkhand [ 152-5 ] ;
When our operations were commenced early in 1822. without either publio kttruments
or other Government property, ... and when one party only was employed in the field, a g u d
' DDn. 173 ( 28 ). 18-11-28. 'ib. ( 64 ), M- 2 7 . a DDn. 331 ( Q ). 1R-9-27. 4Bijorsh, DDn. 173
( 73 ), 1-228. ' DDn. 171 ( 140 ), 31-5-28. 'Civil wmnd g u d . ' BTC. "%-12-23 ( 9 ).
of 1 Havilder, 1 Naik, and 16 Sepoye, waa furnished ... a t the suggestion of the Judge and
Magistrate. ... From Mr. Halhed's long residence in this district, and intimate kno~l edg-~. . . ~f
the chereoter of it's inhabitants, ... the neceaaity of a stronger guard than that furnished by
the militery authority ... might safely rest on his opinion alone. ...
A guard of 1 naik and four sepoys appeem t o me not only inadequate to...effectual pro.
tection, ... but provides no resource against sickness in a...country peculiarly eubject...to
fever and agues, and a t 80 great a distance ... that, were one or two smpoys to be taken
ill, ... our camp would be left for several days without oven the protection of singlo sentry. ...
A spirit of conciliation appears so mential, and so many complaints formerly reached
me respecting petty a c h of aggression on the parb of the native establishment, without the
possibility very often of discovering the offending individual, that I at length determined
upon sending a st mdy smpoy with every party ... to prevent any plunder. ...
Many articles which are daily required ... could not, without much inconvenience, ...be
aollected every night and sent ta the guard, nor would tho place where the e r m and
instruments are deposited be proper or e a I for many of them. ...
Independent, of tho mere security of the publir property. ... I...nubmit...whother...private
protection may not T R L L R O I I L I ~ ~ ~ 130 expected by any individual (as well for himself as for
those under his command ) employed on 6110public service in the field nearly nine mont h of tile
year, obliged ... to have almost everybhing he owns about him. ...
I have been induced to entertain two pel.ties, each consisting of a jamndar and eight
nujeeba for the moro effectual protection cof Lieutt. Pemberton's camp and my own'.
Most of the Madras parties were still working in tlistant unsettled districts,
and Dunigan asked for a havildar's guard whon working in Ellore, as he found a
naik's guard insufficient. Guards from the Subsidiary Force were provided in the
Nizgm's dominions. The Nizgm's officials were as a rule most courteous and help-
ful, and when a theodolite was stolen from Bird's tent, rupees 250 were recovered
in the courts2. Mountford pointed out to Young that a guard was never refused
" when the officer in charge of a survey has made an official application t o the
Commanding Officer of the Division or Force in the neighbourhood of the survey "3.
When the naik's guard was withdrawn from the Madras office in 1823 Mountford
asked for extra peons a t night, when " the records ... which have been prepared at so
great an expense ... require some protection additional t o ... merc bolts and bars "'.
On Lambton's transfer t,o the Supreme Government, he asked that his permanent
escort [ 11, 359 ] should be doubled to the number of
one jemadar, four havildars, four naigs and forty-eight sepoys. The guard which I have
hitherto had ... was mc i e n t in the Company'e territories, but in these foreign dominions, ...
so infested with prowling banditti. i t would be unsafe to send out any party ... with less than a
havildar's guard, and...my escort is generally subdivided into several smdl parties.
My present guard docs not belong to any regular corps. The sepoys are entertained by
me, and paid, clothed, and armed by Government. I wish the same plan to be followed with
tho augmented, guard, provided I can find persons to come into my aervice6.
This proposal, together with others relating to his sub-assistants, waa referred
to Mackenzie, who took no action [ 324-5 1, and Lambton writes two years later ;
In the beginning of 1818, being anxious to render my mtabli~hment efficient, without
waiting for a reply to my letter of the 28th November 1817. I increased my eecort to the strength
recomrnendd in that letter. ... I included the pay ... in my monthly account, the additional
part of which ... I have paid from my own f ~ ~ n d s since the 1st January 1818. Should the pay,
... as well as two years clothing, ... be struck out of my account. ... I shall be n sufferer to
the amount of nearly seven thousand five hundrod rupees. ... I acted without authority, buL.1
trust that tho transaction will merit the consideration of His Lordship in Councila.
Still receiving no reply, La.mbton asked that if his full recommendations could not
be accepted "the escort may a,t least con~ist of a Jamadar, one havildar, three naigs,
and thirty sepoys". This was accepted7, being an increase of only six sepoys on
his old establishment [ 325 1.
After Everest toolr over he asked, without succcss, that this permanent escort
should be disbanded and replaced by regular soldiers ;
This body of 35 men belongs to no regular corps, and its s t a b of discipline is... far inferior
to that of rebwlnr soldiery. hly time is so much taken up with my studies, calculations, and
'BTC.3O-i-24 ( 101 ). 'DDn. 102 ( 139 ), 23-5-21. 8 ib. ( 276 ), 26-10-21. 'DDn. 200 ( 90 1,
21-8-23. DDn. 63 ( 426 ), 27-11-17. 8DDn. 02 ( 107 ), 16-12-19. l i b. ( 194 ), 17-7-21.
obervations, t hat I heve no leimire t o attend t o t han, and ae they are a connillerable erpema
... I...recommentl t hat they be disbanded, and t hat t he duties of protecting ... the Trigono-
metrical Survey be performed by guarcls from t he regubr e my . ...
A saving will eccure of 320) rupees per month, and ... will ... be adequate to maintain a
number of hurlcurrahs for ... a dawk of communication with the neareat road, and a small
establirhrnent of artificers to ropuir my instruments.
He asked for pensions for the men discharged "because some of them are worn
out in the service and ... unable to gain a livelihood by their own exertions"'.
Government refused either t o allow regular soldiers or to provide the harkaras and
artificers, and a year later Everest acknowledged the value of the old escort ;
I t is, I find on oxporienco, by far t he best plrin to havo an escort nttnchod to the depart-
ment, ltnd quite indupondont of itny r e g~~l a r corps. I thoiight differently at one tirno, but
I am now tl~oroupl~ly collvinred of my orrur, ol d ... no rugular sepoya could ever have been
half so efficient and uneful as my men ... in t.11~ trornontlous foreat an11 wildernass through which
I hnve condur t d my oporattionsa.
On ha,nding over to Olliver in 1825, lie recommended that the full escort should
be kept on, and even then Olliver found that it did not meet all needs ;
I n t he Jlirznpocvr Distrirt my pnrtiw Ilnve hcon nlilro ~ I I L U I o~rco been subject to robhory,
myself having bmn mhh& one night.. the gr ~nt es t evil h o i n ~ in t he loss of t he public set of
rnnthnmnticnl iri~tniments. l' he onrply t. :wrr \vns, h~lwover, folinfl tihout n hnndrerl yards from
my tont in tho junple, but the mhulo of t l ~ e imt,rrrmnrl(.a wore tnken out. Evan whilc ... in
qiinrters nt Mir~apoor, no 11.~8 t,llnrl six ti~neq wern In). I ' I - ~I I I I ~ robheit, notwithstnndir~g t he
sepny ~I I RP( ! H about t he plnrn3.
In the Saugor area a special escort of irregular horse wr~q allowed, two non-
comnlis~ioned officers and 20 sowars, who were specially useful for postal com-
munications, but Olliver could not obtain the same concession in Chota Nggpur,
even though a gang of dacoits had "fallen on my last pay party in the Singroulee
limit". The "o5cer in temporary command a t Benares" considered that the
troops "would be liable to suffer great inconvenience" from "the distance you are
h m hence, and the nature of the clirnateW4.
I n 1830, a t the instance of Lord William Bentinck who was intent on rigid
economy, the Surveyor General, Henry Walpole, had to submit to a reduction of the
permanent escort to one havildar, one naili, and 12 sepoys, allowing six mont h pay
as donation to the jemadar and the two naiks who had to be diachargedb. Eight
years later, Everest pointed out that Walpole
seems clearly t o have yielded a tnnlly und rel~rctclut wsent, ... founded solely on the plea
that, t he operatiorw ... hcinp then cilrriecl out in t he peaceable plains of Bengal. there wm not
t he same rloceesity for an escort which hncl fi~rrnerly e~i s t ed. ... The escort co~i si ut d, prior
t o the reduction, of ... well drilled loen, ready for any service, highly suhordinata and well
disciplined, prepared t o e ~ p o ~ e t ~ l ~ e m~ a l v e ~ to any fatigue, however clTd110118, or face mry danger,
however imminent. ... If Major Walpole hnd had any practicsl acqusintance whatever with
the operatione of t he Great 'rrigonornetrical Survey, he woulcl have known t hat ... i t is funda-
mentally necessary thclt the men ... sl>ould look t o t he camp of the Superintendent as their
home, ant1 be reedy t o go wherever they AM) nrtlermi without a moment's heaitatiorra.
As a general rule surveyors and their followers had very little trouble with the
people, and as they went about the country as Govarnment servants, armed with
letters of introduction to local officials, it waa but seldom that they met with any
obstruction. The arrival of a party of surveyors is apt to cause considerable dis-
turbance to the quiet life of a conntry district. The Surveyor demands guides to
show the road, and coolies to carry his kit, and brooks no delay. He has a strange
desire to climb the summit of every hill, regardless of local superstition and pre-
judice. He brings a multitude of followers, and eapct s large quantities of food
' DDn. 108 ( 20 ), 23-8-23. 'DDn. 171 ( 218 ), 8-7-24. 'DDII. 173 ( 734 ). 1-?-?a 'DDn.
174 ( 131 ), 31-1-28 & 175 ( 43 ), 7-3-28. &UL)n. 266 ( 16 ), 13+30 & 175 ( 25 ) 23430 ; BMC. 81-6-30.
a Dun. 342 ( LOO ), 26-1-38 ; Guo. Evereat ( 0, i ) ; GTS. YI ( A. I V ).
for man and beast to be delivered promptly at most inconvenient and out-of-the.
way points. He asks impertinent questions about the value of crops and domestio
det,aB, which arouse grave suspicions. His intrusions were troublesome enough
the Company's districts, but required a lot of explanation in the territories of an
independent prince, where, in the remoter provinces, authority was but loosely
maintained and the local people were quick to resent the advent of strangers.
Burton got but little help from the people of Orissa, and complained of
the general supineness (111 the part of the more wet~ltlly inhabitarlts in complying with the
necessary requisitions of tho Cuttack authorities, a* well the extreme unwillingness evinced
by all cloaaas, especially in the estates of the Tril~rrtnrg- T<njalie. to afford that aid and infor.
mation so essential to tho speedy colnpletion of n wurlc of this nuturel.
No one was !nore conscious of aU the difficult,ies to be met than Mackenzie, who
as a young man had worked for many years in the Nizim's territories, and later in
Mysore, where he had learnt the importance of sympathetic consideration of local
suspicions, and the strict control of his staff [ 11, 366-9 1. Before sending out his
survey parties in 1815 and 1816, he warncd his surveyors that,
on pruceeding toxvards nny province.^ of tho Company's possossionr, whether on duty, on lenve
of ahsonce, or sick, it is the duty of silrvryurs to npply previously for the neceaynry passpork.
... The assistant sirveyors ~houl d report themselves illunccliately in a respectful manner to
the Magistrates. ... producing their pa.wp{~rts, und renewing them aa occasion mny require
[ 11, 142 1. \\%en occasion requircs for going into ... the territories of any of the Native Princes,
previou~ measures shonld be taken for obtaining t.he necemary pflssports from the Resid~11t.a.
Conner was advised not to press enquiries about statistics or history until the
survey hnd made some progress and the peoples of Coorg had got t o know him ;
I presunle you are ... aware ... that ex~ressing any extraordinary anxiety or solicitude for any
pnrt.iuulnr object iu the sure way to excite suspicion, delay, & sometimes opposition. ... I would
recommend your tabstaining from taking notes of your re~nri.rka, or of their answers to questions,
in their presence. I n this case they always suppose t.here is something more than meete the
eye. & they assume caution ... & distrusta [ 418] .
Ward was directed to report to the Resident in Travancore
alltl communicate with him on the ... mode of carrying on tho surreys. ... and of obtaining such
ai& e1. 9 are necessary. ... You are. ..to be pnrticularly attor~t,ive to any instructions you may
receive ... and t o conforn~ with the official servants of tho administration4.
.Mountford writes later that
Ward is well and Conner has arrived a t Quilon. They have arranged ... to set about their
mv e y 8s soon as they have had an interview with the Resident. Of this I have approved.
All the reports from that quarter convince mo thctt Munro [ I09 n.4 1, altho' he may have
iesued the orders reqriired by Government, has not ~~a l o u s l y befriellderl tho eurvey. He hw
not given it t hat support which...he muet h o w is necessary. Thin I am astonished at, as
I hsd looked upon him aa a warm supporter. ... The neglect ... may have, in some degree,
originated from Ward's being too wnobtmaive which, with a11 his good qualities, he certainly ie.
Conner is more a man of t he world ... and will, I imagine, pleare Munro more. By his waiting
upon him and ... indirectly insinuating the subject, much, I hope. may be done. ...
I am afraid this is our only way of proceeding. A complaint t o Government would, 1
h g i n e . tend to irritate, and might produce little effect, as a literal obedience of orders hag
probably already taken place. I have ... desired them to be cautious in stating to me offichlly
any complaints. ... and to take care ... t hat i t is not merely on the report of the assistants, but
a h r particular investigation by themselves. and on grounds decided and well made out6.
The interview was successful, and work ran more smoothly thereafter [ 109 1.
Mackenzie was anxious about pP&ri incursions [ 82-3,96, IOO 1, and writes fo
the Collector a t Bellary in 1815 ; " I hope the alarms fiom the Mahratttta, Horse are
dispelled ; we ... suspect they have some connection with the Canoul business8" ; md
kter after several raids had penetrated into Madraa territory ;
The whole of these maraudere will be on the retreat by the month of March, & retiring
by a hundred different channels. Few of them will be cruahed. & of what consequence OOm-
pared t o the havoc & destruction of their ravegee ? It is shocking to think of it7.
I DDn. 147 ( 246 ), 14-20. MP0.27-10-15 ; paesportn orpmdnae. DDn. 168 ( 10.2: ), 11-1 k
04-16. *MPC. 10-6-16. 1DDn. 181 ( 106-26), 13-1-18. * DDn. 166 ( 14), 17-12-15. ib. ( 111 1,
8-1-17.
Several students of the Military Institution were vi ct i m of the raid into Guntiir
in Maroh 1816, and James Macdonaldl [ 11, 321 ] reporte t hat he wae
out surveying on the 1 l t h instant. On that day the reports concorning the Pendarrahs had such
an effect upon ... the inhabitants ... that they deaerted their habitatiom, and I could with rliltlculty
procure a cooly to accompany me. ... I then began to pay some attention to these r umom
but, without ordem from tlie Instructor [Blo~mtford, p. 96 ] or tho certainty of the near
sppr~ach of an enemy, I did riot reel n~rthorized to leave my survey on the morning of the 12th.
1 rode to a riaulg gromicl iu tlle direction of Guntoor to mnke enquiries regarding the
approach of tho Pindarruh horde and...I had not proceeded far. when thro' the fog ... I
observed four ~nounted armmi moll in chase. Being tolerably mounted I determured to make
for Guntoor, but unfortunately r r j I appronchecl that station. I saw the country for many
mil= covered with the Pendmahs. They boro down upon me in all directions, and reeistnnce
or flight becamo alike ~mavailing. I wns surrounded, knocked from my horse, stripped to
the eltin, and unmercifully beaten, and to crown the whole they gave me two sword cub,
some L;pear stabs-none of the wouncls are serious.
I crawled into n grain field, and when I had regained some strength walked, naked, beneath
a burning sun t o Guntoor, hl search of medical aid. Near the Pettaha I was again knocked
down by tlieir speers, but a fow sliots fired a t them from a fortified house in the Pettah pre-
vented then1 only from killing me. I then joined Lieutenants James and Tweedie,s and
a~jistetl in defending tho Collector's treasure and cutcherry. My plain table and surveying
instruments are, I am afraid [mi.saillg], hut ns the country is over-run with Pendt~rrehs I have
not learnt their fate.
Yesterday I wae for a subaltern rich, today I have not n mg to cover me. I therefore hope
that, es I was employed on the public service, and have suffered a misfortune which I could
neither foresee or prevent, that HL Excellency the Commander-in-Chief will have the kindnese
to recommend ... a compellsation for the loss of my property".
Grimshaw' tells a similar story [ 34.4 ] ;
Whilst employed on eurvey, my tent was surrounded and attacked on the 13th of March
by ~r conaidorable body of Pundariea who plundered, and afterwarde destroyed, the whole of
my baggage. ... I waa suddenly attacked a t a village 18 miles from Guntoor; an advanced
party of 12 horsemen made the first attempt to plunder me, but with the ossietance of the two
servants I drove them back about 20 yards. To my great mortification ... my gun a t &hie cri t i al
moment missed five succerwive times, or I must have shot the heedman in command of the
party, who came up close to me.
I now lost no time in trying to disengage my horses from their picket., to give them a
chance t o escepe, but I waa cut off from my tent by a fresh party. who came up in another
direction. Three men endeavoured to spear me ; two of the thrusts I parried off, the other
went through my jacket. Thus completely surrounded, it was impossible for me to afford
any further protection to my baggngo. and the only chance of mving myself was to run into
e tank that waa close to me. I succeeded in the attempt, end the ground being very soft.
the horsemen were prevented from following me.
It waa now I lost the whole of my baggage. My homes and every artiole found useful
by the Pindaries waa carried off ~ n d the remnant of my property was set on Bre and burnt.
I wlls obliged calmly to wit11e-w this scone from the impossibility of making any further
mistance, and from having ... to escape up a tree to avoid the main body which then came up
and. I should eupposo, amoonted to 1,600 men, the space of ground they covered on their
march I afterwards found to be rather more than one square mile.
When tho party had plundered the village, they left it. and I eet out for Amaravetty.
On my nmival I informed the zemindar that the Pindariea had halted and dismounted at a
tope fl miles off. I...requosted...what men he could upare from the defenoe of Amaravetty,
and I wes promised the mistance of 70 homes and eome matchlock men. Thie party would
have been fully adequate to n nightly eurpri~e on a body of men very ill armed, and who sleep
in the greatest confusion. But on stating my wish= t hat the party might be reedy &
11 o'olock on the 13th, I wtm told the men would not be ahle t o turn out till the next morning,
and hence I woe compelled t o givo up the projeot.
I...annex e...list of the articl es...loet, which oomposed the whole of my baggage, md I trust
to... aver nment for remuneration for the N~I I oUB event t hat has befellen me. ...
James Eomerled Moodonald ( 1792-1043 ) ; MPd. InL Ena. 1811 ; Lt &I. 1841.
8 forb. 1 John
Pol ghe James. Ens. 1807 ; Lt Col. 1833 ; MourioeTaeedie ( 1787-1807 ) ; EM. 1801; Lt Osa. ; both 2nd MNI..
1016. 'petition 13-3-16; MMC. 17-6-10. 'John Orimahow ( 1799-1819) ; Mad. I d 1BW. d. near
Copanl Droog, Mysore [ Cubbouldmog. pl. 11 1.
Arab hor w ... ... 3 Drawing box. complete ... 1
Tent ... ... 1 Box of mathematical instruments ... 1
Tsblc ... ... 1 Teleacopo ... ... 1
Chair ... ... 1 Compw, box ... 1 ...
Cnuch ... ... 1 Snddlea ... ... 2
Writing Dosk ... ... 1 Bridles ... ... 2
Trunks, containing 24 suits of new Boob, pairs ... ... 4
clonthes ... ... 4 Gold wntch. with chain and soals 1
...
Regimental Jacket* ... ... 4 Silver 'rumbler ... 1 ...
Belt. with breast-platen ... 2 Smell milk bowl ... ... 1
Regulation Sword ... ... 1 Largo spoons ... ... 2
Snvb ... ... 1 Tca spoons ... ... 4
... Regimental Cap, complete 1 Salt cellars ... ... 2
Handkerchiefs ... ... 4 Cruet Stand, complete ... 1
Regimental Greatcoat ... 1
1 Canteen, containing plates, dishes, knivos, forks, and ghrs ware.
Military nud hlathematioal Books'
Bedding ; a tent cnrprt. and a varicty of smaller articles tllat wore consumed.
Saved.-1 linggnge Tent 1 Pair uf Tr ~ u s ~ r e
1 Shirt 1 Handkcrrbief
1 Strew Hat
Similar claims were submitted by Borthwick and Cuxton [ 11,321 ]I, the latter
giving details of t,he " cloaths" he lost ;
1 Sebaltern'~ Tent R Waiatceah 9 Towels
I Baggage Tent 7 peirs of Stockings 4 pairs of Cotton Glovra
17 Shirta 14 Pouket Handk~srrchiefs 1 Flannel Gown
14 Pairs Pantaloons 7 Neck handlrorcl~iefs
The claims were pessed after reference to the Governor in Councils.
I t was thia sensational raid that led to more drastic military action againet the
pi&ri brood. Lambton writes to Maekenzie of the
-cape of t l ~ o Yindaries with all their trowurn, women, etc., allich they took from t he Guntoor
District. Doveton [ 83-4 ] d e a cellid march, but 1n41de o countermercli t he next day, and
t he Pindarios pessed over t he very ground which Ile hed left. I hope some decided meesur-
will be telterl respecting these freebooters, and with respect t o t he Nizam's country too. for i t
is in e mherable st at e ; rohheries and murders committed everywhere with impunity.
I hope you will continuo t o write t o me from Rengal, and I ehell let you know occasionsuy
what is going on in thia part of t he worlds.
Though Lambton makes little official reference to the disturbed etate of the
country, hi# long halt at Hyder&b&d from 1816 t o 1818 waa most certainly opportune
[ 223,237 1, and led Walker to give a vivid aocount of the pindrZri ravagsd.
The Company's troops themselves were often unwelcome in remoter districte, t u
Van Heythuysen noted when he marched his detachment from Ganjam to Nigpur
through the wilder parts of Orksa, some time about 1822 ;
It is absolutely requisite t hat troop6 in progrms on t.hi s... route should be provided with
their own permarrent carrl ge6. No carcinge of any kind ia procurable without compulsetnry
mecuureu, in having recouree t o which t he native inhabitants t~ecorne disgosted J: quit their
villages i r ~ alarm upon t he approech of troops.
Finding 1111 t he villages about this place deserted ... I naturally request ... why such o desertion
tekea place.
The repliw ar e uniformly t he same. The Rengal sepoys use us end our people
00 harshly t hat we are afraid t o remain. They come into our villnges & t ake withouit paying
everything they wish. ... On being mur ei l of protection & t hat my sepoy of my party offend-
ing should be punished upon t he spot, I have ...p revailed on t hem t o return & a t my departure
have had Ltm plecrsure t o h mr t he 3Iadraa sepoys praisod for their behavioure.
It had for centuries been a custom of the country that o5cials had the right to
call for labour, transport, and supplies, entirely free of charge, a practice known
ae begciri. This wae definitely forbidden under a proclamation issued in 1820 ;
M'hereea en unwarranted practice preveih in swernl provinces ... of forcibly pressing om-
tein cl ee~es of t he inhrrbitcmta. ... under t he denomination of begerriee or coolies, for ... carrying
bsggege or other l o d e from stage t o stage, or villoqe t o village. Notice ie hereby given that
t ho continuence of this praotice is henoeforth strictly prohibited throughout ... t he Presidenay
'Alex. Borthwiok ( 1188-1817 ) kd. in sation. Gnnjsm ; Origin of the Pindaria ( 103 ) ; Riohard Cnrton
( 1788-1m ; d. T ~ V O Y ; both w. mf. ~ mc . 3-12-16. IDDD. 02 ( 140 1, 11-6-18. dam.. I
(iv-v.A ). quotod from Msloolm. I ( 430-1 ). ' Provinion wes made for the hue of 6ranspm-t by troop
on the march under BGO. GC InC. 1-6-19. 'Fdbk. DDn. 102.
SURVEYORS & TEN PEOPLE 411
Fort William. ... The preeent order ia not intended to affect the authorized provisions
which now e xi t , or may hereafter bo found necessary, relative to the regulated supply of
porters in the mountainous portion of the Britiah Dominions on the North Weetorn Frontier
wherein other species of conveyanoe may uot be procurable1.
It was to this order that Everest refers in his letter of August 1832, when telling
how times had changed [ 399 1.
Fisher tells of trouble on a visit t o GchLr, beyond the Compeny's frontiers [ 501.
Lottern were ... written both by the Magistrate and myself to Chowjeet Singh, end an unawer
soon arrived importing that, whon he had despatched somo businem which detained him in
the onsturn parta of his country, he should receive my visit with pleasure.
Af br my arrival on the frontier, I was mot by a pereon deputed to conduct me to t he
Rajah ... as far aa Govindpoor, hie present residencae. I arrived there on the 5th April. and
immediately eelit notice to tho Rnjah, who appointed the following morning for my audience.
On my attendanco, howevor, a t the appointed tune, I was informed that the Rajah wee
sleepy, and desired me to come again in the evening. This was aocompanied by circumstances
... which induced me to reqoeat promission to return to Sylhet, on which en apology was sent,
and notic! that the Rajah shoulcl vipit mo in the evening.
Irr the evening he sent hia Dowan to inform me tlurt he was building a house for my recep-
tion, and that wllon I entered it ho would sea me. As I had now roceived some information
of design to imprison mo, I ropeated my request for loave to return into the Company's
ten-it,ory, alleging the duties I hnd to perform in Sylhut.
Rereiving no anmor, ... I caused my boats on the morning of the 7th to be droppod
down the river, but ... 5 milea from Govindpoor was stopped by ... troop3 who, levelling their
m~~s ket s and cannon, threatened to fire upon the boats unless I immediately ret~uned, nnd
I now h a r d ... that the Rajah had issuod ordora for the maasacre of myself and all the people
with me. including my mcort from the Sylhet Corpsa. ... Considering that by any act of violence
I sho~lld incur a heavy respormibility, and that the proceeding perhaps originated in some
mistake, ... I complied with tho order to return to Govindpoor, under the express assurance
that the Rajah would see mo immediately, ancl allow me to take my leave.
The Rajah, however, again broke his promise, and...placod e guard t o watch my boats,
notwithstanding which I received information of hie intention to murder the whole party.
I wae positively prohibited from writ.ing to Sylhet, and every precaution was taken ... to out
off the communication. When, thereforo, the. ..Dewan and Thauadar appeared, to communicate
the Rajah's orden for my entering the house =signed ta me, I made enquiry of them con-
cerning the cause of the Rajah's anger, and mentioned ... my having surveyed the course of the
River Soorma in my way. I was told that it was not on that account, and ... that it originated
partly from a beliof of ... the claim of the Company to Pergumah Serispoor, and partly from
an apprehension that my visit was only a prelude t o a similar claim to Cachar itself.
Every chance of an amicable adjustment was a t an end. I therefore siozed t he three
ministem and confined them in my bont, but wns afterwards induced to allow one of them to
fetch the Rajah's oousin. ... who, with all his counsellors, has strongly opposed the whole
proceetling. ... Successively. ... the cousin ~ n d nephew of the Rajah appared, and the
latter, after being detained by me a short timo, waa allowed to depart ... to bring the
Rajah, or to return himself within two hours. In about an hour the Rajah came to the
river bank, and publicly asked pardon, and ... I expressed Iny fear t hat he had been i nd~~ced
to act aa he had done through some mimpprehonsion, which he replied t.hat he had not.
and again asked pardon.
The following day a pwpor t was gant od to me, and I was allowed to return to Sylhets.
Revenue surveyors worked aa a rule in the close~t touch with district revenue
officers, and in the friendliest relations with local inhabitants. Brown, however,
reports serious trouble in the Sahtiranpur district ;
On my arrival at Teetroun, I found the boundary settlements a t a stop. An armed mob
Bom Gudhee Abdoolah Khan, instigated. by the Puthnns in that place, had forcibly interfered
and driven t he nrbitrators from the boundary. 1 immediately raport d... to. ..the Judge of
Suharunpoor, who was a t that time also officinting Collector, mid aid wae promptly given to
Mr. Frwer's ameen. Two euwnn were direct d... for ... approhending rioten ... and a procbmabion
wee a t tho same time iesued, stating tho natu re... of the Survey, forbidding violenm, ... but to
bring their oomplainta to Suharunpoor, where they should be immecliately enquired into.
'haalnrnation. 24-3-20 ; BGO. GQ in C. 164-20 : C-in-C. 104-20. ' o f . Manipnr inoidant of 1891.
a DDn. 213 ( 383-6 ) & 108 ( 18-21 ). 1-6-21 ; of. CO.. May 1821 ( 80.601 ); Ad J. Jan. 1822.
The suwcara nrrived immediately, but unfortunately the proclamation ... ww sorne days
in reaching the l'tranatlnr. ... In the moantime, tho Puthans of Teetrnun [ 158 ]...committed
a violent nasnurlt on my camp followers. anrl beat somo of them in the mnat cru~el mfinnw ~ t h
iron-bou~rd lat.liees, for wl~icti they were finell in the coiirt or Suharunpoor. ...
Tho Pu t h ~n s have, however, the upper hand in other nrntters besides botmdorios, ttnd
wliicli I carurot describe better then by ... the way they trent eaclr othur's cattle. Wlen a
Prithnn's bullock strays into a Goojlw's fielrl. 118 W quietly driven out and resl)octfirlly a s n
to his omrer, but when the Goojur's unfortunate Iralf-stnrvwl beast lrappons to commit the
dreedful misteke of plundering the Puthm' s field, the case is nl t er d quite, UIUI n (Iozon fellow
are seen cluterulg t,o the spot, and the blows tlre lioarcl to rosoi~ntl from tlre uni~nal's back'.
Lambton, being himself of a kindly and courteous disposition, had always set
himself t o preserve happy relations with the officials and peoples of the countries
in which he was working. EFis survey was, Inore than any other, broken up into
small isolated detachments which were dependent on the maintenance of good will,
and encouraged to give way on any sign of unfriendhless. Without such a spirit
work in the territories of the NizBm would have been impossible. I n the following
letter Lambton explains his needs to Charles Metcalfe who had recently taken
over as Resident a t Hyderiibid from liis old friend Henry Russell ;
It may be satisfactory t o you to know something of ... the Trigonometrical Survey, end
why so many attendants are requisite in the Siznm's country, while so few are sufficient in
the Company's territories end in the Mysore.
The unsettled state of the Nh m' s Dominio~ls. ... and the suspicion ... of all the zamindars
and jaghirdm on seeing Aaga flying within their domains, rendered it nocemary to have
takeedsa from the Minister t o all mnnagem of districta to be sent forward with the signal
flegs. Two peons attend each hg, and generally two sepoys in order to prevent the bearers
... from being ill-treated. Of these signal flags there are generally six, so that a t least twelve
peons are... necessary. I t most commonly happens that the mountains to which the f l ap ere
sent are rocky and covered with high forest trees ; in which caso the aas i s hce of the inhebitante
is neceseary, and it is the duty of thoae peons to wait on the manager with the takeed, who
if he be a well-disposed man will order a-iatance to he given. If he is not, ... us oonat8ntly
happened ...to the enstward. ... negotiations were required, whiclr did not always succeed.
Besides these twelve peons sent with the fl ap, eiglrt more aro kept with the camp, in the
event of sickness, or to be employed by the Daroga ( who is also a aervant of the Minister ),
in collecting ... whatevor mag be necessary about camp, sl~cli as straw, grass, fowls, etc. The
daroge is generally attended by a moonsh ee... and six hircarrahs. ... The hircarrahs are employ-
ed ...in carrying letters, and keeping ... commumicatio~r with ...p oet office stations ; two in camp
to cnny letters. and the remaining two are ready in case of sickness.
When the camp is a t any very great distance from the tappal ( rlawk ) route. ... camel
hircarrehs nre ahaolutely necessary. ... In all the late excriraions except the last, what with
the natural difficu~lty of the cnuntqr-the scarcity of provisions-and unaccomodating and
often hoatile disposition of the managers and headmen of villnges-a much larger number
of the Jlinister's rrervnnte were wanted, anrl particult~rly to prepare for those dreadful caaea
of sicknew and mortality with which the party sent orit in IN10 was viaited [ 229-31 1. ...
The Minister's servants must bo regularly paid, or otherwise they will plunder evory village
they come near. ... I offered t o pay them myaelf, anti Mr. Rumell ... rmdily agreed to r ei mbur ~
me from the XIinister's treaal~ry, ant1 I had, benidea, full powem to punish anyone who
found guilty. T h i ~ ... in a great measure prevented the evil, but ... it is imposaihle t o remove. ...
The Daroga, Moomheea, aix Hircarrahs, the twenty peons, m d perhaps a camel hircarrah.
will ... he fully sufficient, and if any of them can be dispensed with, it shell be done. ...
When I wee in the Mysore. ... evory amuldar had ordem to comply with my requisitions, and
pey particular attention to my flap, which I had frequently t o sont to mollnteins flty, sktY,
and seventy milea distant, without knowing in what district they were. G m t aid from the
inhabitants wee also wanted, and I have had occasion to employ two hundred people beside0
my own followew. to clear roada through al rno~t impenetreble jungle, and to aacent mountain@
five or nix thousnnd fmt above the me, where I hed to remain sometimes for ten or twelve
with a bazar.
Theee people were all regularly peid, ... and the b- erticlm. ..were peid
for =cording to the roguletd prices, exclusive of their being carried up the mountains.
The sick people ... were carried from stage t o stage by village coolies, who were a h
= @h l y paid for their labourn. Ln the labe excursione in t h country the Minieter allowed
one or two elephants for that purpose. ... There wes an abundance of begariee who wen, both
-dy and willing, when they weresure of being peid. ... I have bean particular es to regularity
of payment and, except in one or two instances, I am not aware that there hes been my
abuse. ... A propensity t o prefer compla its. . . upon very frivolous grounds is commonl.
Lambton asked Bombay to provide for Everest's wants on his branch series
towards Poona in 1822 ;
Public servants to attend him for ...p rocuring suppli em... and. ..assistance from the inhebi-
tents in clearing roadv and escending the mountains, and...cmying the sick, etc. ... All labour,
as well as suppliea, will be regularly paid for according to the Axed r t e s . ... Where we are
obliged to amend the highest ~nountains with very heavy instrumente, we constantly stand
inneed of auchasaintrmce. ... Captain Everest will also want a guwd from the Sepoy Gorp. ...
With respect to ... cesh. I...request...directions to the Commkeioner at Pooneh, and the
Collectors through whose districts Captain Evereat may pm, to furnish ... amonthly sum not
exemding five Iiimdrecl ( 500 ) sicca rupees. for bills. ..on RIassrs. Davidson & Co.. my Agents
at Calclittu. I t is ui this mnnner that my partica ~ e t suppliea of cash, ... and it is for bills
on my private agents tliet I get cwh from the different I<esidelitag.
At the same time Everest asked the Commissioner at Poona that provisions
be furnished at fair rates; that my people be protected from molestation when employed
with my flags or night-lights, and that the aid of the inhabitants in carrying my sick,
clearing roads, erecting piles, etc., may be afforded a t my requisition, for all of which prompt
payment will always be mado ~ t t tho a~tahlinhed rates of l a bod.
The following is Everest's reply to a complaint he considered entirely frivolous ;
I t was my intention some days ago to lodge e complaint ... against the writer...for...refueing
to afford me that aid. ..which I...reqr~ire, and...for encouraging robbers to come t o plunder my
camp.
The very enfeebled state of my health. ... however, prevented me ...
The first part is againat Shaik Jee, Aumil of the villages, ... for refuaing to protect and
furnish with provisions some people of mino, who were sent with a signal flag to an eminence
in the vicinity. ... The second is against Meer ... Khan, Ailmil of S. ... for refusing to mi s t in
furnishing my cnmp with provisions, grass, wood, and other common necessaries.
The third ie ae follows :--On ench of tlie nights of the 3rd and 4th December, a robbery
was committed in my camp by people who were traced ... through Tudlagmn. Application
was mede to the piltil of that village, but his only reply ww that he belonged to the Numb,
and knew nothing about the matter. An application was afterwards made...to Namdar
Khan, whose reply wae in... offensive terms. ...
The urzee' ...is... so loose and general that I am at a loss to unrleratand what it allutles to.
On my mi val [ a t Talcarld~era ] I found it necaasary to repair the buildings erected by the
late Lt. Col. Lambton, which had most wantonly been i nj i ud. and in some parts destroyed.
It was also found neceesary to raise a small pile of eerth and maaolonry a t the south end of my
bw- l i ne in order to overtop eome trees. The villagee in the vicinity ... were called upon to
furnish mch aid tla they could ~fford.
The whole work wna at an end in 8 days, and. ..the maximum of aid contributed on any
day by the whole united villag as... wes 6 pukhaliss and 41 labourers, and the daily pay wee
8 pice5 to a puckalie, and 4 to a labourer. all of which I h o w wes regularly d i s b ~ d .
I t is ... implied by the lattor part of the u r n that provisions have beon requireri by me
a t forced rates, but ... a mom false and malicioue insinuation could not have been mede. ...
Two bunneahs have been fiunished to my camp by the authorities, ... and no person whatever
is allowecl to interfere with. ..them or their neruche. ...
In reference to the charge mede against my people of illtmting the inhabitants; wen,
it lesa general and vague, could it enable me to bring the fact home t o any individual in my
camp-I should fwl ... much indebtod t o the person who imputed it. ... I t is equally wanton
and malicioue with all tlie rest. For though I am always ready to attand to oomplaints and
redreas them, and to visit with the most e x e mp l q punishment offencee of the nature here
alleged, yet no such complaint has hitherto been brought to me7.
Everest's relations with unsophisticated inhabitants of the jungle were uniformly
good. Ho writes of scorpions, tigers, and Rh6nd.9 [ 262 ] ;
' DDn. 02 ( 172-7 ). 18-2-21. 'DDn. 61 ( 101 ). 44-22. 'DDn. 172 ( 2 ). Il l - 23.
' I p i b o a 1 mum. #aele of prioaa. ' tolkfsjor B., oomdg. Elliohpoor Bde. ; DDn. 172 ( M-1). tCE%j:
I had a small tent pitched a t the top of the hill, and a larger one a t the foot with my camp. ...
One of my followers brought up one morning in a large jungle leaf a heap of these dehteble
insecta [ scorpions 1, which he and others had killed...in my lower tent. Upon counting them,
... there were, young and old, in number twenty-six. ...
The tigers, too. were very large and ferocious. The inhabitants of a hamlet near
station...were preparing, whilst I was there, to abandon their homea in consequence of the
perpetual prowling of these a nha l a around them. From that station I intended to take
azimutlls of verification ; but, when I sent out a party with 8 reference lamp for that purpoee,
i t waa nffieasary to surround them all night long with shouts and revelry, and the blaze of
fires, and discharges from muaketry, so t hat the observations, which should be made in
and tranquility, became uselem. ... 3Zr. Voysey h d actually lost a person who waa in atten.
dance on him [ 243 1, and they rlsed t o be heard growling all round my camp and de&hed
stations by all but me.
I never mw a tiger in the wild state in India. Not a man of mine had ever been carried
off, though I had in my exoureions with the telegraph line [ 269-71 1, and in the jungles of the
Godavery [ 229-31 1, invaded...the forests in which they chiefly abound. 4nd to t hk lucky
oauae, probably, may be attributed the belief which the natives generally entertained of my
being possessed, by means of antrulogy, of some necromantio powers, so t hat tigem had no
power to harm me 01. those who were under my i m~ l ~ ~ l i n t e protection. ...
The faith placed in the healing powers c ~ f the great theodolite and other i ns t ma t e
employed a t any time ki observing stma were such that I havo hacl people come many mileg
to entreat permiasion to bow down before the lower telescol~e of this imposing instrument ;
and, strange as i t m y appear, it is no lans tnle that men find women who had been 1- or
blind for years, othere who had the paluy, and others again who were mollen with dropp,
were among my applicants.
The Goands who inhabit this mountain belt are 8 race whose principal oocupation ie hunt.
ing, but who engage to a certain extent in agriculture. ... They are honest in their d e e l m,
blunt and plain-spoken in their language, and aa much giveu to speaking the truth cu, their
neighbours to the north and south are to the opposite propensity1.
Everest indeed loved to paint the picture ;
To the north of the valley of Berar, and within a few miles of Ellichpoor. rises a vest ohein
of basaltic mountains which extends 8s far as t he eye can remh, ... and appeem to be covered
with forests quite impenetrable. These wildernesses are almost destitute of inhabitante, and
the few human beki p who dwell there, 8 wretched set of wild Goands, are engaged in perpetual
condicta with tigers, and other wild beasts, by which, and the bmenness of the soil, they are
Bequently driven from the miserable hamlets.
Water hardly to be met with, and provisions, unlese brought from 8 distance, are nowhere
procurable. The mountains viewed from the valley of Berar appear altogether interminable,
and the features they present seem to rise ridge beyond ridge, so nearly equal in height ee to
preclude t he possibility of selecting a series of suitable geometrical points ; beeidee which
they ere laally the setat of the most desrlly feveraQ.
Trouble met by Olliver a t a hill station just north of the Narbada was probably
due to local superstition, for the State officials were quite ready to help ;
I proceeded to the height which you pointed out, ... situated on the great mountaine
north of the Nerbuddah. subject to Bhopal, and in the midst of a desolate tract of country,
covered with much forest. ... I could by no means persuade any of the inhabitante to afford
me any aid. I could not even get a wi de and, what is worso, t he killadar of B neighbour-
ing fortr em... about 6 mil- distant threatened to confine all my people.
There was a great scarcity of water, and no me8KIR of bringing it to the top of the mountain,
and provisions were not to be had nearer than 8 milea, so that I could not. with due regard
to the safety of your peoplo, lteep them upon the hill for 24 hours together.
I mcceeded on the 17th in hiring 16 htrtchet men from the Rooaaungahad District, ... but
them people were insufficient for the work, and left me on the 21st, thoroughly worn out.
On the night of the 21st a native gentleman ... arrived on the part of [ t he ] Political Agent, ...
but. ..not furnielietl with sufficient authority to procure me aseistance. ... On the 21st I succeeded
in clearing a gap in the jungle eullicient for the ray of N - to pass olear through, and on the
23rd I left the place, ... but ... the station was still incompletea.
There was trouble in cantonments as well aa in the jungle, and Everest cornphiins
to the commanding o5cer at Hoshangiib6d on behalf of his servant ;
'Om. Eve& ( 39-41 ). 'to SO., 68- 26 : Dh. 171 ( 359 ). Vb. ( 207 ), 24-624.
The let complaint ie ... against the khidmutgar of Lt. M. for wing threatening languege
towards him to the following effect : t hat he ( Lt. M.'s eervmt ) would siert, h i m imrnedietely
after dinner, and tie him to a banyan tree, and beet him so t hat he should never be able to rim
sgain. The 2nd complaint is agaimt thekhitmutgar of Mr. Aest. Surgeon Qr s t he, foroelkng
him a bahunchoot, and threatening to break his a m and face. ...
I beg you will take auch nleaaures as. . . my seem proper. ... The compl au~mt is a very
peaceable and inoffeuaive men, and h ~ s been in my service for a long time, and is altogother
a very trusty ant1 excellent servant, my kllaneamahl.
Evereet was much concerned to impress everyone with the great importance of
the Great Trigonometrical Survey, and the following is the style of letter he would
write to political officers and others when &g for assistance ;
The 'I'rigonornetrical Survey of Inch is a subject of deep intereat to ell the learner1 societim
of Ewp e . ... I t ie in point of extent the greatcat scientific undertaking of the kind that areat
Britain hus ever patronized ; and, ... stretchir~g as it is likely to do from the parallel of 8 degreas
to that of 31 degrees of latitude, it offers a wider field for the solution of ... the true figure of the
globe than any similar undertaking which the present generation will probably witnesa.
For myself, who am but the unworthy instrument appointed to conduct this mapifirent
work, ... 1 feel the most solemn interest in its ~ucceanful acco~nplishmeut, became ... it becomas
Ine ... to (lo IUY humble mite, that ... my eml)loyers may meet with no dishonour. ... Without the
prwence of His Higlmeea'a servants, it seems to me impossible that operations can proceed ;
my owrr attendants will assuredly be hueten and ill-um(l in every village, ant1 I uhull neither
...g et guides nor ossistnnce frorn the inhabitants in nny ~h a p e whatevera.
The demands made were no doubt a considerable tax on the qarsely populated
countries through which Everest and Olliver worked between 1824 and 1830. The
survey constantly passed from the influence of one political officer to another who
had little cognizance of its purpose, and from the homeland of one primitive people
to another, each with the natural prejudice of jungle folk against strangers and works
that passed their understanding. Not all were benevolent like the Khbnds. It is
recorded that during Oliver's work the RZja of Rirnnagara "caused i t to be proclaimed
by beat of drum that his people should be cautious of falling into the hande of the
surveyors lest they should have their children taken to burn in the signal fired".
Everest tells of difEculty in preserving the markstones intact ;
The natives of India have a habit of attributing supernatural and mirac~ilous powers to
our instrumeuts [ 414 1, and the sites which have been occupied by them. In cases of death
or any other natural vieitations they often offer up prayers to those $it- ; and if the object
of their prayers be not conceded, they proceed to all eorts of acts of destruction and indignity
towards t hem; Nay ( aa... my station-rnnrb were ongraved on the solid rock in aitu ). they
have been known to proceed in bodies armed with eledge hammers, and beat nut every vostige
of the engravings6 [245 1.
Evereat was so much bothered by audit objections that he at length appealed
for protection, pointing out that the i t a m retrenohed were necessary.
and the amount waa advanced from my private purse in ready money.
The contingent
biUs...nce given in by me upon honour.
I t aeeme to me not only a greot hardship that I
ehould be liable to retrenchment aftor t.he lapse of 10 months, but tbst the ...p rocedure is
quite deficient in that civility which I arn entitled to expect. ...
It ie my anxioua desire to be liberated from all concern with them [ contingent Rccoumta 1,
for they are not only a source of much loas and inconvenience to me personally, but they take
up the valuable tirno of myself nnd my sub-aasistanta. They involve me in perpetual squab-
bl -...about annaa and pies. and I am hardly ever froe from ... unravelling some t r i ck and
roguery on the part of my naLive followers, who superu~tend my lighte, clenr my etatiom of
jungle, and make my bluo lights, &c.' ...
Thore are certain ite ma... which might doubtlcas. ..be supplied by the Commissariat Depart-
ment. ... Stationery-eepoys' cloathing--etation flags-talc flBg-staves or maata-boervh
tenta-repaira of do.-gunny baga-ootton ropes. ...
DDn. 172 ( 2 M ). 27-7-24. to Re~dt. Mhlwah & Rhjpootoneh ; DDn. 172 ( 217-9 ), m-8-24.
'30 m. S. of Rowah.
'QT9. VI. B( 6 ). 'ib. SII, appx. ( 60 ).
Them am other charges which may not be so wi l y adjusted, such aa-the charge for
oil and earthen vsses a t the different stations [ 247-8 ]-the perpetual charge for c~ndl m, wax,
end oil a t the observatory-the perpetual charge for hire of lnbourem to assist in clearing
the jungle, mnking roads for the instruments. and auch other mattere-the occssional charge
for the carriage of the sick.
Theae and mmy other items ...are a constant source of vexation and trouble to me, and they
are ( though altogether indispensable ) a very heavy expence to the State. ... I w o ~ l d . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ )
... that a native agent ... of the Commissariat be kept in continual attendance on me...to mpply
my wmt e on my requisition. ... 'Che saving of expence would more than cov er... his =lary, at
the same time that it would disburthen me and my sub-eesistants from an offioe which
interfere* t o a very injurious degree with the moro important duties of my situation'.
The agent was supplied in October 1824= [ 327 1, and amongst his first h k s was the
provision of materials and labour for the construction of the Sironj observatory.
Regarding ways and means Everest writes ;
Masonry is so seldom reqr~ired in my operations that I can always depend upon the re.
sources of the country. but ... a small proportion of cttrpenters, emiths, and one good brazier
will be of essential service. Major Chner~l h o l d [ 381 ] hna been pleaeed to place ab my
disposal ... a suficient nrunber of carpenter6 and smiOh~ from t he Saugor magazine, but them
are no good braziem at that place. and t.hey are the ~nclst important artificers to me. ...
There are 110 buildem or woodcutters of any kind attached to the Trigonometrical Survey,
I am not aware of m y General Ordor which prohibite the calling for the labour of vi l l am,
and if such an order doen exist, I cannot conceive it at all to be applied to the Trigonometricd
Survey [ 410-1 1. ... Imagine how 1 could poasibly have proceeded on the banks of the Godavery,
where I had a full square mile of thick teak and bamboo forest to cut through, and. ..not
within 60 milw of any full-sized villagd.
He was disgusted to find that he still had to countersign vouchers ;
It wes the intsntion. ..iu appointuig a Comn~iasariat Ap n t ... to liberate me from the troubb
and inconvenience, ... but if. ..mustor rolls and certilicatea ... are to be furnished from my offim,
the indulgence ... will be completely frustrated, and ... trouble will be increased tanfold. ...
I n the preeent state of my health, I am unable to indulge in so voluminous corrqondence.
If Buneedhur [ t he Agent ] had presented his accoumte. ..when the diferent iteme...are stated
to have been incurred, I could have ... checked them ; but he never did eo and, ... preferred
idling in camp. ... He cannot give any explanation, ... and declarea that he did not go through
the expenee; I beg to ask why he did not ? He had the most ample information, being
almost the only idle person in my oamp, and though ... he could not control the expendit ure...
a t distant stations, yet every one of these stations wee visited in succession, and he might ...
have examined in to... the statement8 given him by my people. ...
When Buneedhur joined ... I explained to him the system on which the contingent
expe mea... had always been checked. ... Bunsedhur chose to advance money to my people.
and t o take no meeeures whatever to control them. ... Captain G. calls on me for particulan
aa if I had kept any memoranda on the subject, but for this I have neither time, health, nor
i ncl bt i on. ... I must decline all further correspondence with Captain G.. for there is 8
general incivility in that gentleman'e style of address to me, notwithstanding all the trouble
I have taken to meet his wishes4.
I n the course of further acrimonious correapondence Bunsedhar shewed his
expenditure ae Rs. 2,815-13-4, three-fourths advanced to Evereat and his waistants,
one-fourth expended by himself. After Everest handed over to Olliver, another
Agent was appointed, and Olliver kept strict control over his bills. He still had to
defend hie expenditure ;
The quantity of canrllea and wax, though appearing large in one month's charge will. ..
lest out for two seaaon or more. Candles are used in the obeervatory during the obaewationa
for r d i n g off the micrometers ; ... making out the angles, and for comparing them all, which
ie dono immediately after the observation. The quantity of candles used during the leet 3f
months is about 8 seers, no that about 3 seers may be considered the average expenditure for
the month. ...
Wan ...is made into tapers. ...
The Indian Ink ... in very good. It8 dimenaiom are 4. 3 ir~chm in lenghh, 1 in. breadth,
and 0' 7 of an inch in t hi cknw. ... It waq bought up at e public auction ... in a lot with ather
' DDn. 91 ( 411 ),28-7-24. 'BMC. 2-8-24; DDn. 206 ( 86 ). A~eet. Commy. Cw., 6-1824;
DDn. 172 ( 250 ). 'ib. ( 383 ). 20-626.
oolours for 41 Rs., and I eagerly availed myaelf by offering 10 RE. for tbe oeke, ... being bhe
only article there in my opinion of any worth1.
Such was the scarcity of supplies
felt by Mr. Roasenrode and his party, that actual starvation. ..ww considered no unoommon
tlrulg. The Ooanda Aee their habitations at sight of a atranger, and though Mr. Roasenrode
had tsken the precaution to lay in a sLock of provisions for hi party, laden on spare bullocks,
... yet his homes, only two in rrurnber, have frequently been obliged to subnist on small rationa
of rine, for the country yields no ohannaP. ... Fatigue, attended with prrvation and sudden
change of food frorn whoat floor to rice, hna been the causo of the sicknms which the party
experienrod, irrihted with the water oozing from snnclstone [ 414 1. ... The evil might be greatly
remedied by the Commissariat. ..at Saugor boing authorized ... to provide ... a transport depot of
gminS.
Though Lambton had n~aint~auled the smooth conduct of his survey through the
NizBm's territories
[ 412 1, the topographical survey had so many changes of
leadership after Garling's death, that relations between surveyors and o5cials
were frequently strained. There was the professional anrriet,y of the eurveyora to
collect all possible information, both geographical and statistical, regardless of local
susceptibilities, a danger which Mnckenzie had been so careful to avoid during the
Mysore survey [ 11, 213 1. There were many nreas where authority was far from
strict, and local mmindars were apt to defy orders from headquarters.
In 1821, Thomm Hill who was holding charge after Conner's death, received 8
sharp protest from the Residency regarding his enquiries ;
You ... have heen calling upon the mootsuddi es... not only for the names of the villagw,
... but. ulao fur an account of the revenue and produce. ... It is certainly necensary ... that you
should be acquainted with the natnaq of all places, ... but it is totally improper ... to enquire
into tho umanqemorrts of the country. ... You will immediately desiat from such conductd.
Hill reports that Garling was allowed from the Subsidiary Force [ I, 11 j-6 ]
a jnrnedar's guard, and the Minister'a people. ... a cliohdar, a nakeeb, 4 hircarrahe and 16
peons. ... His way of travelling was-a large marquee 12 feet s q u n r e a small double-pold
tent 15 by 8, both with double wallings-and a baggap tent. One private tent for the sepoys
from the Commissary's Depnrtment, ~i nd one for the Minister's people. with an elephant, ...( aa the
aoil generally being of a loamy kind nnd solnewhat injurious to h o r n ), and 3 cclmela; ...
besides these, he had cartn and laden bullocks of his own.
At present I have obtninerl from the acting Resident an havildar's ~ua r d. consisting of
1 havildar. 1 naique, and 12 eepoye ; one mootsoddy. 5 hircarrahs and I6 peons6.
Young agreed that assistance was no longer generous, and that the new Resident,
Charles Metcalfe, could offer no prospect of reverting to earlier conditions ;
He had no connexion with the survoy, oxcept to make applic~tion ... for the
permission, and to remove ally obshclou. ... In the Nizam's cou11t.ry the obstncles opposed to
a surveyor are more numerous, and not so eaaily removed as in orlr own territorim, particlllerly
if the Go\ernment soom8 not to hl i e an interest. ... Reference to the Rasident is not alwaP
practicable from remoto pnrts...where thero rnay be no teppel communication [ 325 n. I 1.
The survey of these dominions rnust of course be... of grent importance to Go\ - ement ,
althol~gh tho Niznm may feol no interest in it. ... I t nppoars very desirable that ... the same pi-
ILS heretoforesliouldL~o followed. Blr. htetcalfe is dkpomd to remove obetnclee when the
instances of them are matlo known to him, hut these ... would be of much less frequent omumnce,
and the survey lesa liable to be retarded, if the party were more countenanced and aided in some
way ... that may not ... incur any direct adtlitionel expenoe to the Nizam's Government@.
Metoalfe wns reluctant t o claim too much ;
A mooteuddy ... or any other efficient person ... at the heaclquartem of the Surveyor, ~ t h . . .
hircnrrahs or peons aufficiont, t,n furrlish one for each eurveying party, is all that is mquisib.
I f , however, Captain Young will crphill for what purpmehe requiree alarlger body. ... suoh es
the Ni m' e Oovmrnent o m rewonably be o d c d on to supply, bhe Resident &...renew his
application. ...
'DDn. 174 ( 06) . 204-27. 'Indian oorn. 'ib. ( lOD),5-I-27. 'DDn. 184 ( 180). 12-6-21.
' t o Young. ib. ( 13840) 2-8-21.
'from Mountford, DDn. 194 ( 18-20). 10-1-22.
Captain Young ... observes-"For myeelf I can get nothing, either to eat or dr i nkw- ~h~
Reeident has no doubt that t he Nizem's Government will csuee every facility ... in procuring
auppliea. ... The Resirlent c m o t perceive ... any sympt om of insurmountable obsklee.
m e ocoaeional absenoe of Patels ...- ignorance ... of the particular pointa which a surveyor
mey be anxious to ascertain-and general reluctance to furnish information of which the
search is an object of univereal ... distrust, are inconvenienc -...which muet be expected. ...
Every traveller who obtains a villager to shew the road pays, or ought to pay, for his
services, and ... labouring villagere compelled t o attend t he survey are entitled to their ~ h b .
Lished hire. Th is... dow not, of course, apply t o Patails or heads of villages, who are officere
of Government, and liable to ocmsional attendance for publio purposesl.
Young described the various subjects on which he had to collect infomation-
boundaries-administrative centres-commerce-prosperity. He repeated his corn-
plaints regarding personal supplies. Metcalfe expressed little sympathy ;
We have no right to. ..such active labour for. ..so nlir~ute a survey of dominions of a
Fore& Prince, ... which is notoriously viewed with ... dislike, aa if ...a prelude to our taking
poeeeesion of the country. It is therefore fortunate t hat the Governrnent hna volunteered
the assistance required, and I trust t hat your oporat,ions may proceed without my
impediment. But I shall not he astonished if the proposed ... censu~ ... meet with objection
[ LT, 213. 367 1.
I am suuprisad and concerned tr) fi nd that you are cxposed to difficu1t.y in procuring sup-
plies for your psrsonal convenience, as my former inetmctio ns. . . p rticularly cnlled ... attention
t o this subject. They allall be repsnteda.
The Surveyor General readily accepted the Resident's point of view ;
That such liberal support should be given by the Nizam's Government ...is gratifying,
and I hope t hat Captain Young win be very careful that no acte of his aaeietante may tend
to create jealously. I am not at a11 surprised t hat the Nawab should shew avorsion to the
injudiciouu attempt t o t.ake a census of tho inhabitants ant1 subjects of a foreign e b b .
A geographical knowledge of the count ,ry... should he obtained in such manner e9 not
t o excite t hat suspicion which too minute enquiries will certainly raiee. A judicio ue...
Surveyor will ... give sufficient information on geographical and military subjects from his
own observations, but ... should be very watchful over the acts of hie aseistantsa [408].
In spite of these directions, protests from local officials and from the h i d e n t
were repeated two years later, probably owing to incautious demands made by
newly posted assistants, and in 1824 Crisp had to issue a special circular ;
First. That all supplios purchased from the natives be paid for a t their own established
prices, and no attempt be made to exact them at a lower rate, or to pay less than is demanded.
Second. That ...p orso m... engaged be paid their regulated hire ; and on no account are they
to be gratuitously employed, or to be premed to aerve unwillingly. ...
Thud. Trading is peremptorily forbidden, for, under cover of the surveyor's occupation,
and ... hie baggage passing without search, ... articles of merhandise have been introduced,
the psyment of duties evaded, and the Govmment defra~~ded.
Fourth. AU opprassion and maltreatment of a native will be visited with severity. ...
Indeed mildnese, patience, forbearance, moderation and justice, should characterize 811 Y O U
dealinge, ... and especially, as you are employed upon a duty which cannot but be viewed
with eome degree of jealously and distrust, it ehollld be your great care to conciliate. ...
You are directed particularly t o confine your enquiricul t o mch points only as refer t o
external objects, as boundaries, nnmea and situations of villages, and carefully to abstain
from questioning the pmple ahnut any mat t en relative t o the internal management of the
country. ... Avoid minute stntietical enquiries which tend t o awaken mapicion and alarm'.
From 1827 or earlier, a European superintendent was stationed in each division
of the Nizim's dominions, and surveyors were directed to apply to hi for any
apecial assistance. they required.
Arrangemente for postal service by means of chik-runners, bppl, hurbm,
and camel harkarae, have been already described [ I, 303~11, 110, 334, III, 269 1-
DDn. lW ( 60 ), 6-3-22. 'ib. ( 66-6 ). 14-3-22. 8 DDa. 198 ( 77 ). 3-6-22.
4DDn. 147 ( 149-61 ),
14-8-21.
Com~nunication between Government offices a t the town^ was maintained by
postal packets "under flying seal", which were despatched in special bags, and
were much more speedy than the public mail. Special Government ~anction had
to be obtained for the franking of letters whose official nature was at all in doubt,
that they might be so included and allowed to pass free of charge.
Boat journeys on the Ganges and Jumna varied according to whether they
were down the river with the current, or up the river against it. The downward
journey from Cawnpore to Calcutta could be made in ten days in September,
whereas the reverse journey, eren for the Governor-General, might take more than
two months1. Travelling by road cGk, the up-country journey could be reduced
to less than fortnight. The despatch of maps during the rains was a serious matt,er,
and they were often damaged wlien sent by dG9- bhngi , or parcel-post [ 358 1.
Mackenzie acknowledges a map from Rlorriwon
which is noatly clone. ... Always s e ~l ~l ... l ot t a~~s ... by d ~ ~ n ~ k , & r1r.b wit,hin t he roll of lens, because
tho luttor take morn time by btlrlgy. 'I'llo rolls of map# ... H.re not immediately opened at all
t,irnw, but. wait for e ronveniunt tirue, wl ~i l e Int,t,er* trro inutently opa!~erl~.
Sea journeys between Cnl c~~t t a and Madras tlepended on the monsoons--s.W. from
July to Septenlber-X.E. October to hiarch [ I , 303 j. Mnckenzie's lettcr, written in
Calcutta 18th August, reached Rirltlell in btadras on tit11 September, in spite of the
s . 1 ~ . monRoon. The assietant surveyors \rho fni:ctl t o c ~ t c h a ship from Masuli-
patam before 1st December hat1 to ~ ~ ~ s r c h to Bengal by land, or wait for a ship
t i l l March [ 374 1. and Maclrenzio wrote to Riddell a t the end of September ;
The season is now about tco change, a1111 after t l ~ s 10th Octobor I expect. nu more from you
by 4ea. ... I woi~lcl 110t wish for tl rn(111t,118 t h ~ t H I I ~ risks sho~l l d be r i ~ 1 ~ .
On ,July l2t.h 1823, the Hon. C,'on~pnny's steamer Diuiux was launched a t Kyd's
clock a t Kidderpore [ I , 347 ] the first vess(:l propelled by steam nntl paddles to be
navigated east of the Cape. She was built for river traffic only, &nd was used on
the Irrawaddy during the advance of General Campb~ll's force towards Ava. Other
river steamers followed, the Irra~i , yddy and Ganges being launched early in 1827.
James Du Vernet took nearly eight months on his first voyage to India, 1823-4.
In 1825 the ~kanl shi p Enterprise sailed from Falmouth on the 16th August, and
reached Calcutta on 9th December, aft,er a voyage undcr sail and steam combined.
She was conlmanded by James Johnston4, formerly of the Royal Navy, who had
taken a leading part in organizing the voyage and won the lakh of rupees offered by
Cal c~~t t a merchants. The time taken waa considered so disappointing, 115 days
instead of the expected 70, that the Enteyrise was sold to t.he Government of
Bengal, and never attempted the return voyage. She was sent to Rangoon under
Johnston's command for service in the Burmese war, and was later employed "in
towing sailing vessels up and down the HooghlyW6. On her first voyage she had been
piloted up the Hooghly by Thomas Waghorn6. Inspired by Johnston, Waghorn
initiated and organized of the overland route via Suez and Alexandria, making
his first outward journey between November 1829 and March 1830, four months
and 21 days between England and Bombay, which was then about the time of e
good passage by sailing ship round the Cape. Waghorn devoted the rest of his life
to the overland route.
'Even Cotton ( 178). 'DDn. 166( 196), 12-8-18.
'Puri, 2GO-20; DDn. 149 ( 141 ). 'Comdr.
Jarnea Henrg Johnston ( 1787-1861 ) ; RN.; at Trebl er; Controller of E.I.C.'e steamers. Caloutta. 183950 :
d. at sea oB Cape; MI. Kidder ro eh. DNB.; $finkridge ( 5 3 ) . ~Ooerkaud Moil ( 7-8) ; Prinaep.
aThon. Waghorn ( 180060 ) ; RI? 1812-7 ; Hooghly Pilot. 1819-24 ; oorndg. gunboat, Arakan. 1824-6 ;
DNB. ; DIB.
A Q M 0 . . . h l s t a n t Quartermaster
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mo. . .
A R. . . Astronomer Bogal
A 8 B. . . AalaUc Soclety of Bengal
I Intor Ravel>
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h l ~ . / 0 f l r : ' ExeeutlvelEngineer/OLBcer
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Appldlt. . . Appolntledlment
Appu . . Applieatlor~
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new norlea
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Bntl~lHsr~overlnn Order/
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SYLHET -IAINTIA FRONTIER
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
BIOGRAPHICAL
ADAMS, Henry [ I I , 376 1. Bo. Inf.
b. 21-1-1789. d., SBtBra, 4-6-29.
Ens. 1-1-07 ... Bt. a p t . 1-1-18 ; Capt. 14-7-22.
Son of John Adams, of Aberdeen, seedpman.
m.. 11-11-19, Christinne Louise. ninter of Jamee M k -
h a n k r 435 1.
1812-9, on rev. svy. Broaoh and Gujarit [ 1701; before
1818 swvd. routes through Ahvisi [ 122 n.3 1.
6-9-10, t o rev. svy., S i t k n [ 7, 126, 171, z81, 344. 432 1.
AIRE, James Ritchie. Ben. Inf.
b. 6-12-1792. d. Agra, 2-6-37, MI.'
Ens. 21-7-10 ... Bt. Capt. 244-24 ; disch. by otml.
2-27.
Son of John Aire, Lieut. RN.. and Christian Ritohie, his
wife.
No rccord found of marri qe, but father of John Qeo. &re.
b. Feb. 1814. who d. as writing master. Anra Coll. 22-2-64.
- - -
and was bur. in same grase.
Hodson, I ( 14-5 ) ; III ( 733 ) ; Bl l ~nt ( 71 1378 ).
Arrd. India Oct. 1809 : with Pionears ti 1821 ; 1822-6.
oomdg. a Beldar Corps; -1821, a0 DAQMO. 8urvd.-roadn in
Biqhbhum [ 27 1.
1827. found euilty by otml. of insubordination and insuing
ANQUETIL, Thomas John. Ben. Inf.
bapt., Jersey, 17-12-1784. kd. in action,
12-1-42, on retreat from Ksbul ; MI.
St. John's Ch., Calcutta.
Ens. 25-3-05 ... Lt Col. 14-3-33.
Son of Thos. Anquetil and h r i e Poingdestre his wife.
DIB. ; Hodson, I ( 39 ).
Xari t ha War. 1817-8; mil. route svy.. Bundelkhnnd
r e 2 1
APLIN, Christopher D'Oyly. Ben. Inf.
bapt. 14-4-1797. d. at sea, 13-5-33.
Ens. 4-9-06 ... Capt. 26-12-22.
80n of Oliver and Mary Aplin.
m.. Camnore. 27-10-18. Julie dau. of Sir h o n Marshall.
xos. , . ~en. inf. ( . ~odson, UI 230-1 ).
Hbdson, I ( 42 ).
1819, DAQMO.; 1820. map of rondn, FerrnkhibSd Diet..
muo. 25 ( 18 ).
ARTHUR, George Munro. Mad. Inf.
b. 30-3-02. d. Aug. 1870.
-
Lieut. 19-8-20 ... Lt. Col. 27-8-67 : ret. n.s Hon. - -
ho en. 10-1048..
Son of Rev. Robt. Arthur, minister of Renolin, Cromarty.
bv hie 3rd wife: half.bro. of Thomaa I 11. 776 1.
-,
ed. ~berdeen. ~l ni v. Oriental club.' . -' -
27-6-23, appd. Anst. Surm., Hyderibid Svy.. from 2nd XI.,
Belgaum [ 1181; Sept. 1821. t o ch. Malabar 8vy. [ I I ~ .
gqz ] ; 10-1-25, sick leave t o Europe.
AUBER, Charles. KM. 67th Foot.
b. 30-7-1790. d. Pronie, 8-6-25.
Lieut. 87th Ft. 6-7-16 ; 83rd Ft. 11-12-23.
8011 of Poter Auber and Anne I'age. his wifo.
Mari Lh~ Wnr, 1818; mnlo. 81 (34-8). original avy.,
beautifully drawn with two roductions, of route I ~ M. 87th
and 1st Batt. 6th UNI.. Rijputana t o Barodo. " Vc v
ronta eurvey. ... Talents desarve encouragement" : granted
doe. Re. 2t 0 pm.' [ l og 1.
BAKER, William Way. Mad. Inf.
b. 1,5-.5-1801.
d. of cholera, 30-11-39,
Tumkur, Mysore,
Lieut. 44-18 ; Cept. 17-9-27.
Son of Sir Robt. Baker. Kt.. oh. magte. Bow St.. 1.0.d~.
Left widow and 5 ohildren.
Ben. Regr. 488 ( 120 ) Map of Tavoy in 9 shwte, md.
BALL, Tho~nas Preston. Mad. Inf.
b. 51-11-1791. d. 20-12-29,
nr. Ahmednager.
Em. 3-7-07 ... Capt. 24-3-22.
Son of Rev. John Ball, of Dublin.
m., Hannah Anne, who d. 11-6-71, aged 70.
Feb. 1808, Man. 01. IV [ 11. 320 1.
1818-9, compiled maps t o illustrats Blnaker's Memoir of
the Mahratta War [ 86 ] ; nqxlu.
BAYLEY, James [ 11, 381 1. Mad. Inf.
b. 5-7-1783. dsp. 11-8-45.
Lieut. 21-9-04 ... bInj. 21-G-27 ; ret. 4-i-20.
Son of James and hlnrgnret Bnyloy, of Mancheater.
The Bayley Tarnily ; d'umily Recorda. Oriental Chb.
April 1805, nlnlx. 01. I [ 11, 320 ] ; 1807-11, with Lambton's
svy. [ 11, 242-4 1.
1811-3, Java ; 14-9-12. aqno. [ 11, 294, 323 ; 111,3371;
18134, to Brngal with Gillespie [II,406]: Aug. 1814, return0
t o Jladres nrmy via Nigpur, survg. en r ode [ 11, 53-4 1,
Worn 1-1-10, Asst. t o QMO. in the Field, employed on
svy. of ghrita E. of Ajanta towards EllichpurJ, and defaenos of
pauses during operations against pindsrw [ 84 ]a.
hIMC. 24-6-17, plaoed under Redt . at NBgpw and from
6-11-17 appd. Supdg. OWoer, Nigpnr oant.
bhr i t ha War, 1817-8; severely wounded in notion,
26-11-17. a t Sitib:~ldi, S. of Nigpnr oity ; nketohea of notion
a t 10. 8
BECHER, Robert. Ben. Inf.
b. India, Jan. 1791. d. 30-5-41,
Canton, China.
Em. 26-7-00 ... Maj. 9-3-37.
Son of Richd. Beoher. BCS.; salt agent, Tamlok, Midnapom.
m .. Elizabeth - ; hia dau. Charlotte m. Augnntus Abbott,
Ben. Art.
Hodson. I ( 1. 117 ).
14-11-17. appd. t o Nigpur Suhny. Force ; 24-10-18, nppd.
DAQMO. [ 337 ] ; later DQYO.
BGO., 28-8-20. from HoshangPbPd t o G n n g d m ~ a
dodb, for road avy. ; naxo. 27 ( 16 ) ; Ben Regr. ( 158137 ),
1820-1. r o d avys. Allahibid and t o Ni gpw [z7,87 1.
BEDFORD, James. Ben. Inf.
bapt. 8-3-1788.
d. 31-3-71, aged 83.
Ens. 29-3-10 ... Bt. Maj. 28-6-38 ; ret. 11-1-13 ;
Hon. Lt Col. 28-1164.
8011 of John Bedford, of Acton. Middlesex.
m., hleerut. 20-9-28. Jane Helen, dnu. of John TTOU~, of
Nairn, and sister of Colin 'l'roup, Ben. Inf. ; shed., AllahbbM,
18-9-36. aged 26.
FIodsbn,-I ( 121 ).
Arrd. Indiu by ship Marquis Welleeky, 25-8-08.
Tho. 1814. Nedal of Merit nt Ft. Wm. Coll.. for HiidnatG - .
and Persian.
1821. with 24t h NI. at MorticlBbBd, emp. at request
of Magt e. "in maki ng oortnin smell e ur ve p" [ 332 1' ;
anerne wrongly recorded ad " Clive" by Blunt ( 71 ). I D D ~ . 145 ( 6714 ), 18-1 1-18 ; 164 ( 66 ), 30-1-19.
'PI'.
la'
'DDn. 140 ( 16 ), 31-12-16. 'Foster (611207-8). 41)Dn. 100 ( 143 ), 6-11-21.
NOTES
BIRCH
27-1 1-21, a ppd. k t . Rev. Survr. . hIorHdtibHd, Rohi l -
khand ; 19-12-22, pr omot ed Hev. S wv r . i n ch.
S a h a e w ~ [ 152-4. 333, 364. 405-6 1.
Bur mese War ; Oct . 1824, t o Asmum a s s ur vr . wi t h
a dva nr i ng u p A s ~ a m val l ey, wi t h Wi l cox
M mt. [ 3 , 52-3, 151, 181-2, 205. 333 I ; s u r r d .
Br ahmaput r a a n d Luhi t t o Br a hme kund, a n d Ui ha ng
t o Pasi al wher e t h e Abor s t ur ne d hi m back, wi t hout
his s u ~ p e c t i n g i t t o bo t h e ma i n r i ver [54-6. 59, 63 1;
aleo sur vd. s hor t wa y u p t h o Di bangl [ pl . 7 , Di bong 1.
On native mil. operations on Non Dihing, a t capture
of stockndes, Neufrille, t he intelligence officer, writing.
15-6-25, "Captain Bedford, of the Survey Department, who
accompanied us throughout as a volunker, gave mo t he
benefit of his experiencr und personal nsaiabnce on every
ooaasion". On n later l ri p up t he Uihing was much trnrlbled
with faver : "For t he three followin,q days I nnrlrnvo~lrrd, by
rduoed living and exerci . ~, t o o\-eranmo wl ~nt 1 then mu-
siderecl n triejng illnela. but alter onrryiny my survey 8.3 far
as the Kusnn Pnss. I found mysrlf so nerinulily unt\fr.rll. that
without further delay 1 put myself unrler mrrlicnl rnrr"'.
His journals and fcll)k~. are frill nnd clrtoiled, with nrnt
sketches nncl crow.aections of riversa.
Closing ~ o r k in Aaaom rlnring t he r ~ i n s of IN26. rrt11r11~11 t o
Celcuttn. 68- 20; I<mt 1n11rl1 of his kit hy t he einkil~p of a
boat, hnt retrieved a tclevcopr nnd a nrxtant. AFtrr f mr
months leave rrsornerl rh. of rev. svy. a t Snhaswin Jan. 1847,
[ 1 6 1 . 16i , 217. 3~ 1. Enco~~ragecl employn~cnt of In,llzin
survrs. [ 380-00 1.
183243, DSG. in ell. Rev. Srye. nnd. from 1838. SCO.
Cnlruttn [ 124 n.3 1.
BEDINGPIELI). Richard Gnrdon. Ben. Art.
b. 5-9-02. d. , Konpkhlao. Assam, 4 4 - 2 9 ,
murdered by KhBsis : 311.
2/Lt. 8+18 ; Lieut. 13-6-20.
Son of Frnncls Phl l ~p Redingfield. of Cumberlnnd, nnd
Catherine his wife, dnu. of Thoa. Hurcrs, of Sorfolk.
ed. Addiqcombe, 1618-9.
Hodson. I ( 121 ) ; Ben. Ob. ( 375 )
With Burlton ( 4 2 7 1. in comd. of "two howitzers nnd twn
l?.pr. cnrronarlea", ' j;,ir~ed force nrlvnncing on Rangpur.
capitol of Aasnm, Jnn. 1885. Emp. on intelligence duty,
attrncting attention of Scott, who weloomed his meant. of
diecharp of ri\-er a t GoilpHrn [ 3 1. and dencrihes him as
"a good s ~ r \ ~ e y o r nnd excellent draughtsmnn" who would
like to be employed on explornti,~n'.
Compiler1 from B~lrmese infn. n map of ('hindwin
R.8 154. 7943 I.
On svy. in Darrnng, IVilcox writing. 28-8-27. "Bodi@eld
... si l l give vou in n short period of t i me an excellent nlap
of ~amr oop. He has nlraedy surveyed under fa\-orable
ciraumstances t he NW. boundary of durrung, ... and he is
clever enough t o t ake advantage of every means t o i mprore
his survey. I do not know t hat I shosld offend him by
celllog him i n norm memure a pupil of mine; but this a
poor Bedingfield we nt o u t arnongnt t h e m una r me d to
s e e wh a t t h e y want ed. Th e y i mmedi at el y u i e z d
him, a n d a f t e r t yi ng hi s hantlu behi nd h b ba c k a n d
cut t i ng t h e t e ndons of hi s lege, ' ormnonced s hoot i ng
at h i m wi t h t hei r arrowe. It is #ai d t h a t h e t ol d
t her n, if i t wea hi s life t h e y want ed, t o kill hi m out -
r i ght at once, whi ch t h e y accor di ngl y rlitl a n d , c n t -
t i n ~ off hi^ head. pl aced i t o n e r oc k wher o a hourre
f or mer l y s t ood " [ 448 1.
Bur l t on a n d a cor npani on wer e ki l l ed t h e fol l owi ng
d a y af t er ma ki ng a gal l ant d e f e n c d [64, 431 1.
BELLEW, Henry Walter. Ben. Inf.
hapt,. 2-1-03. kd. in action, 13- 1- 42,
on retrent from K5h11l.
Ens. 10-11--19 ... Bt,. BIaj. 33-1 1-41.
Son of Hnlbt. Belles, ham., and Herah Fowke his \vile ;
bro. t o F. J. Helleu.. Ben. l nf .
m. AVTR, 173-31, Ant~e. dau. of Cnpt. Peter Jereloie.
Bun. Inl. ; Hn~laon, 11 ( 853 ).
Hoda(,n, 1 ( 127 ) ; Boilenu ( 204).
S~lrvrl. r vuk Ajlnrr t o Jnisnlmc*r [ 8 7 ] ; 18-4-29, appd.
!,4Q$lO.
IH?ll, P,l,:. MH~ . Rij[b:~t,ino Fd. F o l ~ e ; 1834, Nhekbiwati
t.rpn. : Iri:<!'--l?, Afgi1C.n \\'ur, ~, l o. ' a Dept.
Aut l ~. - 3 1 7'br .!femoire ojn Orifln, nit11 sketcl~es.
BESRO\V, Clifton. Ro. Inf.
h. 1- lO-li!)S. d. 19-8-81
Lie ~ t . 15-1-20 ... Lt Pol. 9- 740 ; rot. C.5-50;
Hnn. Col. 8s-I 1-il4.
firm of John Henbow, Mr.. nttorney. Lincoln's Inn.
rd. \Ve*(mlnstcr. ndm. I ~ncc~l n' s Inn. 1:i-15; srllolar
of C' nlu~ C'oll. Cnmh., 1x16-9
Or i ~nt nl Club. ; 0 11' . 1 ( 72 ).
1-3-24, npprl. to Doccan Sry. [ 126 1: 1C10-25, promoted
t o 1st rl. Survr. ; Ort. 1827 nrrd. England on me.
1835-H, with Boyd on svy. of X. Ki t hi l ai r ' [426].
BILLAMORE:, Frederick Harlow. Bo. Inf.
b. Bombay, 264-1799. d. 2&8-35,
Harsol, Ciujarit.
Lieut. 8-10-10 ... Cnpt. 94-31.
Son of Capt. Robt. Billomore, Bo. ~IRI. , and Cn t h n r h
Pruen his wife, r. sister-in-law of W. A. Tntc [TI, 4 4 j l ;
bro. of T. R. B., go. Inf., who d., Knri chi , 27-0, nod of
R. A. B., Bo. Inf.. who d.. Ji l nn. 7-5-18, ofsunstroke.
I.eh widow, Cntbarine, wbo drew pension on Lord Clire'm
fond, nnd d. 1875 aged 77.
Bo 00. 16-2-26. nppd. nsnt. t o Rev. Rurvr., Bombnc &
Salsette [ 168 11.2 ] serving till cloae of svy. 1827.
very qualified prnise" 163-4 1. - -
Route Goi l pi ra t o Gnuhi t i ; N a p of Aesnm Rivers;
BIRCH, Frederick \Villianl. Ben. Inf.
MHIO. 30 ( 37 ) ; 173 ( 28 1. In ell. rev. svy. unclor scot t
b. Calcutta, 1-4-01. d. Sitspur, Oudh, 34- 57,
[ 146. 349.494. 501 1. kd. by ~ilutineen.
Apri l 1820, t ook l oave wi t h Bur l t on t o Nongl t hl ao, Ens. 7-1-2l ... Rt. Lt Col. 20-654.
in K h k i Hill*, o n r o d QaithBti t o Cher r apunj i ,
Son of R. C. Birch, BCS., pymr.. Bcngal, and Franme
where t he y mere "bot ' h bl ~r bar ous l y mur der ed, ... Jane his wife.
t h e f or mer [ Bedi ngf i el d] o n t , he 4t h a n d t h e
m.. Luoknow. 7-7-26. WM Jean IVallrer.
Hodson, I ( 143 ).
l at t er on t h e 6 t h inat. Bo t h ha d gone t h e m f or
B~~~~~ war, Arakan, 1 8 2 G : ha* howledgs of
t he benefi t of t hei r heal t h. F o u r o r fi ve hundr od
,d possessin insts.. am put on a v p of cresPs 8. of bkpb.
Koos%%hs a n d Car r ows s u r r o u n d d t h e house, a n d Nercb &
18% ; resd. owing to ill-health [ W- ~OP.
' Aa R. XVII (331-40). 'to SQ. from Sndi a, 19-2-20. aBIR.10. Y 4 3 M.
'DDn. 230. Jb 414. 13-9-25,
' Aa H. XVII (326).
"en. OB. (375). r A8. f . Sh, 1830; A8 I d . ( 4 1 ) ; Map, XRIO. 129 ( 18).
'Dh. 213 ( 112).
11-3-20.
BLACKER BIOGRAPHICAL
BLACKER, St. John. Mad. Cav.
b. 26-1-1785. d. 1841.
Corn. 29-9-01 ... Maj. 20-10-!Xi; furl. 1825; rat.
2-1-28.
Son of Rov. Dr. St. John Blacker, reotor of Moire, m.
Down ; bro. t o Valentine [ inf 1.
m.. 20-12-26. Anno Hammond. dau. of Sir ('has. Morgan.
MI,. of Dublin.
1810-2, ai t h Harford Jones' mission t o Y~r s i a; 18146.
Asst. Resdt. a t Cochin; 1815, deputed t o purchase horses in
Persian Gulf.
Maritha War, 1818, comdg. irregular cav. ai t h Sindhia
[85. 383 ] ; wnro. 1 0 ( 3 ), "Routes marched by Sindia's Con-
tingent". Emp. Wm. Sundt [ 382-5367 ] on svy. in Central
India. Claimed that he had in his "posseasion the whole
of the survev of the Madras army between the Nurbudds
and ~o d a v ; r ~. M well as their purveys d u w the
late csmpaign. and of a former one in 1810-11 north of the
former river [ 11. 134 1, Logetbcr with Captain Tod's map of
the interior of Hindonstan [ 11, j 5- b 1. and ... nlmost every
information of this part of India".
Asks that he may "add t o the stock I have acquired by
employing the pemon I have mentioned ... in filling up those
vacancies in our knowledg~ of thin country. ... I bnve every
instrument required in surveying but a perambulator'."
10-8-18. appd. 2nd Asat. t o Readt. with Sinrlhia ; 31-12-22,
promoted 1st h a t .
BLXC'KISI:. Valentine [ T I , 3Sz 1. Mad. Cat-.
b. 10-1O-1778. (1. (:alr~itta 4-3-26.
311. S. Park St,. cenl.
con^. 29-8-178s ... Lt Co1. 20-10-23.
SG. of India 1823-6 [ 2 . H, 30~k1. 308-q].
bru. t o St. John [ * u p ] .
m., JIat l r. ~, 22-15-13, JIM Emma Johnston. and had
three sons and a dou.
CB. IKIH.
DS B. : DI B. : EI XC. I ( 323 ). I'ortrait in possellslon of
family [ ])I. 10 I^.
l hb34, AQJIG. and r apt . of Guides [ I I . 313 I ; 1800-10.
o~l l o. Madras ; 18 10- 10, QMG. Madras [ 11. 2 7 5 n.8 ; III.
- . -
98, 1081.
Serve:l t l ~ n j u g l ~ opcr at . i ~~ns ngeinat pi t ~drl ri s, a n d
JlarAthn \ Vt ~r of 1817--8, being ment i oned several
t i mes for di3ting11ished service3 [ 338, 437 1. Obt ni ned
Oovt . por m~wi on t o prxb. or count of t he war,
"llnving nrrungetl t h e lat,n fielrl corrospontlanre in
t h e Depart , ment of t h e Quar t er J I mh r C:eneral,
wi t h a view t o t he proparat i on nf a ' Pmci s' of t h e
mi l i t ar y operat,i,>nii in 31alwn a n d t ho Deckan". ...
"I have likewise in my posseasion materials for przpnring
maps of the seat of the War, explanatory of the movemente
oi the several corps. ... and topographical plans of the
several field actiona and siege. ... These details ... might
contribute l o the benefit of the service by the mere pro-
mulgation of military information, and ... I beg ... to ascertain
whether any objection will exist t o the proposed use being
made of tho official records in my poseeasion. ... No former
war so much meritod ... detail of wents"'.
Xeither Hodgwn nor Montgomerie seemp~l aware t hat
Blacker had thus obtained full authority for the pubn. of
bin maps [ ,<)I 1.
Hi* book was pub. 1821, entitleti "Memoir of
t he ger cr t i ona of t he Rridiah A my i n Zndi o during
fhe Ma hr a f t a W a r OJ 1817, I818 a n d 1819, by Li eut .
Colonel Val ent i ne Hlac:ker, CB. a n d QMQ. of Madr as
Army" ; pref. nd. >l&ae, 13-3-204 [ 86, 289, 291-21.
Riddell writes from Madrss. 14-6-18 ; "Blacker & M~~
are coming overland from Poomh by way of Beejepore [4981
The former intends t o complete from routes kc., a map 4
the theatre of the late war". From Madree he saild for
Calcutta, 3 U 1 9 . with the C-in-C., Sir Thomu nblop
[Bg. 3161, and spant several months there on the prim
Committee, beaides superintending the preparetiom of
mape, and the script of his History [ 86 1. 247-19 bseh
a t Madran, read addrans from inhabitants of &dm & hrd
Hanting,b. 6-7-20, relieved from Prize Corn.
8-1-21, Leave to Europe on me. ; spent much t h e on the
cnntinont. "my medical adviser havin strongly urged
to pass the present winter in the mild ctrnate of the south^^
[ zgs 1. At Florence in Dee. 18B when he r & ~ d
letter from the Directors announcing his seleotion to ba gr~
of India, and hoping that ho would proceed to In&,, in th;
springs. Though given extension of leave on med. gromdr
further extension to Sept. refwed. Everest mitea in bhi
1823 ; "Received intelligenoe a abort time ago that col.
Blackcr was very ill in France, and that be was not
expected out befora the end of the present year"7 [446].
Leavi ng Englnrrd in Jrlne. Blacker orrd. Calcutta
21-10-23. a n d t ook over c h a r ~ e of dept . on 24th
[ 461 I. Though not b y t r e i n i l l ~ a scientist, mathn., or
ast,n)nomer, he t ook a keen interest in everything
t h ~ t touchetl his new proforrsion as surveyor and
map. meker [ j 5. 71, 90. 118, 185, 187-8, 191, 261,323,
330. 345. ,381. 4429 455. 485. 492. 496 1-
sopt. 1825, olected member of ASB.B at Calcutta,
a n d lut,or r ead paper on bartlmeters and hygrometers.
Tool< a ~ t r o n g line on i mport ance of GTS. aa the only
roundat i on for t h e surveys and map of
I ndi a, hi s l et t er of 11-8-24 st at i ng t he case in terms
t h a t wore beyonrl c ha l l e ~~gc . Waugh writ- 25 y e m
l at er ; "The Honour ahl e Court of Directors having
called for a r epor t o n t h e ...p robable duration of the
t ri gonomet ri cel st uvey, a ver y mast erl y discussion of
t he subj ect wwq pr epar ed b y t h e lato Colonel Valentine
Bl acker, ... who, wi t h t l ~ e exception of Colonel
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t , wu t h e ahl est a n d most scientific man that
ever over t hi s exponsivo department "'
[ 240-2. 263. 296, 445, 452. 455 1.
Ful l y mai nt ai nad 3lacltonzie's insistence of One
uni f or m syst em for I ndi an maps a nd sllrveys, more
especially wi t h r egar d t o new f -inch Atlas [ 4, 120-19
194-5, 282, 297-8. 305 1, f or which he worlted out
lsv.out projert,ion adapt ed from t he French
. -
r 283- 4 9 293 -5. 457 1.
Continuous residence i n<pl out t a told on his health. He
writes in Jan. I824 t hat ,
being aeverely nmicted with the
rheumotinm" be was obliged to .. use tbe pen of another";
and again in June ; "I am poaitively prohibited from stirring
out while t he sun is up".
Died on 4th March 1828 at the
early age of 18. Though there have hren vuriou~ eol~jectulPn
as t o cause of his death, none of the Cal yt t s nevspapem
are moro precise than tho Ariatic Journal : Colonel Bl80ker
died on Saturday last after n short illness. Beyond the
line of bia duty, in whioh his high charactor raised him to
the appointment of Surveyor General of India, Colonel
Blsoker is known chiefly by his acoount of the late Mahratb
War. in which work military oporationa are delineeted with 8 - , .~-
degee of spirit and precision that ... bee rnrely. if ever, -
surpnsned. The early period of his residenoe in CalcutaWM
enqosued by offioial demands upon his time. but of !ate
had found leiaure t o engqe in both p h i l ~ s ~ p h i ~ d and LmW
inquiries ... comeoted with hie profession"1 (205. 2731.
' DDn. 144 ( 319-83 1. 7-4-18. Icf. S of I. OR. 10,?&8. 'from Blacker, 8-10-18 ; MMC. 24-11-19.
A m J . IX. 1820 ( 74 1. 'Mist. LR. 149/315, 12-2-22. 'to Hodgmon, DDn. 171 ( 14 ) 216-23.
I A6 J . dug. 1826 ( 103)'
' PR. ( 6 ). ImQavt. Oar., 7-3--26.
NOTES 4% BLECHYNDEN
Edw. Alexander, who arrd. Caloutte from Burma 261-20.
-ta; "Among other friends hem I visited t he late
&wveyor General of India, Colonel Blaoker, whom recent
d ~ t h hae been so severe a lose t o soienoe in India. His
health wan then far from being good, but he oontiiued
hdefatigably employed i n his Literare lebours"l.
Everest w r i h several years l at er; Colonel Blacker fell
viotim t o fever contraoted, ae i t is supposed. from t he
noisome vapoum enerated by t he aleaning of a n old tank i n
the grounds attacfed to t he Surveyor General's ofice in Park
Street, Chaoringi [ 31 I lug.
Amongat papers which Blaoker wrote for ASB. waa
one read 2-11-25, "The Geographical Barndarien of I ndi a. ...
The author her inoontestably mnde out t hat t he river Indus
gannet be considered either geographically or politically aa
the western barrier of Hi ndoo~t an"~.
Another paper, The dlililnry Qeqrnphy of Cenlml ;laia, is
preserved as 10. Tract 300.
portrait given on pl. 20 iscopied from onr a t Carriokblacker.
00. Armagh. The original of the map which Arrowamith
reproduoed for his ,Uetnoir of the Mahratla War i s preserved
by t he family a t Elm Park. co. Armaghl.
BLACKWELL, Thonli~s Eden. HM. 13th F O O ~
( later, Somerset LI ).
Ens. 2516-12-22 ... Lioot. 21-7-25 ; shewn i n AL.
1823. omitted 1831.
1H24, with regt,. a t Ft . IVm. ; Dec., wolmded twice a t
kngoon.
Nov. 1625, with Grunt as asst. survr. [ 7 2 1.
BLAKE:, Benj nnl i i ~ [ I I, 382 1.
h. 6-8-17YR. d. 12-3-38, i l l Egypt,
r n route to England.
Ens. 17-9-06 ... Rt . BIaj. 10-1-37.
Son of George md Ann Blake of Portsmouth.
m.. c IwDII. Bl ~ z n b ~ t l ~ Lldinxtol~.
~o' dson, I ( 162 ) ; I1 ( 622 ).
1808-14. on s s p . i n Upper Dorib and Gorakhpur [ d j 7 ] ;
so.,. 15-11-16. furl. t o Englnnd.
BOO. 8-2-??. appd., with ~Ilce*. of River Survr. [ rj,9-., 1.
t omy. Snlt Agencies of Bhullla ( Notikhlli) and Chittagong
[493]. Lost a boat full of kit in storm a t mouth of Meghna.
27-3-22: oao. 5-10-24 reverted to mil. service I ? ? a 1. Julv
. -.-<.
1825 to Jan. 1826, a t Barraokpore.
252 ( 2 ), 17-1-26, offered aurvg. i d s . t o SG. on
sal;?~y haucesar o very low t o meet theexpense attendant
on a voyage t o England for t he reoovery of my health. whioh
ha0 been injured by long experience on surveying duties".
BLAKE, William. Ben. Inf.
b. 24-6-1780. d. nenares, 23-9-2l.
Ens. 7-10-1799 ... Maj. 5-6-21.
Son of Benjamin Blakoand father of Muireon Trower Blake
( 180847 ). Ben. Inf.. asst. surw.. Bhutln. 11138.
m., in England, 18Oi, Mary Anne Wolsey, dau. of Col.
B. Wolsey hlu~rsnn.
Hodson. I ( 164 ) ; 111 ( 746 ).
BOO. 2-5-17, t o svy. and mark out line of road Benares
t o Sahiranpur, under orders of Supt. Polioe. W. Provinces.
BLANDFORD, Morgan Dove. Survr. uncov.
b. Jan. 1700. d. Calcutta, 27-10-35.
Arrd. India 1810, and emp. with Yessrs. Joseph Taylor &
Co., auotioneara. Calcutta.
m.. Calcutta, 27-0-12, Eli~alwth. b., Calontta, 5-1 1-1705.
dao. of John. Wattn, gunner, and Ann his wife. Eliarrbotb d.
Calouttn, 11-8-13, after fall from buggy 7-8-13, leaving
dan. Nary Ann, b. 1 0 4 1 3 . Ho hnd ahildmn. b. Monghyr
1828 aud Cnlautta lUa4, by o 2nd wife, Elimbeth Workman.
18-7-17, n p p d . wt . eur vr . & d mn . t o Alex. Gerard,
eur vr . t o Bd. of Cornnm.. Sa hl r a npur , @ Re. 200
prn. ; di sch. 1-2-19, o n cl ose of evy. [ 218. 3471.
Fa i r copi ed mver nl of Gernrd' s rnapa, i ncl udi r ~g t h a t
of Da h r a DBn whi ch bear s hi s aut ogr nph [ 22-3.
202 n.4, 451 ; pl. 31.
1815-31. Indigo planter. Tirhot; 1832. rnnrch.. Yat na;
1832-4, oil merch. and "assistant builder". Wcllesley Sq..
Calcutta.
URC. 22-I-% (28). emp. by Rev. Bd. on avy. of swnmps
and bhila nr. Barmat, 24-Parganaa, and d. of fever a few
months later [ 3671.
BLECHYNDEN, James. Survr. uncor.
h. 179718. d. Calcutta 163-37.
Son of Richard Blechynden. who nrrd. India 1784 and
practiced as civ. architect & s u m. . and Inter Supdt. of
Ronds, (' alcottn. Richard d. &2-22, and Hodgson r epor b
i n April that "at t he sale of t he effecb ... I took i t upon me
t o p u r c h ~ o n very good plane table and some other sn~nl l
article3 rcquirrd in t he village aurveya"J.
James appears t o have hnd a bro. Thomas, d. (' ~lclrtta
2 t 5 -45, aped 44 ; .MI. X. Park Bt. oem.
I n appljing for empt. 1R23. James re cod.^ tl:at " I wna
nominated t o succeed Cnptn. [Hugh ] Mnrrieson in the
Sunderhunds Sursev on his k i n g cnlled t o join his corps
during tlw Nepaul War [ 11. 4 3 1 ; 11 1, r r 1. ... Yul~aequrntly
I was appointed Hcnrl Surreyor of Calcutta & the 24.Per.
gunnahs in the r l f i ce of the Collector [ 1361. ... On the
abolition of the situation, uns recommendecl by the late
Lt. Col. 3faokenrie to accompany & aaaist Lt. R. W' rou~htnn in
his survey of the Mattnhangah k other riversandshoals, Cc.
[ g 1, ~ n d ah0 t o perfnrm various other duties. ... such ms
drafting Lt. Coll. Blacker's rnnpr, plans. Sc.. for hi3 'BIemuirj
of the %Iahrhtta Cnmpniqv. kc.' [zsz. 424 1, and l ast l r t hat I
was ... Suneyor of Embankments 8 Superintendr~.t' of the
Revetment.; i ncut t ack ... nearly 3 yearn. ... This appointment
hss been since abolisherl. ...
"I have always, with t he exception of 3 months in t he
CoUector' ~ office, received Ra. 300 per mensenl, and had nn
establishment allowed me. ... At Cuttaek I drew a personal
ealary of 300 Re. per mensem, and a monthly cst abl i ~bmcnt
allnw:mce of 62 h., and wes allowed i n addition t o t he abore
1 rupee 1 anna per mile for travelling chargeso6.
m. . Calcr~ttn. 90-7-20, Sarah Radficld. nat. dao. uf
Richmond Thnrheray, fnthrr of novelist; @he d. 28-5-41
aged 35 ; A n . 3. Park St,. cem.. C'alcutta.
Btarch 1817, fiurvr. under Collr - 24 Parganas, exami nd by
Hpdr. .4S(:.. nnd pnnsed RP q ~ ~ a l i f i d Land.S~u\.eyor'.
pr. 1823, ran levpls for Iay.out of CYnlcutt,n ranal d [ 14 1.
9-10--23, appd. oxst. survr. . t o j oi n Fisher In Syl l i et
[ 145. 3.33.369 1.
Apr i l 1894. wi t h Scott fl crow I i hi i i
Hills t o Gauhi rt i [ gr . 501 1. 0 1 1 r ev. shy. unde r Scot b
in A ~ s a n i valley.
Pcmibly asst. in -4cct. (:CU.'S office 1931; B Di r & d R .
1833 ( 4.74 ).
Under CD. t o B. 87-7-36 (45-7 ), granted pensian, hia
olaim baing "founded on yerrioes of >isteen years, employed
p ~ c i p a l l y in land anrveying. Your Government being pm.
eluded from granting pensions t o unoovenanted servant.
nuder a mrvice of twenfy years, Mr. Blechynden hna memorial-
ired us. ... I n oonaideration of his dsst i t ob condition m d
losa of health. ... o a u d principdly hy repeated returns of
jungle fever originall caunht in Awm. we ohaU not object
to you allowing Mr. gleahynden one third of t he salary he
received i n his capaaitg of Suparintendent of Embankment.
in t he 94 Par pnnahs ( Ra. 200 per month ), under t he Com-
miaaioner of ALipore".
'Alexander ( 54 ). Jes. Edw. blexender, Ii eut . KU. 13 Lt. Dragoons ; FRCS. ; in Burma 1925-8 ; with ~s r dc t na l d in
Perain. 19%-7 [ 11.419 ] ; .4a J. XXIII. Jan.-J~mo. 1927 ( 618 ).
'Evereet ( 12s ). SO&. &a. 10-11-25. 4Jlaj. L. V. 9,
BLscker, who led t he Houston Bight over blt. Eve mt , 1939.
dcwendcd from Lathsm B. 1st cow. of Valentine. 'from
So. 104-22, BTC. 22-4-22 ( 62 ). * U'rC. 0-10-23 ( 24 ). 1 B Rev. Bd. 18-3-17, ( 9-10 ).
Ban. $el., C a d ( 5 ).
BOILEAU
BIOGRAPHICAL
BOILEAU, Alexander Henry Edmonstone.
Ben. Engrs.
b. Calcutta, 3-2-07. c i . , Caw-npore,
30-6-62, of dysentery.
2/Lt.. l i -6-21 ... hI Cen. 1R10-60.
Son of Tho~nna Boileau, notary-public, Cal o~~t t n. and Lenh
his wife, dan. of Lt CoI. Ehenezer Jessnp of Alhnny, Sew York;
bro. t o John Theophilue Boilenu, Ben. Engrs.. who was
stationed a t Agrn in 1S?R.
m., lst., M a . 3-2-34 Chnrlottc. ~l nn. of \Vnl. Hanaon ;
she d., Barrackpore. 2 9 4 4 0 , ape11 26.
N.. 2nd. Pxignton. Devon, 5-9-60, )latiIda ~: C, I CP. ,Inn.
of Alex. Tovoy. nu. 23th Foot ; he In., 2n,l. Lt C:m. A. T.
Cadell, Mod. Art.
rd. Addisconlhe. 1s"-4.
Bodson, I ( 171 ) ; 111 ( 746 I. Cq~'eswortby Grant.; portrait
in ~~ndr es s nnifnrrn. with inst. & tripod, from Indiu Rpciew
of June 1840 1 vqrl. I V I.
2-7-25. posted t o S 81 \I. . Cuwnporc ; 1s.';-6, a t siege &
capture of Bharntpur.
24-2-37 ; write3 to SC. fr~3ru camp nrnr -4llnhtibId. " s l ~ n ~ ~ l d
my services be nt all n\.silnhle i ~ r t he drpnrtnlent under pour
charge. I shnll ho hn11p.v tn app1.c them ... u-herel-rr they ma r
be most useful. ... I a ~ n ... n c q ~ ~ a i n t ~ <l with the localitieu of t he
Donb nlld t he collntry immc~di:rtelg \vest of t hs Julnna,
towards Deig rind Ferozepwr' . ...
"I ha\-e ill my pn*nwsion a aet, of plan?. r~rlncerl from
survey8 on a larger ncnle h r myw!f and ot hrr officers of
Engineers. co~nprininc the whole of the fol-tr l a t ~ l v c~r pt l ~r ed
or sumenilerml in t he Bhortpoilr Territom, which I had
intcnded t o lithograph for the use of the C O ~ ~ S " : .
On evi dence uf l ~ i ~ s vy. rrl,ility f r nm br ot he r
offirerr, SIG. oht ni net l l ~ i s nppt. t,n ar y. , Oct . 1827 t o
Apr i l 1828, f r om AIIahLhAd t n ( . n~, npnr e [ 3, 24-6.
190. 202-3, .330 1. a nd. Oct.. IH28, f r om Agr n t o
Bl ~ a r a t p u r [ 26- j . 189. 7 0 3 , 220 13.
Hi, wurlt was goocl a n d won Ho d p o n ' s ~ r ~ p r o v a l .
Fr nr n 1832 tlo 1838 nerved wi t h GTS. H e t h e n
ha11 succerrnful car eer o n nnqr. d~l t i e s .
1819. mi de mmStE. of t he T i j nt Hodgaon' ~ rrquest.
"As soon aa you arrive a t Aga , nt your first leisure. ...
make me a very exact measurement in feet and inches of t he
4 sides of t he mnrhle platform on which t he Taj fitnnd~. ...
Pray ask Capt. C , in my nxme t o lend you t he chain helong-
i ns t o the Trigonometricnl Surrey. nnd havine mnde t he
measuremenk return it t o him [ zql, t.16. 2501. I mhclr some
measurements of 2 side3 of thir plntform when I was a t Aga,
hut I winhed t o have t he 1 : it i q very nenrly an exact equnre.
The proper roensure will, I think, he where t he verticnl from
t he wall cuta the horizontal line of t he platform. hut i t may
bs a9 wall also t o take t he interior mensore within t he low
halu3trade whioh surrounds t he plntform, and also t he dintance
whose ninter m. Samuel Dari s ( I, 332 ).
Hodnon. 1 ( 173 1 : I1 1623 1.
. . . - r
eao. 7-2-1.4, appd. t o comd. Mnj. Brsdshaw's es,ofi in
room of Pickrragill [ 11. 436-7 1. Bradnhaw r epot i j On an
action near Nepil border. 25-1 1-1 1, " Lieute-t bj+,,,
oommnnding my eecort, ... received a deep sabre cut
personal cootcst with a Nepalese Soobah whom he dew,
whoae death haetened t he success of t he general attaok"#,
10-2-16, appd. dent. t o aaa., aen. Ochterlony in pol
dept. : B Pol C. 16-3-16, sppd. t o comd. escort of R d t ,
Ki t maodu, Nepil, and t o be Pontmnster t o R&cp.
&Iarc11 1817, s ~ ~ r v d . f r ont i er bet ween NepBl md
Ti r hr l t ; s vy. occupi ed onl y 30 tlaya, but p r o t r ~ t i o n
of 7 copi es t ook 5 rnondhn. "Concl udi ng t he &mame.
t i on ... engr ~ged b u t a ver y l i mi t ed t i me.
I had tn
.-
... unde r t a ke i t at a f ew da y@ not i ce, a n d t o incur
a c o n ~ i d e r a h l e expens e i n t h e puraheee of imtru.
mont u, a n d in t h e hi r e of t h e e xt r a ser vanh. .. anr~
-, ... -.."
af t er war ds h a d t o r et ur n unempl oyed ... from Puma
t o Ne pi l . a n d t hon ma k e t h e 7 copi es for t he different
de pa r t me nt s " [ I YZI 1' . H e cont i nued hie svy.
e a s t wa r ds i n 1818, a n d l ef t hi s meps unfinished st
his deat h.
BOLES, James. Mad. Inf.
b. 18-9-1789. d. hladras, 26-5-23.
Lieut. 29-9-06 ... Capt. 27-1-19.
Ron of Thomae Boles.
MOO. 2-2-19, appd. Asst. S u m. under Comnr. of Pmn.
forsvy.in S. Mari t ha Deccan [ I 25n. hsj g2] ; Bo yo. 7-8-20,
read., t o become Mil. Pymr.. Ceded Dish.. s t Bellary.
BOYD, George. Ro. Inf.
b. Minorca, 2-8-1800. d. RHjkot,
24-8-50 ; Mr.
Lieut. 4-5-20 ... Lt Col. 1-548.
Son of AM Boyd. who m. 2nd. - Smith.
ed. RMC. ~endhor at .
24-1-22. appd. asst. surw.. Deccnn Svy. [ 125 n.12, 1261;
I 0 Cat. ( 446). 1823. srys. of Si t i r e, N. of ;\IaI~lbaleawar;
1828-9, assisted in meaet. of Karli base-line [ 130 ] ; 1830-1,
in oh. Decran Svv.
1832, with r ei t . ; 1835, with Benbow [ q r j ] on svy. in
Kat hi i war ; 1842 ; with Le Messurier on avy. between Quett.
nnd Kal i t . 1839. with l)e 1'Hoste on rond avys. in Sind,
nebrnittinq spes.in~ens of lend ore from Lae Belss, Bo OW
Sm.. 1839-40 ( 204 ).
Foster ( 103 ) ; sketches nnd views of Bijlpur, Afgbioistio,
etc.. 183642. preserved a t 10.
BRTGGS, John. Mad. Inf.
from the outer edge of t he corner"'.
Boileau suggeqted t hat S & M. might help on his svy.;
hapt. mar lap all em,^ 10-12-1785. d. 27-4-76.
"An expert workmnn t he Rappers would be very uneful i n
Lieut. 20-i-01 ... Col. 1-12-29; furl. 1836, ret.
cloaring ground for t he barn, i n erecting signals, eta.. and
M Geh. 1838.
I a m sure. from having served shout t wo yeara with them.
Son of Dr. James Briggs, Surg. Coo., Madrae.
... t hat t hey are ready t o t urn their hands t o almoet any
FRS. ; FRAS.
kind of work"'. A smnll dett. under Lawrence Hill joined
DNB. ; DID. ; Bripga ; Orienld Club : VM. exht. 101%
him in 1830 hjr n few months.
portrait by J. Stewart, 1!39.
On voyage t o India.
I kept up my nsutical kno~l ed#~
BOILEAU, John Peter. Ben. Inf.
and practioe, especially t he use of t he sextant, whioh wM
bapt. 10-1-1790. d. unm., Patne,
moat useful t o mo afterwards in several surveys on
th3
I was enabled thereby t o undertake".
After
with
1-12-18. Cedet Co. a t Chingleput, joined 16th Nr. a t cumbum' in
Ens. 2-10-05 ... Lieot. 26-10-06. Ceded Distelo.
&n of Joho Theoohilas Bollmu of Dublin: oouein t o 1809-11. with Meloolm t o Persia [ 11, 173-5 1 i
A, H. E. [ #up 1, an.1 j ohn Pdhr Boileau, Ben. ~ o a e Art., oerved on Persepolis gateway [ 11, 445 I.
#
' both in Bh e r a t p ~ . 'MRIO. M 848. 'noat 130 rough maps, fdhka., and traverser t o DSO. 18-10-46,DDn. 416( 15-8)'
'DDL 220 ( 331 ). 144-28. 'Boilesu's fdbk.. DDn. 227. M 314; 10-2-29.
*Ncpaul Papcra ( 181 ).
' DDn. 133 (
Jan. 1818. @Subnrb of Narsapur. formerlv important EIC. Factory. W', of Chicncolo'; Imp. oar. XVI ( 227-8 ).
* ul PI'
- -
16 ; III, pl. 18. Cummum. 'Odrigga ( 11 ).
I\; OTES 427 BURLTON
peninn soholar, spent several years on tr. from Peraiaa
22-11-22, apptl. Rev. Survr. of IY. Div., 3I or d6bi . d
of isl lor!, of,..Mahomednn Powr i n India, t i U LAG Year
D. l ~ ~ p , writing in pref. "Before the end of the year 1816
[ '54' 333 1 ; Oct' 18243 Burmese War, mil.
~' ~~d. . . oompl r t ed the translation of the whole work with
t o CXchir [ 65, 151 1; survrl. Bariik R. wi t h Pember -
notes. The war which broke out in India in 1817 t on as asst . [ . +94] ; 19-R-25. t o Bur ma. arri vi ng
=ndered it necessary for me t o accompany the army that
Rangoon 20th act.
marched to ~ a l wa . I left my library and mmns~r i Pb at
With Ma c g n ~ V 6 h a w ~ d y up topagan (72-3, 370, q74].
poona, with the rxception of the t r ~s l at i on of Ferbhte.
GrMt reported from ~ o ~ ~ , 3-1-20, c s ~ i e u ~ u a n t B~~~~~
had been sont t o ... Bombay.
has...hed of late very bad heulth. I doubt whether be will
"on the 5th of November 1817, the Peshwa attacked the
have an opportunity of jlining tho army. I eheU...enquire
Pocna residency. ... and after ~"oking the place the troopa
whether the General will he disposed t o assist him in getting
set fire to the houses, and burned them with their contents
up to Tongoo, should it be his wish t o make the attemptw'.
[ 125 n.4]. , Yy own family had the good fortune to esoape
The Toungoo trip was not porsible, hut aher signature
with t he~r lives, but the whole of my ProPert~. ...including
of peaoe, Browne and Macan survd. route across the Araksn
library together with my manuscripts. ... Was loat or
Yomas from Padaungmyo to Taungup [ 3. 73 1; he later
destroved"'.
reported to the SG. "t hat at the time I was ordered from
6-1-16, apprl. 3rd Asst. to Resdt. at Poona; with
Prome I was necessitated to abandon mg baggage, taking
~ ~ l ~ o l m ' s column in pursuit of Peshwa.
with me only a few things. The suddenness of mv departurn
klay 1818, msumed ch. of Ii hBndesh: "The Ar my was euch that I left mv property a t Prome to th; chance of
of the Deccan was broken up. ... General Hislop hdi na its Way to the Presidency, but oll hopes of rewvery
delivererl over t n t he charge of Rriggs all t he f or t s
at an end"6.
Leaving Cal cat t a by river, 1-12-25 [ 490 1. Browne
and depe~~t l enci ev cerleil by Hol kar, onrl conquered
rejoined rev. svy. a t Mor i di bi d March 1827 [ 155 1.
from t he P e ~ h wa , nol.tll of t he Godavery a s far as t he
remnining in ch. for ohe next 15 y e a n [ pl . 24 n.3 1.
Rat,nura mountains. a nd Briggs came under t he
---r -- --
orders of Moi mt st unrt El phi nst one, sole Commis-
sioner of t he Deccan. The t r a c t ront ai ned ahout
19,000 s q~l a r e miles, comprising ... t he valley of t he
Godevery, a well popul at ed region, a nd Kh h d e s h ,
ecantily inlinhitedm8.
By 1822, wi t h some ausistance, Brigys completed
svy. of hiu whole area. wi t h valuable ma p which
though by no means precise was best available
thirty yenrs l at er [ 123-4, 383 1. A reduced copy
was lithd. scale 4 miles t o a n inch.
1823. RBSdt. a t Sat i re; eenr. member of Myaore Admn.
Ed. ; 1832-5. R d t . Nlgpw.
Auth. of Lstkra oddrassed to a young peram i n Indic.
London, 1898.
BROWN, William. Ben. Inf.
b. 22-12-1795. d. unm. 11-9-45,
on mil. service Sukkur, Sind.
Ens. 64-15 ... Bt Maj. 23-1141.
80n of Andrew Brown, writer, CO. Ayr.
Hodnon. I ( 228 ).
23-11-22, appd. Asst. Rev. Survr.. Del hi [ I ~ I .
156,332-3 1 ; 17-1 1-26, Rev. Survr. Sdhiiranpur
156-8, 162-3,366,411-2 1; 1829 t o Bulandshahr.
Led ernpt. I ndi an survra. [ 389-90 ] ; investigated
length of k088 [ 164-5 ; pl. 15.1.
On Rev. Svy. till 1844 [ qgo] ; probabl y tlre most
capable of all t he rev. survrs. in Upper Provinces.
1822-1842 [gl. 24 n.2 1.
BROWNE, Rirnie. Ben. -41%.
b. 23-9-1796. d. PeahSwer, 30-10-55.
Fwkr. 14-8-17 ... Bt.Col.2Y-11-61.
son of Birni, Browne of Leith, wine-merchant, end
Catherine Oraoo his wife, dau. of John Creswoll, of Nortbum-
berland.
m..St. John's. Calcutta, 2-9-26. Miss Marin Jane Christians.
d. Addiscombe, 1612-6. Hodson, 1 ( 239 ).
1818-22, PM'I. Penang.
'pub. London. 1829. in 4 vols. ~ F e r w h , I ( vu, viii).
(183). 186-28.
a Ben 01. (376 1. 3 v. CC. 94-25 ; ~s R. XVII (
BURLTON, Philip Bowles. Ben. Art .
bapt. 1R-19-03. kd. by Khssiu. KhBsi
Hills, 5-4-20, nr. Nonskhlao.
-
2/Lt. 19-12-20; Lieut. 1-5-?A.
Son of Wm. Bwlton of Wgkii Hall. Leice. & Ravenatouk
Ho. Wilts.
ed. Winchester: eoholar 1816 ; Addisoombe, 1819-20.
A8 J . xxviii ( 594. 732 ) ; Ben. Ob. ( 375 ) ; DIB. ; Hodson.
I ( 252 : I11 ( 761 1.
rived in India at the end of 1S21, and joined his regi-
ment at Durn Dum. He and another subaltern were sent up
oomtry in disgrace for ... inviting to the Mess the editor of a
Caloutta journal. who was a perdona lldn grab with t he
authorities for the ootspoken way in whjoh he ariticiabd
publio policy in his journal. Burlton was eent to Aasam.
end on the outbreak of the Burmese war. wes actively
emploved in the field, and mentioned in des~at ehw. On the
t e r b- a t i m of hostilities he devoted himseff to ... discovering
the sources of the Burrumamter and Irrawaddv. and of solv-
. .
ing eeveral geographical qd&ions"' [.+34].
J a n. 1825, wi t h Redingiiold [ 4 z j ] in advance on
Rengpur ; survcl. course uf Br ahmaput r a t o Sadiya.
t aki ng section above GauhBt,i [ 3. 53-4 1. Feb. 1826.
up Dihnng wi t h Wilcox.' who would have been "ver y
g l a ~ l t o avai l ~nysel f in an)- di j t ant j ourney" of
Burlton' s " perlnanent assistance a nd society "'. In
st ~haequent narrat i ve \Vilcou ilascribes t r i p up Khar um
R. s. of Brahmakunci wit!i Burlton [ j14 1 ;
"Here i t was often found n e wa r y to open a passage up
n shallow by removing stones from the bottom. Ow route
while the boats remained with us was generally t.hrough the
jungles on the bank, but a survey of sorts w a made, eatirnat
ing the dirtenoe by ti:lie. and taking what bearings the
oloseness of tlre jungle permitted. A ~mrambolator would b
bathred to pieces, and the objection to n chain would be the
necwity of wading acros erery two or three hundred yards.
and the wmt of open pund"f i .
\Vith LVilros on second t r i p u p Dilieng a t end
of Doc. 1826. m>ncl~in_r PMi village before being
turn&. back by Ahors. IVilcox now confirmed in
belief t h a t mai n st,renru of !hang-po came dawn
Diliang [ 56 1.
* .
Br i ggs ( 50) . 'DDn. 2'21 ( 135). 3-1-26. 'DDn. 221
317-9) ; DL)n. 214.25-2-20. "-4s R. YVII ( 315 ).
BURLTON
BIOGRAPHICAL
April 1827, t he y s t ar t ed advent ur ous expn. t o
h w a d d p near Put ao. f r om which t hey r et ur ned
16t h J u n e coml ~l et el y exhaust ed [ 60-2, 79 1. Wi l cox
writea f r om Yadiya ; "Burl t ol l has ha d r et ur ns of
hi s ague. b u t in t h e i nt erval s of hi s fits he is well.
H e has ki ndl y under t aken t o writ.e f r o ~ n our journals.
... I have wr i t t en agai n respect i ng hi s servi ces si nce
he joined me. ... Th e annoyances ... endumcl, wi t h loss
of heal t h, ought t o u ~ r l u ~ e t he Governrneut t o a c t
mor e generously t owar ds hi m t ha n at prenent t he y
Beem inrlined"' [ 349 1.
I t is worth quoting h~r t her from Burlton's vivid nccount'
[ 62; pl . 71:
April 15th. "Left Suddeyah. ... Took no ~er vant s with
us, understanding from the Suddeeya people ( who hold the
phye.ieal powers of the Bengalese in great contempt ) t hat
... they would either die on the road or be obliged t o return".
Up the "Now Dihing" in small tlhingies with light awninge
whioh hardly proteoted them against "heavy rain, or gales of
wind. One of t he latter paid us a \isit rather un~xpectedly
when we were comforbhly asleep" and blew down their
shelter. "We endeavoured to set i t up again, hut in vain.
After shivering in the wind 9: rain for some time, with more
t he appearance of drowned rats than of Oficers and Gentle.
men. we gave i t up. ... and r a t thero was none for the romain-
der of the night. We halLod next day t o dry the rioe & every
other thing we Itad with ua". ...
"27th. We were amused by the sound of a bird which is a
ouriosity. ... For want of a better name i t may he oalled the
Bell Bird from the striking rwcmb1.1nw i t makes to th9
sound of a bell tolling a t a distance. On first hearing i t we
oonceived it to be soch. ... We had no opportunity of seeing
i t so a description cannot be given. ...
"20th. ... A spot waa pointod out to us as much resorted
to by deer & elephants for the white salt. ... Petroleum is
also found there'. ...
"Xay 1st. ... The Bridge, or Sakoo, is a very simple one,
... and would answer remarkably well over any impassable
river where expense would he a consideration. It consists of
tw strong canen being stretched across, on which is suspended
a basket or cradle. The pnasenger s i b i n this & by means
of another aane & by his own exertionu he is pulled acroea in
perfect safety.
"To a man unaccustomed t o crossing. & subject t o he
giddy. the sensation may he rather unpleesant should he look
down on the water roaring bereath him. ... The distance
aoross the narrowest part ... was about 60 yards, and from the
opposite side a man waa inaudible.
[ Here follows sketch of bridge, river. and hills 1.
"Our ponies wero unable te crose, and the elephant
ancceeded with much difficulty.
"At the small and i nhoqi bbl e village of Pashoelah i t wan
with some difficulty t hat we procured a fowl for our dinner,
their excune being the imposmhility of catching one. A
rlouble barrelled gun was put in requisition and levelled a t
a fine "Dame Birtlett" [ eic ] with a brood of chickens. It
had the desired effect--& fowl wss presented immediately,
"2nd Halted a t Phogong. ... We met with much more
attention a t this place than a t any of t he other villages. ...
The greater dilficultios of our journey oommence from this.
We huve before us t he pleanant prospect of 12 days journey
without the ohance of seeing a village or a human being
h d e s onmelves. Our coolies loaded with 12 @em' onoh.
their own clothes, pots. &c., can oarry little besides. Road
.or path there i s none, the only persons who have travelled
our intended route within t he last two yasm being two
?+?me- [ 60 1. ...
Itfay 3rd. Started a t 0 a.m. with an "hetmo nous
nt i ua. . . of sing ~h0. a [ .54 n.2 1. ~ a m p 2 li,C.*.
MoolooLs, JCamjanns, and Burmese, all spe g e Mer ant
language. The Assamem ( like the French in E ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
t he universal language amongst the rude (fibee. ...
"After croaaing t o the right bank of the Dahing,
path
wan a very difficult one up the river's side, hopping
jumping from one large boulder t o another, and,.,olimbiag
up and slipping down steep cli& of sandstone. we
during t he day thin strata of coal, ... also 8 syoamore tr,.
and two rather ourioue caves in which the ~ i ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ beat
about in the hope of getting hats for their dinner. .,.
"We were here for the first time tormented by D~~ D-
poisonous Aies which bite more severely than musquitk
The fly is not h o wn in A-m or India, & appears t o
itaelf t o the Mismee & the adjacent mountainoue
God forbid they should ever emigrate more westward, for &
they make their attacks by day in thousnde, they
prove a greater annoyance thnn any pest at present born
in India. Their bite causes a blister whioh itches immoder.
ately, & the llnfortunate wretch NO scratches gets a & d f d
sore for his pains.
"5th. ... At 4 P.N. we oame up with the Neechmees, &
found them cooking their rioe and sitting under the trp&
a tree whioh h d fallen. Supposing that we had at
reaohed our halting plnce. we ea erly enquired for wabr,
I n reply they pointed t o a hole in t i e side of the tree, ...and
we then discovered t hat this "Diamond of the MOIU~.&",
this old trunk, contained all the water we were to e r p d
t hat day. The tree is torn up from its roote & it does not
appear how i t oould collcct water, unlesa from drippings of
rain. Yet we were told t hat an i t is emptied i t gradully
fills again. It held about hnlf a hogshasdo of bad water".
[ Here follows sketch of fallen tree 1.
"A number of our Cowls had died, and we had only one for
today's dinner. ... Our people, being knooked np & fatigued,
did not arrive till very late ; i t was with muoh diffioulty we
oould this day get a hut' built t o shelter us from the miu,
whioh oontinued all the evening.
"6th. ... The water i n the tree scarcely suKiced for yester-
day's dinner, & what remained in the morning wse so small
a qunntity, & in so dirty a state, t hat we thought i t ndvhble
t o march on till we reached better. After climbing over
one more hi h peak, and round the side of another, we found
a hollow ... w%ere water oollectgd in small pools ahioh deed
for our morning's meal, after which ( the Lord be pnisod)
thq,Wanboo. ...
We passed nothing particular in our deeoent excepting
a buok & fig trea-the latter prodncing very h e f r ui W
some fine scented violets. U'e enjoyed a view of a long
range of snowy mountains at no great distance norose t b ~
Dnpha, & on reaching the bottom we entered to the right on 6
beautiful plain covered with short graas & fern, hut of no@
extent. ... Halted on the left bank of the Dupha, at spot
frequented by hundreds of deer, elephante, and monkep.
Heavy rain. ...
"7t h. ... Th e paar we uurrnounted is the t e m d
t i on of t ho left br anch of t h e Dupha.
I t is said
t h a t t h e wat er s flowing t o t h e west fall into the
Dehi ng, t hose t.o t h e oast ward i nt o t he TOonglaul
whi ch we f o ~i n d t o be a ri ver of consillerable size. ...
I n t h e pass... W'ilcox picked u p what a t first he
conceivoil t o be a ci ui oi r ~ specimen of Wmt" It
was t h e likull of some unfort unat e wretch who
muot h a m di ed n miseruble lingering death in
t h e snow. ...
"Two of Burl t on' s me n l ay down on the
to-clay, knocked u p b y fat i gue & fever, and refused
to move. T o enaist t he m wes impossible; cam
t he m we coul d not , oven ha d we rice sufficient to
enabl e peopl e to bri ng t he m on.
However
chol y nuch a ci rcumst ance, t hey lnuol be left
8
DDn. 214, 28-0-27. 'DDn. 224 ( 20-52). Pi -27. 'about 60 m. E. of the modern oil-field a t DLgboi.
'about 251b'
'common in ShPn Stataa ; their bite lelrvar local ~rritation for several days. a 1 hogshead = S2t gallons.
'the ba#Ll buiLof
h v w ; known na well to the 14th Armv. 1043-5.
BURLTON BIOGRAPHICAL
wi t h wi ne a n d oil cakes, af t er whi ch we we nt o u t
to our ol d qr ~a r t e r s a t Maunchee, somewhat fat i gued
by t h e oppressi ve he a t & t h e mos t uncomnfortahle
s eat of t,he Kh a mp t y saddl e. ...
26th. Attend weekly market, or Hal. "The auffooating
heat occasioned bv the crowd which surrounded us wherever
we went broughtWback Burlton's fever. We were in hopes
t hat the longer we staid the novelty would wear away & t hat
we should enjoy a little quiet. On t he contrary, orowds
from all the country round came pouring in daily to see us
'once before they died'.
"Wilcox paid a visit to the Bourn Rajah to talk of our
return. The old man promised a sufficient aupplp of rioe
& an offer to pay for it was rejected. He sbould be uhamed.
he said. t o take money for anything of t he kind. ...
"27th. Wilcox excited the surprize of the Khampty's by
entirely taking to piecw the r~lusical Snuff Box, & explaining
the nature 8: use of each part ; i t aaa then presented t o the
Bcorah Rajah. They appeared extremely apt in understand-
ing mechanical appardus. and understood perrectly the
sketeh of a Still, which they will no doubt put to
good u0e'.
"28th. Lieut. Bwlton being un\roll, he tltarted for the
small village of Roomtong to get free from the rabble of
Maunchee, & if possible enjoy a little quiet. EIe left a t 9 ;
i t commenced raining a t 10 and oontinued the whole day.
He walked without halting till 6 p.m., when he reached the
village quite knucked up. He had his fever on him nearly
the whole march, & the distance boing about 18 miles, over
two hills, t he fatigue of such a march in his situation may be
better imegind than described. Wiloox remained a t Maun-
oh-, expectins a visit from t he Rnjah". which did not take
P L ~ R .
29th. IVilcox left Maunchee a t 8 a.m. and joined Bwlton
a t Roomtong after 9 horrra march".
RETORN. may 31~t . . Fr oi n thi8 we retiwn by t h e
1.
Fo r t he first t i me had n chance of
new get t i ng road 11in % d~st,ctr~ces, ... t ho' not easily on t l cco~i nt
of tlre numer ous cIo11~1s. ... Tn t h e aft ernoon. . . st opped
t o obt ai n equal al t i t i l des of t h e sun.
"June 1st. Hal t ed t o ellow t h e villagers 1.0 c u t
our first day' s road. Fr o m t hi s we shal l see n o
ot her village till we ha ve clescenrled on t h e Assam
side, s ome 11 or 12 da ys hence. Tho Dal n Doom
flies a r e her e intolerable. It is wonderful how
ei t her cust om. nr pat,ience, c a n enahl e peopl e t o
live whnro t hey are. ... Tho sores on our Imnd.9 f r om
t hei r bi t es a r e not ye t healed. & t h e loecll biten on
our feet appear t o got worse, al t hough i t is mor e
t ha n a fort ni gl l t si nce we received t hem.
"2n 1. An rnconcenred apeotator would have laughed had
he witnessed the scene a little before our departure. Burlton
had only 3 men loft to carry his things. & the other cocliea
were in such a weak state t hat they could carry little beyond
their own 12 seem of rice. ... We were obliged to give & fling
away almost everything we bad with us ; rrselese articles
had gone many days before. ... Shot belts, powder, ant s ,
clothes, shoee, shaving & hair brush- kc., were t o he had
for t he pieking up; even eoap ... wen cnmbernome t o -my. ...
"We w c h e d up t he right bank of t he Naml oq. ... We
.came t o a wretahed sort of a suepemion oane bridge. over
whioh Bwlton k some othera crowed a t the rink of their
neckn. k were not pleaeed t o hear t hat they had t o return,
the road not lying over it. The bridge wen rottan 6 broken
h many p l m , & when in the middle i t swung from one aide
to the other. ... It oonsist4d of one oane t o w& on, &
one on either hand to hold by, t he whole anpported ( by
means of ribs) on two mensbove. The breadth of the
river abont 80 yards aoroan.
[ Here follow^ Sketch 1.
"From tho bridge we continued our course up the N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
over the boulders, crossing & recrossing the river, at timR
hip-deep. Saw 8 walnut tree. ... Keeping to the banks
t he river we escaped all leeches, hut the continued w&
g
rendered the mr c h a disagreeable one.
The nam D~~~~
are more numerous than ever a t our halting place, B~ tyiog
our trousers tight round the nnkles & wrapping oar hands
in hendkorchiefs we obtained a little peace. shaving wss
ilnpotlsible.
"3nl. Rain on starting. CVe immediately started to
asoend. We halted latu in the afternoon at a dirty
of rainwater, scarcely drinkable, after a long and fati ,,in#
march ascending during the whole day. ... The Sing tho#,
guides, md five of the Suddeeyah party ( out of 24) were
t hat arrived a t the spot t hat day. We were in conaeVenee
put to our shifts for hoth a dinner and a hed. Hunger taught
us expedients for the one, & fatiguc prevented our feeling
t he loss of the other. Our friends the Sing Pho's gave us
pot of rice which \re managed to get rid of very easily, altho9
unprovided with plateti. ~poons. kc.
"4tb. By 8 A.M. the whole of our party in the mr
(except 4 ) had arrived, and wc ngah continued our 8teep
a~cent , am1 soon left behind us all forest trees. ... At 12
saw above us thesnow we had to reach. ... From a command.
ing point, whore the vi r a hack and around us would have
been beautiful, we looked down on a white floating mses of
mist and cloud2.
"The snow firat reached lay here and there in patclles, ...
but aa we approached the summit, which we gained by2 P.M.,
we found i t i n large beds ... which were some of them about
12 feet deep. The summit of the mountain, a h ~ h ia about
11.383 fent above Suddeeyub, is a tableland, on which'our
Mishmee guides lost them~elves from the loas of their cuta
on the trees. ... The Mishmees at last found their old marks,
& we descended by the Foonghan R.. from its very source.
It wns covered by the snow n long s a y doan, and we walled
over it. hearing the river rolling under our feet with great
violence. ...
"We were obliged t o stop a t last where, from tbe wsntof
leaves and jungle, no shelter was to be had. ... The gmund,
too, was a perfect swamp from the thawing of the snow. ...
What little wood wns procurable was quite wet and rotten,
and i t was with great difficultv we managed at last to light
a fire. Our beds. ... a rug .and rezai [quilt] woh, hsd
luekily arrived, and by tying up the former above our heads.
and wrapping ourselves in tho latter, we got a little shelter
from the rain and after getting another meal from cur
friends we managed t o sleep. ... but i t was without exception
t he most wretched & miserable night we had passed.
"The rest of the party, wrapping themwlves in their
scanty clothing, paased the night round the firm.
5th. Obliged t o remain a t our unwmfortable situation on
account of the number of men who were unable to conquerthe
wowy mountain yeqterday".
Three men were sent to
7
them in, and found them bewildered by the many trmkale '
by the main party.
"One oor fellow who had exerted hirn-
&If ti" late in the evening..Jad pessed the night alone on the
very summit without food or fire.
By 10 O'alo~k the
of the laggers had arrived with the exoeption of 4 men. ...
"June 6t h.
Leavi ng t h e Phungauk t o Our left,
we mount ed t h e ri dge whi ch looks tiown On both
eas t & west. ... Tur ni ng t o our left, we cross?
several smal l hei ght s, a n d soon found oumelvee
our ol d p a t h at t h e t o p of t h e Foongan Pass. ... In
adt l i t i on t o sor e t hr oa t a n d a ba d cold, Burlton wse
agai n at t acked b y fever.
We found all the
whi ch we paased on our former rout e melted, '
hel t ed ear l y et t h e h u b we bui l t On t he 7th May;
hevi ng t h u s ma d e in 4 r n a . r c h ~ by t he upper
whe t t ook UR 7 by t h e other".
~d' itilling Uquor I ' A familiar fe.tors of Burms hilla and valleya.
NOTES 431 BURNEY
They now followed their old route, recognizing the old
lsndmnrks.
"On the right bank of the Dehing ... we were
here tormented by a new peat in the shape of curious speoied
of caterpillw whioh either bit, stung, or scratched ( we oould
not determine whioh ) most severely. These beaeta, with
bumble bees, ~mts. Dam Dooms, leeohce, and mosquitos.
pmvented our sleeping. and from having no lately come from
the cold rcgion of snow. felt the heat moat oppreasive. ...
Burlton did not close hie eyes during the night, & Wilcox
w.e in nendy an impatiant a ~jtuation. ...
"11th. Off in the rain. Some diEculty in orossing the
Dehing on had rafta. Wilcox waa upset, but being a good
d mme r hc got safely on shore, with a double barrel'd gun
in one hand and a spear in the other. Puahed on, crossed
the Dupha by the c r d e suapenrion bridge, & halted late at
Koomkoo, having made t,wo of our former rnarohes. ...
"13th. Could not return by the r o d we came. the D e b
not being fordable. Wa renched Kunan in the afternoon, a n i
were nmeeablv a w~r i wd to 6n11 thc Onum had not drunk the
his friend's fate, defended the house easleted by a foa ~epoy.
of the Assam Light Infnntry end his servants, and held out
in gallant style for a day and a night, until the honm wm
set on are. when they sallied out and, by kceping up s conatant
610, kept the aovagea off; until a dreadful shower of rein
ooming on wetted their ammunition and rendered their fire-
arms of no use.
"The smaU party then diaperwd, a few of thoma who t mk
ahelter in the jungles eaaaped. but Burlton and an European
writer (Bowman), having both kept the pathway, we=
immediately maeaaored. The former wss in the act of extract-
ing an arrow from his wrist when he wse out down, being in
an exhausted state from the immense exertions be had made,
and his previoua ill-health "4 [ 64. 448 1.
BURNES, Alexander. Bo. Inf.
b. 16-5-05. Assassinnterl, KZbd,
0-1 1-dl
-A.
beer f'merlyleft 'at hie village. Hern ond oll our troubles
from n~arching, wading, rlimhing, dipping & falling. and
Ens. -21 ... Bt. Najor 23-7-39.
all ow torments from leooha, Dam I)oomn, send flies, hug.
Son of Jam- Bumes, Writer t o the Signet & Provost of
ti&s, et id Cenue omnc.. ~h~ difioulty or dnuger
Montrose ; his sister Jane m. Ju111os Hollnnd [ 462 1.
remaining is in passing the ~.npids.
d. 3Inntmse Aoademy. Kt. Each. 1838.
"14th. Got our dingya into the river & made them
DNB. : DIB.; Eny. Brit.; Bokhara; Car l of Si de;
sorer, fastenin bamboos to their 8ide.q. The river mag so
Indian Oflcera ; f'kmeera in Indb; &hkd
much to.day t i a t the Sina Pho'e mid i t would be very den-
1823. Pervi t ~n Int erpret er at S wa t ; 1825, DIQMG.
prous our attempting down the rapids. ~ o t - mo o h
Wdng the looks of i t onrselves, and the weathcr continuing
unfavourable. we remained at the village.
"16th. The river etill high & very bniaterous ; neverthe-
lees we moved off at O n.nI. ; the first 4 or 6 rapids were so
had that we got out and lowered the ~lingys. We then went
off and almost flew down the remaining rapids, the wrrter
ooming in at the bow, & fairly eweeping the whole longth of
aome of the dingys. In 3 hours we went a Wa nc e whioh
took us four days going np. It was laughable t o observe
our Miahmee ~ui dea ; being no 'water birds' and unable to
nwim they held on Like 'grim death', expeoting every minute
to be upset. P d an uncomfortable night in ollr dingys ;
I) gined heavily and our chappaha1 leaked.
June 16th. Arrived at Suddeeyah"a [ 61 1.
During cold weat her 1827-8. Burl t on was emp.
under Scot t on svy. of rout e over K h b i Hills via
Jsi nt i a, improving f oot pat l ~s ant1 building occasional
bridges [ 64, 515 1. III March 1829. he t ook siclc leave
with Bedingfield t o t he newly built s a na t or i ~~r n at
Nongbhlao. "The Kh k i n Hills were first visited by
Europeans i n 1828. I n r et unl for permission given t o
the Raj ah of Nungkl ao t o r ent certain l ands formerly
held by hi m i n Assam, t he IChisis consented t o a road
being made t hrough t hei r hills t o uni t e Ae s m and
Sylhet, and a sanat ori um established at Nungklao.
"This good l ~nder st andi ng was, however. speedily
undermined by t h e insolent ~peechos and behavi our
of t he ... employees working on t he road. Th e
si n~pl e hill.men were t nl d t hoy wo~l l d soon be sub-
jected t o taxes. A goneral conspireoy was formed
among t hem to ext ermi nat o t he new-comers, a nd on
4th April 1829 t ho K h l s i ~ ~ s murdered Lieutn. Beding-
field a nd Burl t on, t h e onl y t wo British officers at
Nungltlao, wi t h al l t hei r followers. A long a nd
harrnsaing hill warfare commenood. ... It wea not
until J a nua r y I 833 t ha t t h e Nungklao Chief star-
rendered "a.
A mom detailed mooant Is given in a aontemponry letter.
dftar Bedingadd's me 1 murder [ 423 ] "poor Burlton, wing
Gram met ahelten.
8 DDn. 224 ( 2052 ). 4-7-87.
'Reviow. JRQS. I. 1834 ( 21261) . l Dnvis ( 12). 'Paper
( 161-2 ).
Cutch ; ~ v y s . ant1 maps. Cut ch & Sind5 [ 128, 131 ] ;
1828. a w a . t ~n( l tlsst. ta) Readt., Henr y Pot t i nger
[TI, 437-81. Hi s I ~r o. , Dr. J a me s Burnos, Resdoy.
S~wg. n t C ~ ~ t c l i a t same time, was aut h. of Narrative
of a vim: lo the Cotart of Sinde, whi ch included ma p
of Alexanrler's, wi t h amendments [ 131 la.
"Dr. J:rmm Hurnes ... went t o HyderHbkl in 1827 to
prescribe for one of t ho~e princcs, and established himself
on the hcst of terms with the whole family hy saa!loaing
dmnght. for draught and pill for pill with his illustriow
patient 'I7.
Ear l y 1828 t o Does&, ~ n d wi t h Hol l and in 1830
travereed s. a nd w. Rt i j p u t h a wi t h i nt ent i on of
exploring I ndus from nor t h [ 132 18. Recalled f r om
Jni ml l ner t o l e d mission t o Ranj i t Si ngh at Lahore.
t,aking gift of horsm f r om Ki ng George of England.
t he s t a r t of a career of advent ur e a nd expl orat i on
beyond NW. frontiers [ q j z . 486-7: 5081.
Thomea Jarvie ( 34 ) olaime to have ~netructed Bnmea "in
s U the preparatory essentials of Geography".
BURNEY. Henry. Ben. Inf.
b. Calcutta, 27-2-1792. d. at sea,
4-3-45, on voyage t o England ; MI.,
S. Park St. cenl.
Ens. 30-848 ... Lt Col. 17- 14.
Son of Richd. Thoa. Burncy and Jane Ronn his wife;
related to Fanny Buruoy, novelist ( 1762-1640 ). DNB.
m.. Penang, 30-6-1W. Janet, uieoe of J. A. Ba nne r m~.
Cow. of PWI. : ehe was 1st cousin of wife of h d k . &par-
6ild [ 435 ]. .
-
Hodson, I ( %7 ) : The Burncy P a p a , printed by ador
of the Vajiranma Nat. Lib., Bankok, pol. I ( 7% ).
1816-20, a t P\ Vt. ; 1821-2, wi t h Crawfurd' r
mission t o Cochin China. 1834. wi t h asstoe. of Oeo.
Gibson [ 71,453-4 ] compiled ma p of B u r - , Siam
and Coohin Chi na [7g]. for whioh, wi t h one of Burma
on a larger aarrle. [ 298 ] he w ~ s granted reward of
Rs . 5,00@.
'NE FroMisr ( 24 ). 'Ben a. ( 375 ). '10. Mapa, Dt.
mbh map. JRQS. IV. 1634 ( 88-188 ). ' IHRC. Dalhi 1 M
BURNS 432 BIOGRAPHICAL
1825. PA. Si ames e St a t e s ; Dec. 1826, succ. Cr aw-
Son of \Z'm. Campbell, oi Fairfield.
fwd e e En v o y a t Aval [ 437 I.
Jul y 1813, M3lI. cl. \'I1 [ 11, 321 1; smc. Il-jl-18, t,
avy. pwses in Y i ~ p u r territory [
1.
BURNS, William Nicol. Mad. Inf. 1833-7, in Enuland ; permitted tu return ~ ~ d i ~ , l-3-3,;
b. 9- 61791. d. 21-2-72.
"of infirm hralth, with very woak voice and
to
exposure tu slln ".
Ens. 7-2-11 ... Maj. 31-7-35 ; ret. 19-1-43, ss
~t COI. ; Hun. COI. 29-1 1-54.
CAMPBELL, .John. Bo. Tnf.
3rd son of Robert Burns, t he poet, and Jean Armour hie
b. OC ~ . 1803. d. 20-3-84.
wife ; bro. t o J. (2. Rurns. bet^. Inf. ( 1794-1566 ).
.Tuly lH13, 3LUI. cl. VII ( 11. 321 ).
En% ?Y-7-20 ... ret. as Gp t . 12-8-31.
Mari t ha \Par. 1817-0, route svys.. ner i r & Khindesh,
Son of Cxpt. Colin Campbrll, RN.
22-8-?? apprl. Asst. S~i rcr. Duccan Svv., blrt
an
with Hyderi bi d Yubny. Force ; DDn. 2.16 ( 1.51 ), 23-2-20.
period of field cllrties line heen ill.hs to
BURR, Frederick William. NizLm's service.
t o pr oc~r d t o tlir sen coast for t he benefit of his heeltb,,.
d. 19-4-33, Kh~mma ~ne t , HyderLb5.d.
1-12-22, reported as "q~lnlificd to porform all his duties
eurvovnr", and fit t o draw stnff allowances; 1-3-21,
Lieut. & Adjt. 2nd Uat t . Russell's Bde., 1R20-1 1341 1. SII~V;. 1st rl. I 125 n. l ?].
nat. son, of mixed hlou,l. of Lt,. Col. Chas. Hadon Burr. Nov. 1824, l eare t o England on mc., sailed in ah,
0s. Bo. Inf. ; possil)ly iclentical with F. W. Burr. free invalids, 10-12-24. r~.tnrning Bombay 25-1-21.
mariner. Bombay. IH13s.
1817. with l et Batt. a t JIchidpur. 21-12-17.
CAhPBELL, Neil. Bo. Inf.
CroIton, I t ( 172 ). bapt. 8-10-01. d. Paris, 10-10-56.
On Henry Hua~ell'n departure from Hyrleribid. Burr wss
left in ch. of his coUn. of maps including Burr' s ow11 svy.
Lie~lt. 23-5-18 ...
Lt Cul. 18-8-47'; Rt. Col.28-l14;
of B ~ ~ ~ , etc. : in letter dated &,larum, 3 4 - 2 1 . Bum refused Ude. Ahma'inanar. ; l9-7-56.
to pass thave latter t o ' rhos. Hill [ 117 1.
nut. son of Cnl. (:no~l)bcll. of urn. service.
S ~ ~ p ~ l i e r l maps of SizHu~' s 1)ominions. including his own
m.. Bar~lda, 18--2-30. Elizabotl~ I'oUnrfen, widow.
route svys.. for Henry Adams' \lap of hlithraqhtn [ 281 1.
BO 00. 26-5-20, nppd. Aast. Survr., Deccan svv,
n.12 1; .4ug. 1H"ti. DAWa. Jlilwn Fd. Force ; 30-5-35; ngu,,.,
BUXTON, Bentley . Ben. Eugru. as 31nj.
b. 26-9-1796. d., Singepore, 28-2-25.
1st Afghan War. 183041; ad, maps hy Bo. eurvm.; n to
Cl). hlil., 2-3-42, "claims t o be uonsidered one of the
Ens. 2.54-17 ... Lieot. 1-9-18. a u t h o r i t i ~ of tho mnp of Afghanistan ; his name to be
Son of Thcls. Buntley aud Anne Buxton, of S. America. inserted in ncst edition".
cd. A<ldincombe, 1811-4. mI o . 190 ( $1 ). srl. plan and panorama sheKing bridgas
Hotlaon. I ( 270 ). acroae Intlus a t Rukkur, for crwsing by army on 1~2- 39.
1815-6, svy. courae \ntlr Trig. Svy. of Gt. Britain ; nao. QMO., 1111ml)ay. 27-2-10 ; 3 years furl., 2-11-60.
27-9-16, t o svy. Dam Dum cant.
BOO. 24-4-18, t o s vy. c u t t a c k , Ori asa [ 11. 23-5 ;
CHALL'K? ('eorge. Bo. Inf.
ILI, 17-9, 290 ] ; h a d mo r e t h a n t wo ye a r s s t r enuous
bept. 21-10-1782. d. Bombay, 9-11-25.
wor k in a difficult, unheal t hy, count r y, wi t h b u t a Ens. lijA3-Oi ... Cnpt. 8-12-18.
f ew weeks vi si t t o Cal cut t a. " He a t e n her e" wr i t es
Son of John ChaUan and Cassandra Lintott his wife, only
Mackenzi e. 25-7-1Ci3. "I s hal l b e gl a d t o see you.
dau. of Henry Pnrncornb of Sosscr.
1818, Svy. of pasam. Cha ndur BBzXfi t o Ajante;
You have One tho Oet r out e s to & froxn Poorra [ 352 ] ; Dec. 1818, appd.
off wi t h n e x t ye a r ; t wo Madr as, t wo Cal cut t a.
ht. sUPVr., Deccan Svy., ea wan oficer of vt
easi st ant s, f i ne y o u n g la&" [ 361, 478 1.
zeal a n d mer i t " [ 125 ] ; MRIO. 124 ( 16 ), Svy. of
Cl osed field s vy. Feb. 1821, SG. wr i t i ng ; "Li eut e-
part of s. Konka,r.
n a n t Bu x t o n i s a n a bl e a n d zeal ous officer, and we e
Jul y 1820, t r . t o s vy. of S l t i r a , Sut herl and report-
uaeful l y a n d act i vel y empl oyed ... until Fe b r u a r y lest.
ing that uhldefatigablr exertions have cantri.
whe n h e wa r a t t a c ke d b y si ckness, a n d h e is st i l l
buted so much to the advancement of the of
d e r i n g f r o m ill heal t h, pr oba bl y in consequence
the Deccann [ Iz6, 171, 281
of expos ur e a n d f at i guew4. Buxt on' s wor k l at er
After starting t he 8 i t i r a rev. nvy., Chellen handcd over
wo n t h e cor di al a ppr ova l of t h a t n e wr e cr i t i c Geor ge to A~RDI S [ 344, 422 1. and then comdd Piouecra tiU death.
Ever es t , aa hoi ng " f ounded o n pr i nci pl es anal agous
to t hos e of t h e Gr e a t Tr i gonomet r i cal Sur ve y "=.
CHEAPE, John [ 11, 385 1. Ben. Engrs.
sn. 10-10-21. appd. t o supd. completion of Customs KO..
b. 5 1 6 1 7 9 2 . d. 30-3-75.
Celcuttn ; 1822-3. Ekmr., Ohtizipw ; 1833. .bat. Supt. Pub.
Ens. 3-1140 ... NOen. 20-6-54; ret. 1857;
Buildings. Lower Provs. ; 3-7-21, leave on mc.
Gen. 1866 ; UlI. Comdt. Hngra.
&c. Oar. 2--5-26; 11. a t house of J. A. Maxwell',Singe-
Yon of John Cheapc, of Iioasie, co. Fife, end ~ ~ i ~ n b o b b
pore "He visited China a t t he close of l a ~ t year for tho
his wife.
benrf t of his health, and returned to t hL settleAent in a very
m., Ist, St. Helena, 5-3-35, Amclia fiances, dau. of T. J.
dangerous state on 19th February ".
Chicl~ely Plowden. 13(:$.. widow of Q. N. Batten, B*.,
whom he divorced 1H11.
CAMYBEI,L, Andrew Mitchell. Mad. Cav. m., 2od, t\p(nre hIncpt~erson.
b. 10-3-1793. d., 15-9-50 " of unsound ed. HYA. M'ool\>icb. CC'H. 1805.
mind. "
USB. ; IJIB. ; Tharkcri~y ( 6 ) ; Hodqon, I ( 335-6 1.
Corn. 7-R-11 ... Cept. 22-0-30; ret. 1-7-38, with
BOO. 13-8-& 14-10-14, a p p d t o EVy . Chittagong
rsnk of BIujor. Dint., cont i nued wi t hout i nt er r upt i on by Nepi l ler
'note on Pagan. JAYB. IV 1836 ( 4 0 0 4 ) . ' EI R. 1814. ' DDn. 168 ( 163). 4DDn. 106 ( 88) . 16-8-81. 'IIDh
085 ( 118 ), 10-1-31. 'Jan. &I. Maxwell b. 1777 ; Bo. Med. 17-9-1834 j Ckclwford's Roll ( 328 ).
' 30 MC. 13'/181
( 131-7 ), 1-2-24. ' 16 m. E. of Ellichpur, pl. 17.
*Bo MC. 127-20.
[ 11, 19 ; 111, 1 1 - 2. 201, 217 1 : compl et ed i n 1818,
nvy. of Sclnda [ 11, 158 -9 ; 111. 94, 97 1.
3kcl;onzie reporting ; MPC. 8-12-15,nppd. to ch. Coory Svy. [ 97, 339, 408,
"A
o~i car , Lieut. Cheap0 of Engineers, has solioitod
4 7 4 ] ; 22-12- 17, joinell Wa r d ~t Qoilon on 'l'revancore
good word for t he assistantship, in cnse Lieut. Hydc lrnd
been proridcd for in sumat m [ 4,j2 1, nncl I really wns
SVY. [ 4. 109-1% 511 1. Accordi ng t o Rirldell " mor e
impmased with ... t he excellent ... mep of the province of
of a mBn of t h e worl d t l ~ a n Wa r d " [ 408 1.
CbitbgOnR. ... On Cnrliny'a denth. .I-(i--?l~, oHered ch. I, Hyrlertilrid Svy. ,
"YT. UydeSs return has cnncelled it in a mnllner, and ... and replied, 28-8-20 ; '.\\':~rcl llna urittcn n fnw lines. 1 aru
&. Chenpe hne employment in the tiold, where he has sent me awnrc whnt Ilia frienrlshin l ~ns intluved him 11, sny of me, but
spccimens...thnt evhcc some cnpnci t ~ for those light nnd
... hc 1186 the rt~ire-t clnimv to be ~~Uowcd t he Solcrtion. and in
compreheneive sketches t hat nre so useful on field emvice. p i n t of zcnl nnd iriclofnligable esurtion would be nmongst
F~~ reptlnr mopping and provincinl details Ile 11- strewn hL the best substitutes for our depnrted friend 14501.
talent.
\\'hother duly qualified for tho more abstruse pnrta "hr assuming t o myaclf ~ n me ahnre of t hfne qunlitiea. I am
of survey I have had no opportunity of seeing"1. libernl in my own prnis~.n. bnt I must not ...p ratend t o t hnt
Again, to Thomrrs Wood ; "\Vh:rt is Income of your theoreticd knowledqe ni ~d ~ci onr e posrc*at.rl I I ~ poor G~trling ;
friend Chcrrpe ? I feel intenstcd for tllnt yourlg man. ... His iu fnct. mv dutlrs rendered i t onneressnn.. 11n4 the practice
mnp...of Cl~ittngonp is the best I hnve gbt h r r ~ " ~ . of i t not 'heinp requirod I hnre too m{;ch postponed t he
nnlo. ?disc. 21-0-li ; ~~i ~nor nmi o view of Chittngonp Hilln, st u~l y. I ~ u n n i ~ t aware of the dutir.3 to he pnrf~arued
with alrtogrnpll. in thc Hy<l ~rul )nd aurvoy. ... As for tho irnlinnry oues of
Jlaritllrt \\'fir, IRIS-9, with S & 31.. .Asat. I.'d I<ngr. 2nd 1110 depnr t me~~t . I f ~ v l nll t , l ~e di spf ~qi t i ~n ... to pr ~~secut c
~ t l e . : nt sirue of .\~irx:~rlr, 6 A I 9 [ 83 I. them with MI V~I I ~I I CP. nn~l ... lone ~rnvl i (. e will ... l ~ n ~ e t : ~uzht
- . . - . . .
27-2-23. nppcl. ASC;. i n wccassiorl t n Her ber t
[ 309 1 : Oct.. 1823, to E. Ch i t t n ~ o n g t1.1 gvy. Dont i er
wi t h Ar al c~m, rwrntrining on mil. c1ut.y aCtm out -
break cd Il r~rrneae wa r [ O j ] ; nt mi nol e d, 8-4 -24. Fd.
I3ngr. \\.it11 itrrn!- t,<l l <ar ~goon ; 12-6-24. t l ~or ~l i er l In
IJO. ror *or\ ic.r nt r . u[ ~t l ~r e of ICe~nlnonrlirre ato~,knclo ;
EGO. 16-9-25 : Tour mu. l eavo t o Cal cut t , a.
22-0-2.3, r e i ~ ~ ~ n o d a p l ~ t . IM AS(>. ; EGO. 30-0-25.
apptl. t o 3vy. ar ul r opor t on ~ l t n t e of now ,Ttiga~inBth
r ond; Fob. 1826, t r . f r om Sur vey t ~ r P~VD. . n t
>lidnnrrnreg [ 301, 310. 4961.
Ben H e y . 4 ( 16 ). 1)ec. 162g, svy. of roncl, Hooghly t o
Burdwin ; xnro. 46 ( 5 ), Mirlnaporo t o Biihenpur.
Ditinglrished mil. career; siege of Mnlttin. ISlR, with
rank of Briq. : 2nd Rurmeso War. 1852. coruclp. Rnn. I)i\-..
and rornrlg. fnrw from Oct. ; CB. nt rnd of cnmpnign.
COLVIN, John [ 11, 391 1. Ben. Engrs.
b. 20-8-1'794. d. 27-4-71.
Ens. 15-8-10 ... Lt Col. 204-35 ; ret. 4-0-38.
t bn of Thm. C'olvln, merchant of Glwcow.
m., Ludlow. Balop. 27-2-38, Josephine Puget, dnu. of
Capt. Joseph Hnker, RN.
ed. .iddiscombe, 1809-10.
Hodson, I ( 368-8 ). Orienlnl Club. Sandcs, I1 ( 4 ).
Nov. 1816, Fd Engr. with DIAuvergne's force ngnir~st
Seugor, CI.. suwg. oren new Torowah' ; suc. 14-6-16 ( 41 ),
on repair and alteratinne t o Hi nsi fort ; Mnritha War. Oct..
Nov. 1818. survd. routs of Brig. Arnold's force on Dlruttee
frontier [ 24 1.
RGO. 18-3-20, toBvy. t he anoient cnnal in Hnritinn DLt. ;
ib. 8-641, appd. Supt. of Cnnels. Delhi, from Hopt. 1820 in
sucaeenion to Blane [ 11, 383 ; m. 241. Handed over t o
Richd. Tickell. July 1821 ; 1820-5. on svy. nnd reoonstruotion
Ferozeehnh canal; 1827, resumed appt. au Supt. till ret.;
History of Can& [ 24 n.3 ] ; mapa HRI ~ . 160 ( 25-7 ). JASB.
11, 1833 (105). Collections of fossils, ib. V. 1R36 (179-34).
CONNER, Peter Epre6 [ 11, 391 1. JIed. Inf.
b. 5-8-1789. d., Hyderiibiid, 2:)-&21,
.. .
... their perf~~rmunrc.
"\Vnrd's ~t!r.iin,~tic,ns would not lead him nor t hand. ...
.As fur ~ u y OI VI I . my Rr*t wid1 is a ch: ~~npngne rountry. or
rat l ~cr I rnoat ~li,prrrwte a fcvrridh one. I hnve latterlv been
lrappy enough to rocover n~llch of my usl~nl hc.nlth,' ~nd ...
.rot cntirclv rid abf my Roundn fcvrr, from t he cRects nf which
I saffrred for three or four yisnm mlwt severely"'.
Wnrd ndrlnl : " I [lo not heaitnte in propming t hat ~rt y
friend Cunner I J ~ ~uppointexl *l) ouccw~l. Hi* ul~perior qu&-
cations entitlc him t o it. ns I am sure he will do e r e w
justice in firrthcrinp the lnhoura of his let? fricnd. ... I n k
n~unt hs or less he will ... enrnplotr the onpen nnrl plnns of t l ~i g
ellrvey "' [340-I, 3j O~ 3901.
O n ma r c h f r om Coclrin bo .\lndrcr.s i n ' Jan. 1821,
Conner' s pa r t y r a n i nt o a chol er a- st r i cken pa t c h
[ 401 1. They move d o n to Hyder i t bi d at t h e e n d
of Feb. . b u t s oon a f t e r his ar r i val Connew WSE
t aken s e r i ot l ~l y ill. a n d Mount f or d r epor t ed t h a t h e
hnd "ar r i ved at Hyder l bi i d o n t h o 11t h ul t i mo.
b u t i n s o i ndi fferent a s t a t e of heal t h as n o t t o d m i t
of hi s maki ng arry a r r nnge ~ne nt ~s f nr commenci ng t h e
survey. Hie compl ai nt ( a dys ent er y ) h a d yi el ded
t o t h e t r e nt me nt of hi s medi cal a t t e nda nt s , whe n
a f ever c a me o n whi ch bafffed RU t hei r efforts, end
t er mi nat ed this exi et ence o n bhe 29t.h u l t l mo " ~
[ 117-8. 3413 401 1.
CRAJ'F0K.I). John. Bo. Mar. d. 10-1 1-43.
Ydpn. (I-042 ... Sear. Cnpt. 3-4-20.
Hunneao Wnr. 1825, cnmdp. svy. ship Re.9enrch on Arnknn
ronet; obms. of Int. : IRX, "Captain Crnwfnd. the midrhip-
man whose +e~l...with Lord Vnlcntin had k n rewarded
hy n grant of Re. 200 [ 11. 392. 429 1. nur ver d park of t he
coast of Arnknn in a hirrll hrig [p. ISX, 1991. John
Crawford, in his Embaesv to Ara, spesks in thn highest
terms of Captain Cr n ~ f o d ' s sub-nyinp: work"' [ 434 1.
Law. II ( 10 ) ; nnlv l ~ s s dirtingaished as a snrvevor
than Cnpt. Ross [409 ]' and wortlly of being r ~ k m l i i t h
YoC111er and Court [ I, 355 ; IT, 391-2 1.
CRBWFWRD, John. Ben. Med.
UIIIU.
Rna. 28-2-01 ... Cnpt. 3-11-20.
b. 11-7-1783. d. 11-5-60.
Son of John Conuor ( .sic ), of co. Ijonegnl.
Asst. Sore. 21-.i-03 ; mil. wrricc. NW. I n d a ; to PWI.
1808 ; 1Bll-7. pol. dr r t yJ ~va [ U, 360 ] : 1617-20 furl.; lR.2I-J.
J une 1807, ~ 1 . . cl. 111 r 11. 320 I ; 1810, cos
to Sinm Coehin.-a; I l l f b8, Admiokttmtor,
Svy. ; 181 1, mver t ed to unit ; 1813. j oi ned Garl i ng' s
Singapore ; 1826-7, Comnr.. Pegu ; 1627. Emb-y to Are.
II)Dn. 154 ( 21 ). 12-9-16. 'ib. ( 39 ). 21 -10-IS. rvr. Sander. I ( 2 3 rl rr9 ). ' DDn. 131 ( 172 ), 12-1-16. ' faU
name rrnm Md. Wills. LAPI.
to Mnuntft~r~l, Dl)n. 140 ( 1% ). 28-620. : ih. 27 *:I). * 1)Dn. 102 ( 112-3 ). 7-5-21.
*bInrkhnnt ( I0 ).
Son of Dr. Satnuel Crutvfurd. phynirinn, nf Inlay, Hobridea.
m., let, Ivliw Robertson, lost a t sen with child on voyage
home.
m., 2nd ; 1820, Homtitr. dno. of Jnmrn t'rsrry ; nhr d. 10Rri.
ed. Edinburgh.
FRS. 74- 18 ; FRW. . V1'. ISljG.
DSB. ; Dl R. ; Crnwfa~nl : (:rn\1.611.1l's 1.1~1. ; Orie~rlr~l ('IN/,;
HGS. Progs. SI I . 1808 ( 234--8 ).
No t a aIIrrr.. L~ut ~~I I COI I PI I ~RI I geogr npl i i ~ol r ~ ~ t ) a r c l i
i n Bu r ma 8 Fur EWG.
BOO. 5-10-21, nppd. AGC. for missil,h tu Par Enst, which
sailed Oct. on pnl. anti cornnrer~inl nfinilw ; tnok Burnev sa
ns t . 1431 1 and Uangerfiehl ns unr,Ricinl survr.1 ( 267. 4 3 i 4 ] .
"31r. Ltnwfurd, t.he autlr[br of n \ v ~ ~ r k 1111 t he lndinn Archi.
ps111go. n-nu abnut t r ~ ho omployr~l I)?. Ihv Jlnrquin of Hnatines
on a misaion of tr wr y in11111rtnlrt nnt or~. :I$ regards tho uom-
mcrcinl interests of this ra~rlotry. It s objert is t o es phr e t he
coneta of Siam :tncl Curhill chin^^. t o i~acrrtain accumtrly t he
prorl~~ctiuns of each inh~ibitcul district. ... T t wna his intcn.
ti#,n, in t he first ~I I H~RI I ( . L. . t o ~th)i*rwl t o ... Sioaapnre"'.
Iiurmrat? l\:nr, nfrcr nrrl. r d Rriti~li army nt Rang(~no in
JIny 1824, CrnsFurd r cc~l ~l . Jlritish r~r<. upat i ~ui of Tnvoy &
Tonmeri m, rn link with 3lnlay Stabea & Pelrang'. Elis memo.
with map p a a ~ e ~ l tn YG.
Jlareh 1826. nfter trenty I,:' Ynudahu [ p j nppd. Cir.
Comnr. Pegu [ 7 j n.r. 781; cm 3l st Irft Hnngooo with C'npt.
St udded. s ~ o . . and caplore~l .\loulmrin R, to .\lnrtnl~an. 011
6t h April "at 12 o'clock tho pcrnmonv of lunisting t he British
flng and tising t he aito of t br to\vn...took place. ... The new
t onn and hnrhour wow called Amhemt [ 74, 45b]. ...
"Every moruinp sinre our arri\.:~l Cnpt. Htuddnrt wan
emplt~yed ...in rsnmining and snr~ndi ~rg t he 11nrhu11r n11d it.
appr ~ncl ~w. 01 1 nftornuon 111 13th w~ q u i t h d t hr new 1iarb1111r
on our return t o R;lngoon, ar nx- i ~~g there on 10th April'.
Sept. 18%. on mission t o AVH n.hiu11 led t < ~ est. of Envoy
there [ 78, 43'. 437 1. Juii. 1 8 5 , rrviaited Amherat, t L
journeyfrom RRngor~n. nbout 100m.. taking cxnctlg 21 honra.
"Here we found lying theOovrmmeut snrvrying ship Ir~venti-
gntor, with Captain Ram, tbo Surveyor (lencral"[ 17]n.
Aut l l . of J vr ~r r ur l ~,f Embasay ... to Court o/ Am.
whi ch c ~ n ~ t a i l i u r nap b y J o h n Wa l ke r "of t h e Al l mi -
r e l t y ", f r om rnnt ori al s b g e l y s u [ ~ ) ~ l i e d b y Cr a wf u d ,
wh o acknowledges wor k of T h ~ ~ ~ n n a IVood, Th o ma s
Fi sher , J o h n Cr awf or d of t h e Mar i ne, Bur l t on,
Wi l cox a n d P e n ~ b e r t o n " ~ [65 rl.xz, 79, 433, 494 1.
Anth. of Hieiory o j the Indi an Archipelago, pub. 1820,
3 voh. ; and Dsscn'pliue Diclimary of the Indi an lalands'
1866 ; was keen linguist and leading supporter of t he
Ethnological Sor. after ret. ; nuth. of Malay Grammar &
Dicrionory.
CRISP, .John Henry. Nad. Inf.
8b. 27-8-8% d. Calcutta, 22-&70.
Lieet. 17-7-05 ... Maj. 2-9-32 ; inr. 14-33.
Kat. aonof Burrisb Crisp( 17M-1811 ). nos. [ 11.31 n.111;
his 8intc.r Elizabeth Atargarot m. John Fo~nbelle ( 1763-1849 )
BOB.
m.. pr. England 101!%!!0, Lavinia Conetnntia; eld. aon
b. 22-8-21. Of their 6 children, t he yet., Emily Meihle,
m. Banzigor. took probato of her father' s will. 1870.
Marob 1810, MMI., cl. VI [ I I , 321 1.
Hao. 1805 ; "Mr. John Crep. ... particnlnrly naniduous in
t he study of t he Hiniloowtanec lnngnagc, ... t o be ensign
from 17th Jl ay 1805. und t o be Lieutenant from t he same
dale". MOO. 16--2-08, lenvn to Bengal for tl mo.
NMC. 10-3-09, nominnte~l for MMI. in pbce of officers
removed for insubordinntinn [ 11. 314, 320 1, but did not join
till 3Iarch 1810 ; 31 -8-00, ndvi ad t o eign loyalty teat [ 11,
a l l lo.
- .a
nuo. 9-1-10. t o Europe on mc: nrrd. Enghnd without
wife 13-9-19; returned Blabrrs with wife, landing 16421
arpc. 2-1-21. "nppd. to conduct, u d c r the
tendence of t he l i on. Company's Astronom~r [ lgI ] the
opel.ntion~ of t he party pmcceding to the weet or
Sumatra for ... det ermh~i ng t he lpngtb of the Pendlllum at
t hc Equator" I z s i l'O.
-
~ u i l h g 12-5-22 t o Fort Marlborough, or ~ ~ ~ k ~ l ~ ~ , the
IJUrty ob8ll. 011 a nel ~rby islnnll between Jan. and ~~~~h 1829
a n ~ l wcru hnck at. hI a6aa ill June. During the expn. ";
detncllmmt troops from Fort Marlborough,
Cnpt. Crisp, hrw, wibh t he assi at ~nce of some frienlily n,,ti2
Cbief*, taken a nmall fort t o t he northward of the
whir11 WRY ocoupied by a refractory rnjah"l1,
\\'it11 a claun for npwinl allcea. for stay in ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ , ~ ~
submitted "docurne~~t a in proof of my having heen i,, cam.
mnn~l I I C the t r uop an11 station of Bennoolen,
norther11 settlements of Sumntra, without ,...emoluments. ,..
T l ~ c nccompnlrying letter fro lu... the late Reairlent x e t u
will, 1 trust, antinfy ... t hat the ,loties ... under his ortlprs were
... ~~nI nus I y diecl~nrgrd ; yet for t he period of a yenr I ru
omplnyed ... without tho ruceil)t of any aUowance except the
diffcr~.noe between my toot nllowaner nnd the bdging money
of my rank"12.
011 rat url r, al ) pd. , MGO. 25 -7-29, t o ell. or the
Hyt l cr&bL~I Svy. t l ) succ. y u u n g [ 5 , 118-9, 208,
342. 4x8 1. mco. 8-1-25, c ~ t i n t e d 2 mo. leave to
v i ~ i t I'reailuy., wr i t i ng t o SG. , 1-8-26, "If au
-i st ent officer t *~ t hi a survcry had been appointed, ...
I t ni ght hnvo heen alraretl t,he mo m reatlily for a
mout l i o r tw11 f r om nl y t1:tLic.s here. ...
"The, opportunity o1Tt.r~ of proceeding t o Calcutta by the
ship upon which mg sister-in-law ia a paauen~er ~~. If there.
fore you sho~rld conrrive t hnt my servicea here might, without
cletrimunt, he diapenaed with lor n short time, it would I)? 8
groat benefit tlmt, what I propoae shoul ~l be sr~bn~ittcd to a
practical t est in Calcutta.
"I am this day starting fur Madras t o recoive my sister.
in-law, who ronlcs on t he \Yilliam Xilea, Captain Beadle"".
Th o lunt,tel- t o b e put t o test was a method of
Finding I ~mgi t t t de " f r om a f e x al t i t udw of the
moon", whi ch Crisp cl ai med t o have disoovered
hi msel f ; " ext r emel y si mpl e when once t he different
d a t a a r e pr epar ed. t h e t r oubl e bei ng t o reduce
t he s e t o t hoi r gr eat es t poaaible exeotness" [ 191 1.
Hi s pr opoml a f i t t ed wi t h t h e SG.'a wish t o 8ummon
h i m t o Ca l c ut t a t o assembl e t h e svy. records in
met hodi cal or de r [ 118-9 1. a n d before returning from
C' olcutta, h e s ~ i b mi t t e d "H Tr eat i se whioh I have
~ I L S ~ publ i shed u p o n t h e met hods of de t e r mb*~
t orrent i al l ongi t udes b y t h e r i ght asco-ionfl of the
Moon16 ; en11 ... t e nde r i t t o t h e countenance
pat r onage of t h e Supr e me Government . ... I am not
a wa r e t h a t in t h i ~ br a nc h of estTOnomY there *
a n y worlr of s uc h gener al scope, ant1 aunh
cormt ruct i on "la.
H e mi l ed f r om 31atlras 10-11-26, reaching
24t h. F o r t h e n e x t ye a r act , ed ASG. ~1
t o l l i ~ wor k o n t h e HyderLb&d records [ 309-''1 3'''
376 1.
H e t h e n eskerl t o et oy f or a n ext r a "es
I 9 3 I . ! I 1 . l r . l . 1111, ,\pril 1822 ( 4 0 j ) ; SVI I ~ , act. 1R.24 ( 378) ; XIX, Jan. 1956 ( 1 2 ).
'DDn
2 3 1 JI 414. '(:rawIrrrrl 11 ( t+# ). I . 9 . . ( 2 - . 7 ~ x 8 . ;,a?. 8froln Dm. Eccl. (4/ 125). bapt. @ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~
i d 4 1 ) i I . I . I ; l a p . 4 - 8 , SCnr,lcw, apps. F ( 206, letter25 ).
Lo\ Vi h~n. \v. J. ( %@) E.
11 Ben. Iiurb,ru. 8-1-21 : cluoted bv de J. XVII[( 8(1 ). I= ]ID,-,. 204 ( 240 ), 6-7-20.
L'JNO ~ F O . being known, the ~i at cr . i n' ~w
WW pr. hia wife's siuter. po8~ibl.v one nf his fellow-pnsmngere in a i r $*word Pnget to Calautte ; Jlrs. Devidaon;
.\#lair; 9LiRa C'. Arlnm. I)l)n. . ' @! ( 177 ), Id--2.5. 16GR0. I,il,. Ela-95. 16 1)l)n. 147 ( 3 8 4 4 ), 26-1-27.
ROTES 435 DAKOERFIELD
pri vat e affai rs of a ve r y ur gent n a t u r e r equi r e m y
p me n c e a t Cal cut t a dur i ng t h e ensui ng month"' .
He rssumerl ch. a t Hyder i bi d 44-27, and 3 montha Inter
was tr. t o be "Mahratta Translator t o t he Tanjom Com-
missionera"' [ 209, 3101. 11-2-48, t o act, ae Antronomer
oiu Taylor [ rgr 1.
In 1854 Wnu h writes t hat "Major Crisp, now on t he
Invalid ~at ahl i sf ment a t &drarr. ... aae a scieutifio and
able officer".
CROWELIN, James Srden. Ben. Engra.
b. Calcutta, 2-2-01. d. 30-1-93.
Lieut. 1-,524 ... Capt. 19-1-34; ret. 1-1-43;
Hon. Lt Col. 211-11-54.
Hodson. I ( 415 ).
Burmese War. Amt an. 10-0-24, plnceil under ordera of
Pchalch [63, 333 ] ; from Fob. 1825. with \Vroeghton survd.
route t o Arakan city, and worked on map during rains
68-70, 181-2,4401. Oct. 1895 t o March 1890 surrd. towords
h nungup [ 60, 73 ] und Sun(1owny. being then granted leave ;
"I have now heon with this force ainue July 1X21, and been
exposed runny montha tn t he haneful effects of t he Aracan
climate". 20-9-26, mi t es to 80. from Ex Engr's oftice,
Chinsura : " Sot having beeu aLle to got into a bouse of my
own a t Chinaura, and the consequent coufu~ion in my nffaird.
I have not made any progress in t b e mn ~ " ~ .
Den Rrgr. 0 ( 29, 30 ) ; road avys., Calcutta t o Jessore &
Kriahnagnr, 1824.
CE. Lucknow. 1090.
CRUIKSHANK, James. [ 11,393 1. Bo. Inf.
b. 24-4-1788. d. 29-11-53.
Pnn. 14-9-CM ... Mnj. 25-5-18 ; ret. 30-4-31.
eon of John Cruikshank, clerk in Nn w Office, and Barbara
Sutherland b b wife; cousin to James Sutherlnn(l, Uo. Iuf.
[ 11, 443-5 ; 111,504 ] ; ~i *t er, Chrbt,iana Louisn, m. Henry
Adams [ 11. 376 ; 111,422 1.
m., Camberwell, 13-11-38. Elizu King Joaepl he, dau.
of Josenh Holhan~lev.
Under SG. f r om J u l y 1808 ; 1809-10, o n w. Quj arBt
Svy. [11, 171-2 1; " ver y val uabl e" r o u t e svya. x.
Eo n k a n ; f r om 181 1. Aest . Sur vr . o n Br oach Re v. Svy.
[ 11.188 ] ; f r om 1820. i n ch. rev. s vy. i n Guj arBt ,
coveri ng Sur at , Ka i r a , a n d Ah ma d l b l d di st s. [ 128,
170 1. On de pa r t ur e of \\'illitzms, Nov. 1821, hel d
ch. of Guj ar Bt rev. svye. t i l l cl osed down in 1829.
when h e t ook furl . [ 6, 129, 170-1, 281, 322-3, 343.
383 I.
CULLEN, William. Mad. Art.
b. 17-5-1785. d. Cochin, 1-10-624.
Deccan 8vy. [ rag nu. 6, 11, 208, 211 ] ; Bu MC. I-3-24.
resgn. occopted.
CURNIN, John. Company'e aetronomer at
Bombay. d. July 1849.
Appd. A&. t o EIC., 13-8-22 ; arrd. Borubny 1 8 3 ; [liam.
under order of CD t o Bo. 214-28.
m., 1st. Catharine, who d.. Colcutta 16-7-44. in her 6?nd
year; MI. RC. Catb'.
m.. 2nd.. Caloutta. 31-5-49, Ellen Q~ul di og, wid.. dau.
of Edw. Seymour.
Appd. on recdn. of Renrv Colebrooke [11, 3961, being
rerdt. of Hal i hx St., Mile ~ n h . Idondon.
Af t er arrl . Bombay. 1823, 9.1pervised deni gn a n d
const r uct i on of Col aba obay., b u t prot ent ed t h a t l i t t l e
coul d be done wi t h insts. pr ovi ded. O n f m h i nst s.
beul g Rent out , r e t u n e d t h e m t o London, wi t h
r epor t t h a t " t e o m wi t h i nvect i ves, a n d i mput e s
mot i ves ... f or whi ch t her e is n o ~ h a d ~ w of a f ounda.
tion". Tlro D i mt o r s or der ed hi s diamigaul [ 192 1.
T h e onl y f r ui t of hi s prof. wor k is cont ai ned in
t wo paper s on sc~bj ect of m~ o n - c ~ ~ l r u i n n t i n g stors.
pub. b y RAS. [ l y r n. 6 1.
Though offerad free pajsnge t o England. he preferred to
move to Calcuttn. and in IS32 apprl. Asst. Asaay >taster,
Mint'; uoccq. Jnmos Prinrcp as .%u.iny Master in 1838.
I n 1834, had trouble with De Penning regarding loan of
inato. from coo. for ohm. of Oppojitio~i of hlam. Evsrest
protested a ~ a i n s t t he loan, and couneeued Da Pennlng "to
have no verbal cliscuasion with Mr. Curnin-tl say m littls
t o him-and e-rery other man you moet with in life whom
you find quar r el somena you can possibly" manage'.
Member of HAS. from 1827, and of ASB. aftor arrl.
Calcuttn; J d S B. 111. Feb. IA3 L ( 9 CS ), "Catalogue of stan,
LO be observed with t,he moon in l l arch & April 1831.
JASB. VKII. June 1839 ( 633 ), Cumin probibits his mt.
"from devoting any portion of his time t o mnintaining
rneteorolneical observations at the Mint."
~ i a t r e s h by delay in grnnting qualification cort. nt Minf
a'and...sn importunate ... t hat it was no longer withheld".
CD t o Il ~di a, Fin. 13, of 1 - 7 4 ( 11-2); "After t he
repeated ncts of inaubordinatiou of which Mr. Curnin hlu
been guilty, trrlninnted by misconduct so inaxcuaable. ...
hi j removal from the office ... b indiapnsabla. Sou will
nccordingly relievo him from tho d~itiea". Hauded over a t
Mint 27-9-46, and reported arrl. London 1-11-480.
Appears t o havr ret~lrnod to Calcutta t o brcome clerk to
Sir Lawrence Peel, C.J. from 1842. Cnlcutta High Co~~rt ' .
R.4S ( mn) . XI . 15-2-51, rcrorrl9 death. which occurred
s t Cnlcuttn. Jul y 1818. His executor. 1S49-50. wan Un.
Ellon Cumin. Dmt h is a t asma period record~d in Ctlorlbto
nf Mr. Jcwminl~ Curnin. Miss Curniu. "nn infCult", sailed
from CaIrott? for Surz. 7-1-54.
Lieut. 21-6-03 ... Lt Qen. 11-11-51.
Son of Arc!libnld Cullen, bwriater. and Finella Sinclair
D-U'CERFIELD, Frederick. Bo. Inf.
his wife. b. 25-8-1789. d. Indore, 6-12-20 ; m.
ed. RhU. IYoolwich.
1831-2 ; compiled drawings and recortls of rise and fall of
Ens. 20--0-05 ... Cnpt. 192-20.
ground as obad. by barometer (luring extensive travels on
Son of Thomas Dang~rticld, of Loadon and Mary Anne
duty, and oollected from other s o~~r aes [ 205 1.
Lnpidge his wife.
m., Pennng. 14-5-23. Mary DionB Rannerrnan. dau. of
WLNGHAM, William. Mad. Inf.
J. A. Rannermnn, late Covr. P\\'I. ; 1st cous. t o wife of
He~l r y B~lrlley [ 431 1 ; hnd ? Bony in .\Id. army.
b. 1793. d. 1837. s ~ o . 26-9-09 ( 38 ), bcing on lesve from Bombay on ma.,
Ens. 29-6-10 ... Capt. 11-10-18.
allowed leave t o Europo on me.
net. son of Sir Wm. Cuningham [ .Fairlie], of Aucbns-
i l ar i t ha Wnr. 1Y17-8; with id. dett. underlt-&I. Corsslli.lO.
keith. 8th bart., and Jonet Young.
F r o m Ma y 1813, o n s vy. in YP l o ~ a unde r Mal col m
July 1816, AIUI., cl, IX [ 11.gz1 ] ; 20-10-20, appd. Survr. who refers to hi s excel l ent wor k ; " Hi s w i s t a n c e waa
'DDn. 117 ( 350 ) 30-11-26.
9 JIUC. 2 4 4 2 7 ; DDn. 191 ( 113 ). 3 DDn. ?IS ( 99, 117 ), 3 - 3 2209-26. Vot t on
( 008 ). lBen Ob. ( 307/180. B.9 ) 'Corn corr. 5-%3%. TDDn. 239 ( 162-3). 17-11-34. ' P P ( HL'). Comd. Pnper IS&
7-3-40. ' B Di? & A. R. 1883.
IoThos. C~raeltis. Ro. kf.. Lieut. 1701 ; 11 Gan. 1937 ; CU.
n o t l i mi t ed t o hi s a c c ur a t e s ur ve ys a n d t o obj ect s of
rci ence. H e f ur ni shed ma n y val uabl e pa pe r s on
s t at i s t i cal subj ect s, par t i cul ar l y r e p a d i n g t h e Bheel a
[ I. I 26 ; 111, I z j I"'.
MRIO. P 399, 401 ; f dbks. of r o u t e t hr ough Ud a i -
pur, etc., wi t h excel l ent sket ches, a n d obsns. f or
let. [ 181 ; pl. g 1.
Doc. 1310, appd. t o avy. opium production in 31ilwa.
fiUulg up gnps in earlier rvv.. with geol. and statistical s vr .
[ 267 1. Sor . ld20. 31alcolrn reports t hat ..the st at e bf
t hat valuable otlioer'a healtl~ renders him quite unequal t o
uontinue in t he active duties of t he Survey Department.
He will apend one or two mnntb:, completing t he mapVa.
For svy. Dangcrficlll had "directed ~t r onoml c a l ins.
truments, philosopliiral arld rhernicnl nppnratus, cahinets of
geological specimelis, and the latest and nrost authentic worke
on general scieuce. t o be sent t o him from England. Theue
have all arrircd tho' unfortunately too late for t he present
survey. ... Cult amount.; tn nrsrly 6,000 rupeesvs.
Granted 9 nro. leave from 12-3-21 for sea voyage on mc. :
arrg. Cnlcntta April, joiner1 Crnwfilrd's mi s~i on t o Siam
and Cochin China'. ~ h i c h *.lilt4 in Oct.. and returned in
1823 [ 218. 267. 431, 4 3 , 1. .\I;~rrieil nt Pennng in May.
18124. Survr. with tome under Lt Col. DowaI i,,
Decmn [ 11. 1661.
B P o l C.
9-11-16 ( 25 ), El phi nst one, R d t ,
poona , eaka f or hi e sewi cea a s eurvr.. reporting tb,
"Mr. Dnvi es h a d f ur ni shed me wi t h a copy of h ,
Memoi r , & ha s al so gi ven m e muc h valuable informe.
t i on r egar di ng t h e s o u t h of t h e Paishwe' e cou"try,
a n d t h e pr i nci pal i t y of Sawant Wwd . &.
Davi m' s s ur ve ys & e n q u i r i e ~ have been conducted
wi t h g r e a t zeal a n d intelligence".
Davi ee coul d n o t be i mmedi at el y spared, and
El phi ns t one wr i t es, 2s-1-17 ; " The services of an
uficer of aci ence bei ng j uat n o w urgent l y required for
... t h e er ect i on of t h e wor ks ... of defence through the
Ghaut s , I h a v e r eques t ed Colonel Dor et on [83-41
s e n d Li eut . Davi es t o Al ~nl nga ba d, where he will bs
emploj-ed o n t h a t d u t y b y Capt . Sydenham'. ,,,
Li eut . Da v i m will conl hi ne a n at t ent i on t o t he objects
poi nt ed o u t b y t h e Sur veyor Gener al wi t h t he ereeu.
t i on of t h e i mmedi at , e d u t y on whi ch he i sabout tn
-~
Before his etnrt i t a-rrs urrank.rrl that ho aho111:l carry
b e empl oyed. \S%en...tlle works in t he Ghoute
out a geul. wy. in the Hirnilnya, inatc~bd of I\lllas, but
wssiblv in view of thi, ,narrir.up he orere~rrd t o return t o
. . "' might be
r~ ~ ,
opium dept. in MLIwa. and in Fell. 1423 Herbert was appd,
f ul l y empl oyed i n t i l e ma nne r recommended"l0.
to the Himilnya in his pla.-r [ 2 6 5 . 457 1. Mockenzie later reports t l ~nt "on Lieut. Daviaa'a,,jv.l
1 ~ 2 3 , appd. Dcp. Opilln~ Agunt, 5LiIwa. Re appears t o Aurancobad he state* t hat he ha9 no irutrumenta. ~0 wm
have had finnncial di ~i i ~: r~l t i er later, for Xaloolm writes ; aoon after taken ill of a fever, and obliged to retire fro rn...
"You .re not an nlrl man ; y(;u have r ~ n k . You har e d ~ f i - t he defence works on t he G~~uut s . and on 20th April
eul t i e~ : thave you will overcuwur. Who are without them t hat t he reason of his not appiving for inntrumenh from the
i n this life ? 1- wi3h I could uivo you better comfort, but ... stores of t he forces [ was ] tha-t they were all apoilt. L obsemG
you and Mrs. Dxugerfield s ho~~l , l s111~mit t o every privation t hat they o u ~ h t t o be undor the care of those that ... could
to pay your debts. for i t i.3 them alone will make you t ake care of them. ... I sent him a sextant k artificial
mi mnhl e "6. horizon, which be received on 5th June. - - - - ~
" ~ h o troubles ... broke out aoon after, commencing with
DARDEL( L ), James Colin. Mad. Inf.
2,000 BIdhrattm in t he r i ci ni t . ~ of Aurangnbad a few dava
b. lj-12-04. d. ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 2 - 5 4 1,
before t he 29th April [ and followed by ] <he investment if
Poonnh by our forces on the 8th May [ 1817)"".
"of jungle fever ". XI. Secundergbid.
blilitary operntions against pi dr i r i a and JIari t ha~ rapidly
En3. 29-9-21 ... Lieet. 8-9-28.
developed, and Riddell reports in August ; "Lieut. Davis is
Son of Jacques Francow ~ ~ ~ d ~ l l 6 ( 1773-1805 ), B ~ . anxiously awniting t o receive your instmctiona. Oliphsot"
E y a . [ 11. 393 ] and Petronella Margaretha Vanupall his
is placed under him on survey, and winhen muoh to hare a
r t f e. aaaiatant survevor alao attached to him.
Crofton, 11 ( 72 ).
MPC. 2-10-20, appd. Aast Survr. Hyderi bl d Svy. [ x r p z o 1.
Diod whilst out on svy., leaving work in some oonfurlon.
DAVIDSON, David. Bo. Inf.
b. 22-11-01. d. 11-11-71.
Ens. c. 1820 ... Col. : ret. adl M Gen. 1861.
Son of Dr. James Datidaon, physician, Dunfermline, and
Charlotte Johndtone his wife.
m.. Rombay. 12-5-47, JIary Cnroline, dnu. of J. H.
Farquhanon, Bo cs.
Do ( 2 0 . 21-10-24, app~l . Asst. t o Rev. Survr. in Guj er i t ;
1849. to Cnmmt. Dept. ; l@JO. Cornmy Gen.
Not t o be confused with Davirl Davidnon ( 181 1-1900 ),
eleo Un [of.. who was Rev. Survr. Deccan. 1937 t o 1846, and
later. KCB.
DAVIES, Thomas [ 11, 393 1. Mad. Engra.
b. 7-11-1789. Kd. in action, 18-5-18,
Mglegaon, Deccrm7.
EM. LO-1149 ... Lieut. 64-11-10.
Son of Thomaq and Margaret Davk, of 00. Donbigh, Walea.
"The objroi of h b survey is the attainment of a top.
grnphical knowledge of t he country in the viainity of the
Adjuntah rnnges of hills [ 83 1, prinoipally to the south~vnrd
of them. ea i t ia in t hat pa rt... it is intended to have moveable
columns ol light troopa for the defence of the Nizlm'e
Territories on t he advancing of our force.
" He mnnts a theodolite. a eirrumferentor, anrl two
lane tnhlel. I informed hilo uf the irnpossil)ilit of sending
i n Awistant to him, but proposed supplying him with ins.
truments by the Brst opport~lnity"".
Again. a month later, "Lieut. Davies ... expects about 10
oficera t o be employed on route surveying under him durinf
t he advnnce of the Army. He wishes to be put in General
Ordera RE Surveyor t o thBForce. and to have the allowance^""^
He was granted the allce. whilst "under the orrlen of the
Politicnl Agent ill Rersr. February t o October 1817" [350].
Prom Nor. 1817 Dnvies hecame senior Engr. with,Dove.
ton' s column. recruiting 30 Europeann and 60 P l o n ~ ~
as Snppcr ~ b: Jliners'8, with whom he performed ~NJ '
service till his death. He wee wounded in the rtmb
on Nippur. 24-12-17, Riddell writee; "Yon have. no
doubt, heard cf Da vi e ~ being shot thro' the body atFnBPom.
He had declared t he breach prnoticable & a stormlng pa@
Was ordered. At t he head of t he Rappers & Nlnem he
'Malcolm ( appr . . 310-3). ' D h . 145 ( 551 ), 10-11-20. ' from Malcolm. 10-2-21: DDn. 101 (101-A).
Chine, oopitel HUB, i nol udd Cambodia, capital Baigon, and Tonkin, cnpital Hanoi.
"MS. 734 ( 545 ), 31-8-82.
birth cert.; ori8in.l form probably Dardel. 700 rn. E. of Nssik. I Wa mo, pb. 1.24.
mQeo. Sydenhnm, PA in Wr
[ 1. 3-97 1 lo DDn. 112 ( 53 ). 26-1-17. "MRIO. M 601,31-7-17. L'Jomer Oliphont ( d. 1881 ) ; Mad. Eu
.Erin. lfl14;m''
a j . 1938 ; Lt Col. 1864 ; Chmn.. EIC., 1854. UDDn. 161 ( 11-7 ), 34-17. 14ib. ( 31 ), g.9-17.
u c k e ( 18 1.
NOTES 437 DE PENNING
demonstrnted t hat he was right by goirlg over t he breach. He
&covered the Arabs not prepared, but he returned oa hm wm
followed
He again went a i t h hlr. Bell of t he [ Blanks]
& wain retired t o encourage and bring on t he party. I t
wu in vain ; sllile haraneuine them. Mr. Be11 was killed. &
he [ Davies] fell nbot througll the body. ... The [ Blanks]
are universally accused of having behaved ill. The above
in the substance of R letter from Daviea" [ 498 1.
Dnviea did not npperently get on with Blacker. who, in
his Memoi r refern to him as "petulnnt", an epithet t hat is
strongly cl~nllenged by Edward Lake' ; "Lieutenant Daviee
certainly poseeased great firlnnesr and decision. and when
called npon as t he Commanding Engineer of the Divinion
to give him opinion on points of duty, he did no with t hat
plain speaking and energy which charncterised hi8 manly
and ardent mind ; hut Rasuredlg no man wns less deserving
o[ the implied reproach of want of temper or mnnner. ...
"This officer ha8 scarcely left l~in equal behind him in
seal, peraeveranre, and activity. His ahnl e soul was rlerotrd
to theservice. I n t he presence cif nn enomy he nlmoet denied
himself t he necessary support uf food nnil sleep. No
difficulty seemml t o appnl him, and he cnrriecl t,he plane he
had formed into execution with a cournge and perscrernnce
whioh deserved succasn if they conld nut nlwayn command
it. \\'hen not actively employed, his time was entirely given
up to the study of his profession, nnd t o the instruction
of ,)is littlo bodv of St ~ p p e r ~ and Miners.
His brother'officera of t he Co r p ~ nf Engineers have
determined t o rrect a monument t o his memory "2.
In will, dated 10-12-17, left. property "t n be equally
divided amongst my brothers & sistere, except Rs. 1,000 t o
my servant Frederick-the yollng hog whom I brougbt with
me from BourhonV-to be sent t o hie native island. -41~0
beqneatbed 300 Hyderi bi d r u p m t o his apprentice Colin
MoNairl.
DE BUD& Henry. Ben. Engrs.
b. 3-11-1800. d. Calcutta, 8-11-43.
En#. 1-9-18 ... Maj. 31-3-10.
Son of Lt Oen. Jacob De Bud6 nnd Ya w Lnmbert his
wife.
m., 1st.. %feerut. 12-7-25, >fury AM+- ; 2nd.. Miss J. A.
Royle; 3nl., Calcuttn, 14-442, Jfargnret, dnu. of Leith
Alexander Dsvidson [ 470 n.2 1.
Bodson, I ( 38-7 ).
BOO. 11-3-20, t o svv. road K%hipur t o -4lmorn. 1822-3,
NOV. 1828, svy. of d&b canal l1uzaffnrnngnr t o Alignrh
[ 24 1'.
Burma War. 1824-5.
1833, comdg. S & b1. Delhi.
DE L'HOSTE, Edward Paterson. Bo. Id.
b a ~ t . 13-8-03. d. 19-7-76.
Ori enl al Club.
Burmese War : OC. 22nd nnI. writes. 16-1 1-45. " l i ~ u t .
D' llontmorency of t he Quartarmester General's Department.
who conrl~~cterl ~ n y march. clisplavcd much %allantry and
zeal in this nRau, being almoat c o &t a ~ l y in ndvance under
the enemy's fire"$.
With Crnwfurd'a miasion to Avn [ 78, 434 1.
J a n . 1827, s p p d . aaat . to Gr a nt , wh o wr i t es t h a t
" t hi s officer waa empl oyed dur i ng t h e l a t e wa r i n
t h e De pa r t me nt of t h e Quar t er mas t er Oe~l er al , a n d
f r om m y own knowl et l ge of hi 3 qual f i cat i om. I a m
wel l sat i sfi ed h e will d o ful l j ust i ce to t h e choice"'.
D e 3I ont mor ency wor ked u n ~ l e r Gr a n t i n Amhe r a t
Di at . [ 76-7.45.5 ] t i l l 1928, when h e r et ur ned t o Up p e r
B ~ ~ r m s , a n d waa emp. b y Bur ne y on m y . u p t h e
Chi ndwi n t o linl: wi t h Pomber t on o n t h e Me ni pur
f r ont i er [ 78 1, af t er whi ch h e r e t ur ns d t o J f oul mei n
b u t wtts n o t ~ g n i n e mp. on s vy.
DE PEXNING, Joshua [ 11,394-5 1. Sub-. bt.
b. Chingleput, 9-8-1764. d. Calcutta,
30-3-16.
Appco. 21 -6-li98 ; Suh-risat. 9-0-05 ; resd. 1-2-24 ;
reappd. to cb. C'ompoting Ofice. Cnlcutta. 1831, serving tlU
death.
Son of Peter Do Penning, sergt. of JIad. Art., who m.,
24-7-1780, Hnr ~e SicP, of Trnnquebar k Pondicherrr.
A nnt. son. Jo-eph, born bkfore his marringe, i . 8 ~ appd.
Sub.Asxt. GTS., 1-7-21 [ 379-801.
m.. I'ondioherry. 18-6-10, Marie Hppolitto GiU. bv whom
he had 14 children. of whom George Alfred, b. 19'30. hnd
sons ccnducting bnsiness s s Patent Agents in ~ n l c u t t a in
1945. I n 1811 ho had "7 unmarried daughters and 1 sons,
all nnpruvided for" [ 471-3 1.
Aug. 1800, j oi ned Lambt on' s svy. ; f r om 1812 to
1818. emp. l ar gel y o n t rgn. . i ~ ~ c l u d i n g t h a t of t h e
great merl . a r c [11, 247-8; 111, 223-4, 234. 232, 259.
373. 378. pl. 18 n . 1. keapi ng u p a n i nt er est i ng j our nal
(11, 247n. 4 ] f r om whi ch t h e fol l owi ng f ur t he r
pa s mge s ma y b e quot e d ;
"In June [ 18181. we remored t o t he rnntnnments a t
Secundernbnd. & took possession of a house belonging t o
Lt Col. Lnmhton. which he had tho goodness t o let us have.
Messrs. Olliver and Rmsenrode nbo entered t he new house
which t he Colonel had ... t o bnild at hie own expenae.
"The Frencl ~ ,Onrdsns' uill be ever dear t o me from t he
length of time I h d resided in i t ; its rolnantio situatiun.
hut above all from its having viven birth t o 3 of mv children.
Enti. 21-2-24 ... ret. na Bt. hlnj., 1-10-52 ;
~ n d where, ... through t he -bounty of mv Maker,-I enj ovG
Hon. Lt. Col. 28-11-54.
a lasting p c s & tranquility in t he bosom of my dear family
son of nrig. G ~ ~ . ~~l~~~~ D~ r ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ d sophi,, cWoline
for t he space of 3 pears and 9 months nearly. ... notwith-
Destrac.
stnndinp the damp nitlintion of the hoose I occupied which,
Bo Om 80e. I ( 17449) : 1899, sumd. Nwbada R. [ 113 1; from its being in a low spot surrounded with ~ 1 1 d y round.
later with QMO.'S dept. [ 4261.
was during t he monsoon & cold weathsr subject t o humid
exhalntions. ahi l e water wos constantly onzing ont from
DE MONTMORENCY, Hervey Frt~ncis.
Mad. Cev.
b. 2&7-02. d. 8-8-83. Colombes,
nr. Paria.
Lleut. a0-7-20 ... ret. as Capt. 17-10-32.
800 of Lt.Col. Reymond Hervey De Montmoreno
originally Morres. 13th 1.t. Dragoons, of Irish peerage f omi g
Moontmorres; bm. to Reymond Hervey De Y.. Ben. Inf..
Hudson, 11 ( 46 ).
t he flooring, t he lower part of t he nallb beingValso damp
... renderad t he plnoe extremely disngreeable for half the year.
"From tho tune of my nr r ~val a t t he csntonment to t be
end of October, we mmained in quiot possession of our new
house, being under orders t o t ake t he Geld on another expedl.
tion t o t be ~011th [ 227, 325, 491 1. ...
"Xv little eon wsa takcn ill of t he dysentery. t he firnt
aymto'ms of which mnrle its appearance a t t he Clsrrlene. I n
a short time, whether owing t o t he change of air or t he
natural ooorse of t he distemper, t be child h a m e nerionsly
ill, snd me deapi md of ita recovery. On t he day r e auppossd
'( 1702-183012 ) ; m. dau. of John Goldlngharn [ I1 oa ] ; &nth. of Sirgra oJ lhm Yodro.4 Army. ' l ake ( 18-1 18,
Pmairn.); ob. appreololion, QO. 00 in C.. 28-9-18. '&L Wm. SIaNair had son Gregory, h. 1RW-3, root. a t Oohor -
mund In 1868. 'of. Bandes, I1 ( 6 ). ' &vl . ha. 12-12-36. aGO., Moulmein, 30-1-27 ; DDn. 217 ( 03 ) & 221 ( 211 )
10-2-21.
'no oalled after troop8 aomdd. by Rnymond, disbanded 1709 [ I, Ir, ] ; ocoupied by I ambt an 18154.
DE PENNING
BIOGRAPHICAL
the child was about expiring I got him baptized by t he
Brigade 3lajor. ... then officiating Chaplain. ... The ohild
oontinud seriously ill t hat day and the following when.
to the unspoakahle joy of every person concerned. ... a
visible change in t b dinease took place, and the child
gradually recovered".
De Penni ng waa i n t h e field agai n o n t h e e. bor der s
of t h e Nizam' s count r y dur i ng Nov. e n d Dec. 1818.
[a, 2271 b u t remai ned at hdqr s. dur i ng Lambt on' s
absence i n Cal cut t a [ 228 1, compl et i ng t h e wor k
r ound Kur nool dur i ng 1820-1 [ 232 1. Whi l st o u t o n
t r gn. h e received i mt r ~i s . f r om Lombt on ever y t hr ee
o r f our days, t hose of 28-1-41 r eadi ng ;
"I received you13 from Dunnaram last evening ahcn I
wa4 sitt.ing down t o din?, and I am much gratified to And
t hat you succeeded so well ill choosing a station. With
reapect to your bringing in the wholo camp-if it be absolubly
necwsary, do so-but i t strikes mrr t hat it will be the cause
of delay, and I wish you t o procrrcl t o the north aa quick
r~ possible, as the atmosphere will soon get so hazy as t o
proveot your seeing ahove ten mile^.
"The nick a t all events can be brought in and exchanged
without detaining you hrre, and you cnn take the obarrvirrg
tent t hat halongs t~ the great theodolite. You will do
right in sending forward p~rt i ev to clear the jungll-, but I
do not intend vou shouL1 go an fnr north as Guokole, hut
that you wiU fvnneot that station by intersection. ... You
need not look no fnr ns the Godavery. ... I wish t o have
you all back again a4 soon as possible, that we may get on
with the General Report"' [ 237-9 1.
In 182 1, wllilst La mbt on mar ched nor t h t o measur e
hi s base at Tt i ker kher a i n BerBr, De Penni ng con-
t i nued t h e Gr eat Ar c t o wi t hi n 60 miles of Ellichpur.
wor k bei ng t hen hel d u p b y sickness [ 8, 232 1. Th e
following year La mbt nn br oke u p hdqr s. a t Hy d e r i -
bkd, ant1 mar ched hi s whol e est.. except i ng t hose
o n det t . wi t h Ever est , t o f or m new hdqr s. at
NBgpur. De Penni ng appear s t o ha ve s e nt wife a n d
fami l y t o Pondi cher r y before t hi s i l l -fat ed mar ch, b u t
waa himself wi t h La mbt on at hi a de a t h at Hi ngan-
g h i t . H e s ent t h e and news t o Ever es t t h e ne xt day.
a n d mar ched t h e whol e c a mp o n t o Xi gpur , where
t he y amd. 28-1-23 [ 236, 247. 2 j g, pl. 18 1.
Though now t h e seni or GTS. officer o n t h e spot ,
D e Penni ng was unabl e t o wi t hst and t h e forceful
eeeumpt i on of aut hor i t y b y Asst. Surg. J l or t on,
whom Lambt on h a d appd. execut or of hi s pr i vat e
est at e, a n d who procoerled t o sell b y auct i on at
Ni gpur , n o t onl y al l t h e gr eat man' s pr i vat e pr o-
per t y, b u t a number of Govt . art i cl es as well. De
Penni ng war ned Ever est t h a t Morton "i nt ends t o
haat en t he sal e of t l ~ e Colonel's effects, s o t h a t I
f ear i t will t nke pl ace before I a m f avour ed wi t h
a n y i nst ruct i ot w f r om you, especially concerni ng t h e
Ci rcul ar I n e t n ~ me n t [ 257. 259 1. I n t h e event . ...
I i nt end t aki ng i t u p a t my o\vn r i ~ k "'.
Evercst'e roply was in~istent thnt everything possible
mudt ha clone to prevent R U C ~ vnndnliam, nnrl that he wne
ready tu purcl~uso evcrythiug hinuelf; "Thcse ... reasons
muvt I)o the fi~i~nrlntinn uC your protost, which you must
mnkc on my part. Y ~ I I must strain every nerve, my good
Yir. to reo thnt the estate of your lato benefactor is fairly
deult by. ... tho sale he in^ postponml until the nature of
the eKectn is made krlnwn to the whole sciontiflu part of
India"' [ 444.46843 1.
But De Penning wsa not of the stuff to play a Itmg
hand on his own, and Everest's whip arrived too hts to ahp
the untimely sale, from which De Penning bougbt for himself
the portrait which hia family sold to tho Deprtmont in
1003 [ 467 1, and u clock' which wan keaping e xdmt #me
in 1938 [ 260 n. j 1. This nlock wan used by De Penning in
the soo. obsy, after 1836 for regulating the t i e signah
mnde from Ft. William.
'He wtui n o t anxi ous to et ay on wi t h the survey
unde r t h e ne w condi t i ons, a n d t here appears to
ha ve been l i t t l e s ympa t hy bet ween hi m and E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
His young fami l y w a ~ increasing in numbere, and the
ext enei on of t h e svy. t hr ough t h e hills and fomt8
of Cent r al I ndi a di d not promise much for the
comf or t s of f ami l y life. Ho wri t es t o Evereat fro,,,
Ni g p u r ;
"You have always manifested a sincere regard for erery
one of us, and, ... nhould it be my lot to continue on the
survey, I slinll make i t my duty to merit a continuance of
your osteem. ... Dut ... my health will not permit me to
oontinue long in thin climate. which does not agree with
me. I have had allother attack of ... fever, ... for which I
wae as usual obliged t o go through a course uf mercury,
and I am at preeent no hetter the11 an invalidNa.
A week later he madc dofinite request to resign; '.h
consequence of tbe attack of fever which I recentlv
suffered. and the return of my rheumatio pains, I fed
myself obliged to apply for leave to proceed to the but,
but under t he present anxiety of my mind, owing to same
recent calamity in my domeatic concerns. ... I shall not be
able t o return t o my duty for a conaiderahle period. ... I may
be permitted t o retire. ... I have been constantly and
actively employed in the field, and from boing out in 9
s ~ o n s have suffered ... hotb in health and pecuniary
loeaes".
He pointed out that under the rule, of 17-1-07 "a Revenue
Surveyor who may hnve aerved ... twrnty yeara fmm...the
expiration of his apprenticeabip ahall be allowed to retire
on a pension not exceeding the half-pay of his situstion"
[ II, 349 1, and asked "to retirr...on a pension suitable h
my aervicea and the rank I bold in ~ociety or. if my service
be required in any other depnrtment, I hope ... to hold some
~i t uat i on of ... respectability under the Presidency of Fort
St. Qeor~e. that I mav have the advantage of beion near
the cons;.
-
"In the meantime. I beg ... to proceed to Madm, and
ultimatelv t o Pondicberrv. as n ~ v health and private cOnCerDB
require &y immediate hem"% -
Ever est waa i ndi gnant t h a t De Penning ehould
wiah t o r mi gn at t hi s d i a c u l t juncture, more wpeciel-
l y aa h e considered hi m muc h t o bl ame for Morton's
want on act i on in aelling off Lambton' e prof. pro.
per t y, a n d for not i mmedi at el y separating ell articles
t h a t ri ght l y belonged Lo t h e S w e y [ zqz] .
"I t will be escee(ling1y inconvenient. ..that Mr. De Penning
should ... depnrt until the confunion ... haa been rernedlod".
The SO. commented that De Penning had only recently drawn
"sioca rupees 7,911 ", arrean, from 1-1-18, on his promotion
to Re. 400 pm., nnd Covt. ordered that, thoilgh he ~0nld
be grnnted nny leave recdd. on mc., he wo111d not be relensed
until entirely convenient to the service' [ p 6 , 3791.
Relations were emed by tho intervention 01 VOY~~Y. *
he pasued through NBgpur on his return from the ;orth[ 236.
243 1, atid Evercat then wrote to De Penning ; When my
operations commence in the latter end of tllisyear, you should
p r o w1 in charge of the imtruments t o S\L10hpoor, and from
thence take your departure for hladrw so na to arrlve bllsm
on the 1st Bebp. Beyond Elliohpoor I sill never ask YOuco
accompuny me.
'DDn. 02 ( 170 1, 26-1-21. 'DDn. 01 ( 237-a), 24-1-23. SJDDn. 172 ( 8-0). 8-2-23.
'Cloak No. 883, by *'
Barmud. Cornhill, London [218 1. 8 DDn. 91 ( 246-8 ), 14-2-23. 0 DDU. 107 ( 38 ), 22-2-23.
BMC. 23-6-23; Dm
ea ( 40 1.
DOWN
"1 never had t he slightest winh t o oppwe or injure your
,.iews--never beyond wl ~a t my dut y roquired of me have I
thwartedyouin any r e s p e c t ... but I ahould think i t un-
neoesssry to remind B mnn of your good aense of t he ill
appmrance i t would wonr if, after l~nving ser\.orl w-ith so
much credit and honour t o yourself in prosecution of a
great national work Like this, you al~nuld surldenly cense to
feel an intereat in its s~~ccus*, snd CBI I L 11f pique or caprioe
witlrdrsw our interest when you nrq. ~nnst wantod.
"cousiler the extreme rmb~cn'nasmunt your departure
oconsion. for since Mr. Roesenrode's quitting Sngpure
and in justice hie leave c ~ ~ u l d not br clenird him ), who iq
to take ellarge of the i ust r~~rneot s and records hrlonqinp tu
the Survey ? Wllo is t o comm~~ni r at e t o Ine thc exnct stntu
in whic11 the calculations and all othor omsirs have becn left ?
Either then I muat taken a journcv of 020 milea to Nagpore
and hack, or t he whole eetublishm&t must he rcnloved hcre.
8% vaat oxpence and troublo, in order t o be agnin brought
up at the end of u. few months [ 233, 2431. ...
"When the time arrives a t which goo nre dostinerl t o leave
the Surrev, I will do rverytl~ing io my powor tq, make pour
retreat both honor~rsble and romfortnl~la"' [ 38u 1.
At the snmr t i n~r Everest wrote privately t o the SU. ;
"I an1 vorv znrrv t o part wit11 him. ... I...think t hut Mr.
~oldinghnm wrn11;1 bc glt~d t o employ him in the Ohvrrvatory.
and that he woi~lrl have no objc,r.tir,n t o t l ~ c r; i t unt i o~~, pri ~vi de~i
it could he matla worth his while. A pr,mc,n of hi3 1~ructir~:~l
efficienoy sl~ould not I)[. lo$t to t hr srrvice"'. OfTir.i>tll,v hc
records that "Mr. L>e l ' e~~ni nc ht~x rircn Tram obdenrity
entirely hv hiw owu lncrita. Sell t ~t l uci ~t e~l , 11v111w 119 his a1\\-11
exertidns ' made bi~nrelf un r s ~ ~ ~ ~ l l c r ~ t p ~ ~ c t i r a l aatronorurr.
and ie a t thin timo oleguntly skilf111 iu the mnnngrmont of
instn~ulents, in tllo application of f or ~~~ul n?, and in nll t,he
practical ports of c n l r ~ ~ l a t i o ~ ~ and obaervatit~n co~~r ~ect od
with this Sk~r r e v" ~ [ 378+ 1.
Ekewhere h& deacribaa the hositntion of the h~~mhl e r
msmbern of the atnff t o co~~t i nue scrvicr after Lambton's
death ; "The f eel i ~~g on the 111~rt of t,ht-ao poor people wa8
not botterad bv t he en~tmple of Mr. I)(* I'cnning whw-nou-
that he had m h e what wa* to him a furt,unc in t l ~i a tlrpnrt-
ment. and had reraivod a very grunt invreusc t , r snlsty. with
five years arrenra, ... on tho vory plea of enal~lirrg him to
proceed WI far as Agra- ... rloclarcd his intont~on t,o re sip^.
"This person ... narr possesxorl of n rant drol of shrewd.
ness, and wlls encecdinplv clever in t hc mnuapcmeot of ins-
trumontu. tle hnd joirkd Lieutcoant.O~lonel Lnmbton ...
in very boyhooil, m d nttendorl him in nll Ilia opcrationn ill
the Decann and hwl fallen into nll t l ~ e T,ient,ennnt,-Colonel's
little ways nntl. n.q the veneruble old man drclinc,cl in intcuoct
and enrrgy, hadl assunled t he nh~ol ut e mastery of tho office,
sod all thearrangemcnts of the ... S ~ ~ r v e y [ 237, 443 1.
"I had al\ravs boen vory ready t o do justice t o JIr. De
Penning's merits. ... under propersurveillnnrr : but I was not
prepared tolenrp either him or anv other prnon. t o carry on.
uncontrolled, operntions so deeply involvine t he reputation
of the work ent n~at cd to me 1234. 25". But his losv wns
very severely felt ; not onlv beca~~s e he was, when well looked
after. highly capsblr and kef ul , but brcnuae he had acquired
avcr the native follnwers t hat influence which ... is sure to be
engendered by superior wit and intelligence"'.
De Penni ng r eadi l y g a v e i n, a n d apol ogi sed f or
havi ng been s o i nsi st ent . H o s t e ye d o n i n NBgpur
for t h e rai ns. a n d br onght hia p a r t y d o wn t o
Tkkar kher a i n November , t o compl et e no st of t h o
recce. b y t h e t i me Eve r e s t a n d . H e wr i t es o n 1 9 t h
Nov. "I a m r eal l y gl a d w e a h d l me e t bef or e t h e
26th, f or I a m hear t i l y tired of m y exi l ement , a n d
do si ncerel y hope t o s e e y o u per f ect l y r ost or ed t o
htlalth" [ 244,444 1.
Aft er ws i at i ng wi t h t h e menst . of t h e bnse, h e waa
r el eased f r om 1s t Fe b. 1824. and allowerl frrU
s a l a r y t o cover hi s j our ney to bI adr m. whe r e hi e
ser vi ces wer e r epl aced a t t h e di apoeel of t h e
Ma d r m Oovt . [ 9. 245 1. R e w s ~ gr t r nht l pensi on of
224 pa., t o whi ch h e wa s ent i t l ed unde r Madraa
rul es, di sr egar di ng t h e i ncrense of s al ar y t h e t h a d
been al l owed unde r t h e Supr e me Ciovt. H e WM
r e- emp. b y t h e D8G. i n t h o Mndr es offlce, o n s a l a r y
45 pa. i n at l di t i on t o ponai on. T h h was conver t ed
i n 1830 t o a t ot al of Rs. 187-8 i ncl udi ng pensi on6
[ 321 I.
Af t er hi s r e t u r n t o I ndi a Evor es t c ~ l l e d D e Pe nni ng
heck t o t h e OTS. t o become Chief Comput er , a poe t
h e hel d a t Cnl cut t a f r om 1831 t i l l d e a t h [435. 491 1.
DICKINSON, Thomas [ 11, 395.1. Bo. Engrs.
b. 16-4-1783. d. lc3-4-61.
Ens. 21-9-l:!IR ... Col. 14- 642 ret. 10--3;
.Hon. M Oelr. 28-1 1-64.
Sun of Thomas 1)ickinson. paper manul~u:turur, and
Frnnacw his wife.
m.. Bombay. IGG(lM, (Iatheri~re, dnu. of I\[ C4en. Joaiah
lJunn; g. ft ~t her uC \YiUo~~flhl~v t l yet t Dirkinson ( 1849-1943).
rr. l at Beroll 1)ivkinaon. I!lAU.
1812-21, Hey. SI I ~ VT. , Bomba y & S a l ~ e t t e 10.
[ d, 167-9, 392 1 ; 1817, ~ I I I svy. of Ba we i n [ 128 1.
1820. James Welsh revorrln t hat on visit to Bombay,
"on 27th Feby. I roo~oved t o the house of ( hpt . Dirkineon
of t he Engineers, from whom I had rereived an invitation
and who, with his lacly. kiudly put thcmselres t o great
inconvcnienre "8.
1820, rained company of Sappcira from existing Engr.
laacnm for expn. Pcraiau Gulf': Ho. 00. 7-S21. nppd. actg.
Supdg. Engr.. handing over rrv. svy. to Tat e [ 343 1.
Later heramt. CE. till retirement.
DOWELL, William Wanklyn. Bo. Inf.
bapt. 3-P1797. d. at sea 28-6-33, on
voyage home.
Lieut. 19-1-19 ... Capt. 104-31.
Son of John Dowell. hat ma~~ufact urer, nri*tol.
Bo hlC.. camp. 1-3-24. appd. Asnt. Furvr. ; Boao. 22-3-24.
being originally appd. to supd. sir!-. of S. Kont m, was posted
to S. Konkau undrr 'rhos. Jervis [ 127, 1301 "t o obtain a
more perfect knvrledge oi his dut i e~".
Bo ao. 1 3 -2-26, t r . t o rev. s vy. R~ t n Hg i r i to wor k
f or Collr. ; pr epar ed "hl emoi r of s ur ve y of p e r t of
Ry g u r h Tnl ook" [ 1731. Appt . t o s vy. de pt . ceased
f r o m 31-,530, b u t cont i nued o n r ev. assessments
unde r Re v. Comnr. , Deccan. 1032-3 emp. o n
exami nat i on of Pri ngl e' s re;. svy. of Poone [ 172 ]
t i l l t l epar t ur e o n furl . 6-6-338.
I n Hisforrl of Ihe .Wohrulb, Grant Duff includes sketch of
mausolenm 'at Bi j l p ~ v by Dowell, and regrets t hat he oould
not include two other drawings "executed with e d wa h l e
fidelity and precision "'.
DOWN, James Sommers. Bo. Inf.
bapt. 11-6-02. d. 259-71.
Lieet. 4-5-20 ... Lt Gen. 26-6-70.
Son of Jam- Dowu of Deal. ed. Eton c. 1017-80.
1-S-a2, aubmittea map of Rajpiplal' to Rsadt. Buod..
"having been for some time p u t e u p g d in maki q
'DDn. 172 ( 4 9 6 1 ), HyderHbld. Z8-6-23. . 7 ( 2 ) 2 - i ( 2 ) 4 - 2 3 ' Ch . Ev e mt ( 334).
' DDn. 202 ( 101 ), 04-26 : 230 ( 204 ). 1-2-30. 4 Wolah ( 161 : CadeU ( 164 ). VExpa. under Col. Warren. EM. 66th
It- : ~ e ~ - Ma mh 1821. Diokineon mentioaed in diepatches A8 J. 1821 1372).
Bo RC.. Cnmp, 517/1033.
' Ria- #
h b Wa d I f frpoe. & pref. ). 105. of Narbndu R. [ I t , pl. 1 5 ; 111, pl. g ] . DDn. 278 ( 31 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
me of Itsjpimple, an undertakiDg I wae...to at t empt in
DDn. 401 ( 250) . 29-1-43. on svy. Agra-Bombq high
aollsequence of t he blank upon existing Indian mapa of r w d ; in euu's Dept. till death.
thiq. nrincinnlitv. ... --. . - . . . r. .- ..r-- ~ ., . . ..
" I t would be presrlmptioue in me t o ... claim t o more than
tolerable ecourauy in fixing t he position of t he several din-
tricta and villages of Rnjpimpla, ... heing my first at t empt
a t anything of t he kind. I was destitute of all aid from
inetrumenta, and even of t he perambulator you had t he
kindneas to send. the same havlne been rendered unservice-
able by an accident before i t rcacKod me.
"Thc country ...p resented ...g reat diffioultien, t he most part
of i t being overrun with a thick jungle, roads blocked up,
and many villages deserted. The hill perqunnahs espoci dy,
f r on~ their nll being nrnrly wnute, and nearly impenetrnble,
and i t wad not until vary lately t hat tiny road whataoover
was opeued and which, though now olerely oonsista of
n footpath, I have nevertheless endwvourcd t o lay i t down
es correotly as possible. ...
"Another oause which operated strongly against my visiting
t he hill pergunnal~n junt a t this time waa tho unsettled 8tat.e
of their uountry, iearing t hat my preaence there would
excite some appr el ~r ~~ai vu je~~lounlv in t he minds of it* savage
inhahitants, t he Bhuels [ 11. 168 ; 111, 123 1. ...
"The want of proper inutrumenkj ... r n ~ ~ s t have occtsio~led
some errora, bet I hope, from t he tro~uhlo I took to gnu1
correct inforrnntion ill t he scs-era1 Illt,ricts, t hat t he in-
aocurscies will 118,t l,e foull(l very grmt . 'Che Rou~~dar i es
to t hc N., 8.. and IT. are laid down from r map of t he late
Surveyor Gencrafa ; ... t o t he E. is frgm native information.
The principal towns, likewise. in t he British territories nre
nlso from thcnce"' [ 129 1.
S u t h e r b ~ i d t hought t h e m a p " t o h a v e been
copi ed f r om t h e l a t e Gener al Reynol d' u ma p , wi t h
t , he excent i on of s o me vi l l aees ... t o t h e s o u t h of t h e
-
Ne r be da Ri ber , a n d n r out e. . . t ~) R ~ ~ o k u r mo o d e o n
t h e Tapt ee, t h e accur acy of whi ch I a m una bl e t o
r epor t upon, RR n e i t l ~ e r field book nor j o ~ m a l h a s
accompani ed t , he s ket ch. The r o a r e al s o s f ew
vi l l ages a mo n g t h e hi l l s bet ween t h e Nar bar l a a n d
Ta p t e e r i ver s whi c h I r a t he r t h i n k mu s t h a v e been
i nuer t ed b y i nf or ms t i on, a r ~ t l n o t f r o m a c t ua l s ur vey.
" Th e execut i on. ..ie ver y credi t al )l e t o Li eut .
Down, bot h f or ne a t nms a n d ( l bt i nct noas of cl el u~ea-
t i on, a n d s hows him t o h e l ~ o s s e s ~ o d of consi rl erabl e
t a l e nt "a.
On t h e s t r e ngt h of t hb svy.. Do wn wa s appd. ,
BM. 27-11-22, Asst . o n r ev. s vy. of Gu j a r l t , a n d
w w st i l l emp. i n 182Sa [ 170 n.g 1.
Served in lntl Afghin War, and oocupation of Sind ;
ocmdd. 1st Grenadiers 1W- 62.
DRWTOND, John Gavin. Ben. Inf.
b. 2&8-1788. $. 11-12-51, Kh&ri&n,
10 rn. SE. of Jhelum.
Erin. 25-1-08 ... Lt Co1. 20-1243.
Son of J. D~mr nonl l , of Edinburgh.
m., Euphemia Farmer.
CB. Hodson. I1 ( 87-8 ).
Yept. 16.22, apprl. t o ~x o ' s Dapt. for svy. of communioa-
Lione, nurvg. rmda t hro~rah Mur i pur rind Rewab and to w..
tiU recalled on outbreak of Durmaae War [ 27 1.
1825, AQXO. Arakan [ tjg, 337 ] : April, "reconnoitred road
by which t he Burmese C%ief, Bnndooln, and army fled from
A r r ~ a n . He trnced them through 62 milen of mountainous
country oovered with thiok jungle, and mnt 6 hircarrahq
farther on, returning h~mnelf" ; assisted Crommelin with
map [69.435.301 Id.
DUMARESQ, Edward. Bo. Inf.
b. 10-6-02. d. 23-61900, aged
Mount Ipeh, Hadspen, Tasmania
residence of his son ).
103,
( the
Licut. 3&12-18 ... Copt. 8-9-26 ; ret. 25-4-27.
Son of Col. John Domaresq, of Swansnil, and
Jones Ilh wilc.
4. RMC.. Sandhurat.
m., 7-11-27. Francen Blanche, dan. of Uchrcl Legge, d
Oarrnne, co. Tipperary.
Burke' s ~o&;l;'ul 0entry, I ( 330 ) ; !Pi-, 25 & 28+18~,
Bo oo., 13- 50, nppd. t o rev. avy., CujnrBt from 1-3-20;
ib. 17-6-2.3, 1@..1re to sea on 8 mo. ma.; Sept. 1821,
capture of Ilngnllnab. Ouj ar i t ; Uo ao. 21-I&%, nbent
on mc. ; 25-1 1-24. furl. to Europe, fur health [ 170 n.5 1,
Emigrnted t o Tlwrnania, settling a t Mount Ipeh, aith
residence a t St. Holiers. East KRW. I\.lelbourne; Isgtd.
of Tasmania fro111 1828.
DUN, George. Mad. Inf.
b. 5-5-1787. d. Chicacole, Ganjam,
18-4-20, "of fever from zeal and fatigue".
Enu. 17-6-06 ; Lieut. 16-1-07
Son of James Don, of Shaw Pnrk, nr. Selkirk, and Jean
Anderson l~iv wife.
27-2-20. left Xi gpur on route t o Calingapatnm, n port
on Ganjam comt ; journnl aruongst route wye, from office of
D Q M~ . Si gpnr State Forow'.
DU VERNET, James Smith. Mad. Inf.
b. 26-4-03. d. 2-11-72.
Ens. 2-5-23 ... Cspt. 31-1-3; Rt. Lt Col . Cl l 40;
ret. 21-4-57. Hon. Col. 29-6-67.
Son of Lt Col. Abrnm Du Vernet, BA.
m., Truro. 20-S-38. Eliza Lavinia. dau. of Bani. Martin.
dulo, of Br l ~na ~i c k Sq., London ; she d. 0 4 8 8 , rigid 70.
"I \TRY nppnintad n cndet in hIap 1Y23. and in March 1824
arrivcd a t Madras, after a voyage of nearly e i ~ b t montha
[ 4I g] . On my nrrivnl 1 urn* ucdered t o do duty with the
45th regiment 3.1.. which I joined a t Arnreo, and in May
ww posted t o t he 24th reyimel~t N.I. a t VeUore. ... I sub.
sequently marched wit11 t he regiment t o BeUary, and then
in 1927 s o went t o Kolnporc t o relieve tho regiment8 them
stationed after tho taking of t hat plnce.
" I n Fe br ua r y 1828 I WIW appoi nt ed t o t he pro.
vi nci al aur vey of %l al abar , wi t h whi ch I remained
unt i l 1830, a n d t o o k p a r t i n sur veyi ng t he districts
of Mal abar , 3fnrlurn. Tr i chi nopol y, a n d part of Tffl
ni vel l y "'.
rdao. 12-2-28. a l ~ p d . Aast. Sur vr . from 6t h ; j oi ~l d
Mal abar Svy. 13-4-28 ; 27-10-29, r e p o r t d 8s "8
zealoun ancl v i t l ~ ~ a b l e s ur veyor " [ "4. 342 1.
.\roo. 0-11-29, aervicos replaced a t disposal of C.in-C., a
which t he DSG., Jlontgomerie, made encoeseful promt
against "tho irreparable losa which t he Survoy Branch would
nustain. ... Lioutennnt Du Vernet, havinggone thro'nm lllar
o o me of studies for Bve yeara under t he prof-m ofthe
Royal 3Iilitary Callego in England, waa found particularl~
well qualified for employment in t he Survey Department. ...
Captnin Ward ... hm rcpeatodly reported most favowabl~
to his superior abilities and zenl ". Qovt. we e d !?at ha
might remain with t he Survey t o understudy Word, whols
hedt h wna much impnired"'.
NOTES 44 1 EVEREST
Except for break between 1838 and 1840, Du Vernet
remained with Svy. Dnpt. till 1854. becoming one of the best
topo. surcrs. of t he period. From 1840 with GTS., holding
ch. of Hi mi l ~~yan partiea for several years [zog].
DYSON, Henry Wilcocks. Ben. Inf.
b. 15-9-1793. d. 20-12-18, Dungarpur,
Rkjputina.
Ens. 19-3-10 Lieut. 10-12-14.
Son of Rev. Henry Dyson ; ed. Charterhonne.
Hodson, 11 ( 114 ).
Maritha War, mado Svyn. of which Jfalcolm writes from
Yhow ; "The importance, and indeed necessity, of gaining a
fuller and more correot account of t he countrim of Pertab-
garh, Bhauswnrrnk, and nonjerpoor, and other petty States
in that direotion, made me anticipate t he Governor General's
approbation t o t he employment of Lieutenant -son ... on
this service.
Meridian. London. I830 ; Account of the Ye or ur r mnl of
11uo s e c f i o ~ of the N e r i r l o d A r e of Indin, London. I847 : A
Serirn of Lcltera nd:lr~nned la H. R. H. the ntrks oJ Yu*re.x.
London, 1839.
Of his early lire in India. where he arrd. lNM, his son
telh of two incidents narratetl t o him n~ n bop ; "He waa out
a t a party one evening and war1 n considerable anm of money
a t carda. On bir return houlc. he resolv'ed t o discontinue
thnt snrt of thing nltogether. So he o p e n 4 t he window of
his morn, and thrnw out the wholr of bhe money he had won, ...
and never played for money nqain. ...
"On one oocasion he rode a horse into s...coneiderable
depth. He wm unhorued, and nearly drowned, being st
t hat time unablo to swim. He underwent all t he sensation8
of being drowned. and berame of course uncon~ioos. He was.
however, restoretl b corrariol~sneas and to life. The home
itaelf \vaa drnwnod. After that he im~nedintcly took 1ew.onn
in swi ~nmi ne"~.
1812 o r 1813. t o J a v a o n r e d . r l r ~t v: 181&6. o n -~~~
* .
"I had, when in Mewar [ Udaipur 1, beoome aoquainted
svy, and recce, in java [ 137a 1 ;
with the emc:irlluy of thia oilicer, who adds t o t hat science
necensary lor a survpyor. general ncquaintnnco with the
20-11-16 [ 50 1'
nnt, i v~ lan~nnvea. and nart i c~~l nrl v St m~t r i t . These acnuire- BTC. 21-3-17 ( 3, 4 ), a ppd. frorn 1s t Ret , t . Art., . .- -. . - - . . - . - .
menta. coAhilied wit11 'good tenlGrr and consillerahle Low. t o cl ear Nnclin r i ver s h f ~ ohst r uct i nna 1 r 5 1 ; B t o
- - - .
~ad~e, ' ~oi nt enl him out f"r sucl ~ a blltJ'. I have placed him in
CD. ( rev ), 4-7-17 ( 137-46 ), - ~ t t hat the
the Intelli~enrc. Department, ... hut I nho expect t o derive
from hiu poopraphicn~ laboors, and from hia
na'i_yation of t h e I ~ s a mu t ~ . v rind ZI a b b a n a s s t m a - @
researohos into t he ~ i ~ t ~ ~ ~ of the ancient and modern
wa s seriol~rrly impederl. ... T h e obs t r uct i ons ... wer e
Hindoo institutinna. crccctsioned b y t h e t nc ~l ku nf t r ens or s unke n boat s.
"Lieutonont Dvson ... on 20th June wss on tho point of pro.
ceeding to Uanawnrre. ... I...trawmit a very full and satis-
factory ~nemornntl~lm he has forwarded to me respecting
the petty State of Purtabgnrh"'.
Appcl. 7-11-10 "t o snrvrp the countries of Purtabgh~lr,
&av. ... JImrkonzio r r p~r t s . 16-1-19, "poor Mr. Dyson's
death, whom I knew i n 1814, & had :pticipntad Fe a t expecta-
tione from his zeal nnd tnlenb. Sir John Malcolm had,
of 5th Norember, forwarded me a letter of n ~ y friend Mr.
Dyson's with some inscriptions & translations"'.
ELWON, Thomas. Bo. Mar.
b. 1793-4. d., 17-6-35, at Bassador, or
Bmidu, Persian Gulf.
Mdpmn. 16-9-10 ... Capt. 28-12-32.
Low, I1 ( 70, 109 ).
An experienced sorvr. ; Ifi22, aurvd. Narhada R. [ 123 1.
1829-32, comde. n~lrvq. hip Bpnor es; 1833 till death,
Commodore in Persian Golf; bur. under dining table in
Commodore's houee a t Basido.
EVEREST, George [ 11, 396 1. Ben. Art.
b. Greenwichs, 4-7-1790. d. 1-12-66.
Licut. 4-4-08 ... LtCol. 7-3-38 ; ret. 18-12-43 ;
Hon. Cob 28-11-54.
STS. lS2.3-43 ; SC. 1830-43 [ I. 2.301 1.
2nd sun of Wm. 'rrietrnm Everest, aolioitor, of Greenwich,
and Lucetta Marv his wife ; bro. of Rev. Robt. Evereat, MA.
Oxon., and army-chpn. Illdin.
ed. nur. Msrlow and RW. Woolwich ; appd. oadet, EIC..
a t age of 13' ; nominnted t o RMA. 1-8-04.
m.. 17-11-46. Emma, dao. of Thos. Wing. barrister of
Gray's Inn : his eldest and laqt surviving eon. Lancelot
Feilding Everest, d. Hampqtoad, 1-4-1935. in his 84nd year,
and hns left intereating bio. memo.. freoly quoted here
under ref. LFE.
FRS.' 8-3-?7 ; FRAS. ; FRAa Sac. ; FRQS. ; FRIQB. :
CB., 20- MI : Kt., 13-3-61.
D.VB. : DIB. ; Ency Bra. ; Markham ( 69-80 ) : R AS ( ms ).
XXVII ( l ot -8) ; JASB- P. 1868 ( 2 5 4 ) ; RO8-P XI, 1867
( 185-8 ) ; Bodson. I1 ( 145 ) ; LFE. ( a r p )l.
Auth. of Ac wu n l of the H~wr smer J of an Ar c of the
whi ch h a d g o t imhedclctl i n t h e channel of t h e
st renrn, a n d whi ch i t llnrl n o t hi t her t o been f ound
pr ect i cebl e t o remove.
"The rapidity of t he streem. m d t he great variation
in it's depth a t di hr ent prriolls. ... render i t difficult ...to
mark t he situation of t i me ohstructions by means of
buoys. and these aonld nt heet aKord a verp insufficient
security ngair~st the dnuger. I t wns su~zest ed tn t he
Governur General t hnt t he rntire olearnnce ... mizht he eKected
a t a moderate expense ... by applying ns t he force for raising
t he trees or vessrb ... the Irl~oynncy of boats made faat to
them by cahles.
"We nccordingly sppointed Lieutt. Evereat., of t he Artil-
Icry, with whom t he above sugyestion nriginnted, t o super-
inteud t he worli. The operntior~s ... have been entirelv
successful, and ... he haa removed every obst n~ct i on ... in t he
whole course of t he streams ... from t he Great Ganges ta
t he Hooglrly River. The total expense trill not...exceed
2.250 rulreas. exclusive of t h e.... allowance ~ssi gned to Lieubt.
Ererost, a r ~ d the VI I ~I I R of the pl~hlic store- expended. ...
" W s have instrurted the Collector of Surlrlra to adopt
measures for the rrmoval of all treos gromng on the banhr
of the canal which may appear likely heredt ar t o fall into
t he stream. and we may therefore hope t hat t he necessity
of ropeatins thc operntions ... will not recur. ... In any case.
however. t,he principlm ndopted by Ii eat t . Evorest will
probnhlp bo fuond Bo admit of oasp applicstion".
Unfortunatslv t,he cure wm no permanent one. and an
officer WRS ADD^. " Suwr i nt end~i ~t . Xndia Rivers" f IS. 912 1.
-. . -.- .
Ever est ' s s w s . in J a v a a n d wor k on t h e r i ve m
ma r k e d hi m o u t for f ur t her empt . . and. u n d e r
sao. 21-10-17. h e wa r a ppd. t o svy. a l i ne f or
vi sual t ol egr aph t ower s t o connect Ca l c ut t a with
Chuni u [ 270- 1 1. a n d a t t h e s a me t i me was sel ect ed
f or the ve r y i mpor t a nt pos t of &st. t o La mb t o n on
t h e Oreat Tr i gonomet r i oal Sur ve y [ 497 1.
"The intansr mentsl and bodily labour of oondr~oting tbe
Trigonometrioal Survt,y hm been performed heretafore by
Colonel Lnmbton alone, end...the rank. end t he sdvmnoing
sue. of t hat renlous and dbt i ngui ahd p s mn now d&
same relief from suoh aerars fatigue. ...
1 DDn. 193 ( 488-91 ), B Pol C. 7-11-1R. =DDn. 164 ( 89 ). ' Not b. a t Gwemvale. co. Brmon. u data1 in DRB..
Hodson, rtc. u. regr. St. Alfege oh. Greenwich: and crnaus retllrn 1881. '10. Minc. 43 ( l6? ). 'proposed hy Katw [ XI.
I 1. Portraits will appear in vol. IV. :LFE. ( 27 ). 'oonnecting Ganges with Honghly.
NOTES 443 EVEREST
raorted to pr whl y the -me methods of smnsiag t o HyderBbad also. H e v e n t t h e next ai r m o n t h
the,nmlves. ... We did not continue this psstime during the
with ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ , of whom he hag left a striking
night fnr fear of injury t o my followera ; but if nnr amuse-
ment was by accident prolonged a Little beyond twilight
[ 233-4 ]. Th e gr eet ma a b r was now On
it is inconceivable how grand the aight beonme, for wherever years ol d and. wi t hout reel mi ns i t himself, a*
the rock slid along the bare side of the hill i t wae auoom- ment al l y a n d phyaically worn out . Ever es t WM
palied by a dense train of such enduring s urka aa we see
emltto,j *om the impact of tho huoh "/the pampered
deputed to run a new trianglw tclwards
ooaehhorae on the London pavement ; and the light emitted
POOna and and to be given
it *truck any ohstncln wae sufficient to enable ue to a n i ndependent t as k on whi ch h e coul d e x e r c k
wace itn progrese. and make i t resemble whirling mesJ of i ni t i at i ve, a n d break away from Lambt on' a rout i ue.
phoe.phoric matter"'.
wi t h much of which h e di sapproved ; "I p a r h i f r om
Work was proceeding in t h e hi mw, he writea, "on t he 15t h October 1822, a n d
w-bher when* in October, the party
atlook him b y t h e hand for t he l est t i me. Cer t ai n
overwhelmed wi t h mal ari a, a n d ha d to r et r eat t o
trivial circumstances had combined to rllffle t h a t
ayderBb8d, l a v i n g 15 dead behilld t hem [ z31-2,
perfect cordiality which ha d exi st ed bet wmn us i n
402 1. In June they took the again to 1818, abt ri but abl e, doubtless, t o faul t s on ei t her si de ;
complete trfl. to GodBvari* after a few b u t we ent er t ai ned t h e moat t hor ough r n u t l l ~l eateem
~ v n r e ~ t W w agai n down wi t h fever and.
and r,perl fur r nch ot her , and having, i n (,ompli-
1-vh.S hi8 to the work* he took sick
merit, t;i IIW, made my operat i ons ent i rel y i ~l dependent
leave
the Cape for l2 mont'hx [ 23Z-3* 3 g 6 3 1'.
ui. hi s aublrorit!, , tlo left me t o a c t accordi ng t o my
He miled from Na d r w 1-1@-20 and* submitting
ju,lgrnIent [ g. 23q-6, 413-4 1. .,.
f ur t her mc. from Po r t El i zebet h, 2--6-21. was
"These wwtern opertrtiuns ...g lided on ao calmly 2nd agree-
back o t Madr w 31-12-21, a n d r e j ou~d a t Hydar cbkd ably that t t cv were rathrr nsource ofamueemenr rrnd uleanure
6-2-22 [ 233 I.
than of toll' or hnrciship. ... 1 was challenpd. ... nr.d now
Whilst at the bye he some time, at bmhaI l - a
fairly pittvci ngninet one rhode name had hpen s u ~. ~i i c d 'IY
request, examining the merl. aro measured in l;Jlr? by fllme'a tn1ml1 in e ve p corner of the Iearn?~l aorlJ. YJ
Ctrillez [ I. 3101. Hia rnernoir on the subjeot, dated pridr. ho, was roused by the reflection ~h. r t my oypt~nmt.
CepetoKn. 31-8-21. was sent to the Aatrl. See.' through the who cot~ld not enter the field but hy proxy, shonld mahe nnv
~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ,
copy t o L ~ ~ b t o r , , who foraardnd it to Lhe
9umti@" ' ~e t ~p c n me and his agent. Bh. Penning [ 3 ~ k 3
GG.; "1 have examined it witll great attention, and I find
43i-9 1. atl'i I dstorrninrd...to make him do r nj juelics by
the particullrrv $0 well derailed, and the obeervstiona so j ut .
fairly datsncine )lie PnfiY in rRce"' [ 246-9 1.
... He has fulfilled my wishes in a most masterly manner"'.
One of his lnst lcttera from Iamhtnn waa written from
Everest to the nireCtors; U L ~ ~ ~ l l ~ v ~ gcn,+vtio
BoInnlm on 9--I?-??, j u t Ilefom the p e r t mnn started nwt h
operations at ca parLicuhrlv irnportrlllt from
on hi8 last journey ; "Alp dear Everest, I am gled t o we t hat
theirfurnishing the onr~b.,,reRpectinp the compressiorl of
you am gettin< on st. wull through s ditliealt country. ...
the southern hembpl,ere. we have...moridiounl arce.,.h tile Take thinus quictlv (1.3not ham08 a n v l d r . I am hawy
but all lending to results very diRereut
t o hear, in all you; sicknew. that the snh:wsi;tanfap rontinu~e
f mm thoee of M. D~ ill^, tile most of well. Take great rnw of them, for thoy art- 11rea-iorn wnteriala.
thsse...ie bevond doubt thnt which owes its ori+ t o the
and 1 hope they eudmvour to do their
$0 plaase
patronage df the Hun. the Elrst Indin Company. ... If the
FOU""
effects of climate do not blast my prospects. I look forward Wor k wim proceeding moll when, on 3-2-23,
to ... taking nn ample share in tho meaaorement of the arc now bel at ed news come of Lambt on' s deat h, a n d i t be-
in progress towards Agra and Hnrdwar".
e l me Everest ' s first concern t o t r y e n d s ave hi s
To Lnmbton he writes. 31-8-21 ; " I arrived in Table Bav
on ljth Sovember 1820 ; no he
P R - ~ A ~ a n d prof. pr oper t y f r om d i s p e m~ l t hr ough
on the spot, and i t was not till the end of June 1821 that a
t h e h ~ f y a n d ill-considered -10. Hi s ~f f or t a wa r e
journal of De Ln Caille's traveh reached me, so that by the unavai l i ng, a n d he report s, 27-2-23 ; "I yest er day
28th July I KRS ennblod t o visit the places describ d... and
r ecei vd ",fo-tion...tll& without wAiting for
traverse the whole theatre of his labom".
He all La Caille3s stations the ext,remities
repl y from me. t h e Er ecut or . 3[r. J. JIort.on, ... had
of the base-lines-cornpared these against the diary-and t a ke n upon himself t o diapose of t h e whole of t h e
botually found someone who remembered the si 11al tires t o l at e Lt.-Col.'a pr oper t y at Rn or di nar y out cr y, and
which La CaiUe obsd. He pointa out how tfese ohsns.
hnd, t o compl et e t h e climax, carri ed a wa y ... t o
might have suffered in acournc~. that the two extreme
~ ~ d ~ ~ i b ~ d all tile docomenta [ ZJZ, 438 1.
atations might have been infleencad by local attrnction.
"Tho estate of this l rt e venerable and highly osteemed
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ h ~ f a ~ ~ e " f i " ~ u ~ O ~ ~ h , " ~ , " , ~ ~ ~ ~ k ~ , " , " , " ~ ~ ~ C ~
old officor h w bern aold off for aboi ~t nno eighth of the price
which i t could hare prodord if fairly dealt by. ... But t he
z,"t'tt: ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ 8 ' , " ~ ~ ; b ~ ~ , " , ! $ ~ ~ ~ $ e ~ h ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
privnte 108s ...is trifling in rompariaon with the injury which
twentv pars Inter*. and records that interest in i t had
hm On tho public, fnr the public r P D n
been "meinly kept alive by tho inquiries of Capt. Euereet".
are the official lans and ms@. and all the mcords and nta of
... this i mmor t 3 natio~ial. work for thn last 23 yearn. I .m
Fr om H y d e r i b d Ever est l narched st r ai ght o n t o
now on my to Hyderabad to mmt Nr. Uorton. and
join Lambt on at TBkarkhera, near El l i chpur, b u t try horn far I oan ... remedy this oruel calamit ...
"At tbe ti&e of the rnclanc~holy emnl. I..%d advs ncd rs
diesppOinted to find him pecked up
fnr 5% the noighbourhond of Sholapoor. ... I gsve to J&ob
reedy to return 1 =33 11 a n d not being equi pped for
De pe,ing...moet positive imtructione respeating the publia
i ndependent wor k wag obl i gd t o r et r am hia et eps
property, and ... thought it better to bakesdvsutsge of the Isr
'Cleo. Evereat ( 19 ).
'MOO. 19-8-20.
Win. Note. Phil P r a ~ . (abhr. ) XI ( 47? deputed by the French Academy
of ~oience.
rgranted royal charter 1831.
8Aonount of work a t Cap, Gill ( V. ci-ii ) ; dbre ( 110-0 ,. Dh. 92 ( 219) a
17' ( 233 )I 3-6-21 & 04-22.
' MA 8 . I ( 2%-8.281) 1831 ; RS P q . XVI. 1807-8 ( xii ) ; Meclear. I ( 1-20). m8. I
( xxxi 1. 'ace. E v e mu 25-0 ).
'OUiver s Joseph D~ penning. * DD~ . 0.2 ( 2693 ).
NOTES
NEREST
t o oroes t he Godevery. I n Lhe s e ve wt st at e of moet
-crucisting disocclor I
ersbted, in spite of nll remon-
mtranrar on t he pnrt of...&. \'oyeey, in ~i t t i ng for 30 nights
fqothor a t t he ronith sector, and $0 s t my trnnnit inntru.
merit. Instead of smi l i ng myself of t he ieave of ahaoncn
which the Supreme Government were p~enrwl t o qrnnt, me,
...I hnvc ultimately n~~ccoeded in surmounting t he very
traot. ..which wirs once cc~nccivrtl to form an im enetrnhle
barrier t.1, olrr fllrtller prnqrr's. with n r a pi i t y quite
~~ncxampled. without t he losi of n singlr inclivirlual of my
estlrblial~mont from sicknens or other raadt!s, anrl wit11 tho
fairart prudpecb ol c#lmpleting tho wllulc socLlon of 3 degrees
of Istitudc in one sewon. ...
"If any doubt should rtlu remilin in the minds of t he
Hon'hle Court of Director8 mpect i ng orp rompotencg, ...
there is ono mode in which a full and wlisfsctnry decision
may be fa~rmed. ... The aoction of the Ornnrl Arc on which
I am engrgutl will ... t ermhnt e in the (~Inin* of Scrongn. at a
distance ... of 20: miles from ... l'nkclkh?rm, of which 60 mi l c ~
only rcrnnin to bo trsverseil, all thu r e ~ t having 1bec11 ... carrircl
on ... by a ucries of triangles nr evmrnr.trirnl nnJ olagnnt a3
my guodetical operations in t,ho W-t~rld cnn prodorc. I t is
of essontiel importnnrr. t hat this section nh~buld ho romplcted
Ln January next and, ~~nl c s s I am nrrrrulcrl hy circum~tances
beyoud my controol. I am quito nnrr of arromrrluhing this
debirnhl~ end by the lnttcr end of ~ I I P tnonth [ ~ j g , 241.61.
"Whsn thnt is nttnined, if I am per mi t u~l r.r proceed t o
Enqlancl ... \r-itht~ut rclinqniil~ing In? nitunliou, I shnll be
most happy t o underqn a pnldio examinetion reaprcti~;g mv
pdeai ounl qualilicntionu brfors 8uch IranitxI man M... ai o
qualified to form m fair m d in~pnrtiul drcisinn"l.
Blacker. ns SG., had t he iullwt conlitlnnce in Kverort'a
ability, though we knve no recorrl t hnt t l ~ p two had yet met,
w d there was no renl dnuht of Everest's confirmntion ;
Indeed. I M Everest points put elnewhero [ 308, 446 I, there wns
no other possihle rendidate. ... Yvrrrst invited Hlacker t o
inspect I ~i m a t work, and was disnppuint~,l t hat he nns
unable t o do an; "I parpnae bring nt Seronj dur i w
Novomher, neeemher, nod Januarg, which thrrp n~nnt l ~s will
be occupied in... the most clrlicate portr of the oprraLion,. ...
The wholc d mv rstabliahrnent nnd mntcrirrl will he in the
held a t once, enri if your prp~enco could pi ss~bl c be spared
a t the Praridencj.. you aoi~l[l. I hu~nhl p think, dprive much
patifiontion by honouring n ~ y onmp with n visit"' [ z Q ~ ] .
Af t er r es t a t HoahnngRhBd \vith sltilled rnorl. a t t e n-
t i on, Ever eat p u ~ h e d o n his t r i ~ n g l e s a n d s uc c e a a f ~~l l y
compl et ed t h e meast . of hi s base-l i ne, ant1 t h e necces-
s ar y aat rl . obsns. [ 89, 190. z.+g-gr 1. Bu t h e f ound t h e
wor k a p e a t st r aui , a n d l i ved at s uc h hi gh t ensi on t h a t
he was par t i cul ar l y l i a b l ~ t o out bur s t s of t emper .
We have nl eady told of h b trouble with OUiver durlng
thc menst,. of theSironj hano-line [ 331. 492 1. He hwl further
trouble wish Rnssenrocle. wl ~osr horses kebt him awake in
camp one night [49g]. Not knowing u ~ h o i b c owner might
be, he wrote t he following warning t o Ollivor :
" A horse. which I am told belongn t o yell. made so much
noiso lnnt night as to keep me awake for several houra, and
notwithatunding my Hnvildar-31ajor waa twice cent to hnve
the nuiaanoe remo;ed. yet. i t still continued with very little
ebntnmrnt. nntil pnet midnight. I must desire t hnt you wiU
...p revent 811ol1 an annoynncc ngnin ocuurrinp, for i t is notonlv
m direct di~oherlielrce of nly standing oralom t hat neither
mnn or cattle should ~nako any sort of diaturhmnco within mv
heerlng, but i t Is nhsoletely Impn-sible t hnt I s l ~oul ~l onntinue
to perform my dut y in my praaent stnt,e of henlLh if mp
natural rest in thus,,,broken"~.
Mmy montha later he robed the Incident against Rolsen.
rode, who h~vi annoyod him by n unwiw requwt, and had
dnoe boen proved to hnve been t he owner of the offonding
pony. "Ever ninoe t he oommcncoment of neoembnr 1823.
nn ortler hnd pmvailod in my ounp t hat no noiaes were t o he
made I q mnn or b e a t whloh might ... disturb my rest.
... I t had never horn violetod until my ormp wag at &orenla14.
when some neighing horses were feaastened so near t o my ten,
nn to prevcnt mv getting any sleep. Thi. noLance cnntiuund
for threm ni hG in i~tocession a114 notwithstrm~iing ell my
endenvolua. f wna nnnhle to diwover who were the promoter.
of t he riot. On the 4th flay I had a proclamation made ...
that the rentricr had orllew t o turn oll ncighing I~ornps and
other noisy hpaata out of camp, mncl a naik and 4 sepoye
were direoted to 80 the rounds n~r d seo tlrij proclamation
anrried into effect.
" I t now appearotl who the reek offendor wna t11nt had aet
himself up in oppositioll t o nll authority. ... You wore t hat
person ; ... it wes a her* of youra whichcreotcd thenuisance.
md...whm the Naik went t o execute tho orders ~ i r r n him.
your horue-keepers violantlp reqinted him in t he performance
nf his duty, and wi d t hat your ncighing horaeo should nnt he
removed wr t ho~~t "cutting their throeta". Di q g r d u l end
i n~r ~l ~or di nat a IU this was in b civilised camp, pet i t wnr
trifling r ~ ~ n ~ p a r e d t o your own conduct on t he occnsion. You
were in the oh3ervatory nt the time employed in regirering
the maen4 of tho nnglos, and you hunt forth in a torrent nf
insolent r~riling tnwnrds me, which wonld hnve more belitted
a lowd ancold in tbe purlieus of Billingsqnte or Wapping, t ban
a pennn wh8o had heen ncoastomed t o the decenoic~~ oi Ilfe.
"I will not hnre recapitulate what you snirl, nor r h l d I
have hnon a,, pnrticular in dcteilinq the abnve cir~:umstsncea,
but for yoilr al l ~~di ng to somo debt of gratitude which you
seem to think I owe yo11 for some imnginnrp rcrvlcr. 1 em
not ownre of any such delrt. hut I think it would be u u c h
morn beeornine in you t o erince your grntitlrrle to me for
not henfling up tlbis diqgraceful c ond~~c t of ~ O I I M to tb6
Suprnmn Govrrnn~ent. ...
"The I~bnks which yo11 clespntnhetl by dawk h a n p a r r i r d
here lnst night I>st ... nwing to the oarele4.r manner in whioh
thoy wrs pnvhecl. they have benn soaked t hrouql ~ end t l ruugb,
mnrl are very nc ~~r l y destroyed [ 419 1. 1 cannot cono~i r e
how any gnrson in his nun*es shnuld think of tiesnatch.
ing such valuahle doculucnts in t he heiqht of t,he rainy
neeson in any other thnn n tin caw. A mere wax-cloth
anvofing cmn only furnish protection va i ns t nliiht shnwan.
end is obvioualv altouother inefficient anainst h e a w roinn"'.
Ea r l y i n i a r c h ' Ever es t npljlied to t a ke - l e a ve to
Eu r o p e af t er compl at hi g hi e cornpna. H e h a d n o w
beeni n I ndi a 19 yeara. Hi s rrsol ut . i on wa s conf i r med
b y a r e t ur n of hi s illness a t t h e e nd of the mo u t h ;
"Af t er t h e l as t angl es h a d been t oke n a t Bhowr assa.
a n a t t a c k of m y ol d compl ai nt , mo r e t h a n us ual l y
vi ol ent , t ook pl ace, s o t h a t e ve n t h e mot i on of t he
p a l a n q ~ ~ e e n caused t h e mos t i nt onse agony. I w w
conveyed t o t h e hous e of ... Maj or Fe i l d i t ~ g a t Go v l i a h ~
[ 447 1. wher e I r emai ned s o me mont hs , and t h o n
we n t tto Cel cut t a ... o n m v wn v t o En e l a n d "'. Loa v-
. -
ing Gu n n o n 25t h Ma y, h e ~ n a r o h o d t o Cawri pore,
a n d t ook boa t down t h e Onnges o n 4t h J u l y , ar r g.
Cal out t a 1 2 t h Augus t . H e w w gr a nt e d furl . o n sc.
unde r BOO. 14-10-25. sai l i ng 11-1 1-25 [ 241, 246 1.
H e a s ke d t o b e pl oced o n d u t y f or t h e sel ect i on of
el l i t abl e ne w inets.. and al eo t o t a k e h o me oopi ea of
al l hi a obsns. t h a t h e mi g h t t h e m wor k o u t Qhe
rosulta. T h e Di roct , ors r ef used t.o place him on
d u t y , b u t wel comed hi s advi ce a b o u t the i nst s. .
a n d ga ve e ve r y ftsoility i n t hei r eelection [ g. 246.
257-60 1.
They rsfi~sed at first b keep hi9 eppt. open, myinn t hat
they mre quibe rencly t o eppoiut mot her offleer m m-
on tho work, but no one suitnble onald ha fnnnd. "When
in 1535 I wm about to... rctnrn t o Eugland ; when in fact
most men looked upon t.he closo. not only of my cmnexinn
' DDn. I71 ( 240-7 ), 26-7-81.
l DDn. 172 ( 310 ),Slept. l8M. lib. ( 331 ). 30-2-36. 10 01. N. of Siroaj, pb 17.
'ib. ( 447-54 ), 6-10-25. 'JM m. NW. of Sironj. 'Gee. Ev o mt ( u ).
EVEREST BIOGRAPHICAL
with the Greet Trigonornetric~l Survev. but, of my earthly
t h e Di r ect or s a nd, jusb aa i n t h e oeae of ~ h k ~ ~ ,
aaregr, na... st hand. the Governrn?nt BengaL in ~ o l r i n g
t hi s pemonal knowledge l ed them to appoint him
to keep the situation open during my ebaence. ... were not
actuated bp regard...to me, for I had no interest SQ- [ 3011 308 I. Though he still anxious t-
with my Lord Amherst,-end hlcd never acquired the ar t of pr ol ong hi s s t ay, t h e Di rect ors insisted on his orn,,,:
r---,#.
paving my court t o the gmat. or gaining their favour
r et ur n ; "if h e shoul d fai l t o ar r i ve in Bengal
ot i er mmns than deserving it.
It Was the dific1llty
j y mr s from t h e det e of quitting i t , he will by law
finding a competent suouessor t hat induced the step, and if
a suitable wraon could hare been met with. he would have
be Out the service"10. He rejoined a t Calcuttn
been put in ... immediately [ 242, 308. 445, 158 I"'.
After much oorr. and several ext%naions of leave, the
Directors refused ta RUOW his full Indian aalary, though
Evereat urged t hat "i t had beon open to him, instead of
coming t o Europo, to go t o the Cape, whpre under the
regulations he would have been entitled to draw all his pay
and allowances, and 5;6tha of his salary a3 Superintondent
of the Trigonometrical Survoy, countinp the period of leave
also for pension on full pay of rank. ... whrreag ... for the last
18 months, and for the firat 6 monthp of 1827. hie time bas
been so much occupied that he hirs given up all aociety, end
bas taken one expensive journey to Ireland, and h q u e n t
miuor journeys on ... the bue~rrcs~ of the Compnnp". He was
then awnrdeh "the regimental nllowanccs of ... rank for the
first 6 monthr of 1827. and the regimental allowances
together with the pav of ... rank from November 1828 up
t o the data when you *hell laease to lx empl ~yet l "~.
He wraall~rwed hisexpellces onGt. Arc book, which oontaine
rivid ucco11nt.s of the eountrv and hid personal 'xperiences.
with revealing commonis on 'lambton and his aalta.. freely
quoted here under ref. "Geo. Everest". He waa further
allowed "expenao of 2 pounda e week, togethor with ... con-
tingent charges Tor writers & 8tntioner.v ... for adjunting &
drawing up ... the computatiuns now complattd. Expenres
mav be incurred to pmpare the matoriala of the 5th Section
of ihe 3Ieridional Arc left incomplate a t Colonel Lambton'e
death [ 246 1. ...
"Ref. the Astronomical Clock presented by yo11 to t he
Government of Bengal, and 2 copies of Taylor'a Logarithms
left hy you in India for t h ~ Trigonometrical Survey, the
Court h w mol ved to prewnt you with a chronometer in
return for the clock, and two Tablea of Logarithmli, whichever
work you preferma.
No t onl y di d Ever es t spend muc h of hi s l eave
t r avel l i ng in Engl and a n d I r el and t o vi si t uni t e of
t h e Tri g. Svy. e n d inst. maker s, b u t h e al s o vi si t ad
- --
mor e t h a n a mont h wi t hi n hi s t h e , and took over
d u t y aa 80. 8-10-30, t o open a new er e in the
hi st or y bot h of t h e s ur veyor General's Dept, and
of t h e QTS. [ 264. 325-6. 4321.
Everest's ctrreer in the GTS. can hardly be ~t t r i hut ab] ~ b
the erlucntion givon nt Jlarlow and the rtnb.. at the latter of
which, writes hlarkham. he "pauaed a brilliant ox am in at ion^,
He reachr~l India, moreover, at the earlv age of 16, andcould
have had little encvura ement to develop his learning during
his earlier veara of mf. service. He must, however, hapl
displayed Gutstanding ability and a genius for overcoming
practical difficulties t o bring himself to the notice of the GO.
His selection t o be Lnmbton'a aast. and understudy wu
indeed a fortunate one, and there were few of the Compaoj'n
young oficera whn would have medo so fruitful a use of a, - ,
short an apprenticeship belore taking over so exacting.
char ~e. Hir o111y poesible rivnl for the nppt. was Jam-
Garling" [ 303, 342-3.450 ].
H e w w pr ompt t o not e t h e disadvantages of
mu c h of t h e r out i ne t h a t Lambt on had regarded
a s essent i al , a n d pr ompt al so t o snat ch 8t devicea
a n d phenomena whi ch promi sad escape from t h w
handi ceps. H e waa not af r ai d of backing his own
views, a n d ha d i ndeed a geni us for invention and
mwt e r y of essent i al s t h a t worked more and more
t o t h e success of oper at i ons t h a t called for ex.
cept i onal met hoda [ 121. 127. 186, 196, 210, 215,
251-7 1.
Th e gr eat est year s of hi s work began with hL
r e t ur n i n 1830. Th e year s before hed been yeem of
appr ent i ceshi p f r om whi ch h e he d drawn t he utmoab
val ue [ 10, g j 1.
scientific i mt ns . o n t h e cont i nent . A l et t er of ELVER, welter, junr. BCS.
29-5-28 wes addressod t o hi m at Rome4.
H e consul t ed Col. Colby5 a bout new zeni t h sect ors
b. 1781. d. 5-1-63.
a n d appar at us f or meast . of base- line^, a n d Col.
Writer 13-10-1800 ... Yagte., Xeerut, 27-10-25:
mm* .>1-1-10
.-". *--.-"".
~ a l r n o n d [ 283 n.1 ] &.bout t h e wor k of t h e Tri g. Svy.
Son of Walter Ewer, friend of Wm. Hickey and Judge nl
i n general. H e wr ot e a memoi r of 70 paras. compar - Calcutta High Court, nt one t.ime Govr. of Ft. 3Iarlbomugh
i ng wor k in I r el and wi t h t h a t i n India8.
or Renkulc.nln. and Director EIC.. 1702-6.
He was elected member of the datr. Soc., after the pre-
K'?.. FHBS. FRGS.
ent tat ion of Ids memoir on La Caille'a work a t the Cape
[ 443 1. and a paper of his on spherical excess was reed before
t b society Qn 94-24' . He was elected member of the
Council 9-2-21, and read anot.her paper, 13-3-29, on the
subject of Pen~lnlums ; "In consequence of a desire expreaaed
hv t.ho Cx,t~rt of Direuto m... t hat I should suoerintenrl a set 01
Ul Li.
Woundel a t capture of ship Ken1 by French.
"Well veraed in musio and astronomy" ; 1821, using
telescope, was first t o read inscriptions on Qutb, near Delhl.
JASB. I. 1832 ( 650) ; 11, 1853 ( 41 ); ohad. long. of
Denaros and other places [ 495 ] ; ib. IS, 1840 ( 808-20), long.
- J - - - - -
emr i men& with the wndulums latelv cortstructed for their
S~l het .
~rbaicleneiee of ~ e n g d l and omb bay': and avail myeelf of
t hat opportunity t o give the gentlemen c a ~ e t s eduoated a t
FAITHFUL(L), Richard Coventry. Ben. InL
Addkcomhe some notion of the nature, objects, and use of
thwe inatrumentJ", be spont some time investigating
b. 9-1 1-1787. d. Moridiibiid, 13-8-35.
their errors and irregularities [ 2 54-5 1'. HIS dernonstrationa Ens. 22-3-06 ... Lt Col. 23-2-35.
t o the cadets wore made a t the Royal Obay., Greenwiche.
Son of Eicherd Coventry Faithful and Martha his wife.
m.. Caloutta, 8-1-18. bliss Catharine bViUiam8, who d.
His wor k dur i ng t hese yeera i n Engl and, a n d t h e
bB-80, R3.
cont act of hi s forceful pr s one l i t y, gr eet l y i mpressed Be J . XIX, 1838, Aa Int. ( 138, 107 ) ; Hodson, 11(
Evereat ( 116-7 ). a via. Rs. 431 p.m. ; Corn. Corr. ; 6-1-30 ; CD Mix. 09 ( 1032 ). R-5 40.
sill. 08 ( ?OS).
( CD Yi e. 87 ( 1119 ). 6Thol. Fred. Cdhy ( 1784-IAi d) : 2/Lt. RE. 18' ) ~ ; FRS. 1920; D9DS. 1821 ; 1)A'B. 10Ap"B\
Addl MS. 14880 (72-91). ' M A X 11, l R20 ( 37) . aih. IV. 183!) ( 35) . @CD Miw. 09 ( 113!3), 22-1-29.
( 110). 13-3-ao; h m Corr. 19-3-90. l l Er e r ~ > t ( 118) ; Xeleokenzie to Ri;ldol], 27-12-17 ; ni.l:ln]] [ 497- 9] to Yacksnxis
26-9-18 [ 4501. "Hickey, IV ( 208-10, 241 ).
12-2-26, hat i r a r r i e a ewfy. t o wi t hi n 25 m. of
Ma ni pur [ 484 1.
BTC. 4-S-2G, t o r e s ume r ev. s vy. Syl he t Di ut .
[ 51. 1454, 210-7, 305 ] ; Sept . 182s. survd. "al ong
t h e r i ver s t o 3Iyrnensu1lgh. sncl b a c k o v e r t h e hi l l s
t o B.snsico?rah, s et t l i ng t h e b o u n d a r y with t h e
Kossrol l s"' [ 52 1. Oct . 1828 expecting " doubl e-
a l t i t ude i ns t r ume nt of del i cet e const r uct i on", ma d e
f o r him b y Dol l ond [ 181, 183 ] ; MRIO. 34 ( 2 2 ),
s vy, of ss. Syl het t o bor der s of Ti pper t i Dist,. a n d
Tr i pur n St a t e ; mtany of Remi el l ' s poei t i ons f ouud
" f r om t el l t o f or t y mi l es t o o mu c h t o t h e nor t h" .
ib. 37 ( 28, 20 ), var i ous r o u t e nvys. bet ween s y l h o t
a n d Sune mga nj [ 434 I.
18-4-21). writes t o SG. ; " I n consequence of t he barbarous
murder of LieutenantR Bedingfield and Burlton a t Nongklno
[64, 423.431 1, and t he breaking out of hostilities with tho
Coseyaha, t he troops in this quhrter have taken t he field, and
mv services accepted as noedful with them. Xlot having
time t o make up my field hooks for t he post month.
I hope yon will pew mp oertificatr. on tho accompanying
abstract as before [ 333-4 I".
B Pol C. 18-8-30 L sw. 29-0-30, placed under aoc.
of HE. Frontier for pol. oh. of CBchLr; ib. 10-6-33, appd.
Ri ncl . Aast. t n .wa. NE. Frontier, in ah, of Ci chi r, "offg.
Cob.", on consolidatetl allce. Rs. 1,000. esc. 12-1-36 ( 27 ),
ordered t o regtl. duty, &s serricea can no longer bc spared
for civil ernplovment.
JASB. IS.' 1840 ( 8 0 8 4 3 ); "Memoir of Sylhet. Kaobar
and t he adjacent. districts"; of much historical intereet; p.
1326 describes Verelst's expn. t o CichAr 1762-3 [ I, A2 1.
JASB. 1. 1532 (305-0). article on timber trnde in Clchirr.
1815, Comdt. 2nd . h a m Lt. In[.
FITZGERALD, William Robert. Ben. Engrs.
b. Cawnpore, 14-12-1798. d. Calcutta,
1-12-44. nu. Circular Rd.
Ens. 1-0-13 ... Jla). 3-0-40.
Son of . a r t i n Fitzgerlrld, Ben Crv., & Barbara Loitia his
wife, hcrome of breach-of-promise cure In 1792 [ 11, 4001.
od. Addimombe 1814-0.
m.. CRlcutta. 19-5-25. SaraI~, dr u. of Robt. Folcher. and
prohably siater of Robt. Page Fulchrr. Urn. Inf. [ 474 1.
Hobon, I1 ( 130-4 ).
1824-5, s vy. of r i ver ombe nkme nt s , J e s s or e Di et .
[ 1.5 1 : Ben. Bel., CnnuLe ( 5 ), Re p o r t o n l evel s
of Sa l t La k e s ; s vys . eml>oclied i n Pr i nsep' e At l as
of Ga nge s [ 14, 16 1.
Ben. Regr. 4 ( 1.5, 20 ), 6 ( 30 ) & MRIO. 4 8 ( 18 ),
1829-30. s vys . f or n e w r oads , Bu d g e Bu d g e t o
Paunchkoor ah (:hiit e n d Ki dde r por e t o Di a mond
H a r l ~ o ~ ~ r . wi t h ~ 4 4 . Joai nh ROWO.
Ben. Regr. 3 8 ( 121 ). Se pt . 1829, evy. of Ca n d a k R.
w ~ t h e ~ n b a n k ~ n e n t s , RBran & Ti r h u t dish.
1330 till denth. cngr. duties. I~ower Provinerj, including
demolition of wr ech ohstmcting Hooghly navigationa; Civ.
Arrhltxct, nnrl mernh~r of IJurvev ('om.
FORBES, William' Nairn. Ben. Engrs.
b. 3-&1796. d. a t sea 1-5-55, nr. Aden,
on voyage t o England.
Ens. 28-8-16 ... Y Uen. 28-11-54.
Son of John Forln.~. of Blackfnrrl, and Annc Yarqnrot
Gregory his wife.
1DLU. JI 7 , ) . ='iall~Lea. 11 ( 170). not Walter, w
, 9%-r ). #from .Jopp. 14-10-23, Bo MC. 08/1823( 308 ).
Gmt. Onr.. 20-2- I R.
m., Calcutta, 18-6-36, Sarnl ~, dull, of Chnn. mPcket G, ,
hw, coroner of Calcutta.
ed. King' s CoU.. Abcrclr.en, and Edinburgh Uuir.
Hodaon, I 1 ( 202 ) ; 111 ( 77R-9 ).
Attended svy. c o u m with OS.. hh instructor ~ ~ 1 , ~ .
Dawson writing Inter. "Forbes, poor fellow, has bwn extramp.
ly ill from t.he climate, but t1nlI flt,ruggled on, and
thro' a very extensive surrey of port of thc Delta
the
C:nneo~"~.
BDO. 8-11-10, nppd. t o HVY. ~rnbnnkments along GangM
in Rajsl~Bhi Diet., fcll~k. 14-lLto 4-3-17, amlo. 12 280, sd,,
Snrda. 5-6-17 7 1 5 1.
1819 t o 1825, k i d from 1836 till ~lcath. Muator O[ &,
Cnlcutta: nrcl ~i t rrt 14 new Mint,. 1831, nnd of St. pauyi
Catlls.
FOSTER, R.obert. Bo. Engrs.
b. 26-4-04. d. 4-6-42.
Ens. 19-12-20 ... Capt. 4-7-32.
Son of Rev. Hobt. Fostcr and Elizabeth hia aifc.
ed. Rlundoll'a Tivert,ou, and Addiscombe.
m. Soqan Al~qestn. 1la11. of \\'ma Dnwl~os PhiUott.
Bn BC. 20-Y-23, npprl. t,, 1)eccan Sr y ; "Ia wqosinM
s it11 t h o r I~rt ~nches of mat Lmut i cs which are indispenssblr
neewsary for n durvryor who hopes t o cxeel in his profwic;,
: ~ n d way also n~uplnyetl on n sllrvev in l?ugland for eomc
time. ... Having always had sonie dbty to perform sin* Ile
joined tht: Nilitarv College at Cr~Bydon t o the prenent period,
will hrinp with him t hnt hnbit of application so newrrsarp to
thie department"'.
1823-4, o n t r gn. al ong Bi j t i pur-Gul bsrga frontier,
connect i ng wi t h Gt ~r l i ng' s t r gn. [ 129 ] ; 1825, den
cr i pt i ve memoi r , wi t h svy. . of Ch i t s between Kwi r
a n d H u r ~ t n r i ver s ; ~ I O . 127 ( 9 ), rnap of Kolhipur
[ 126 n.3 1.
1836, Supg. ICngr. rontls B t nnh. S. Konkan-Pwaa-
.ihrnndnagl~r.
Bo Urn Soe P. 1838 ( IR-25 ) : D~ncription of the Cape
of Aden.
FRANKLIN, James. [ 11, 3974 1. Ben. Cev.
bapt. 6-5-1783. d. 31-8-34.
Corn. 20-346 ... Jlaj. i-7-33.
Son of Willinghn~n 11nd Hannah Franklin. and bru. of
R. Adn~. Sir John Franklin ( 1786-1847 ), RN., m., the
arctic explorer.
m., Cawnpore, 74-18. Margaret Maria Clemcnte, dm.
13f Gen. Sir Thos. Hrown r 11. 461 1 ; nhe m., l'nd., London,
- . -
10-2-36, Jamt n Evans.
FRS. ; EIMC. 111( 97 ) ; Hodao~~, I1 ( 214).
1813-6, o n s vy. of Bundel khand [LI, 51-2 1 1
Mar ch 1815, t o regt l . d u t y , Nepal We r [ 8 1 1; lfap
of sw. Fr ont i er , 1815, ~ I O . 8 0 ( 1 3 ) ; ,
Pindirri War, ssc. 25-11-115, appd.
secretav to Col.
U'Auvcrgno,' and t o t he charge of the (:uidc and Intelligence
Ucpartment with t he field forco under that officern's Corn.
mnnd". 14-1 1-15 t,o 8-2-18.
BOO.' 1-8-15, DAQMO. 1st. cl. [ 27. 33j 1.
Mari t ha War, 1817-8, with Centre Uiv. ; mentioned io
despatches of Oen. Brown a t capture of Jawnd, 30-l-IR'
Reports t o SG., 18-8-19 ; "I was permitted to resumo m!'
survey duties iu October 1815, but had scsrcely begun before
I WRH again celled away ta join t he Troops under ~ol nn~'
D' Aovr r ~ne intended t o nr t against Saogor. I remaind oll
this ser;icc until Maroh 1Rl6, when I .gain roaumd my
labours, and continued them wi t h o ~ ~ t intarmianion for seven
months in t hat gear and four in t he next, until the Nth
April 1917, a t whirh perinrl I waa forced into csntonmaca
NOTES GALE
"1 r emai nd sick a t Keitah' unt,il September 1817, when
I wan ordered t o Campore, and wm aftorwarfln employed
*th the Centre Division of t he Grand Army, and on my
being relieved from t hat duty, I obtained permiasion t o
a t Cawnpore until t he end of October 1818. I then
to Keitah and. having received hstrumenta from
ou in Xovember, I proceeded t o Phullehra and r es ~~med my
Lboboure in the beginning of January 1819"' [ 3.81-2, 200-r,
3 9 g b n . 154 ( 21 ), 12-9-18. Maclrenzie consi der s h i m
for post of ASG. ; " Capt . Fr a nkl i n i s s o wel l epoken
of b y ever yone t h a t I c a n h a v e n o prepossessi on b u t
what is in hi e favour". La t e r compl ai ns of i rregul ar-
i t y of Fr ankl i n' s wr i t i ng t o QMQ. whi l st empl oyed
under SG. [ 336-7, 348 1.
1820-1, o n exami nat i on of ma p s i n Govt . offices at
Cal cut t a, a n d revi si on of m a p of Bundel l chand
[ 290-1 1' .
EIYC. 111 ( 103 ) ; " I n 1820, bir henltl~ becoming delicate
from constant service, he proceeded to Calcutta, where he
wes emplo,vcd ... collroting nnd arrnngillg gcogmphical and
other documents relating t o t he late rnmpaign, and then
proceeded to Singapore on account of his health.
"Whilst a t Singapore, finding no survey in existence, he
mode a survey of t hat island, and prepared a eeriea of points
to serve as a bneis for n large harbour chart. He returned t o
Bengnl in 1822 and was appointed t o conduct a survey of
about 60.000 sq. milca but, finding his health not th;ronghly
re.eatablished, he proceeded to England on furlounl~ .
182343, furl.-21-5-25, read Jfemoir on BGdelkhand
before R -4s Roc.'-Feb. 1327, mnp of Bundekhand, etc..
engraved and pub. hv Horehurgb.
1R21-8, survd. i&n mines, Saugor and Bundelkhnnd;
applied unsuccessfully t o succeed Vopsey as geologist t o
GTS.' r 301 1.
FW~. i n i c . 1830.
JASB. I. 1832 ( 261 ). sends t o ASB. "colleotion of birds
made during tour up t he Ganges. ... and in t he Vindhyan
Rlrnge hetween Benares and Mandela on the Nrrbuda".
ib. 11. 1833 ( 175-91 ), esbts. his geol. map of Bundcl.
kha~~d.
FRASER, George John. Ben. Cav.
b. 14-5-1800. d. AurangBbTLd, 27-0-42 ;
MI.
Corn. 13-7-22 ... r apt . 12-11-38.
Son of Rdwnd Sntch\vell Frwer, of Reclig, co. Inverness.
and Jane, dao. of Wm. Freser OF Balnain, l~in wife ; hro.. of
J. B. Fraser ( 1763-1856 ) [ 11.398 1. and Wm. Fraser ( 1784-
1835 ), scs., of Rev. Bd. Delhi. [ 151 1.
m., Delhi. 12-9-32, \Vilhelruina, dau. of John >loore, of
1.iverpool.
Horlson, IJ ( 217 ) : Croftoo. 11 ( 1 l a ).
BTO. 9--11-28 ( 6 0 ), a ppd. Asst. Sorvr. , Saht i mn-
pur Rev. Svy. ; j oi ned 1-1-27, on co~npl et ' i on " 3
yews a c t a a l re,yinmnt,al d u t y " ; rorl t i nnol l on re\-.
svy. t i l l 1835 ; Asst . t o Roadt . Nkgpur, 1836 t i l l
d mt h [ 157, 165. 331 1.
GALE, John. Land Survr. ( 2 ), England.
Colnpilerl t abl er f r om whi ch a t.raveme conl d b e
laid down f r om recLangul ar co-orclinates hwt oad of
from hoarinpa a n d distnnroq.
Formul %t ed t~ eirnplo m o t h d of cal cul at i ng t ho
cont vnt s of a n a r e a f r om t h e r ect angul ar co-ordi net ea
of t h e euccessivv t r aver se at at i ons encl osi ng it.
' 40m. \ v, of Bi ndn[ I I , 5on. 1] . ' DDn. BO(11).
'R An &m. Tronc. 1. 1827 ( 250 ). ' BTC. 2-nd 14-20.
Sm h ( 273-8s ) ; Ency Brit. 0th edn. 1987. Bur~ey, by 08n. J. T.
suorpubna. traced.
Bo t h t hes e val uabl e ai ds to s ur veyi ng wore pub.
in Qeometriool & Graphi cal Eeaaye b y Ceo. Ad a m,
junr.. London. 1s t edn. 1791. t h e t abl e f o mi n q en
nppx.
I n t h e 4t h edn.. 1813. t h e t a bl e was i wue d
ee s epar at e vol., pri ce 2s 8d.e
Gale' s eyet om wes fi rst a dopt e d b y Ol i ver o n t h e
De l l ~ i rev. evy. in 1822, a n d at once a dopt e d gener -
al l y unde r t h e or der s of Hodgaon as RSG. [ 148, 160 1.
TO t hi s ve r y d a y i t f or ms t h e basi s of al l t r aver ae
s ur ve y in Indi a7. Sur veyor s of t en r ef er r ed t o i t aa
Gale' s Uni versal Theor em [ 148 n.1 1.
The proj ect i o~~ of a traverse by rectangulnr co-ordinates u
described by John Love in his G~lxlceaia, or lhc Ar t of Sur.
veying, 2nd edn. pub. London. 1715. and a Tahle for the
purpoae la given. All othcr early writers confine themaelvea
t o the protraction from bearing and distencd.
The deduction of areas hp sum of producb is described on
pp. 488 of Chas. Hutton' s Treoliae on Menaural i on. Newcastle-
on-Tyne. 1770. where Hutton refers t o this as Thoa. Durgh'e
"method t o determine the areas of right line figures ".
Doubtless Gale was familiar with t he works of Love,
Burgh, and Hutton.
Not hi ng cer t ai n is known of J o h n Gal e hi msel f
beyond infn. gi ven b y Ad a ms i n hi s Geometrical...
E8maye. b u t i t i s e f ai r pr esumpt i on t h a t h e wag t h e
a u t h o r of Cabinet of Knowledge, b y J. Gal e, 1st edn.
1796; 2nd. 1797 ; 3rd. 1800, 4 t h 1808.
T h e followinq a r e ext r act s f r om Adarns' Eeaags :
pp. iv-v r ef er t o "val uabl e comrnuni cnt i ona of Mr.
Gale. ... hb. Gale' e i mpr ovement s ... conaist. Brat, in
e n e w me t hod of pl ot t i ng ... f r o m t h e nor t hi ng3 a n d
eout hi ngs, east i ngs a n d westings, t a k e n o u t of the
t abl e whi ch f or ms t h e a ppe ndi x t o t hi s work. ...
"The n e x t i mpr ovement comi s t s in a new me t hod
of det er mi ni ng t h e ar ea, wi t h super i or accur acy, f r om
t h e nor t hi ngs ... a n d westinge, wi t hout any r egar d t o
t h e pl ot o r dr aught , b y an e a s y comput at i on ".
I n a footnote Gale is desoribed as "a gentleman well
known lor his ingenious publieations on finance"'.
p. xiv, describes the dppr. as "-4 Table of the Xoorthinga ...
We~tings. t o erery degree and tifteenth minute of t he Qaad.
rant, radius from 1 t o 100. with all the intermediate n ~ ~ mb c r s
computed t o three plnces of decimals".
pp. 290-310 include de4cription of t he circumfPrrntor.
"with Mr. Gale's method of using it ", an elementary account
of normal theodolite boundilry survey.
pp. 329-33 desrribe "Mr. Gnle's method" of plotting
from his Tnl~l?. with the normal traverse set-up.
p. 330. "Thcso computations are of much further urc in
determining the ilrpa or quantity of lnntl in t he surx-rp,
which c ~ ~ n n o t be nsccrtainad nit11 equal accuracy in any
other \vay".
The Cabinet oj h'nott.lrdgc contnins "Jfi~ccllaaroos Rcerea-
tions, ... mom1 nncl pl~ilomphionl eswys, proposition. nilturn1
and mnt:lpl~ysi.nl, or pr i me nt ~, ... inclurlinp card deceptione.
... (Being t he r*.<ence tnkerl from tho Lndv's. Centlrmcn'g.
... Dinrica )". London. Printed by W. Kcmmish [ l i 96 I.
12mo. po. 330. plq. 81.
The cnutcnta i:~olwlr-Moral & Religious Tnl kcNat ur s
of Ecl i pen-4~l nndar-Card Tricks-Problems of Numb-
Camera Ol~oorn-to Msnaure t he Depth of tho Ses--Qncrie.
& Par.~doxtw-Optical Definilior~s-Liuht & Hent.
Similar c:tlend.m. alrunnnrs, ond diariav wore popular st
t hat poriod. and dll.,h didti!l8uishod matllns. an Hutton and
Rauben Burrow ~nvdir monqp in thin way [I. 3161.
'DDn. 166. b l 331 : maps of aw. Frontier. YRIO. 88 ( 1- ).
'2nd e.1n. od. by Wm. Joaej. I797 ; 3rd. 1800. v ' r h h b &
Walker. 'even rrs late or ICn:y Brit. 7th edn. 1012.
@no
BIOGRAPHICAL
Prolonged re3carch in libraries and regi~ters, London.
Oxfoni, and Briatol have failed t o fix t he identity of Adams'
collaborator, though t he name John Gale is frequent between
1790 and 1824l. eepeoially in London and t he Weet.
A John Gale sewed in t he Customs Dept. iu London.
being appd. Weatern Clerk' and Examnr. of Stationery
@ f 130 pa.. 204-1787, and promoted Sec. @ 400 pa.
from 23-2-1788. He read. 29-7-91. Hi8 letters and auto-
graphs are those of an educated man of mntura age*.
A John Gale "Esq." d. 11)-1&1814 in Charlea St., Covent
(Mn.; &la Mag. 81 ( 602 ).
A John Gale, of Pall >fall Place. St. James', Westminster.
left will, proved 1823, with mention of a ai f e Hnrriett, and
bro. Wm.. of Customs Ho. London.
Our men ma y h a v e been a schol ar r a t h e r t h e n
sur veyor , b u t wa s obvi ousl y of pr act i cal bant , e n d
must h e v e h a d s ome educat i on in emvg. and me t hs .
H e ma y poeeibly h a v e assi st ed Ad a ms in pr oduci ng
ot he r prof. pubne.
GARDEN, Willialn [ 11,399 1. Ben. Inf.
bapt. 8-3-1790. d. 29-7-52.
Ens. 28-11-13 ... Bt. Col. 2-8-50.
Son of Al er ~ndcr Garden and Grizcl McCornbie his wife.
ed. King's CON. Aberdcen.
CB. ; ABC.
Hodson, LI ( 246 ) ; 111 ( 792 ).
BGO. 1-1-17. appd. DAQXO.. 3rd. cl.. whilst with let.
Div. Grand A ~ m j {lb., 31-8-17, t o arp. frontier between
Nepil and Champiran [ 19 1; 18ld-9, aurrd. routcs in Rohil-
khand [ 271 \vith occasional lntitudes and 2-inch plan of
Bareilly Cnnta., MBXO. 32 ( 1-61 ) ; "will form very good
geogrnphical material"s; EGO. 1610-10, oagaro. 1st. cl.
[ 335 I.
1823, na AQMG.. Malwa Force, survd. routes t o Saugor and
Hoshangi bi d ; DDn. 193 ( 87 ), 11 -1 1-14, Resdt. Indore
writes; "Captain Gnrden, ... un officer of superior intell-
igence, heilig tho last d v season engaged in a auwr y of
t he Vindhya range, ... I [ requested ]him t o make a articular
inspection of t he space ... between Jaun and ~imro?a. ... On
t he ground of Captain Garden's report, ... t he Pioneers ... a t
Now should be employed on t he improvement nf t he Simrol
Ghsut', and t he r o d onwarda t o Asseergurh" [ 87 1.
Later had distinguished career in QMG.'S dept [ 3371.
183940. Afgbin War ; =lo. I11 (4-7). 1839. svy. of
route Kandahi r via Kabul t o Attock.
GARLING, James [ 11,399 1. Mad. Inf.
b. 16-6-1784. d. 4-620, of cholera at
Hyderiiba.
Lieut. 2 1 - 9 4 ... Bt.Capt. 1-1-18.
Son of John Frederick and Caroline Garling, of London.
Apr i l 1805. h f ~I . , cl. I [ 11, 320 ] ; aast . i nst r .
f r om Apr i l 1800 t o Oct . 181 1 [ 105 1.
1810-3, in oh. Go e s vy. [ 11, 156-8 ; 111, 94, 196 1;
1813-5, i n oh. of So n d e s vy. [ 11, 1 5 8 9 1. r e t ur ni ng
t o Madr as. Bept . 1816.
opportunity of j , ~~ni ng it,.
Shoiild this be the me, ir
illustrate what you have rU along thought of the hterm,
intention " B [ 476 1.
Probated without succeaa against appt. of ~ i d d ~ l l ,,
ASQ. a t Madras, on grounds of seniority, for some time
subacrihing his lettere ns Aast. SG. [ 3 1 6 8 1. Wss o ~ ~ o o d y
making himself difficult, and hIackenzie writes to niddell.
"What orders have yo11 been sending t o Garling that
only finds fault with your designation in office 1 I ~ h s d
much t o have conriliated t hat gentleman, but h d it, difiool,
or rather impossible. ...
"I am surprized nt llis
being a t Darwar. I conaidcr it
entirely o l ~ t of his province. 1 must. soon turn my ,-,thntion
to Mr.Garling's surveys, as I canliot see...bow he i s e m p l o ~
I think he, a t all events. might let your case alone"'.
Reference was made to t he Supreme Govt., who supported
Mackenzie'a view "t hat t he appointment of Lieut. ~ i d d ~ l l
t o t he provisional charge of t he survev department
calculated to throw the slightest degree' of disomdit 00 ~i~,,t.
Gorling'a character or profrauionnl pretensions, ae being
consistent indeed with t he usage of other branch- of the
service with regnrd ~AI staff appointments"r.
'%iXeII nlso wrote t11.t he had oc hur d privat*y that
Garling'a objection was treetcd 0s a trifle, and as c0nhv
t o every prrredent in t,his Presidency "l [477,497].
Qarling did not accept t , l ~e dccision with kindness, snd
Yackeuzie writes t o JJormtford a few months later; "h.
Garling ... may with equal reneon complain of you. ...
sent . i me~~t s have heen ho little ncceptahle. ... I do not aiah
t o troublc him further t han alien mv strict duty r e q u h
correspondence"'. Altogether there was a considerable leek
of good feeling between Garling and t he SG., which wae not
remedied when Gnrling pusl ~ed Iris svy. beyond the a.
frontiers of t he Nizam's territories without formal ssnotioo,
and appeared t o be suiting his programme t o the wishes of
t he Re~dt . . Hcnry Russell, rather than keoping to the SG:I
rigid instne. [4-5, 115-7, 304 n.2 1.
Xackenzie thanks Mountford for communicating "Captain
Garling's intention of coming t o Calcutta on the subject of
his grievances. ... Some time ago Mr. Garling mentioned
somethin ahout coming t o Calcutta. ... I took no notiod
because f considered i t neither serious nor necesssry. ...
Several of Mr. Garling's letters t o me have been unanswed
for some t,ime, as i t is impossible for me to reply to dl
private letter^"'^.
I n epi t e, however . of t hi s l ack of mut ual sympet hp,
Nackenzi e h a d a hi gh opi ni on of Gerling'e prof-
qual i fi cnt i ons, a n d wee deepl y gr i eved et t he news of
hi a s udde n d e a t h [ 117, 341, 459 1. Hi e brotheroffioen
we r e par t i cul ar l y di st r essed, a n d Conner writes ;
"The account of poor Garling's death has filled me with
t he deepest aWiction-so accustomed to associate him with
all my most agreeable remembranoe8-so intimately united
by ties of indissoluble f r i endshi pso early known-eo deplJ
regarded-I feel his loss as t he severest calamity, for
rarely appreoiate t he just value ... till tie without our WE^.
Always attached t o his man amiable vltuee, and rasptin8
t he rectitude of hie principcs. I suffer the misery of fee@
his full worth a t t he moment I have to deplore hi8 d d h ;
and memory, as if t o aggravate those sentiments, retroaee
t he scenes of our long intercourse, whose harmony WM never
MOO. 10-6-i6, a p p d . t o ah. evy. of N i ~ & m ' ~ for a moment rllmed [ 433 I. ...
"My regret for t he low of this excellent fellow he^ been
~ o r n i n i o n s [ 94. 97, "4-7. 119. 1259 207-8, 281, 339.
fmblv exDrassed. ... me both Ward & Canner] a p . 0
401. 417.,474 1. you i hat ' hs waa a8 amiable ib private life aa z e a l o~ ma
Rooognized by Lambton na snrw. and trgtr. of high capable as a public servant. As such the department hM
qoalifications [ I I . 246; 111. 121. 129-30. 207. 237. 257 1. soverely suffered. ...
Evercst's only rival for nomination as Lambtnn'a nest. on " I am very glad you have taken means to E W U ~ the
GTS. [ 342-3, 446 1, Riddell writing ta Mackenzie, 20-2-18 ; books and instruments. He had some valuable ones which
"1 have no doubt t hat Colonel Lambton is endeavouring will be almost useleas t o anyone.,.not in the depertmme
t o get his depertment i n o r 4 t hat aarl i ng may have an t he Camera L u c i b . .. t e n t . . .
ldcsliug with Cuat am mattera of 42 por k Sw. from Roohester to Wales.
' BM ~ d d f ~ s . 38225 ( R. 40. 110. Ids,
1780 1 and PRO/ Cur t o~/ l R/ 433- 4, 469. 'Evereet, 17-6-31, DDn. 266 ( 208 ). 4Simrol Ohi t , 20 m. S. of Indore [ AuW"
pl. 24 1.
' DDn. 161 ( 148 ). ' DDn. 156 ( 301. 304 ) ; 7-10 & 23-11-17. 1 D D ~ . 193 ( 97-9 ), 15-5-18 ; mC. 18-tJ-ls
' DDn. 151 ( 211 ), 1-7-18. ' DDn. 148 ( 9 ). 2-11-18. 1Oib. ( 61 ), 23-3-18.
NOTES GIBSON
"Al exander got l eave of abs ence o n purpome t o
QIBBINW, Robsrt. Mad. Inf.
p r e p r e a map o f J ar nes ' r o u t e f r o m hi s nobes, f or b. 24-7-1703. d. 124-26. at ~lao,
he ha d obser ved t h e beari nge, es t i mat ed t h e r+itances.
w d not e d al l t h e villages, a l l t h e wa y f r o m He r a t
off Msqrlore.
EM. 18-849 ... Cnpt. I-%%.
bhe Indun", e n d , wr i t es Alex.. Aber deen, 18-10-39,
Twin bro. of John [aup I.
"It wa s a s ~ l e n d i d ma p. It meas ur ed 10 f e e t l onn m.. Oct. 1822. Frances. ilnrr. of Msi. Hmur Ysrde. Sld.
-.
by 3 f eet b k e d , o n t h e ~ c a l e of 6 mi l es t o a n i nch<
July 1815. MMI., cI. I S [ 11, 321 1 ; 16-10-18, under
At m y br ot her ' s d y i n g reql l ent 1 pr es ent ed i t t o
wdm xlgpur ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ . F ~ ~ ~ , to he employed on .,,.
Sir Cha r l w Jdet oal fe, t h e n Qover nor Gener al , from
under apro. . surva. wrsned in Ni mur terriwties 183 1 ;
-. - - -
whom I r ecei ved a t hounancl thanks. T h e mar , i s MOO. 17-3-17; on st-;. in Berir under SO.
now wi t h t h e Ar my of t h e Indu., a n d I was g r a t k e d
6 4 1 8 , t o act us ~ p v o . t o 1)iv. a t Yhnw; 13-10-18.
to hear that, Be far Be they had gone, they had found
applio* for compenaation for horse helonging to hie bro. John.
loat s t Mehidpur ; 20-10-18. conlirmtd an AWO. 1817-9,
t he posi t i ons of t h e platen, a n d eccoUntR of t h e roede.
dgns many maps as agaro. including unto. 188 ( 36 ) ahewing
wonderful l y c or r e r t conr i der i ng t h e di ut enr eu we r e Aairgarh Furt.
mt i mat ed b y t i me, a n d t h e bear i ng8 t a ke n wi t h a
Svy. Sarhacln R., fdhke., ~ m o . m 314,401, c m b d i d in
smal l ~ o c k e t cornpaas "'.
Mnloolm's map of Milwa, 1818-9 [ 84 1.
Al exander r et . 15-2-36 a n d , wri t e8 Lloyd-"from
t he fatigrrun h e hal l f or ma n y yearn under gone.
t oget her wi t h a f ever whir11 yince hi s r et ur n t o
Engl eni l h m peri odi cal l y att.rtrke(l 11irn-his f r a me
a nd conat.itrrtion wer e ~ h n t t e r e d ". H e d . at Aberdeen.
"his nat i ve t own. ... nf t er 3 deyu i l l r ~eea"~.
J ASH. XI, 191.' ( 4iI)-.i5l ), Vornhulary of Iiuniwnr
languages.
GER,ARD, Patrick. Ben. Inf.
b. 11-6-1794. d. Simla, 4-10-48;
MI., cart rd. cem.
Enn. 19--H-12 ... Vnpt.. 114-28 ; ill\.. 8-8-32. with
pcrmirrsion t o rr-aldo ill t he Hillrr.
bro. of Alexander and Jamcn CierarrI eup 1. IINB. ; DIB:
1817-32, nerved practicnllj oontinunr~sl,~ with lat N ~ S Y I ~ I
Bstt. [ 30 n.7. 40 n.5 ] s t Ss bi t hl ~ nn(l Kotun1.11. A grrnt
gardener.
1819, with Jamm Herbert on jnorrrey rrp S~rtlej vnlluy
[ 38, 42, 204-5.457 1.
Kept r r g~~l nr mcteorl. ntld lrnri~~ntlter reconls: ~ h s t r ~ v t fnr
1819-20, with list of heiglrta fisecl Ily brnilinp point of wntor.
JASB. 11, Dee. 1833 ( 615-22 )' [ 273 1. " liy tho mean of s
wholo ycrr' s barometrical ohssrvnt,ions Soohathoo was found
to be 4.305 fect, ahovc t he Ie\.el of tlrr sea" [ 204 1.
In "statement of the weather nt. Kotgnrh and Soobethoo".
1819-21, Patrick a d d an interesting note about Simla;
"During the yonrs 1819-40 alrcl 21. Simla was no place of
resort for invalids and viyitora. except for a few officers be-
longing t o the l et Nursoeree Bat.t. stationed a t Soobnthoo.
and thither they proceoiled for t he hottest montha, May and
June, till tho rains had fairly set in.
"In 1810 o double-poled tent wna pitched by Lieuteurult ...
R. Ross8 on the N.W. extremity of the ridge. ... I n 1822 t he
first perm~inent rottngo of t he rlsunl materinla-stono rind
timhor. roofed with pine-wood shingles-wns ercctod ... by
bpt ni n ... C. P. Kennedy, t he succmor of Lieut. R. Ross na
Amistant Political Agent for tho Protoclad Kill Statea"a.
GIBBINGS, John. Mad. Inf.
b. 24-7-1793. d. 9-1-18, of wounds
received a t Mehidpur [83 11.43, 21-12-17.
GIBSON, George. Adventurer.
b. Madras. d. of cholera, 10-3-25,
on road Rangoon to Rome7.
Son of English sea-captain and Telinga mother. "His
fnther seem* t t ~ have becn n nlcrrcnary Captain in t he usrvicc
uf Indian rulers, an11 Ion1 hid life in t he Bay of Bengsl". ...
"Educntlon ... at Sgahet , a Catholic [ mimion ]settlement ...
north-wed of Amarapur~. where ho learnt t o write and
speak English. Portoplrer. n little Brelrch. and aome oriental
dialects, spl*ially Trlinpn". "He hnd r ~ e d works can ancient
history, and pu~selrred n fund of genoral knowlodge.
"He had mnde two vtlynpea t o Li s bn~~, and h d commanded
sevnral veanele. I n a smnU Dnnisl~ brig ... he visited Cochin
chi1111 in t he ~ C I I R 1795. ... Al~oot li9;i. hc necms ti) have
conat n~rt ed one ship of thret- hundred tons for the ... Princes
Royal[ Ava ]and af kr anr ds floated her down t o Rangoon. ...
"Hi u i nt er es t in geogr aphi cal a n d c omme mi e l
pur s ui t s h a d caoaed h i m t o expl o re... t h e Bur me s e
domi ni ons. ... H e wa s f r equent l y empl oyed by
Ga- gyi - daw a n d hi s gr andf at her i n compi l i ng ma p s ...
f m m t h e char t 8 and descr i pt i ve nr r ount a d r a wn u p
by t h e Ki ng' s subj ect s. ... H e hlrd hel d s i t ua t i ons of
t r us t . e n d ... enj oyed consi der abl e f avonr .
" He WBS i nt i mat el y acqr l ei nt ed wi t h l enguage,
cr ~s t ome, end ma nne r s of t h e Bur me s e peopl e, t h e
n a t l ~ r e a n d rmorl rcer of i t s Gover nment , a n d t h e
chnr act er ... of i t s Ki n g a n d pr i nci pal mi ni st ars' *.
After the Burmoue invnnions of Amnm, 1817 nnd 1819.
Oi bon wes called on "t o construct a map of Burma, t o ~ t h e r
with t he ~~. dj ar ent oountrien of Indin, Ninm. nnd Cmhin Chi na
On looking a t t he map the King remarknl t hat he had essi ped
too much t erri brv t o t he English. and tlrnt As ~a m would be
s d ~ i r n h l e acquidition fur t,he Burmese t o mnke"' [ 521.
Deputcd on pol. mission t o Saigon to enlist support of
Cochin-China to Bnrmese nttoeli on Sinm, Ciihson left
Ava 21-7-22, and maohed Rar~goon 9-K 22. Left Rangoon
Jan. 1823. nod rrached P\VT. 96th Feb. His ship WM
deet ropd by tire in Pena~rg hnrhmrr 24th Mnrch. Amiated
by loan from British Gort . nt P\VI. t.ho mki on left in Portu-
guese ship 224-23. and rcnrhed Snigon 8th June.
The Kina of Cnchin-Chin11 t hrn resided nt Hub. and Gibnon'a
Em. 44-10 ... Lisut. 11-1 1-14, miusion rl&lt with the vi c ~my at h i @~ n , who sft8r nine
Twin aon. with Robert [ inf 1, of Rev. Riohani (:ibbir~ps, months delnv conv~~vcd an onfn\.oumble reply. BV t he time
of Gihbings Grovo, co. Cork. and Cnthnrine Ilia 2nd. wife. t hat ~ i l ~ s o n ' r e t r ~ n i ~ t l to Pnll.. tho British wmm ni asr wi t h
July 1816. xw.. cl. IS [ 11. 321 ] : 1817, AQMO. 2nd cl.. Uur~nn. nrid ho ofl t ~ai l hi3 s~r\.ielv t o the hsd+.' o who pnR3d
Svp. Branch. him t o Ijurnt*y t o wsist in r, , ~~st rset i on of map of B u m
Kay:. 11 ( 2 1 4 ) ; Jhleolm' a despnt,oh 92-13-17. ".bn [7+30.)31 1.
much rndebbd ... t o Liorrt. Qihbinga. ... who jvnr worrndod At Bur n~y' s mqur d Gilson wrrlte a journal of his misuon
w1lc.n n ~ l v s n r i ~ ~ against tho grrns". t o Saigon, n rorigh copy of whirh, pmbnbly hy Burnay, ia
'31R10. nIi8~. 16-0-33. 9 I d ( 3 ) 8 ih. ( pmf. v. r i ). 'diiarnal, 1810-20. ' Robt. Ra s ( 1789-IBM ).
Comdg. 1st N ~ s i r i Bntt.. Sahht l l ~~. IRIS-22: Hnd~on. I11 (097 ). eJASB. S I I . IM3 ( 707 ). ' Trnnt ( 159 ). ' S mx a n b
( 141-8 ). IIfRC. 1948. plShuysn ( 48.' ). IOJoha C mw f d .
GILMORE BIOGRAPHICAL
now paer ved a t Delhil. Crawfurd r ecor b t hat aibnon'a
GORDON, John William. Boo ~ ~ f .
e n d "was replete with errors in grammar and ortho-
ma ~ h p in every line, and ... nearly unintelligible without his
b. 11-2-04.
d. Ni i r i Has, 23-7-30.
:& gnona l oomments and erphnntions". Lieut. 13-9-20 ; Capt. 20-12-33.
Bur ney s pent near l y a mont h ext r act i ng all the Son of George and Sophia Gordon.
geogl. kh.- a bout ~ b r m o a n d i t s nei ghbour i ng
284-21. appd. Asst.. Snrvr.; Ileocan Svy.;
countries t h a t Gi bson a n d 11i.q followers wero abl e t o Survr' lat [ n'12 1'
furni sh, and records t h ~ t "al t hough hie pr i vat e
Dec. 1829. serving with cav. 01 Nieirn'a a my till death.
char act er a n d manner s a r e by n o me a ns agreeabl e. ...
pe t 1 f ound h e posseseed mu c h cur i ous a n d real l y GOWAN, Edward Parry. Ben. &.
useful i nformat i on r egar di ng t h e Bu r ma Gover nment b. 10-7-1791. d. Simh, 10-2-40.
and c o ~ n t r y " ~ .
Lt. Fwkr. 14-9-10 ... Ca t. 29-8-34 ; ~ t ~ ~ j . 28-8-38.
When t he ma p wus s e nt t o Col cut t e t o b e pr i nt ed. Son of George Gowan, mercp. of Calcuth. formerly B ~ ~ .
a copy nee ~ e n t wi t h Gi bson t o t h e Army at Rangoon k f . ( 1773-89 ). and Mary Pamy his wife.
wher e h e ma de himself ext r emel y useful t o t h e st aff,
ad. Addkcombe 1800-10. Hodson. U ( 298 ).
Doc. 1818 t o May 1819, suwd. route of Lt. Col. Ludloa,8aa
before hi s de a t h on t h e advance t owor ds Pr ome [ 71 1.
dett. to Nimacb and Mhow.
1813-23, with 4th Troop. Horse Art.
GILMORE, John. Ben. Engrs.
b. 20-7-11. d. Mhow, 24-8-47.
Lieut. 28-9-27 ; Copt. 29-1243.
Son of hf~ingo Wm. Alder Gilmore, of Stamford Hill.
London, sailmaker.
ed. Addiscombe, 1820-7. Hodaon. 11 ( 260-70 ).
~ a o . 11-12-29. appd. t o srp. line for Grand Trunk Rd.
Bnrdwin to Patnn ; reported completion 22-330 [ 28,493 1.
~ I O . 46 ( 5 ). 1831. aurvd. rorrcl to Bnlasoro.
GORDON, George Lawrie. Ben. Inf.
b. 26-3-01. d. Manipur, 30-12-44, m.
Em. 24-7-19 ... Capt. 13-1-39.
Son of Rev. Dr. George Gordon, ran.. minister of Sorn,
co. Ayr, and Ann his wife, dau. of Rev. Geo. Lawrie.
ed. Glasgow. Hodsorl, I1 ( 280 ).
l82d-6, serving with Pioneers ; Adjt. Gambhir Singh's
Levy in Manipor ; 12-11-25, to 11-2-35, 2nd in comd.
9 4 2 7 , joined Pe mb e r t o ~i as Asst . Survr., Re. 260
Zm.. o n Mani pur - Bur ma border, o n SG.'s recdn. ;
Th e reeearches of Li eut . Pember t on woul d b e
mat er i al l y ai ded if a n officer wer e appoi nt ed t o be hi s
aesi st ant . ... a n d Li eut . Gordon-...formerly in t h e
Pi oneers, a n d now a dj ut a nt i n Gumbeer Si ngh' e
Levy, whi ch is supposed t o b e r educed in t h e
course of t h e n e x t month-...is on t h e spot . a n d
mi ght ... b e pr ompt l y a n d profi t abl y empl oyed.
"Lieut. Pemberton reprenenta him se n gentleman of
oonsidernble talent. who hse already aoquired a competent
knowlerlge of the language ... of the country, and ...p oseessen in
a remarkable degree the qualities which are likely t.0 onanre...
enterprize ... and ardour. Lieut. Gordon has not vet had
experience in surveying. but. ..would prove a useful k i t a n t .
and ...in such remote and wild fields of operation, and where
p a t danger to health iA incurred, the adventages of employ-
iog two officcra are too obvious"' [66].
Pemberton r e~or t ad a few months latar that Gordon "hse
GRAFTON, Augustus. Bo. Inf.
b. 29-2-1788. d. 1 7 4 6 0 .
Mdpn. 80. Mur. 25-GO3 ; Bo. Mar. Batt. 18M; L i a ~
18-8-06; 1-1-18 tr. to Bo. Inf. an C'apt. ; Maj. 26-5-20; nk
29-12-31 ; Hon. Lt Col. Xov. 18.A.
Son of C. E. Grafton.
m., \Vnl~.ot, Bnt,h 58-34. Mnrp Sicl~oluon, dnu. 01 Wm.
Hoberhoa of Ilemerara, WI.
1818, oper at i ons ill Konka n as Ut . Capt. ; 1-3-10,
a ppd. Asst . Survr. , wi t h J o p p on trgn. ( 126 n.12,
120 ) ; 19-1-28, appd. t o ch. Deccan Svy. [ 1261;
1828-9, wi t h Shor t r ede o n meaet. of bme-line nr.
Kar l i [ 130 ] ; 31-5-30, Deccan Svy. closed down.
A notebook has been found a t Dehra Dim. initialed A.G.,
which gives routo svys. round Kalyan, in N. Konkan and
sketches of Satira, 1R18-9. obviously Grafton's. It corn.
mences 174-18 I L ~ Kalyan, and pa4sea through Y~dlinqhur-
Wuni e-- Wa~~uw-Parl e-Panw~1GTrwapwr. 0th April;
"The village8 about hero nre mi~erahly off for inhabitantsnod
supplien, and tbere are rcry few and not one good villnga
between this & t hr coast".
There ure little sketches of hille and forts. "From the
top of Juggwah tho whole country ns far n.4 the eye could
search appeared to be a jungle and hille". On 0th bb~
report of a "Royal Tiger ". The senson's tours aloee on 20th
June.
Working senaon re-opened 15th 0ct . Aul l i an to Bhanc
WoUnza-Panwdl-cloairlg at "cantonments near Callian. ...
Thierol~t*? was with Chinumjee Appa. the Paishwab's brother"
17th Nov. from l'anrvell to Tannnh by boat "with Cherry".
Several page8 oontain neat pencil sketch- of Sa t i r e
"Bwdngs from the torrace of my housew-"Bearings from
the Durgah ... to Shipkee's house 3 f. 20 poles. ... Little'#-
Mansfield's-Grafton's".
Therc ie a rough nketch of "an intelligent peon at Pem",
rrnd a note rocording disnpproval of "Cstholic Ernancipa
tion "'.
already himeelf t o undertake the reduction of the
travenres; and I am indebted to him ... for cordial assistance
Peter Warden' Ben' Id'
on every other o~eeai on"~ l 199 1. nmo. 36 ( 47-9 1 route b. 2-12-1794. d. at sea, 7-&28,_pf
- . - . .
mvye. Menipur t o Aaam. voyage t0 China-
1832, Survr. with mieyion led by Jcnkime and Pemberton.
and from Feb. 1836 PA. Manipur. Compiled English-Bengali- Ens. 1-5-12 ... Cept. 13-EL%.
h n i p n r dictionary, pul,. 1837. Son of Alcxundcr Grant, moroh.. of Forre& NB.
' Karpolcn ( 150-7 ), I HRG. 1949. EMS. 863 ( 728 ), 22-10-24.
S'DDn. 204 ( 30; ), 2-3-27.
"b. ( 323 1, 3-b27'
'Francis Jcnkinu h. 179:1; ncn. 111f. 1811-01 : Hodeon, II ( ,540 ). 'John dlldlow ( 1770-1821 ) Ben. Inf., Ens. l7g4: Lt
1817; comdg. Nilnneh Fli. R~rr:c 1819 till (loath, Kotsh shb. 7GBO.
B-1-14 ; Kalyan 30 m. NU. from Bomb'y'
Punvel 20 m. E. : P0n. 20 rn. s. of P;%nvrl. Msl.mgai1, hill fortresJ visible from Boruh:rg I. -Wanunm pr. ~a n a l - p a ~l ~ I"'
Budruk.
Other p l ~ ~ f l , lip in N. area of Thi na Dist. ; John Heator Cherry, Uo CY. 1412 till doeth 18'24,
CoU'
N. Konhn. 181% Yhipku pr. Francis Sheppee ( 1781-1863), &, st . surg., 9th Bo XI. 1~10-.James L. Little, Ba Eur'
Regt.
NOTES GRANT
m., 6t. Andrew's oh., Calcutta, 31-5-23, Elhn, dau. of
Alex. Fr eer , merch. of For m. and sister of Robt. Warden
Fraser ; Ben. Inf.
Hodson I1 ( 321 ) ; 111 ( 787 ).
18134,' at Ft. Wm. Coll.. Calcutta ; 1814-5. NepLl War.
Aug. 1817, eubmi t t ed mn p o f N. f r ont i er of Gor akh-
p u r wi t h Nepbl , ha vi ng s nr vd. p a r t hi msel f [ r g,
178-91; BJO. 5-9-17 & BUO. 7-10-17, a ppd. t o
evy. w. f r ont i er of Azar ngach a n d J a u n p u r wi t h
Oudh, ext endi ng s v y , al ong w. f r ont i er of Gor a khpur
1 19-22 I.
2-12-18, or der ed b y Re s dt . Luc knowl t o evy.
N. f r ont i er of Ou d h wi t h NepB1; cont i nued s vy. a n d
-erection of pi l l ar s i I ! ~r i ng 1810 a n d u p t,o J u n e 1820;
mb mi t t e d f i nal ma p s i n .\larch [ 22, 361 1. F o r p a r t
of t hi s t i me h e bor e t h e a ~ l d o d renponsi bi l i t y of
Comnr. in t h e i nt er eut s of Oudh, a n d t h e svy. wa s
cold seanon my henlth will be sefficiently restored to admit
of my rejoining & taking a more active part in ... the st ~r vep
than 1 have berm able to rlo (luring the prrsent W~ ~ # J U" ' .
Leaving Wroughton m ch.. Grnnt want down t o Cslr~rtta.
and sailed on mr. t o theCnpc in June l'i23'. nnd nffcr ar\.rral
extenpions returned 19-5-25. RIarkerwr!rumecl him h ~ r k M
jnst the man take ch. of t he Astr. Svy. recent.ly sanctioned
[ 185 1. pointing out thnt a t the Cnpr. ... "(luring ncrrrlp twv
years he resided with bhc Revcrenrl Mr. Fcllowe [ 183 n.7, 332,
4471, t he nrtronomor sent by the R I J ~ ~ I Society, nnfl npplird
with wsiduity t o the ...p ractice of aq+rmomy. I hare r l i scu~ed
with him t hr principnl objects of thnt I~runch of pvience. in
which hc rvincoe a cnmpetrnt knowlc~lga nnd, to t ry him
further, I have emplnyed him in Home reductinnil and
calculations of practical we, with whirh he appear9 to be
sufficiently fnmiliar"'.
About this time he wrote a paper on ltlnnr nbsm. for
longitude [ 183 1. He kept n considernhle l i br ag of praf.
books, a~l t l one of thrse. Phi l Trans. 1818, contnini~lg
Lnlnhton's accr~unt of his Great Arc. is n,Dw in oso. Librnw.
. -
much i nt er r upt ed b y difflcnlt co- oper : ~t i on wi t h and benrs h ~ s nutogrt~ph [ 175, 187. 216. 294 n.7 1.
"Coorkhe agents". T h e Re s dt . wri t es. 12-3-10. T h e pr oposed aqt r . svy. f or Bengal r l i t l nut mat er i el -
+xnressi ne ize. ant 1 unde r am. 17-6-25. Gr a n t waq nl aced at
"ehira ~~pprobat i on of your proceedings. ... The zeal, temper.
disposal Of c. i n-c. for mil. service in B ~ ~ ~ ~ , ' ~ ~ ~ -h. of
and judgment which yo11 hove &splxyrd h~. . . c~~l l t r i but ed
sTs. to be bRnuJ on Mt r . cont r ol [ 18r. 133-5, zoj -6,
i n a great measure t o allay t he feelinp of the Cotnminzioncra,
whioh if not constrainrd by your prudence t~rld dLjcr.%tion
213-4, 218, 333. 395, 463 1.
Sai l i ng f r om ~ n l c u t t a
might have burst forth into srrious opposition". 28-6-25, wi t h a n u mb e r of i nst s. r ecenr l y r ccei ved
Thia *as later en<ltmed by t he nctg. Ra dt . ; "The ahare
from ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ d , he 3 mo. at R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , t aki ng
you took in t he business waa ... highly judicio~is and proper,
,and I join cordirrlly in the opinion nhic]l &Ir. $fonckbn
Ohsns' for lot. rind long.. and move'1 u p Prome in
hse expressed on t he ability r,f your reports, wllirh appmar
0ct.m a n d f ur t her u p t h e r i ver i n Fe b. 1826, to
-to hove left no point unnoticed that. is essential t o tho br m- compl et e svys. as f or ss Ama r a p u r a [ 371-3, ZI-,
ing of a satisfactory judgement"'.
313 n.4, 427, 507 1.
Af t er t h e concl usi on of p m c e
A notice in Gout. Oar. 21-2-20 records t hat "From t he
bt Gazette we learn that Lieut. P. ,Y. Gmnt,
we n t b y 806 t o Amhe r s t in a emal l soi l i ng boat , f ai l i ng
surveyor, hes adjusted t he late disputes snl,.sisting hetween
i n a n advent l l r ous a t t e mp t t o force hi s wa y UP t h e
the Durbars of Kstmandon and His Nnjcsty t he Icing of m o t ~ t h of t h e Si t t a ng
[ 74-5 1.
Oude in the most able, satiafactor.~, and amicihle mnnner".
F r o m Amhe r s t h e ma d e e t r i p b y b o a t u p t h e
Grant justifies the slowneas of his opprotions; "I mill
not court praise by ex-ggrratinR t he (lificultips, ,.. but I
Salweell* end in
fixing geogl. posi-
.de recatc censore becooae, altllotlph there is nothing in them
t i ons, r e t ur ne d t o Cal cut t a whe r e h e s p e n t t h e
-eitRer ditficult or harrsssing. yet they were ... nt t ondd with wor ki ng u p r esul t s [ 75-6 ].
.greator diffionlties and gmaterresponsihilitics. ... The surveya
are by no means su extensive and complete as might hnve
Being "puted to svy' thenawly province
been expected had my time and attention bet.1~ devoted
of Tenaeser i m, h e r e t ~ u n e d t o Amhe r s t 19-1-27 ;
entirely to the surveys alone. ... f i xed t h e p o ~ i t i o n of 3Ioul mei n. a n d wi t h t h e ~ s s t c e .
" l t moy perhaps be a sonrre of regret t hat t'he combined
of D e ~ o n t m o r e n c ~ s p e n t t h e n e x t t e n mo n t h s s ur vg.
duties of surveyor and British Cc)mmissio~~rr ... will exclude
me from t hat distinction in t he s~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ n t
t h e ma i n f eat ur es* m o s t l ~ b y b o a t al ong t h e ri vers.
which others have obtained. ... The duties immediately Ho s pe nt t h e r ai ns at Moul mei n, a n d suf f er ed s ever el y
assigned t o me are not of t hat descript,ion which are like$ f r o m mel ar i e. He n d i n g ove r t o D e 3I ont mor ency
t o afford much scope for sciontifia enquiry "a.
He drew no ext ra pay for duty na Boundary Comnr.
BOO. 144- 21, a p p d . t o ch. rev. s vy. of Gor cl khpur
a ndc omme nc e d wor k i n J a n . 1822 i n pargana Amo r h a
[ zz, 151-2, 159, 216-7, 221, 333, 3881. Mar ch 1823
s ubmi t t ed mc. ; "I h a d been compel l et l eer l y in
J a n u e r y t o r el i nqui sh t h e s ur vey, mc l t o r e t ur n t o
t h e s t a t i on i n c ompa ny wi t h Doc t or Gr a ha m4 : ...
"My further eta in t h i ~ distrirt affords no prospect of
immediato, and far %as of ony permnnent, ameudmont in t he
state of my hoalth, and I...prnceed to t he rlver Immediat~lv.
8s t he only means of affording oven a tempornry rel~ef from's
disorder which baffles the powem of medlvine. ... Unl es
t he rivor air shall produce n speedy and dcridod alteration
for t he better. my prooeoding t o t he Presidenoy will then...
be: o longer a qtieation of mere propriety, but of necessity.
I t in aooordingly my intention t o proceed immcdiately on
the river under oborge of Dmt or arnham, who proceeds t o
t he Preeidenoy. ... I t is t o be hoped t b t before t he eneulng
in Oct . h e r e t ur ne d t o ~ a l c u t t a i n Dec. [ t-page. 7&;.
195)-zoo, 269. 400 1.
Writes t o SO. 1-1-28 : "The meclicnl certificate ... will I ~ a r o
nunrizrd vnu of the u~i i i ful circumstanl.~s ~ ~ n l l c r whirsh I waa
c&mpplled to quit 3fartnbnn. I remninsrl in that prnrince
much longer thnn per h~pa I onght to have done. in t he
hope t hat the chnnge t ~ f seasw would bring with it nn
im roved state of henlth, but mv hopes proved dzlusim.
ant! notl~ing hut s change of ai;. a p p e n ~ d cnlc~rlated to
remove t he rheumatic dinthrds, from which I hare suffered
since my exposure on tho Gnven River. ... 1 have alrandy
dorivcd mom benefit than 1 expected. ... and I hope in a few
weeks to recovcr tho use of my limbs"'.
Agniin. 10-2-2s ; " Jl y l ~rnl t h ia certainly very gmd con-
nidering my long ronfinemmt. My face is hecoming gradodl p
more tlrxihlc. I require warm weather, and when I am once
able t o uao rrntchea and move atmot a little, I have no doubt
of rnpicllg rorovering. I suffer much from the cold which
compels me ta kwp t o hed, in conaaquencr of which I a m
obliged t o t&e more medicine. ...
'John Monekton ( 1770-1852 ) : BCS. ; OW.. I1 ( 652 ). ' DDx. 153 ( 152-3 ). ' t o SO. ; Dlln. 163 ( 13 ). 15-10-18.
' Wm. Oraham ( 17061843 ) ; Ben. Md. ; Crawford's Rdl ( B. 126). t o 90. 8-3-23 ; BTC. 38-3-23 ( 65 ). ' BOO. 13-6-89
(: 35 ). 'DDu. 204 ( 161 ). 1-8-25. Bof. Findlay ( 053 ). ' DDn. 220 ( 303 ).
HADAWAY BIOGRAPHICAL
"The disease is ala.avs n tedious one, and has laid so firm
1-1-17, appd. DAQMO. 2nd el., whilst with R eMm,
hold of my limb.. t h k . 1 do not think ... I sball be able t o Grand Army ; 1822, raised filerwarn Batt.,r
it rill
mu me active dut i cn... this 0eason ; and. even if I should be
1835 ; svys. in RPjputPna, SheikBwati, and Ajmer [
able t o do no, i t would not be artvisable for me t o at t empt it.
Medicine has proved altogether f r ui t l w, s nd t he Doctor
HALL, William Joseph Osborne. Ben. E ~ ~ ,
me t hat there is nothing for i t but patience and, when
I am able. to go t o sen for 2 or 3 months'.
b. 11-9-1791. d., unm., 14-12-17,
Under BW. 21-3-28, gr a nt e d 7 mo. l eave on mc., Hoshang6b6d.
for sea voyage t o China.
Ells. 4-11-09 ; Lieut. 1817.
Hodpon refused him prmisaion to tako papers of t he svy.
Son of Her. Dr. William Hell, of Shadwell, London, and
with h i n ~ ; "The materiah must be left here, such as they ere. PranOes Eastcourt his wife.
and when you return you must adjust t l ~em", on which Grant
ed. Merchant Taylora. Hodson. I 1 ( 366 ). 111
sent in everything "publio nnd private regnrding the survey.
6-12-10, appd. Fd. Engr. t o Ni epur Subsy. Force; -.
i n a tin box, in case I should ask off the stngc, but I hope
334* survd' of this l 8I7 [ 83-4 1.
t o have some years yet.
" I t has been my misfortune t o fall a victim t o an innidious
disease in a pe.dtilen~ial country. The labourer deserves
bi hire, pet he makes but a poor mat.ter of i t who, a t t he end
of n twelve-month, not o ~ ~ l y loses his allo\rances 213, but
Ioaes also t hat which is much more precious, his health.
Howover, my caseisonly like t hat ofothorsin t he Depar t me~~t ,
bettered, however, in o\-ery instance by your extreme kinrl-
aess and indulgence. ...
"I have never enjoycd one day's good health in Nartaban,
owing t o some unaccountable fatality. Upon due oonsidera.
tion of whnt you say, I think i t will be advisable to suspend
t he survey nltogethor till I rejoin. I am in a miserable
Bbt e of weakness, and sitting up yestorday and today t o
write has almost killed me. I a m sorry you are precluded
from seeing me, but t he gout is a respectable, honorahle, &
gentlemnnly disease, whereas mine is only fit for rustics and
t he vulgar. However, I must livo in hop- of better days"'.
18-3-28, after Grant had embarked. Rodgson sent him a
bnrried note ; "I had no ides you were going away so sud-
denly, as I saw hy t he papers t hat your ship was t o remain
till after the opium sales. Had you remained over tomorrow
I would have called on you, as I am better though rather
lame [.+60-I 1. I have reaeived t he papera nnd instru-
menta. ... Accept my best wishes for a complete and speedy
recovery"'.
HAMMOND, James John. Mad. Inf.
b. 4-1-1791. d. 5-9-78.
Ens. 27-6-06 ... Capt. 1-5-24; ret. 8-M2;
Hon. Maj. 28-11-M.
Son of Thoalas and Suaannah Hammond.
m.. Edmonton. England, 18-1-36, Anne. dao. of Rev.
Dawson Warren.
Jul y 1813, m I . cl. VI I [ I I . 321 1.
MGO. 16-12-25, Survr. 1st. cl.. in svy. branch. QMO!~
Dept. ; "with Madras troops in Ava, from 1-11-26; with
Crawfurd to Amherst, and helped in lay-out of new t om
[ 74 ] : Ben Regr. 482 ( 75 ). 1820, river svy. Prome to
Tandshoo.
HANSARD, Reginald William Kemeys.
Mad. Inf.
b. 26-4-1792. d. London 30-0-20.
Ens. 3-7-07 ; Lieut. 2-1-13.
Son of Providence and J s ne Hansard, of Brintol.
nroo. 7-3-00, resd. from Mar. without actual joining.
1818-9, aurvd. Narbnda R.. and routes for Malcolm
[84, 1231 ; MOO. 74-10, allowed sea-voyage on mc, by
Bo. Govt. ; ib. 184- 20 leave on mc. for 3 years.
Grant wiled in the Ieabella Robertson, a n d d.
HART, Henry. Bo. Inf.
before ehe r eached Si ngapor e. b.. 29-15-02. d. unm. 1860.
I n his will ho loft his property t o his wife or, "if she were
to die firnt, then one hnlf t o Cabherine Jloore, sistcr of John
Ene. 12-.%21 ... Capt. 8-10-39 ; resd. 26-6-40.
Moore of Caloutta; one fourth to \Villiam Fraser, brother
Son of Lt. Gen. Geo. Vaughan Hart, of Kilderry, Ireland,
of my wire ELiza; remaining fourth t o James Grant4 of t he
MP" and
his Wife'
town of Ca1cutta"fi.
c. Ang. 1&?5, appd. t.0 Decoan Svg [ 168 n.z 1.
HADAWAY, John. Ben. Inf.
b. 3-7-1787. d., unm., Calcutta, 21-4-23 ;
MI. S. Park St. cem.
Enq. 27-10-10 ; Licut. 18-2-15.
Son of Patrick Hadnwny, of I.eith, brcaer, and Janet his
wifc.
Hodaon. 11 ( 353 ).
1Hf I. with Urclfor,l a t Morl dabi d in 24th NI. ; on local
svys. under m:tqtc. ; 27-11-21. appd. -4sst. Survr. onrev.svy.
[ 152-4, 332 1.
ID- 12-22, prumotcd Surw. hut on sick list
proceeding "t o t he Presidenry for mediunl advice ".
d. a t reqiclencr of SG. in Chowringhee, "having been the
sole support of his aged mother ( a widow, in very indigent
circumstance.r. reuiflir~fi a t Luith ) "a.
HALL, Henry. Ben. Inf.
b. 11-9-1789. d. 22-7-75.
Ens. 21- l MS ... Gen. 23-7-00.
80n of Van. Frsncin Hall, LLD., of CO. Galway, and Chrie.
t h o 'l'raill hid wife.
m.. Naeirshid. 3-10-27, Sara, dau. of Christopher Fagan.
DIB. ; Hodson. 11 ( 384-5 ).
HEMMING, Samuel. 130. E n p .
b. 11-8-1799. d. 31-10-76.
Ens. 26-1-19 ; resd. 28-1 1-22: ret. 18-10-26.
Son of Rev. Samuel Hemming, of Teddinpton.
m.. Stellenbnsch, SA., 29-9-20. Agnes Baird, niece of
David Baird, Bnrt. [ I I , 460 1, late Govr. Cape Colony, and
prubahly dnu. of hI. Gcn. Joseph Baird, who d, at Cap
44-16.-
Bo 00. 17-1 -18, t o he Aasl. on Deccan Svy. [ 125 11.21.
HENRY, Maurice Sauvigny, French Corpe
des Ingbnieurs-ghographes.
b. 31-5-1763. d. 2-25.
ADD^. 1703; 3-11-09, confirmed as Col. in corps; ret.
1825: '
Dict. G'tnCrale; Seruice Qhgraphiqw.
1802, after being obsy. Director, Mannheim
st.
Petersborg, deputed t o Bnvarin as Chef du Burmu ToF'o-
~r anhi auo : measurcd baso, end obsd. lat., of Munich
su;o 1i402:
1803-8. hold ch. of geodetic and t ~ p o svy. of Switrerlsnd ;
1808. with Tranchot, obsd, principal series of trisoglee.
kirk t o Wont Tomorre ; 1813, employed by B ~ s u d*
' DUn. 221 ( 478-80 ). lib. ( 216-9 ), IS-3-20. I DD~ . 240 ( 320 ).
4 probably Jamcs Wm. Grant [ 458 '"]'
'Will ld. 23-12-20; Hen. Wilh. 1828. *BTC. 22-6-23 ( 68). 'Imp Qor. ( 310 ).
HERBERT
A tribute t o his work in t he Hi mi l aya is paid by t he
fi rst mt r onome r , f i j o r Herbert , t hen D~~~~~ Sur.
botanist Criffith. who sugge~t ed t hat there ebould be a Pinva
veyor ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l , wes chosen by Lord Bentinck on
Hcrberliono'.
a c c ount of hi s e mi ne nt qual i fi cat i ons, a nd long and
From 30-6-28 23-1-291 at Calcu'tta' and a r d u o u s servi ces. ... Ma j or Her ber t , having the
o n Hodgeon' s de pe r t ur e m t e d a s SG. o n f ul l al l ces. ;
preliminary arrmgements at Lucknow, md ordered
o n Ival pol e' a ~ P P ~ . I 14-9-29 he c a me DSG. Be nga l &
the requisite instrumental
from EngLnd,
Supt . of Re v. Svys . [ a, r 51, 293, 301, 306 1. Be nt i nc k
died in the year 1833w10.
h a d seri ouel y consi der ed h i m f or a p p t . as SG. [ ~ O I 1.
I n lamenting his untimely death-here given a8 24th sept,
Hodgaon had supgested in 1828 t hat if Everest was uno hle
-prinaep notes t hnt -he heen for
time suaering
t o return t o Inclia for rh. of t hr GTS.. Herbert was "qualified
rlnder the of t he rlimRtR ; a sudden determination of
to undertake t he duty". but the matter had not beau
blood to t he haad wae t he immediate cause of the fstrrl
pursued [ z)z, 308,445-6 1%
erent"".
I n 1830 probably a t Bentinck's request Herher1 pub. a
pamphlet aclvocating t he hrttercontndof rev. wys. hy regular
trgn.'. Everrst submitted a cop? t o Govt., 2!)-~1-32 ; "The
HERVEY, Hervey Augustus. Bo. Inf.
system purauod by t he Revenue Sun-cy Depr t mcnt in b. 1-12-1786. d. 1824 drowned "off
India is one 01' the muat unarielltitic, (lilatory. lrnd therefore
costly, metllodr t hat ro~l l d Ite ~!cvisrd. 111ld I am borne out
coast of Coromandel".
in t hat opinion by my l ai r al,le l)dputy, rnpt ai n Herhert, ...
Ens. 14-9-01 ... Capt. 9-1-18.
wboso printed work on the aulrjrct 1 t ake t he liberty t o
Nat. son of Andrew Bnrnnrd-Sec. t o Govt. Cape Tom,
eneloso. ... wherein t hat aubjevt is very cleverly handled,
C. 1797-1Hw, e. Lnd!l*lrne Barnnrd
hpeoSQood Hope",
md...the judgement of a prraoll of 3~ nlllrh exprrience in
-ant1 Nargaret MiIIar, nee J I one r i ~R' ~~; bro.of~ndrew Herrq
t he praotical part of t hat sort work is no mean
( IigO-1802 ) ; Ben. Inf. : both hros. being given nameHervsy
criterion "4.
when horn in prison. Hodeon. 11 ( 139 ).
m.. 1st.. hlargnretta Adrions, who rl. Bombay, 23-I@-18.
Wit11 J a me s PrLr~.;crl., H o r b o ~ t t ook a l eadi ng p a r t
m.. 2nd.. Calcutta, 29-11-19, Harriet Anne, dau. of Wm
in t h e activities of t h e -4SR. dur i ng hi s sttly i n
Barnfield.
Cal cut t a. I n 182'3 h e s t a r t e d ul i d e(1i t eJ a new
anuo. 124 ( 19 ), %lap of 3lnlvan. S. Konkan, scale 1 ?/3m.
monthly in ; ,.Hie
t o inch. 1816 ; DDn. 279 ( 73 ) route to Gonh Ghit, near
Nwsingpnr.
pr i ma r y irlen wa s t o conf i ne i t t o e s t r a c t s end a bs -
t r a c t , ~ f r om Eu r o p e a n ~ c i ~ n t i t i c publ i cnt i o~t s , h u t H I U , Charles Thorold. Mad. Inf.
or i gi nal cont r i but i ons pc ~ur e d in so mp i d l y t h a t h e
b. 19-2-09. d. London, 18-11-67.
h a d t o abdt ai n f r o m extracts". H a i ssued 3 vols.,
Ens. 8-1-26 ... furl. 11542-5 ; Maj. 3-8-56; ret., sl
t h e l as t , 1831, br i ng compl et ed by Pr i ns ep, u n d e r
Hon. Lt.-Col.
whos e d i r e c t i u ~ ~ t h e t i t l e was c ha nge d t o Journal of Son of Henry Hill, Capt. EN.. and Caroline Bettenworth
the Aeiutic Suc i dg [ 49 j 1.
his 2nd wife.
Vol. I1 contains account uf hie viait t o narjeelings ; "Fsvor-
m.. 2 9 - 8 4 , E m m ~ Harriet, dau. of Geo. Edw. RuseeU,
accolrnte haring reached Goremment of tile ,,limaw of
"CS.* C'Omnr. 'anjam; she d. shanghai. 7-10-50.
t he Siccim country, and of t he oiivnntnges a.nit:li would
MMC. 2-10-29, a p p d . Asst . Sur vr . ; left Medrm
attend the eatahlishment of a sanatorium or station of health 21-10-29, e n route t o j oi n N. Ci r cl r e SVy, p&y.
a t Derjilinp, i t wa~sllggeated t o mu t hat my personalexamine- Snel l r epor t s , 1 - P3 0 , "Enaign Hi l l havi ng been
.tion of t he spot might lead t o n more correct appreciation ". ...
Accompanied by Jamea Grant of IIalrla', spent a month a n y
n o w empl oyed t hr e e mo n t h s o n i ndependent field
*om Calcutta on this visit. They rrpurtml most favourably a u w e y ~ I h a v e mu c h a a t i ~f a c t i on i n reporting
end atrongly advocated its occupation. JASB. XVII, 1M8 pr ogr ess a n d profi ci ency as a sur veyor .
He dram
( 644-6) mentions a "Herbert Hill" a t Dn jeeling.
ne a t l y, a n d i s car ef ul a n d zeal ous in fai t hful l y delineate
The preface of vol. 111 was t he first t o bear initials
J. D. H., and gives reason for pubn.; "The present ... volume ...
ing the and of the
the last, and wee 8uccew~ed by periodical a ~ h e ~~~~~l
i s al s o a c qua i nt e d wi t h t h e us e of t h e theodolite""
of t he Aaiatio Society '. ... The regular Transactions of t hat
[ 104, 342 1.
society appenr in too bulky and expensive a shape t o afford
1845-51, wi t h GTS.
.sufficient information to t he European world. The volumes
d o not appear oftener than once in five or six pears, and
expense reetrictr purchase almodt entirely to the possessors
HoDGESp *lexander. Ben. Inf'
of large libraries"'. bapt. 268-1800. d. Lucknow, 69-41.
During 1832 wee nominated, together with Prinaep and Ens. 4-3-20 ... Capt. 12-10-34 furl. 1836-40-
others, to form an Indian Cummittee of t he Britiah Aemcia-
lion for lhe promotion 01 Science*. Attended rev. svy.
Son of Rev. Thomas Hdges , of Ludl o~, Salop and
conference a t AIIahihtid, J an 1833, drawing RE. 181-12-0
his
for travelling cxpencea from and t o Lucknow.
m.. Everton, 0-U-30, Heasy, dau. of Wm. Huffington~ of
co. Donegal.
Af t e r abandoni ng i nt ent i on t o t a k e furl., wa s appd. ,
Hodaon. I1 ( 457 ).
Nov. 1831, t o ch. of eet r . obey. at Lu c k n o w; 15-7-14. P/Lt. 3rd. Cevlon Foot.
"The o b mr v a t o r y we e f ounde d in t h e y e a r 1832 b y BRO. 9-11-26 ( 6O) , a ppd. Asst . Rev. S l W.
t h e l a t e Ki n g of Oude, Ne a a r Uddi n Hyde r , a n d t h e Ba h l r a n p u r Re v. Svy., j oi ni ng 6-1-27 [ 1571 334 1;
1 J A9B. VIII, 1839 ( 226 ). a DDn. 231 ( 85, 131 ), 4-2 & 14-6-28. 24 pp., ~ u b , Bapt. Mission Press, b l o u t b
30 Tract. 472. ' DDn. 283 ( 182-6 ). *JA8B., I, tribute t o Herbert by James Prinsep; A9B. Cent. Rev. 1885 ( 60) '
Evan Cotton ( 822). 'Qleuninga i n Science, 11. 1830 ( 8 9 ) cf. Ben. P & P. I1 ( 440-66 ).
7 Jee. Wm. Grant ( 1 7 8 ~ - ~ ~ ~ ) '
BC9. ; Comml. Rcedt., Malde, 1822-33 [ 456 0.4 1. * Qlurninpr i n Science, 111, 1831 ( prof. ).
Prinsep to 0 0 ~ 8 . ~ 17-l?a'
BQC.. DDn. 222 ( 214 ). lo from SQ. 10-11-48 ; DDn. 462 ( 232 ). 11 JASB. 11. 1833 ( 405 ).
by ~or ot he a ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~
Oxford. 1024. "She m.. New York, 1777, John Coghlan, Capt., 8Dth Ft.: p.ab, autobio. 1794.
14from V i e 8 g a ~ ~ ~ ~
DDn. 237 ( 223 ), 1-4-30.
NOTES HODGSOM
~ m . 1828, t o r ev. s vy. of Sundar bane, hol di ng ch. t i l l
1835 [41-2, 144, 3701.
Ben.Regr. 18 ( 1 9 ) 88 ( 282-304, 316-40 ) ; New &
Improved Mnp of Su d e r b u n d a , 4 i nches t o mi l e
1820 ; 2 i nches t o mi l e ; l i t hd. 1831 ; RR. 23.
HODGES, Riohard Harris. Mad. Id.
b. 1791. d. Mmulipatum, 7-7-20.
El1s.3--747 ... 1.icut. I-&Is.
Son of Isaac and Elizabeth Hodged of Wells, Somerset.
aloe 13-12-08, posted t o m1; 18-2-OY, t o rejoin ~l ni t
[II, 320-1 1. MUC. i-2-12. lenve t o seu for benefit of'
benlth ; Julv 1813, UI. cl. vn [ 11, 321 1.
uao. 7-8-16, 4 mo. leave t o Bengal to visit bm., pr.
Edw. H., ehip'a officer 1806-12. and poasihly planter or merch.
inBengal later ; ib. 26-10-10, leave on mc. from Ft. Wm. t o
Europe : re-admitted from 22-10-19, on arrl. Bengal inatxad
of Madras "owing t o oontrary winds 81ui atrnns of weather"1.
Enrly in 1820, on return to Mn&nn, posted. t o oh. of
nvy.. N. Circlra supdg. mend. of bnrc.linenear Ellore [ l or 1.
d., ahortly after [ 5, 341 1, Jl ack~nzi e writting from Caloutta.
.%3-9-20, "I hn\ r hcrn much ciirtr?ssc,ci hy poor Mr. Hodge's
cleath [ si c ] : this coming so snon after Chpt. Gnrling's is a
nhorli to thcuurrov [450]. ... I had %en [hi m] in Calcuttalsst
jear, and lrom r &t little I aaw of him, I wua much imprased
m hle favour. Two of tho lndiee that came out in t.l~c ship with
him ere here, and l ~l nel l t ed csceedinyly his enr1.v fate. AH he
had been just returned from s voyage of convnlc!sc.enor, i t
w s a pity he adventured so early into thoso hills"'.
HODGSON, John Anthony [ 11,4074 1.
b. 2-7-1777. d. Ambala, 28-3-48 ; MI.
Ens. 19-I-1JOn ... MGen. 3-1141.
9G. of Irkdin, 1821-9 ; 1820-9.
Son of Goorge Hodgson, of Bishop Aucklnnd, co. Durham.
m., Calcutta, 6-2-22, Matilda Emily Anne, dau. of Thou.
Norrid, and widow of Capt. G. F. Herriot ( 1780-1818).
Ben. Inf. ; p he d. Calcutta. 28-11-25. aged 32.
ed. Durham city Grammar School, and intended for legal.
w r .
Rodson I1 f 460 ) : Orienhl C13; RdS. (mn.) IX. 1849
(58-81 ). portrait; pl. 21.
Mar ch 1800. ar r d. I n d i a ; 1809-10, s wv d . mil.
mut es Lu d h i h a - Ha r Gn a [ 11. 64-5 ; 111. 24 1.
1813-4, Asat. t o Fr anoi a Wh i t e on svy. of upper &b
Aligarh t o Sa h i r a n p u r ; t ook over ch.. Oct . 1813. a n d
survd. ui t o D b [ II,37-8.82-4 1. Took obsns. f r o m
Bhe dr i j deotag a n d cut i ni t i al s o n mak [ pl.5 r ever se 1.
J ul y 1614, t o Cal cut t a. a n d appd. S u m . t o Di napor e
col umn advanci ng agai nst Nepi l , havi ng b u t l i t t l e
oppor t uni t y f or useful s vy. [ II, 40-2 1.
1815, mu c h cri ppl ed b y larai fever. epent rains of
1815 a t Muzaffarpur, BihBr ; or der ed t o Sa he r a npur
in Oct., wi t h a ppt . aa Yurvr. of t h e NW. mount a i n
provinces. t o t h o sources of t hei r great r i ven4 [ 29 1.
YRIO. 67.5, wr i t ~s t o 90. from hf~lzaffarpur, 11-7-16,
after the Qurlrhns lint1 heen fnrved to evacuate t he hills
W. of t he Kili. and woro hesitating over peace torma ; "I
had n vorv l ~and~omo letter from tho A.G. for tho map &
conquered rovinceu of alvhwal & Sirmoor, & effect the
survey. ... !here on0 may proceed without interruption from
jealousy, & t he exploration of t he heads of t he ri ven is M
moan object. Even ~vere thero peace. & I conld get bto
Nepeul, t he jsalouay would be great. & I could not do m
thing I wiahed".
He started with no detailed instnn. ; Mackenzie was in
Madras. and Crawford. who was ehortly t o go home on ma..
writes, 28-10-16 ; "Hnving never been in thnt part, of t he
country, ... and having t he greatest rlependence npon your
well-known ebilitics, there i d littlo or nothing left for me
to say. ... You must therefore be ...g uiderl by your own
judgement, upon wbich I place t he f~lllent r~\ianec"' .
Trawlling ~ - c o ! mt r y by river, a slow hoeinem. Hodgson
mi t es from A lahabad. 1-10-16 ; "I arrived here today.
I ~~ver t ook the Heet of t he 14th Rrgt., wh. it wae impoeaihlo
t o pags in t he strong wstem wll. prevail. ... I have now
passed t he fleet, & hope t o be a t Cawnporc in 12 days, if the
very strong AW.. winde do not continue".
H e renched Saht i mnpur at e n d of Dec., and aft er
sendi ng o u t hi s 3 aasts.. Bar t on, G&in, e n d P e t o n
[451, 4931 I'eing hi msel f del ayed b y fever, h e wor ked
t hr ough t h e Du n a n d u p t o t h e C h a w P e a k [ z, 30;
pl . 51. H e coni pl ai ns muc h of hi s heal t h ; " On Ba r n u t
I Buffered r nr ~ch f r om r hei unat i sm & a n i nfl amed ROIB
t hr oat , & t h e col d bro11,oht t h e l at t er t o a11 al ar mi ng
stete, s o t h a t I cd. n o t elreek nor swallow. & I we s
obliged t o ma k e t h e bast of m y wa y to Sa h o r a n p o w f or
medi cal essi at ance, mhem I ar r i ved on 6 t h March. ...
"On my arrival a t Sal ~~i runpoer I tnok nuoh f o r obarrve-
tione as tbe thirk weather & my ill-henlth nd. allow. ... I
waited a fewday* more ... hopinp t hat t hr rail1 ... might fall t o
clear t he air so t hat t he mo u ~ ~ h i n e might be fairly v-kible.
but i t did not [460], and the sovoritv of mr inflamed
throat & rheumatism having nome~vhat~ nbnted; I sot out
on t he 18th for Xahan, by t he Sick country mut e akeedp
surveyedm. &arrived on t he Plst. Sincr my arrivnl here, thk
intlammation of my throat hen returncd most deverelv, & I
suffer greatly. & not a little from tho mortitioet.ion'of not
k i n g able t o do vhnt is my dotv & ardent cleairr. for I dare
not yet e x p e n~yself t.0 the cold'wind"'.
Ha writgs t o Hyde from Kotgarh. 30-6-18. having camped
near Rimle on t he way. teU'ig him t hat he in "undcr t he
disoipline of blistels for t he violent inflammation of t he
glens [ s i c] of the throat, with which I am alwavs attacked
owing to the nuddpn tramition of tempcrat-.. Snow &
froat on the top of t he mountnine, & thermometer 100 in
t he deep valleys. Tie hard t o he so annoyed with nny ill.
new. 3s 1 have en interesting field before me ; t he b ~ e of
t he Ki mabya 28 or 30 miles
[qm]:
H e epent t h e Bummer mont hs e x p l o r ~ n g t h e upper
Sut l ej val l ey, beyond t h e r each of t h e momoon. e n d
i n t h e a u t u mn revi si t ed t h e C h a w ta repeat o h .
to s now peaks. m d t hoae f or l et . whi ch wer e not
gi vi ng t h a t good agr eement wi t h hi s t r i angl es t ha b he
h a d l ooked f or [ 31-5, 175-7. 196 ] ; "I a m doi ng all
i n m y power t o expedi t e n n d porfect t h e at uvey. I
h a v e been f or a week p m t onda a vo~vi ng to gain good
obsenmt i one o n t h e t o p of t hi s s t or my peak, the
Cha ur Mount ai n, whi ch is ~a hi gh as Mount Et ne , a n d
whi ch t h e freezi ng a n d t empast uoua wi nds r ender
memoir uek. Col. Onrdnor [ 3 z n.2 l . . . a~vs thnt if theio be
B p ~ i n f u l a bode [ i o
-
peace, i t must he nogotintod between COI: Iirndshnw [ 11, 38,
43 I & Ol ~drnj JIiwsr. Tho Nepalese hnts Brndshn~v cordinlly.
Dur i ng tell^ col d woat her. whe n wor k in t h e hi l l s
& that mny be a groat impedimcnt in n ~ ~ o t i n t i o n ~ . ...
became i mposi bl ev h e move d down to Beh&r anpm
Shoeld there bc peace, I Ilo pe... t o gr t away up t o the new t o r epeat obans. t he m, a n d t he n vbi t e d We b b in
' MhIC. 13-12-19. atoMountford ; DDn. 110 ( 141.162). 'holy plnce. ' or Ni l 6 p r h ~ w. o f Kalke. 'DDn. 131
( 160). 'Sikh S t a t e hetweon Ambila and hills. ' Fdbk. MRIO. Y 358 Peb. & Marall. 1816. 'MRIO. M 575. 'am
olearly visible from Simla, end Musaoorio 11.908 f t . [small meteorl. obsy. built by me or. summit. 1901-9. a m p . ] ; Etm,
10.870 ft. ; letter of E-10-18 ; BMC. 16-1 1-10 ( 160,168 ).
HODGSON BIOGRAPHICGL
Rohi l khand to di ecues u good j unct i on with his svy. sometimw with me* but more frequently detach4
though t o no great distance, and making by my dhoti&:
of Kumun [ 32, 46 1.
and chiefly with my excellent instrument. [ I I ~ , 457 1, those
He h d n o w l ost his 3 mt a. 0 wh o coul d not me e t
ohservationa which i t would har e heen my pridoandpleaaure
the heavy expens e of suppl i es a n d t r e ns por t in the
to have made mvself, but which t he stste of my
and
hille o n t l ~ e s mel l allce. of RE. 100 Dm. 1 34&7 1.
He health prevented"' [ Ig6. 328-9. 346 1.
. - - . . -
move d into the hi l l s agai n i n t h e s pr i ng of 1817 wi t h
the i nt ent i on of reaahing t h e headwat er s of b o t h t h e
Jumna und t h e Ganges, whi ch h ~ l bot h been vi ei t ed
t wo year s eurl i er b y J a me s Bai l l i e Fruaerl [ 11. 78 1.
A ne w wst., J a me s Her bor t , j oi ned Iiim o n t h e r o d
t o Gangot ri . t h e l e ge n~l a r y COW' R Mout h, whe r e t h e
Bht i gi r at hi k u w f r om u gl aci er descendi ng f r om t h e
nor t h si de of t h e great s nowy rangea [ 33-4.45 j pl. 5 1.
Re t u mu l g to Sa l ~ i k a n p u r i n J u n e , t h e y upent t h e
r ai ns o n ma p s a n d compns. t md, a f t e r t a ki ng mor e
obsne. whe n t h e we e t l ~ e r cl eared. t h e y not h a v e t i )
- . -
In Juno they paid another visit to t he Chaur ; u ~ h e r o
wero overtaken by a very severe storm, tho oppmach "fWhi&
was amongst t he qrandeat spectacles I have witnessed, T,,
be enveloped in t he densest and blackeet clo~~ds, to sw
them flit across onc with tho rapidity of lightning, or
rolling beneath our feet Like t he billows of a troubled oCma .
to hear, & I may say, t o see, t he tremendous gusts which:
are only Lo be heard or seen in thene moultainous regiooa
al l this hnd something in i t e unUy new & astonish in^.
feelings. however. wero not j t ngct hsr of an agreeehle c&
for t he rain soon fell in torrent8 (littlrally), the darknei
beccrme oxe~r hve, and t he cold wan ~utliciently srvere wba
mi s t e d by tbc sharp guatu ol r i nd. ... After the storm w u
over. we proceedcrd townrrls tho ~ummi t "1~.
- -
j oi n the Ar my. hopi ng i or act i ve mi l . uervioe [ 457 1. Th o y l e t i r e d t o SabI l t hu f or t h e rains, and in Julv
Hodgson left SahHrany~rr 10-11-17 rrnd urrd. Delhi ou
H o d p o n s e nt i n hi s resn. : "'Che injuries my health
17th. where " I ~ ~ c e i r p ~ l ordrra t r ~ join t hc He-qer\e. I was
Right hRve sulntained renller me inmPBble of
o h l i d t o hnlt a day to have lcmchrs npplird t o my hen~l. &
to t ake aounl alt.itudes of the aun for the chronometers.
further ... For more t ' l mu~ecl r pRet I have
I have b&n extremelv ill on t he wav from Sahamnpour". been di sabl ed. ... A eever r at rect i on ... of t he nervm
Marching f r on~ LkUl i ;n 19th, he wrrid. t br route to j ai pur
of my h e ~ d a n d ey&q 11- rendered me incspeble of
which was r each~~d 10-12-17, on11 wnn aa*td. h hir la^. obsns.
writirlg, or bearing light, without verg
by his old Friend Ezekiel Barton I I f , 3H+r ; III. 29. 34 1'.
He bed t o leave t he army on 1st .Inn. t o reaume Itis svy..
grWt pain and of my ... I can
and survd. a diferont return route via Alwar and I<ewiri, t r ul y s a y I h a v e never avoi t l ed ei t her ditfioulty or
"From Shamly I horrird 32 m. to Sul~nranpnur. hoping t hnt
da nge r , ... nor ...gr e a t e xt r a e xponc e i n buyingthemost
t he rain which threatened t o fall might clrar the nir, & onable
me to see tho WIIOWY peaks more clearly t han I could do
valuable inst'ruments' of wlrich I much bm
during late rainy Beason, w;lcr, I up reJidency col l er t ~i or ~ t h a n , I believe. a n y i ndi vi dual i n Indiaever
them for tho sole ~ u r ~ o s e : ... bul d u r i n ~ 3 months I onlv lI09f3e~sed "I1.
c odd observe t h e mi o; 3 timea"8.
Hi s r esn. was accent ed and. under BOO. 19-8-18. -- ~ -
He had great difficulty in pemun,ling the SC.. t o paw his
h e w w appd. "to c omma nd t h e escor t of the Rmident
bills for t he 3 mo. he wna absent ; hlnckenzie had only
the court of ~ ~ l j , ~ ~ R~~~ ~ ~ l k ~ ~ w [ 4 j 7 ~ I I I ~
recently come up from b l n d r ~ , and (lid not like tho WR)
kI&aon had been taking ordora from t he mil. allthnritirs October I wua to 'On.
r at hl r t han t he SG. ; ~4;dgnon sr i t en; "I will t ake great aeqoence of' e danger ous d i s o r d e f l [461]. ... Onmy
care t o send nny orders frnm the ('ommander-in-C:hiefa recoyor" I we nt t o Incl ore LI Mel ws, b e i w employed
relating to myself or my awistant, and ... acknowledge t hat
I acted very irregularly in not more immediately and officiallv
having rcported t o pnu t hat I hud obtained t he leave of Hh
Excellency. ... Not thinking thnt t he aurvey would suffer
m y mnterial interruption for ao short a time--and h e i q
advised ... not to enter t he hi l b during t he 3 cold months
on account of a severe affection of my head- ... 1 applied t o
Head Qaartars for leave ... which whs appromd of. ...
I made observationn on my march down t o t he Army. m d
obeerved whrn i t marched. Seeing how ext.remely occupi ~d
t hc officers of t he Quarter Master General's et a6 wore, and
t hat they had not leinure t o make geogaphicnl rurvoyr, I
offered my wrvicrs t o Major Qenrrnl Sir D. Ochlerlonp, ...
and carried on the rurvey in manner shewn by my field
bnjka. Thore utns no for~nal order issuerl"'.
Rrforc taking t l ~ r field again hr withdrew to Kamiil for
me l . trentnlent; "I n Juno 1817, heing much exposed t o
anddcn changes of cl i mt e, I was attacked hy an intlammn-
tion and swelling of t he memhranca of my herd and eyes
which cauors extreme nu~lf~ring. and it in rarely t hat I can
use my eyca or bear t he light". He write* from Karni l
1-3-18. "Lirnt. Hrrhert will join me to~norrow'. I expt-(4.
and will prnccecl immediat,ely into t.hr mountnins. I am
dct ai n~rl here hv the gout. a painful diqorrler by which 1 am
not able to mo;e nt present"' [456 1.
"When I re.entercd t he mountnln* in 3 h c h 1818, I waa
aufferiryl peverely but-utill entertaining a hopo t hat I migllt
recover-I remninrrl in tho hilla. 1,irutenant Herbert being
o n mi l i t ar y d u t y a nd, af t er a n absence of-nee& two
year s. ... I agai n viuited Sehar anpur f or t he purpose
of meet i ng Li eut . He r be r t t h a t we mi ght jointly
pr epar e this paper"1a [ 38, 457 1.
Hia duties rrt Indorr were "not vary heavv", but he Won
involved in a long corr. with the sa. and the ma. over Ilia
allces., not only for t he 3 mo. with the Army but ah0 for
last pix mo. on t he ~ v y . during which hr had kopt no regubr
f dbh. Mackrnzie was particularly r cor nf ~~l becounc no
had reaulterl from nll his Itrhol~rs; " I aantcd ncvthing
11 sketch of thv primary pointq on a rodnced scale of 21 ur . .
4R miles".
Hodgson had been ntnuggling with hin oatr. obsna. on which
he had relic~l, hut owing t o t he mysterious, unsaspec@-
nualign influrnce of local nttraction [ 175-7 1, it was no! onbl
Herhert hnrl mr n~ur ed n hnae-lino on the gmund that It
possible t o adjust t he eompna., and obtnia s fit basi fnr
compiLtion of o map [ 2, 37. 196 1. Hoclgson writes. 1?-12-10;
" I t is R slrbj~r.t of II very extended and compl~cnted natuw,
and roquirrn grent l ei ~ur e and much oonaideration ... I think
if leavr of absence for some months warn allnwcd to Lie1lte'
ncrnt Hcrburt nnd mynelf t o meet, ... the public service lnighl
be benefitted". Lrnve was granted, and Hoclgson camo ' ! P
t o Snhiranpur #luring t he rrlina of 1820, and joine?Hq'bert I n
rrviaing t.he rompns. ancl completing tho oornpllnt1un atid
drawing of t he map, anrl report on the snolv peaks [@'PUP.
286. 3561. Then only was he nble draw his RIICPR. ill full.
' Journal, I 0 Lib. ( 272 ). 'cf. Fanny Parks, 11. ( 78 ). 9 ~ ~ 1 0 . 187 ( 27 ), 2'nvy. taken at .Jsipor ; ib. 81 (
8cnle 16 m. to inch, sbewinp marob t o Jaipur. 4Fdbk. fiIR10. 380. &Lord Moirir 83 n.2 1.
a DDn. I57 ( 7 ), Feb' 181u'
' from hin hatt. 1457 1. Dbn. 162 ( 3H ). 14-5 I R. ~ 1 ) ~ . 144 ( 1.57 ), 6 -4 18.
~OMR\ O. ?d 382, +A-18.
l1 DDn. 162 (611'
Jul y lWI(1. l'for n nurgirnl oprr~llion [ in! I. 18 Aa R. SIV. 1822. ( 60-152 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
m.. AhmedihM. 11-7-33. .lane Glegg. sister of Alex.
Burnes [ 431 1 ; one of their sons b. Ootecsmund. 28-1042.
1830. aa nAwa. , with Bwnns on exploration of Ri j pu-
t i n8 [ 132-3 ] ; later, w a . Bo. Army.
HOME, Riohard. Ben. Inf.
b. 17-3-1789. d. 1-62.
Ens. 1 - 1 4 ... N Qen. 28-11-54.
Son of Robert Home ( 1711-99 ), portrait paiobr. DNB.
[ I, pl. 9 11. ] and Aunannah Prternon his !at wife ; bro. to
John Home, also Ben. Inf.
m.. Luohow. 4-10-22. Prsncin Aonhin. dau. nf Chss.
~ra88,.. Ben. hf. ; snrtaiate;.in.lnw ( ~ f P.'v. &per [ 11. 438 1.
Hodson. 11 ( 474 ).
DTP. 16-3-30; compiled map of J ~ ~ h b ~ ~ l p o r e Dint. .. for
wbich he was granted Ra. 500 [ 87 1.
HORSBURGH, James. Hydrographer.
b. 23-9-1762. d. 14-5-36.
Appd. Hvdrgr, t o src. 10-1 1-10.
Of hulnble parento, of "viUnKa of Eli? I BI I SE. mast of Fife.
FRS. 1808.
DKB. : DI B. : Xnrkham 1 111.4nI 3 \ : JRQ9.. VLI, 1837
( vi ) ; Qeo Map.. 1, 1d74 ( 133 ) ; Pllrkin~nn; HAS ( ma) . , IV
i ae j.
.Appce. on hd. Ecrth Sea r.<,llicra "cr,mmcncing life as s
cook and cabill b~~y"-talirn prisa~nsr hy Frrnch, 17H&
after relenae reached Cnlcutta \.is \V. In,iie+Jrd mntc,
.Varicy, a country a hi pf r om 17SB on China trade 011 rarious
dhips--oomdd. Anma, hoilt Bc~rnhay li9O. making dcveral
rapid pwnger. once l avi ng Lizard 204-1802 anchored
Bombay 31 July : reloading with cutLon sailed synin 2 5 4 4 2 ,
r whi ng Canton 12. 30th Sr:pt. ; discharged and reloaded
and sniled 3rd Der., anchored Bnmhny 11-1-03, diecharg-
ing i n 8 davs-made vario~ra chnrtb in castern seas.
Ret ~~r ni nu to Englnnd IR05, pub. Dirrclions for Baili w...
Eaai Indiee. 1809-11. and "after rnnr1.v yearn indefatigable
teseerch" his Em1 Indi a Di rccl my. 1808, for which the
Direotorn nwnrded him 100 guineaa; this ran t o 9 edns. by
1874.
Paper on hin meteorl. obans. road before RS., nnd pnh.
Phil. Trans. 1830 ( 117-20) fnllowed Inter hy other pnqers.
In ch. map compiletion a t India Ho. from 1810 ; vnrloua
svys. in Indm pubd. under his direction [ 744.79, 232 n, 2.
28j 41.
HYDE, John Fleming [ 11, 409 1. Ben. Inf.
b. 28-9-1786. d. Calcutta, 12-5-48.
Ens. .%8-07 ... Capt. 1-5-24 ; stnlck off, 11-346.
Son of Gertrude Dowling.
m., 16-2-13, EIiza. dnu. of F. H. Penmon ( d. 1800 ). Ben.
Inf. ; she d. Caloutta. 17-11-17. ngcd 22.
Hodaon, 11 ( 519 ) ; 111 ( 802 ).
181S4. a u ~ d . Cal cut t a aubur hs [ 11. 18 1.
1814-21. h a t . t o SG. ; 14 mo. si ck l eave t o Ne w
0. Wales. t i l l 7-2- 16 [ 425. 433. 487 1.
soo. 2-12-17. leave to Benkulen, Sumatra [309]. extended
to 14-7-18 under sao. 11-8-!I).
From SG. to Gcn. Dept., 18-2-21 & sao. 1-3-21, granted
42-mo. leave to Europe, vaoat i n~ post; ib. 4-3-26, per-
mitted ta return under CD. t o B. 268-24, but struck off
later an ho had no. returnell by March 1826 [ nr - 2. 3x01.
Later aettlerl in (:alcuLta, and a t one time Sec. to Lottery
a m . [ r j 1.
Po ~i b l y musir:al, for Mmkenzie writce t o him. 8-11-19;
"I nuppoae your municnl pcople are entirely tsken up hy the
Rival Harmonics. & that the p c c of the good t o m in no
longer disturbed by the voatry w~mmotiong & the lihcrty
of the ~ 3 " ' .
Worled happily with h k e n z i e , though not sltogother
bin ideal APQ. [ 30% 477-8 ] ; Mnckenzie conpratnlatos him,
21-9-20, on rise of psy..."to 600 sonaut rupcea per mensem.
... As I imagine you will feel some aatisfaotion, I h mk n thill
a t night, C wish yo11 joy sinrerelgl.
IRVINE, Archibald. Ben. E m .
b. 1611-1797. d. 29-1g&, High8te,
Middlesex, after ridinn accident.
- -. .
Ens. 6-5-17 ... Maj. 28-6-31 : ret. %Me.
Ban of Thornna Irvine, farmer of Hnwcleugh, co. R,,~.
bnrah. .. ..-
m..-
m.. Allahibfid. 27-3-38. Marianne El i n
dnu.
J. T. Shakespear, BCY.
CR. 1831.
Rodson, I1 ( 628-0 ) ; Uraula Low ( 158 ) ; ~ k i ~ b ~ ~ ~
( 32-40 ) : Thnckeray ( 35 ).
m. 5-S-15, dr t ni nd in England for mume on the
Trig. Svy. ; C'D to 11.. 1,;-3-16 ; "Cadet Alchibeld Irvins
has completed hk cour -...and will be sent out this
Y~ ~ r i t h a War. 181i-8 : anro. 81 ( 0. 40-2 ), survd. rouh
Ssugor to llhopil, acknowledged by Jlalcolm [84]; ~ ~ t .
Enp. 2nd Inf. Bde.
1821, Adjt. S k 31. .\llnl~iibid ; T)Dn. 198 ( 1 ),
commends him. 1-3-32, fur a\y. of NnrbRda from so- b
Hoshnneibid ; "fron~ whmt I have seen of his operntions as
a surveyor, and learnt from tbc officers of hi8 o m eorpa
reapeating his character anrl ahilitiea, I...beliere he would
execute it very satisfactorily " ; no record found of thidavy.
eao. 29-7-25. appd. offg. Suptg. Engr. sw. Frontier;
Rde. Ynj. a t wieqe of Bhnmtpur, 10-12-25 till ~ar~rely
wounded IS-I -20.
DDn. 203 ( 41 ), 28-9-28 & mro. 160 ( 42 ) &
Alisc. 8-0-26, ma de "plan of Ri ver J umna from Agra
t o Al l ahab ad... for Commi t t ee of E mb a b e n t a at
Al l ahabad" ; l i t hd. copies. Ben Regr. 234 ( 6. 7) .
Ben Regr. 184 ( 90 ), Syv. of Allahibjid Fort, with
count r y 1,200 yds. r ound, mal e 100 yds. t o inch;
Jam- Pr i nsep compl et ed t h e ma p finding "the paper
ver y fragile e n d w o n " [ 495 1. I r vi ne hed left the
evy. i ncompl et e on depar t ur e t o Europe on mc., hut
l i t hd. copien dat ed 2&11-26.
JACKSON, James Nesbitt [ 11,409 1. Ben. Id
b. Calcutta, 16-8-1788. d. Cdcutte,
8-6-32.
Ens. 2 7 4 5 ... Maj. 2-3-30.
Son of W~l l ~nm Jnchso~~, Registrar of Supwme Co~fi,
Calrutta. and Margaret h ~ s wife.
m., Ist., Cawnpore, 26-2-11, Augusta Krtbarine, dsu.ol
Col. Warle, 25th U. Ihagoona ; she d. Calcutta 6431.
m.. 2nd.. Calrutta. 1 0 4 3 2 , Mary, sister of Jfaleolm
Nicoleon ( 17R2-1850 ). Ben. Inf. ( Hodson. 111, 3934 1.
CB. 27-8-31.
Hodson. 11 ( 538 ) ; 111 ( 729 ) ; Pankridgo ( 47 1.
1814-6. on evy. of boundaries, Burdwii% Hoo6hlyv
a n d Mi dnapore [ 11, 19 1-Nepil War, on ml-
servic-ornuleted svv. between April 1816 and July
1817 [ 12 1.
Jan. t o May, 1819, eurvd. line for road Mi bpor e
t o Ni g p u r [ 27-8. 88, 266 n.1, 348, 510 1, "B good
r out e sur vey ".
B t o OD. ( Rev. ), 30-7-23 ( 236 ), t o b SW. to
Cam. of Control. Cal cut t a Canals [ 13 1.
Boo. 27-3-24. post ed t o Gen. Staff with e q n .
Bu r ma as ncma., wi t h r ank of Maj. [ 335,337, 507 1;
obed. l at . of Rangoon [TI. 1831 ; applied 0ffichUY for
s ewi cm of compet ent survr.. rmul t i ng in deepetch
DDn. 166 ( 171 ), from Pelts. 'ih. ( 171 ). 21-3-20.
NOTES
of G r m t [ 71, 455 1. HMS. 885 ( 275 ), Bu r ma
Intelligence r epor t s f r om J ackaon, 6 1 - 2 5 ; l i t hd. ma p,
mIo. - 0- 26 [ 80 I.
1828, A Q M O a t Preedcp. ; 1)Dn. 286 ( 208-17 ). 17-8-31.
nubmitted, und., useful map of "par t of Singhbhnm.
showing the country of the Kols, who had recently been
troublesomc", r al o. 58 ( 11 ).
B to CD. ( Pub. ). 27+30, to be Supt. of Telegraphs in
1828 till post abolished I830 [ 272 ] ; E. S. 6i 7 ( 485-9 ).
2n-llr--80 & 25-1-31. doclined dep~~t at i on t o Arakan t o select
"" -- - -
h v e . capital nnd report on comm~lnicotionn with Burma.
JACKSON, Philip. Ben. Art.
b. 24-9-02, d. 1879.
2/Lt. ll+19 ... Capt. 1-12-31; invd. 23-11-33;
ret. 4-1-36.
Son of Capt. James Jackwon, IN. nnd Hartiot Goodchild.
his wife.
Hodson. I1 ( 539 ).
18-12-24; Ex. Offr., Singapore; Snrvr. of public lands.
from 27-$40 ; in ch. Resdcp. 3-8-28.
MRIO. 00 ( 21-29 ) map of Sinm. 1823 [ 30 1.
JERVIS, Thomas Best. Bo. Engru.
b. 2-8-1790, Jafiapatam, Ceylon.
d. 3-4-57.
Ens. 1-6-19 ... Maj. 28-6-38; ret. 30-1241.
Son of John Jervis, rcs. . and Elrzabrth, clnu. of Capt.
G. F. Ritso. RE. ; bro. t o G. R. Jtlrvis ( 1794-1851 ), abo
BO. Engra. [ 11, 409 1.
m.. Mihabaleahwar, 15-11-30, Anne Snrah, dau. of Dr.
Wm. Paget, ret. surg. AM. 4Hth Ft .
Bin. under title Thomas Bra1 Jercia by his son, W. P. Jorria.
puh. London. 1898.
From Addiscomb, 1811-2, nttencled course with 0s. a t
Worcester [ 209 ] ; arrd. India 31ny 1911.
Oct . 1819. a ppd. Ex. Engr . s. Ko n k a n ; Or t . 1820,
t o ma ke st at i st i cal s vy. f or civil pur poses [ 172-3 1.
nco. 16-12-20, wi t h expn. agai ns t pi r at es o n
Arabi an coes t of Per si an Gul f [ 439 n. 7 1, a n d s ur vd.
marches. Feb.-March 1821.
BORO. 25-1-23, a ppd. Asst . Sur vr . under Sut her l and
[ 126, l o g ] ; cont i nued s vy. of s. Konka n t i l l closed
in 1830 ; measur ed hi s own base-l i nes [ 499 ] ; t r gd. a
large ar ea, combi ni ng hi s t opo. svy. wi t h st at i st i cal
and rev. s vy. f or t h e civil a dmn. ; r esul t s pub. 1834
aa " The Ko n k u n At l as, ... accompani ed by nur ner -
o w i l l ust rat i ons of t h e scenery, na t ur a l hi st ory, &
antiquities"' [ 5, 129-30, 220-1, 439 1.
Writing from Ahmerlnagar 124-31, Jervia had pressed for
recognition of this work ; " I have lately been so uontinunlly
transfarred. ... having within t he lnat fourteen nronths been
through overy division and provinco of t he whole Presidency
of Bombay. excepting the Southern Nharatta Country and
Khandeah, t o t he former of which lnoea I am now ordored. ...
P
"Rhortly after Xr. ElpLinstone s accession t o the Govcrn-
ment of this Presidency in 1840, 1 applied t o him personnlly
to make a Statistical Survev in cnnnection with a very
improved Topographical nnd -~rigonometricnl Survey of the
Collcan. ... For want of either instr~rmente, salnry, or some
nettled allowance for writers and draeghtsmenl which i t wes
perfect,ly unreasonable t o imagine I cot~ld furnish from my
Own limitad pay. ... i t proceeded with t he greatest diffioulty.
... I was dieoted ...to prefer oontingont billn [ 352 1. ...
"The delays which oocurred between t he payment of my
contingent bills, and t he want of propor Inst r~~ment s, lod me
to explain. ... Mr. Elphinstnne himself expressed his din-
pleasom, and immediately iesued an order for t he disobarge
of all t he expenses I hnd incurred. ... I made t he Deputy
Surveyor General ... acq~lsintad with all my past proceedings.
and through him I hanclad up t o Govt. t he whole of my
laboun. ...
"The Statieticnl Survey had heen mnnidered a...diatinot
office of the civil department, ... its prollrws ... approved of.
... and I wna...to correspond on all mattern relative t.herelo with
t he Secretary t o Govt. ... Establiqhment a a ~ granted h me
since 1824, and the l mt Governor. Sir John Malcolm. ... added
thereto three Sub-Awistant Rwreyoro [ 392-3 1. ...
"In a n y last, 1810, when ... Sir John Malcolm directed t ha
military aurvey of the Concnn to be dircontinaed, and ... Capt.
Jopp required of me ti) deliver up every ~locument. plan.
and paper I posecased relating thereto in mapa, books. official
corresponclence of whatever sort [ 126-7 1, and I am now left
wi t hoi ~t the meana of substantiating my elnim, either to t he
remuneratiol~ pledged t o me Ly JIr. Elphinstone, or to
complete a moat useful work.
" Design mi... for the preparation of a minute and beautiful
map ( strictly d r a m in the manner of the English survey ). ...
lo accompany an Historical and StatiRtical Sketch of a large
Provir~ct-. ... to portray its geographical end characterislia
features as n military defpnce. ... its reeources and pnrduo.
tiuns as nn inlet :o commercinl enterp~ize. ... I haatily trans.
cr i l ~e~l all I roul(l. ... but after ten vears labour can derive
little antisfaclion in bringing forwarci a work incomplete and
inaccurate. ... I therefore most earnestly solicit that ... I may
he furni~lred with my own original surveps, arrd the trigono.
metric' ~l survey a l a ~ , ... that I may prepare from them
authnntic, correct. and pcrfrct. copies. ...
"Thc cop? of t be report on Weights and Jl e~qures I
enlargcd and greatly improved, and t he Government ...
generously paid tho expense of printing ... 300 copies, whioh
cost 1,598 Rs., and eave me back 100 copies t o distribute t o
wllom I pleased. I hnve reoeived the sanction ... t o print all
my mnps, rlrawings, plans, and memoirs, but I find mvself
perfeutly unequal to t he undertaking without t he aid of
Government "'.
He closed by presi ng t hat hL snlarp for t he whole period
of t he svy. should be placed on a higher bnsb and on t h u
tho Bo. Govt. promised him an extra alloe. of Rs. 200 pm.
from 15-1-26 t o 31-3-30 as soon ns he delivered in s fair
copy of his memoirs and maps. This he did in 1836.
A f ur t her cl ai m wns me t b y t h e Di r ect or s o n hie
r e t ur n t o Engl and o n furl. in 1837. when h e g a v e
s uc h n good account of hi msel f t h a t h e was appd.
"provi si onal " SG., i n t h e event of Everest ' s resn..
whi ch, however , d i d n o t occur t i l l af t er J e r vi s had
hi msel f resd. [ 506 1.
A cal l f or hi s ori gi nal ma p s l ed t o t hei r cloee
scrut . i ny b y Ever es t , wh o decl ar ed t h e m un6t f or
t h e At l as of I ndi a , owi ng t o t h e poor char act er of t h e
trgn. [126-7, 203 n.2, 209-10, 34.41.
Jer vi s' s gret l t est cl ai m t o prof. recogni t i on is hi
success in pr i nt i ng map8 b y l i t hogr aphy, a n d l ong
a f t e r hi s r et i r ement h e di d nobl e ser vi ce i n r epr oduci ng
Rus s i an ma p s f or us e ul t h e Cr i mean War a n d in
f oundi ng t h e Topo. a n d St at i st i cal De pot of t h e War
Dept . , whi ch l at er devel oped i nt o t h e Int el l i gence
Br a nc h a n d t h e pr eaent Geogr aphi cal Sect i on of the
Gener al St af f a [ 168, 299 1.
JOHNSON, Alfmd Ford. Bo. Inf.
b. 10-4-03. d. 18-5-76.
Lieut. 4-6-20 ... Capt. B-9-S2; ret. 30- HO;
Hon. Blaj. 28-11-51.
Son of Henry Johnson. w t . warehome h p r . EI. Ho. ;
and Francia hir wife.
Bo 00. 7-8-23, to act as Asst. on GujhrBt rev. svy.
, ' 10 Cat [ 439-401. ' Bo RC. 39i308/1631 ( 113-25 ).
'
JOHNSON
BIOGRAPHICAL
JOHNSON, John [ I, 341 ; 11,409-10 ]
Bo. Engre. . d. 11-2-46.
Ene. 31-5-1786 ... Bt Lt Col. 4--6-14 ; ret. 13-8-19.
m., Diderica Yemeling, probably Dutch.
CR. 4-6-15. EI Jf C. I ( 220 ).
From 1790, svys. in Deccan & Malab6r [I, 128,
130-1 ; 111, 113 1. 1600, a t Goe [ I I , 96-7 ] ; 1802-5,
MarBtha War ; distinguished himself as Fd. Engr. &
Sorw., and produced map of Deccan [ 11, 16j-7 ;
III. 280 1.
1806-8, in ch. of timber extraction in Kenere
[ 11, 409-10 ] ; 1806-13, furl. : 1813, Supt. Engr.,
Bombay ; 1815. DQMG. with East's force on Cutch
border [ 123 1.
Bo oo. 28-3-16. " ordered...to t he Presidency, t o
-ume charge of hia appointment of Quarter Master
General of the Army". April 1816, t o Poona, and
deputed t o svy. paaaes along the Ghhts on the N. 8nd
n. bordera of Khihdesh, and report on defence
against pinddri raids r 83-4. 122, 483 1.
h r l . from 1817, travelling t o England rin Peraln. Gcorgia.
Russia, and Pr~lszin ; puh. A Journey,rrom l ndi o b Bnqland ...
with 0 plain and 5 coloored plotw ; 4to. ; 1810 [2Sg 1.
JOHKSTONE, James. Ben. Inf.
b. 23-1-1789. d. 27-6-52.
Ens. 30-7-07 ... 31111. 15-12-35 ; rrt. 23-5-30.
Snn of \T,vnne .Johnatone of Hatikuln\r.
Hodb,an, 11 ( A62 ) ; IV ( 630 ).
Marhtlln war, 1817-8; s v s . in Mllwn achow-
]edged by Jhlcolm [ 84] , and from early 1819 on
sry. of Bhopil. under PA.. whose esoort he comdd. ;
under technical inatrr~s. of SG. till 1823 [87-8, 180,
202, 336 I.
lt12.%8. colndg. Bl~opHl Contt.
JONES, John. Ben. Id.
. b. 18-3-01. d. 7 4 7 5 .
Enq. 10-S-I!# ... Cnpt. '?0-4-%; rcsd. 1-3-35.
Son uf John .lnnra of G9 Hnrley St., London.
m.. Cr l t e n h n ~ . 1-8-31, \Isry wirlow of Richd. Carpenter.
FR.\S. 8.5-35.
Huclson. 11 ( 663 ) ; Bhuym ( 538 otc. ).
1824-6, Burrnese Wa r ; on svy. m Assam on
QMC.'S staK [ 53-4 ] ; BMO. 2G-10-16 ; appd. offg.
D a g n o . "to eurvey the ]>ositions of Bulleporal and
Guro Sncheo, for ... settling the ... North East Frontier,
and s h o t o survey the c ~~u n t r y inland between
Hiqhnauth anrl Rungpore, hoth on the north and
eouth b a n k of the Burro~npoot er"~ [ 63-4 1.
His nvyrr. frequently lnentionod by Wilcox ; Xov.
1826, ref "Boroe Dihiog. ... A survey of this route
baa already been made by Liel~t. Jones of the QMQ. ' ~
Departmoot, but I beliovo not aa accurately ae it
migllt bo; that officor having been hurried on hie
march by tho cliorge of all t he public ~ a t t l e " ~ .
Dl)?. I 2i ( 63 ). 2W-8-5 : "Lieut. Jonca...hns nurvcped
from Chor Dewnr t o the Aor~hunnhwroc, ucroas the hlirjholee,
tq Runnpr,re. 'rtionce to the aoulkrn bund rood buudny,
and al Aq it aostwnnl. ... and returns by the river to Bish.
na.r.tl, m-tkiog rr il+r.riwu~o cirrl-.
i f c is nlso ulcvrr j a
puoll of mine ! )".
-
DDn. 224 ( 63 ) ; " Lieut. Jonea is about to execute.,.
the ellrvey between Qowahutty and Svlhet by this road, and
as it will be well done. I ahall not df course foUow him"-:
over the KhOsi Hills, aauhiti-810plong, Cherrapnnji-Sylhet
-with anothor t hr oqh Jaintia-MRIO. 37 ( 24 ). Jan. 1828.
Kov. 18'29. a t Xonnkhlno'.
Wiloor had he& up the road as far as Nongkhlao. ('1
have perused Captain Jones' remsrka on t h h mute ac'roar
the Codeeya Hills. ... Lieut. Burlton who was employed rluring
last cold aeason on the route from Raha Cbokey to Jpnteea,
received inatnlotiona t o amend the mountain pntha, ...and
purtioularly t o supply substantial bridges where required
1431 1.
Capt. Jones remarks t hat if furt,her improvement
necesnarf, it
chietly in bleating & removing rocks at the
prlnclpa ghats "'.
DDn. 283 ( 214 ) ; Jones' "map of central Assam.
... good geographical material", was incorporated in
Wilcox's map [ 64, 299 1.
JOPP, John. Bo. Engn.
b. 9-7-1792, Kingston, Jamaica.
d. 17-6-61.
Ens. 8-13-11 ... 11181. 20-3--75; ret. 28-1042;
Lt CaI. %-I 1-64. - -. . - . . .
Nephew of Keith Jopp, of Keith Hall & Joppa, Jamaica.
ed. Addboombe.
m., Poona. 19-12-31. Eliza Jemima, dnu. of Thos. Morris
of nm. Cutoms, London.
Booo. 6-1-14, appd. to Rev. Svy. Salsette I., from
1-1-14; B o ~ c . 24-9-14, warned for fd. service,
probably in OujnrLt.
BOO. 4-4-10 & 19-8-16, on evy. of passes into
Deccan and on Cutch border under Johnaon [ 122-3 1.
and continued on svy. under Sutherland [ 1251 ; 1818.
in ch. trgn. of Deccall Svy. [ 5, 129, 454 1; Bo arc.
( camp) No. 59 of 1822, reports, Poona, 7-6-22, that
Jopp had taken over ch. of Deccan Shy. from Suther-
land [ 125-6, 323. 3.14, 352, 393 I.
Bo nrc. 22-2-20 ( 78 ). appd. DSG. Bombay [ 6,126,
128-30, 212, 281, 323, 344, 463. 4731, holding post till
aboliaherl 1-9-33.
m u . 734 ( 506 ). 6-2-29, rerdd. by JIal coh to
succeerl Hotlgson as so. of India [ 301 1.
KEYS, Il'illiam. Bo. Inf.
b. Bombay c. July 1801.
d. 24-5-39, Dapoli, 18 m, s. of Bankot.
1,Iput. 23-12-17 ... Cnpt. 25-9-?R; invrl. 31-7-31.
Probablv eon of Charles ICeys, Lieut. Do. Mar., and,
Elizalmth Warner his a-ifo.
Rooo. 1-11-20. npprl. aast. Rev. Swrr. , Gujarit ; on
rev. svy. Kaira Dist. till I824 [ 170 n.5 1.
LAICSHMAIAH ( or LECHMYAH ), Kaveli
Venkata, Brahman. Mad. Tramlator.
Appd. Interpreter, May 1798; succ. as hd. intpr.
7-1-03, on sdlary 40 pa. pm. [11, 355-7, 469; In,
391-2 1.
Son of Kavali Venkata Subhiah, and younger bra. of
Kavali Veukata Boriah [ 11, 383-4 ] ; b. to K. ( C.
V'
Bumur nmy [ 39' 5.3 1'. Said to be one of the three Mhr wi
I Hsnm tho Rl l i psrl Frontier Tract of I.rh?r ,I%y;. DDn. 217 ( 15 ) ; Aa R. XVII ( 35R-0 ).
' DDn. 224.
4.48 R.
XVII (WRYL ae.4 ) ; Ihciny p. 612, s!xetr?h of Il5uhnq Ci ~vo. YyLhet, by Jonoa, 1817.
'DDn. 224 ( 105-10). 1510-28.
'Aotb.
of Yap of Au i e a... De khn. Calcutta, 1827, 20 cnt to inch.
NOTES 466 LAMRTON
fignms, probably the central one, shown in Hiokey'e portrait
of Mackenzie [ 11, pl. 22 n ; 111, 474 n.1 1.
1798 joinor1 Mackenzie et Ry d e r i h i d , a n d nccd.
him t o Mysore [ I, 350-1 1. On succg. Bori ah a s hd.
intpr. t ook l eadi ng p a r t in collg. historical inscrip-
tione and mss.'.
1811-5, during Mwkenzie's absence got into serious debt,
which culminated in 1817 with arrest and imprisonment,
to Mackenzie's great diitrena [ 11. 3567 1.
Mav 1818, joined Mackenzie in Calcutta, having marched
up E: Coast with othrru whoso religious prejudices forbad
journey by sea [ 481 1.
There was great delay in getting the party off because of
hkshmaiah's private affairs. He was anxious t o obtain
delivery of a grant of lend which Mackenzie hnd obtained for
him, and be was then held up by a court summolls instigat-
ed by a personal onemy. Riddoll writes, 24-9-17 ; "Letcb-
myah is not pet off & appears detprn~ined not t o move till bin
or mt in settled. I have in vain told him that he does no
good here. ... I have n~orely got hi111 to promiae to send off
the others immedi~tcly & himsclf to overtake them. ... The
delay i ~ , thoreforc, e11tirel.v his own, and after all your kind-
nese it is ratberseltish ". Oct. ; '' I ~t chmyah has at last gone ;
his department started some time before him, but as he
trsvel~ in a palanquin he will overtake them e'er they arrive
at Mosulipatam ".
Riddell then beard that hc was in gaol, having bean arrested
for a debt of 5.000 pi. : "Illstead of going OK on the 15th he
had gone to Tinnanorr, his village, and romnincd there till
the 30th. He came to Madrns on the morning of that day &
wassetting off in reality, when he was seized by the BailiK. ...
Be is now nt large, he-ring given security that he will not
leave Madras. ... He says the dobt is falsely sworn against
him". 6-12-17 ; "After much trouble I got Letohmyah off
this morning. ... lcnving the title deeds of his property in
the hands of ... his bail". His case wan eventually "settled
against him. t o tune of 4.000 p9. instead of 8.300 na
claimed "8.
Supervised trn. a n d arrangi ng of collna. in Cal cut t a
till Maokenzie's deat h in 1821, af t er which mi s t e d
Dr. Wileon i n prepari ng cat al ogue [ 392. 482 1.
Received eubst ant i al legacy b y Meckenzie'a will,
end grant ed pension o n full salary. wi t h ot her con-
cessions, on hia ret t . t o Madr es [ 479 ].
Aftar return t o MRdras. end on advice of Sir Alex. Johnston
[48o n.11, founded. and became Preadt. of, a "Literary
Soaietv of Hindus ", whose object was to propare "tranelations
and digests of the maen of MSS. collected by Colonel
?dnckenzie,at the name time that other materials of a similar
nature might be soilght out and nocumelated ".
In 1830, a t Lnkshmaiah's reqlleet, tho colln. was placed
at. diapoaal of the Mad. Lit. Soc.. and a few articlea pub. in
the Madros Journal of Lilcrolvra and Gcimce. Hc writes on
18.0-35, 8s "oorrenponding membor of the Royal Aaiatic
Society of Groat Britnin ", that he won "still engaged in
olaedying the di er ent dvnnsties, ancient and modem, of
8outh India", and asked tho Madras Govt. for authority t o
pumue tho researchas started by Mackenzie, with pay for
2 scholars in cverv didriot, and free pnstnge.
This was refeked t o ASB.. who did not oonsider him
qunlified for auch comn.. but. reodd. the cmnt. of the Rev.
Wrn. Taylor to
?dndrw [ 482 18.
report mss. stored a t
LAMBTON, William [ 11, 411-5 1. m. 33rd
Foot.
b. Crosby Grange, Yorks, 175316.
d., 20-1-23, HinganghHt, CP., nu.
Ens. 64-178'2 ... Bt. Lt Co l a - 1 4 ; 91'8.1818-29.
His sister. Dorothy, m. Thon. Lye, of Yorka.. end d. Beb.
1827, leaving husband and 2nd Eon, Wm. Lambton Lye, rtlll
living.
Left 2 net. cllildren. William and Eliza [ 469-73 1.
Corr. Member, I n~t i t ut de France ; FRS. 8-1-17 [ 468 1.
DNB. ; DIB. ; RMO. V ( 3 6 4 ) ; BIMC. 111 ( 100 )
Warren ; Ingledew ; d&N. Yq. XI ( 186 ) ; Markham ( 00-
72 ) ; Shlcaman, Calcutta 13-1-1923.
Portrait in oils by Wm. Harcll, HyderlbBd, 1822, pr-nted
in 1828 to R Aa Soc.. Lonrlon. by Sir Wm. Rambold' of
Wm. Palmer & Co.. Hyderibid [ ) gj n.6, pl. az]. Mhiatnre
of same period with S of I. [438. 4671.
1592, joined 33rd i n Xew 'ork ; 1783-06, ex-regt .
empt . Nova Scot i a B New Brunswi ck -Bkmr. f r om
178.5-rejoined re@. i n Cal ci i t t a 1797 a n d wi t h i t t o
Rladras, Sept . 1790. on appt . a s bde. maj . t o Ki ng' s
t r oops nnder Ft. St . George- bde. maj . 1st. Bde. a t
capt ur e of Ser i ngapet am, 4-5-1799 - wi t h Or und
Ar my, w. hlyuore, Aug-Nov. 1799 [ 11, 412-3 1.
Hi s proposal for t ri g. svy. on scientific pr i nci pl w
was sanctionecl 6-2-1800-Preliminary svy. Myaore.
1800-2-Base-line St . Tllonlas' Mount , Apri l 180%
Meast. of degreo al ong Coromandel Coast , 1802-3-
Tri angl es E. t o w. from coaat t o coast. a n d start
of cent ral ar c, 1803-0-Triangles down s. coest , t o
Tanj or e, 1806-7-Central a r c t o Cape Cornorin, wi t h
genere1 svy. crud ma p of s. peni nsul a, 1807-10-
Ext ended cent r al a r c t l ~ r o i ~ g h Ceded Dhts. into
Hyder l hRd. wi t h connect i on t o E. coeat a t Guntfir.
1811-6 [ 11. 233-491. In hi s Notices of Mdabor.
tells of ri di ng on horaeback u p t h e Cezal hat t i P~ee
f r om Cairnbatore in 1808 [I, pl. g ; XI, 4x41.
Feb. 1815, havi ng measd. baae a t Bi dar h e br ought
hdqrs. t o Hyderlbircl. e n d ma i n t e i n d t he m t her e
till e nd of 1822 [ 11, zqg ; HI, 223, 237 1.
Up t i l l 1808 hecl esetce. of 2 officern of King' r
Regts., a n d f r om 1807 eevernl officere f r om MHI.
[ 11, 322-3 1, b u t from 1812 maa loft, wit.tt 4 sub-asetn.
ed. at obsy. rurvg. school [ 11, 346 ; 111, 223. 3783.
439 I.
1812, epeoially ret>aincrd i n t he Company' s empl oy
in I ndi a af t er depar t ur e of 33rd. bei ng gr ant ed bt.
r a nk ae L t Col. wi t h special allces. [ 11, 415 1.
Worked under direat orders of Madrss Covt., end in no
way under SG.. though submitting regulsr reporte [ 307-8 1.
His relations with Ms c k a i e bad been cordial h m the
start, and wherever possible all diat. and topo. svys. were
baaed on his triangles [ 11, 115-21 ; 111, 4. 94. 101, 106 1.
He writes to Mackenzie, 9-1-18 ; " When do you net off
for Bengd, and who baa charge of your office a t Madrpa 1 I
think it likely that I shall take another peep a t Dengal before
1 visit England [ 99. 223,476 1, for I propose taking a look
a t the Ci rcm before I commence my operatiom, and s h. U
probably go aa far ea Point Palmyrae [ 11, 249 ; I l l . a j j 1.
I am here comfortably settled at the French Gerdena [ 151
n.3. 437 11.71, ... my place of businass and study. I bare.
bseidea, s house in the Cantonment when 1 want reereation
and amnaement. I have met with such Liberal support from
Mr. Runsell that not one di5culty hm ocourredsince I entered
the country [ 11, 372 ; 111. 116. qrz I"'.
Mackenzie replied with eqnd cordiality. telling of him o m
interests ; "No man could hare acted for enothor with mom
precision & friendly attention than Colonel Moriaon in my
lonu protrncted sbsance [ 11, 2991. & Lient. Ward, r h o
residad in the diKemnt houscvl ta which my effst s ras
'Translationsnf mns.. MRIO. !d 125. 'DDn. 151 (25-
Bert. ; g. son. of Sir Thos. R., Oovr. Msdras 1777-80 [ I, 241,
83. 189). ' J AS B. V. I835 (430. 511-3) ( 1788-1833). (3rd
j rz ] ; d. Hpderribid 24-8-33. 'DDn. 62 ( LA3).
LAMBTON 466
BIOGRAPHICAL
repeatedly transferred in my absenoe, appears t o have paid
the utmost attention [ 11,303-4 1. I see ... that all your books,
plates. & most of your things were deliverod toyour order. ...
" U you u e once in the Ciarn, you can essily visit Bengal.
~ i a l l y during the ceanation of the rainy montha. I wish
mt h a11 my heart that I may have the plea~ure of seeing
you while I am there. I remember your house of the
French Canlens well & think you are lucky in having suoh
p l ~ e " ' [ 437. 472 1.
Lembton had orten referred t o a poasible visit home, and
Riddell writes that "in 1812, before I loft him, he Bequently
tslked t o me of hie intention to go home for a year or two,
and of my taking charge of tho survey during hie absence.
He even wentaofer sa t o enter on the subject of allowan~es"~.
He writes t o Russell. 21-5-18 ; "Should I not be able to
proceed further [ than EUichpur]. I shall prepare the way
for my succeeeor. The great length of time which hsa
attended my laboura must naturally induce me t o look
tow& England, which I hope t o see in a very few years.
md whe re... I can he of. ..use in superintending ... suoh maps
m the ... Directors may think proper to publish"'.
He r emai ned st . Hy d e r a b d f or t h e ne xt t wo year s
worki ng on compns. anrl report s, sencling hi s aqsts. to
ext end t r gn. [ 8. 223. 227. 437-8 1. H e wri t es agai n
to Mackenzie, 28-7-17 ;4 "I ... wes gl ad t o hear t.llet
y o u h a d got al l set t l ed at M a d r ~ . As you will be
in Bengal soon I have di rect ed t o yo11 t her e [ 475-6 1.
"I a m nearl y put t i ng t h e fi ~ri ehi ng hand t o t he 3r d
copy of m y r epor t , one copy f or myself, one f or
Gover nment , a n d t he 3r d f or you [237]. ... It
coneiste of upwe& of blMJ...p~gea, a nd one copy tekes
upwar ds of t hr ee mont.hs t o me ke out . wi t h t h e p h n
annexed t oi t , s o t h ~ t t her e h w been u p wa ~t l e of ni ne
mont hs employer1 i n mer e copying. It ie, however,
e val uabl e work. as I he d bet t er d a t a t o go o n t h s n
I ha d before. I have comput ed ever y poeition i n t h e
whol e peni nsul a [ 11, 264 1. ... You mus t , however.
ha ve t h e first vole. in your office, a n d i t shal l be
copi ed aa soon a s I ha ve t i me. ... Your being in wa nt
of data in t he C i r c m makes me very anxi ous t o g e t
t h e operat i ons carri ed t hr ough then1 [ 5,99,223 1. ...
"I em now a b o u t t o send out a par t y t o cont i nue
m y meri di onel t ri angl es u p t o t h e Godevery, a n d
t hen r un east a n d r et ur n upon Hyder ahed [ 223 1.
which. wi t h wha t you al r eady have, will f or m a
t ol orabl e baais f or a sur vey of t h e sout her n pa r t s of
t h e Nizam'a Domi ni ons [ 1x4 1.
"I intend constructing an entire map of the Peninad8
fiom my own materials which of course you will get a copy
of aome dsy or other, but i t will be a work of time. ... There
in a blank in my work from Tellicherry t o Callicut, owing to
t he setting in of the monaoon [ 11, 244-5 1. ...
"If theae warlike preparations prove aucceeeful there will
be s prodigious field open for me, but if I am not allowed t o
move on a largo scele I shall contont myself with carrying
my meridian arc as high as 2e0. ...
"I received yesterday my diploma Irom the Royal Sooiety
on hnving bean elected a member, and i t wsa nocompanied
by a very handnome letter from Jlr. Davis [ I. 332 1, one of
the Court of Directors. I have boen extremely gratified
lately by the attontion paid me by tbat Sooicty, and by the
membnrs of the Academy of Scicncea at Paris, particularly
Ia P h and De Lambre [ 177. 238. 468 1. ...
" l a b me hear Dom you on your arrival".
1 D h . 158 ( 35 -7 ). 3-6-18. a t u Maokenzie, 28-1 1-17.
'Iambton's letter not found ; BMC. 26-10-17 ( 148 ). ' I
Everemt ( 3 ). 'TS. V : enclosure 8 ; quoted by Thoa. Jervis.
It WM a bout t h k t i me t h a t Lambt on conveyed to
tlre GG. h i wi sh for a sui t abl e bent., end a
geologist, t o b e at t ached t o t h e svy. Pr ompt rntion
ww t aken by Lor d Moi re b y t he nomination of
George Ever est [ I, 225. 4461. Lambt on wm nor
over 80 year s of age, a d , d t e r a wor t hy t ri but e to
hi e hi gh qualifications a n d t h e gr eat importmce of
h i work, t h e CG. not ed t h a t "Li eut er ~ant Colonel
Lambt on hea himaelf urged t hi s poi nt t o t he Surveyor
General , a nd ha s premed on Hi s Lordship t he pro-
pr i et y of giving hi m a n ~ o c i a t e " ~ [441-2, 4501.
Dr. Voymy wtw appd. later.
Lambt on' s nvy. wtrs now tr. f r om bl edras t o the
cont rol of t h e Snpr eme Govt . at Ft. William, a
change t h a t had beon due si nce i t s extension into
t h e Niztim's Territories. Thi s change, with t he
new desi gnat i on Th e Gr eat Trigonometrical Survey
of I ndi a, dutecl from 1-1 -18 [ I, 225 1.
On Everest's arrival at the end of 1818 Lambton took him
out on a demonatration trip, md then left him in ch. to oarry
on field work [ 227-8.442 1, whilst he himself visited Calcutta
t o make rontact with the Supreme Govt.. and to eettle
private affairs with liir agentn. Xeasra. Hogue, Davidson &
Robertson. He lert Hyduribid in June 181D. and went by
aea from Jbaauliyatarn. hlaekenzie greeted bim warmly ;
"Colonel Lambton in expected here, having applied for
leave"-"I have aecn Colotiel Lambton whcn in town lately;
I wee surprised t o find him quite. grog 11aired"-Colonel
Lambton in here [ Pal t a] with me since yestorday ; I think
his health muoh lower thau when I saw him it1 1811, but we
are a11 getting older"'.
Amongst matters which be tried to get settled at Caloutta
were-increesed pay and sllcea. for his sub-saete. on tr.
from Mdres--increese of his regular eacort, and their allow.
[ 379. 406 ]-and arrangements for paaaing of contt. bi.
His last letter from Calcutta appeera t o have been tbat of
12-1-20. and he wse bsck in Hyderibid by April.
I n J u l y 1821 he rasumed t h e N. war d externion of
hi s greut ar c. Deput i ng hia sub-aasts. t o observe
t h e triangles. h e a n d Voyaey mar ched direct t o
El l i chpur, some 380 m. f r om Hyderi i bM, in Feb.
1822 [ 8, 232, 438 1. Ever est rejoined from leeve on
6t h Feb., a n d was horrified at t h e deterioration of
hi s heal t h a n d t h e ext ent t o whi ch exert i om in
t h e field herl t axed hi s st r engt h ; "men cannot l ~ t
for ever ; t h e Li eut . Col.'e infirmities had evidently
s ubdued al l b u t hia spi ri t " [ 232-3, 443 1'.
Back a t Hyderibid the grand old man submitted optimistio
reports ee to the work completed and future plans. He did
his last work on his prof. reporb, and records the joy he
took in hie labour; "It is now upwards of twenty gears
since I commenced it on this great scale. Theao years...beve
been devotocl with unremitted zeal t o the cauao of science.
and, if the learned world be satisfied that I have been
succeeeful in promoting ita interests, TIIAT will constitute mY
greateat reward.
"In thin long per i d of time ... I have scarcely experienced
a heavy hour ; such is the caae whon the human mind *
abeorbed in pursuita that call its powere into action. A man
ao engaged, his timo passes on ineeneibly ; and if hie eaor?
are succensful his reward is great, and a retrospect of hls
labours will afford him nn endless grati6cation. If such
should be my lot, I shall close my career with heartfelt
astisfaction, and look b ~ k with unceasing delight on the
yearn I have paused in 1ndia"f
DDn. 151 ( 77-82 ). DDn. 08 ( 43-8 ).
' DDo. 62 ( 142 ).
to Mountford ; 4-7-10 & 31-11-1819; UDn. 149 ( 8% 105 ).
( 16 ).
~t t h e end of 1822, after deput i ng Ev&h mo ma
&n i de pe ndmi t chai n of t r l mgl ee t odgr da Bombay,
m d koysey t o expl or e t h e oounbry eout h f r om Agra
Kigpur [ 265 1. Lambt on packed the whol e of hi e
qui pme nb e n d househol d goods t o move hdqre. from
Hyder &bl d t o NBgpur, a n d t hough f a r f r om well
set out on t hi s mecch of near l y 400 milea. I t was
muoh for hi m and, wri t es Evoreeb, "he di ed o n
20th J a n u a r y 1823, at Hi r l ~ h a n Q' hat , wi t hi n
mil& of Nagpor e [8, 236, 438, pl . 181. ...
Mr. Voysey h a d been det achod ... i n t h e pr svi ous
mont h of Oct ober. ... Iiiu nhsence was a aad diunuter,
for h e h e w t h e Li e u h o ~~a n t Colonor's c~~ns t i t ut i or r
kell, a nd hi s manner s wuro s o fwcinabing an3
bgreeable a s al most to chrrnn nwny siciirtry:~.
"But the Lieute~~nnt.Colonel'A houllh wae in an pncnrir,us
l state when he ql~itted Hyderebs d... thot it was thought
~ s z d o u s fnr him to venture 011 so Ioug n journey without 8
medical attendant, and socorJing1)- Lhe ~saist;nt.~llrgeon
firel for duly wau nominated. T!IP ~~nt l . *ni nn so haughted
p a a Mr. hlorton ... and, hefor.0 tnay brrl bean mnny h y s
on the march together, hs ... t~r-ioa I h d hi.. a ~ e d patient
rather copiously, and ailoptcJ the tmtipll,>~i:iic ~yst em of
bbstinmce from wine and meat -the s l unds l ~t :we of o r a n p .
Lo.-+ mod0 of treotlnent ... diamotriii6Uy oll;rn2;to to that
bithorto 80 suoceaafully pi r 6uod Ily Ilia me :icol lu!viscr, and
at variance with those ebtnldid~e~i h ~ t i i 9 ..:li,;l~ liltti ... hcorm,
10 thoroughly interwovt-n with hid ,.t>s:.,ilatioli 5.1t Mr.
Voysey nwcr contemplakd ... a i t c ~ g them [ +;9 ic]. ...
"The vigorous understnnding af the Lieutenant-Polonal
rsemed t o have sunk bena~t h the accumuiat~d prenuure of
old age and infirmities, and IIC. ::i~o.qe mady mind koesv uuot
what superstition wm, wed ... in tbn Inst t , w ~ nictnt,:~.. ..to
tremble with horror a t hb druams. 59 tranqui!ly and r:~ln:lr
did he breath his lest t hat na one w s aware nT his llpntih
until, enrprised a t the unwnntnd profoundueeo of hi3 slenp
,and the latenean of the hour, his aorsnnt entered his tout d
.bond him a carpno.
"I had hoped to haro bean ahlr to @PO to t.tle no:ld some
~hiogrsphical account of so singular a person ; but the little
historical detail which wae four~d nt his deutb in his own
-handwriting amongut his papers was t cnari t ~u~l y kopt fioru
,mp sight by BIr. Morton, ... and whether those inlo whose
.hands it feu will ever indulge 118 with a publication of no
intareating a nature ia highly problematical [443-4. 469 1.
"His deat h t ook pl ace at t h e a ge of ~i x t ~- s e v e n L.
and on dissection i t appenred t h a t t h e r i ght l obe of
t he l ungs was near l y consumed, a n d t ho loft al i ght l y
injured"3.
Other detaih may be takan from a report sent by Dr.
~ 0 r t o n on 13th Jan. ; "Colonel Lambton ... hau almost evet
h e ae left Bolkrum boen very unwell. On the night of
the 23rd Docember Inat he wos seized with violent paroxyams
of coughing, and gtent di5culty in ~ ~ p i r d l o n n . ... On the
night of bhe 28th the almvo syruptame again rooumd to a
alarming extent. ... I acrodi~tgly took from him 16 ons.
of blood, wl~ioh ... afforded great rsliuf. ... I...pub him npon
the bntiphlogietio [di et 7 ] wl~lah ho did not muoh like aud.
'h fact, i t WIU with grent ditticulty t l ~nt I could koep him
from d r i u h wine. ... He wsn...in wery respoot improving;
muoh m tliat on the eveniug of tho 7th ...he would not
go without hie wine any loliger, feeliug b s e l f ao much
betton that he ... ~lrank n pint*, which Rent hixu inatnntly to deep
when he went k bed ; but when he awoke townrd~ morning
h0.s.w~ quite upscb. ;.. P c e that night 110 hna been fw from
~ I - - ~ n n n o t sleep a t r ql i t 4011gl 1 a t tirncle voq t.ronble-
mmr-...no appetite...-very irrihbb ...A nnd o ~ l y -en
meor no to queatlona put-...in mhort in my humbb opimloa;
hls d s p ssem to be drawing fcst towardm a elma. ...
"I ainuerely wish we were a t Nagpore, but we am obl i gd
to go very short mwohea, so will not be able to r e ~ h it bsforo
the end of t he month. ... r.s. Y m will psmeivs... 0h.t t b
Colonel is in a very precarious stat."'.
He ww buried at Hinganghit, and a worthy monumm6
m o t d by the k d t . a t Qovt. expensa. Everest and
Voyeey had 6rst intended to do this themaelrce', M
h raporbing his death Everest sugeuted that Qod. ahould
erect an offloial memorial; "The death of such a m m
...is an ocourrence of no ordinary nature in India. 80
arss a first-rate mathematioian, and aa such rsl in car.
respundsnce with many very celebrated Philosophm in
Europe: amongst whom am Mmm. Delambre, La PI-
and ljthom in Franoe, and Captoin Kater. .Mr. F. PaUom.
Dr. Young, and others in Englanrl. Re wes n correeponding
mernbt!r of the fiench Iostitute, and a Fellow of the Royal
8ocieC.v.
"-48 kin dcnth ... will excite a vast feeling of interant h
El ~ri ps, ... I may be excused for suggesting tbe propriety.
not oldy of accompanying the noti6cation of his death with
some corui.laral~le rlemonetration of reepect on the part of
Governnlenb, bat of building at tIioghan G b t mme smell
but laabicg loonumaut a t t.he public expeme"6.
The originnl trbkL being lost woe replaced in 1680a by
deptl. sub~oriptiwt, end the DO. Wardha DLt. reportnd,
24-3-1025. that "Dilswar Khan, who had been looking after
the grave, hnd just gone on pension. He had tended the
flower4 quite on his own initiative, recognizing that thia
m a t have been rho grove of one of the "great Sahi b of
the olddays" [ I, 40 n.1 1. He waa eent a oopy of Lnmhtor~'s
portrait. In 1929, a now Christian cemetery was net oub
round Lambtan's grave'.
The por t r ai t [ pl. zz ] is t aken from t ha t ilald by
t h e I1 A@ Sow. in London a n d "pai nt ed 182% a6
Hyder abad f or G. La mb Esq., b y W. Ha ~e l l " 8, bei ng
a l i b s i z e head a n d shoul ders, on cnnb-as 30 b y 23
inches. A miniatur+sufficiently l i ke to ha ve been
pai nt ed a t t he s a me time-rsa purahased in 1901 b y
' t he BG. from Messrs. De Penning & De Penni ng. of
Cnl cut t . ~, f or Re. 300. J os hua De Penni ng h ~ d
bought i t a t t h e sol e at X e u r [ 469 1. It ia an
oil pni l ~t ~i ng on copper a n d af t er purchase wee
r enovat ed i n hnr l ons .
Apprariabions of Lambton's prof, work hnve already been
quoted [ 11, 164-7 ; LlI, ro. 195. 2391. Of his perpond
life nnJ chnracter we nre indebtod to nccounte by his mate.
Warren nnd Ereroat. I\'arrcn, who had known him elnre
1708. tells ue that his "stature was above the common nize ;
his cumplexion was fair, and his hrlr tending to red. His
face wanted exymssion, end the old accident [ LI. 412 ]
gar0 8 cost to his eye. ... He was never married, though
his friends appear to think thnt his viahm sometimes
pointed thnt wny Intterlv.
"To n uousid~rnble portion of general knovledp, and a
respcctnble shnrc of ~rudition. he uuibed muoh simphoitg
of chnrnctcr. sn much do a8 to ~ V R many people s very
inadaquuto iden of hia powore of mind and knowledge of the
world. Some pr~rrlinrity of manner tou adhered to him
from having lived so long out of the world, and be ia oaid In
coneequenoe to ltase appeared to diasdvanta.ge in mixed
oompsaies, and portiuularly in the a o m ~ u y of *omon. But
$0 those who uould, through this simgulariby. disfcrn merit.
hie conversion ma found alike entertrining and imbructive.
Hc had strong pmjodicos, yet no maq ras more quid
dimovering Wonk or reedy In aabnowledging it. ...
' p ~ u mi n g Mrth botwwn Jan. 1856 and 1866 [ 11,411 1. PGah lhkmot (30-0). ffl ( 8 3 1 4 ). ' h E-t
(36 ) ; Warren ( 136 ). WDn. 172 ( 10 ) ; 8-2-23. 'tllo originnl tablut wrongly dwcribed Lnmbton as "First Sa. of India" ;
) is ww now aocrwted by a ~ O C O I I ~ titblot. 'frum DC. 21-8-1928; SllO. Bls Yo. 111. 1DY.i-S. 1834. 'Ceo. h q b . Ben.
J4.i ibrtner in Wm. rnltnw k CO.; Ftadcy. Surg. AYder aW fmm 1921; F. +r.U vi si W India ,817-U 1310 Q. ?] .
'SQO. Ale 21 of 1901-2 ; a o/ IOR. 1901-2 ( 9 1.
"He WM of a qeiok and hrsty tamper. ...y et in
r di by most kind and ooneidersta. Hb a e m b wars
afleotiorrstely a t b o h d to him. and grew ald in him nervioe I
ind 0f h u public followera, he oountd.. .hbmb generatlons
in hia oamp. The young men attached t o the survey os ~ u b .
vl i s t anb he h a r d with uniform kindnew and w~ t h muoh
consideration ; and in return they looked up t o him M a
hty [ 396-7 I.
He r e d the Latii. Prenoh. and Italian autbom, a t laslb
thoae who'treated on 8cionce. with the ranle fluencv IU thme
of bin own Isngusge. He was not, however, a go& o l d c a l
moholar, nor had he much taste for bhe line ar b, or eveu liter.
atnre. Him ufficihl style was neither eloquent nor yet lucid.
He expreewd himself with plalnnere. but not alwavn with
clenrnas. ... Hls private correspnndeuco bum m&km of
b t e . . . and he d d o m attempted to corroct a letter"'.
Eversab. who did nob rnseb Lambton belore Deo. 1818 [qqz],
wrltaa that he w&a "about mix fret high, erent, woll-formed,
bony and muaeular. Hle hend was nearly bald, and the few
strnggling hnira which r cmai l ~~d were thoroughly bloaohed
bv age nnd exertion. He was n fair-co,nplexioned man with
blue eyee, which simo I ~ad dimmed end wenkend. ... Wheh
he am& hlmaelf. ... him high and ample forehead gave
Cairnation and diynlty to a counbenance beaming with
intelleat nnd man1 heauty .
"I shall never [orget the I mpmi on which t.hr having of
thia veternn and far.hmncl geodesist made on my mind when
I first saw hlm in the !ear 1SIR [ 2271. ... For, though we
had been in rnmp togelher for anmo davs ptevlons. he hed
displayed no symphrns of more than cbmn~on powers, but
e mmd a tranquil and good-humouwd peraon, very fond of
his joke, o great admilpr of the fair sex, partlal t,o aingin
(lam and duetn. and overythine In ehort t hat h d a t o produd
armony sod make life pssa agreenbly.
"'rliesc .nonrolrtr of activity were, however, like Bl~e last
Bi-kerings cf an expiring lamp. It wna ovidant t hat he WEY
gr a4udy wearing away under the corroding influence of a
cempleint in the lungu. attended with a most violeot oongb
r hi ch nt timea uaed to ahahe bin whole frnme na if to bursting :
an.l...tne slightest sxertirm ... was alwaps succeeded by a violent
paroxyem of him dlsordm"'.
"Ab the time of my joining . . at Hyderabad in 1818, he
eve to b t h Mr. Vo sey and myself a general invitation to
[is house ; we were {in oonatant guesta, and formed art of
his family ; ... we conatltnted his domeatio olmle, anz were
of the very few with whom he discoursed familiarly end
withoub restraint"'.
Ever es t h w left t h e following aocollnt of Lambt on' s
r e c o p i t i o n b y t h e I ns t i t ut e of Franoe. A t t h e h e
of Warren' s vi si t t o Paris a t t h e e nd of 1811 [ 11, 452 1.
" hi s ~ q u a i n t a n c e w m eagerl y cour t ed b y t h e l ear n-
ed men of t h e da y, par t i cul ar l y t h e lrrte M. De
Lambre, who w w fami l i ar wi t h t h e geodet i cal opera-
t i ons of I ndi a, a n d t h e names of Ls mbt on and him-
eelf, ... and mz n y were t h e questions whi ch h e p u t
regardi ng t h e mnn who ha d cont ended s o well, so
.ebly, end s o long, wi t h t h e diffioultieo of a foreign
l and a n d an nlien people. ...
"In the oonrse of the conversntlon ... M. De Lsmbre ...
uke d whether Lieut. Col. Lambton wodd llke t o be s Cor-
reaponding Member of the lnatitute and, ... being &wed
t hat he would wrtalnly oomider It as a very high and pat i -
m, cornpllmenb, t he diploma ww forthwith mnde on* by
unarumoua bonamt and. nndm oover of a very flattering
letter from M. De h mb r e [ 238 1, WM sent to India whets I t
reached the Lieut. Col. sot very long pfior to my j o h g hlm
a t H d e mb d in 1818.
"lhorblp after this amair a l Pstls, a p t . Ws mn rent do
London and ... the whole story moon got into circulation. ...
The Royal 8ooiqty...fdowed h the trslo of the I ~ t i t u t s ,
and elecbal the greet man a Fellow "4,
Su Sidne
Burrard relatea t hat a t a lunoheon of tllp
~nt er nnt i onJ Ceodetio Union s t Potodam In ,001 the
Chairman, Professor Helmert, spoke wnrmly of Lambton.d
devoUon t o hi3 great teak, and of Itr great importsnoe to
geodesy. There wna a ~ ~ u r t e o u s exohange of oomplrmenk
between tho Sa. and the Inotitute of Frense a t the owtensry
of Lambton's deatha.
Tn later years Evereat had occrreion to complain of an
otsoer wlthrtrawin~ Rom the field bofore oompl&ing hlb
programme, aud told Oovt. Lhet "the late Colonel Lambbn,
... would never have qu~t t ed the tield unt ~l the work au
acoomphshed. for to return wlthout would have broken hb
heart. But he wna a very raro p~roun''8.
An account of Lambt on' s famrl y a n d t ho provision
h e mal i e for t he m is ~ i v e n under t he st or y of hie sod
Wi l l l am Lnrnbt on, jr. 146~9-73 ] a nd a n account isno&
gi ven of t l i e unf or t unat e manner in whiuli t he eelo of
hu pr oper t y was efftroted [ 136, 438, 443-4 1.
On Lambt on' s d e ~ b h , full ch. of t h e camp wea bekm
by Dr . Mort on, wh o h a d onl y been a t t d. for med.
char ge o n the j ourney f r om Hy d e r i b d . He WM en
Aest. Gurg. on bhe 3f edr as lht.. a n d BE such e men
o f edr i cnt ~on e n d s ome social ntntue. He won
Lambt on' s conflrlence t o t h e ext ent t h a t hi s petimb
appd. hi m execut or under a will Lhnt h e sd. on the
day of his debt h, w ~ t n e a s d b y Blorton and De
Ponnul q. Th e xl l l is frill a n d clear, a n d a hom no
e i p e of weakness of intellect [ 470 1 : i t hed probably
been pr epar ed some t i me before, for I t deal8 with
domeet i c mnt t er s m s ome Jeteil.
De Penning WM the senior member of the awvey mtd
present, and wes olose on 40 yeera of age I ho bowed lltb
initiative in thie crisia, end eurrendered oh. to Mort4n.
allowing hlm t o oarry tlrmugh lua high-hnndd dirpool of
Larnbton'a effeob with little interferanoe. He wcitsa C
Everest, in evrdent distress. appealing for orden :
21-1-23, "I t ia wlth t he deepest ooncern I have toannonncs
to ou the donth of Lt. Col. W. Lambton whiah took p b
l wl n p ... As we Bre to proowd ... under the nharge of Mr.
Asst. urgeon J. Morton, we hag to be favoured wlth p n r
ihstruotiona as early M poleiblo. ... We expect to m h
Nagpnr on the 20th lost. and...we trust you will lose no hme
in taking charge.
He wrote again three days later, warning E w mt of the
irnmedlate sale t hat Morlon proposed [ 438, 443 1. but Eve&
wna near Bhol&pnr, more than 400 milea away, and wuld do
little t o help. He wmte to, Morton. 8-2-28; d i n g thht
the sale miqbt be poqtponed until the order1 of Governmd
are reoeived. ... Xfathematioal instmmen ta... will p e r b p be
purohased by Oovernrnent, and if the sale be bnatend befom
inmtruotlonn are received i t will be a vary merious inj~lrg to
the e~t at e".
To De Penning he replied I "I liavs written t o Xlr. Morton
by thia day'a poet. ... He will, I doubt not, oomply with *
wishes but, if he dooa not, ... wait on him on my pafi ~
enter a pmtast against the hast i nw of the proodu*.
Had Lord Hnatings kmained ln Indla, I ~hould...have a*
out for Nngpore ; but there ta a new Governor Gene&',
may not ... attend t o my pretensions. In that ohm I
have t o go t o England, or perha
merdy t o Celoutb. ad
a t Sholapoor I am nearer the nea tCn I should be at Nyl PoT
"If I am nominated I shall pnrobase all the ~olonel'
inatrumenb. having ( with the consent, of col l ~e, of the
execatore ) Bnt advertised them in the Qe ~ t b w of the
a Wwpn ( 02 GI r q ). aeo. Evereat ( 4-5 a Everqt
4 Dh. SBJ ( 121-3 ). 8-1-32. Lord Amheat. Ok . 1823-8.
8 ( 10 ). 'ib ( 18-8 ). 'SGO. File, Feb. 1R23 ; 134143 F-111.
NOTES
LAMBTON
throe Presidenoiee. ... Thnre were in his pneaesuion mathe-
matical works which, if sold a t an overyday auction. will
hardly fetch thoir weight in marble, hut if duly advertised
~ l l he wort11 nearly their weight in the amme quentity of
silver. I am myself ready t o purahaee nearly the whole of
them ( i n the event of my being confirmed) a t auoh priceu nu
they may attain after being subjocted to a full competition
nith tho whole ncientifio world of Inclial [ 438 1.
He wr ot e at t h e s ame t i me t o Jenki ns. I t e ~ d t . a t
NBgpur, b u t t oo l at e t o pr event t h e diaaater. Ever y-
t hi ng had been di poe e d of. "and ma n y t hi ngs ... mi l ch
below t hei r value". "Such has been t h e j ~r eci pi t nncy
of t he execi ~t or ", mi t e s De Penni ng, " t h r t al l t h e
Colonel's personal pr oper t y were rliqpored of hy publio
auction on t2he 3rd i nst t . ( t h e ver y d a y I got your
letter !, even before we c o~t l d ge t i nnt ruct i ons from
Mr. J enki ns who ... liad s ent di rect i ons for a gr eat
number of bookn. ...
"The Circulrrr Inatmment was sold for 626 rupees [ 259 1.
Capt. Stewart, the S~uveyor of this clitrict bought i t up
[93 1, SO thnt the instruments and booka, with the exception
of some that Mr. Roseenroclo bought up for you. ... is irrevoc-
ably l wt to the publio. I hsvc taken charge of all the publio
property-the transit, or levelline inwtrument, the natm-
nomicel teleeaope, a boning telesoopo, the 2 chains with all
ita apparntus, 3 amall theodolitm belonging t o the Quarter
Master General's Department, nn also the stnndard scale;
and...evory thing that I knew ...to be public property-
md I have been obliged t o rent a house for the instnrments
and guard a t ... 50 rupecs a m~ n t h " ~ .
Yorton considered his nction quite in order; "All -the
property of the late Colonol Lambton hen been diepfsed of
by publio auction a t Nagpore, with the exception of some of
the mathematical instruments which he left to his son who
was with him [473 1. Hie other instrumen ts... were aold,
and purohased principally by Captain Stewart who in...
nuneying the Nagpore country. The Colonel's effeota were
deUvered t o me by a Committee ... a t my requost and, ea I
could not remain a t Nagpore, being detached from my corps.
I was anxious t o hsvc them dispmed of before I left, heing
the only responsible person pr ~sent "'.
Ewrest wne indignant and. after mnking a full report t o
Govt. at Calc\ltta [ 443-4 1, 1111rrird iu t o Hyderlhid to t ry
and recover as much as he coilld [ 2,561.
To Do Penning 110 wrote ; "I hope for your eake you havo
protested ... in as manly atid bold a manner as the nature
of the circumstance and your own situation required. ...
The instant tho late Col. Lnmhton's death took plaoe you were
rcaponaible for everything connected with the establiah-
ment. ... Thin affair will he siftcd down to the bottom, nnd
visited with the soverent displensoro of Govt. ; the injury t o
the public servioe is hcnlculnblo"'.
llorton refused t o take any blame, and snid he was
quite prepnred t o somender all official papers and inets..
and the Rmdt. was reluctant t o bring official prosaute t o
hear; "Interference in the meaeures of nu executor is a t all
times a matter of pecnliar delicacy, tho more particularly
when those meaaurcs soem, to r certain extent, t o have had
the sanction of a Committee. The matter of complaint,
moreover, dhl not occur in the tomitorim of the Ri ~nm. but
in thoae of BL~nnl a"~ [qo-I 1.
Tact was never Evereat's strong cnrd, and he soon quenched
nn will lor oo-operation on Morton's part. After reoovoring
a i w public papers, he wrote t o Morton t hat "there were...a
great numbor of articles of this kind in manuscript, and his
private lettern were so much intermixed with those of the
public that...more than two-tl~ircb of the papers yo11 have
retained relato to obae~at i ol l s nncl cdculations connected
with the Grand Trigonomotrianl Snrvey "a. Morton rrplied
1 Dl h. I72 ( 7-9 ). 8-2-23. a nDn. Cll ( 25-8 ). It!!-23.
'DDn. 172 ( l e ). 27-2 23. LDDn. 91 ( 261 ). 17-3-23. OD1
h. Roberbon [ 11, 393 n.2 1. ' DUII. 91 ( 981-2 ), 234-23.
1686-7. "t o Uon. Dopt.. 7-1-24 ; DDn. 206 ( 9 ). "now CB
that he hwl handed over "all the pap era... except thoss of a
private nature, and conneated with money mattem"--end
again-"I am not a~lthorbed t o d o w you k, i na pt the
papen and manuserip ta... now in my ponaeusion. without
the concurrence of Mr. Stunrt. the other Executor"'.
Mort on ngreed, however, t l l at t wo officer. f r om
t ho Resdcy. shoulcl r q ~ o r t on t he papem i n his pose--
eion, s n d in t hi s way a number of sur vey document s
were l ~a nde d over t o E v e mt . Th e remai ni ng
pr i vat e papern were left wi t h t h e Execut or s, a n d
inoluded-Lambton' s corrmpondence wi t h h i agent s
bot h in Cal cut t a ancl I.onclon--Letters, books, a n d
papera "wholly pri vat ew-a Pr i vat e Journal-R ms.
"Li fe of Colonel Lambt on wr i t t en by hirnqelf"'.
E v e r e ~ t wea still pemkt ent , and, by ar r angement
wi t h t h e Reudt., w m allowed t o exami ne the
pfipere ebill rernaining wi t h Mort on. and. 26-6-23.
expreesed himself satisfied. He repeat ed t hi s a e n ~ u -
ante to t he SG. , poi nt i ng out . however, t h e loss
incnrrwd by t.he ~ ~ r l e of t h e ci rcul ar inst.. which WM
event ual l y rerovered on t he break u p of t h e Sk g p u r
Sur vey i n 1630 192 1. Ther e waa al so a braas pl at -
for111 t o nnot her i ~r et . sold t o St ewar t , whi ch 3l or t on
himself succeede~l i n recovering for t h e GTSo.
I n Jan. 1824. Stuart, tho second executor, sent Govt.
"a list of val ~~sbl e mnnuecripta belonging to the eatate of
the late Colonol Lambton. as Govt. might wish to have c o p i ~
of them for their own private information, as well for the
use of the njsonometrical surrey; ... under the gumnt ee.
however, of their not being published except for the bend$
of the deceased's estate.
"Sir Matllematical PIwe B o o k o n e Common Pl u a
Book-One Journal-Twelve small red-lenther-oovemd
manuscripts containing descriptions of blysoor, the Carnatic.
Soondah and Bednore. and 8outhern Provincee, etc.-Four
manuecripts ; journals connected with the gwgraphicsl
survey in 1807 nnd following ye-One manuecript ( blue-
oovorod ), comments on Neaton's PriicipleslO-Fire s m d
manuacripta ; journals of the siege of Seringapatam in li99-
One bundle mnnuecripta ; translations. eta.-One do. ...
-TWO blue-covered books on natronomy and sundry hundlm
oontaining letters. etc., etc.ll.
This list was pwe d to SG. for nction direct with the
executor. but no further record is found and no copiee of
any of those documents are now forthcoming. I t is a tragedy
t hat the variooa journals, espeoially the MS. autobiography.
have eutirely disappeared. It would be reasonable to
presume t hat bhny were paseed t o young Wm. Lambtan.
and that he wo111d lravo appreciated their great historical
value.
There was found in oeo. rump. in 1950 a leather-hund
notebook, 7 inolloa by Y, gising not- in Lambton's hnnd-
writing on oompnrison of chains at Bangdore bnsn-line of
1 8 k b s o s . of pole-ntnr a t Triohitiopoly in 1808-with list
of geogl. positions tixod on comtal series of lB02-3
[ 11, 236-571".
LAMBTON, William, jr. Sub-Best. Sum.
b., Pondioherry, 12-7-09. d., Bmmpton,
London, 7-2-54.
3 d Soh- AM^. 1-i-21 : 'disch. 2S7-23 ;
A d . Euglsnd, 182416 ; auras.. London. 10445.
nat. sou of William 1,ambton [ sup] by an Indian mother.
m., St. Qoorgo's Hanover Sq., 27-1 138. E h a Ann Orlehu.
dou. of W~ I . Orlebar, solicitor, of George St.
'on return rnnrclr t o Ilyderibid. 17-2-23. DDn. 91 ( 249 ).
)n. 171 ( 85 ). 27 4-23. ' C ~ M. St~lart. of Hope. lhvidaon.
1DL)n. 197 ( 124 ). 7-11-23. 'O/'nncipie; pub. Iondon.
10Idh. Hv. 19 ( 5 ).
LAMBTON BIOGRAPHICAL
Lambton's will, sd. 20-1-23. gives following faots about
surviving members of his family ;previous wills revoked.
"To m y nat ur al son. Wi l l l am Lambt on, I l eave
30,000 si cca rupees, t o b e lodged i n secure deposi t ;
o u t of t h e i nt er & h e is t o allow hi s mot her , Bumme r -
boo, a Moor woman1, 24 rupees a mont h. ...
"To El i za Lambt on, my nat ur al daught er , I l eave
40,000 sicca rupees.
"I possess Gover nment securi t i es t o t h e a mo u n t
of 11.700 s i cr a ni pees. a n d ha ve j ust recei ved a bill
o n Cour t of Di rect ors t o t h e a mo u n t of 6,140,
whi ch I ha ve r emi t t ed home. & I have, beeides,
upwar ds of Rs. 50,000 i n t ~ a n d s of Messrs. Davi dson
& Co., my Agent s hl Cal cut t a. ... st i l l accumul at i ng.
"To Francen. a half-cast woman, nnd the mother of my
natural daughter Eliza, I have settled a pension of 40 Hydern-
bad rupee& or 33 riicca rupees nearly.
.'After providing the above. I leave remainder to be
equally dividcd between my two nephews, Thomas Lyo &
William Lye, sons of 1115. Dorothy 1.j-e of Sod.h Allerton in
Yorhhire. on consideration the!- nllow her a third part of
the income during her Ufe.
"511. L. A. L)nvidsona is appointed Ouardisn of Elizn.
"ln addition I pivc t11 V.'illin~n, my natural gon, my small
Tt,eodolite & ~i l s e r case of3lathemnticnI Instrunients" [473 1.
Probate was pant ed t o :'harles Stllart, Calcuttn, 11-2-23'.
Register of Baptisms. IIio.:e~nn Registry. Madras, given
the following partic~ilors ;
Baptized, 184-lSl0-Name, Willisni I~ambton-Father,
William Lnmhton. Major-cjtation. Pondicberry-Bapt. by
J. G. Holzcrb~rg, mL8y.-Born. 12th J l ~l y lS094ponsors.
[Psre 7 ] Bonnefop, L. CicBp, Miss G6nBvieve Cici.9.
Lambton 11nd upeat Aug. t o Oct. lRO@ a t l'richinopoly
repairing his great theodolite [11, 241 1, and had then
carried his great arc to Cnpr Cornorin. He was in Travan-
corn Feb. 1909, and retired to Pondicherry for work on
reportu and compns. in time ready to welcome young
Willem [ 11, 243 1.
Elim wsa h., Hyderibid, 6-8-19. just after Lambton had
reached Calcutta, and was bapt. 5 days Inter. A eocond
son. John Wm. WBR b.. Hyderibid. 26-12-20. pr. by Frances,
Eliza's mother ; be was hapt. 4-421, and pr. d. young, for
we hear nothing further of him.
Young William may have bcen ed. a t Vepery Academy,
under MI. D. Kerr, of which an ndr. appears in Mad. Qool.
Ooa., 17-4-23'. No record of him exists in records of the
Latvrence Memorial Royal Military School. Lovedale. Nilgiri
Rille, which wee formerly the Military Asylum a t Madras.
He was only just 12 yeara old when he joined his father a t
Hyderibiid and waa appd. t o GTS. [ 3791, probably
working with young Joseph De Penning who was slightly
older [ 385 1.
He wae in the camp at hie father's death,
and Morton writes t o Everest 15-2-23; "I wished also
to ank y011r opinion regarding the late Colonel's non. No
person has been nominated guardian to him. and I suppose
the exerutom must look after him. Do you think i t ndvia-
able that he should remain on the aur\.ey ratabliehment?
He ie very young, and I should imagine the hest place for
him would ho a t school. He in left 30,WMl ru and as
Mr. De-Penning, under whose care he is. t ~ l k s o E v i n g the
anrvey [ 438-9 1. what is t o become of hirn t He is too young
t o take care of himaelf.
"But vou must he the beat judge whst his pronpeets in
t hat line'may be. ... I am than far on my wny to join my
corpa, the 2 Bn. 20th [ MS I ] a t Secunderabad, where I
expect t o hc about the 10th of blerch. I have all thecolonel's
msnuscriptw. which are numerous. Should you think i t
advinahlc for \Tilliam t o return t o nehool. how in his leave
to quit the aurvey t o be procur~d 1"
"Ther e c a n be l i t t l e doubt t h a t William h m been
taker1 a wa y f r om school t oo young, a n d [ h e ] certainly
ought t o r et ur n "'. Though Mor t on here appeam by
n o means unrecleonable. Ever es t had by this time
br oken off corr. wi t h hi m, a n d a series of stiff oifiehl
l et t er s br ought Govt . aut hor i t y t o young
di scharge7 [ 380. 494 1.
Lambt or l ' s eatate became t h e subj ect of a aeriee
of l aw s ui t s i n t h e Cour t of Chancery between 1828
a n d 1832. under whi ch h k chi l dren Wm. and ~ l i ~
siietl Davi dson f or t hei r l egacy, a n d sought an in-
j u~i ct i on agai nst t hei r uncl e a n d couein. Thos. and
Wnl . I. ambt on Lye.
1829. Cuae B-2401. 11-8-30 :-
Plaintiffs ; Wm. & Eliza Larubton, represenbd by their
next friend, Jameu Bathgat@.
Defendanta; k i t h Alexander Davidson with 9
includhg Win. Lambton Lye, Thomu Lye the elder, and
Cl~nrlea Stuart.
" Wm. Lambton the father of the Phintiffn was, st the
time of death. possensed of, or entitled to, a large persons]
estate ; part thereof was then in England. & part in the E.
Indies. ...
"Charles Stuart became, and now is, the sole legal per.
aonal repreaentntive of the Twtator in the Ewt India.
John 3lorton having declined to prove the will, letters of
administration were duly granted in London to L. Alexander
Davidnon, now of Brugm, Netherlands, ... sole reprel~mtrr.
tive in England.
'!At the t i n~e of Testator's death thore wlrs standing in
books of Oovernment &...Bank of England, f 1,006 @a%,
in hands of Fletcher, Alexander & C.A. a large sum ol money
amounting to E .;.MU1 nnd upwards. Further porvleasionn in
East Lndiee ".
Wm. Lnmbton Lye bad lately heen dcclarc?d bankrupt.
His bro. Thomas d. Ikc. 1845. Thcir mother. Dorothy Lye.
wile of Thos. Lye senr.. d. Feh. 1827, leaving her husband
surviving.
"The Pl ai nt i h have frequently applied to Davidson dc
Stunrt to nuke n proper investn~ent of the two legacies of
30.000 sicca rupecs and 40.000 siccs rupees rcnpeotively.
"The Defendants reply that auitable investment hne been
made in India, and that the Residuary Legatees are entitled
t o the whole estate in England, which the Plaintiffs deny.
They atate that Stuart sold all the testator's Covt. securitiee
in the East Indiee and, after meeting funeral expenses eta.,
converted these monies t o his own use, or for his own bene-
fit. ... That tho testator's funda in the East Indiee were not
alono sufficient to nleet the legacies, ... and that ample
funds exist in England to meet these legacies, mhioh are now
in the hands of the Defendants in England.
"Theae are claimed by the agcnta of LT. L. Lye & executm
of Thos. Lye, who refuse to allow any part to be applied to
the benefit of the Plaintiffs, & various sums of money have
been paid out t o them on thin aooount. The PlaintiL?~)
sak for an iniunotion t o re vent anv fiuther uaymmt to the
- -
Defendants.
"The Defendant's [Davidson's] counsel states that the
Defendant was unahlc t o make any investment for ...p roviding
bequest to the plaintiffs. He believes that upon, or very
soon after. tho death of the testator. the said Charles Stuart
posseeaed bimself of all the testator'e estate, & on or about
30th April 1825 Stuart transferred a sum of RE. 21.308 to the
crcdit of tho guardian of plaintiffs Eliza, and o sum of fi.
21.308 t o the credit of Wm. Lambton; a sum ol RE. 6,000
was retained for pensiou oP-, named in the will.
"To t h e best of hi s knowledgo, C. St uar t never
i nvest ed o r appr opr i at ed a n y p a r t of t he eetete,
a n d h e c a ~ o t s a y whet her St ua r t ha t h now...anY
l m ~ h n m ~ d a n [ I. 300 n.1 1.
' Leith Alex. DaviQon ; a d . India 1803 ; d., Calcutta 22- 54, aged 70 [ 11. 393
1.
a Ben. Wills, 1823. 'might reed Limy. 6.4r J. Dec. 1823 ( 007 ). 8 DDn. 91 ( 249 ).
7 BMC. 25-7-23 iDDn. 197 ( 75 1.
probably aolic~tor.
' obvi o~l y Francos. Eliza's mother, pension paid thro' Palrnor & Co.. Hyderibld.
NOTES
LAMBTON
sum of money belonging to t he estate. He hee
received information from C. Stuart, who wee in the
Ewt, t hat t he property of the teatator in t.he East
Indies was insufficient by Rs. 16,000 to satisfy t he
legacies. Stuart desired the Defendant t o remit the
-me out of the monies in the hands of the London
Agents. and this was done in April 1825. The London
Executors, considering t hat this remittance satisfied
the requirements in the East. ... made more incon-
"iderable payments t o the Lye'n on account of their
&area of the reeiduary est,ate.
"Davidson heard in April 1820 that t he firm of
Davidson & Co, h~cludirrg C. St.uart, had in December
1826 become insolvent and stopped payment. where-
by the funda belonging t o the Testator's estate, then
in the hands of the firm. were no longer sufficient
for that purpose, and the question now arose ee t o
whether that part of testator's estate now ul England
ought t o be appropriated to satinfy the leqacias t o
the Plaintiffs. ...
"He my* the Plaintiffs were a t Teatntor's death
in the Eeet Indies, hut after his death they were
Bent to Europe for their education by Ch.
Stuart. to the care of Davidson. and have no other
provision than their profipwtive legacies. The
plaintiff \Ym. Lambton is an infant ; Eliza is an
infant ; Kumrnerboo &. Frances & Stuart are now in
East Indies.
"The Agent8 state that they still hold 3,800 of testator's
estate. They deny that they threaten or intend to pay
over my sunkn of money to the Lye's, unless they hall be
directed to do so by the Court, inasmuch as the funds in the
Eest Indies have failod, owing to the insolvency of 1)nvidson
& Co., & Palmer & Co.'.
"Since arrival in England the Plaintiffs hare ever since
been, snd are now, under the charge of L. A. Davidson for
their education.
"The Court doth Order and Decree ... to take an account
of the pe~onal estate of the Teatstor. & to advertise for all
creditors, ... and that all fun& with the Agenta be paid into
the Court'a Bank. ... The Mnater to appoint a proper pereon,
or pereons. na Ouarclian of Eliza, & to report who haa main-
talned & ed~lcnted ELiza eince the death of the Testator.
and what or~ght to be allowed for elloh purpose ; and similar
information re William".
Order8 i n Choncrry-1830.B-2167 : 4-8-31.
"Wm. bmbton, the Petitioner, ie actuaUy in a nt at a of
destitution. & hee no mesns of support. & hna nothing to
rely on but the naid le#aoy. No oreditors have come for.
ward. ... It was At end proper that the sum of E 'LOO should be
advanced & paid the petitioner pending tho procoedings in
thin suit ; pald out of tho sum of 4.300 standing in... trust".
Odera i n Chancery-18.31-B-246.5-7, 9-&32.
Further dividenrls having been paid by the insolvent
firm. "McKillop & Co., of Calcutta should now remit to tho
Court the s11n1 of Rs. 14,638, or 9,321, together with
interest aocrued.
"Ever since the arrival of tho petitioner in thia
oountry. \vhich waq in or about the year 1824, down
to the present time, he snrl Eliza had beon under the
care of L. A. Davidson, and had heen maintained
end educated hy him. ... navirlson is now residing
at Roulope in Franoo with his family. but is in
the hahit of occtwionally visiting t hk country and, in
the opinion of this Court, the most fit, , % proper
Person to bo appoilrted Guardia~r of Eliza' is tllk
L. A. Davidson.
"Eliza is lrow of the age of 14 yearr. She has no
relations, being the natural child. Davitlson has
maintained & educated Eliza since the death of the
testator a t a coet a~nounting to f 856 ; and it is
recommended t hat E 75 a year he nllowerl for future
maintenance & education. & be paid to Dovidyon
from the income arising from the legacy.
"I t in ordered that the Master do apportion suoh
part of t he dividend & interest between the 3 Plain-
tiffs according to their interest ; such part as shall be
apportioned to Wrn. Lambton [shall ] be from time
t o time ...p aid t o him, from which he will pay t he
amount of Rs. 24 per month to Kummerboo for her
life, and soch part rm shall be apportioned to Eli=
shall be paid t o Davidson, her guardian, for her
maintenance & education during her minority".
Ordtra i n Chancery-1832-B-1207,224-33.
"The Petitioner L. A. Davidson boing about to leave
England for the Ennt Indies, it is desirous that some person
ahould he appointed Guardian to Eliza in his stead. There
remain E 3.029 between Wni. and Eliza".
Order8 i n Cha~eery-1832-B-2657 ; 2-8-33.
"Balnnce, after charging all oosta, now available for
divieion amounts to E 2,900 ;
1.218 plus 18 to William Lambton;
l. 6d plus 24 to Eliza Lambton.
"Proposes George hiundav, of Southampton B e., Chs l l w~
Lane. as guardian of Eliza, k control of her funk".
Under an Older oJ Chuncery. 1829-8-Jd55, 1830. Thomw
Lye and hie son Wm. Lamhton Lye were summoned to
appear, and to settle a claim mnde against them by William
Lnmbton. Thomas was at the time "a prisoner in oustdy
of the Sheriff of Yorknhim", presumably for debt.
The gist of all this appeera t o he that Lambton'm
children were sent t o England in 1824. William bhen
being 15 and Eliza about 5 yeam old. Here they
were provided for and educated by Leith Davideon,
who s e e m t o have treated them as part of his family.
Unfortunately hia Ca1cuLt.s firm got into fins~icial
df i cul t y at the end of 1825, and had to suspend
payment. The London agents, having sent out
sufficient funda t o Indie bo complete the legaciea to
Wm. and Eliza, startad t o make edvencea from the
rasiduery eatate t o the Lye's. Lambton's bro.-in-law
and nephew. Wm. and Eliza appealed t o Chancery
and had these papmenta suspended. mt l their affairs
were then taken over by t he Court of Chancery.
The fillel payments made in 1833 included the
sums rescued from the wraak of the Calcutta Arm,
under whose arrangement they had been mainbined
m d educated for ten years.
We have further infn. nl>out William and El t a
from a most interestinp letter written by Wrn. to
Joshua De Penning in 1834, t hat is pmerved by the
De Pennhg family [ 11. 394 1. I t is given below with
bat few cuts. Wm. - 9 now 24 yeara old.
No. 9 1)uko Street. St. Ja~nes's Street. hndon.
34th Janusrp 1KN.
My dew Mr. De Penning
Since I reopived ynur l.wt letter about two .years and
upwnd* n3o. I hsd writts:i to yo11 three 3r.b-ern1 times, but
whet11t.r the letten r~:bchrd you or not. it is impos~ihlr for
me to any, hut I have novor hcwd rcom you. .Up la46 packet
'Severnl other Calo~~tt~r firma fuilad at this period.
NOTES
father-in.law. Ce or p wee caller1 t o t he bar I a t year,
married, end went out t o the West I ndi a. Five months
after their departure for Trinidwl, tho father-in.law died.
and yhe in now oome into EBnl l a pmr during hrr life. The
l d v is the wido\v of Ceptn. Thomas (:ooch, of t he 47th
Beit., and niece of Sir Thos. Cmooh. Burt.', many yraru
Member of Pllrlialnent for Suffolk.
I n oonscqnenco of this death, thoy will return t o England,
and I am t o live with them-till I get married. If my
fortune prove as propitious RB nly friend ~ c o r g e ' ~ . I may
etdl become a useful mmber of sociel!/. I n my next letter
I shall give you toore news oT this. nnd other proapecta-you
must not be a t all surprisod if you hoar of my marriage !
Fortune is nearly tirod of rnaking a fnntball of me any longer.
If I am not destined t o bo hound in the trammels of &tri.
mony, you ma,y expect t o see me appointad Surgeon t o one
of tho merchant veesele t o Mmlraa.
Remember I I I ~ t o all friend8 who enquire after me. kindesl
love to my mother-tell hor m-na, not will, preventrr me
from assisting her a t present. and aa noon ~. q I atn able ehe
ahall hoar thro' you. Love t o Mrs. Do PenningXaroline-
Eha-Adelaide-nnd all olhrr tcpw comra, and Belien3 me
ever t o remain. My dear . MI . De P e n ~ ~ u ~ g .
yoor* sincerely attnuhed, obliged. & ver effect. friend !
lf'ilrhm Lambla.
P.S. One favor abore inti I Ilave t o request of you is t o
send me my Father' s portrait by Cnptn. Bndretva [ 467 1.
I shall get 'it c opi d hw---and send i t back hy the same
gentleman. You may rnly on his taking nere of it. You
will soe him. 11s I have o~entioned it. I t is the grenteat favor
I can auk. and-OII nry honot-you shall have i t in a 12
month nftcr you mncl it.
What is hecome o l Dr. Morton-l~e hnd my ... theodolite
[470]. I wiah you would find out ... and send i t t o me.
Rememher me t o Joe0 if you write t o him-all Hyderabad
friends likewise-Mr. Ca ma r ~t t [ 385 I-Measr~. Rossenrode &
Ollivor[ 378 F I R Captn. Evoront commanding t hc Survey 1-
Give mo all the news. God blens you aU !.
Joshon De Penning Esq..
Vepery, Jladrss [ 317 1. East Indiea. W.L.
The handwriting snd signature are remarkably like hi8
father's. We do not know whotlror the portrait was ever
m t homo and copied-probnbly not. I t is n pity young
William did not know of the full-size portrait ha~rging a i t h
the R As Soc. [ pl. 22 1.
The records of t he Royal College of Surgeons show t hat
he was admitted member. 1 0 4 3 6 , and give his known
addresses as :-
1837. Sloane Street-lWB8, Rotherhithe-1840, Paradise
Row. Rotherldthe-184.4. George St.. Hanover Sq.-1746.
No. 1 Upper Queen's Buildings, Brompton. where he wae
living a t the time of t he censua of 11461.
Th e Medi cal Di r ect or y of 1852 s hows t h a t h e
became a Li cent i at e of t h e Soc. of Apot hecar i es,
1839, a n d Ired a t var i ous t i mes been
Aeat. Surg. to Mil. Hoap., St. Omer, France.
Surg. in the Brit. Aux. Logion of the Queen of Spnin.
Surg. t o tho Parish of St. Mary, Rotherhithe, and t o t he
M. Subdn. of Polioe.
Member of Wostorn Med. & Surg. Soc.
Contributor of various pnpon t o Luncel, 1837-8.
With thie record wo may confidently olaim t hat his wish
wns granted. and t hat he had proved " a 11aeft11 mutuber
of soaiety ".
LAURIE, John. Mad. Inf.
b. 18-8-1781. d. 20-7-61.
Grieve his wife.
m., JBlna, 1-.%27, Mina Cntharino Fenwioke.
July 1x14, MMI., el. nn [ 11. 321 ] : MarRtha 15'11r.
1817-8, eurvcl. rollto with Mnlcolm'n column'.
LE MESSURIER, George Paul. Bo. Inf.
b. 10-7-01. d. 6-2-62, unm.
Licut. 31)-If I8 ... Lt.-Chl. 2-3-40.
Son of Petor Le Meseurirr ( 1772-1832). mnr. merch.
BO as., and Harriet his wife, dae. of Commodore C. J. Bond.
Bo. Mar.
ed. Charterho~lne.
Oriental Cl f~b.
Bo GO. 19-8-22, att,d. to De c mn Svy. ; no no. 981
1823 ( 192 ). t o bs sur vr . wi t h ellcea. f r om 19-11-22.
J opp r epor t i ng hie work " ext r emel y accunrte, a n d
hi s pl a ns ne a t l y finished" [ 125 n.1 I 1.
no GO. 28-10-23, promoted to Survr. l et cl.; 1825, furl.
t o Cnpe.
183842. Supt yf )ind Svy., making a number of svys.
in Sind and Ba uchrstan [ 426 1;' Agua. Sind Force.
Auth. of Afemorandum on BalucliiaPn'.
LESLIE, James Fraaer. Mad. Inf.
b. 3-7-04. d., Singapore, 31-5-42.
Ena. 133-21 ; Lieut. 1-5-24 : Bt. Capt. 13-2-38,
Son of Rohrrt Wiluon h l i e of Belmont.
1827. survd. route into SiRm ; left 3foulmein in 17-C"7,
vi e 3-Pagodas, carrying lettrrs from Sir Arcliibald Clamp-
bell to Bankok; reached Kambori. 20th hlay-"severe
attack nf fever--anxious t o return by land. but could not
persuade Governor to allow me t o do so-Left i t on the 11th
June for .\lo~~lmyne, bearing letters in answer t o tlrose takun
by me"" 77 1.
LOW, James. Mad. Inf.
b. 4-4-1791. d. 2-5-52.
Ens. 11-ILl.' ... Lt. Col. 31-12-14 : rot. 21-11-45.
Son of Alexander Low. of Kettlo, co. Fife. and Anne
Thoiusnn his wife.
1822, on duty a t Penang. PWI.. compiled map of Indo-
Chineae peninsula [ 80 1.
1824, on outbreak of Burmoee war, deputed IMenvoy to
Raj a of Ligor', on abortive mission t o obtain " co-opemtion
of t he Siameso with tho Rangoon expedition, and eapeciaUp
by means of a Aoet of boatg. ... We sailed on t he 7th May
1824 [from Penang], and pr weded up t he Keddah c oa t .
... 19th; Anohored in Ra n g harbour. ... On t he 1st June
our captain ... stood out of Jnnceylon harbour. ... We return-
ed to Trang on t he 7th June. ... Three onvoys who had jnst
arrived from Lignr onme abonrd "'.
Sept. 1M4. wit11 miasiou to Tenwer i m under Lt Col. Snow.
making svys. to Tavoy. Ye, and MartRban till Oct. 1825;
cnmpiled ma p . 10 C d . ( 30,-9 ) [ 74. 75 n.4. 80 1.
1836. beina stationed a t PWI.. deputed t o report on
Pernk, Nalay~y*.
Continued on pol. duty at. pwr.. oontribnting t o ass.
several papam on Mnlaya, and Buddhist religion; JAYB.
xv. 1840; xvn. 1848.
MACAN, Robert. Asst. Rev. S m . , UIIOOV.
b. 1804-5. d., AllahBbBd, 18-10-30.
Appd. Amt. Survr. 9-7-21.
Son of Robert Macnn, hanker. of Yomy. Ireland. and
Yarearet Oillesoie hie wife : bro. of Clementa Oilleavie b b o e ~
Er.a. 20-7-10 ... M Gen. 28-1 I-.%. [ 1~63- 67 I andbohn ( IUM-ril ? ), both Ben. Inf. ( ' ~odaon ).
Son of Rev. John Lnurie, mininter of Ewes. nnd dnno ed. England or Ireland.
'Sir Thos. Sherlook Qoooh ( 1767-1861 ) ; 5t h Bart. ; OW., I ( 380-1 ) ; W. SuEollr 18OlL30 : hie 1st couRin. a p t . H ~ P ~ J
Robt. ( not Thomas ) Qoooh ; m.. 1822. Eliea. dau. of Samuel Wa th. of Sonthwold, and &p. IS29 ; El ha m.. %d, Ow. M.
eouper. barrister. ' Joseph De Penning [ 379-801. Kaye. d ( 174 ). 4MRIO. 116 ( 3. 34); 100 ( 3, 3 ). JR.48 Soc.
(Bo). 11,1845 ( 130). DDn. 119 ( 2 2 6 ) . 'Malay Peninsula, H0 N.. 100" F. 8 J d YB. VII. 1938 (450. 593-W?) 1. IHXS.
070 ( 171-2 ) ; 1374 ( s a l ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
BTC. 9-7-24 ( 5i-9 ) ; "Is a porson of highly respectable
oonnexions, aud wan intended for the Army. but circum-
stanom have hii11ert.o prevented his obtaining a Cadebhip
or Com~nission , and "having produced mtinfactory proof
of his q~~nlitications, hns heen appointed Awi ~t ant Surveyor"
on Rs. 2-50 p.m.
Posted to Gor~~kllpur Rev. 8vy. ; but owing to outbreak
of Bnr~uese \Vur diverted to mil. service, and eventunlly
accd. Birnie Browne to Burma [ 7 2 , 427 1. On joining
Gorakhpur Srp. 1-1-27, was l i nt reported by Wrought,on,
se "quite inexperienced" hut soon hecame a useful survr.
[ 152, 370 1.
eTc. 2H-9-30 ( 3 - 4 ), on nick lesvc from 23-7-30.
MACDONALD, Roderick. Ben. Inf.
b. 12-4-04. d. 3-3-37 ; U. St. Cuthbert's
chyd. Edinburgh.
Ens. 23-2-22 ... Bt. Capt. 93-2-37 ; furl. 6-1 46.
Son of Alexander hIacdonnld. EM. 43th Ft. and Christian
Meoleod his wife.
ed. Bandburst. H&on 111 ( 127 ).
BTO. 19-1-27, t ho' recdd. f or appt . t o rev. svy.,
coul d n o t b e "spar ed f r om hie corps, a s t her e a r e
el r eudy five office- of ic hol di ng st aff si t uat i one" ;
24-1-28, a ppd. t o Rev. Svy. Sahkr anpur , t ravel l i ng
up f r om Cal cut t a [ 158. 334 1.
30-1-29, t r . t o Sehacrwir.. Bude un [ 154 ] ; 1-3-31.
gr ant ed 7 mo. l eave t o hi l h o n mc. ; BTO. 1-11-31
( 30 ), 3 mo. l eave t o Cal cut t a ; 12-3-32, tr. t o GTS.
MoGRATH, John O'Driawll. Ben. Id.
b., (hvnpore, 8-8-1194. d., 18-8-25,
Ramree, Arakan.
Ens. 1-9-12 ... Capt. 1-10-24.
Son of John JIcGrath ( d. a t sea off Java. 2-S-11 ). Ben.
Inf., and Mary McCahe his wife.
Hodson. I11 ( I:j6 ).
~ I O . 48 ( 35 ), avy. of ronds in Singhhum. offg. a9 awe.
1821-2.
MACKENZIE, Colin [ I, 394-52 ; 11, 41948 1.
Mad. E n p .
b. 1753-4, Stornoway, Lewia I, Hebrides.
dsp. 1-5-1821, on Hooghly R., nr.
Calcutta. BU. Eye chyd. Stornoway.
Em. 104-1783 ... Col. 124-IN.
80. M~dras. 1010-6; SG. of India 141.5-21.
2nd. son of Murdorh Mackenzie, meroh. and 1st post.
master of Stornoway. and Rarbara hi8 wife.
m.. Batavis, 1!3-11-12. Petronella Jncomina Rartele, of
Trincomalee. Cevlon. who m.. 2nd. at Caoetown. 19-2-23.
Robert pag$ FuLher( 1800-91 ), Ben. ~nf..'
CB. 4-8-16 ; FRS. 104- I 0 ; DXB. ; DI E. ; Wilson, HH.,
2ndedn.; JHAB. l ( 3 3 9 ) ; OM. 1821 iii ( 378) ; hio. by W.C.
Markennie, pub. Chambers, Edinhurgh, 1 9 5 .
Portrait, with 3 hbdr ni memher~ of ntaffl. painted by
Thoa. Hickey ( DNB ). Marlrau. 1816 [ pl. 11, 22 ] ; enlarge-
Ineat of head and shoulders, v. pl. 23 of this vol.
,
Arrd. U r n s . 2-9-1783. aa cndct oC Id.. but tr. t o Engrs.
in 17n6 Crom original dnte of 1ut comn.
17R600, vari ous svyu. in Dintligul, Nelloro a n d
Gunt ur - 1700- 2, l l y~or e war , Hy n . ant1 ADO. t o or.-
1792-8. wi t h N~zCtm's Su1) ~y. Forr,e. maki ng svys.
a n d m p s ol' Decr nn, b o ~ n g c;tlletl 81ff for operat i one
at Pondi cher r y untl Cn l ~) ~n h o , ant1 fur Manila expn.
1 Intra. Laknhmainh and Dh~~r mi a, and peon Kistneji [ 11,
14-6-18. Bib. ( 28 ), 64- 10 t o Josieh M~rshnll [ 396 0.2 1.
u me date, MPC. 14-8-10.
[ I, 11 1-2 1-1799, o n engr. dut i as a t siege ,-,fserinEs-
pa t a m, ant1 ma p s f or Mysore Comn. [ 1, 119 1.
1799-1008, i n oh. RIysore Svy. [ 11, 91-121 1 ;
1808-10, Bkmr . hlysore, a si necure post wlrich
al l owed r e ~i d e n r e at Madras, a n d t i me to pursue
geogl. a n d rrchlool. work, wi t h di st ant oh. of caled
Di st s. Svy. [ 11, 152-6 1.
1810-5, SC. Madr as, being absent four yeera-
Apri l t o Oct . 1811, CE. J a v a erpn.-Oct. 1811 to
J u l y 1813. o n speci al dut y. maps. rev. and archleol.
svyn., Java-181 3-15, o n d u t y in Bengal Co1npleting
J a v a r epor t s a n d t ravel l i ng i n Upper Provinoee
[ 11. 135. 293-4. 408. 424-7 1.
MGO. 16-4-15, ar r d. Madr as 30-3-16 t o resume
d u t y as 8G. ; Boo. 1-5-15 a n d xao. 26-6-16, appd.
SG. of I ndi a, wi t h hdqre. Ft. William, but p e mi t M
t o r emai n at Madr as for re-organi zat i on of svya.
Remained a t Madrea till July 1817, making meticulous
examination or past svys. and exiating map, and pl annh
future svys. ; re-organized esta. and accounte, and during
1816 sent out fd. parties under 4ar l i ng to Nmim's
Territories-Ward to Travanoore-Conner to Coog--snd
Yountford to Guntar [ 94-5 1. He writes in Msy 1816;
"Oovt .... have permitted of my having access to all reood
regarding the Surveying Establishmerit. ... I have,..lmM
for articles explanatory of the Surveys, & have carried it
down t o about 1771. I could wiah muoh to be nble to corn.
pletu it till 1896, but the current duties here impode much
my e~ldeavours. ...
"I last woek sent in the first part of cue General Report, ...
the expenae of tho Surveying Department for the last 62
years [ 95 ] ; it was a most laborious job to extraot from
variety of documenb. ... I am ever a t home. from the
neoessity of attellding to business here "'.
The Supreme Govt. made several attempts to haatan hin
move. and in April 1816 provided for him and his hmily in
"H.C.'s Yacht Phmnix". Mackenzie didnot think his reports
would be ready; "I myself applied for the means of a
paasagc, as I was put t o e prodigiouse~pence betwwn Batsvia,
Calcutta, & Madras for p a a g e rnouey. tho' on publio duty.
It would mortify me muoh t o leave this work nndone, on
whioh 1 have beetowed much pain ; i t almost siokena me, but
i t e proaoheu t o a conclusion "'.
$he P h m b mohed Madrun on 21th June, and Msoksnnb
wr i h on 26th ; "The cuptain hee thie morning been with me.
who aoquainta me that he is ordered, ,after surveying the
Pulioat & Armigon Shoals [ I, 102 ] t o give me s p s ~s g s b
Calcutta. He in t o proceed tomorrow on the sumey. ... and
suppoaes i t will take 16 days at leeat. ... I t would be VarJ
desirable to me t o go rather in the Phenix, ae I. ..hsve miled
in her already "'.
When the ship oslled three weekn later Maokenzie miw
t o Criddle [ 74 1, the captain ; "I hope, when it in eon.
venient for you t o land, you will do ns the p l e ~ wo to oOm8
out here t o breakfaat or tiffing [ si c ] : we am alwsys st home
a t these houra. I will this evening call at the Master Attend.
ant'a, a t the offices on the beach, and the tavern, we
if YOU are come on shore, & bring you in the oarriage this
houso, when I hop0 you will do un the plemure to Paus the
evenulg with us.
" I do not think it is possible for me to go off in 10 dsp,
as the public busuleus t o be done requires muoh more time. ...
Your aocnunt of tho Pullioat & Armagon shoals must be
satiwfnotory ... in explaining the nature of theae d ~ g m ,
thnt were erroneously supposed to consist of shirting sonde.
We hope you will be no strangur here while you stay ; You
can seldom mins me of a morning, au I generally am nt home
then"" The Phmnix rotumed to Bengal without him.
419 11.7, pl. zz n. ; 111, 392, 464-5 1.
8 DDn. 166 ( 38, 44 ) : 5
ih. ( 69 1. a9-6-16.
6 ib. ( 72 1, 20-7-16; of. offioiel letter
NOTES 475
MACKENZIE
Time was found for archleology. Ward found hin tenta
on t he benoh near the "Manvillypoor" pagoda, a few
miles south of Madras [ 106 ]I, and in answering 3 letters of
Sim's, Mackenzie writes, 22-7-10 ; "You will roadily g u m t he
08-e ofmy eile~~ce-the old one-much lo do. We had a very
plessantparty lately t o t he Seven Pagodna & have been rather
fatigued, but very well, after it". He w r i h t o Sim again.
14-12-16; " I suppoae you saw Sir A. Johnstone on his way
thro' Pondicherry. I p we d two very p l e ~ a n t dnys with him
at $InvelLipoor [ 481 1. ... The ladies desire their best respecta
to you. I am in n hurry going t o the Rod Hills for tho dny &
tomorrow.
Writn Ine often ; t he oftellor t he better. ...
"Have you ueon Monsr. Le~chellault de l a Tour. a cele-
brnted E'ronch naturelint. We found a t Mavellipoor two very
singuler tiah, consisting al n~ost entirely of Hend ; i t is ralled
by the natives pallashee. I shall e ~~de ur our in a few days
to send you drawings of them for the ge!~tleman. with whom
JOU should get acquail~ted ; you lnav alao mention t o him
that I can send him IL drawin& of a two-headedsnake I lntcly
sent t o tho Asiatic Society, with its description from a Tau~uU
work [ 272 y. I wkh y,;u would usert yourself t o get me old
. . -
ooins".
He writes from Sevcn Pagodas, 5-1-17. to advise the
COW. of l h "conling so far out of town for 7 or 10 days.
The Doctor reconl~nendod a whole month, as o weahless of
stomach rendera some change of air & rell~xntion neoessary.
but I must he in by t he l l t h, o ~ r necount oC t he Europe
ehips & various buainoss. Indeed, I I1nr.e thoughts of running
in tomorrow night, UI which cwo I Inny call on you on
Tuesday. & then COIIIO back on the night following t o enjoy
this cool plenaant air for t he rest of t he week. I t would
be a pi t j t o take Xrs. .IInckenzie away from i t sooner, as I
oonaider i t bel~cficial t o us all"'.
From JIndras, 21-3-17; " I have hcon out of health &
spirits for sonle time. ... I returned lately from Pullicat,
where I had spent a fortnight on account of my health".
And to his doctor. shortly before leaving ; " I owe you for
medical attendanre ... thle iaet twelve month, wherein t he care
of my frnll person must have tou oftell broke upon your
convenience. Be pleased t o accept of tho encloqed "'.
Havi ng be e n wi t hout prof. advi ce s i nce t h e depor t -
ur e of Cr awf or d i n Dec. 1816 [ 11, 393 ; 111, 300 ].
t h e Benyal Govt . agai n asked Msdrm, 1C 2 -17, t o
uive " ever v facillLv t o Li e ut e na nt Col onel Blacl<enzie
-
in br i ngi ng t h e l ocal dut i e s t o a n r a r l x Lermina-
tionMs. Thoy followetl t h i s u p 6-5-17, b y osl i i ng
t ha t h e s houl d "t al t e a d v a n t a g e of. ..the expect ed
u r r h a l at Madr aa of t h e Sophi a nur veyi ng vessel...
whi ch car r i es Si r J ol m Mal col m o n hi s r ot ur n t o
pcur Pr esi dency.
" Li eut enant hlnxfield r 11. 429 1, will ... r o n v e y t o
Bengal at as ear l y a per i od a s possi bl e t h e Colonel-
wi t h hi s f ami l y, baggage, a n d s er vant s , a n d s uc h
of t h e doc ume nt s a n d records-...find s nc h p e n o n s
( a n d t he i r fami l i es, et c. ) of t h e office-...as t h e
Colonel ma y deni re t o br i ng r o u n d i n hi s sui t e, o r
a s t he r e ma y h e r oom t o aocomodat e "@.
Aft er mu c h bus t l e a n d consideral,le t r oubl e.
Mackenzi e secur ed J o h n I t i ddel l [ 11, 439 ] f or ch. of
t h e offirn. nnrl nailed i n t h e Soohin 17-7-17. Hidtlell
F o r e ~ l c h omi ssi on8 h e r equest ed m e t o mekn apol ogi es
t o hi s fri ends, a n d moat especi al l y t o you. H e will
t a k e t h e ear l i est oppor t uni t y of w i t i n q t o y o u a f t e r
hi s ar r i val UI Bongal "'.
To Mackenzie 11e wrote the same dny; " Remembr me
most !&idly t o f i n . Mackel~zie n ~ ~ d Bnrtelg. I am
quite dull aince you left me ; never go out, and wander up
and down t he large house without knowing where to eettlr".
Again. 3-8-17 : "On Saturduy I move into the house fornerlv
occupied by you. I hove taken i t for eir months, end am
always t o hnve two months notice if deaired t o quit. The
sale of your property takes plnce ou Wednesday t he 13th.
and t he houne is immediately t o be repaired. There hne
been a good deal of disputing betweon Kistnnjce and the
bntler [ 318 1. The letter had. i t appeaw, carried off some
articles to which he had no right. They are now, however.
restored, and all in right. ... I have not n word of news for
Mrs. hfackenzie. ... Nr. Bell. t he Collector. died after a day's
illnew on Tuesday1. His loae will be a severe blow t o t he
General. All t he great people 11ax.e left Madrm"lo--sn
exodus t hnt was probably due t o the Martitha war.
Again, 1-17 ; " I ... congratulate you upon the happy
termination of your voyage. I trust you will be benefitted
by t he effect of the sea sickness". ... Your furniture has
sold ... very wall. Kistnnjee attended regularly. I t may
amune Mrs. Lfackenzie t o see the oatalogue. ... I have alao
forwarded some pape re... from Mr. De Nieasels. and some
pumice stone from Captain Troyer [ 11, 447-8 1. ... I rmver
saw a person more attentive than...&. Binny has beenu.
He wes almost constantly a t yow house, and took great care
of everything. I shaU. I am afraid. be a good deal in your
debt for furniture, eto.. hut I trust t o clear i t off gradneu .
"As I suppose you still care eoough about ,WBB to {&e
t o see the Coast General Orders, I enclose those received sin-
your departure. ... Any other thing you want will be immedi-
atelv sent"".
$ackenzi el s repl i as a r e equal l y c ha t t y.
H e writes.
Cal cut t a, 18-8-17, t h a t h e h a d r eeched t h e Hooghl y
24th Jul y [ 317 1. " We l anded her e o n t h e n e x t even-
i ng in o u r o wn house16, wher e we wer e i mmedi at el y as
comf or t abl y s i t ua t e d as i n t h a t w e h a d l ef t at Medras
o n t h e 17t h. onl y n o t s o l o y e 8s t o a d mi t t h e Office.
"Since...our a r r i va l I h a v e be e n no incessantly
occupi ed i n ar r angi ng ... t h e otlice & e s t a bl i s hu~e nt
her e [ 3x0 ]-in ... communi cat i ons wi t h t h e offioes of
Qovt.---& i n pa yi ng 8 recei vi ng vi si t s o t t h i s popul ous
Pr esi dency, whe r e we h e v e ma n y ecquai nt nnc-
excl usi ve of t h e neoeasery a t t e nt i on t o otlicial a u t h o -
rities--that I coul d no6 si eae o n e moment . t i l l t hi 9
mor ni ng, t o wr i t e y o u o r a n y ot he r at Madr as.
"On hoard ship I was eiok t he whole p-e. & had
neither room nor ability t o write. nor scarcely to read. ... I
would have preferred myself having had tan d a p more a t
Madras ; ... there was no absolute neaessity for ooming round
mrly. The Governor General had left this some time befom
I left Madras ; & ia now arrived a t Patna. ... All t he ofioinl
people have shown every di s pi t i on t o facilitate my entry
into t he dr~t i es of t he ofice. with t hat d- of hearty good
e l l k oonfidence t hat i~lepirea mutual confidence".
Riddell wrilea 8-9-1; ; "I ... mn wi l v wnoeive the load of ~~. .... _ ___- _ -
wri t i ng t o GRr l i ng ; " ~ o l o n e l ' M~ c k e n z i e e mba r ke d
busin- t hat muet for 8 long time OP P ~ W You. I am glad
yerrterday for Fort William. For gome tilne pmviouu Your
so to be comfortebl~ ho'md ; a very
essential circnmstanca. I find. for getting well through busi-
... h e wa s v e r v mu c h engaged. a n d h a s b-n obl i ged
,I-. ... YOU friends enollire conehntlv aRer vou. Give mr . - -.
t o l eave unani wer et l ma n y l e t t e n f r o i n e v e a quar t er . beit rcmembrancos t o AIR. Mackeneie A d & Bart&"". '
' Ruins of Mnhnrelly-pnoram. Roriah. Dee. 1799; DM Addl .W. 20324 ; aoldingham. AaR. V ( 69-80 ) ; of. I mp (&. SSI I
( 182-5 ), an. 7-P IDDn. 166 ( 102 ) cf. Aa R. XI11 (329). V a ~ m o u ~ Snakw. ' to Y ~ ~ h l r l l ; DDn. 156 ( 11 ). 4ib.
( 114.131 ). 5 - 1 7 IBMC. 8 1)Dn. 142 ( 91 ). 'DDn. 151 ( 71 ), 18-i-17. BJulia BartoLP, Mrs. Y.'J sister.
'Wm. Bell ( 1188-l8l7 ) ; MCS. 1807; d. St. Tboa. Mt. 30-7-17.
'ODDn. 161 ( 13-7 1. 3-8-17. 'LA w ~ U reoognbed panaa~.
"F. a. De Noize, Supt. Nativo Infirmnry ; helped with Dutoh t ms. "Binny & Co. still a great businem house 100 y-
Istor. I' DDn. 151 ( 19-33). "engaged from Jan. II)lE [gro]. 11DDn. l5G (200). " DDn. 151 ( 31 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
Maukeuzie still kept up Giendly corr. with Le~nbton, [ 11,
115-21 ; 111, 465-6 ] and writ- from bladrau. 3-5-16 ;' "I
sometimen thought of yonr operationnat Delhi' & how desir-
able i t would be t o hove the serim carried up from Cape
Comorin to the mountab~s nortll of Delhi. The Country
about Delhi & as far aoutl~ an tho first part of Bundelcund &
Malwa would bc highly fnvourablo & within our power.
but I spprehand the difficulty would be from then-, about
from N. L. & 26'. t o crow the country in the hands of
the petty chiefs & native prinoes, under a jarring, unsettled
government. so far as 12llichpoor. Tliese are the diffioultiea
I apprehend mther than from nature.
"You ask when do I go for Bengnl & who has charge of
mv office a t I a d r u . ... My detention a t Madras will be
oi l y till I can complete the General Report here, part of
whioh is done. A Yacht. the Phcanix, is coming round, nn
whioh I expect a passagea [ 474 1.
A yeer later 16-7-17 ; "I am quite in a hurry, about t o
embarkonThursday the 17th forBenl(n1. All are inmovement
here, one way or other. The first aooount of your proceed-
from 1800 t o 1RV7, ha8 never found its way into this
o ce, & will be probably wanted, as well a9 a general churt iT9
... of dl your trinnglen, as referenom are sonletimes made
[ 116,237 ] ; ... for instance, the last year for the position of
TeUicherry & Nah6, which was neoousary in a disouasion
about the French Territory [ 113 1.
"Your friend Lieutt. Riddell in a t laat appointed in tho
chargeof the Department fore time, a t my pnrtioular request.
... I owe your letters of 11th & 30th May & 4th Jtdy 1810.
which are now before me 1465-6 1. ... Let me have t he
pleasure of bearing from you UI Bengal. & if you should ever
6nd i t convenient t o go t hat way, you may be ed I shall
be always glad t o meet an old friend"' [ 4661.
Thi s pereonel friendlineaa d i d not pr event occa-
si onal i rri t at i on over Lambt on' s proposela for hi s
staff, end jealousy of hi s regerd for Garl i ng [ 11,
115; aI. 116, 343, 379, 450 I.
He writas t o Riddell. 27-12-17 ; " I t is unfortunate that
the Govr. Genl. is up the oountry & God knows when he
oen return. You nee the whole world is br arms aguinst
ua. Surely this is not the time for underteking new grand
projects. Lambton'n propositions to this Govt. I have wen
r 225-6 1.
I t amtears t o me stranpe that Ile should be propos-
hg k c 6 ertengve plans when i i would appear that'he-hss
views of going home [ 466 1.
"I conour in your idea t hat a-is tho man [ 343 1, tho' I
think it strange that, after the delicacy I have observed with
Lambton's establishment, he should engage for anv person
in my establishment witbout some previonn communioa.
tion. ... Of Poonah and Nngpoor you must know before us.
Holkar, i t is said. shows signs of disaffection ; & Scindia.
I suppose, only by being ~urrounded [ 83 1. Thia rery
day comes notice of anow & unexpected invoxion by S~l het
[64-5 1. ... and this is the time t o extend the Trigonometrioal
Hurvpv t h ' an immeuse countrv in that st at e? What --. .
folly [ 223.304 ] !"6.
)lackenzle spares a letter for Mountford. now in ah. in
Guntfir ( 0 6 1 : "Perham vou mav think me inattentive in
.- - . . "
not replying to your soveral fnvoura, but. upon my word, I
could not help it. I t would be vain to offer any excuse now.
the plain fact is always best. Ever sinco my arrival bore,
I have bero kept in such a continual ntnte of agitation and
bustle, both by the duty of arranging a new office, by re.
movals of houac, and bg necessnry privnts intorchange of
civilitica in a new place, that I have ncver forgot what I
owe frienda. ... Even my official cnmeapondence hm h n too
much retarded ; bnt i t is tu be hoped nll this will be remedied
or n1y constitution oould not Iear tho Inbnr"'.
In spite of his heavy duties in Calcutta, he continued to
keep a tight control over offioial work a t Madrsa, and
~nei nhi ned t he warmeat interest in tho welfare of hie
em
ployem, whether dmn.. aurvrn.. or Madresi interpretern .,d
olerks. Riddell's letters came a t leest once a week, hot,,
oPcial and private. He writes 13-7-18 ; "I trust the
spprentioea'. erambulators, and h m compesaes, arri rd
in safety. d t h e mangoaa I have no hopea. Them i h u
an apprentice of yours here ; I shall keep him reedy if you
want him. There are, I am sorry t o say, amaU hopas of
Newman [ 312 ] ; he had lately a fever and was. on its cssahg
sent...to Pondioherry and Cuddalore merely for a ohsnge oi
air. Ramaswemy's busin -...goen on well [ 391 ]I.
Ieokelizie wsa gmatly dintreand a t RiddeU's deeth
[ 318 1, but found a worthy successor in Mountfod, d t h
wbom he was eq~lally cordial. He writas to hie old
Kistnaji. 8-11-18 ; expressing setisfaction with his "conduct
partioulerly to Mr. Riddell in hie lest illneau, and your atten:
tion to the offioe after hie deeeese. You am now under
a very good mut er , for I hope Mr. Mountford wi l l consider
you an useful servant. ... Encorlrege tho poor old J U ~ ,
Durmiah [ 11, 356 : pl. zz n. : 111,391 ] ; his son is well"'.
He writse frequently about material for his collm.;
on 32-2-19. " 1 cannot conceive how the translations ym
mention from Vnlentyn lo... came to remain. I suspect t hq
have been part of what Mr. De Neisse sent in to poor Riddell
[ 475 0.12 1, and t hat they were forgot. I have been miming
them, and about t o employ a Dutch translator here to fill
np the choem. ... I do not undenrtand why the funeml
expennes of poor Newman have not beoo paid ; whether them
be a balance due t o him or not, be has just claims on me.
and u t he poor man hm loft no family, there should be l w
difficulty. Do me the favour, then, My Dear Mountford, to
take this affair in hand"ll.
Agnin, 4-3-19 ; "I enclose you lettors for my poor old
servants. Kistnajeo, Bahoo Row, and Appoo". ... I consider
Kistnajeo as a useful. valuable, servant and. considering the
great saving effected. ... and t h ~ neceaaity of having the
instruments, books, and papers, well attended to. I conceive
hie employment about the offic~ on a pay superior to what
he had before might be fully justified, under the denomination
of store conooply [ I, zgo 1, or otherwise. ... Hie 20 yearn
aervioe with me ought not t o be forgot".
23-3-10 ; "Now t o your pr i vat e letters. I thank
you sincorelv f or t h e l i t t l e heads of newa. ... I f YOU
wr i t e t h e m i n a s epar at e l et t er i t m8y be more
conveni ent ; ... b u t yo11 r nr ~ut not p u t yournelf t o
expense of post age, ... for-all your correspondence
wi t h m e ari si ng f r om our offlcial interconme--it
woul d b e unj uat t o aubj ect you t o what no other
pemnn in l i ke oircr~rnntrtnces bears.
I would without
hesi t at i on e n c l o ~ e t h e m i n t h e official covw.
"You will coneider this a great effort ; all in my o m
proper hand too ( no great favour t o your eyea tho' 1".
-19 ; "I want t he following articles, which I beg you
will forward by sea, as soon as possiblo ;
" 1. A set, or even two sets, of camp tablea, such as were sent
some time ago. with ends complete, t o aewe for office orcamp.
"2. A camp oot. ... I oan get none here of the kind.
"Nrn. Mnckonzie wants one or two pots of Alamparwa
pickled oysters, nnd one of best tamarind fish. In my
next I will furnish you the pecuniary oniers. I couldwieh
you to send me monthly an account balanced, how thecash
stands, for you must not advance a rupee on my a o o o ~ t ;
we are all subjeot t o the Cholera Morbus. you know"".
4-7-19 ; "I am entirely in want of Madru news, and look
for a gazette from you soon. Why did you not send me
t he catalogue of Mr. Roas'sl' books ? ... All catelogu~
should be sent...ns professional books are sometimm in
them. ... Tho oheat of books ... nrrived three days ago.
I
lreplying t o Lambton's of 9-1-16 [465 1. 'our only ref. t o Mnckanzie's visit t o Delhi 1814-5 [II, 4261.
'DD"
166 ( 35-43 ). 'ib. ( 134 ). lib. 27-12-17. ' DDn. 154 ( 135 ). 7 Mncpherson & Sohonclw [ 360 n.1 1.
DDn. 161 ( 228 ).
' VDn. 140 ( 23 ). " Dutoh geographer [ I, zrr ] 11 ib. ( 41 ). l'eleowherc, " Appoo tho Christian'' of. JAb'B. VI1,
( 10.5-31 ). APPBVII. 1' ib. ( 49. 61, 64 ). 1'Chaa. Rob$. Roes ( 1 7 ~ ) - l ~ 1 6 ) NCS. [ 11, 362 1, son of MQen. Patr~ok Roan*
jlad. ~ngr n. i l , $2 1. cl. Mmolipatam. Zlnv. 1810.
hope tho rest of the sms. h t i n c d for the College will arrive
r ~ i n g fur what \ran ncvar done hfnro ( certlticates ), ? of
d t h Howoll and the apprentioe" [ 374 J.
hem in one day, ah ~f on pnrpone M annoy. h b I u t p i b l e
9-8-19 : "1 am j118t off t o P u l h h l t o reside for for mortal man to reply to all ths6c''C
some t i me for mv heal t h. I will b e down n e a t week.
He to Mountford two reekr Iatw, 21-1 1-18. "Pult.h ;
i n d hear dai l y f r om 6110 omce".
1 but just returnod from CPlcuLta, which J wa y ~ wl. rno
aome days to replace my papera in order. ... My health im
13-8-19 ; "lta ; "I "I' here a(1vice
much bottor, but I am overloded. I wish I hul you. or th6
t he medical me n o n Xonda y Iwt, a n d i t b nems-
like of voc~ f willing and candid and able 1 nsdr me". OM.
, - - -
berv t o a h b i n from bueinees aolne t h e longer. I ma v oaaly riyde'wan n g his ideal ASQ. j ?nq 1.
- . . . "
a d v i e you now t h a t I have ~ o t your several Iobtera,
26-11-18; "Permit me...tm req;& h u to purehaw &w
Public and private, ... to sll of which I to
me the new Alrnnllac fur the euul ng car the moment 11 Lm
mply. ... I cannot at present ent er i nt o any".
out, and sant it t o me on a c r w : a i o the latost Md r m
Army List, M there are great chan~bn by mrnovsh and
20-8-18 ; P a l t a ; "Mv r er nuvd out to t h b d a c e w u p l t l ~ ~ . ...
hm h d t hn happi est offmt. It was near 20 days
t h a t I r oul d n o t wr i t e o not e f r om lassitude a nd
a e a k n e s ~, dde d t o tllu he a t of t h e weat her.
I wlla
obliged bu go i nt o Cal cut t a on JI onday lust. a nd e h c e
I came back I am very nlrrc~ll bet t er. I wlll graclually
resume t h e r'oneiderntlon of busl new. ... Do not, urge
nor a nt ~c i pa t e evil ; your conduct In t he charge hae
b@n very eatisfactory to me ".
Acknowledges "the choab of mas.. in ahiab we hund the
three boUles of opetm, eta. ... Mrs. hfaolreneie telbr me
the oyatera md fiuh are very gourl, and a e all des~re t o have
another cargo of them before the season 18 over. You can
bend thom with the tables, cob, etF.. if posslble In one cargo
te ssve t buhl e ; but ... I (runt thnb yon duke poor aervant
keep an account of the expanws. and do not lose a fanam
by our commisa~ona. I beg [ 108 11.4 1.
Some time ago I requested Mossre. Binny k Co. tq send
on tbd plan of my house. ... If It cbuld be sold a plan would
ie dwlrahle. ... Riddell wrote me onoe that the houle he
waa in a t Vepery wad getting out of repair, snd I Ww on
the point of direotiq him to oouupy mine. ... His dmt h
p e n t e d it. If you could yet it rented by Government. ...
should still have no oblect~on, but nn adequate rent must
be granted, and the house kept In order"8.
Few conntitublona can dt and up t o $he Cal cut t a
cl i mat e year af t er year w~ t h o u t di l t l ng, a n d
Meckenzie's let6ers a r e mo m a n d mor e filled by
eecounbs of hi8 aches find pains.
He mates to Mountfod, again from Palta, 7-10-10,
apologining for delay In writlng [ 3x9 1; " Thta Is not so
much owing t o ill-health, as t o the intolerable load of nhlio
business thrown on me here. It will he corrected ere Eng I
trout. ... bfy health is very much improved, but in the
forenoons D degree of unusual mertnass prevails owing, I
think, to the effects of the medrcine. The weather has
been lately verp close, sultry, a d rainy-unwholesome a t
Calcutta-many of aur acquaintances dled. or are now eiclr.
Mrs. Mnckenzie is well, and thankful for your remembrance.
"Write me once a week, confidentially, clear of all parish
bnsinass"8.
The t i resome det ai l s of t h e wor k i n Bengal never
intereeted hi m ~e wor k ha d done in Madr as ; h e
knew har dl y one of t ho survrs. in person. H e waa
now 08 yeam of age, in poor heal t h, a n d worn b y t h e
t r yi ng cl i mat e [ 442 1.
He Wrtes t o one of the God. seoretaries, 6-11-19 ; "I
really ... so overpowered with ... referenoes, t hat it h
impossible fot mortal man to get thro'. ... There is a lihert
m m e d in eome of the distnnt rovininaes t hat seta all r ug
and mgulnrity a t dofiance, and 1 muat ever regret that I
a nnot have time t o submit ~t to... Government as I am so
my h interrupted by mattere of detail r 303-5 1.
I have no less than 6 lottars from the Civil Auditor
"While I am hurrping this OR, I am annoyed by r MI*
leg, end obliged to get OR to my coucb. I wan in b wn for s
dny on Snturday, and hurried off to receive nome blen
hew-n member of Council and Sir Stamford RsfRm ,1181
come in from Benooolsn [II, rg5 na, qz7J-thv left me
thin morning. I aumpeet the Labtar baa hu own laoublw bb
get thro' from the differences with the Dutuh and P e n q
Qor nmme~t . ~. ... All, great and low, have their troubles.
and we little men shollld not complnin if' wo have oar
share : tho only remedy is bo move on in tranquilitv. guldod
by truth nnd intrprity b the besl of our judgement, aqd
avoiding aU Intrigue nnd ohicanery ; tJua will console -4
support us, lot what will happene.
31-11-18 ; "\V11y don't you send ma your printed rat..
loguea of books ? I want rather old and rnrrious boob ; rs
get all the new ones from England".
18-2-20 ; "I am afinid for some time you have been too
cnutious. ... which, considering my atebe of honlth. uuu uo
douht prudent, but had any accident occurrel t o me your
private letters wt1111d be delivered to you, as they nre doekd-
ed, nnd wfthoot rending. All my privnta l d t e n t o p6m
Riddell were in this manner, by hla rpni al dudre, made up
snd sent t o me in one parcel, md I even take plea~ua in
Ionking still at aomo of hir. ...
"God blem you !-we leove Pnlta in a few da s. nnd if I
oan get, extricated from a load of unpleasant mattar. I ahdl
avail myself of the Sandheads', perhaps, t o go thorough
into the Madraa business. and dsd bring Captain Oarllngl
representations forward. ... involving even pour own eppoirl+
ment [ JIB]'.
1-3-30; Cdcutta ; "I came in here 3 days q o to dw-
padeh what we are sending in for the yesr [ 3191, and I a i
worried to death, but your busineaa will bc taken in hand
before I leare town".
21-3-20 ; "I have been laid on my back these 6 day8 by
a tenoion & inEammation of the teudons of the right leg and
thigh, which hae now lert me, excepting a slight teneion of
the ankle. The chief inconvenience waa that for si r day.
I have been prevented sitting a t the dask t o write"'.
-20; "P~rlta. I am all in a hurry, leaving t hk l aw
t o go into our house to Caloutta, whither the ladies Lve
gone in three days ago. Most al my papen are off, and I
h o p to be in mpelf nftor paying my mapecta to the Governor
Qenaal tomorrow at Barre~kpore' ~. I t will be several day0
before I cnn get my books and p p a m ~ g e d s t Wcut t e.
where I shall eudesvour t o bring up some of the arrears".
7-4-20; "Pnlta. I chiefly IrR my oouoh in order k
apprise yon t hat when I WM in Caloutb lately I receivad
your eevernl packog~".
P.S. "The above was wrote the day before I laft hit..
and I hsve heen evor eince so exosasivdy employed in bwi -
n w , or h a m e d by illnem, or l ~ngour, thab I oodd net
wdte. ... My writing ia a, illegible tbt I now employ s
writer to copy i t oB. Meantime I have had UI immslw
load off my shoulders in the trensmbion of the wveml
volumes nnd maps to Europe.
' A ~Bw miles above Bnrrackpore ; now site of umplng At i on and filters for Calcutta water supply.
' D h . 149 ( B(M )-
'DDn. 119 ( 03 ). D n . 1 ( I l l . ' ~ t u m f o d ~ ~ f B e s ( 1781-182f1). under whom Maokenda worked in J. V. (11. (131;
bib 4mcalties with CD. o. Dreivitt ( 124 )
aupt % ( 1 1 6 0 ).
a DDn. 184 ( 97 ).
vat month d Hooghly. Dh. 140
( 111 ). 'DDn. 136 ( 174 ).
'@The OQ. had a country midence in whsb is now Barrackpme Park.
"I am goi ng t hi s d a y [ 8t h May 1, t o embark in,e To oantinue Mackenzie'a lettars to Mountford-I-%
Pi l ot v-el f or t h e Se n d h e a h , and event ual l y f or
'IAn I am muoh
to feu. I *Ill hbve y m
J a p h n a u t 0. ~ n r i I, Y t h e uvm will p m i t our
~ ~ ~ , 4 2 b ~ ~ 2 7 ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ h p ~ 2
bailing. I f so. I me y et ay t her e 20 clap. ...
auppose you will have Sir Thomoa Munro with you awn (14
meherno hs a been in egi t at i on for s ome t i me, b u t t ho' 433 1'. ... Bsboo Row is a plague ; he must haye
nredic-al men a n d mv fri ends urKed i t ever g k c e
t 391 1. .-. MY agerlta Are He-m. Palmer & Co. [ 4g2~t i ence
- - - -
16-8-20; "When I wro te... I wan much hurried
January. I coul d n o t a - m t i l l 1 coull(1 ge t lnmY
&nnre,j, and bi ng o ~ l ~ d
g o i u b my plmquin IU
mat t er a o u t of hand. t h a t t o l eave wd o n e ~ o u l d be
..,,ing of the 2 b d , as my tente had
b d y lent
i nconveni ent t o individua1s"l.
off ta Kinamc. 20 mileave.
He st ayed at F~rd mor e t han 4 mo ., atill t he change
di d hi m good ; h e was by n o rneans ~ ~ l l e , and kept in
touch wi t h survre. i n al l part * of Tndln. As usiial,
moat of hie corr. wont t o Jfr, unt ford at Mnrlras.
4-8-20; "bhl l ade, 7t h covs nor t h of Ganj nm. ...
We I m~d e d on t.he 2 h d ul t i mt ~ at J a g g e n ~ n u t t hro' A
hi gh muf, but mom danqer or ~q Car wa n t of good bout8
a n d boet meri t ha n f or it,s violence : at h f a d r e i t
woul d he t!:ouyl~t I ~ r t l e ur. Si nce t h a t I ha ve
been j ounl eyi ng e.huut el onz t:ra co.~.gt, mid find t h e
benefi t of this, nnd of t h e so,$ ah. naruci hrooze, el ready,
nlld hope ... I s h a 3 mt u m t o Cni ~r : ~t t a wi t h renewed
heal t h. Tho 1.11-1it~is.9 of t he eCiice...i.q carried on
meant i me b y t h e w%i st ant , Li.?~t. Hyde, b u t ... for e
mont h or s c ~ ... di roct al l Iet t em for me. otticial a n d
pr i vat e, st J n g g c r r ~ t ~ h . ... I brougl t t a!l your 1utt.ers
f or n 1or.g tbit:.n barlc \?Lth mo. ... i'lt,enrlir,p ( U' I c a n
g e t t ho uso of a bungal ow t he re... ) tk) he abl e t o go
i nt o dl ar r ear s of office bi~qine;,a ill quar t er .
"Dly absence is wi t h t h e @:itire cone-menco of t h e
Gor nmor General t hr o' whose indulgence I wea
favoured wi t h t h e USAT of t.he J u n e pilot vessel".
A t Purl MwP?neic was in tonrll with Ruxton r 412 1.
- .- -.
who writes from Cuttack, 14-6-20 ;"I hare a house and peoplo
hero very much at your r~rvi re. ... I urn sery glad you
continue to deriso bcnvfit from the sen air and bathing, and
ea there are no mlch breczcn t o be inhaled in Calcutta ...g ou
would act wisely to prolong your risit. ... With regard t o the
best node of rcturning. ... ono of the vessels which Made
to thin plece will furnish tho beat. ... When I left Cut,t.aok
last rains, I arrived at the relwel with all my baggage and
servants in 24 hours, haring taken a boat from hence, and
sailed down with the current. ... Should you, hovbever,
prefer going by dawk, I can ptepare a aketoh of the routes,
with their distances. ... Major Irraser2 tells mc he haa sent o3T
a palanquin for you, which I hope will get safe.
"I picked up several specimens of the different so& of
rock which compose the hills I have beon up, and they aro
much at your netvice. They are not very remsrkable"'.
21-8-20; "I ... with much plearure accept your kind
invitation to Poo-me for a few dayn. Your journey to the
southward wlll probably oocupy you till the ond of the week ;
therefore I propose being with you next Bunday morning, if
that day will be convenient. ... I am much ol11ige.d by yonr
bind offer of your Learem. ... I shall instruct the apprentices
t o repair to tho plaoe appointed, and survey to Bhohaneuhur
and thc vicinity os you aL11 [ 17-9, 481 1.
22-9-20; "Anything t hat I can do for you in Cuttack,
dt her in getting boats, shoes, or aupplies of any kind, you
will...eoq unint me wi&. Wishing you a plcuant trip to
Manickpatam, & happy riddolice of the ... rrcmunb; m d
emery benefit froru t he sea, breeze end other luxuries of
Pooree"'-
27-8-20; "Pooree. Permit me...to thank you for out
aeveral oommunicntiona of the p. ~si og eventa. ... which Lte
'been more gratifying to me as I have had so little fmm
ot hen at %dram. ... I had t o regret the failurn of the h o d
of De Friw7, whioh I find every day affw &..my Coromandd
friends. ... Tho lrequont deaths, also, have given me great
ooncern in the loss of br . Stuart" 1)r. Jnbba, and very lsblp
Mr. J. H. Travera, a much valued friend. ... I oould wiah to
h o w nome thing of tho h t two ; I see s hovemat W$
p r o p d by Dr. Stuart's friendd. I would willingly joiniq
the contnbutron if not too late. ...
"Your account of t he s t onn r.n the 10th May
intarestins. ... I left Calcutta. on 9th. and while we
l ey at Kedgeree till 14t h. wi t h what I oonsided
onl y a fresh breeze, we aaw aevnml vessels come in
from s ea t h a t had suffered nloro or leas darnsge.
We, h d , however. not an u n ~ l w a n t peseage tho'
worki ng t o wul dwar d and L%&u>g often till t b
22nd May. ...
"I m ~ d e some excursions t o Cuttack, t o the
Chilkn Lake. a n d t hence t o t hq Black Pegode Deer
t hi s, b u t al wnys qui ckl y returned for t he benefit of
t h e aes air a nd mu bat h, Which hea proved ve j
beneficial. Some t hought I ~ h o u l d not have remein-
ed dur i ng t he mi n~ here, but t h e e xue r i mnt shewn
-
h o w amonecue t he i dea was, ea I have found i t ie
d r y dur i ng t he rains. and al l Cal ci ~t t a recommended
m y n o t ret urni ng till t hei r sickly seasan is peat.
"I wan down at the Carrow wreck about 22od July, and
~ R W the remains mashed into inuulnerable pieces. ... How
she came there was tbe wonder, a3 their pmtion the night
before was estimated so far to the eastword of thet place;
the current probably hod thrown them iluperceptably out d
their estimated oourse. I was abnent at that tlme at a
re~narkable place, Bovan Iawar, on the 5th, but had an
opportunity of seeing the suflerars, arid among them sn
acquaintonce. On my return 14 otl~rers and 80 men were
aaved, and about 20 wore lost, including the master and p
sick Artdlery o5cer.
"I was lad t o Bnd your house had escaped so well in tbe
storm, aa? understand mine did also. Soine of the trees
would, of course, sulfer, but the remainder will probably
flourkh more next senson, at lenst I found so in 1807. ...
"I observe the aovernl changee and n~tdden appointmenh
previous to the lato change of Governn~ent. I dare nay they
wero interesting enough t o Mr. Elhott's frrendslq. ...
suppose he would have receired the customary m& showv
to hrm of respect a t dopartwe. .. The good aople of bl gbas
are seldom behrnd in thoir testinlorues 07 regret on the
departure of a tolerable Uovernor. If he has done juehce to
the intorest of hie emqloyem and of the pubhc, the disssth-
factian of obscure i~rdivrduals wr11 bo of less import. I must
own I did not expect to see your pupers tecmlns w~t h the
wual adulatory compliments, but I lelt disR.ppomtment in
1DDn. 149 ( 114 ). 'Simon Fraeor ( 1780-1845 ) ; BM. 1789-1824 1371 ] ; comdpl. Cuttnck Legion, 1817-22.
'DDn.
141 (264-0,3W2-6 ). b . ( 9 ) % Govmuor, 11120-7. . ( 7 , 3 .
7 Agonta, Madras, John De Brio0 b: Co.
'Alex. 8-t. Asat. h r g . 1780; d., Uudrlra. 11-2-20. VRicbd. johb. LLD. BJvocat+, High Court i d. f i a hW
*od 83. l 0Rt . afi. tlvgh Elliot ( 1732-1830) ; Govr. bIa&m 1814-!20; bro, of 1 t Far1 Ffi11tq; 3 ~ p p . daus. at Uaaaa:
Emma, m. 1823. Osn. Slr Thoe. Hislop ; Harriet & Caroline, m., 1833 & 1835. qu& blot bur. Woetminster Abbey i D'vp,
DIE. ; Xm. Elllot d, at Madras, Iteb. 1810.
NOTES MACKENZIE
hei r absenoe. The Ball t o t he young ladies was verp
proper. and quite coneistent with t he wonted liberalitity of
the ~ct t l ement "~.
Neither hckenzi e nor Riddell [ qv 1, had been happy
in their reletionn with t he departing Governor, whoso
obstruction t o Riddpfl's appt. [ 316, 497 1 had led Mackenzie
to mite. 21-3-17; I think in your case t he behaviollr of
some people hm been shabby. ... Whet I think odd in t hat
Cochraneg m m s t o avoid me on all oooaaions when we have
met ( which have indoed been rare ), no t hat in pawing in
or r vbr t o papers. 1 have esdeavoured to 8aLidy His
Lordship's enquiry by direction to others.
"An I apprehend ... thnt His Excellency i.9 not aware of
my present state of health...-that nince the 20th January
I havo not been able to ...g o intn the detalln of businew-and
have hean reperterilv urged to go upon the river by my
medical adviser-I h&e again applied for written npinion ...to
lay befom His Excellency. ... For tho laat three darn I could
not sit up to dictate this, or direot the search of letters end
D B D B ~ ~ " ~ .
the same room one would nlmost think he wes blind & hnd
* '
not seen me when I wae on the point of speaking t o him".
O n 4 t h May, h e We8 ~ i v e n f or mel per mi ssi on " t o
hckenzi e had been anubbed shout a journey conncctcd procmd the Sand Henrla" Over
with his sr chmL collne. [ 475 1: "Under t he unkind ... t a t -
c ha r ge of y o u r o f i c e t o Li e ut e na nt Col onel 1'. Wo o d
ment I mot i n one e~per i br - ~Ar l er , I did not liko to aornmit ... unt i l f ur t he r or der sv@.
myaclf to a man who could remark on my publio exertions
in the manner he did, & even tn rnyuelf told me hl~lntly
thot my proposals were for my ou'n C O ~ V ~ R ~ R C C " .
+in to Riddell in 1818; "Is your profound (:hid ~ I I
mmaln another year 7 Or nre you prcpariug your nddrps~es
of condolence for his departure ? Ciorl Illem hi^ dopartllre;
be can do me no more injury. ... Yo11 will have si~cll oratory
and such npeechea whet1 the Conqeering Herocs ~ c t u r n " ~ .
He writes t o Xountford from Dl ~i mr n R.. 2.1-10-10, on
bin way back to Lhlcuttn, "I left Pq~uree on tho IBth, and
being disappointed of nny other conveyanoc. I came down
here the day hofnre ycuturday. I luckily fou~mrl t!ln Swift, a
He d i d on Rth Mny on hi s wa y down t h e r i ver .
I n original will. sd. "on board H.Y.'s Frignte LIDA, on
c n ~ t of Java, 3rd August 181 1 " [ 11. 424 1, Meokenzie left
one t e ~ ~ t h hie property "to my ser vmt CaveUy Venkata
Lechnmya, Bramin. and hin younger brnther Rarnwwamy,
... in nome cornpcnsntion for the ueef ~~l service8 of t he said
l ~ c h my a and of hie lnte brother C. Bnria [ 11, 333-4 ; 111.
464-5 1. ... I dcvirr t hat mv brother. ninter. and friends,
recollecting the vnlutt I had for tbcsc p-rsons. will by no
mcnnv nt.tempt to lemen or defeat my iutention in tbia
mapeat. which 1 wish them toconsider seered and irrviuleble
, .< - .
ontter of 40 tons, wherein I omhark this evening. I llavo
L4"5 J. ...
been terribly hurried b ~ r some time. and ~ g r e t much t hat
"To my faitl~ful servant Lucius Rawdon Burke [ 31s 1.
I hevo not a stay of a month longer a t Pooroe"'.
etnr pagodas 1.001). ...
" h i d u e of natatt. to my brotbor Alexander Yackenzie'a,
T o Buxt on f r om Cal cut t e, 25-1-21 ; "I ar r i ved
& my ,iskr hIary ~ k c I l z i o [ 11, 349 I, half to e a h .
Irere ear l y i n Novnr nber e f t m n qui ck pessage a n d
"Cndicil. Caloutta, 18th Fcb. 1816. My consequent
in good heal t h. b u t l mf o r t u ~ t e l y . . . e fever. a n d
marriage of cnurse docs a a a v part of this mII. but 1 now
i t s corisequences, ... h a v e l ai d m e u p u p o n m y couch dosire t hat after settling t h ~ . mm of 40,000 rupees...on my
al most o;er s h ~ c e . I ma k e uae i f anot l l & h e n d
merel y t o a c c ount f or m y si l ence, and t o acl i now-
ledge your sever al l et t ers. ... I r e t ur n y o u my beat
t ha nks f or t h e d r e wu ~ g a you s e n t me part i cul r\ rl y
t h a t of t h e caver ns. ... I a m ve r y thankfiml f or a n y
&et ches t h a t s u i t m y pur pose. ... T. . . en~~l oae y o u a
copy of t h e Cenashoommzi-tranalateil [ f r o m] t h e
first pe r t of t h e Kt i oort l sh-when I get t h e r e s t
you mill hevn t h e t r ensl nt i on of i t .
"As I di c t a t e t h i s f r o m m y couch, y o u wi l l excune
me, a~ I h e v e omi t t er l s ever al t t ~i ngn. H a v e pat i ence
till I a m we11 "6.
In February he woe so poorly t hat ho naked perminsion
to do hie work from a bdgarow on t he river ; "Shortly after
my return hither on t he 2nd November fiom the colrnt of
Cuttnck. whoro I had in mome degreo recovered my health. ...
I was taken ill hore, and ... I was obliged ... t o remove t o Budge
Budge, 12 miles down t he river, for a change of air, and for
a temporary respite from close attention t o the ofice. ... My
medical adviser ... hea reoommended my moving up and down
tbe river for some tiu~o"? .... He asked t bat "while in the
vicinity of the river, and during convalescence" he should
be allowed "tho cxpenco of hiring boats. budgerows, and
oacasional residence on tho riverside. while t hus employed
on publio duty". He ww allowed t he oost of his est. ...
and for communicrrting with tho office, but not hie personel
expenses'.
He wan constantly having t o come up t o t be oftlce t o
attend personally t o oalls for map8 and infn. and writes
privately. 11-3-21. "I wea on t he point of embarking on
the river on Monday. bolore the roccipt of your note with
hia Lorduhip'a request, ... and tho' unable mysolf to nit up,
dear wife, ... t he residue tu be disbursed, one half to my
brothcr. one fourth t o my siater. nnd one fourth t o my wife ;
after deducting the perecntage formerly allowpd t o my
bra mu^, kchmyah, whoee services nre still vnluahle".
Codicil. 31arlras. I l s t Jan. 1810. Besides t he num of
40.000 rupees settled on my dearly loved wife, ... the fur-
t hr r sun1 of 20.000 be ndded to inoreme her annuity-that my
brother Alexander have one half of t he rent . . . one quarter ...
t o my sister Nary-that five per cent be paid to my faitbful
servant h h l n y a h , Bramin, aud all my native b o o b & W. ...
"Mso twelve thousand rupees t o my 8i st er. i n. h~. Jul i e
Bartells, t he sintar of my wife. in approbeti011 of her good
conduct and love t o her sister".
A further codicil d d e d in Bengal inoreneed the sum
settled on his wife, without stating ;he Pllures. It r e f a d
to an oKer by the Directors t o purchaae the coUn. I t
requested the exeoutora not t o forget "t he pensioners ab
St ornomy. and partioularly hlr. Robinson, Collector"".
Probate waa grnuted to his widow ou 22-j-21".
I t ia recorded t hat Mackcnzie paid for the building of
the Cam Ho. a t Stornoway rra reeidmce for his aiater Uary
[ I . 3491. who became known as h r y Cam. Cam Ho.,
said t o be of stern appear a~~ce, i s now marked for demolition
and roplacaument".
In 1948 the town council revolved t o erect a memorial tablet
and to honour t he centenary of his birth by t he pubn. of his
biography [ 474 1.
Meckenzi e wtls n o t h e p p y in his wor k at Cal cut t a
PI-51.
At t h e a g e of 84 h e h a d l os t t h e rssi l i ence
m t h whi ch h e mi g h t n f ew y e s r s mr l i e r h a v e adapted
hi mael f t o ne w s o r r o u n d i n p and pr obl ems. N o nick
men c a n d o hi msel f j ust i ce, a n d t h e m is gr e e t w i d o m
in t h e pr es ent - day r ul es for super annuat i on.
DDn. 149 ( 14630 ). 27-0-20. a who hnd firdt s~rpported Riddell's appt. DDn. 166 ( 114 ). 21-3-11 ; ( 181. 301 ).
17-4 & 16-7-18. i b ( 5 ) ' DDn. 154 ( I23 ). emc. 27-1-21. 7 DDn. 106 ( 3 ) ; 15-2-21 ; 191 ( 41-2 ) ; 1 6 P 2 1 .
'DDn. 1&4( 125 ). sDDn. 191 ( 161 ). '0 Alon. d.. b t i n g s . 1.5-D-18 ; BY. 86, Nov. 1816 ( 485 ) ; or 26-9-16, St& . Wq. 78
( 879 ).
L',JamasRobertaon ( 1756/6-1840 ). Cob. of Customs. Stornoway. a regr~ler oorr. whose g.eon. Evnnder YenIvar. ~ t + .
of Maokenz~e In Memo~ra of a HlgMand Oenflcman ( 198-200 ). I* Don. WiUs 1821. 1S810r~lm3y 082. . SO4- & 3-10-1948. far
which I am indebtad to Mr. W. C. Mnokcnrio.
MACKENZIE
BIOGRAPHICAL
He waa a very groat man ; he had a sound know-
ledge of t he fundamental principle8 of his pro-
fession, and a strong sense of the contribution t hat
s we yor a could render to the good administration
and welfare of tho country. He gave heart and soul
t o render this service a. effective aq possible. He
was a great organizer, going meticulously into t he
smsllest detail, without losing grip of main principles
and objectives. He loved working t o "a uniform
system". I t is obvious, however, t hat he was hap-
piest when t he streas uf adminivtrative duty was
lightest, when he could devote t,ime to hisgreat hobby,
t he collection and el uci d~t i on of historicalantiquities,
some nmount of which is now given.
His kindnese of heart and warm human sym-
pathi- well m his high principles of conduct
and stern sense of diecipline--are evident from the
extracts t hat have been given from his voluminous
correspondence.
Detailed accounts of Mackenzie's c o h s . will be
found in
Mackenzi e Col bc t wn of Or i ent al Manuucripts, by
H. H. Wilson ; 2 vob. ; Calcutta, 1828 ; 2nd edn..
re-pub. by Higginbotham & Co., Madras, with bio.
note, 1882.
The Mackenzie Collections by Blagden. London.
1816. pubd. as vol. 1 of Calabgue of MSS. ... a t
I n d i a OJice.
Other acco~mt s are given in As i at i c J o u m t , March
1822 ( 242 ) ; Aug. 1823 ( 137 ) ; April 1828 ( 483 ).
IHRC. XXVLII, 1961. I ( 12742) .
Alexander Johnston' [ 481 ] describes how Mackenzie came
t o t ake up thie pureuit. Before he came t o India he had
been collecting infn. ahout Hind11 knowledge, and he came
out with introductions to Johnston' s mother who had similnr
intareats [ I, 349 1. " Wiehing t o have his arsistance in
w g t he materials which sbe had collected, she and my
father invited him t o ... Medura early in 1783, and there
htroducad him t o all t he Brahmins and other Literary natives
who resided a t t hat place. ... Mr. Maokenzie ... soon di sconred
t hat t he most valuable materials for a history of India might
be collected. ... nnd during hie residence a t Wur e first formed
t he p h of making t hat collection whioh afterwards became
... hie pnrsuit for 38 years of hi^ life, and which ia now t he
moat ... valuable collection of historical dooumenta relative t o
Indi a t hat ever made by any individud".
I n a letter writtsn t o Johnston, JIadree, 1-2-17, Xackenzie
naps t hat "it wan only after my return from t he expedition
to Coylon i n 17U6 [ I. 117 ] t hat acoident ... threw in my way
thoee means t hat I have since unceeaingly pursued, ... of
penetrating beyond t he common erlrfaoo of t he antiquities.
t he hintory and t be institutions of t he Youth of India. Tho
connection then formed with [ h v n l i Vonkata Boriab, 11,
338-41 ... a Bramin, wes t he first step. ... Devoid of any
howled c of t he Languages mpel f. I owe t o t he happy
genius ofthin individual ... t he mecrnn of obtaining what I ao
long sought. ... On the rafluction of Seringapatam in 1799 not
one of our people could trunnlate from t he Canarese alone.
At preaent we havc them trannlntions made, not only from
t he modern characters, hut tho lunrc obscure and obsolete. ...
Prom t he moment the talellh of the Iumo.~ted Boriu were
applied, a new avenue to Hindu knowledge was opened, and
though I war deprived of him a t aD early ago, his oTsmpld
and inatructions we n ... happily followed up'.
I n 1797 the Directors had called on all hi denci es
t o collect material for compilation of " a general
hi t or y of the British affaim h the Ewt In&."
Govt. servants should " bo instructed to tramit. . .
such information on the Chronology, Geography,
Governmo~it. Laws, ... the Arts, Manufactures, and
Sciences. ... as they wy. . . be able to collect ".
Six yenrs later they complained that "no id-.
tion whatever" had been received from Madras, and
premed t hat "t he most effectual measures may be
taken" [ I I , I r r 1, arid the M&dras Govt., 7-1-04,
called on Mackenzie to assist8. The Diroctora so
appreciaterl hiu contributions that they endoraed
the orders exempting "from l~ayment OF postage
all letter8 and pockets despatched or received by
Major Meckenzie on the History and Antiquitias of
Lnrliaw4. On the other hand, Mackenzie constantly
reiterates t hat "all the purchases have been entirely
at my private expence".
id res~arclles, siimulated by bia lo118 coruleCtion with
Mysore. wore warmly appreciated. Mark Wilkea mitee
4-3-07 ; " Everything ... most interexiting ... in general hietorg
may he traoed ... hy the lnborious procesa to whioh b j o r
bbc ke ~~z i c 1188 devoted his leisure, which he hna been able
t o enatch froui ... active and dietinguished public service. ...
Digmtiug the results may fairly be conei ded a nationel
object. ... The facility which Major Mackenzie hse acquired
in directing ... n l a r ~ e estublishmont. ... and in seizing at once
what is uecful in tho ninbrials which they collect, ie the
result of long experience. The pat11 ia untrodden, and it
ham.. .too many diecourage~nenta t o he trodden by another.
The objeot will be accomplished by him, or it will probably
never be accomplisheda".
This wae endoreed by Bentinck. who writes ; "His ardor,
pewverance. and contempt of all climate and danger in the
pursuit of tlus object have been quite extraordinary, No
mall t hat ever was in India haw had the same opportunity,
hes incurred the eame expence, or devoted the same time to
there investigations. If i t ie possible ... t o clear away the
impenetrable darknena with which this Lndiin nyatem. ita
origin. and ita progreaa, h a been involved, the efforta of
M~ j o r Mackenzic promise t he fairest hopes of euocess"'.
By his own account Mackenzie had by thia time
expended many thoueande of pagodas on these oollm.,
and t o compensate him and give further opport,uniby
for reasearch. he was given the sinecure appt. of
Bkrnr., Mysore [ 11, 423 ; 111, 474 1. The Directors
further awarded him 9,000 pa., admitting "that hie
merits have not been merely conbed to the dutiee of
a geographical surveyor. ... Lieut. Colonel ~aokeneie
should himself digest ... t he materials he hss colleobd ;
and we hope t he office which you have conferred On
him in Myaore will afford trim leiaure for this work.
After he hm accomplished it, the original materiels
are t o be transmitted t o us, t o be deposited in Our
Oriental Museum.
"In t he meantime, we wish t o indemnify him for
t he disbursements he has made in ~roouring thb
collection, ... trusting t hat it will not amount to any
large sum, and we desire that he will s t ab t o us
( 1775-1849 ) ; Son of 8amllel anrl Heater Johnston ; Barr. ; C,J. Caylon 1806-19 ; HC. Reports. 1831-2. V O ~ . IX ( 264).
' J R h . 800.. I., oa. 1831 ( 333 ) ; Wilton. H. H.. 1 ( ii-iii ). 'CD. t o a. U-5-1787 ( 73 ) & 6-7-03 ( 3 4 ) .
4DDn. 83, 28AM;
CDt o Y. 33-10-05 ; I PC. 17-2-09 ; DDn. 68 ( 1 4 6 4 ). 6 ( 1760 7-1831 ) Xad. lnf. ; DNB. Bkmr. Mysoro, offg. Rwdt.
I M P ' .
343/1807 ( 1459-81 ) 18-34?. Qovr.'s minute of 8-3-07.
an mc o u n t of it ; whi ch, from hi e eher aot er we are In Rept. 1820, whi bt a t Puri visited t he Bu,lclhht yiu! a&
pe-aded wi l l b e cor r eot l y done"1.
Bhobllnese and Udayagiri with the Collr., having f w n d m
The coin, by no means oonbe d to and
of insoriptions and sketches made by Ruxbn' a appces.
ooples of insoriptions, m d i n 1808 Mackemie roporteda Jai n [ 47' 1 ' .
abt ue "of whioh I considered t he preservation might be
Wrote t o Mountford. 29-2-19, thanking him fnr drawings
desirable, sa illustrative of the religion & literature of a
from Gunt ur; and anking for "nome acconnt ... of tho anti-
remerkRhle sect ... hitherto little noticed by Europeans. ...
quities a t Amriaweram, or such othcra an yo11 might have
I have ... shipped it. by an order of t he Board of Trade, on
observed. ... I have heen collecting informatinn from d
board t he HOII. Company's Ship the Phmnir. carefully
id-. Do not let your modesty or timidity st and in your
pecked up in e box ; ... such specirnana of t he art s are rarely
way. Your eomn~uni e~t i ons t o me wiU he received with
met LI Irtdia unn~utilatod or defaced, & this subject is in
any dopee of reserve you wiah, tho' I would rather recam-
perfect preservation "'.
mend you should make them a part of your memrrirn [ 4881.
whi l s t hia c o l h . and interpretere [ 11, 356 ; 111,
I t was a pity the whole of these vestiges of antiquity were
391 work S, he ex- removed from Amriaweram t o a sitnation whcre, in all pro-
bability, they will be lost. I winh I had taken ... advi w... In
t ended colln. in J a va bet ween 1811 a n d 1813, and in 1817 ... to apply for t he protootion of Government t o aave
t h e Uppe r Pr ovs . of Bengol dur i ng 1814. Th o u g h hie them from destruction. But I had no su~pi ei oo then t hat
official J a va eat. htwl t o b e cl osed down f r om 1-5-15,
would hc hOdil~"*.
Agnin t o Nonotford 27-9-20 ; "I shall be glad t o hear of
he "13 Dutch Trans'ator and Native
t he progreas of your Literary Institntion'o [ 392 1. I have
of Java" st Govt . oo8ta [II. 437; 111, 3911.
been rather divappohlted in not getting any return to t he
He regretted that several his were numnr o~~s memoranda I circulated about antiquities, parti-
to aocomPMY him t o Bong81 i n 1817. Some were found
c~rlarly the curious funornl monuments I first discovered
work in Jladraa, and others marched by t he const r o n b
under the Presidency. ... From Cuzerat,, .\lalvn, Bilst, t he
under oh. of Lakshmninb, who. ~ i n c e Borinh's death in 180%
Norbudda, l l ~ ~ d JLIVa, I t o receive very sdtisfnctory
hnd been his hd. intpr.; " l a t ~hmi nh hm becu desired t o
drawings rnld memoranda of I pointed OI I ~ . Prorn
proeepute d ~ ~ r i n g his journey t he various historical mearches
the Conet, cxccpting your own sketch from Oul~tonr, I have
of which he h m so long had tho chief manage1nent. and. ..I
got rlothb~g beyond what the maps of the ellrvt.ys give.
trust i t may be deemed proper t o allorv him, after be
"I was rnt l ~cr disnppointrd from Mr. B-. t o whom I
P-nes nlnsulipatam, a gunr(l of sCPoY8 for t he
gave every inforr~~ntion on t,heso d~~l,jecta. artd. ..lbe trrldent
protecti<~n of tboso vnlunl~le nrticles"' [ 311 1.
characters, nnd sent my old Jain with him t o .\Inrellipooram
Mwkenziu was gmatly relieved a t thcir arrival. and
[ 475 r1.1 ] toassist, his ; ~t t empt s to deuypl~er. H i n>nsin, Nr.
writes t o RiddeU. 8-6-18; "Lecehmyah arrived ... with all his
S_ ~ ~ l ~ b ~ ~ , ill ,,lnce of n?isiating my conve&
people snfe & well, tho' some of them had heen clnnperoualv
U I ~ hint4 t o hiu OWII purpose, and even commuuicated t o the
ill. I urll uxcoedb~gly obliged t o all my fricr~ds on t h i b ~ e d r k
E & ~ ~ ~ of tile cnlclltta jnurllRl allat I could have given. ...
& Bengal Eatabliahment. ... aa they hnve, in consequence of
N ~ ~ , it is usual among litcrary t o encroach
the passport yo11 gave them, ... been Illlnde(l alrlng snfo from
i, already traced out hv others; i t is rather usual t o mi s t
one Judge & Nagintrate to each otller k supplied wit11 cal l .
each This was the method t hat poor ELLis and I
... Tho poor mnrr has done his duty, as I ever ~xpor t ed. &
fO1lolFod for y e n r B~ ~ . ,,.
excited ~ o m e very handsome cul ~l pl i ~nrnt s from nutnu of t he
"I am only afraid t hat your iastitutions are too numarous
gentlemcn t o whon~ 1 waa a atrungur"' [ 465 1.
for Madraa nnd that, however ardent a t first, and reedy BY
His colloctora oven trnvollcd so far a.4 Poona. and he t o pecuniarp nupplies, vou cannot bo supported in other
writes t o Elphinstone froni Calcutta, 7-9-18: " &I v whole rcspecta ai t hout n new generation of ardent spirits am
wtablishment ... has bee11 alnioat overturned bj- toy "~cmovnl
here. I had some of them down t ~ r Puonah and Ahmd- In Dec. 1816 h e wa s c hmr e d by a vi si t f r om his ol d
in 1806-7 & whence, I derived a b n r l ~
fri end Al exander Johnst on [ I, 349 n.5; 111, q80n.11,
interesting information. ... I rrcallorl then1 as I found t he
expense beyond my limita, and I bad t l ~ o u ~ h t n in 1810
told the of
l5 yeurs Inter
of going t o Europe. I n 1815 I was induced t o send solno of
"bei ng mysel f a b o u t t o r e t ur n $0 Engl a nd &om
tbwe "explorations" again into the Nizam's coru~trg, and Ceylon, I we nt t o Mntlras t o t a k e l eave of h i m
the hilly conntry bordering on onr Circarn. \vhouce I have
previous to departure [ 475 1, .,. H ~ , in con.
obtaiied a very errrious body of ~nnterinla on t he ancient
bi i t ov of t.he Canareae. Mnrattn. and Worongole ompiros.
eequellco of.'.hia "lief we sllou'd
supported by mss. and insoription% I withdrew t . l ~e~n again
a p o u ~ , nddr assed l et t er t o m e gi vi ng m e a det ai l ed
leet year, except one who ia still near G~dbarga. ... a c c ount of al l his l i t er ar y l s bnum i n I ndi a, and
"When your leisure permits, I have muob t o solicit on tho
requested in ca3e of his death, to pllblish i t .
early history of t he Nraehtra nation and its 96 tribes-f
the A ~ a b Colony, and singular Government t hat exiated
" On my ar r i val i n Engl and, I expl ai ned t o Mr.
formerly nonr Poonah-of t he caverns and sculptured excn-
Gr ant l a, t h e f or mer Ch a i n n s n of t h e Cour t of D k c -
vationa in different pnrtr of t he western cotu~try, some neor t or s, t h e great. a dva nt a ge i t woul d s ecur e f or o r i e n t 4
Vengurla, somc towards Uuzerat"'.
histor), a n d l i t e mt or e wer e Col onel Mnckenzi e to be
He writca t o a friend Sombnlpur. 20-8-18 & 26-3-19.
"I am desinma of getting ... an accorlnt of the languages &:
allowed...to t o Englfirltl rlDon lmve1 in
oustoms of t he several hill trihoe t hat live in t h~vo wild
that h e mi ght ... a r r mg e t hi s vkrlusble collection. ...
tracts. They seem t o me t o bo the remaine of t he original
Mr. Gr a n t ... a g reed... t o gi ve t h e Col onel leave...on
indigonous raoe from Cepe Comorh~ to t he Oa n p & even his fun and for t h yeers. N~ stepe
further. A comparison of their several languages &c.. wor~ld
beat explain this. ... A vocabulary of the l a~l ~uagea would
wem however t*...because...Of the
deeth
be ourioua & ueaful"'. in Be ~g a l " ~.
' CD t o M. B-2-10 ( 5-8 ) ; MPC. 13-7-10. ' DDn. 43 ( 262 ). 24-1048. a MMC. 28-7-17. 'from Riddell 5-8.-17 ; MPC
7-10-17. ' DDn. 166 ( 344 ). ' DDn. 161 ( 7-10). Dh. 166 141, 152 ). ' Uby iri, on0 of 4 low hills about 25 m. NE.
of Cuttack, and 6 rn. W. of Bhuddhiet ruins of RhobPnessr. Jypm[& ] ; Stirling ( 1.51 ) z m p h. XXlO ( IOB 1. 'Dh. I49
( 48 ). I'The Madrlu Li br a 8-30 . adill i n existense, with mwt inwresting lib. of old books.
l1 Rancia why^ Ellin ( l n 7 -
181~ ) COII~., ~ a d n r s . 1810 ;Tarnii i Sanskrit scholar ; d. %mi l d. 10-3-18, ngda; DXB. : DIE. I OL) D~. ICB ( 1 - 1.
"Chad. Grana ( 1748-1899 ) ; Chmn. CD.. EIC.. from 1805 ; D.VB. 14HC. Re pr t a ; of. Sandea. I1 ( 266 ); Ji ackr n~i e ( I S 5 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
Mackenaie had himself ventured t o mi t e direct t o Grant
&om Madraa, 7-7-15, drawing hie attention t o his researohen
ead ooUns. He had just returned after 4 years absenoe and
hadsensed t he Xadrna Govr.'a laok of sympathy [ 478-91 ; "On
my arrival here. I have found such a n ontire ohange of men
in office, t hat I feel myself precluded from t he same frank
communioation t hat was formerly received with co~nplaisance
a t lesst"'.
After Maokei~zie's deat h Hodgson was left with t he s bf f
of translators and writers employed on t he colln., and an
immense store of specimens and papen which had really
nothing t o do with t he dutiea of SG. At his suggeetiou Govt.
first ordered t hat these persons "should ... complete t he c a b -
logue and analysis of t he valious knuscr i pt a. Inscriptions,
s nd Grants, collected by Colonel blackenzie in t he Decmn, ...
in which they are. ..at present engaged. ... [ The y] o m
oonveniently rerusin in t he apartments a t p r wn t allotted
t o them until their work he eon~pleted. ... His Lordahip i n
Comlc il... relieve you from any further charge of them. It
will bo noccsaary ... t o afford t he services of your Register,
wbo has been employed in the preparation of t he catalogues
and translations, t o asaist ... when he can be apared. ... You
will also oont i n~~e t o draw ... t he ualuries ... distinct from t hat
of t he Srrrreyor Gneral ' s OfficeP.
B y Oc t . 1821. Hodgs on forl nd t h a t t h e worlc wna
progrosqi ng 80 sl owl y, wi t hout m y r eal super vi si on,
t h n t h e ol >t ni ned a ut hor i t y di schar ge t h e st af f and
h a n d over t h e mat er i al t o Dr . Hor a c e WiL4on [ 312,
391-2 1.
Rawdon Burke, t he Registrar [ j r z , 4791, knew little
ahnut t ham ; "All articles conaidered by [ Mackenzie ] t o be
hi private property were looked up when he left Calcutta
to go on t,hr rivrr, ... with rllections to me not t o allow
access t o any person whatever. ...
"After his denth, his friends and Agents called a t t he
house. rind scaled t he doora of the rooms cont nh~i ng t he
above-ment i o~~ed property. A few ... n~nps t hat I pointed out
as public property were. \rith t he concurrence of those
gentlemen, b r ~ ~ u g n t by me into tho offico below, and t he
rooms remained tienled until the 26th or 26th May, ... when
t he Executrix [ bhs. Mackenzie ] attended ... t o examine tho
papera, and remove t he property t o another house.
'
"Several materials t hat rolated t o tho ; t r r t i quar h depart-
ment were delivered t o me by C. V. Letch~nynh. Bramiu,
but moat of the portfolios of drawings of sculptures and
other rclics of antiquity, together with t he volumes contain-
ing drawing8 of tho costumer of tbe natives, of animnls,
reptiles, etc., ... were removed t o t he house of t he exeou-
trix. ...
"I believo i t waq t he intention of the late Colonel Mackenzie
t o illwtrnte his historical collections with maps and plaus,
but I am not aware t hat ho had ... co~nmenwd upon
them"5.
Bl agden di vi des t h e col l n. i nt o t hr e e sect i ons4 ;
1822 ml l ect i on ; bei ng books col l ect ed at Govt .
expense, a n d consi der ed publ i c pr ope r t y ; tr. t o
Govt . b y Mnnkenzie' a Agent s , Pa l me r & Co.,
Cal cut t a. u n d e r l et t er of 10-8-21. Se n t t o Engl a nd
at once, a n d r eached I n d i a Ho. 27-4-22.
Pr i val e Collection ; offered t o Govt . b y hba . Mac-
kenzi e i n Ca l c ut t a ; a f t e r e xa mi na t i on b y e corn.,
180 vola. o u t of 212 p~i r c ha e e d f or Re. 2300. s e n t t o
London, a n d pl eced i n EIO. lib., 1823.
Bo t h them d e a l a l mos t ent i r el y wi t h Java a n d NEI.
Main Collcclion; exami ned b y Dr. Wi l eon in
Cal cut t a, a n d coverecl by hi s descriptive Oal ol ogw,
p u b . b y Govt . i n 2 voh.. Cal cut t a, 18286. Abatreab
o f hi e r epor t s are pub. in JASB. VI I I , 1838
( 400-14, 469-521 ).
Of t h i s col l n. e ve r yt hi ng apper t ei ni ng to S. ~ ~ d i ~
wa s rnovet l t o hf adr ae Coll. Li br ar y. 1828. In lottern
9-3-30. La k s h ma h h as ked Mlldrae Govt . t o tr. it to
hf ad. Li t . Soc. , whe r e h e d i d s ome wor k on it, but
funds f or f ur t he r f d. r esear ch were n o t gr ant ed [ 465 1.
O n his i ni t i at i ve, a n d wi t h t h e recdn. of ASB,,
t h e Re v. Wm. Tayl or , a mi ssi onar y working in
Madrus, a n d " a n a b l e and zeel ous expositor", wae
i nvi t ed t o ma k e a di gest of t h e MSS.. whi ch appear.
e d in t h e Madraa Jm-1 of Li t er at ur e and S h ,
a n d wa s r epr oduced in JASB. of 18386 [507].
La t e r a ga i n Ta yl or pr epnr od a Catalogue Raison.
nde of Oriental Manwcripia in the 1CIadra.q Coucge.
whi c h i ncl uded mas. col l ect ed b y John Leyden
[11, 4161, a n d wa s pub. . Madras, 3 vols. 1857-62.
T h e col l n. wa s r e- t r . t o t h e Govt . Oriental ~ s s .
Lib., and is n o w housed, a b o u t 8000 vols., in Con.
n e ma r a Li b. Madr as.
T h e r emai nder of this MAIN c o b . , is held nt 10.
[ CRO 1, London, a n d has been descri bed by Capt.
Hur l mess, Sec. of t h e R As Soc.. and l at er b y Blagden
[ 4 So I .
Maokenzie claimed t hat he had spent a t leaat 16,000 or a
lakh of rupee* nf his private money 011 these collns., tnvnrdn
which t he Directc~rs had paid him a gratuity of 9,M)O pa., or
about . C 1,500 in 1810, and another Rs. 12,000 in 1821. His
Agents. Messra. Palmer & Co., no\v "Attornics to the
Executrix", rlaimrd on behalf of t he e8tatea further sumof
one l nkh of rnpeen for t he Blain Collection. snd submitted
"an a b~t r nc t R C C O I I ~ ~ of t he expenrc incurred by the late
Colonel hlnckenzio. ... supported by twonty-sir detailed state
ments exhibiting a totnl of sicrn rupees 61,452-8-11. ...
They had not intn>ducrd any item t hat did not appeur sa
an actual diubursement in Colonrl hhckenzie's ... meo~oronda,
which, however, ... were in considerablo ool~fi~sion. ... Them
could be no douht t hat t he aggregn1,e then exhibited fell very
ehort of t he nctnal aum whioh had been expended. ...
"Messra. Palolor & Co. fnrthcr ren~arked that to severe
indisposition during t he latter part of Colol~el Mackencie's
life, and much time occupied in aotual service--added to the
t ot al disregard of his private pecuniary conocrns which
tvm a leading feature of his character-was to be attributed
a remismesa by which hin fqrtnne had already been injured
and his estate ... wonld suffer conwidernbly. ...
"With rogarJ t o the coinu, drawulgs, images, minerals,
&c., ... t he aoooont ... was'so scanty and mengre that S C ~ T C ~ I Y
ono twentieth part of the s un~s expended upon them wore
noted down. As this branch of the collections. ..was dintinot
from t he line in which encouragement had been held out ... in
your Honourable Court' s Letter ... dnted the 0th February
1810 [ 11. 421 n.6. 424 n.4 ; 111, 4801. Measrs. Palmer & Co.
communicated t he wish of t he Executrix t o lesve it to
t he leaaure of Government t o accept or reject".
d h o n himsclf "entertained no doubt ... that they had
cost fully a lack of rupeea ; but how far they mi ht be
worth t hat sum was a question on which fi. bikm
&dined t o offer any opinion, observing that the vslW
of t he articl -...depended altogether on individual Pm.
posaeasions ".
The Bengel Cq:t, wsa satisfied, and paid 1,00,000
to Palmer & Co. on their engaging t o refund the whole or
any part of i t in t he event of t he Honourable Court ddiDD8
Letter prererved In Town Hall, Btornone
a BW. 2 p 8 a l . DDU. 191 ( 217 ).
8 DDn. 198 844 1,
' Uy d e n ( hi l 6WiLon. H. H. (11. =dl ] . h c . 10-I- ( 234 J. 1-37 ( 81-2) 9-6-97 ( 1 ~ ) ; JAdB. V, 1836( 6114
VU. 1838 (105-31 ; 173-82; 37U14) : Mad. JL'I. contains pepen by Taylor, v,. IV ( 138. 140 ) ; VI ( 17. 143 ) ; VIII ( 1 ) ; IX
( ) ; ( 1, 388 3 ; XI ( 86 ) ; XV ( 173 ) ; XVI ( 33, 55, 102 ) ; 8erioa 2, VI ( 07, 04 ), and 8 Report on the BUio6 d f ~r b l u.
NOTES 483 MALCOLM
to wn6rm this arrangement"'. They despatohed the aolln.,
part to Madras, and part t o London.
The Direotors were in$gnent, but felt they oould not
rapudiate the transaction ; The etep ... whioh tho Qovernment
so imprudently took of forwarding a part of the colleotione
to this country ... left us scaroely any other alternative but
that of confirming the purohase. ... We strongly disapprove
of the ... diebursing 80 largo a sum for such a purpose without
our prerions sanotion. ...
"The only part of Colonel Maokenzio's researchas for. ..
which any prospect of indemni8cntion had been held out by
us during I & life waa the shtisticsl and l~istorical part. ...
But wo enterbin strong douhts whother the whole mnss is
worth tho large sum of a lac of rupees, in addition to the
twelve thousend rupees advanced to Colonel Mackeneie, and
the oonsidorable sums which havo been expended aince the
purohase. ...
"It appears from a private letter addressod ... to our
Librarian ... that the opinion which Mr. LVilaon a t Brat enter-
tained of the value of the collections has heen materially
lowered on a more minute examination of them. And the
oharaoter of that portion whioh has been received in thie
country does not lead us to form any very favourable opinion
of the value of the remainder"'.
What ever ma y ha ve been t h e act ual cost of collec-
tion, or t h e mar ket val ue at t h e t i me, Mackenzie has
preserved f or count l ess s t udent s of hi st or y a n im-
menae mas s of i nt erest i ng a n d val uabl e mat eri al ,
which ot herwi se woul(1 nnrely have perished. It is
douht ful , however, whether hi s ent hus i as ~n for
collecting mas t empcr ed wi t h sulficient dirjcri~nina-
tion, or whetlrer h e coul d have deal t wit.h very much
of i t even h a d he lived t o exami ned i t mor e t horough-
ly himself. Mar kham records t h a t i t contai11t.d
" 3,000 ... t enur es inscribed on st one o r copper--8,076
inscript ione-2.630 drawings--7 8 plans-6.2 18 coins
-and 106 i r n~ges".
I t was t o . enqui r e i nt o t h e best wa y of utiiizing
these collns., nnd p o ~s i h l y ext endi ng t hem, t h a t Sir
Alex. Johnst on w*s exami ned before a Cornrn, of
t he House of Co mr n o n ~ i n 1831 [ 481 1. H e urged
t ha t research shoul d be ext ended t hr ough t he agency
of t he It As S OC. ~ ; "Tho Colonel, ha d h e survi ved,
intended t o ha ve added t o hi s collection a great
maas of n~t l t er i al s connect ed wi t h t h e hi st ory of
Indi e, whi ch a r e still t o he f ound in different pa r t s
of t h e count r y, b u t whi ch, if measores be not speedi-
ly adopt ed t o collect a n d preserve t hem, will be
al t oget her dest royed ".
Now i n 1962, t he Covt . of Madrsa, under t h e ails-
pioea of t h e I ndi a Hi st ori cal Research Comn., ha s
opened a specicrl section t,o repai r t h e Meckenzie
MSS, a nd t o micro-film t hose t hat a r e beyond repair.
The Madraa University al so is prepari ng a auml nary
of t he MSS. i n t he four S. I ndi a languages, Tnmil,
Telegu, Kannade, a n d Malayalam4.
Appealing to a different interest altogether aro tho Xaok.
Ha. a t I0 Lib. in vole. whioh aontain interesting matter
auoh as corr. hooks of the CE.'a Madras for about fifty years.
which have been freely quoted i~u vole. I & I1 of thwe
Rceor&&.
Anlongst the few pub. papera or notea left by MnaLensio
are Life of H@t Ali, pub A8 AE. VI.. 1801, "from a
paper found in 1787 in the Paymaster's offioe a t Nellom".
Account o the J~I M " collected from a Prieet ... a t Mud wi ".
and tr. by kavali Boriah, nud Dsncription q o Jain
ncor Calyani. Feb. 1707. pub. Ae R.. IX., 1807 ( 2.44.372 ).
He also contributed t o Dalr.pple's Orimld Reparlory
[ I, xix ] and other periodicals. Perhaps tho most intar-
Ing of nU was a paper submitted a t a meeting of ASB..
6 4 1 5 ' just after his return t o >ladrecs entitled; "View of
the principnl Politicnl Eventa that ocaurred in the Carnatio.
from the ~lissolution of the ancient Hindu Govcrnrnent in
1664, till the Mogul Government wan evtnbli3hed in 1087
on the conquest of the capital8 of Beejapoor and Qolconda.
Compiled from various Authentic Xomr ~i r ~ and Original
~ s s . . collected within the l a ~ t ten years". ' hi s had h e n
translated from a Mnritha ms. by Boriah, and closely
edited by Mockenzie. His crplnnatory footnotes indicate
the wide extent of his erudition, and the manner in whioh
he might have denlt with other pmts of his collns., hod
he the lewure. The following are amongst his personal
touohes;
" Armignm in situated near Durajapatsm on the Coast.
60 m. north of Ma(lras. I had an ooaortunitv of eei ne these
. . - -
remains in 1790 ".
"Travelling bv accident by Xagulvanea, not far from
Cummarnett, in ;be Nizam'e Dominions. in l i 9i . a Dart of
the country overrun with jungle. nnd aheaing evidont katiges
of ht t e r times, I nccidently met with a Dutch tombstone.
which led t o the discovery of the riohus of their factory."
"The remains of Becjl~nuggur were minutely examined
in December 1800" [ 11, 153 1.
MACLEOD, John [ 11,428 1. Bo. Engrs.
bapt. 8-7-1794. d. Bushire, 2&9-23;
MI. at Armenian ch.
Em. 2&10-11 ; Lieut. 28-1-19.
Son of Rev. Roderick Meoleod. DD.. Prinoipal af King's
Coll., Aberdeen, and Iaabclla Christie hin wife.
1813-6. d m l ~ and awn. on rev. svy.. Bombay and
Salsette Ia. [ II, 18; 1.
s o 00. 4-4-16, to join Johnson on uvy. of pessee into
Decoen; oontinued svy. till 21-8-16; then h t . to Comnr.
in Deooan [ 83, 122, 464 1.
MALCOLM, John. Mad. Inf.
b. 2-5-1769. d. of paralysis, 30-5-33.
Em. 24-10-li81 ... X Can. 12-8-19.
Covr. Bombay, 1820-30 [ 132 1.
m.. 44- 07 Inabella Charlotte, 2nd den. of Sir Alex.
Campbell ( 1780-1824 ), C-in.C. Medres 18214 ; she d.. Bath,
20-43-67 ; her younger eieter m. John bhcdonnld [ 11.418 1.
KCB. 1816; GCB.; KLS. [443 n.121 auth of P d W
HCabry of India, 1811 ; R r p d on ihc Prwincsof Ialwa. 1821.
pub. 1827; Hiatory of Pasio, 2 vola with map, 1816;
ddministrdion of India. 1833 ; Life oj Cl i n, 1836.
DNB. ; DIE. ; EIMC. I : Qso Mag. I. 1871 ( 301 ) ; Kaye ;
Portrait by Geo. Hayter, 1816, Foster ( 74 ). VM. Exbt. ( 1126.
1244 ) ; etatue, Westminister Abbey.
Not A sun-r., b u t hed keen appreci at i on of svye.
a n d ma ps ; i ni t i ut ed evys. of Gujarht k Peraia. and
ma ps of Persi n a n d MBlwa.
1782, curd. India; 1708. Pemian Intrpr. with farw that
dimhmded h a h COT a t Hyderibid [ I, 117. I75 1.
1790-1801. in oh. 1st miasion to Peraie. taking
Webbe end Pope ee survm. [ I . 286.375; 11.173 ; LII.
viil-1803-6. Marethe War , o n pol. d u t y wi t h Grmd
Army-1808-0, abor t i ve lnisaion t o Per s i a- emp.
Mad. survra. oonet ruot i ng ma p of Persie at Bombsy
[ 11, 131, 174 ; 111, 337 I-~ympabhisad with o5mm
in Mod. mut i ny [ II, 174, 3 1 3 - ; In, 331 1.
' B toCD.,Oan.. 1-1-23 (117-36). 'CD to B. 38-2-27 ( 0- 8) . Scf. JH ;la. Sor. I ( 1% ). 'TarmlS~xxion pub.
Mdras, 1962.
Maak MBS. [ I, xvi; 11, xxv 1. * JdYB. SI I I , 18U (+.'I--63 ; .;id-609 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
1809-10--initiated Wi l l i a m' evy. of Ouj a Gt [ 11.
170-3 1; s ent s uwr s . t o Ba l uc hi s t h. Perei a a n d
Bs pl l di d, and himaelf led sucoessful mission t o Persi a
[ 11, 174-5 + o n return ret ai ned Webbe for oonatruc-
t i on of ma p of Persi a [ LI, 176 1.
1817-8. h i t h a War ; 1st Aug., 1817, left Hyderibid on
horsebaok and-riding horses of Marithe moor t di d 104 m.
the Last 3 deys--04 in the lnat 8 hours-to join Elphinstone a t
Paonel [4z7. 473. 475 1. Beaidas leading operations with
ranL of Brig. Gen.. held pol. oh. of MLlwa to 1820, empg.
several officers on avy., and Webbe on map of hL5lae [ 84-6,
267. 382-3. 436, 441 1. Reporl on ... Mulroa 14G3-RO), his
inmtna. to aasts. prcacrihed utmrlst consideration towards
inhabitants.
18?2, to England ; 1831-2, llr. for Launceston.
MALLOCK, Samuel. Ben. Engrs.
b. 1-11-06. d. unm., %4-12-332, a t sea,
on voyage home.
Ens. 18-12-23 ; Lieut. 2822-25 ; furl. on mc. 24-10-33.
Son of Rev. h g e r Mallock, of (:ockiinpton Court, Devon.
end Mary his wife, deu. of Dr. John Kudge, DNB.. and
sister of Adm. Zachary Mudge ( 1770-1852 ). DXB., RN.
Hodaon, 111 ( 2 6 ).
A d . India 7-.F25 ; moo. 14-8-26, t o officiate aa Adjt.
of E n p . Ft. Wm. ; 18-11-20, appd. Sum. to Sundarbane
Comnra. [ 7. 141 ] ; Oct. 1827, appd. Ex. Engr. PW;). Purnea.
Ben. Rqr . fM ( 257 ), svy. of Dum Dum cant. Aug. 1833.
KANSON, James. Ben. Inf.
b. 16-7-1791. d. 15-7-62.
Ens. 14-949 ... Lt.-Col. 2 4 4 4 7 ;
furl. on me. 21-242 ; 11 Gen. 16-5-59.
Son of Thomss bfanaon and Busall Black his wife ; hia
sister (1) Mary m. James Herbert [ 457 1. and his duu.
Chsrlotte m. Ger,. Lr)gan of GTS.
m.. before 1820. Henrietta-
Hodson. 111( 221-2 ).
BOO. 11-2-17, to nu$. building of Circuit Ho. etc.. a t
Yimlpur; ill. 28-12-18. furl. to Europe. on mc.
ib. 3-7-23. appd. mt . to Horhert on geol. evy. of
Himilkye Mts. [ 268 1.
JABB. XI. 1842 ( 1157-82 ) gives Manson's journal, Sopt.-
Oct. 1817, of a " vinit to Melun and the Oonta Dhoora Pusn"
in nw. Kumaun. accd. by Herbert and 2 other officers
[ 269 1. At halt on 25th $ept. Manson had "a losson from
Herbert in the me of the theodolite". Thia journal waa
od. by Batten, who commcnta ; "The writers and editors
of such pnpern, tho' they may lay no claim to scienti6c
qualifications ( so dilfioult to ncquiro in India ) are neverthe-
leaa...rcndcring...the important service of pioneering ".
On close of svy. in 1828 appd. acting wmdt. of Kumaun
Low1 Batt.: 1831-51. Comnr. with Baji Rao. ex.Peshwa, a t
I3ithBr. 10 m. N. of Cswnpore.
UT( T) HEU~( S) , Paulet. Rev. S m . , uncov.
b. 180718. d., Jamalpur, 16-7-323; MI.
8011 of P. Mat(t)hew(a), indigo planter, Chi ehh.
m., St. John's Ceth.. Caloutte. e-3-24. Mias Anna Verboon.
13-12-24. reported by Finty oa employed In Pol. Dept.
exploring towards Mnnipw ; 60 men from Rajah Cumbeer
B i ' a Infmtry, di ~Ot Qd tO B(J& hfr. Mnthowa on the mute
to Munnipore, reached Bnslrendee on 2nd. inst.. and prweeded
with that gentlemen to. . 4esr Luck re. prooeeding forasrd
m 8th inat." gain. 1~-12-24. fitE "re& this
noon. having pensft.tad to within a deyn jonmep of M u -
pore", and again. 28th. Hethews had returned with memo-
rrnds end obmrvetions. His route appaars to be impnrdlo-
nbls dur trmp"'.
1826. on my. under David Soott. aaa. ; m d . Dh.nafi R
[ 53-4 ] ; &ut. 6'az. 2-6-26. letter frbm Rengpur, lwZi
telh of escort of 1 NO. and 30 men with "&. htthsm:
n surveyor in Mr. Scott's Department, to explore the ~ m ,
five d a p journey Renmnr to "Bor Haot".
1827-8, on rev. 0 6 . in lower Asaem under Beding.
field, hol di ng oh. f r om l at t er' s deat h in 1828 [ 146,
390.423, 501 ] till hi s own, havi ng "arrived a t Jamaul.
por e on t h e previ ous day in a hopeleaa state".
MATHIAS, Vincent. Mad. Inf.
b. 18-61793. d. 12-1-67.
Ens. 24-8-11 ... Lt..Cal. 23-12-38; ret. 23441;
Hon. Col. 28-1151,
Son of James Mathina, of Stanhor, Norfolk.
m.. 1st.. Llamheblig. Walea, 9-1032, Elizabeth, dau. of
Richd. Poole, s g. of Bangor ; eho d. 30-1237, on vow
home. yf
m.. 2nd.. Cuttack, 9-i-39. May Anne Louise, dau. of
J. Spencer.
Ens. w. Regt., Sorfolk blilitia. 27-5-W.
July 1815, ~ m . , cl. IX [ 11, 321 1.
1819-20, as Aqua.. on 8Vy. under Malcolm in Milwa;
MRIO. I87 ( 30 ), svy. of Mbow a t . , and surroundinp;
263-20, ''left M~mdleysir in an open boat ... down part of
the Norbudda aa far ay Broaoh, t o ascertain the praotioability ...
of uavigating it" [ 84, 123 1.
MAY, John Stuart. Ci r. Sumr., uncov.
Dmn. SGO. Caloutta, 1-1-19; survr. MltibhHnga R.
June 1R20 ; Supdt. Nadia Rivers, 1825 ; read. Aug. 1840.
DDn. 154 ( 45 ). 19-12-18, SG. writes to Mil. tho., Col. JM.
Young, who had i nt r odud May ; "He eeeme to be the mi
st& from which we might make a good surveyor ; he ia not
immediately up to ~eographical survey in all its brnnchea,
hut with his fund of elementary knowledge. hie pnrctica of
land sunreyiug & mode of drawing. I have no objection to
take him in tow on such terms as I have mentioned to
him" [ 312 1. Again. 9-8-19 ; "In reply to your note about
Mr. May. He is a deserving young mnn, & you need not
be uneeev for him with me ; at the samo time that I approvs
highly of your & his friends endeavouring to get him i n h .
duced into the servioe as a cadet".
1820, read., a n d appd., J une, t o maintenanoe of
I&tibh&nga R. [ 15.313 ] ; f r om 1826. Supdt . of Nedie
Ri vers, "wi t h a view t o keeping t hem open for navige-
t i on" [ 16 1. Amongst hi s ma ny maps wes one "of
t h e Nuddea Rivera wi t h Gmgm from Furruokabed
t o Gwal parah, & Hooghl y f r om Sook Ssugor ta
Nuddea6 ".
1831-2. survd. Rijmahil Hills to investigate catchment
arena affecting Boods cawed by unusual heavy rains8.
1839-40. on sick leave during cold weather and resd. on
acot. ill-health.
MELVILL, Peter Melvill. Bo. Inf.
b. 2-7-03. d. 4-11-95.
Lieut. 22-11-10 ... Col. 28-11-64; ret. aa ~ O U .
M Gen. 31-12-81.
Son of Philip Me l d , of Pendennis Gaetle. CornwaU.
m., Bombay, 1&1-30, Catharlne &ry, deu., of Job
Robertson. of Tweedmouth.
KCB.; DIE.
BO m. 1-11-20, nppd. Aasb. S m . , aujargt Rev. 8V.p
remeininn with m. till 1027 r 170 n.5 I ; B O R A O ~ . I1
( 270),-fofea on Aki aJl u rc...&&m .;.
- -
1838, PA. Cutah ; 184k50, 8ec. to Bo. aovt. in M& Bpt.
Ion Bnrhrnaputra about 30 m. above Mymsnningb.
'HMB.
I Rq r . 48 ( 180 ).
'Ben CIJ. 11, 1851.
NOTES MOORCROFT
MITCHELL, Hugh. Mad. Inf. D e o h . At prenant doing duty with 1nt Native Ca\.alry
b. 24-11-1789. d. 21-3-60.
a t Arneo". On svy. of 8. Marltha Country [ 115 n.6, 352 ]
until oompelled, moo. 11-7-20, to take leave ~AJ Europe in1 mc.
Ens. 18-3-11 ... Lt Col. 10-11-30 ; ret. 31-10-41 ; After retunl waa employed in QHO.'B ofim, and then. no,,.
Hon. Col. 1864. 9-11-24, nppd. DSG, on death of 3lonntford [ j r r . 342 1 ;
Son of Thomaa JIitohell and Margaret Taylor his wife. " I not only required n counidrr:~l~lo tirno to hecomeacquainted
m.. Loodon. 25-2-35. Jessie. dau. of Sir John JlcC~qkill. with the extensive and i ~uoort a~l t dutien. ... but ...I wan -.
lsi&, with ~ y d o r i b l d subsy. Forco ; on ~ v y . of Gmes
[83. 214 ] ; wit11 Halcolm in MUwn, drawing svy. allces. ns
ap>jo. 24-3-to20-8-18 ; "I waa omploycd in the first instancn
on a survey in Western Malwa. Aftcr my return ... I waa
constantly employed in preparing the materinls from which
the nlap was compiled, by protracting the survegn, and in
constructing tho lnnp from them"' [8j 1.
MOHSIN HUSSAIN, Syed Mir.
Inst. Repairer. b. Arcot.
"A Muhomodan by religion, but not a b i ~ o t ; a natural
born 81lbjcct of Her blnjaytv, his plrrre of birth being the
vicinity of 1Idras. By deacent he ia partly Arab. ... He
came round originally t o Cnloutta with tho lato Colonel
Blacker, and was brought up in the shop of Mr. Gordon, a
jeweller of some eminence in Madras [ 258 n.2 1, where tho
Colonel first met him, and waa struck by his uncommon
intelligenut* and acutenesswP.
codned with a scvero nttnck'nf fever, nnd knn not wlioved
for some time nfterwnr~l~ from r~yul ar attelldance at the
Quarter-Jlenter-General's otIice"7.
A good admi ni st rat or, a nd ma de t hor ough exami -
nat i on a nd r epor t o n t h e svys. of t h e vari ous Madree
dists. [q-5. 102-4, 114. 118-21, 321 ] ; cont i nued t o
hol d post t i l l i t s abolition [ 208-9, 221, 279, 301, 328,
376-7 1. 1827-30. hel d ch. of ~ Ma d r ~ q Ohsy. af t er
Gol dmgham' s dopar t ur e [ I91 ] ; DDn. 237 ( 213 ).
gr ant ed 3 mo. l e ~t ve t o Ni l gui Hills.
On abolition of pns t of DSG. in 1833, declined nppt .
t o GTS.
MOORCROFT, William [ 11,430-1 1.
Vet. Surg. b. Lancsshire c. 1786.
d. 27-8-25, Andkhui, AfghZnist.Bn.
~l i ckt -r had employed him f i r ~ t in tho office of t,he ~ a a . ,
Loft nat. son and dau.. ITIIO were both in India in 1Ml.B
h[a&aa from 1810. "to repair instruments", bllt "he wan
JASB. X ( 401 ) ; ltichd. ( b. Oct. 1918 ). Mall. Id. 1 8 G j j ;
not a publio aorvant"". After appt. as SQ. ill 1923. Rlaoker
A~~~~~ m., ~ ~ ~ , l ~ , ~ , 19-7-34 &j. S ~ B . B ~ ~ ~ ~ , B ~ . ~nf.
called Mohsin Hussain up t o Cnloutta, and nppd. him on
Rs. 25 pm. in placo of the local sieligar [I, 290 n.6 ; 111. 214.
ed. Liverpool EUJ surg. ; st udi ed vet . science in
313 1. Hodgson taught him t o tako astr. obans.. and found and practised yeam in
him "a moat reapectnble man and steedy observer"'[ 188 1. DNB. ; DIB. ; Moblwojt & Trebeck, I ( xvii to xlvii). Aa J.
Fr om 1830, hi s t nl ent a n d abi l i t y won t h e oonfidence
XIX., 18% ( 838 ) : rvnr, ns. 1835 ( 289 ). 1930 ( 35-42 ;
of ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t , who had him appd. ~ ~ t h . ~ ~ ~ t . ~~k~~ in
96102 ); Davis ( 10, 3 6 3 1; CalcuJm Rev. I ( 4~ 1.
184Z5.
Left England May 1808, and assumed duty. 4-12-08. a t
Pusa. Bihlr. as Vet. Sura. to Dennal Go d . and S u ~ t . of the
-
Company's stud.
MONTGOMERIE, Duncan [ 11,430 1.
May t o Nov. 1812, visited M&nmsrowar La ke wi t h
Mad. Cav. b. 367-1709. d. 20-4-78. Heersey, t ravel l i ng i n disguise vi e Garhwkl a n d Ni t i
Corn. 1-6-10 ... Jlaj. 17-8-38 ; ret. 1 6 - M ; Ron. Paas [ 11, 80-1 ; ILI, 286 ] ; br ought back hill poni ee
~t COI. 2a11-34.
Son of Duncnn Uontgonierie, of co. Fife.
m., Madras, 17-1-25, Hnrriet IsabcUa Katharine, dan. of
late $1 Gen. J. Durand, Md. Est.
Oriental Club.
March 1810, MMI. , c1. v [ IT, 320 ] ; on compl et i on
of c o me , empl oyed i n reducing t he svys. t o f or m e
1-inch ma p [ IT, 319 1.
1815-6. with Hyderihid Subsy. Force ; employedon svy. of
pesses "within tho Nagpore Territory, t o theeast of tho Warda"
[ 83-4. 331 ] ; 1817-8. Martitha Wnr. with fd. force. Dhtirwir.
St rongl y recdd. for svy. empl oyment b y Mackenzie,
who wri t es t o El phi nst one at Poona. 7-9--18, t h a t
he " s t mda on my books for e mpl oy~ne nt on account
of gr eat sat i sfact i on h e gave i n reducing t h e wl ~ol e
eurveys of our Military I nst i t ut i on in conoert wi t h
mo t h e r officer [ Mount f or d, 488 1, al r eady provi ded
for on t h e survey. The beautiful and sat i sfact ory
specimen of Mr. Montgomery's drawi nge [ 11, pl. 12 ;
111, 95, pl. 11 1, a n d hi s oharaoter, i nduce me t o
recommend hi m al so t o your notioe for empl oyment .
H e i s now wi t h regi ment at Ellore, a n d I wr i t e hi s
Colonel of t hi s dat e, ... who is muc h i nt erest ed in
him. ... Th e speci mens of hia drawi ng i n ma p s e m
indeed bea~t i f ul , : ' ~ [ 3 3 ~ 4 0 ].
MOO. 2-2-19 : plwed a t d~sposal of Commissioner a t
Pwna, to be employed in the Surveying Department in the
a n d long-haired goat s ; hel d u p b y ~ i u r k h e e in
Kuma un on r et ur u journey.
1812-3, his agent , Nir Izxot TJllah [ 11. 431 ] h a d
explored rout as Keshmir-Yarhd-BukhaeKibul.
T l ~ e following do scrip ti or^ of t he road over t h e Zoj i
L a Paes ia t aken f r om e.u account pub., 1826, in
Cal. Qy. Rev. [ xxi , 276, 11.710
"The lset station in Cashmir is onUcd sosknnso, It
io a village of some 50 or 60 hoosss ; the d i s difficult and
moky, so ns to be impaasnble to o mounted traveller. Tbe
road hns the Sindh on the right hand. ...
"North Eaet from So~mmurg. five con. ia Baltal. ... with
... one harm for the ncoommodetion of tmx-ellem ; along the
skirts of the mountain on right of the road runs the Sindh ;
the r o d is broad and praoticnble. Yaltal ia witpithin the limita
of Cnahmir, hut olose to i t ; on the east rum a mounteinons
elevation whioh .wpnratea Cashmu from Tibet ; thenceforasrd
the road is over mou~rt ai no~i ... paths, but abundant in
springs. ...
"After leaving B~l t a l about 4 ghurreee, the d over
the top...and wu pmctiwble onongh ; on the d-t i t lay
under hzen snow for about an arrow's ht. One con from
thence on the right of the road. end on% eummit of s hill.
two large blooks of stone wore obsernrbla ... The pLo. ia
oalled Wshsaugen. ...
"On thii spot r n k mveral sprbga, hell of which Bow to
Tibet, and half to Caehmir. ... The Ri m of Tibet, shsr
l er vi q t hat oountry rnnn by Y d r s b a d : below M u n d b
mbd one ma., i t unites with the river of Csebmir, md the
'Mitohell t o Mdoolm. JLhra. 6-8-11 ; DDn. 101 (442-6). '90. to h v t . . 24-7-30; DDn. 402 ( 82-06), ' D h 4U
(107 ). Fob. 1840. 'JA8B.IX. l W( 8 0 ) . 'Markbarn (BB.lW-200). D D 1 ( 7 ) . 'DDn. 303 ( Dl ) . 13-0-36,
Ben Wills, 1820. *of. a mom exwt tr. of his notee. I z d al ( 7-8 ) [ xx 1.
MOORCROFT
BIOGRAPHICAL
oombined river desce~tds t o the Punjab under the name of
Jhelolu or Behu't." After this little error about the souroe
of the Kisheneangn, Izzat Ullal~ desorihen t he onward road
ta Dm, which had all'endy been reoorded by Macertney
as Dr a ~~a [ I I . 271 n.41, and was visited ten years leter by
Moororoft himself.
1920. Moorcroft obt ai nod l eave 011 full pny, int,end-
i ng t o t ravol t o BukhHra vi a La d i k h a n d Yarkhancl.
t o pur chase Tur komnn horses f ur i mpr ovi ng horseflesh
i n I ndi a. T o facilittrte a n d t i ~ ~ a l l c e t h e j our ney 11e
persuaded Pnl mer (Lc Co.-and Cr ut t enden Bt Co.-of
Cal cut t a [ 4; ~- 3 ] " t o el l t r ust t o hid car e a s uppl y of
goods t o t h e val ue of a hout 3,000 porlnds".
H e t ook wi t h hi m as aurvr. , Ueo. Tr ebe~. k, son of o
Cal cut t a l awyer, a r ~ d Wm. Gut hr i e, a s ub- mat . sur g.
f r om Bombay [ 508 1.
The party comprisiug 300 pernoas, 16 hareee and mulea.
and 200 mnru~da of merchandise, left Bareilly in Oot. 1819,
and macltod Bilaspur on the Sutlej. 13-3-20. Frum Bilaepur
Moorcroft visited Lshoro t o obtain a permit from Renjit
Singh, whose troopa hncl I I GPUP~PI I Kashmir since 1819'.
Leaving Bilaaplu in July they reeohed Leh in Sept.. Tmbeok
keeping svy. of route, slid. with bloorcroft, obsg. lets. and
height? [ q j -41. Hopinu for permit to travel via Yarkrrnd in
h u t Lllah's trecks [n, 431 1, they steyed two years in
Ledikh making further svys., whilst Moorcroft wc,n repute-
tion by sucoeseful operation8 for mtaract.
Sept. 1822. heering from Yarhend t hat Chineae refused
authority t o travel by that rol~te, Muorcroft determined to
reaoh Bukhira via Kashmir and Kibul. h v i n g Trebeok to
follow, left Leh 20th; nt Sonemxrg received permit from
RnnjitSingh toenter Kasllnlir.
Roached Sr i nagar 3rd Nov., st ar i r l a at gar den
- - - -
house for t h e wi nt er. An at Leh, practioud meclicine
ant1 ma de occeclional excursions. Tr aded irr Kus hmi r
shawl s. Thr oughout hi^ t r avel s r e c o r d ~ d mos t in-
t er est i ng f ect s a bout count r y a n d people. A gr e a t
aut hor i t y on t hese regions, Alex. Cunni ngham, records
near l y 30 year s l at er t h a t "he f ound Moorcroft abso-
l ut el y t r ust wor t hy, at114 one of t h e mos t conscientious
me n t h a t evor lived", a n d ~ i mi l a r verdiot h a d been
gi ven b y hi s bro. J os eph af t er t revel e in La da kh in
1843 ( 462 )2.
Yoring ~ t a y a t Srinagar, Jfoorcroft found a copy of Radja
Tarangini. the anciont chronicle of thu Kaahmir rulers.
"Trnrb aur dt.9 Qcurce, du bouleao", it w a s brought to his
notice by a pandil hc had c11ro11 from n well-nigh incurable
di m. Ha ernp. 10 pandils for 3 mo. make a copy.
which he sent down to the Samkrit Coll. a t Calcutta, whore
i t wllr e~litud. I t wns then tr. anal puh. Ily Troyer in Paris
[ 11, 448 n.1 la.
Ha now obtained official pcrmit to travel vie Peshiwer.
Leeving Srinagar 31-7-23, made an abortive attempt to
march dvwn tho JLi-lum volloy, hut stopped by armed force
below Baramula nnd had t o returu to Srinegar. Starting
agein 11-8-23, the party croesed into P131ch by the Pir
Penjil p m, ancl rerwhed Peahiwer 8th Dec. via Jhelum
and Riwalpindi. About 8 yesrs later Vigne found that the
&ja of Rijaori had happy memorieu of Moorcroft end his
"little spaniel oal l d 3lky"'.
The y left Peahi war . 24-5-24. af t er 6 mo. ha l t ;
reaahed KI b u l 20t h J u n e ; on t h e r oad " t hi evee st ol e
Trebeck' e cloak, bl anket , pistol, e n d wh a t wag 8
wve r e loas, hi s c o mp m, one ma de wi t h sights". On
h v i n g f i b u l , 17t h Aug.. t hei r b h m i r i a n d Gurkha
followers r et ur ned t o I ndi a [ 44 1. Thei r caravan of
l aden climela and r umour s of gr eat wealth exci M
t h e cupi di t y of t h e Uzbek chief of Kunduz, whom
Aloorcroft found i t politic t o visit from t he border
t own of Khool um anti, writeu Rurnes, who f o~md him.
solf i n a s i mi l ~ r predi cament 7 years later, "having
ma d e hi m some present s, r et ur ned t o Wool um.
"He had no sooner arr~ved thore thnn he received a
rnessn,ge from the chiof, ... roquentiug that he would hoeten
hi^ return, and briny ... his medical instruments and &.
Guthrie. ... I t was merely a plan to elmare h~m. ... After a
month's delay, he only succeeded in liberating himself by
complying wit11 tlln most extrnsagnnt demands or Moorsd
Beg."
Izzat Ullnh h~rd occd. hloorcroft to Ladikh and TurkiaGn
and gavu him loyal support in his doslings with Murad Be;
a t Kunduz. Being now seriously ill, and the trouble being
apparentlv over, he took leave, and sot out for India,
10-12-246.
"Tllu party" write.. Burnes" prepured t o quit Koolum for
Bokhani, but on the very eve of departure were surro~mdd
by 400 horsemen, and again suu~monod to Koondooa
[ c 30-12-14 1. I t waa not now concealed that thc obief 7 p p ~
resolved on seizu~ the whole of the property. and putting the
party t o death. %r. Moororoft touk the only course which
oould hare ever extricated his party and himeelf. In the
cLisg~use of a native, he fled s t night, and after a surprising
journey, a t length reached Talighan, a town heyond Koon.
dooz, where a holy man lived" [IV, pl. 161. With his protee.
tion and intercession they were at Last ~.oleased, having paid
blackmail of ebout Rs. 7000
They crossed t h e Oxus 11-2-25, a nd reached
Bu k h i r a 26th. He r e Moorcroft purcheeed valuable
horses, e n d recrossed t h e OXUE on hi s ret urn about
4 t h Aug. ; h e t ur ned asi de wi t h a few f o l l o we ~ t o
buy mor e horses at Mai nrnana, but t ook ill with
f ever and di ed at Andkhui . His body wes buried
at Bal kh, wher e Out hr i e di ed shor t l y after. To
compl et e t h e t r agody, Tr ebeck died a t Mazer-i-Sharif,
af t er 4 mo. illness [44, 282, 5081.
I n t e n ~ e i nt erest i n t hi s j our ney was t aken both in
I ndi a a n d Engl and, a n d E4Ioorcroft's lettera were pub.
at t h e earliest oppor t uni t y a s t hey renched his
f r i e n h ;- JR(7S. I, 1831 ( 2 5 3 4 7 ), otc.- t he tragedy
of hie deat h mudo a gr eat sLir.
The following com ments are taken trom Mohen Lal. who
travelled that wny with Durnes 7 yeen, later [ 452 ] ; 10-8-32.
"We halted a t $[azar ... and put up in the same place where
Mr. Trebeok die11 of a fever. ... All the property of Mr.
Moororoft wm forfeited by the ruler of Mazar on the death of
a;, Trebeck. ...
Mr. Moorcroft ... was received by the IClng of Bokh~r8
with honor and distinctiorr on acoonnt of his wealth and
reupeotability, ... and, having made premnta to the king, W u
permitted to ride mthin the city on horseback. ... I t Was
after his return. ... and when he was p r o c d n g in searoh
of the Turkrnan horses in the district of Balkh J AndhLo,
that he was attaoked by fever and died.
"The circomstanoea attending hie decease, though not of
suspicious nature, yot are not suficiently olear to dispel all
doubt, but the rowonable conolusion is that his d e o 0 ~ Wea
e natural event. ... E b remains were scsroely allowed a
bmial pleoe at Balkh owing to the bigotted zeal of the inh.bi.
tanta".
Rurnos desori l ~e~ hie visit t o 'I the grnvo of poor MoororofL
... Mr. Outhrie lies by hia aide ... under a mud wall wluah had
'Sikhs formally annexell Kawhmir and Pnshiwnr in 18%. a Burrard & Hayden ( 36 ) ; JASB. XIII, 1844 ( 179-222) ;
Xm. 1818 ( 201-30 ). s'l!royer. 1 ( iii-iv ) ; Moorcrofb's letter from 8rinsger, 20-7-24. Aa R. XVIII ( 617 ).
Vi pe, ( 228 1'
' d l m f l d Tr e k E. 11 ( I)& 101. 415-35 ). V~ k h a r a , II ( 181-2 )I Eoldioh ( 441-7 ) ; Mnmd Beg'a demands had varied fmm
Ra. U),OUO to 2 lekhs MoorcroJl & Trebeck, 11 ( 453-86 ).
NOTES 487 MORRIESON
been purposely thrown ovor. ... The ...p eople of Balkh refuaed
permission t o the travcllsra being interred in their burial-
p~? d. ... He was unaccompanied by any of his Empeen
-0mtss. ... and wee brought beok lifelees on a cemel after
short absence of 8 days"'.
Mohen L d records that he "left s name of humanity and
wisdom that will long be remembered in Turkistan. ... Mr.
Moorcroft's books, papers, and some manuscripts, are s t
M~ W, n town about 14 miles eaat of Balkh. I regrel that
we could make no attempt ( without raining enspicion of our
motives ) to procum them. ... Papers and journnle have been
Reovered by the exertions of Mr. Fraser a t Dihli, and by him
rnanged and sent to Calcutta"'.
All t ho paper s t l l nt had been recovered by 1 8 3 6
including t hose received b y Chaa. Trebeck f r om
his bm.-were t ~ k e n t o London b y Alex Burn-,
and passed for pubn. t.0 Dr. Wilson. Ot her paper s
were l at er recovered i n 1838 by Dr Lord who vi si t ed
Maear-i-Sharif m d recovered " 50 vol umes of ...
printed works3. ... Th e remai nder, including t h e
maps, Mr. Moorcroft's pawpor t s i n English a n d
Pereian, ,.. a n d a rns. vol ume ... chiefly of acoount s, I
wes enabl ed t o recover when. ..I myself me d e a vi si t
to Khoolum a n d ~l l oozor ". H e f ound t i not e b y
Trebeck t h a t Moorcroft h a d di ed on 27t h . h u g . , a n d
evidence t h a t satistied h i m t h a t deat h ha d n o t been
cawed b y "unfair means ".
From notes about the goods sold at Rnkhira, Lord con-
cluded that " the proceeds were chiefly expended in the
pnrchnse vf horses, of tvhiclr ... he had when ha ~iierl somcwh%t
under a hu~ldred. ... Hk c11:~r;~rter ww higldv apprecitrted
by the King [ of Rukhari~ ] \vhu irequontl.v s&t for him to
enjoy the pleasure of his conrersation, and rordt~rrs~l on him
the high privilege, never before granted to n Christian. of
riding throuqh tho city and oven t ~ , tho girtos of the King's
palace, on horseback"'.
Though hi s pr i mar y objerL was t h e purchase of
homes. Moorcroft, wi t h Trebecli' s assistance, di d much
t o open u p t h e geography of t h e count ri es h e visited.
Their diaries were ed. b y Hor ace Wilson, a n d pub.
London 18415, wi t h illustrations a n d a map. A brief
critical s ummar y of his t ravel s is gi ven by Profesgor
Davis in hi s Ral ei gh Lect ure, 1013, ont i t l ed The Great
Qame in Aeia ( 1820-1844 )6.
MORLAND, Henry. Mad. Inf.
b. 4-10-03. d. 23-12-68.
Ens. 13-2-21 ... Maj. 9-11-46 ; inv. 11-3-48 ;
ret. 6-1-53 ; Holr. Lt Pal. 28-11-64.
Son of James Morland, coal mewh., of Deptford.
m.. Calrutta Cnth.. 30-640, Georginn, den. of Chlw
Rooke, of Brighton ; his dau. Belln m. John Peaoh Holdioh.,
UNR., and d. 9-12--134.
MGO. 12-2-28, appd. Asst. Survr. ; DDn. 184
( 466 ), 7-3-28, t o join Hyde r BbU Svy. f r om Madras,
by sea t o Mesul i pat am [ I ro 1. Fob. t o May 1829,
on svy. of PBlnBd; "ver y l i t t l e acquai nt ed wi t h t h e
duties of surveyi ng ", b u t svy. described tm "excel-
lent" [ 9 6 7 ]. DDn. 237 ( 140 ). 2-10-20 ; t o oh.
of HyderCbHd Svy. f r om 1-8-29 ; [ I 19, 351 1.
In ch. Hy d e r i b M Bvy. off end on t i l l Jan. 1848,
af t er promot i on t o Maj or [ 5, j qr 1.
MORRIESON, Hugh [ 11,432 1. Ben. Id.
b. 1-I!?-1788, d. 27-8-59'.
Ena. 28-8-04 ... Lt.-Col. 13-1-31, ret. 11-8-41.
Hon. Col. 2k11-54.
Son of David Morrieson, Ben. Inf. ( d. 1800. Horlson);
and Rachcl Wivhtman his wife : bro. to David 1 178>1R?I \.
RCY. ; Robert ( b. I i Y i ), ~ c s . ; \Vm. Elliot ( li91-1815 ), en:
Engra. [ 11, q j : 1, nnrl Nnun~yth ( d. 1846 ), Xulm' s Armv.
m.. 1 1 - 0 4 , Elizabeth Constantin, dau. of Ricbd. Prym
and widow of Capt. Robt. Calnpbell; ax.
Hodson. 111 f 333 ).
1812-3; sat. S&VI. i n MirzCpur [ LI. 45 1 ; 8-6-13.
t r . t o Sunderbans. t aki ng ch. from hi s bro. Wm. in
Ma y 1814 ; Feb. 1815. joined uni t for mil. service,
Ne pi l Wa r [ 11, 16-7 ; 111, 12. 139, 425 1.
BGO. 17-10-16. appd. t o o5c i a t e as Asst. in SGO.
[ 309 1. Crawford poi nt i ng out "his willingness t o d o
t h e d u t y on hi s present allowances ... being at t hi s
moment in Cal cut t a, havi ng come from Benar w o n
d u t y in at t endance on a sick offioer. ... Shoul d h e
... b e empl oyed i n t h e surveyi ng line, i t woul d be of
t h e g r e a h t comequenoe a n d advant aga t o hi m to
heve served some mont hs i n t h e Sur veyor General' s
0 5 c e " ~. 7-2-16, handed over t o Hyde [ 462 1.
On departure to England Crawford leit a note Zor Msckenzie.
28-12-15; "This will be forwarded to you by a protege of
mine of many years. He has been in my family [ 11. 413 ;
111. 4' 8 ] for seven or eight years, and hee been twioe my
asaishnt [ II, 4j . 392 1. His welfare I am particularly anxious
about, and nothing could give me greater pleasure than to hmr
of his succes in life. He stands high on the Lard's* list.
from his being nephew to Sir Hugh luglis, late Chsirman'o.
"He is very anxious to be re-appointed to the survey of
the Sunderbonds, which wns for t au years carried on by his
brother, hut fell in the Nepaul War [11, 4321, and scarcely
had recommenced the work before the Lord sent him to his
Regt. on account of the late hostilities"".
BOO. 22-5-16, t o resume svy. of Sundarbana. o n
recdn. of Rev. Bd. [ 7, 12, rqo ] ; 1-1-17, appd.
DAQMG.. 1st cl.. e n d t o cont i nue t he svy. [ 142-3. 173,
335. 348 1.
18l i , given watce. of 3 nppoea. strnigbt &om school [ 360-1.
3631 but had to break off svy. in April 181s. "I he w
generally apent the rainv ee~uron nt Swry with my brother
[ 488 n.z]. Had I not b&n siok, it wss my intention to hare
gone t o Soory when tho raius set in, to bave brought up my
own map, and t o hare eluployed the boys and Captain
MacGregor'S on n trigouometrical aurvey all rorrnd the sbt i on
... and to have uroluded t.he neighbouring hills [ 32s 1.
"This sa a private piece of work would have given them
all information and praotioe, but. ~s I am siok now and
cannot go to the Swtdorbunds, Doctor Young" a t b t wished
to send me t o the Sand Headd but. on considering the boii-
terous weather, he changed his mind, and said that when I
ehould bave taken memury enough here, he would reeommaud
my taking a trip up the country. so ru to keep out of C8lcntta
during the rains. I mentioned to him Soory, on which he
e n q u i d sa to its olimete. He said he thought i t wodd be
as good a pleoe a~ any other, being a high knnker mil [ u.
388 n.5 ].dry end wwm in the rnins instead of damp md cold.
Now I shall be able t o p r o d them aooner than the 14th of
'Bolara. I1 ( 209-10 ) ; NWCCMP& Trc6cck. I ( xlix ). a36oh.m La1 ( 04-129 ). 'out of 90 b o o b chitlv medical.
total of 87 wore roooved. J. 4SR. , VII, 1838 (666-8). Wommfl + Trebcut. *Davis ( 2 0 4 ) . 'M8;Lham ( 8 Y)
-urn- death 1818, misled by Oastrell. who found his fdhh. broken otf that year. ' DDn. 143 ( 151 ). 1&10-16. 'Lord
M o b OQ. & C-in-C.. later Mqs. of Hestingm. 'Oof the CD.. EIC. ; Momeson's gt. unola H b hd oh@ his nbma Gum
Wightman to Inglia. llDDn. 147 ( 14-13 ). '@John MnoGrsgor ( L7@3-1822 ) ; Ben. Iof. ; j oi n3 Ma r r i m -18. l8 Bsnr~
Young ( 1782-1844 ) ; Ban. Med. ; Clswfonl'a Roll ( B 5'29 ).
MORRIESON
BIOGRAPHICAL
June ( ... I tr11st ... i t will not be nocossary for me to oontinue
this coum of mercury so long ! ) I .
Writes fro111 Suri, BirbhllmP. S8-18, "forwarding an
unfinished sketch of. ..part of the Jemore District, exhibiting
a view of the work performed during the 18 months the
surrey has heen actually prosecuted. ... My latcsevsre illnese,
hrnught (111 by constant exposure to the son, prevented me
~ I I I filling up the space left blauk, but I propose doing
t hh ill the e ~ w~ ~ i n g season, so soon as the rniu water shall
have ran off from the country"3.
Agnin, on sending in his final fdbks.. li-9-18 ; "With
regard to carryinp the survey luorr to een. nu doubt it would
be good to have the kl~owledgc. all11 1 i~nngine amnll but mfe
reweld could be ret out and in amo~lgst the sn~ida. A man
brought up nt ma, h~rwerer, soold be necessary to undertake
d the direction of rlnral concerns ; the navigation should be
intricate as the mndr ore numernus.
"There are oonie petrifications in this neighbourhood
[ Suri ] of tree*, plants. ~ u ~ d nome purc cry~ihlu. I shall
bring down rome specimens with me"'.
31-8-18; "It is my fir111 intention to proceed on my
survey in October. God willing. I do not feel well, hut I
have great l~opes that the cold weather will do much for me.
and ~mder that impremion I could not with any degree of
propriety hesitate in recommencing my work. If after
a fair trial 1 fill11 it in vain contending against sicknew. I
shall then with much regret give up a piece of work in whioh
I am muoh interested"5.
Suri , 8-9-18. ssks f or not i ce t o b e gent to officiale
in t h e Sondar bena of hi9 comi ng season' s programme,
a n d t h a t a r r ~n g e me n t e be ma d e for sui t abl e boat e,
e n d concl udes ; "I ha ve ha d ueveral l et t er s f r om
gent l emen i n t h e Sunder bunds, requesting t o know
when my sur vey will ext end t hei r l engt h. ~a t he y
wer e ver y anxi ous to ha ve a me p of t h e count r y,
b u t t he y mus t ha ve p a t i e n ~ e " ~ .
It waa n o t t o be, a n d o n r et ur ni ng t o Cal cut t e.
-
h e he d to ask for l ong l eave ; " t he medi cal gent l emen
t hi nk ... I mhould ma k e e voyage t o aee wi t h ae l i t t l e
del ay es poeaible. I a m accordi ngl y pr epar i ng t o
proceed t o t h e Cape of Good Ho p e b y a n ear l y
oppor t uni t yv7. Under EGO. 28-10-18, h e wea
"per mi t t ed t o ma k e e voyage t o eee, for t h e benefit
of his heal t h, for 10 mont hs". Fur t he r ext ensi ons
br ought hi s l eave u p t o 7-10-20.
Like his bro. hefore him [ 11. 17, 432 ; 111, 12.3.14 ] he had
many adventurea with tigers a~lcl other wild creatures;
"On the edge of the jungle on the Puasur River the country
wea formerly much more cultivated. but the tieem became
w numerous, the people left i t [ 7h 1. I t in now partially
cultivated only a t Diggerazahad. During all seaeons of the
year tbe people nay they shut themselves up about 6 o'olock
in the evening, and stir not out till the sun be well up. But
in the rains the tigerr conle in ~~umbers. and a t all hours of
thu day. The people are co~lstantly carricd off.
"In the Roymangal River, hnving come to an anchor,
we saw a rhinoceros on the opposite eidu of the river drinking.
I crorraed in a pa1mway3 : he allowed me to approach to within
aU or 40 yarrls. I 6rod a t his head and put the ball through
hia cheek; he re11 off into the jungle bcfore I could got a
wcond aim a t him. On reaching the pinnace I learnt from
tho party I had sent on shore that they hnd been sucocaeful
in hnding a tank of good wetor under the oocoanut trees;
i t WM, however, rurrounded by long grass and other jungle,
the haunb of many rhinoceroses; they had made a regular
bod in it. Boing anxious to save a trip all the way to Chsnd-
d e y for fresh wa*. I went on shorn with an armed party
cuMng Brebranda, with which we soon set the whole place
in a blaae. I left i t to burn out, meaning to return in
or two to try and flll our oaskn.
"About ihis time four very large dingees, ... eaoh having
about 60 men on board, passed us at a prodigioup rate. we
reckoned them dacoitR from their appearance, and when we
cnllrd t o them they returned no answer, nor paid tho least
attention. ... They may be ...g oing out to look for bosh i,,
distress that have been separated from the regular Beets by
stresa of weather, and of course helpleas against such a
rrumber of menlSJ. ~ - .
After rejoining from leave, Morrieaon resumed his appt.
ee awa. , and was employed. sao. 3-2-21. on road svy. end
wnntruction, Barrackpore-Kishengerh-Berhampore. and on
svy. in Msllva [ 27, 87, 337 1. BOO. 8-8-24, attd. to e. Div.
of army under Shuldhnm a t Dncca [ 65 1.
blOUNTFORD, Francis [ 11, 432-3 1.
Mad. Inf.
bapt. 23-7-1790. d. Madras, 11-7-24.
Ens. %-I049 ... Bt. Capt. 30423.
Son of Thomss Mountford, of Wom.9.
m.. Madras, 13-1-23, Emily Haselwood. probably dsu.
of Joseph Hsselwood, Mad. Inf. [ 11, 4x0 n.3 1.
Mar ch 1810, MMI. cl. V [ 11, 321 1, remaining, with
Montgornerie, t o cornpile t h e 1-inch and &-inch maps,
compl et i ng t hese under cont rol of t he SG. i n 1817
1 n, 129 ; HI. 95, 455 I.
l' royer tastifiea, 22-5-16. "t o t h e uncommon
t al ent s a n d i ndefat i gabl e zeal evinced, ... ea well
aa... for i nst ruct i on of t he Military 1nstitution"lo.
As aqqt. instr. hel d ch. of svy. i n G u n t k 1815-8;
MMC. 19-6-17, af t er closing of MMI., given ch. of
r e n ~ a u ~ u l g svy. of Gu n t i ~ r left irrcornplete [ 96,206-7,
335. 474 I. ~- . -
Mackenzie had "a good opinion of his dieeretion & ju@-
ment", and Ward write8 from Trnvancore, 28-11-18, that
"I should like well he wna with me, having &mdy the
pleasure of his acquaintance, but only fear his constitution
will suffer in o climate where bowel oomplainte & the liver are
the predominant disorders, to the latter of whioh I know him
to be \,cry subjectw*.
Sept . 1818, on Riddell' s deat h, called down to
Madr as for ch. of SGO. ; hel d post till deat h, after
bei ng u p ~ e d e d t o DSG. 18-4-23 [ 4. 112, 117-8,
213. 291-2, 297. ,318, 320, 339 1. Hel d entire con-
fidence of Maclcenzie, whose full and i nt i mat e corr.
wi t h hi m bet ween 1818 mc1 1821 ie still premrved
[ 116, 120. 277. 319, 374-5. 401, 450, 476-9 1.
A warm appreciation nppcared in the Asiatic JOI~M! Of
March 1825; "Capt. hlmlutford. DSQ., was a man equally
dintinguisl~od by his publiu nnd private virtucq. He enterod
the wrvice without having one friend upon whose interest
he oould rely for advancement; nnd by rarc merit, and
diligent discharge of his ~uhl i o dutiee, he raised himnelf to
the important situation whioh he held at his denth. But
al t hou~h thus distinguished as a public officer, it wae in the
quiet wnk of domestic life that the amiable qualities of
heart werc most co~lspicuous.
"He wna a mont eincero Chrintian, and unwearied in the
wrvioo of hie great Mnater. ... In his short cemer through
the service he invariablv acquired the esteem rurd friendship
of his msociates, nnd the approbation of his superiors. He
was Secretary to the Literary and to the School Book Societi~
[ 481 1, ... and obtained their repeated t h mb for the...
advancement of both b~stitutiom"' ~.
Dh. 147 ( 137 ), 274-18. 'ateying with hir bro, David, BCS. who hod aon b. Huri, 14-2-13.
'DDn. 147 1 1.
b ( 1 . 'ib. ( 162 ). l i b. ( 167-0 ). ' h m Momisson. 1.5-1&18 ; BTC. 1Btl1 ( 120 ) ; DDn. 133 ( 416 ).
oO*q
b t T 'tlherwill ( 18 J. IoMYC. 16-6-10. lLDDn. I66 ( 101 ), 28-11-18.
"Aa J. XI S, 1Wf6 ( 163 ).
NOTES
NELSON
MURRAY, Hugh Robertson. Ben. Inf.
I WM to b e empl oyed mor e ae a Marine Sur ve yor
b. 1-8-1789. d. 24-1-77. t h e n ot herwi se, but . ..should ha ve to ect in evsrp'
Ene. 1- 847 ... Bt. MB~. 10-1-37 ; ret. 2-8-38 ;
Hon. Lt.-Col. 28-11-51.
h n of Robert Murnrv. of oo. Ross.
Hodson, I11 ( 359 ).
Oct. 1818 toMarch 1817, onsearohin Kumaun for Ordnenoe
Dept. for paper-making materiel ; work closed owing to
sickneae ; grented reward RY. 1,000.
DDn. 131 ( 10 ). 8-3-17 ; SG. sent him a perambulator
for svy. of " the hill couutry of Il u~naun".
NELSON, Horatio Ralph. Rev. Survr.,
uncov., d. Dehra Dim, 13-2-39.
Asst. Rev. Survr.. 27-11-22.
Had chequered naval career;-joined m s . Sir Francw
Drake 134.07-lllaster'a Matc 1-64QMdpn. 1-11-00-
dinratad to Ordurary Searnun 6-r1-l3--dieclr. 13-8-13. "for
repeated misconduct, and boing ... totally unfit for the situation
of an officer in H.M. Service".
Arrd. India 1818; lrurd survr. "Asirgarh"; local ens.
Re m~ur a Local Bntt.' 11-8-18 till disba~rdment c. 1821.
~ o d s o n IV ( 575 ).
1807-8, aniled in XM. f r i pt e Sir Frnncis Drake with
Capt. "Sneyd'sa Embn~ey to the Court oi Cochin China".
Whilst a t Hub, capitnl of Cochh~ Chinese empire, Sneyd
obtained Dnrt Davrnent of a claim made bv a Madras businem
firm, on accokbof arms nnd ammunition suppliedq. Thin
wan not the first time t hat this firm had ought t he agency of
the RN. on similar quests.
Whilst a t Hub, Nelson survd. ite harbour, Huron Bay,
on E. cosst of Annam. Chart. MR I ~ . 106 ( 24-6 ) given
soundings, with notes-"Sir Franoia Drake's chamel into
Hansaa or Turon Bay, by Hor. Neleon, RN-The natives
of Coohin China are not a treacherous L wanguinarg race, sa
stated by French & Portuguese Jesuits. This report wsa
made t o keep other Nations away. HN."
He mi t es of his first ernploylnent iu India : "Having been
employed with nn Embusy t o t he Court of Coohin China
many years ngo under Clement Sneyd Esq., I presented n
MS. narrative of t he mannera, trade. and other localities of
the country, which won His Lordahip's4 approbation. ensured
me his thnnks & marks of his attention.
"During t he better part of the Mahratta War I was
employed under t he orders of t he Commnrs. of tlre Northern
Conkan in t he Survey Department, & after some dutios
performed in t hat quarter. came ronnd t o Bengal a t hie
Lordahip's desire, who asked if I waa willing t o eocept of
employment in tlre Survey Department. I...wee appointed
to do dutv with t he Morndabad Revenue Survev"'.
27-11-21. a ppd. Asst . Re v. Sur vr . o n R9. 250 pm..
end poat ed t o Mor&dBb&l ~ m d o r Bedf or d [ 154, 332.
370 I.
HTC. 17-9-24 ( 29 ), t o mil. d u t y , Ar ecan, r epnr t -
ing t o Schal ch [ 151. 333, 370 1. wh o wel comed him
for comd. of hi s pr i vat e "t hr oe- mast nd schooner".
t h e Umgon [ 501 1, w h ~ r h ha d bee11 "ar med", a n d
"appropri at et i t o war l l ke an11 si l r vey drlties".
"Maj or Schal ch i nvi t ed m o t o di nner , a n d mk e d m e
if I ha d a n y o b j o c t i o ~ ~ s t o t al t o t h e c omma nd of a h e
aclrooner bel nngi na t o hi msel f, a n d t o r emai n wi t h
himself, a n d FI B I wa s n naval per son h e woul d pr oour o
t h e aanct i on of Gover nment for m e t o commnmd t h e
vessel regularly. I n a d a y o r t ~ wo af t er this, Maj or
Schal ch decl l vnd t h a t h e ha d rereiverl t h e sanct i on ...
e nd t h a t I wa.9 t o recei ve tin a d d i t i o n ~ l al l owance. ...
mpe c i t y bot h o n boar d & o n ahore, a n d that &D
schooner woul d b e wel l a r me d f or that purpoee. ...
"I oame on bosrd..with MBjor Sohaloh, & rewived o h q a
of her h m him, sa her future oommander. Major Bchdch
likewine told me that I had no further oocnaion for ten@
cattle, or horsee, & t hat I hnd better dispose of everyt bing...
88 all my future duties would be on board t he r ead. , . I
have neither tent, hotua, or 0 8 t h for car~iege, nor earvantd.
or anything indeed t o eneble me to perform land duties M
surveyor".
On Schaloh's death, the Dragon wan teeover by the
army. with all her staff inoluding Nelson. and wss employed
in t he I~atteriea. storm. & capture of Arraoan [ b S ] . On
the fall of this place I wss h c t e d t o survey the rivern and
creek3 in the interior. ... I t wss General Momson's desire
I should make 8 survey of the riven & creeks round shout
the camp, & t o connect them". The stnff had baan dis-
organized hy sickness and Nelson had t o appeal for orden.
"how far General Morrison wishes me to proceed up or down
euch rivers or creeka as I may fall ill wit!]. nnd whether or
not I am to proceed to any considerable distance from t he
Force without support of some gun boata, and in such caw
t hat he should ...to direct a guard of aepoys t o be put on
board my vesael as a protectiou against war boate, or surprka
of the enemy. ...
"I would also ... send ... my earnest entreaties t hat be would ...
order me nry salary ior February, being entirely deat i t ub
of money t o buy in any auppliea, or pay my servants, and If
t he Brigr. would likewi80 be pleased t o order a n insue of pay
t o the crew of the vessel under my command, who for some
time peet hare been obliged t o depend nolely upon myself
for the advance of their wages, and which in now no longer
in my power t o give them6".
Ln a later report ha tells the SG. that he "was ode& to
proceed with the expedition under Major Buck7 againat
Aokyoon, near Talac, a t which latter place Captain Drum-
mond, ~quael r l . of the force, ordered me t o remain in
charge of tbe flotilla, till such time as I settled the latitude
by frequent o b e e ~ a t i o n ~ , and eurveyd the town of Talm.
Having pedormed this duty, I wna t o proceed acrosa t he
country t o eeek for a plaoe named Aeng [ ;I. 494 1. said to be
about half a dav's journey from Talao. Tabing with me a
guard of I: ! flitills men. I commenced mp journey, and.
inatead of half a day. I was nearly 4 d a p and nighta in t he
wilds of this desolste country-without food for tw+
and so exhausted and s\vollen from head t o foot. t hat I mm
forced t o bo carried by the Burnlalls who oame out t o aee me
into t he town, where I nrrived nenrly starred and half naked.
Owinp t o the rockv beds of thenullahs and impervious jungles.
I hndcto force mGnay thro' without a shoe i o rnp fobt. :..
"On my return from this serrice to h c a n I wse siezed
with eevere fever and ague. ... which reduced nre nearly todeath.
Finding i t impossible to wain mv I~ealth. I wRe ordered t o
Bengnl, and on nly arrival was an' i l l thnt I wan deapaircd of
by the medical lrentlen~en who nttencled roe. .I c h m p of
air had become neccsmry. ... I thcreforp gai nd perminsion
... t o visit t he hills of Upper India. A h r sonre months I
recovered my health in B nwa8nre. and wee then h t e d
to join the delhie Survey "8.
H e h a d r e wh e d Cal cut t a fro111 Ar a ka n in Sepb..
and a f t e r t e n d a y s had mpor t e d t o t h e SG., 27-9-26.
t h a t " i l l n ~ w s m c e l y per mi t s me t o hol d a pen. ...
I a m compellml. Si r, t o go u p t h e r i ver f or m y
heal t h t o n col d cl i mat e. Can I r ender a n y s er vi ce
t o your h p a r t l n e l ~ t o n m y wa y 7 " He still hed
his ol d naval sext nr l t a n d fal se horizon.
p a . t o Del hi Re v. Svy. a f wr setvsml mo n t h 8
Rampurn. Indore State. PO m. E. of Nimnoh.
Clement h e i d ( 177?-1SM ). RN. ; o e ~ d in IIYS. ~~n in E. Indies.
1804-7 : Cnpt. EMS. Sir Fmnc* Dm& Mny 1807 to Juno ; I.& R Adm.
POI C. 13-i-08 ( 7 ). 'xq3. of H U ~ R S .
00. 1813-23. 'to SO. 7-8-27 : DDn. 22s 1 1.4 r. a DD.. 213 (0.- ). Feb. 18.25.
Nathl. Bucke (1799-IW5 ) ; Ben. Inf.
-- . -.-
, - ..
[ 11, 384 1. 8 ta SG. 7-6-21 ; D&. 296 ( 12j ).-
'
BIOGRAPHICAL
leave; h e wee n o t ha ppy o n l and, a n d wr ot e ta t h e
1824-6, Bur mese Wac ; InteUigenoe omcrn with
W.. 22-8-26, o n a "subj ect t h a t has pr eyed upon
f or ce in ABsam velley collecting val uebl e geogl.6 infn.
my spi ri t . ... Pl soed i n command of e...veaeel, act i ng
[53-41.
in t h e doubl e capaci t y of a gun & s ur vey one, Nov. 1811, led a party on Kalang R.. and surprised the
necease.rily recalled t h e feelings at t eahed t o m y
enemy nr. h h a c l l o k ~ ; "Lieut. Neufville having pushed on
f or mer habi t s of life, & wher e I shoul d still ha ve
"'came the enemy's chief gmrd* all of whom were
either bayonetted or shot. ... The whole nree from ~ ~ h ~ .
been weu to have h a d n o t mY
ohoky t o &Laisbar waa thus olmred of the enemy
heal t h suffered from t ho sickne- a t t h a t t i me s o fortnight of the commencement of the winter oampdgne~,
pr eval ent i n t h a t count , ry [ Ar akan 1. 22-12-24; FRport f r om IColiabar, EMS. 685 ( 140 ) ;
"In the Revenue Survey of Moradnhad I WAY happy & 29-1-26, ~nent i or l ed in di spat chas for recm. locating
wntented, & hnd 1 ]lot returned t o a sea life again as 1
st ockade. Gout. uaz. 25-7-25, c om~g. dett. on Nos
did. I should never have troubled you. ...
"My health. ... being now fully & firmly m-established, I
Dihing' reports flight of
J . ~ Aug. 1828
hope. I fcel a utrong iilclination to return to the Sea. ...
( 129 ), " I n begi nni ng of May 1825, ... wi t h a small
[ nnd ] get re-appointmont. eit.her ttl my olrl \.rssel the det achment ...p ost ed at Now Dheei ng htookh, advano.
Dwo n , or to any other. ... Wore I permitted to chuqe a
e d agai nst Bur mese from Mogeum.
~ ~ ~ ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ k
ntation in Iudia for survey. it would he the Eastern Ialnnds,
the D~~~~~ and stockede at
t he coast;* of Siam & Cochin China. ... "I hare h e n a length
of time, Sir. in the Emtern S C ~ , & I have surveyed several
D u ~ h a Chum md agai n at B w a Gaum.
The e v e
of the ial~ulds on His Maje~ty' s anrvice, I have likewise been cuat i on of t h i pa r t of t h e oount r y b y t he enemy
on an Emhasay to thr Court of Cochin China. ... and I have
a n d t h e l i berat i on of several hundreds of Asemme
... the permiasion of thnt Government b return. ... I...eend
captives, were the fruits of thh sllccess., [ 423
you a map ol my Surrey ... of the N<mff Hiverl.
ex. 9-2-27, nomulated wt. surw. under Comnr. in
1827, ma d e sovorel r out e svys. i n Rkj put i na
Arakan for rev. syv. duty, with dlces. aa River SUCIT.
i n ~ l u d i n g =to. 84 ( 60 ), ma p of Sirohi Palanpur,
Tra\~cUed down river by budgarou>. psaniog Fat eh~nrh 21-3-27, Mt . Abu [ 87 1.
where he met Bir~rie Brownr on his way np to Moridlibid.
HMS. 671 ( 823 ), letter fiom Sadiya. 22-12-27. on pol.
Pessing Buxnr UII 22nd April, his boat foundered in e at om,
dut y ; 103-28 till death, PA. upper
Comdt.
a nd he had to llclp another boat. carrying a lienera1 with his
lst bm L ~ . ~nf.
family'.
He reached Calcutta in Nay, making svy. of Jelongi R. on
His "vigour, unterpriae, and I~igh reputation among border
way, a oompeea and watch,,,, It now t r i b ~ , have been mirinly reapo-iblofor the prompt auprarsion
being too late in the y m for Arakan, he was placed on duty
of diaordera before they could hccome aorious"'.
Auth. of paper "on the Geography and Population of
.at SGO., wit!^ his increesed alloes. there. bnt failed to get
Assam-, xV1 1s2g.
compons~tion for his "recent heavy lo~ses on the Jumrur &
Gangen rivem on my passage down, by the sinklng of my
boatu, and the total low of almost every property.
NOBLE, Horatio Nelson. Mad. Inf.
Dka t i s f i e d wi t h hi s prospect s in Ar akan, md bapt. 5-4-03. d. 1P7-50, JBlna ; m.
anxi orl s a bout his hoalth. he got hi s appt . cancelled. EM. 13-3-21 ... Maj. 1-1046.
a n d revert ed t o t h e Upper Provs. l eavi ng Cal cut t a
Son of Cept. James Nr)blo, RN., and Sarah his wife.
m., I wt London, 31-3-28, Fanny, dau. of Samuel Smith;
f or SahBranpur, 15-8-27 [ 158 1. Hol d ch. of rev.
she d., Londoll, 31-3-29,
avy. det t s. for several year s under Wm. Brown.
m., 2nd.. Cape Town. 1G11-30, Henrietta Noulton, who
There is no record of his marriage, and in Deo. 1834 he
d., ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ , 23-3-32.
wan an ansucceasful caudidate for the hand of Gen. Venture's
m., 3rd., Mangalore, 224-33, Mary (bier, dau. of Lt.-Col.
eiater-in-law a t Meorut'.
G. Jackeon. U. [ ~ d a .
Crofton. I1 ( 136 ).
NEWPORT, Christopher [ 11, 433 1. Bo. Inf.
DDn. 201 ( 104 ). 10-7-25, nominated ior svy. dept. ;
bapt. 1-11-1788. d. 13-8-44.
MMO. 8-11-26. appd. Aest. Surw.. 2nd cl. ; joining at Presdoy.
from Regt. a t Jilna. DDn. 202 ( 308 ), to Cannanore for
Em. 25-G-OU ... Capt. 1-6-24 ; ret. ee Bt. Unj. 6-142. Melabar Svy. [ I 14, 34~~; ; 1828.lOth t o 30th April, at Calicut
Eon of Wm. Newport, of London. under med. treatment, unable t o attend t o his field duties ...
m., Exeter. 1830, AM Hoblyn, dan. of Rev. Edward Peter. having an ulcer on his leg" ; 16th June, 2 mo. leave to
Orienlol Club. Preadcy.
April 1812. appd. to Rev. Svy., Broaoh [ 11, 323 ; 111,123 ] ;
DDn. 222 ( 201 ). 26-11-27. leave to Europe "on most
BOO. 31-1-20, promoted 1st. 01. Asst. [ 170. 343 1. BO 00. private urgent affairs".
1-2-28, granted leave on mc. to Cape.
183042, ~ f g h i n Wer ; comdg. Outram's Riden, 23rd sr.
NORRIS, Francis Brooke. Lieut., Nigpur
Serv~ce.
NEUFVILLE, John Bryan. Ben. Inf.
Appd. Niigpur servioo 13-1 1-19 ; disch. 8-8-30 ;
b. 26-1-1705. d. 26-7-30, Jorhit, haam,
~ i v . Engr. & 6G. ~ e y l o n , 1833-48; Civ. Engr. 1846
MI. t i l l c. 1861.
EM. 26-0-13 ... Capt. 18-8-28. pr. relatad to Sir Wm. N o h , CJ. Coylon, 1836.
8on of J w b Neofville, of Lymington, Hants.. e French m., lat.. Qhundawsss. Bombay, 6-6-29. IsnbeUe, dao. of
Royalist, and Bybelle Phoebe his wife.
Geo.Wm. Giio, Bo CS. [ 4g6] ; she d., Colombo. 21-8-381
ed. Eton. Hodson, In ( 382-3 ).
bur. a t Galle Faee oem.
1817 rehvned from furl. ; nuu. 2-20, appd. DAQMO. 3rd m.. 2nd.. pr. in Ceylon Aug. 1841. His F d e md. 13th
al. ; i b . ' ~ a 0 ; ettd. to r o d avy. in w. Provs., to nport t o in Tigria, end he wrote to Uom. on 20tb ;
Mrs. Norria is
ampon, ; ib. 208-23, promotod DAWO. 1st cl. [337].
quite p l d with what little she haa seen of ~olombo"'.
1 DDn. 22.5 ( 87 ).
a b Sa. 22-4-27, DDn. 221 ( 08-100, 108 ). MRIO. 188 ( 7 ).
' Indiun Archivu, I : Jan. Ig4'l
( 19 ).
As R. xvu ( 324-6 ). * Bhuyan ( 637-0 ). 'ib. ( 6444,601 ). 8 cf. Qen Mng. June 1053 ( 370 ).
* Oeylon MI. ( 1.
NOTES 491 OLLIVER
1822, appd. t o NBgpur avy. ; 1822-3, aocd. Resdt,.
Oliver; bm. to Wm. Oliver( 1781-1W ). MC8.. r h o wae #reg-
t o svy, r out e t o sources of MBh h a d i a n d Na r b d a . h g Kith Mackenzie in Cdoutta in April 1818.
1823-4, det ai l s vy. under St ewar t [ 504 1, t aki ng over
ed. Mnrlow.
eh. on Stowert' s deat h, 4-5-24 [ 91-2, 388 1.
~ c n s o l 0111). Hodson, I11 ( 428 ).
Mackenzio obtained his eppt. to the svy. af hr peraisbnt
On close of svy., 1-6-30. h s d t . remark8 t h a t "t he
efforts ; *.I requestad &. Metoalfe to explain to H~S ~ ~ & b ~
rmrornitting z e d ... a n d spi ri t , wi t h which h e has how far the Serviae would be benefitted by employing Captn.
prosecute~l...the awvoy in ~ n t 1 e a l t . h ~ jungles, ... has
Oliver's talents. ... God knows what e burthen hua devolved
on me in the whole of these tbingu. I t has nearly ovsr-
often neclrly cost hi s lifo"'. Wi t h his mat . West on,
whelmed me..l [ q77 ,,
spent several mo. at Cal cut t a completing maps ant1
DDn. 144 ( 209) , 27-8-19, nomi nat ed a8 -4aat.
reports handed in t oSC. , 2-3-31 [ g j , 370, 5131.
Norris writes. 21-3-31 ; "Having lost my appointment in
SUrvr. on Sirmkr Svy.. being cont ent t o ser ve under
consequence of the abolition of the Nagpoor senrice, and there Herbert, hk junior i n mil. r ank ; joined at Sah&ran-
being so little oponing for a person not in the C a m ~ y P s PUr. D ~ c - 1819 1 % 38+. 329, 457 1.
[aervico] ... I have determinod upon returning to
ur oy
noo. 14-9-21, to offioiate aa Sum. in oh.
in the hopo of being appointad to a Bituation in one of He BCO. 1-8-22. on SG.'s special r0cdn.O [ j.32 ] appd. t o
Majesty's Colonid"' ...
ch. of Rev. Svy. Delhi [148, 151, 1 5 4 4 , 162. 333.
"I have been actively employed in the dutiea of the survey
upwards of eight yoars and, aince .%y '14, bavo had the
449 ] holding r h. unt i l af t er promot ed Maj., BMC.
uninterrupted supe~rtendence of it. ... I waR never once
l O- 629 [ 157, 301 1. BTC. 2-8-20 ; t o surrender ch.
absent on privnte, or on sink, leave. ... Every poseihle entan. of Uel hi shy. bp Oct . 1829.
sion wns tnndo, and many grunt dificultiea were overcome,
Between June l&28 and Nnrch 1830, obad. lunar tramite
in carrying it through tracts ... which 1 . d never been previoua-
end ooodtatione of stem a t Gurgeon. 20 m. sw. of Delhi7.
15; explored, and where the oli~nato is... extremely innaluhrious
18314. serving with batt. a t Nnsirihid. submits to ASB.
at all times of the year. series of longs. obsd. by lunar transits and culminating.
"The mnp ... containe n connectad survey of upwards of stars. Feb. I831 to Nov. 1833; also meteorl. obsne.. Dec.
24,000 square miles, the moat extensive, I believe, on the 1832 to Aug. 1834. 31-12-31 to 28-2-32, obsns. for lot.
records of your office that has ever been conducted by one of church bungalow. Nasirlbid by altitudes of pobria, taken
person". He suggested that e~ the expense ... bas hitherto with "an 18-inch altitude and azimuth cirole, now p me d to
heen only 6. 540 rupu.9 " tu the Company, "t he Directors Lucknow observatory ". Appreciated by edr. JA8B. . James
might afford to "grant ma some reward, ... ss I am about t o Prinaep, as " it ia a constant complnint of astronomers in this
embark for Europe after a servioe of upwarda of eleven y e w country that pointa of reference are not to be had "8.
in tbe Nagpoor Territories, with barely sGci ent meam to
support !no for a k:w months"'.
OLLIVER, Joseph [ 11, 435 1. Civ. Asat. OTS.
The SG. comrnunted t ha t "Nr . Norris' map. ..may
be safely pronounced a ver y credi t abl y execut ed
b. 178516.
work. It ia o n a scale of 4 miles t o a n inch, a n d
Appoe. 13-3-1800; S u b - b t . Sopt. 1804 ... Pricpl
Sub-Aast. 11-3-24 ; Ch. Civ. Asst. 4-6-32 ; ret. 1842.
-...although i t i~ irnpo.mible ... t o appreci at e t he val ue
m., Secunderibld, 12-11-18. Mary Terry Adolph~~s. Father
... wi t hout ... t i me ... t o ... veri fy al l t h e calculetions o n
of ; Andrew Corneliae-Thoe.-and Chaa. A. Ollirer+U sub-
it ia founded...-i8...a very valllable moession
asst9. GTS. ; another son. hhrk Edrin, m.. 1*55. Berampore.
t o t he geography of India. ... The maps are " cllss. [ 3'' 1' four sDM
accd. Do Penning from Madrns to Calcutta to join their
unique nor i anyt hi ng l i ke t hem, execut ed on t hi s
prents.
side of I ndi a, in t h e records of t hi s office" [ pl. 10 1.
1800, appd. t o S w g . School. Mndr w- 18OC0,
He s t r o ~ ~ g l y roco~nrnended hi m for a bonus of 12 mo.
lister in & I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 11, 364 1- 11-3-07, to
salary, b u t t h e Di rect ors onl y gr ant ed t h e me wr e
Lembt o~l ' s svy. ; emp. o n comptw. and copyi ng till
sum of Rs. 1,000, in consi derat i on of hi s havi ng
sent out wi t h D~ perming in Ang. 1817 on t rgn. of
oleared u p St ewart ' s paper s af t er hi s death3.
Gt . Ar c N. from Bi dar [ 223-4, 325. 373, 379. 437 1-
Norria miled for England. Sagar I. 23-3-31, in the Bugupore,
and the following year wua eppd. to Ceylon se*ce. Under
wit11 Do Penni ng agai n i n 181A-n,nd f r om 1819
set. stnte lettor 268-31 ; ' a ~ r . F. B. ~ ~ ~ ~ h , who had beon
became Evereat' s right-hantl ma n [ 118, 227-3,230 -2 I
employed under the Enst India Co. in very este~leive survep,
- Wi t h Ever est agai n, 1822-3, o n longl. series W. to
is appointed to the situation of Civil Eugineer end Surveyor
Sho]i pur a n d witlt hi m n t HyderAbiid dur i ng 1823,
General. on a snlary of f 800 per mum".
Arrs~~~ne~l oW~e 011 ml. Ceylon 17-M3; leave to England
acting ag go-between with Dr. 'Iorton [ 234-6~ 443
on nlc. Drc. 1839-Wh. 1840 ; Civ. Engr. only Oat. 1840 till
11. ~ 1.
nf t ~r Jnn. 1861. Diem. "for allowing the head olerk to
On De Pelming'~ mn. . 1-2-24. sucod. mahi or 6ub-
embezzle money "4 ; returned to India.
Asst., Everest reporting. 393- q. that he hed
for the laet
nao. 25-744 ( 727 ). from oh. of Iron Bridge Yard
6 p a r s been employ* ul'der own eP however
Calcutta on 600 pm., appd. Civil Arohitect on &. 700 pm. ;
trying or difflodt the Cim-sml-, ... I fo**
BOO. 5-12-64 ( 1226 1, permit^ t o 1855,
him defioient in zeal or d d u i t ~ " ~ . ... At the Pri d. . . of mY
contractor a t All~rliiblcl ; pr. [I. in Indin.
illneas I loft him in olwge of the operations on the Godawry
in 10.m [ ~ ~ I - Z I , end he acquitted himmlf moat anh-
OLIVER, Thomas. Ben. Inf.
b,tyiIy"10. a pa bl e ... of oonneot' the I(erhugoaly .nd Ye-ndah
b. 17-11-1789, d. 22-4-72. meridioud ... h~r?. Othver...will nevm feel himaelf
h s . 17-3-06 ... Lt Col. 3-7-32 ... Gen. 19-8-60. at a 10- In wnduothg any obher priaaipal d whatever.
Son of Samuel ( d. Capotowo, 1850 ngai 7.1 1. end Susan
... ~ . . . s n . ~ a t . . . e d l n g tb -81 m ~ m a t of Lhe w*
'DDn. 204 ( 58-04 ), 14-30. 'to SO., ib. ( 1624) .
'DDn. 1U5 ( 10-1. 103-31 ; 269 ( 88 ). 11-7-91.
'Ceubn
Lit. Rqr . VI ( 232, 259 ). 6 Don. 164 ( 95 ), 19-8-19. SDDn. 190 ( 113 ).
10 eonbq8 bn ~ C I ~ MC . 111 ( 57 ). ~JASB. I.
1832 (600-11); 11, I833 (138-8. 433-4); 111 1 ~ 3 4 (243) ( I V 1835. 40-53).
'DDn. 105 ( 37 1. "DDn. 171 (as).
27823.
OLLIVER
BIOGRAPHICAL
Meridionel series t o hie hands in the event of my absence
19:.2453 254. 32% 380. 403. 414-5, 4 4 4 3 1.
Is a ready calculator. ... From h e w almost oonntantly
mdr r my superintendence since 1818, he hsa improved so
much, and has gotten ... colnpletely into the method of applying
t he newsary formulae. ... He possess an inviocible patience
and perseveranoe, with the drioteat regard to truth and
integrity ".
On these recdns. Olliver wns promoted to salary of RE.
400 pm. vacated by De Penningl.
No\-. 1824, a t meast. of Sirouj baue [ 380-1 1, incurred dis.
pleasure of Evomt who was in a thoroughly neurotio state
from constant ill-health [ 44j 1. Evoreat mitea on evening of
22nd ; "I desimd yo11 t o be here to-day, early in this morning
if you could be spared, but a t all events ... by four o'clock this
afteruoon. Thh positive order you hare disobeyed, for I did
not tell you to use your own judgment".
OUiver pleaded that he could not I yve the clearingof the
base, but Everest waa not satisfied. I see nothing which
could not ... strfely have heen left for 24 honrato themanagement
of Murrap Torrick [ 380] . ... You had a pnrty of 6 xepoya
under a very clr\-or rlon.commi~rio~~cd officer. ... Your
conduct is quite indefensible. ... You will conaider yourself
under personal arrost until1 the pleasme of the Supreme
Government in known. ... "As i t is not my intention that you
should cousider rourself under cl wr arrkst, you have the
liberty of camp allowed you"2.
Report waa mado t o the SG.. 29-11-24; "My let Sub-
Asaiatsnt. *. Olliver. hnu been ncthrg with p a t impropriety
of late, and has a t last proceeded to direct diiohedie~~ce. ...
"I arrived s t Seronj on the 7thinstant, and ... sont MR. Olliver
on t he 10th to select and prepare a line for my base of verifi-
cation in tho plain east of the towlr. xvhilst I proceeded t o
the western tnhleland t o fix the position of my meridian by
okcumpolar star observations.
"The teek ...is one of great fatigue, and t o me waa perti-
oularly so because I have but bamly recovered from a slow
fever which confined me to my bed for nearly a month
[ ~ 4 . 445 1. ... On the morning of the 21st, finding mysclf
quite worn doan for want of reat. I wrote... t o Mr. Olliver.
who waa then about 12 or 14 miles distant, desiring him t o
attend ... early in the morning on the 22nd. for ... nnsisting
me in taking some anglea with the large theodolite, but at all
eve& by 2 o'clock in the evening. This order Nr. Olliver
disobeyed in toto, and I waa...compelled horn actual want
of strength to forego a very important ohject. ... The excuse
urged is that he did not think proper to leave the village
labourers t o work by themselves. ...
"If this had heen the only inatance of misconduct on the
part of Mr. OUiver. I should have conaidered i t aa a venial
offence, but i t i s far otherwiee. He haa on several occnaions
of late given me greet cauee to be displeased, ... and has
she an... wilfulneaa md inertness of which I before thought
him incapable. ... He haa experienc ed... the utmoat kindneae
and induleence at mv hands. ... So had a spirit should bo
crushed i i t i me. ... -
"I have denired him ... to consider himself in arrest. I
know not whether this meaaure i n in strict accordance with
the oonsiderate treatment ... both a t your hand. and mine. ..,
I will, with your permission, ... consider the affair as sotis.
fnotorily settled"'.
In 1826, when Ever es t deci ded t h a t h e must take
si ck l eave to Eur ope, t her e was much discurnion
t o t h e empt . of t h e QTS. dur i ng hi s absence, and i t
wa s finally deci ded t o gi ve OUi v ~ r charge of a longl.
seri es of t ri angl es f r om Si ronj t o Cal cut t a, with an
18-i nch t heodol i t e inntead of t h e gr eat 36-inch one,
whi ch was now seri ousl y out of order [259,264,.442 1.
Ever es t emphasi zed t h e wi l d a n d dinicult nature of
t h e count r y a n d est i mat ed t h a t t h e work would take
mor e t ha n aix year s [ 2.11-2, 261-4 1.
"Where then is the single individual t o be found to whom
a work oC sucl ~ extent, duration, importance, and delicacy,
can safely be confided. The pcraon so selected should not
only have H, thorough prnctical knowledge of his profession, ...
hut he must be ar~dowed with no ordinary portion of en.
thusinnm ... t o induro him t o give up society and aU the
enjoyments of civilized life-5.
Olliver was t h e onl y ma n t o fill t h e bill, a nd BImker
t ol d Govt . t h a t h e h a d "every reaeon, aft er mat ure
discussion wi t h Capt ai n Everest . "t o consider Olliver
cepabl e of t h e task"e. It was j ust as arduous
Ever es t h a d ant i ci pat ed, b u t Olliver persisted inspite
of t r oubl e a n d sickness, a n d h a d br ought hia triangles
t o wi t hi n a s hor t di st ance of Cal cut t a, by t he time
Ever es t r et ur ned five year s l at er [ 9-10. 87, 248,252,
259, 261-49 327, 404-59 4 1 6 7 , 495, 499 I.
No special increment of pay was granted for the great
reeponsibility. Govt. thought i t suflicient t o hold out
"expectstion of handsome remuneration should he ... be
found t o have fultilled his duties with zeal, rectitude, and
ability"'. They had not so far bcen generous, and Olliver
had p a t difficulty iu gotting his travelling espeuaes when he
went down to Caloutta with Everest in September 1826
[ 246.353 1. For the roturn journey; "To avoid detention ...
should sickness attend me, I have been i n d u d to engage tekan
pahnkeeu bearers from Cftlcutte t o Mirzapoor. I was also
unfortunate in having lost a valuable travelling horse a few
days before I left Calcutta ; ita complaint arose from fatipre
on the journey from Cawrrpore to Calcutta in the rniny
seasons, and the beaat died a week after reaching Calouttn. ...
The horse stood me in a t purchasing, 360 Hyderahad rupees
equal t o Ha. rupees 302-84"L0.
He waa staunch to the i nut m. left by Everest, and 6rmly
reuisted the wishes of Hodgson thet he should compute llis
points as ho went along [ 257 1. "I ... hope that in two see-
nons more the work be terminated a t Cnloutta, when it will be
gratifying t o sit down delibrately indoors t o complete the
oaloulationa ; ... a far more preferable mode than all the
haety calculationu in the field"".
I n 1832. on Everest ' e wa r m recdn.. Qovt. author-
the roles of the department, but ... I could not with propriety
ized his promot,on to chi ef ~ ~ t , , on &. 600 pm,,
allow a pereon who, by his wilful dieobedienca. had forfeited
my con6dence, t o take part theaa delicate operations. ...
whi ch t h e Di rect ors confirmed, whi l st refusing any
"My only desire is t o bring him to a proper eanne of hie
f ur t her reward.
dutv. and to oheak in time a habit of insubordinetion which. 1841. Olliver oronosed " t o cul t i vat e e garclen after -. . - . .
if i t once pins ground, will not eesil be er doat cdWa.
-
r et i r ement ".
Blacker amreed t het Evereat wee !dv ~untilied in mauirlnn - - - . - - -
the atricteettdie&~e,tb"ttesked him"& call on 0Uiber t;
express r epet and promise foture good conduct. Olliver's OmN N E Y . Edward Lrcon. Ben. Engre.
8nit 4 n ww di6am and a reqnwt to resign. Everest.
however, gave him a month to think i t over, snd then
b. 2-10-io. d. 3-11-98.
reported to the 8G. ; "He waited upon me and expressed hia
2/Lt. 13-12-27 ... Col. 1b2-81 ; mt. m Hon.
-r .nd regret fm whet hod psased, and hb thrnLs for
1-9-83.
' DDn. 171 ( 174-0 ), 18-ZU. ' DDa 91 ( 479-87 ), 22 ta 24-11-24; ansat aes hardly the right punisbrncnt for a civil
d e e r ! ' D L 172 ( 271-4). 4DDn. 171 (316-8). 12-2-26 (360). BDDn. 172. 'DDn. 201 ( 202-6). 24-8-26. 'BMC.
11-11-28 : DDa. 201 1 178 I. am oontnrot. @.bdmt OUirm rent by boat [ 248 1.
I ODD~. 173 ( 6 ), 12-12-26.
"ib.
NOTES Q PEMBERTON
Son of Edward Symondn Ommanney, meroh. of Yarmouth
md Henrietta Maria his wife, dan. of Sir Edmund Lswn,
let Bart.
m., Dacoe. 2-10-32. Elizabeth. dau,. of J. W. Martin.
ed. Addieoombe, 18267. Hodson, LII ( 430.).
11-12-29, appd. asst. t o Gilmore on soy. of road Bardwi n
to Patna, completed by March 1830 [ 28 ] ; 1-10-30, appd. a t .
to Wilaox on svy. of Brahmn ut rs R.. t a b ch. Sept. 1831
[ 16,515 1. 18N-7, with C T ~
OSBORNE, Henry. Civ. Survr., uncov.
1816-8, arrd. Calcutta aa purser of ship Mangler; lived a t
66 Dhararntalah.
Aa J. XIX. 1826 ( $40. 868 ). hie wife and two dnus.
left Calcutta to ioin Resourre for E~r ul ~~nd, hut Jlm. Onborne . -. . - -. -
d. 3-1-25 a t ~ i d g r e s . nn Hor~ghly It. Hnd two eona with
him sa survrn. ; t he yr. named William, d.. C:nlcutta. 16U-34.
1817, emp. by Collr. 24-Pargnnn~. nnd nsvintrd by elder
son, who left I ndi i about end of 1W2l.
SG. writea t o Collr.. 11-2-10. "Mr. Osbnrno hns taken
away his Iittlo boy from tlus offico ; he yaid he could 6nd
employment for him with himself. & aa I had no vncancy, &
could make no provision for B youth of his age, I made no
objeation" [ 368 1.
In a n a ppn. t o t h e Collr. of U h ~ ~ l i l ~ . o r NoLkllLli,
for t h e svy. of t h e isl%ncln n n d chnurs of t h e Meql i na R.,
Osborne writes. 28-10-21, t h ~ t " dur i ng t h e tirno I
have h a d t h e honour t o hol d a n a ppoi nt me nt in t h e
Honour abl e Company' s ~ e r v i c e ( noor l y 4 year 3 ) as
a m v e y o r i n t h e de pa r t me nt of t h e Collectore of
Cal cut t a a n d t h e 24-Pergun1i ahn, I h a v e ...[ empl oyed]
my l ekur e t i me i n such n wny as t o i ncr ease t l i u ...
comfort of m y f smi l y, t o whi ch m y s al ar y al ori e
was i nadequat e [ I 2-3 1. ...
"By ~naki i g surveys nnd rutimatcs, drawing plnna, &c..
for utdividu~la. and ... by a n nppointnir~lt ns Assessor t o
one of the Divisiolis of Cnlc~ittn, I h:rrl: he011 enabled t o
average nn addition of about 300 rupee8 monthly during t he
last I f nlonths, with llopea of an cqual or gmntrr ndvantnge
in future, according to ... my bcuulni~lg nlorc known. ... I
shoold certainly prefer a permanent salary ... under Govcnl.
ment, even if soluething Ieuq thnn whnt I now realise"'.
He was not attracted by the terrna offorrd, nrtd tho svy.
went to Blake [ 134, 425 1. Oaboroc retaining his post in the
24-Psrganan. The elder son. n "young mnn of high charaotor
& very promising talonta", Iind been proposed as his suoeeseor
in Oct. 1821, but Govt. ~nnct i on was not received till Aug.
1823, by which time "he had beon a t length induced, about
eight months ago. t o nccept an offer t o embark on board a ship
bound t o Europe". Osborne thereupon offered his "younger
son Wm., who was duly nppd. on Rs. 100 pm. [ 368-9 1.
Of maps by Henry wo find record of ouo of Durn Durn
cant., 1M-19, end one of Calcutta. Another of Calcutta
"with latest improvements" by Wm., 4% inches t o mile.
Wsa engraved'. During 18.26 Wm. WM on a svy. of Chinaura
[ 368-31, and in Dec., boing dissntistied with his monthly
terms wsa struck off and aid by oontraot. During 1828 he
surpd: road "from ~ u l t a E t o Deepa" and h m "Deepa t o
Jungle Mehala".
1836. a Geo. Osborne, of t he Opium Dnpt.. oompiled n
map of Ghizipnr, but lacked fun& for its pubn.-Nor.-
Deo.. 1837. when stntioncd a t Chunir. ho reported on t he
possibilit of a ooal fd. nt Bijaigarh. roturnlng with a map
of part ol s on valley. He wna later stationed a t Gorakhpar.
Thin may have been a bro. t o Wm.s
OTTER, Riohsrd Fendall. Mad. Inf.
bapt. 18-11-03. d. 11-3-41.
Lieut. 7+20 ; a p t . 61- 82 ; rat. 2 2 - 7 4 .
80x1 of Capt. John Otter, of RMC. Sandburst.
, dSa ndhor s t .
r oo. 7-9-27, appd. h t . Burvr. 2nd ol. ; DDn. 222 ( 104 ),
21-11-27, a r r d Medras. Oot.. to join Vh g a p t o m ST.
before party took field.
Not a eucoees, 8neU mporting, 1-7-28, "that be has not
made any progr -...during t he lest month. on aawunt, M
he s t a h , of i n w n t rains, although from reports of the
h i s t e n t Surveyors employed in t he name querter i n t e m p
tion from thin muse has only lately o c c d " ' .
DDn. 237 ( 179 ). E-9-28. naked lesve t o reeign "as, f i om
t he experienoe of the last s e w n of the field survey, I 6ud
mysel fml i l ul i ondl y inndequste to the severe bodily labour.. .
of t he inferior dutien of the Department". He was a t t he
same time reported "abaent without loave", and his previous
season's work bad shown a "totel negleot of duty". Hiis
re=. Was 8c0epteds [ 102-3 1.
OVANS, Charles. Bo. Inf.
b. 20-9-1793. d. 19120-7-58.
Ens. 25-7-00 ... M Gen. 20-6-54.
Son of David Ovam and Mary his wife, dau. of Chas. md
Jane Lambert.
m.. Tweedmouth. 25-1 1-34, Mary Robertnon.
1816. or later. s~lrvd. psases into Berir [ 1231, and 1818-10
on rev. svy. of Surat and Broach [ IF].
9-3-20, reed. for ch. of rev. svy. KBira Diet. ; no 00.
23-11-21, promoted 1st. Asat. Gujarit Rev. Svy. ; with svy.
till closed down, 1829 [ 343 1.
c. 1835-7, QXO. Bombay army ; 1838, Reedt. s t s a t i r a :
raptured by inaurgenta in 1844 whilst on t ow, andimprisoned
i n Passhala fort, Kolhipur State.
PALMER, Francis Charles. Ben. Cav.
b. Calcutta, 3 4 1 7 9 2 . d. Dacca,
24-10-25.
Corn. 10-9-08 ... Cept. 9 4 ? ? .
Son of John Palmer ( 1767-1838 ), Princa of Merchants"
( DIE. )\ by i & wife Mary Sarah Hampton, said by Lady
Nvnent t o have been of mixed blood: E. son of h i . Wm.
. -
permor [ I, 56 1.
m.. Caloutta, 8-2-32, Mim h a Elizabeth Barmm.
Hodaon. 111 ( 4.46-7 j.
1-1-17, appd. DAQMO. r ar o. rd 331 & 25 ( 69, 70). 1817,
survd. routes Chunir t o filirzivw and Hilia : " ~ l a n tells one
story, and t,he firld book a n ~ i h e r utterly a t ;sri8noo with
it" ; Everest, 1832.
PATON, John. Ben. 1nf.
bapt. 1 1 4 0 3 . kd. in action, Khurd
Kibul Pass, 8-1-42, during retreat.
Ens. 104-19 ... Cept. 167-28 ; Bt. Maj. 23-11-11.
Son of Peter Paton, memh. of h r b u r g h , and Agnes hir
l et wife.
Hodaon, III ( 476 ).
27-11-23, appd. DAQJIO., 3rd. cl. ; 1825. with Q..o.'m
Dept.. Arakan [ 337 ] ; l a v e on mc.. Celoutta, I h . 1826
to Aug. 1B28.
18274. 011 mad s vp. u. of Delhi; p l m of K. rnCI,
L u d h i h , Sa kr a npw oants. 1827 ; 18%, DAQMO. 2ud.
27 I.
' . L o . 83 ( 53 ) ; svy. in Jodhpur State, and.
Afgbin war. 183942. omo.'e Dept ; 1838, &etch of r out e
KandabKr to Qi r hh.
PEMBERTON, Robert Bailmu. Ben. Inf.
b. 21&1798, W. Indim.
d., Berhampore, 26-8-40 ; MI?
Lieut. 14-18 ; a p t . 21- 14.
' BTC. 23-1 1-21 ( 2: ). a Ba Ryy. 88 ( 281 ). 88 ( 28.88 ) ib. 114 ( 4n3 ) ; Cd. Rnp. IV. 'Collr. Qhhi pur to Commr -
Benarea, 21-1-38, DDn. 34.3 ( 10-21 ) ; JdBE. VII. 1838 ( 83848) . 'DDn. 237 ( 87 ). 'ib. ( 188 ). 2-IU-20. 'Foundw of
the Hydoribad firm. Palmer & Co. ; Pankridge ( I 1 ). 7 Ben. P b P., I ( 88 ).
BIOGRAPHICAL
Son of Rev. John Butler Pemberton, bm. . rector of
Trinity Ch., St. Ki t h, WI., and hie wife Hmriet, nBe Boilwu.
widow of Riohd. Rim.
m., Celoutta, 7 4 3 2 , Henrietta Peaoh, dau. of Dunoen
L l e o d . Ben. Engra. [ I, 352 ] ; father of M Gen. R. C. B.
Pemborton ( 1834-1914 ) ; . on; o s ~ ; DO. Rail\vage in India;
elno of J. M. Pemberton, mug. Ben. Med. ( 183547 ) ; a dau.
m. Sir Goo. Udny Yule ( DNB. ).
DIB. : Hodson, In ( 498-7 ).
BOO. 15-7-20, granted 12.1710. leave for etudy at Ft . Wm.
Coll. ; ih. 3-1-22. to officiata es DAQXO. 3rd. cl., for emplop-
ment under SG., who hnd speoially reodd. him [ 332 1'.
1822, Asst. Survr., Rohi l khand rev. svy. under
Bedf or d [ 154, 333. 406 ] ; Sept . 1824, on mil. servioe
t o C&ch&r wi t h Bi rni e Br owne [ 427 1, meki ng svys.
of Bar hk R., a n d of Mani pur r o d [ 66, 151, 434 la.
Goct. Goz.. 7-7-25 ; l et t or f r om Pember t on, Mani-
pur - vol unt eered t o accompany Gumbheer Si ngh
- l eft Syl het 17t h May - sur veyed r out e t o bfunni-
poor b y perambul at or. 96 m. f r om Bamkendee.
Gout. OQZ. 4-7-25 ; "Li eut . Pumber t on a n d Ra j a
Qumbeer Sing11 arri ved at Munni poor on mor ni ng of
12t h June. a n d t ook possession of t h e st ockade
evacuat ed b y t h e Bur mans. ... Li eut . Pember t on
r et ur ned in t h e eveni ng of 13t h t o t h e t own t o sur vey
ae muc h as possible of t h e val l ey dur i ng t he Raj ah' s
absence, whi ch woul d l ast 4 or 5 days. On hi s
r e t ur n t h e pa r t y was t o s et out f or Banskandee
i mmedi at el y ".
sao. 1-&25. 2 mo. l a v e t o Presdcy ; Oct. 1826, to draw
allces. es Sum. ; Dec. 1826, returna t o Sylhet, and till 182i,
muvd. tracks 6om Manipnr t o Kabaw valley vin Tamua,
and w. to upper Assam and Ci chi r; attd. t o Pol. Dept. ;
sso. 13-6-28 ; "Adverting t o ... the semicas rendered by
Lieut. Pemberton in the Political aa well as tbe Survevine
Department, and to the ... trouble, privation, nnd extri
expenee, to which he has been exposed. ... the Govornor
General in Council coneidera t hat i t will be equitable ...to
grant him compensation in the Political Department for the
loss of hie staff allowanos as a Deputy Aaeistant Quatermaater
General [ 336. 348 1". &anted extra alloe. of Ra 260 pm.
&om Pol. Dept. f?om 7-10-26'.
DDn. 231 ( 129 ), 24-1-29, SQ. reports that he waa "employ-
ed ( also under the Politionl Department ) in the erploration
md wrvey of the country of Munipwr, or Caaeay, d of the
Kyan-Duan [ Chindwin ] River [ 437. 454 1. Both Lieuta.
Wiloox and Pemberton are officers of experience, end good
oriontal soholare, well vereed in the customs and languag& of
the natives of India. end also wssoee hiah profeeeional talenta
m d skill as eurveyora and ' pr e~t i oni astronomers. They
have evinoed themselves to be men of e n t e r p h , and by
their labo =...our geographioal knowledge of the ooaatries
.sast of Eengal hna been muoh extended" [ 3, 7 8 3 , 181-3.
199, 222 1.
Pemhertan wan, further, a beautiful dmn., witness speoially
=lo. 136 ( 8 ).
1828-30, wee member of comn. l ayi ng down
Bwme- Meni pur boundar y and, 1830, viaited Av e ;
t he n to Amknn following Trant's r out e over t h e
Yomas t o An [71,508], and survg. cants. at K y a ~ k p y u
and Akyeb6. He r epor t ed personally t o t h e QQ. at
Al l a MbM, a n d wee officially oommonded f or hie
"det ermi nat i on, ... a oc u~t ome d zeal a n d epkit of
a t e r p r i z e " , whi ch led him " t o mc e p t t h e aaU t o Ave.
a n d t o set o u t fort hwi t h. not wi t hst andi ng t he un.
favorabl e season of t h e ear"^ r 66 1.
1831-2, deputed to select &table si-te fo; capital of Arakan
end with Jenkins 1454 11.51 swvd. route from ~ r a k a i
through Chittakong. Cichir, Manipur, Niga Hills, to hm
r A<A 1.
. .-7 >
Offered svy. work under SG., but preferred pol. service on
nm. Frontier, whioh inoluded mission t o Bhut&n, 1837' ; from
1839, AOG. M~uahi di bi d till death.
Auth. of Repwt of Easlarn Frontier of Britiuh India, 183; ;
Report on Bhutan. 1839. Constant oontributor to ASR. or
birde and geol. specimens8. His fatherh-law writes after
his death t hat he and Mrs Pemberton were engaged on a
ccrtalogue of his " Bhutan specimens ".
PERRY, James [ 11,436 1. Mad. Id.
b. Bath 12-6-1790. d. 6-9-63.
Ens. 27-6-08 ... Lt.401. 13-7-31 ... Lt.-Gen.
8-12-50.
m., let., Mdrea, 3-i-28, Elizabeth, dau. of Lt..Col. Wm.
Read, Dgaa. AM. FO~CBB in Ltdia.
m., 2nd., St. George's Hanover Sq., 18-12-60, Ida Sophia,
dau. of Capt. J. E. Parlby, RM.
Orienlal Club.
June 1807. arafr. cl. ur [ 11, 320 ] ; 1810-1, on Goa ST.
[ LI. 156 n.5 ] ; 1812-6. to Europe on mc.
1817, with Hyderjhiid Subsy. Force: on svy. of pwm
in Nigpm Territories under AQMO., completing materials by
end Oct.9 [ 84 1.
MOO. 2-2-19, appd. Asat. Survr. in Deooan [ 125 n.b.z~r,
352 ] ; submits ran., Dh h a r , 2-1&21 ; "For the most part
of the time that I have been in monsoon quarters, I havebeen
totally incapacitated 6om attending t o my duty in oonse.
quence of a 8evere bowel complaint whiob I contracted
whilmt on eurvey last eeeaon, ... and ... may be permitted
to visit the sea coast for the benefit of my health ...[ and]
to rejoin my Corp"l0.
PESTER, John. Ben. Inf.
b. 22-12-1771. d. 1-8-66.
Ens. 6-9-1800 ... Lt.-Col. 18-12-24 ; ret. 6-1-28.
Son of Emanuel and Pegw Pester.
m., Montacute, Somerset, April 1811, Elizabeth, dau. of
Rev. Wm. Pholips.
Hodson. III ( 511-2 ).
MBIO. M 618 ; 80 ( 15, 20 ) ; journals md well-drawn
sketohea through Swguja and Mi ni pw between Son and
Narbnda, whilst in ch. Guides end Intelligence. "Map of the
outposte and line of south weetern frontier ocoupied by
Brigadier Gen. Toone's Division" not so accurate or complete
as Robt. Smith's map of name area [ II, 47 1.
Extraota from Pester's diary, kept whrlet Bde. Maj. with
fome that oaptwed Gwalior 6-2-04, pub. under title Waf
and Sp r i in India, 1802-06. ed. by his gt. nephew, J. A.
Devenish, late of FWD., 1913.
PEYTON, John. Sub-Asst. Survr., aT3.
b. c. July 1804 in Lndie.
8ub-Aest. 1-10-23 ... Dep. Compr., GTS., 18-1-32;
1st. Ricpl. Sub-Asst.. 1.944; Ch Civ Asat. 186-48;
ret. d ~ r i l 1860.
2nd. son of Wynne Peyton ( d. 1848 ). sup&. a&., Md
Med.".
3-23, nd. indenture as appoe., QTS.
He wee eppd. in pl ace of young Wm. Lambton
[ 326-7,379-8a 1. hie f at her being e friend of Everest'a
DDn. 198 ( 143 ), 6-1 1-21. 'Tho original plan that Shuldham'e force should atrike into Bnrmr vie Cichir nod Monipur
N soon abandoned ; Bbuyan ( 548). * Kabaw Valloy ; 14th Army, 1843-3 ; "Death drippod from every leaf" ; Ekphnnl BiU
1 ) 'On tramfer of the Rev. S u m . from -0. [ 3 1. DDn. 119 ( U8 ) & 230 ( 340-1 ).
ablRI0. 101 ( 1-8
EMS. 672 ( 616 ). ' JBQ8. VIII. 1838 (381-7 1 ; v. Ashley d]bnSa pol i t i d Mimion, ... to Bhlrbn ; I8M.
'JASB. VIII, 1838
( 8 0 ) . X 1.341 ( 8tb7 ) XII, 1043 (255). *DDn. 142 ( BU), 7-3-17; MYC. 2t-8-17.
1OBoMC. camp, 69/1822. "Aast. Burg.
1191 1 &rg. 1788 ; ret. 1828.
RAVENSHAW 496 BIOQRAPHIC;~L
Al l ehabad t o Cal cut t a, 6 [ o r 8 1 sheet s, scal e 2. t o
apprentices in t h e Revenue Department in t he praa-
m. ; l i t hogmphed" [ 15-45, 299, 448 1. t i c0 of -eying [ 365 1.
Th e seaeon of t he y mr
Aut h. of Steam hrauigation o n the Ganges, 0. 1828.
chosen f or carrying o n t hese lessona w m $he
RAVENSH AW, William. Mad. Engre.
of Maye June. July, a n d t h e consequence t o fi.
of const ant expoenre to t h e exceseive
bapt. 21-2-1781.
8 p r 8 l y t i c eei zr m, whi ch he s entirely disabled h h
d. on bd. Costell, Madras Roads, 16-2-25.
f r om wr i t i ng wi t h hi s r i ght hand, affecting hie 8peoch
Ens. 30-1-1796 ... Capt. 15-11-10. in 8 con8i dembl e degree, a n d elao deprived him of
Son of John Goldsborough Rarenshaw, and Elizabeth,
t h e f r ee act i on of one of hi s legs
,,.
bin wife, dau. of Col. Withers.
"Finding after eeveral years that hie symtoms were in no
1817. Supdg. Engr. Malnbar & Cochin ; old nurrg. i d s .
degree improved, he was induced by the advim of his medical
to ST. Dept.. Madrae [ 215-6 1.
attendant t o submit his cane t o Captain Herbert ... for leeve
1832, prepared Pbn 'he T mn of Md r m, and its limits
of absence ... to visit hie native country. ... some &fiCultiea
"for the use of the Justices in Pesaion" ; Civil Engr. a t
having heen Mticipated from the wmt of a
b.
Preedcy. [ 99 1.
Reee still remaine ... endeavouring t o perform hia duties. ...
REES, Vincent Louis. Compr. & Sub-Asst.
there is e probability that Mr. Reea' malady may he benefitted
by a viait t o hin native country, I woold recommend that he
b. Berne, Switzerland, C. 30-1 1-1794. be allowed to be absent ... without being struck off the strength
A d . Indin c. 27-11-31.
of the ratabliahnient "I .
Compr. 15-1-25 ; Sub-Aset. sao., 21-1-25; leave t o
On his return From leave in 1833, Evereat employed him
E~~~~~ on mc., 183%2 ; in ch. obey. 1+1-35 ; left
in the (lllay. nt ('aleutta 1 186-91 ; "fib. Rees w ~ e an invalid
India on ret. 8-10-22.
when I nrrired.
His face wns psrnlysed ; he had lost the
m.. Calcutta, 2-625, sopha, only dau. of the late
oommand of hi8 riglit arm, and wroto cori~tantly with bin lelt
J. B. Pl u~ker ; iuthor of W. Palmer Rees, wlio m., Calcutta,
~ ~ ~ g , H ~ ~ ~ ~ s 3 , " 0 1 ' , " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t , ~ L ~ ~ l $ f ~ ~ f t t ~ e ~ d n ~
29-9-54, Mnrp Ann Mnllock.
There wns Vincent R~., aast, to Cnrr, T~~~~~ &
reshred to health and etliniency. Mr. Kees' right arm k aub.
Co., who pr, m., Calcutta, 14-2-38, eldest dsu,
ject t o violent ronvnl~ive motions. He had, in fact, no
controul over that meniher, and with the heat intentions in
of the h t e Jw. Jon=. of Irelaud. and d. Caloutb. 2-t-j-45,
the world mi#ht clo,le incalrulnble nlischief amonqat
@ 34.
the valuahla instruments of my department. ... I dmmed
lS2O comn. in of Beme mnton.
him, end do ntill dcem him, not only useless, but dangerous,
DDn . 204 ( 135 ), 8-1-25, Bl acker recds. his appt . about i nnt rumcnt ~"~.
-to aasi st i n astr. o b ~ n s . at soo. ; "of a reapect sbl e
Suitable work wna found for him a t the SGO. until he ret.
m education a n d class in life. ... As h e h a s for s ome
in 1852'
t i me been wor ki ng gr at ui t ousl y i n t hi s office in or der
REMON, ~h~~~~ [ 11, 438 1. B ~ . Engrs.
t o recommend himself. I ha ve h a d a n oppor t uni t y
bapt. 22-12-1780.
of maki ng mysel f acquai nt ed wi t h his mer i t s a n d
d. 5-1 1-25 ; MLndvi, Cutch ; MI.
oepabi l i t i m [ 188 1.
Lieut. 1-lO-OR ; Capt. 16-8-19.
"Mr. Rees is e Swisa gent l eman b y bi r t h, e n d ha8
Son of James Remon, of Jerney.
resi ded dur i ng f our year s i n Cal cut t a, empl oyed From 1812, nest. on rev. svy., Bomhav 1-1816-8, on
=hiefly teacher of elementary mat he ma tic^ e n d
T. with fd. force in Cujarit [ I23 1-ngLm with rev.
Engl i sh gr ammar , in whi ch h e i s ...p roficient".
Bombay till, no ac. 8-1-18. "orderod t o p r o d on field
service in the Concan " -wounded a t capture of KOOW fort,
Appd. Sub-Asat . on R 240 pm. [ 313 1. 13-3-18 :' s o oo. 14-4-19, planned successfi~l attsak of hill
Evereat records further particnlarn ; "bfr. Re -...had n
fort of BhBj, Cutoh-Bo Oar., 14-11-25, "diatinguinhed on
Fair prospect of independence before him, which he only account of hie ardent zeal and high profeaaional acquireman&"
relinquished on Colonel Blacker's repeated aasuranoea of -d. "of a. bilious fever ... on his way from Ksira to a e
protection and support. ... h f ~ n . & CO.. of this
oommand of the Engineers of the ~ i e l d Force in Cutoh".
oity, to whom he brought out letters, and in whose house he 1830, "Routea in Goojarat, Ookamundel, md Choor
reaided for some time, offered him a respectable situation in
We up" .
their counting house, with the p r o mb of eventually admit-
,tine bim to a share in their busineae. REYNOLDS, William. Bo. Id.
" Pnferring, however, the service of a Government who ee...
'liberality towards their servanta he had always he e d eulo--
b. 21-2-1798. d. Bombay 2-2-28 ; MI.
@ad. he declined their proposal. ... At the time Captain Lieut. 6-1-18.
Herbert made the application in his favor, he had the a wn
&n of William Reynolde, attorney of Folkeetone,
Or
of 40,000 rupees in hie Agents' h a n b ( Messrs. Palmer and
Cbas. Reynoldu, 50. Bombay 1798-1807 [ I , 37&80 ; 1x1 438 1.
Co. ).
Hd he been fortunate enough to bare obtained
m.. 13-10-23. Amelis, dau. of the late G. W. GUio, BoC8.
lesve. ... hc wea prepared ...to draw out of their hands, and
[490].
tab to Europe, the whole of hie money. By the failure
ao 00. 1-11-20. appd. to Gujarit Rev. Svy..
employed
-of t hat h o w which occurred aoon after [ 471 n.1 1, he wan
sa w t . survr., Kaira Di. till completion 1824 [ 17O n.5 1.
left entirely dependent on the bounty of Government. ...
" ~ e wke uniformly treated by Colonel Blacker with RICHARDSON, Wa r n . Astronomer.
... attention, having an apartment in his h o w, md a seat
Asst. at Royal Obsy. Greenwich
at his table.
Indeed ... he odgbUy propo d... t h a b hfr. Roes
mhonld b. appointed to e n d Captain Cheepe, who WM then
Aug. 1822 to 1846.
U b n t to the Bmveyor &nerd" [ 310,433 1. ... Originally e nor t h- count r y bl acksmi t h.
"On Colonel Blacker' e deat h. ... Maj or Hodgson ... Ob,gervalory, 48 ( 1925 ) ; R A S ( mn ), 11 ( 25 ), peb.
deemed i t propor to empl oy Mr. Reee in e t ot sl l y Emp. by Si r James Sout h ( 1786-1867
&mt kind of dut y, viz., t h a t of i net ruct i ng t ho DNB., pr ovi ng a ekilled obsvr. a n d
I born 80. 28-12-30; DDn. 26.5 ( 108-7 ). 1 DDn. 288 (8 ), 10-10-33.
a Vihart.
RIDDELL BIOGRAPHICAL
"You would be p l e a d st the oommencement of o w
Literary Society. The whole merit of t he undertaking is
due to Babington" I.
Amongst other scraps of nem. Riddell writes. 9-2-18;
"Col. ~ r a h a mr lenvea me tomorrow for Pondicherry. He is
very unwoll, ponr mall. & I am sfraid not long for this
world ".
10-5-18 ; " I t is again reported t hat Trapauda is coming
out, a t which De Havilland is well pleased. Colonel Graham
is again with me. He appears to have a great alacrity i n
running away fmm his wife, and I an1 not a t all surprioed a t
it.. ... Marshall is to be Paymwter. Clive, Military Secretary.
Berar has been given another Superintending Engineer, and
Anderaon is appointed. ... so that moat cert ~i nl y the Engineers
have plenty to do, and no want of staff situations"~.
The hit a t the Engre. refemd t o the t~riginal unler that the
sry. officeshol~ld b~ hnnded over t o the CE., and the reluotance
of'the Govr. to gi \ e i t to anyone but an Eug. [ 3171.
14-5-18 ; "Gencral Trnpnud is l ooki ~~g amazingly well.
He has got a fine Europe colour, k apparent ntrength of body.
He now stays nt De Hnvilland'n Ik 1 was hopeful might have
taken your house [ 475. 477 1. but he t a l b of a bungalo"b.
4-7-19 ; "The Engineer Department has returned t o it's
former state. Trapaud a t the he&. & De Havilland Superin-
tending Engineer st t he Presidency. The latter i s p l e a d
a t the charge. You have lost two promising young oficere-
Davis [ 436-7 1 and Sattes6-f the death of the former you
have seen the newspaprr acrts. The latter was killed a t
Mallegaown on the breach. He mout ed i t ut the bead of
the Pioneers, & had merely rime to Nee 811in~ler wall & an inter-
vening deep ditch. \\'hilo he was making a tiigr~al to the
storming party not to colne, he was fibot dead. The pesty,
however. came 011, but the ~ c a l u ~ g ladders were ]lot long
enough to got down the ditch, & from sorno m h k e ...
thev waited for orders to rctire. Before these arrived, t h e e
moie oflicers had boen killed. & several a-or~ndd.
"Headquarters, with the exception of blorison & Blncker,
arrived on tbc 24th. -111 bere ore lookirrg well. A levbe
numerously atteuded took place on blandny. The Cenl.
looks rather older, but his face i~ RS red UR B\-CT'. Conway
is thinner. He enquired particularly al'ter you [ 11, 424 n.1 1.
"Genl. Mmro [ 11. 433 ; 111. 124 1 h w given up the
commnnd of tho force i n the South bluhratta Country. &
i s on his way to Madras & England. T h i ~ last campaign
has nlmodt cost him his eyes. They are no bud that he is
still doubtful if he can recover the use of them. The other
Coll. Munro is here from Travancore [ rog n.4 1. To him
McDowall succeeds. Marahall beoomes Paymaster & with
much satisfaction raqigrm the situation of Secy. to Clivea. ...
"The Southern 31ahmtta Country in to be a kind of
District & O'llonnoghue [II, 3201 is nppointcd Qr. Mr. of
Brigade in it. Chaplin is Head Collector & Commissioner
[ 171 1, & Thackeray is in orders as Chaplin's successor a t
Bellary [ 171 n.8]"'. ...
Mackenzie replies almr,st weekly ; 20-7-18 ; "The Peishaa
being now our prisoner. I mppoae tranquillity will be restored
throughout. I set, tho arrival of Sir Th. Hislop mentioned,
& the honours shewn ; no doubt everything was magnificent
& a fine spmch mado on both sides. Ro General Trapaud is
arrived. I am glad he looks so well. I suspect he did not
find England so cordial t o his habi b... aa the Coast".
1-i-I8 ; diacuwes Riddell's pronpects ; "1 have eent your
letter to Coll. Young, & I will acquaint you of what he says'".
... Perhaps I may meet him this evening a t dinner a t Lord
Hestings'. He mured me of anything I can do for your
mu=. ... I am not b I J ~ dismagerl. I wieh you were a
Captain on more accounts than one ; hut that will come i n
good time. Meantime, like the man i n Montesino'a ,,,,
Pat i em & 9hufle the CnrdaI1--a devilish provoking
tho', when a man's puree is low ; but be not discouragedmlr,
Memwhile Riddell wm pulling other stringa to get his
appt. codrmod. He mi t es to Mackenzie, 13-7-19; &.you
remember. when I was placed under you last yesr that I
wrote home a full statement of the business to
Inole,
Mr. Colquhoun, Lord Registrar of Scotland [ 497 1. I gave
an ncoount of your plaas, of my surveying
and of the reported orders of the Coort of Dimtors
Engineer officers, and ended by requesting him to use
exertio ns... to support my interest a t the India House.
"He was ... in London attending to his duty a t ParliKmentl,
and he iu~mediately made an extract ... from my letters, and
presented it to Mr. Canning1', beg@lg him to lay it barore
the Hon'ble Court. I t was, accordingly, sent by llim to the
Chairman, and you have the eubstance of the answer. ~ ~ t h i ~
Is there said about the exclusive claims of Engineers. ...
"The other letter ... contains one dno from Mr. c h g .
... By the same mail ... he had mi t t en to Lord Hastings re.
commending me to his protectior~. I have enclosed it
to Young ... that, in co-operation wit11 gou, he may, when the
Marquis receives it, not allow me to be forgotten.
"I have still to thank you as the author 01 d t b , and I
now begin to have strong hopes of being wtabliehed as your
assistant, and in charge of tho Madras Sumey Deplrrtment.
An increase to nly income. ... with all my economy, ...will
not preserve me from debt. I have been obliged nearly to
give up society for, except for a few fnmiliea, you h o w that
Madras society is a regular Lk. & CI., aocount and, as I cannot
give dinners. I do not expect to get. ...
"I have no news. Jns. Taylor16, runlour says, will be in
Council. He and Dr. Nuart join me in remenibrnnw to you,
&a. Mnckenzie, and bliss Bnrtel. ... There are, I am aorrp
t o my, small hopes of Kewman. He had lately a fever, end
was, on its craring, sent ...to Pondioherry and Cuddalore,
merely for s change of sir [ 312. 319 ]Is".
It is sad t.hot t h e cruel cl i mat e wos t o claim Riddell
s o aoon, 1st Sept . [ 318 1. H e t ook ill on 8t h Ang..
a n d wri t es on 13t h ; "I havo aU your letters and
Mrs. Blackenzie's. ... Now I a m on my back in bed,
t erri bl y reducer1 wi t h a fever 8: dysent ery, which
has st11(4k t o me for 14 days Howar d promisea
rero\,cry ". Thi s let,t,er is entlorsed b y hlackenzie
"The Las t ", t hough h e "had rel ~oat . ed intimation of
hi s si t uat , i onW [ 488 1.
H e wrn8 t l eql l y grieved ; "My knowledge of Mr.
Ri ddel l was b u t l at e, onl y about 10 lnoiiths ere I
left Madras, ... b u t ... 1 ha ve ha d ampl e occasion t o
appreciate hi s gr eat meri t , hi s excellent disposition
anrl discretion [ 318 1.
Writing himeelr about a class of surrey apprentim,
Riddell commentn that "I am not vcry apt to lone my temper,
a quality perhaps morc to be considered than abilities in euoh
an undertaking "".
blnrlirnzie WIIR ioderd nrll served by Riddell, as he wu
later by hlcluntford, nncl 11e writes t o Tou11g of (he Mil. Dept. ;
01 anl to find ... that the state of hia atfrlirs are not
likely to promise anything to his friends in Europe. Indeed
...his residrnce a t that Presidency was nccesmril~ more
expensive tbnn his funds. ... IF you are acquainted with hia
friends in Scotland. you will do me a favour making
my selitimenta known. Very lately he had tmmmitted mea
DDn. 161 ( 154 ) ; probably B. G. Babington ( 1794-1888 ) ; MU.
1812-22 ; MI). I830 ; FRS. ; DNB.
'James Qeo.
G r h m ; Mad. Inf. ; Em. 1781 ; M Uen. 1810 ; d.. Uieppe, 1828.
a ~ b h ~ T r ~ , ~ ~ u d . blod. Engrs. Ens. 17i9 ; Lt Gen. 1814 ; CE.
aib. ( 173 ).LO-5-18. 'DDn. 151 ( 135), 8-2-10 ; ib. ( 203 ), 14-5-18.
UJohn Wm. Nattw, Mad. Engm., Ena. 27-7-11 ; kd.
Mslgnon 28-&18. 'Sir Thon. Hislop [ 83,316,401 I. ~ ~ i ~ h d . c1ivr ( 1702-1831 ) ; MCS. 1808 ; nephew of Clive of PI-e~.
WDDn. 161 ( 213 ). lo James Young, ( 1782-11348) Ben. 1798-lU18 ; MS. t o GG. IICervnntes; Don 4ubfh
I I ob. 23. " U h . 160 (374 ). 'BMP. Elgin 1807-10; Du r n wn a h i r e 1810-20; d. 1820.
l q c o . Canning ( 1770-1827);
PI dL Bd. of Control ( Indin ). 1816-21 ; Prime Wnbter, April-Aug. 1847 ; DNB. : DIB.
1" 177&1862 ) ; bfcs. ; Bd of
Trade, W m , 181b26. 14DL)n. 168 ( 22U-31 ). I ~ t o s O . 18-2-18; DDn. 151 ( 1 3 0 4 ).
NOTES
letter from t he Minieter for India, of t he 3rd b f a ~ h , to hia
Nov. 1836-peoaion Re. 360 pm.-"ret6rsd to Bomb,,
relative tho Lord Register of Scotland, with easurenow of his
where he was Yestar Attendant, and Prasidmt of tb
aupport. and Mr. Canning had to Lord H88ti ~s
Geographical Bociety from 1838 until j ut before hh death9'*.
about himw1 [ 340 I.
ROBB, Ferris Charles. Ben. Inf. ROSS, John. Ben. Med., local appt.
b. 2P2-1791. d. 23-1-55. pr. b. c. 1788-9.
Ens. 2M- 11 ... Maj. 2 M- 3 6 : ret. 28-1 1-39.
d. 15-2-18, camp, Nedie.
Son of Charles Robb. RN.. Mwter Attdt., 1)eptford Yard.
offg. Asst. Surg., 1817.
m.. Calcutta. 15-1-27, Eliza. nbe Mercer, widow of Andrea pr. 2nd son of Zacchae~u Roes, of Hawk St. T h o m ~ , ar.
Suter. Lieut. AM. l et Ft. ( K. Ncob ). and thus related to Daniel ( mp ).
Ho~bon. 111 ( 862 ). ed. Glas ow Univ. ; matric. 1804: YD. I81 1.
B ~ O . 29-1-21, "recently appointed to Qoarter Master ~r awf or f ' s Roll ( B. 804 ) ; data of arrl. India not known.
General'a Department, to Cawnpore nnder n ~ o . for survey Owing to the urgent mil. demand for med. oficem during
of mads in Weatern P n ) v i ~ ~ c e ~ " [ 37. 87 1 ; aa nngro, sorvd. t he Maritha war. Roes and 6 others were locally appd., pr.
a numher c)f routes in Central India, and compiled map of time early in 1817, to do dut y a3 Asst. Surgs. "during
upper Nnrhada. 1823.-5. tho oxisting exigencyv*.
10-12-25, menhioned in ~linpat,chos, capture of Bharatpur. I n camp letter tu Mil. Dept. 2S10-17 ( 108 ), Lord Moira
MRIO. 77 ( 8 a ) map showing nit- of Thug munlers. 1839. nominnterl him t o be Surg. and Goolgt, t o OTS., being
"sing~llnrly qualified for this t ~ ~ l k " . He had been "strongly
ROBINSON, James Jeremiah. Bo. Mar. recommended t o His Lordship's ... notice by Dr Criuhton. First
b. 178g/go. d, 1 7 4 2 6 ; Mr. st . ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ *
Physician to tho Emperor Alexander7, ...m eminent for his
attainments in nrrturnl science as well as in medical and
Cath. Bombay.
aurgicsl knowletlge. ... Dr. Ross ... aclds a familiar acqusin-
Mdpn., 21-0-05 ... Jonr. Cnpt. l825/6.
t mce with thc lanplingc of Persia ( i n which count? he hss
181'5, survcl. s. Konknn const. co.rlperating With Jervis,
travelled)". Ross had, moreover. "strong elailus on t he
who writes ; "My work, as i t on tq, ~ ~ ~ t ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ b i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
liberality of Govrrnm~nt . in h a v i n ~ ...g iven his gratuitous
exhil~ita a difference ... I could have wislled reduced. ... captain
~ e r v i c ~ up the River to n distrased and sicklv detachment
Robinson's is far moro correct tllnn mino. ... Ho is a more
of H.M.'s troops. wl ~o acr e deprived of all other medias1
experienced and cnrefi~l nhuervsr, and ohtainecl his rosulb
aid". He was at the time. Oct. 1817, " on his \vtry with a
from a bme whirh is only about a geographical mile south
detachment to the Upper Provincss".
of Viziadroog [ 126. 130 1"'. Ho d. whilst attd. to t he Centre Div. of the army., pr.
Apparently no rolatiun t o Ceo. Robinaon, also Bo. Diar.,
in md . oh. of troops.
appcl. 0-7-23, who served through Uormeao Wnr as mdpn.
and Lieut. ROSSENRODE, William [ 11, 352 1. k t .
ROSS, Daniel. Bo. Mar. & Indian Navy.
Survr. am.
b. Port Royal, Jamaica 11-1 1-1780.
b. 1-3-1792. d. Dehra Diin, 9-9-62 ; m.
d. Bombay, 30-10-49.
Appce. 19-3-05 ; Sub-Asst. with Lambton. 11-3-07.
Pmcl. Sub-A&. ors. 28-3-3.i ; rot. 31-741.
Dlar. SG. from death of Chaa. Court, Sept,. 1821, till r an. m., 1st. Masulipatam. 1 7 4 1 4 [ I I , 3~ 1. Mary Nagdelene
Nov. 1833 [ 16-71, Corvan who d.. Calcutta. 21-3-31, aged 40; two of their
Xat. son of Hercules RuR*. uf Hossio Cmtle, co. Forlar, sons John and Wm., joined om. 1838.
who with 2 bros. mudo for tun^. in WI. ; half-hro. to Horatio m.. 2nd.. El i z~, who sur\-ived him.
Rosa ( b. 1801 ) ncs., whoso motlior was dam of John Parish,
ed. at Obsy. Sur vg. School ; wel l r epor t ed on
merch. of Hamburg Horatio won I he lirahrerorded steeplechase
L~~~~~~ [ 11, 346 ; 111, 378+ 1. ~ f + ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~
(of moonlight fame ) on his horse " (:linkrr8'J.
m.. Macao, China, e. 1809, Maria ~ t o s ; ~ Theresa Popin, a
de a t h, bei ng "a per son of g r ~ t wor t h, zeal. md
Portuguoso lady. I). a t Pondicherry 1793, by whom he had pr aot i cel acqai r ement , act ual l y Sent in h b resigns-
son, \Vm. Herculce Rods ( 181149 ). Ben Inf.. kd. a t Chilian-
tion" [ 223, 230 n.1, 373, 437, 439 ], H e +,
wila 13-149, a ~ ~ d a rlau.. ELiza. who m., Colcetta, 16-7-33.
Francis Seaton ( 1HO8-37). Ben. Inf. Of their other 7 however* On' and On wM
children two sons acrved in the Indian Navy, and two dous,
pr omot ed t o Hs. 300 Pm. fro* x o v . 1825 [ 99 245-60
m. brus., Richd. Lloyd. IN., and John Lloyd. RA. ; Rirlld. 325-7, 382: 444 1. Hed t r oubl e wi t h Ever es t over
Lloyd succ. Daniel Rosa as Mar. SG.
nei ghi ng hor ses [ 445 1.
A son of Francis Senton. Francis Ln n ~ h r t , who also
entered IN.. adopted namo Ross-Suaton4.
1825-30, was Olliver' s seni or asst. o n t h e lon81.
LOW, I ; Markham ( I0 )
seri es Si r onj t o Cal cut t e, a n d d i d excel l ent wor k
PRS. Portrait in oils ill rooms of BO. branch of^ sot,
sel ect i ngst et i ons in a dva nc e [ 261-4,404-5,417, 495 1.
Family hold a large eilver cup-"my Amorican vase" of will
P'. 22-1249-presented by underwriten of New York for RUDDELL, David. Ben. Inf.
salvaging cargo of eLip sunk OR China coaat. in 1800.
Mato. 102 ( 12 ), svy. of coast of S. China, 1807. being
b. 12-12-1786. d., ShirBz, 16-12-35.
engaged thoro 1808-20. Ens. 20-348 ... Capt. 1 3 S f 5 .
1824-6. Burmeae War in general direotion of mar. svys. Son or John Ruddcll, of .\ugh& Cmmmon, Armagh, and
on Arakan ooaet [ 184 ] : 1827, a t Amherst in Invmligalor Grace Hell his wife, sister of Chm. Todd f3wg., Ben., Yd.
[ 434 I ; 1830. on Araknn coast. Hodaon, 111 ( 7 0 5 4 I.
Dosorihed by Markham w "t he Father of t he Indian Ri mgarh Batt. l 8 l I 4 ; ps. to Lt. Govr. Javm, 1815-6 ;
Surveys" and "t he first who introduced a really scientifio Mmgar h Batt. 1817-9 ; Ft. Wm. Coil. 1 8 m 2 .
metht~d" of aout al and mar. svys [qgg 1; JASB. I, 1839 1RI8. like other offirera uf Ramgarh Batt. [ 11. 47 ;In. q,
( 202 ), memo. on "nppnront timo on h ~ a r d ship". From 88 1. sorvd. routes in Chota NAgpur. SG. writes. 20-7-18 ;
IlIDn. 154 ( 31 ). 27-9-18. a DDn. 182, h[ 184 ; S. Svy. 1823 -1. Horatio's g. dau. m. Maj. V. C. P. H d o n .
'Loft a son. Franck L)anieI Row-Seaton, 2nd Ro. Grndrs., from whom muoh of this iufn. h~ been obtained. bMarlrh.m
( l %l I ). 'B Co CD. 21-7-16 ( 927 ). 1 Sir Alex. Criohton ( 1783-1858 ) ; Fm. ; Phydi c h b Alex. I of FLU@& h m 18lM ;
DNB.
BIOGRAPHICAL
' The mote in qnention must be i nt emt i i g. an I believe
it is dtogether new ; however. we shall see what the Qr. Mr.
Qenl. eap upon it. ... If you could add a map ... & take
nome observations of the latitude, they would add much
to their value"
"Plan of Sumbhulpoor Fort" snd routes were to be sent
to qmo.. who would pees them to SG. with commcnta [ 302.
335 ] ; the p l y of city or fort waa t o go t o the CE. end not
to the SG. We are tied down by regulations & cannot
deviate t o the right or left. I wish with all my heart I had
nothing to say tu these roada or routes. Why don't you turn
yourself to thc taking of observations, & ronstrurting a
plan & map of the country of Sumbhulpoor? I believe i t
in a new field "I.
RUTHERFORD, Henry. Ben. Ar t .
b. 6-12-02. d. Otago, New Zealand,
25-12-74.
2fit. 94-19 ... Naj. 3-7-46 ; ret. 15-7-46;
Hon. Lt. CoL 28-11-54.
Nephew of Cept. M'm. G. Rutherford, of Greenwich Hoapl.
ed. Addisoombe, 1817-9. Hodson. LII ( 710 ).
28-12-49 to 1 3 4 3 0 . with Thos. Brodie. eurvd. Assam-
Bhut i n frontier drawrna full allcos. of land survevor. Rs.
018 ~ m . ~ [ 64 1.
104-30. appcl. A&. to PA. Upper A&-nn, remaining on
QOL duty in Anearn till 1340, wlreu hu became H. to Lt..
SANDYS, Frederio Hervey. Ben. Id.
b. 10-8-1791. d. 28-12-74.
Ens. 1 9 - 7 4 ... Lt. Gan. 8-2-70.
Son of Rev. Jnseoh Sandys, reotor of Aghadowey. Ireland.
m., 1st.. CswnPo;e. 610-21, Xi s Jane Cull,vden.
m.. 2nd.. Indore 5-7-36. Maria Jane Bellwia, dau. of
Wm. Nathan n'righte Hewett. BCS.
Hodson, IV ( l i - H ).
21-1-21, a ppd. DAQMG. 3rd ~1.-BGO. 29-1-21,
t o Cawnpor e under DQMG., f or svy. of r o d in w.
Pr ovs . [ 87 I-ib. 20-6-26. pr omot ed t o 2nd cl. [ 3371.
Oct . 1821 t o Feb. 1824, aur vd. r oa d NrrairBbiid t o
Jai sel mer ; wi t h ma p of "par t s of J odhpur , Jessel -
mer e, 8nd Oodypor e ; t hence t hr o' Lagour beck t o
Aj mere. Th e s ur vey eeems t o b e execut ed wi t h care.
,.. Obeer vat i ons for l at i t ude. ... It will f or m a good
geographi cal mat er i el when l ongi t ude of Aj mer e a n d
one o r t wo ot her poi nt a a r e bet t er known"8.
183P66. PA. Mehi dpur, CI.
SCHALCH, John Augustus [ 11, 440-1 1.
Ben. Inf.
b. 27-11-1793. d. 25-2-25, of wounds
received in action on 23rd., Kiungpale,
Arakan.
Em. 22-2-08 ... Bt. Capt. 16-9-23 ;
"official" Maj. 16-@-24.
80n of Andrew Schalch. Capt. RA.. from Switzerland, who
'M nephew of Andrew Schalch (1602-1776), mnater-
founder of Woolwich Arsenal( DNB. ).
ed. amc.. Marlow. 1807-8.
Cbui. Oar. 14-3-26, ob. notice ; Hodaon, I V ( 28 ).
1813-4, seet. m. MurshidBbBd [ n, 311 1- Bept.
t o Dec., 1814, &. o n Sundar ban0 evy. [ II. 17 n.2 ;
111, 3281-1816, evye. wi t h unit o n NepBl &ont i er
C 19 1.
8 DDn. 158 ( 1 3 7 4 ) from Mnckencie. a DTC. 8 - M a ( 0
Jmv. [ 11, 137 ] ; Rchelob wae a keen estronomer in 1819. 'ac
Uhni nga in &iencc, I1 ( 36-8 ).
BGO. 13-9-16, eppd. mat., Sunder bans evy;-
DDn. 142 ( 169 ). 11-7-17. t o compl et e Wilton'a svy.
o f Gar o- Rasgpur front i er [ 11, 457 ; I I I , 49 ] ; "I
e w e h e will d o j ust i ce t o it", wri t es Hodgson-eoo.
23-6-18. granted 3 mo. o n mc.. with sea-voyege,
l r n ~ i n ~ svy. i ncompl et e t i l l r et ur n I 320 1.
- - * ,
1819; okma . 3rd.-cl. ; sao. 103-20, promuted to qnd.
el. ; ib. 21-2-23, t o 1st. cl.
From ob. notice ; "His father and some imrn&,,le rela.
tivcs were officers of rank in our Royal Artillery, for
or the Engineers, J. A. was origilially i n t e n d ~ d - ~ ~ ~ eeai
to blerlow, but way removed on account of delicate hmlth
which handicapped him also Inter in life. ...
" I t wee r e ~o mmmd ~d that he eho~dd proceed to
aa cm Infantry Cadet.
Instigated by the example alld kind
eesintance of Capt. Everoat'. now employed on the Trigono.
mefirical Survey, he engagud docply end successfully in
maChematical, astronomical and other congenial stll&=. ..,
Under Colonel Crawford lie still furlllrr improved himself
[ U, 193 1. an11 after having been actively employ~d under
Capt. Morrieaon in aurvoying tho Su~vlerbuna [ 328 ] ho wRs
noticed, and kindly patronisetl, by the Mnrquie of Hastinge
end obtained in l 8l 0 s situation in the Quarter ~ \ l ~ ~ ~ ;
General's Department".
1820-4, emp. ~r n d e r Lot t er y Con]. on improvemen+,
of Cal cut t a wat er ways , survg., l ayi ng out , and con.
s t r uct i ng t h e canal s t h a t ha ve yince developed into
t h e pr esent s ys t em [I3.495 1. " He first becamecon.
spi cuoua at t h e Presidency, ancl...in t h e survey of
Calcutta-in hi s ... ext ensi ve cans1 s-... hi s ...iron sm-
pensi on br i dge a n d ot her publ i c works-the well.
known i ron usp pension bri dge at Kal i Ghat . Hd
never before been pract i cal l y engaged i n t he slightest
mechani cal wor k "6.
"The first irou br i dp in India W~M a footbridge erected
in 1824 over Tolly'a N~rLlah a t Kalighat. Span 141 feet,
but only 0 feet wide, approached by n ntmp cameway, in-
tmnded only for foot paasengern and pack bullocks. This
old bridge was prllled down in 1891, when a copper plate
wee fouod bearing the following inscription ; 'Under the
aunpices of the most nohlo Prnnciq, Marquis of Hasting&
etc., Govcrnor General and Con~mnn(ler-in-Chief of India,
tbia Iron Bridge, the l i nt of the description in India, is
erected. Lieut. G. Aug. Schalch. Act. Mm. Mns. Anno
Domini 1824 ; JUIIC 1st. Anno Lucio 6,228"*.
Alexander writes of the Alipore bridge in 1826 that, "in
proceeding towards Garden Reaoh. I passed an iron sun-
permion bridge, the design of which u light and elegant.
although i t is a greet deal too narrow to admit of carriages
w i n g eaoh other without conniderable risk"?.
His avya. of Calcutta were compiled into maps on various
scales [ 14-5 1. which were not a~lperncded till 25 years later,
, whilst his work on tho cannla wsa Ailly discusser1 and apprec.
iated by the coms. of 1866 and I904 [ 205 1. He commented
on the many project9 for improving nvgn. between the
Hooghly and the Ganges in "a pamphlet of 19 folio pages-
Plan for opening water cnmtnunicolion from Calcr& lo the
Upper end Emtern Provinces of India--Major Schalch d m
not like the proposals to keep the pasaage from Ganges into
Bhagarathi open by meens of dredging straight cute; it
would bo impossible to keep them open for nny time [I, 64;
11, 20-1 1. ... He recommends a now canal running aorosa
the line of tho river8 to h k o the place of Tolly's Nulhb,
which can no longer competo with the traffic, and he sketchm
t he course t hat WW subsequently fi)Uowed hy the canal
whicli runs enat born the Hooghly j u t above Chitpore--the
Eastern Canal-and estimated the cost. Government snnc-
tioned tho project. and engaged in the execution of it", till
str,ppcd by thu outbreak of war with Burman.
I ).
8 DDn. 300 ( 00 ). 27-tl-32. ' pr. before Everost went to
nrl Qaz. 14-3-28. 9 Blechynden ( 8U ).
'Alexander ( 64 ).
SCOTT
On t h e out br e a k of war-BOO. 1 6 - 8 - 2 6 8 cor ps
of Pi oneer s and Sur veyor s waa r ai sed at Chi t t agong
under Schelch's oomd.. a n d pl aced u n d e r t he or der s
of t h e oma. [ 68, 333, 435 1. His officers we r e s cat -
tered f r om t h e As eem val l ey a n d C k h k to Ar e k m.
Mter s t a r t i ng t h e m off wi t h gener al i nst r uct i ons
[ 53, 181, 198-91, Ychalch hi msel f under t ook t h e
fixing of ma i n cont r ol poi nt s i n Ar akan, b u t l ost his
life on a na va l recce. u p t h e Ka l a d e n R. [ 182 1.
"Maj or Schal cl i , ... ha vi ng or gani zed a pont oon
svst em f or t h e uae of t h e a r my in Ar r acan. waa
appoi nt ed t o t h e he a d of t h a d d e p a r t me n t . His
heal t h havi ng suffered, he was r ecommended t o try
t h e sea air, a n d he accor di ngl y proceeded in t h e
Reaeeroh wi t h Commodor e Ha y e s [ 68 1. I n the
unf or t unat e a t t e mp t whi ch w m ma d e against t h e
st ockade of Chambal l a he was morbol l y wounded.
and, ha vi ng l i ngerel l in gr e a t pai n, the fol l owi ng
morni ng br e a t he d his laat "'.
A more detailed account ia given by Low, who deaoribes
the "aotion ... up t he Prome Pura Khione, or branch leadmg
from the Oratung R. to Arrncan [ 182 n.11, with a squadron
consistiig of the Research ... with tho gunboats nnd other
vessels. At 2 p.m. they onme within aigbt of the enemy's
works a t Chamballa, which opened n heavy fire on t he leading
vessele. The Research, with the Commodore on hoard, was
soon within hnlf-pistol shot, and commrnced a heavy can-
nonade and tire of musketry upon the stockado. After a
eevere engagement of ttvu honrs. ... tho tirlr hoginning to fall,
&mmodore Hayes nru obliged to drop down tho river. ...
"The cas~~al t i es wzm severe. Amongst the killer1 wore...
Major Schnlch, a distinguished officer of the Company's
service, ... n-ho was on board the Rwmrch for t he rocovery
of his I~oaltb. He wi ~s atrnck while standing on the poop by
a mujket ball in his breast, and died on thc morning of the
26th. ... On receiving his ~vol ~nd Ile fell into the arms of tho
Commodore, exclaiming ' I sm rr dead ninn', but lingered
for two daya in excrnciating pain, imploring the bystandom
to sl~oot him throueb the hcnd. ;md uut an cnd to his suffer-
. .
ing. This aotion took placo .':ird F~*br ~~a r ? . 18'25"'.
For his work on t he water\\~syr of the Hooghly and the
Sundarb~rns, Schalch had p~~rchnned n schooner Dragon.
which he took with him firr service in Arnknn. "Governmont
giving him a fixed montl~ly allo\vanrt* of eiocn. rupees 900
to Hnd himself in such conveyilnce. In August 1925 tho
ha g un was purchascd by Government, nnd added t o the
Arakan division of the flotillaa" [ 489 1.
I t \VIM comdd. by Horatio NOLOII end Drummoud notea
that the Drogon, "having been employed for the conveyance of
the iastruments belonging t o the Survey Department, is
to be consiclemd na enterhined from 26th Febrnarv laat.
. .
a public vwsel"'.
For the dredging of t hr canals he had the Pluto, one of t he
earliest steau~borrta t o be uaed in India. which wa9 used as
a f l o a t i ~ ~ ~ battery clunng tho Arakan oampsign'.
Schnlul~ was most popular as well as talonta~l. Ho had
quickly non George Flenling'a regard [ Il . 3971. and i t in
recorded t hat "ho wns no common men, who. a t his age.
and as yet a uubaltorn in hi8 regiment, no reaommended him-
self ma to obtain ... tho breveL rank of Major, and this without
exciting the diasatisfnotion of msny who might ... have thought
themselves aggrieved by his advmoement' '.
SCOTLAND, David. Mud. Inf.
b. 22-11-02. d. 16-8-57.
m., Dumlcrline, 24-7-3s. Jane Stonhouse. dsu. of Oeo.
Melhum, of Dumferlino ; ahe d., India, 14-30.
1828, with pol. dept. Moulmein ; s and. route "from
British Cantonmnnta e t &f,~ulmein to 3-Pagodm", 29-12-90
t o 23-1-27'; journnl DDn. 140. M 420.
Name wrongly given by O m t ru Yoott [ 76 1.
SCOTT, David, eenior. acs.
b. 14-6-1786. d., Cherrapunji, 20-8-31,
unm. ; an.
Son of Archibald Scott, of Uaan, sn. and Marqaret
Chalmors his 2nd wife.
Writer 21-8-01 ; Comnr. in Cooch Bobir & Joint 3lagta.
Rangpur. 27-Y-16; Civ. Comnr. of me. Rangpur. 1-1-22;
AGO. NE. Frontier. 1611-23.
DI E. ; Adam White ; PKIO. XIX ( 2 7 4 1 ).
18014. a t Ft . Wm. Coll.: tiom 1805, Collr. or Magto.
succeusivoly. Gorakhpur, Purnea, Jl~dnapore. Tipperah ; Dec.
1813. Judge & Mngte, Ra qpur Diet.. and r u~pns i bl e for pol.
relations with Assnm [ 4q 1.
1822, recce. svy. Gnro Hills embodied with Srhnlch's svy.
of 1817-8 into map of Goalpara, MBIO. 34 ( 12 ). of 1846.
1823-4, as AGG. for NE. Frontier, tuok pol. oh. in Sylhet
and Ci chi r on invasion by Burmese [ 50. 64 1. and did much
to as.gist in geogl. rxploration. taking keen interwt in source
of Brshmnputra [ 16. 52-3, 5 5 7 . 63, 182. 423. 431 1.
Apr i l 1824, o n assembl y Br i t i sh forces a t Uauhkt i
[ 52 ] mar ched f r om Sgl het over J a i nt i a & I i h h i
Hi l l s t o Nowgong, a n d down Ka l a n g R. t o Qa u h i t i ;
r out e s ur vd. by Bl echynden 151. 425 1.
F r o m 1825, s t a r t e d r ev. s vy, f or s et t l ement of
r evenur n Assan1 val l ey, usi ng Bengal i aminas ; svy.
eupewi s ed b y Bedi ngfi el d wi t h Mat hew a s esat.. till
Mat hew toolr ch. af t er Wi n g f i e l d ' s mur dor [ 64,146,
349, 423,484 1. Sc ot t h a d onl y j u t l ef t Nongkhl ao
f or Cher r apml j i whe n t h e di sast er ocour r ed ; h e d.
t wo ye a r s l at er at Cher r epunj i , wher e Govt . er eot ed
a ~ n o n u me n t t o hi s memory9.
SCOTT, David, junr. ~ o s .
b. 10-10-1790. d. Boulogne, 20-3-1856.
Writer. 12-7-07 : on deputation to Sendarbans. 1-1 1-14 ;
Actg. Collr. 24-Pargmas. 13-9-15; Comiu. in Suudarbans.
5-7-16 ; ret. 14-2-38.
Son of Cspt. Wm. Scolt. RN.. 01 Logie ; no relation to
above.
m.. 2-6-25, Xary Anne, dau. of Wm. Crawford, up. of
Dorking.
Not a mr w. ; 1814. first appd. to settlement work in
Suodarbans, basing hk work on hlorrieson's svy. [ 141 ] ;
54-16 to 1817 Comnr. in Sundarbana; "&b, David Scott.
relieved from Collectorship of Cuttack. and ... well-qualified.
both by pmvious experience ... and by hisgeneral chenvrter ss a
Revenue Offiosr, to cliachnrge the funotiom of n Commkioner
in t he Sl ~ndar ba~u. wo appointed him to thnt s i t u a t i ~ n " ~ ~ .
SCOTT, William [ 11,441 1.
Ast . Rev. Sum. ,
Mednre.
b. c. 178416. d. Calmtte, lldey 1827.
Anme. 1-9-1793 ... 1st 01. h a t S m . 1810. --
m.. d;drsn, Nov. I810 ;
in 1840. his aged wife wan
si~ppurted by their eldast son, Wm. Henry Soot4 who wan
11d. drnn. SQO.. 182M'?. :\ younger 6013. 0. H. Scott. ru
1Cl1.s. 13-2-21 ... Bt. Msj. 9-1140 ; rot. 21-l W7.
witcr in M. office a t Dehra Dan from I-.
'Oleoninga i n Scienu, 11, (39). ILow, I ( 437 ).
afmm John Hayes. Mmtar Attendant's OW* M a n t h 10-147 ;
D h . 220 ( 201 ). a ~ n k u , 214426 ; 213 ( so ). .aml. q ( l a 1.
m i in 8 i 1 ( 9 . ' h w f N tI
( 80.84 ). 8Thomna J e d ; Annex. 2 ( 8-7 ). *Pemberbn ( 2 )
Ban P b P. pl. f a h g p. 200. Kh b i chief e t Ch e m had
In 1840 granted lend for British mnatorium; NE. Frontier ( 24).
1'B tm CD. ( RBI. ). 1-11-18 ( 86 1.
SEELY BIOGRAPHICAL
June 1801, joined Wa r r e n o n Mysore evy., and,
Oct . 1802, wi t h h i m t o Lambt on' s svy. ; r emai ned
wi t h War r en at aurvg. school, a n d when school wee
abolished. 1810. a t t d. t o soo. [ 11. 352 ; 111, 373 1.
"In J a n u a r y 1816, I wna det ached, in conj unc.
t i on wi t h Mr. Hami l t on & ot her j uni or assistants. t o
s ur vey t h e di st ri ct s of t h e M~s u l i p a t a m Col l ect oret a
[99-l oo, 339,3731, o n whi ch aervice I received not i ce
of my t ranafer under t hi s Pr c ~i d e n c y [ Bengal 1, wi t h
or der s t o proceed t o Cal cut t a, whi ch I r eached i n
Mar ch 1818, & f r om whi ch t i me I ha ve been general l y
empl oyed i n t h e dr awi ng de pa r t me nt $ in t h e
i nst r uct i on of sur veyi ng pupi l s [ 101, 312, 360 ]'I1.
During season IBIS-!), his clajs of pupils snrvd. Botanical
Gdns. Sibpur [ 12. 361 ] ; Jan. t o Aug. 1821, took oh. of
pupils on dvy. in Cuttack Dist. ; DDn. 14i ( 202 ), 28-5-21.
reports that he i* suffering from "nu obstinate complaint
of dropsy, or swelling or t l ~ r I~r~cly" [ 19, 361-2 1.
Continurd a t Calcutta from Aug. 1821. drawing extra
allre. Rs. 150 prn. as instr. ; 3&I-23, "ho~rlth much im-
paired" ; wit11 HSO. to Fatahgsrh, salary R3. 323 pm.,
returning to Calcutta. 31-7-26.
SEELY, John Benjamin. Bo. Id.
b. 9-10-1786. d. Cohba, 20-12-26.
Ens. 2G-3-09 ... Cnpt. 14-24.
Son of John Soel! of London.
m.. C'alcuttn. 5-2-13. Marin. dau. of Geo. Dowdoswell.
Ch. SPC. Hen. Govt.
411th. of the Wonders of Ellorn, and A Voire from India,
both pub. London, ld24.
Corn Cor. '754k25, recdd. "further extension of his leave
for 3 months t hat he mav com~l ot e a ~eol rra~hi cal work on
. .
which he ia engaged" : ih. 15-7-25. ad&&ed~60 for return
to Indin ; ib. 2C8-25, permitted to return to duty.
London. 1 8 6 ; "Improved Map of Indi a, oolor~red and
mounted in aectiom on linen. 36 by 26 6.. folded in roy.
8vo. slip case".
SHORTREDE ( SHORTREED ), Robert.
Bo. Inf. b. Jedburgh, NB. 19-7-01.
d. 26-1 1-68, Blackheath.
Em. 4-1-23 ... Lt.-Col. 11-10-57 ; ret. as Hon.
M Gen. 31-12-81.
4th son of Robert Shortreed, sheriff substitute, of so.
Roxburgh ; bro-in-lsw to John S. Memeu. LLD., of Manse of
Hamilton.
m.. Allahihkd. 19-1-44, Clara Ann, dau. of Geo. Cbanner ;
oollaihlv father of Robt. Shortrede. a Senior Examiner of
h i t bept. 10.. 1889. who painted two water.colourn now
a t 10. ( Foator p. 95 ).
ed. .redburgh gr. ech.. and Edinburgh High sch.
8pells his name morc often "Nhortrede" and signing aa
such in 1867, as showu below. " Shortreed" is the form usual
on Scottish border.
Ha d ver y s t or my car eer as survr. , falling o u t
r epeat edl y wi t h bot h Evor est a n d Waugh-joined
Deocan Svy. 1824--started Tri g. Svy. of Bombay.
1828-posted t o OTS., 1832-diverted t o rev. evy.
Bombay. 1835-reed. aTs. 1836-reaumed Tri g. Svy.
Bomba y 1838, promi si ng obedi ence t o E v e r e a t
per manent appt . t o GTB. sanctioned 1840-reed.
f r om me . 184Ei-joined Rev. Svy. Punj ab. 1861.
r emai ni ng till ret i rement .
Lopritlrrm Tables 1844; ob. notice, RAS. ( mn)
Intended for civ. engr., worked in offiae of Robt. ateven.
eon, then Engr. of N. Lighthouses; Deo. 1822. visitsd 0s
office a t Tower of London [I. 3161. Stevenson writmg'
22-12-42. to Col. Colby [ 446 n.5 ] "The bearer. Mr. ~ o b e i
Shortrede. was for some time in my offioe, and now go=
India undcr the auspices of Sir Wdter Scott [ 811th. 1. He
a very ktwrn mnthematioian, and ... [ deairar ] an opportunity of
seeing theextentof the Trigl. Survey in tho Drawing room"^.
Being too old for Addiscombe and Engrs., accepted Inf.
comn. with erc.
a o GO. 1-3-24. appd. mat. sur w. , Deccan Svp. ;
recdd., 12-9-24, t o dr a w st aff allce. from 20-5-24,
bei ng "qual i fi ed t o di scharge all t h e dut i es of a
Sur veyor " ; BO GO. 14-1C25, promot ed t o l et cl.
Asst . ; 1827. apecial d u t y in Bombay [ 126 1.
16-3-28, wi t h sanct i on of Supr eme Qovt., and
appr oval of H o d e o n ss SG., appd. t o conduct "a
Tri gonomet ri cel Sur vey of t h e whol e of t he Bombay
Presi dency" [ 6. 209 1. Menad. beseline a t Karli,
bet ween Bomba y a n d Poona, a n d for next 3 yeam
carri ed t ri angl es t hr ough Poona. Ahmednegar and
Naaik [ 130-1, 210. 216. 344, 396. 454 I.
SIM, Duncan. Mad. Engrs.
bapt. 3-12-1791. d. 20-12-65.
Ens. 7-7-10 ... Col. 9-1 1 4 6 ... Lt. Gen. 8-2-91.
Son of James Sim, brewer of Aberdeen.
m.. 12-4-20. Catharine, dau. of Abraham Coupernn, a Dukh
Govr., an11 wid. of Capt. Jfncleod, of HM. service.
ed. Acldiscornbe. Oriental Club.
1811, Java espn.. svys. a t capture of Cornelia, when he
wrw woended. ?&?I 1 [ 339 1.
MwO. 29-9-12, Enr~gn Sym, of the Corps of Enginsera,
to do duty under Lirutenant Caldwell as speoial surveyor of
the defences of Vellore. Rayacottnh. Bangalore, and Serings
patam. ... Will receive the same allowances w... drawn by ...
officers of tho Military Institution when on survey" [ 11.331 1.
1815. reudd. by Mackenzie for the permanent a t . of
survrs.; "I have proposed you for the Circar Survey [g).
100, 339-401. ... I will have probably soon to direct you
to... Karical, in order to run a line merely round the b o u n w,
... for we have got a plan of it from the Tnnjore survey
[ 11, 1461 ; ... it will be only a verification of thot.aweY,
& be rather a pleasant jaunt to you than a survey"' [ 475 I.
Fr o m 0 - P I % o n svy. of Pondi chemy, under the
Br i t i sh Cornnrs., 1816-9, for t h e rest orat i on of Pondi-
cher r y a n d Kar i cal t o t h e Fr ench [ 98. 339 1. He
went on t o ma ke si mi l ar svy. for t h e restorfition
of Pul i cat t o t h e Dut ch, a n d Mount ford repo*,
30-11-19 ;
" Lieuteuant Sim, hitherto employed on political euweyb
having lately boeu appointed to the Tank Department, the
exponoe of hie salary ceases with the preuent return'.
work a t Pulicat baa been completed, and the plan of the
villnges belonging to Hie Netherland's Majosty bean
delivered to the Commiesioner "l .
1820. mod. Inapeator General of Civ. Estimates [ 177 1:
'8tatement of 8ervices; 2-12-22 ; BTC. 22-6-23 ( 66). BClose ( 72 ). a DDn. I50 ( 41 ), 13-6-16.
'Qusrbd?
ment of expmce from SO. [ 302. 324 1. ' D h . 148 ( 211 ).
NOTES
SMITH
SIMMONDS, John Henry. Ben. Inf.
bept. 6-1-1791. d. 7-5-69.
Ens. 8-11-08 ... Muj. 3-10-42; inv. 2-6-46;
rot. 12-1MO; Hon. 1.t Col. 28-11-54.
Son of John and Catharrne Simmonda. of co. Kildare.
m.. Calcutta, I &f 48. k:liznbeLh Susannah, dau. of Sir
Robt. Omhum. Bart.
Hodson, IV ( 93 ).
1808-1). for 10 mo. a t radot coll. Bi r i aat ; 1818-9. with
3rd. Ceylon Volrn. in Benpul.
BGO. 29-1-31, t o b e h s t . Rev. Sur vr . , Delhi. t o
dat ef r or n 5-12-2:J1 [ 1.56. 333.304-5 ] ; BTC. 29-11-27,
s ppd. Srrrvr. "to t l ~ a Co r n ~ r l i ~ ~ i o r l e r in t h e Sunt i er-
bunde", b u t obt ai ned s u s p e n s i ~ ~ n of Lhe or der o n t h e
grounds " of t h e ill-l>ealt11 I l ~ n v e i nvar i abl y ex-
rnalignmt and fatal complaint, the cholera morblu, ... i n
her 10th year"'.
rn.. 2nd, Edinburgh. 13-4-30. Charlotla Knnx. dsu. of
Young Trotter. of Cruickafiold, co. h i c k .
1818, on Deccan Svy. under But her l end [ l a g ] ;
BO 00. 18-7-20. appcl. seat . to Ex. Engr . i n t h e
D e c c a ~ ~ , t o b e st at i oned i n IihAntlesh ; t he n Ex.
Engr . a t Uamtltb ; BO uo. 28-%20, t n r et ur n to s vy.
d u t y urldor Yut herl and ; ih.. 23--12-20, t o act es Ex.
Engr . s. I i onkan.
BII NC. ( c a mp ). 31-1-22; t o or der s of PA. in
l i fi t , l ~i t t wi r for "sur vey uf t h e s out h si de of t h e PenLl .
sul n". ~ o c o . 17-9--25, rolievetl f r om sty. f or fd.
servi ce uni l er C-in.C. [ 127-8, 344, 352 1.
br i e nc e d in Ben@ ". I-l(i ?!!I t ook ch. of Del hi SMb:E, Nugent, Thomas. B ~ , ~ ~ f .
evy. frorn Ol i ver, nnd movt vl t h e p a r t y t o Aznmgar h
b. (' nlic~~t, 'T~lo-Ol. d. 7-2-77.
st t h e e nd of 1833.
I.icot. &-.i-.'U ... Gun. 20-1 L.7.i.
A gold seal used t ~ v Simnrcrndil, honring his name in
Sun of John S~ur u, so CY.
Peraian with dat e ;!l22. k prwt.rved in the Pitzwilliam
m.. AIulugaorr, Nssik Dist.. 3-9-33. Snrab, dru. of \Vm.
Mueeum a t Cambri~lga. By pcrtniqsi<,n of t he Sgndics of
~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ , ,,f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ; , , l ~ ~ ~ ~ h .
the bluecum an onlarge(l imprint of thie iv givon brlow.
1525, uppd. to Dccrrm Svy.
together with reduction from his English autogrnph'.
SLNNOCK, Henry. Ben. Inf.
bapt. 10-5-1785. d. 28-1 1-62.
Ens. 9-1 1411 ... Mnj. 13-.%?5 : ret. 13-1-27 :
Hon. Lt Col. 28-1164.
Snn of John nnd Mnry Sinnock.
Hodson. l V ( 102 ).
1807-24, with Rimgnrh Batt. : route shewn in m10. M 542
181.5-6, nttrihutetl to Lt. " H. Schnlcll" pr. error for Sinnock.
SKELTON, John. Bo. Inf.
b. 7-3-03. d. Poona, 8-4-26.
Ilea. li-1-24.
Sun of Joseph Slislton, oh. clerk, Mesam. Cox, Grrnnwood
k Co. ; possibly nophea of Lt Gen. John Skelton, s o NI.
~ o o o . 18-12-24, appd. Asst. f ud 01. on I)ecoan Svy.,
having "bron employed for 3 yeum on the Grand Trigono-
metrical Survey of Englnnd"a.
SLIGHT, Stephen. Bo. Engrs.
b. 7-2-1797. d. 19-8-04.
Ens. 1-7-17 ... a p t . 5-6-24.
Son of George Sliiht.
m.. lot, Harriot Ann Qiffonl. sole hoir of Lt.-&I. F. W.
Qilford, pr. her bro. ; she d.. 20-5-21. " at Poonah of t hat
SMELT, Arthur. Ben. Inf. & ~ c s .
b. 8-6-1789. d. Calcutte, 26-11-49.
Ens. 13-8-05 ; n. 4. 23-747 ; appd. writer with nnte-
date t o 29-i-113.
Son of Rev. \Villin~n S:uelt, rector of Gedling. Not h. ;
neplrvw of Phillip Stanhnpc, 5th Eurl of Cliesterfi~ld( D,VB. ).
m.. 21-7-1 1. Francis Crorgina, wid. of C'npt. J. H. hinckler,
Ben. Cnv.
Ho~lsoo. 1 V ( 16 ).
18154, on rev. svy. Jessore Dint.; "Mr. Smelt ... received
ordcrs ... on lH1l1 April 1515 t o measure tho lauds in fi.
Henckell'a' tnlr~ks ( .Jrasorc )...with the aid of amiaa. ...
besidea ... all other lands ... reclnimed from t he forest". The
large orrtturn uf n sq. m. a dr y completed between Dee.
1815 ;~ncl April I816 dues uot point t o a very high order
of ucci~rurv' [ 14) 1.
nHc. 12-12-15 ( 150). allowed escort of a naik and 4
sepogs whilsl "measuring the Sunderbulls Talooks under
Territorial Depnrtmcnt".
18%". Ilngte. uud Cullr.. Murshidihid ; from 1539, Seeeions
Judge. Prrtna.
SMITH, Charles. Ben. Inf.
b. 2.6-5-1786. d. Bareilly, 16-12-21.
Lieot. 1-2-07 ... Ht Cirpt. 1-1-19.
Son of J ol ~u Smith, mid Mary his wife. who m., 2nd.,-
Cullift~rd.
m.. hl cut t n. 3I i ~s Lsurettn Franpoise L'Elnnt.
Hullaon. I V I 1 l i - 8 l .
. .
R.UC. 27-1-16 ( I I4 ), survd. Dacca cent. [ 14 1.
SMITH, Robert [ 11,442 1. Ben. Engre.
bept. 13-9-1 787, Nancy, fiance.
d. 16-9-73.
Elm. 2 W 5 ... Lt Col. 25-6-30 ; mt. 1&7-39 ;
Hon Cul. 28-11-54.
Son of .Jumes and Mary Smith, of Bi de f d. Devon.
CR. . 1831. Hodson. IV ( 1 3 3 4 ).
1813-4, on s w. hlimlpur s. Frontier [ 11.47 1.
BBO. 31-12-22, appl.. to compleb mvy. of dodb cmd
under Tickell [ 24, 433 ] : sllco. h. MW) in ddi t i on to mil.
pry and allow.; s to CD. ( Rev ). 16-8-27 ( 4315 ). Su
doab canal ; ib. ( 414 ), on my. L of Qut b hb&r dzf
workn a t Delbi.
' Fdbk. 182- ; umo. M 617. ' sold pandant a-1. eagravd in intyrlio on atone of Lspie b u l i ; from the P d 8-
aolh.. given to t he Mumeurn by T. J. Q. Dunosnnon in 1890.
Bo MC. ( a m p ) 18% ( la8 ).
d b J. 1821. ( 616 ).
'Tilmm Henokell ( 1761-02 ) ; BC5. 1780 ; Cob. Jssaore, 17869 [ I, 159 n.5 1.
* hrgi tnr ( I] ).
SNELL 504
BIOGRAPHICAL
SNELL, Charles. Mad. Inf.
b. 6-6-1701. d. 3- 641. at Mundium,
nr. Seringapatam. MI. Frenoh Rocks.
Ens. 27-8-07 ... Mnj. 5-1-39,
Son of Robert Snell, sail-maker of Palmouth.
m., Fulmouth. 7-1-37, Anne Alicia, dau. of Francis Todd.
of Portmnn Sq. ; thcir g. sons i ncl ~~ded the 1st Viscount
>lnugliam nnd his vr. bm. Ii ' n~. Surncrset the novelkt
( b. 15-1-74 )I. ~ h & . Snell. junr.. who joined Gunjam Svy.
Dcc. 1832, and (1. on svy. in O~mjam, hlnrch 18.57, was pr.
a nat. son.
Orienlal Club.
Dec. 1808. r nl . cl. rv [ 11, jzo ] ; MOO. 18-2-09. owing t o
irregular con~luct, to rejoin corps [ [I. 314 ] ; July 1814.
naalr. cl. r r r r r 11, 321 1; M P ~ . 12 -1-10, on fd. svy. with
MMI. Jan. to May 1rll.i.
MXC. 0-S17, to Europe on mr. ; "Ha, been labouring
for a consirler~tble time pndt ~ ~ n d c r a ncvore affection of the
lungs, which 1181.9 reJoced hi n~ to lr 8t:rtc of extreme debility,
attended wit11 other ~ympt on~a of tr dtrnqerous tendency" ;
MCO. 134-20. rt,ttlI'll~d to dllt)..
3-11-20. appd. t o sr l p~l . nvy. nf Rl j a h mu n d r y
Di ~ t . . hokling ell. i n N. C'ircELrs till 1833 [ 5 , 101.
190--I, 320. 3-11, 350-1 1; 7-12-?5, gr ant ed med.
l eave to Cape but . n o pavsage bei ng avai l al ~l e, t ook
6 Inn. i n Si l gi r i Hills. Jl ont gnrneri e report * f r om
>Indrm. 15--0-26. t ha t h e lrad "had a r e t u r r ~ of t h e
compl ai nt s whirl1 occnsionerl hi s proceedi ng t o t h e
S e e l g h my Hills. H e arrivnrl her e yest er day in e
ver y debilit.ated at at e, a n d will be unller t h e necessity
of proceeding t o aoa for ... hi s heal t h". Sai l ed f r om
Mndras t o Cal cut t a, 30-9-26 [ 102, 321, 3761.
DDn. 222. 19-1-27, resumed ch. of svy. at Vizage-
pa t a m 5-1-27 [ 103-4. 208 1.
Ear l y i n 1833 moved par t y f r om Ganj am t o
Nellore ; J u n e 1835. read. f r om svy.. a n d t ook furl.
t o Engl and.
STEEL( E ), Scudamore Winde. Mad. Inf.
b. 8-2-1789. d. 11-3-65.
Ens. 17-7-05 ... Lt. Gen. 2-9-61.
Son of David and Penelope Stcel.
m.. Madrae. 19-540. Elizob~th Yarparet, dau. of Lt..Col.
Wm. Read, ogua. King's Troop.
cs. 183& ; ucs. 1853. DNB.
July 1815, SWI. cl.. rx [II. 3211; 1R17: actg. Pd.
AQMO.. with Hyderibid Suhsy Forco; with Doveton in
Berir [83-41; April 1818, snrvd. routen hetween AerangibM.
Naeik, Chsndur.
20-1W20, appd. asnt. on Deccan Svy.. for svy. a. f i r i t h a
co~lntry [ 125 n8. 6, I?. 208. 212 1.
MUO. 8-1-24, tn he wqt. in QWO. ' ~ Dept. ; ib. 2 4 2 4 .
as ague. with force from Madras to Burma; mid to he
the only oficer able to take astr. obsns. [ pz 1.
1835, SRC. to Mil. Dept. ~ d r a e ; 1845, ma . ; 1852-3,
comdg. Mcdrae div. 2nd Durmeee War.
STEWART, Alexander [ 11,443 1. Mad. Inf.
b. 17-8-1788. d. Nigpur, 4-5-24.
Lieut. 17-7-05 ; a p t . 1-9-18.
Bon of James and Margaret Stewart, of Dublin.
m.. Cepe of Good Hope. 1 7 4 1 9 . Johanna Anna Eksteen ;
a dau. was b.. 2-1-21. a t Nigpur.
1806-8, ran., cl. I [ XI, 320 ] ; 1808-10, o n Tr evan-
oom Svy. [ 11, 131-2 ; 111, 106 ] ; 181 1-3. on J a v g
e r p n . [ 11, 320 1.
1818-8 ; AQMO. with Hyderibid Snbsy. Forae ; 1816,
survd. hills w. of Wardha R. [ 83 ] ; a t battle of Mehidpur,
22-12-17 ; mentioned in hlnlcolm'e denpakhcs ; no mo.
2-9-18 & mc. 6-10-18, granted 6 mo. lesve on me. to
Cape ; after extension. returned t o duty 20-10-20. and appd.
AQMO. t o NBgpur Subsy. Force.
1822-4. hel d ch. of evy. of Nkgpur Territories till
de a t h [ g r , 93, 259, 4691. "Hi s deaire t o connect
t h e trietlglen deduced f r om t h e Tekul ker a base with
...p oi nt s estublished b y t h e l et e Colonel Lambt on ...
s out h of t h e Oodaver y i nduced hi m t o at t empt the
cont i nuance of hi s observat i ons t hr ough e most
unheal t hy jungle. ... end a fever cont rect ed in those
jungles al most immediately depri ved t he survey of
i t s ebl e ... s u p e r h t e n d e ~ ~ t " ~ [ 491 1.
STEWART, Charles Alexander. Bo. Inf.
b. 12-2-03. d. 22-7-76.
Em. 2,5-2-22 ... .Mnj. 11-11-51 ; rot. 14-11-54;
Bt. Lt Col. 28-11-54.
Son of Duncan Stewart, Chnmberlnin of Kintyre.
m., Lntenhwy Hill, Hunts., 14-12-30, Charlotte Jane,
dnu. of John Macnnb of Ncwton, co. Pcrth.
so GO. 13-4-26, to be asst. to Swvr. in a. Konkan;
I-inch svp. of "Yeshree and Bnnkotb. Soowwurndrcog
Tnlooka. 1827".
STRAHAN, William. Mad. Inf.
b. 27-1-1789. d. 479-49.
Ens. 1'3-10-08 ... Col. 1 5 - 9 4 .
Son of Alexander Strahan, of Aberdoen.
m.. Calcutta. 12-2-24, Maria, dau. of Sir Herbert Compton,
CJ. Bombay.
J u l y 1812, MMI., 01. VI [ 11, 321 1, MOO. 18-11-14,
eppd. asst. i n QMQ.'S Dept., svy. branch, 2nd cl.;
1818 ; o n svy. of Ghi t s . f r om Aj ant e. e nd of routea
i n Rertir [ 83 n.6 1. Mao. 24-6-17. t o b e fd. AQkfQ.
wi t h Hyder l bL( 1 Subsy. Force.
STRETTELL, Edward Francis. Ben. Inf.
b. Calcutta, April 1791. d. Ssugor,
3-9-19.
Ens. 14-7-07 ; Lieut. 10-7-12.
Son of Edward Strettell, Adv. Gen., Boogal.
Hodnon, IV ( 203 ).
usto. M 332, route svys. embodied in Franklin's map of
Bundelkhand [ qqg ] : Dagsla. 1-1-17 [ 335 1.
SUTHERLAND, Jamoa [ 11, 443-4 1. Bo. Inf.
b. 1780/23. d. 15-5-50.
Lieut. 30-1-1798 ... Col. 5-0-29; M &n. 1838.
pr. son of Capt. Wm. Sutherland-Ens. Bo. Inf. 1775--lrm
63rd Ft.. 1777-and (:opt. 55th Ft. 1782; bro. to Milford
Bnthorlnnd " of H..M.'s military servioe ", and nephew to
Jame8 Yutherlund. Mantar Attdt.. Bombav. 1802-6 ; ooua.
to Jamoa fiuikehnik [ 435 1.
m., Hombay, 20-1-14. Maria, dau. of J. H. Cherry, BCCJJ.
nu. 1810 l l l . ,143 n.12 1.
or~enlal club. ' '- -
Fr o m 1802, met. t o SO. Bombay [II, 305, 323 1.
1808-12, Sur vr . wi t h Har f or d Jones' mimion to
Per si e [ 11, 176. 339 ] ; BO 00. 31-1-14, on return
t o I ndi a r e a me d eppt . under 90. t i l l abolition, being
then emp. on rnv. svy. of Br oech [ I 69 1.
' ur n Mq. 11/ 4 Jon- 1062 ( 20) . 'From Norris, 144-28. DDn. 231 ( 134) ; I0 Cat. (28). snglen obsd. by Copt. Bhwart
from bmbton'm b d e a t Ellichpur. 'mweara. 1941707, that he WM then aged 16 to 17.
NOTES
TATE
Apr i l 1R18, o n evy. of passes i n Kh b n d mh a n d
Deacan " f r om Songur l t o Boor hanpoor , bet ween t h e
Ri ver Ta pt e e a n d Sa t p u r a Mount ai ns" [ 83, 122, 351 1.
nos o. 30-7-17, o n s vy. of " Ea s t e r n Bor der s of
Guzer at , t o t h e Nor t hwa r d of t h e Ner budda", wi t h
Geo. J e wi s ucl asst. [ I1, , 409 1.
Foster ( 8-9 ) recorch pn~nt l ng a t 10. of "Tl ~e Battlo of
Kirlieo ; Tho Rritinh troops undor Colonol Burr [ 43z ] ; ...
from a drawing hy Major Sutl~erlund".
DDn. 144 ( 1 1 4 ) 6-12-18, t o c-h. of s vy. oFPoi shwa' s
count r y uncler E11)Iiinstone. ItesOt. a t Poona
[ 5, 123-5, 3441, who wr i t es ; " You a r e i n possession
of such f r agment s of t l l e s ur ve y f or mer l y ma d e unde r
your mnnagexnent as ha ve beon s aved f r om t h e Rmi -
dency" [ I 25 n. 4 1.
Hel d clr. of Doccan Svy.. wi t h hdqru. a t Poonu.
till e ppd ASU. Bonl hay, 1-6-22 [ 209-10, 212, 233,
280, 464 1 ; upgr aded t o 1)SO. f r om 12-6-23. hdqr s.
remai ni ng Po o n a [ 6, 126, 281, 292, 320, 323, 351,
440 I.
BO ao. 10-2-28, gr a nt e d furl . for 3 year s f r om d a t e
of ernbnrlcation. t h e ooo. r ecc~r di ng t h a t " Dur i ng
nearl y t h e whol e peri od whi ch Li eut enant Colonel
Sut her l and ha a been i n I n d i a 110 h a s been empl oyed
i n t h e s ur vey depar t ment . Iinving been appoi nt ed
2nd assistant t o t h o Sur veyor Gener al in J a n u a r y
1802, a n d h a s n o t d o r ~ e a n y r egi ment al d u t y si nce
t h a t t i me. His mer i t s a n d servi ces in t h a t br anch. ..
a r e bent known t o Gover nment "a.
Boforc sailing ho asked t hat tlil salary as DSG.. should be
raisorl, from date of appt.. t o tllnt formerly allowed t o t he
50. Bombay, pointing out "my length of snrvitude in t he
Swvey Department. ... 111 t he year 1809. I wtw appointed
Surveyor with His Majesty's Nisaion t o the Court of Porsia,
and was employcd ... in exploring some of t he most unfro-
quented parts of the Per~i srl Dominions. The principal
matorials of t he sorvev ... were unfi~rtunatelv lost in Hie
Majesty'a Ship pornon; while accompanyidg Sir Harford
Jonea t o En land [ 11, 444 ] but. although t l ~us deprived of
the meens of brkging tho rcsult of nlr labors t o the ... notice
of Government. I...refa thorn t o ... Sir bore Ouselep. ...
"On my return t o India in 1813, I rejoioed tho Depart-
ment ... and was employed on the revenue survey of Guzerat
till ... 1816, when I wlw nominated t o t he Deccan"'.
10. Misc. 66 ( 1133). CD. write t o Sutherland, 18-5-27.
addressed 19 Montague St., Portman Sq.. declining to grant
him the higher salary asked for.
SWANSON, John. Bo. Inf.
b. Z-3-01. d. 8466.
Liout. 11-6-21 ... Col. 20-6-57: ret. as M Gon.
31-12-61.
Son of Francis Swanson, of Dumfries Militia.
m.. Dapoli, neor Blinkot. 16-2-29, .Marin, dau. of hl aen.
E. A. Willis, Bo. Est.
so ao. 19-8-22. tu Deccan Svy. : no mo 6-12-22, "fully
qualified t o discharge tho dutiea of a Surveyor", t o draw avy.
allce.9. from 7-11-22; no ao. ll-l(&23, relieved from avy.
dutiea, belug appd. adjt. 2/10t.h NI [ l a g n.rz]. and later emp.
pymr.
Dr. Kenndy met him. Jul y 1839, with Army of t he
Indus ; "The party in whioh I rode was muoh amused a t t he
bad a~ a matter of duty joined his regiment.
"We, who had been wont to know him as a member of
t he staff mess, one of the mildest of men, & must obliging of
puymasters, were amazed to see hin tall. bandsome, and
manly figure, mounted on his large grey. which on ordinary
occasions never looked half so big, or half so 607. ooming
galloping'up with "Move out of the way. gentlemen, if you
plcsse", and inetantl taking up n point for his regiment.
whioh had t o form ancfhalt where we had dismounted.
"My inward wonderment waa whether any chango of
oircumetanoes could posnibly have made me go over such
ground a t such a fanhion, for, in our every-day temperament.
my excellent ... friend was fully as...avor:~e to arty ultra-rapidity
of locomotion a8 myself "4.
SYME, Nicholae. Mad. In.
bapt. 9-11-1792. d. 6-7-19, Mandleahwar,
on Narbada, 40 m. s. of Indore.
En5. 4-12-09 ; Liout. 23-3-16.
Ncphew of Jnhn Syme.
MULO. 101 ( 3 ), plzn of about I00 m. of Snrbada R. ;
DDn. I45 ( :iil ). 19-1 1-19. aUowe~l Rs. 250 pm. for period
of svy. [ 84-5 1.
TANNER, Henry. Ben. Inf.
b. 17-1-1781. d. Monghyr, 29-5-54.
Ens. 12-1&179i ... Capt. 9-6-i)B ; iov. 18-2-15.
Son of IVilliam Tanner, of Berwick.
m., Calcutta. 10-10-1800. Mi s Catharine Driver.
Hodson. IV ( 23.14 ).
BTC. 30-1-24 ( 13 ), as aur vr . under Bd. of Rev.
Pa t na , s ubmi t s f r om Monghyr s vy. of cer t ai n mour n
in Ti r hut ; BGO. 21-10-25, to o 5 c i a t e as Regul at i ng
Omcer t o BhBgal pur I nval i d T h i n a ; sur vg. lirnita
of i nv. l ands.
Invalid lands were "inhabited by invalid pensioners of
the E.I.C.'s regiments, who, when dimbled in the service.
have the option of retiring to one of tho many villages set
apart for t hat purpose, where a spot of ground is allotted to
eaoh individual, and a few rupew paid monthly to them by
the Suporintendent. or visiting officer. This gratuity affords
the senpuys an opportunity of sittin? down oomfortably with
their families for the remainder of their days "a.
Fkom 1825, o n svy. of Di ma n- i - koh Govt . Es t at e.
Sa n t i l Par ganas. a n d o t l ~ e r me a s of Bhealpur a n d
Monghyr , t i l l Feb. 1833, when h e s ubmi t t ed mc. f r o m
Monghyr t o effect t h a t i t ~ 3 3 "Lnpoj si bl e for h i m
t o l eave t h e st at i on, o r to under t ake t h e execut i on
of dut i ea of a n y descri pt i on wi t hout i mmi nent r i sk
of t h e mos t seri ous c o n s e q u e n m" [ I 37, 333 1.
JRQS. 11. I832 (317 ). reports from Bhigalpur. 4-3-91.
on oonl seams worked on banlw of Gangea.
Efforts were muds in 1935 to obtain hid renricm for svy. of
pargana Phsrkapn; "The abilities or Captain Tanner r e a
Revenue Surveyor ore not unknown. ... A rwiclence in
t he district of 20 yoara, during 11 of which he had bees
employed in this very duty. quslify him in no or di nav
mmumr. ... His local krlowlaiae of thi* part of the oouotry
is pmhably more oxtcrnsive than t hat of m y of its inhabi-
tents, combining as i t do- jcientific ettninmenta with
practical oxperienoe"'. He nrfused furthsr a r y . empt.
Ww ooctwionel contributor to ASB.. sending in 1835
" Note on foeail bona of the Rujmahal Hilb "'.
military metimorphos is... of a quiet, sober-minded, et a6
TATE, ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ . M*,.. survr.
officer of t he civil de artment into a fiery oavalier. Capt.
Swanson. Militarv ~a BmRs hr of the Bomber divinion. belana-
&st. S m r . & Dmn. 1-9-18; dinoh. 31-18-91.
ed to t he 19th ;ogt.-no. n.1. and, ar ... a...iontle &age gf
Sept. I809 to Jan. 1810, in dnaing.offioe of Mar. Surrr.
arm8 had beou promiaed for tho morning's amusement, he a t Clelcutte [ 11. 296 I.
'Songir. 100 m. w. of Rwhlnpur. 1 Ro hlC. 4-2-28. Bib. 22-2-20. 'Kennedy. 11 ( S T ) . 'AM- LhM (-1 b
' from Comnr. of Rev.. Bhlgolpur. 184.46 ; BRC. 6-10-35 ( 20 ).
1 JASB. IV 1836 ( 107-8 ).
TATE
BIOGRAPHICAL
1811-2. Master's mate in nsra.'s Mdabar with expn. to
Ens. 12-7-12 ... Capt. 17-8-24 ; ret. 6-12-28.
.Java. From Feb. 1812, aotg. Lieut. in HEIO.'S Neorchw. under
Son of James Tat e and Sarah Pruen, pr. dau. of ~ , h ~ ~ d
Ch a r l ~ ~ Court. Mar. Survr. ; m d . and sailed for England to
Ruen, Bo. Mar.. and sieter to Mrs. Billamore aenr. [ 42j 1
t ake up private businens.
m.. 1st. Bombey. 12-12-20, Elizabeth Saunders, dau: of
Aug. 1818, i n CBIcuttR; recdd. by SG. t o asat. Webb W.T. Edwards. EM. 17th Foot.
o n svy. of Kumaun ; appd. from 1-9-18 on Rs. 200 pm.[ 347 1.
"My services in t he surveying department cr~mmenoed
under Captain Wales. Marine Surveyor General [ 11, 448 ]
when a volunteer in t he Marine, with whom I remained t ~ l l
hie death [ 15-1-10]. ...
"Till t he arrival of a a l c r mor t o Captain Wnlua. I accom-
paniad the expedition q r i n a t t he Island of Java am a Manter's
Mate of t he Honorable Compni~y'a CII&IRP hIaIabar, and also
held t he appoi nt ru~nt of Awi shnt t o t he Ageut of Transports,
.and Secretary to Commodore Hayes [ 70 n.5 1. ...
"On the arrival of Captail1 Court as Marine Surveyor
General [ 11, 2961. I...u'as directcd t o rejoin. ... and cr,ntinncd
&serve with him asan Acting I,ieutmanton boardthn Xearchus
till, a t the s~~ggcdtion of my relntiona, I applied for permimion
to resign, ... with t he intention of entering into mercantile
husinesx, where a prospect of s~~ccosu then offered.
" Dur i ng m y voyage t o E n g l ~ n d , however , the
Tr a d e in I n d i a wna throw11 open, a n d t h e s t a t e of my
m., 2nd. Clifton. 17-9-44, Misa Isahella Prideaua.
F r o m 1816, o n r ev. evy. of Bomba y a n d SaI s et b ;
BO 00. 7-5-21, a ppd. t o ch. evy. [ 167-8, 343, 439 1.
Aug. 1827, on cl ose of s vy. mi l ed f or Engl and 6-8-27,
a f t e r eubmi t t i ng fi nal r epor t . Sahet t e. 4--8-27 ;
"Having now brought to a c l o~e a snrvry in which I l I LVe
been for no many yoare almost unremittingly cngage,l, .., 1
have ... hcen enabled t o collect ~ I I I : ~ inbrmting data con.
nectod with the gnnornl history, topography, as well a8 the
rcsourC83 of t he Inland, ... y et. from a want of time, ...and
also from t be lntr impaired st at e nl my health rendering a
voyage to Europe necessary, 1 s11~ll must reluctantly be
obliged to submit a very hasty and inromplrte reportn#.
I n his adhiroes t.o the Hrit. Assn.. 20-Cl--38. T h o m ~ Jerril
quotes lettcr from 'l'utra, writt.en from Esut Harptreo de3.
cribing ralnlnl~le work done hy Indian survra. and d i n . on
t he I4mnbav ~ v v . I 108. 4 0 2 - ~ 7 1. ...- .
, .. , ", <,
pr os pect s becamo s o l uucl i al t er ed 011 l n y r e t ur n t o lM9-59, Pr ol oj r ~~r of dlil. Dra\vi113 a t ~\rldiucomhe, being
I ndi a , t h a t a f t e r a s hor t per i od I dot er mi ned ... t o a
dmn.
r egai n s o ~ i l ~ e mpl oyme nt UI t h e ser vi ce of Gover n-
me n t . T o r e t ur n t o t h e Mar i ne Sur veyi ng De pa r t - Ben. Engrs.
ment wi t h r a n k wns of cour se n o t i n m y p o we r ;
bapt. 27-1-1790. d. Agra, 20-4-35,
I t her ef or e appl i ed t o Col onel Mackenzi e ... a n d , at of apoplexy ; MI.
Ca pt a i n Cour t ' s r ecommendat i on, Co l o ~ ~ e l Mackenzi e Ens. 6-10-07 ... 1.t.-Col. IR-6-31,
obtained m e t h e a ppoi nt me nt of Aasi vt ant Sur ve yor
Son of Joscph and AI~rrgaret Taylor.
. .
.in t h e Ku ma o n Sur vey "' [ 329 n.2 1.
Travelling up t he Ganges by boat from Calcutta. Tat e
reached Pat na 17th Nov.. and Ghizipur 25th. where he halted
nearly 3 weeks. Reaching Benarm 19th Doc., Ile travelled
overlilnd to Lorknow. nnrl joined Webb in Jm. 1819 [ 48 1.
We b b di l l n o t find hi m a gr e a t success ; " Ta t e is
m., Ist., Agra. 3&H-11. Anne, dn11. of Rev. Jonathan
Boerchier, of Epsom; shc d.. Agrn. 11-7-14,
m Znd., Calcutta, 1-5-19. France8 Henrietta. 3rd. dau.
of Gb t . Colrhrooke. SG. Nrngal liD4-1808 1 11, 38@-9r 1,
whose portrart [ 11, 391 ; pl. I 9 1 was I I I 1949 in posseseion of
Mrs. Taylor, g. mother of Robt. Hydr C'olebrooke Taylor
pt..p..son of Joseph Tavlor 1 11. 986. n.0 1.
- - - - . .
n o t a di l i gent nmn i n busineaa. Hk di sposi t i on ir Hodson, IV ( i40-1 p.
.by n o me a ns i ndol ent , b u t h e pr ef er s ot he r empl oy-
1810-11, asst. to Garr. Engr. a t Aura. DDn. 128 ( 4 ),
merit before t hose t o which 1 would fain direct his
r ~odd. without r w ~ l t OY SG., 24-3-10 ;if he "can be spared
... H~ would willingly give up a
from the duti-...of Apra, ... [ he m:Ly be pos t ~~d I aa assistant
nnder either Lieutenant \\'ebb or Licuwnnnt White. that he
we e k t o me n d a t e nt , o r ma k e box, o r d a r n hi s
may gain an accurate knowlege of thi8 part of his dutyw.
st ocki ngs, whi ch mi g h t b e occupi ed mo r e advant age-
Rcpaired Tl j , and Akbar's tomb a t Siknndrm.
o w l y f or t h e aur vey ot herwi se. ...
Jan. 1820, to construct lightho~lne UII Si gar I. [ I I , 151;
"When he joiud llwt year I recommonlied such ton& as 18-10-21, nppd. b'arr. Engr. & Ex Ofir.. .igm, tnaking svy.
I t hour ht \vould beat ~ u i t him. and got n friend ...to makc them Agra, looo0 to incheqs.
n p fo; L n a t Fut kgurh. They were finished in n week or
t an days. and we received them before we returned to tho hills.
Theae may require some repair, and I arranged his work so
nu to carry him to Bareilly, and ... t o hnlt ten days. ... in which
time a new set t of t enh mighL if n e e w r y be prepared".
R o m Barrilly Tnte a 3 k d for I mo. leave to buy tenta and
camp equipment, on which Webb commented t hat "oamp
equipage for thu (k)mrnor-General might be got ready in two
mont h, instead o l a hiU tent not much larger than a necessary
[Il, 395 11.1 1. ... If. however, you should he inclined t o give
him this leave, ... his absence will not he very injurio w...to
t he aurvey" [ 367,512 1'.
He v i q no other asstce., Webb found work for him sy dmn..
till t he avy. waa complebd. hut ha waa an uncongeninl com.
ponion. He wlra disch. from 31-12-21; and wae much
hs ppoi nt a d a t being offorod no further work 1967-8 J.
TATE, William Aahmead [ 11, 445 1.
Bo. Engrs.
b. Bombey, 3-1 1-1705.
d. 21-1 1-71.
TAYLOR, Thomm Matthew. Ben. Cav.
b. 12-5-1791. d. 2-9-71.
Corn. 27-349 ... Om. 8-2-70.
Son of Jamea Taylor, of Ulogher, Ireland.
Hodaon, IV ( 243 ).
1823, appd. asst. t o fichalch. Supt. of Canah, Calcutte,
on "salary oT 500 rupeel pur mensem in addition to his
military pay and aUowances"~; on avy. and maps of water.
ways a. of Calcutta [ 14 1'.
BTC. 17-9-24, t o mil. service with Pioneers and Burvra.
under Ychalch, but took leave to Englsntl on mc. ; "I have
a violent attack of illnw incurred hy fatigue, & exposure to
t hc effeota of t he sun, in completing the surveys & levels for
t he Agur Canal duri ~l g t he months of April & Blny 1824. ... I
was subsequently obliged to go to see. My health htw been
in such a precarious s t a h t hat ... I considered i t noceasary
to oonault ... Prenidency Surgeon"' [ 333 1.
18334, are. to aa.; 1837-40, m e w of Svp. Corn.
addition t o other dutieu.
' DDn. 185 ( 86-8 ). 2h-3-22. ' DDn. 160 ( 131 ). Jan. 1820. ' Bo RC. 28/1827 ( 41 ). 4 Pankridge ( 63 ) wro
1
fv- dnmot i o detaU. from career of another Taylor. #Ben R ~ T . W ( 28 ). a B to OD. ( Xev. 1, a0-7-23 L 260). T~l %
M ( 11, I 2 ) ; Ben Bcpr. 36 ( 88-106 ).
' DDn. 213 ( 37 ), l7+26.
TAYLOR, Rev. Willism Munro. Miseionery .
b. 179718. d., Madras, 22-8-78.
Ord.. Liverpool. 118-23. as Minister of "free" ohuroh ;
ord. Madroe. 8-1-37, as Demon. C. of E. ; prieet. 1830.
JASB. V. 1835 ( 512-3 ) ; VIII. 1838 ( 105-31. 173-92,
372-414,480-621 ) Hindu My l bl ogy ( pref) ; Mad J L & 9.
rob. &11. 13. 15-6; J ( R ) Ae 8oc. (London ) IT. 1870
(xvii-xviii); Penny, 111 (362. 303 ) ; LMS. and SPG.
Reoorlis ; Mnckenz~e.
Not a Surveyor.
P e n y ( 36: ). "born and brod ill Madran" ; ed. L M ~ .
school, oeport England.
CD to v. ( Pub ). 29-10-23 ( 11 ). permitted to proceed t o
Madras ae missionary oi LM9. ; arrd. Madras 52-fi-24 ;
held ch. in Pursewakun~ till road. as. service 14-11-31,
having become a notable Tamil scholar.
1835. ~q Rev. Wm. Taylor. rccdd. by ASH. to catnlngue
bfaokenzie Mad. collns. on bel~alf Mad. Govt. and hlnd. Lit.
Soc.. v. nrr. 18-10-36 ( 23-4 ) : 184-37 ( 81 -2 ), and 94- 37
( 14-5 ). H i reports made 0ct.-Dm. 1837, pub. in Mad.
and Calcutta r48z.I.
Further pebna. on ~jriontrrl msa. included a Calalogw:
Rawonnie 1.967432, and Handbaok of tl i ndu, M. yl l rol ogy, IHB:,;
2nd edn. 1870. Undar pseudonym " Alunro . wrnte Mndrna.
iana. pub. 1889. "Monro" is al5o given as his 2nd name in
record of denth. Aid. Eccl. 89/297 [482 11.61.
After his ordiulation UI Nndr u, the Biqhop writes t o
spa., LO-1--37, describing him as "brought up in Lhis coun-
try ", and "one of t he best Tamil scholars in t he c o ~ ~ n t r y ".
He was nppd. t o SPO. on RH. 125 pm. : held ch. of Vepery
mbaion 1841-5, compiling but ury of t he mission 17261826.
1853,at St.Gzorgo's Cath. ; 185447, chpn. a t Vellapuram,
nr. St Thomas' Mol ~nt ; 1878 a t Bungalore.
TERRANNEAU, Robert. Rev. Survr., uncov.
b. Calcutta 24-12-1790. d. 19-1 1-41,
MorBdBbiid.
Anst. Rev. Survr.. March 18'97.
Eldest son of William Trrmnncau, son of Charles Gosaard
deTerranneau[ I, 388 1. indigo planter of R mgplrr, Bengal, and
his wife Elizabeth, dnu. of (!npt. Mitchell., Mntl. Est.: Wm..
his father. wna b. in 13~ngnl. od. in London ; returned t o
India ns an officer of nn. 42nd Ft. : ra~d. . t , ok up business
in Calcutta, and then took to indigo and (1.. Rungpnr, 194-50,
aged 87. Of his 5 chiltlren. Robt. applied for c~~dot shi p with-
out succees-Wm. Henrv ( 179143 ) and Charlea ( 1808-35 )
were both in Ben. Inf. ( ' H ~ c L ~ o ~ . IV)' .
Robert m., Bareilly, 5-11-27, Elizahetl~ Addison Browne.
Being in Calcutta in 1814. left for Java. March 1816.
in ship Union.
13-4-26, appd. Registrar, Itloritlibid Dist. ; "On t he 2ud
ofApril, whilst a t Begnirc" had npplied for appt. to rev. evy.
but "ss the Rogistraral~ip of this district wss vacant, I did
not heeitate ( wi t h the view of rascuing myself from t he
humiliation of outing t he bread of dependence, having been
then 5 years the.sport of fortuno & dostitute of a situation )
t o accept t he situation of Registrar temporarily, until I
could procure ... the one I had applied for. ... I waa ready
at the moment to give 11p the Registrarship"'.
On recdn. of t h e Magto., Ha l he d [ 154-5 1, a n d
the SG.? a ppd. As s t Rev. Survr., pr . f r om 8-3-27,
a nd post ed t o rev. evy. of N. Di v. of MorPd&h.bM;
cont i nued o n rev. evye. of Uppe r Prow. f or s ever al
Y- [ 155, 334. 370 I.
TETLEY, James. Civ. Survr., uncov.
Nat. aon of Col. James Tetley. Ben. Inf., who d.. Ah h i b i d ,
unm., 11-11-20, and bro. of Chas., dmn. in 800. 18004.
1815-8, made svy. of Dacoa oity. on wlsry Rs. 200 pm.,
with allces. for est. and contt. erpances' [ 14 1.
THOMSON, George. Ben. Engm.
b. 19-9-1799. d. 20-2-88.
Em. 1-9-10 ... 3hj. 23-7-30 : ret. 26-1-41 ; Lt Gol.
26-11-64.
Son of George Thomeon, of Fairley.
m.. Aberdeen. 4-2-30. Anna, dau. of Alex. Dingwall of
Rannieston, and sieter-in-lnw of John Anderaon, Ben. Enpa.
CB. ; DNB. : DIB. : Hodson. IV ( 266 ) ; Parkridge ( M ).
1824-5. Bur meee War . Ar akan, on s v y ~ . ~ in d d i -
t i on t o ot her engr. dut i e3 [ 68- g, 181,333 1. Q& Qaz.,
1 P P 2 6 , describes eervices i n Ar a ka n ; sao. 104-26.
t o h e Ex. Engr . t o Div.. e n d char ged wi t h b u i l w
cant s. ; HMS. 666 ( 561 ), 27-5-25, r epor t whi l st i n ch.
pont oon t r ai n ; Nov.-Dec. 1825, wi t h Cr ommel i n on
evy. of islantls off mout h of Ar akan R. [ 43 j 1.
pr. about 1826-i. ran levels betwee11 Calcutta and Sal t
Lakes [ 13-4 I ; r ~ ~ n d ery. of Shi hi bi d, Ben Heyr. 6 ( 26 ).
NBIO. 03 ( G ), svy. of new road. Benares t o Parasnith.
1333-4 ; this WILP the section of Qrnnd Trunk Road. of
which Nandes writes ; "The true begianing wss made by
Lord Wm. Bentinck, when George Thornon...-afterward.
kuoan as "Thomsor~ of Ghnzni" because of h i elrploite in
the First Mghan War-wss appointed. ... Thomson worked
for five years on the Burdwan-Benares section beiore l a vi ng
civil employment to become Commandant of t he Bengd
Yappera & bIiners a t Delhi in ~Merch 1837"'.
1839, CE. with Army of Indus. a t Qhazni. rlfghinistin;
auth. of The Sfombing of Qhazni.
TRANT, Thomas Abercrombie. FIM. 95th Ft,
d. 13-3-82.
Possibly related t o Wm. Henry Trant ( 1781-1859 ). from
co. Cork, proprietor of EIC. stock, and to Thoe. Trsnt. &d.
cadet of 1781. who met Wm. Hickey in Calontta 17034.
Boo. 27-3-14, appd. t o &nernl Staff with erpn. to
Burma. being tr. from 95th to w. 38th Ft.;' 11-2-26,
sppd. naqsra. 1st. cl.. with force in Burma.
DDn. 216 ( 36 ), J acks on, DQMa., writeer t o Gr ant .
25-8-25. " Ther e is n o f ear of your bei ng r equi r ed to
d o coml non s ur vey wor k, as I have a young otficer.
Li eut enant Tr ant , who does t h a t ki nd of t hi ng ve r y
well", a n d Gr a n t himself wr i t es l at er t h a t "the
i ndus t r y of Li eut . Tr a nt , a n d hia experi ence aa a
pr act i cal si l rveyor, wer e emi nent l y conspicuous, and
t o hie exer t i ons mai nl y a r e we i ndebt ed, under the
di r ect i ons of Maj or Jackson. f or t h e pri nci pal eur veya
execut ed dur i ng t h e war M8 [ 70-2, 462-3 1.
He n r y Yul e refers i n 1853 t o "a beaut i ful s u r v e y
b y Capt . Trant, in t h e Q.M.Q.' ~ ofticel', of t h e I r r a w d d y
bel ow Promee.
Trnnt distinguished himaelf OII several occasions. m d t he
Ben EIarLru of 63-28 reporta "lus action agaiuet t he
Burmans" t hat led to "Sir Archbald Cnmpbell's s lendid
victory a t Pagham Mew1@ on 9th February ; Lieut. kt of
t he Surveying Department was in edvanoe of the br m on
t he look out ... with 30 men of t he Bodypard, when he &l in
with Mat Wyn Boo and 100 men. He at t mked them without
hesitation. killed two of bheu obiel. and took W
and the remainder d i s p e d wnfueedlg "a1.
' In N. Park St. rem. is MI. t o Robt. R. Terranneau ( 1.92449 ) not identified : a t Naerut. 15-11-26, James Alex. (3mrpnl'
Tomnnoau m. hlatilda Maria Delpeimn. ' dated Mo~+~dlbBd, 8-2-27 ; BW. 8-9-47 ( 80 ). a BTC. 2.14-.16 ( 44 1. 'bfRI0.
Mbo. 2-0-03 ; BJC. 8-3-10 & BMC. 15-3-16 ( 1158 ). IMItIO. 167 ( 49-83 ), svy. of creels. 'Sendui. 11 ( 56-7 ). 'Mth
involved in mutiny a t Barrackpont. 1824, Cardew ( 146). IDDn. 840. M 420. ' Note on MRIO. 157 ( 8 ). l @ P w Mp.
on Irrawaddy, 20 m. below Pnkokku. "cf. HMS. 608 ( 68 ).
TREBECK 608 BIOGRAPHICAL
Mmoh 1826. eurvd. r out e of a det t . of Bri t i ah Ens. 15-12-08 ; Lieut. 4-10-13.
troop0 over t h e An Pesa, t eki ng 12 days o n t h e
Son of Avery Truman, of Stowell. Glos.
rod1 C 3, 7 1 4 , 4 9 4 I.,
July 1812.
cl. VI [ 11, 321 1; on fd. svy. J ~ ~ - J I ~ ~
1814; 1816, on nvp. of pme s in Berir and Nigpur rPelri:
Auth. of Two yema
Am ; 18% to &Y 1828. " bp
tofie8 ; d. in oamp soon after evy. began [ a4 1.
.n officer of the g.n.o.'s Department", pub. IB"7 ; also of
Nar di ve of a Jo~br ml lhmugh Geece i n 1890. pub. 1830.
Afterwards a Capt. in 1st. WI. Regt.
TURNBULL, Thorn-. Asst. Rev. Sumr.
b. 1781. d. Madras, 2-6-31.
TREBECK, George. Traveller. Appce. 3-0-1794.
d. c. Nov. 1825, MazBr-i-Sharif,
Fr o m survg. sch. t o survey-Devicottai, 1797 -9
A fghBnistBn
[ I. 109 n.1. "4. 195, 284 1-Dindigul. 1788-1804
wi t h Moorcroft to ~ ~ d g k h and ~ ~ k h c ~ ~ , 1819-36 [ 43:
[ "1 I4O l-T*jOre, 180G-10 [ I1v I45-7 I-Madure,
486-7 I.
1811-4 [ 11, 140, 164 1.
Son of Charles Trebeck, senr.. attorney of London and of 181&6, i n oh. re-svy. of Di ndi gul [ 11, 140,352. pl.
supreme Court. Calcutta and later of Penang. where Ile d.
13 ; 111, 110, 373, 400 1, movhl g t o Travancore in N ~ ~ .
1831. Will dated 30-631 ; property sold 9-11-31 included
37 neckcloths-31 pairs stookinggl yelow
$0 wor k under Wa r d 10&7* 1099 511-2 I, who writes ;
Nankeen umbrella--24 bottl es... heer-1 pr. crntches".
"I have f ound hi m t o b e a ver y useful and intel.
Bro. nf Chas. Treheok, junr.. also attorney, Calcutta, l i gent ma n. ... Now f ar advanced in life, ... eyesight
from 14-1-23 ; Pr. related to family of lawyrra and clergy
... ver y bad. Thi R~ni sf or t une ... doe8 ... di9qu&1ifY him t o
ed. a t We~tminster ( 01V. 11, 936-7 )a.
Wihon records that "Mr. George Trebeck woe a young
follow t h e dut i es of a Sur veyor ; ye t ... I have t hat colr-
man on the tbreslrold ~ , f life. ... His father ... had been a
fidence i n hi m. ... H e coul d b e i n charge of a par t y of
eolicitor in London, and had settled in the same caparity in t h e young men, merel y t o see t he m d o t hei r dut y. .,.
Calcutta. ... George, who hnd a turn for advonture. nccom- "He would he of great msistnncr in making tramlotions
ponied 3lr. Moorcroft. ... To him the geographical details of nny Hiatoriea we may ... collrct, frum his knowledge of the
were intrustell. ... He wos ahle to keep a regular tield book. languages, &i n drawing up muterials for the memoirs ; but,,,3
vhioh ho did until the party quitted the Punjab. The to expect him t o survey is almost ahsurd, tho' he may bo
information he records is minuta nnd accurate" [ 452 1. anxiouu & willing, yet the work he mny perform must ahay3
St a r t e d svy. at Bilaspur. Jul y 1820, c a w i n g i t
remain as a matter of doubt m to its acc~~rncy "6 [ 109 I.
t o Leh, ant1 l at er survd. ot her r out es t o al l pa r t s of
On close of t h e svy., Dec. 1820, waa ~ e n t t o Tin-
Ladkkh. 1822-3, ext onded wy . t hr ough Kashmir,
n e v e l b wi t h i nt er pr et er Ni t el N e p a l t o Prepme
p h c h , Ri wal pi ndi , a n d peshkWm t o Khbul , where
st at i st i cal account of t h a t dkt . , hi s heal t h and eye-
hi^ insts. were st ol en [ 43-4, 486 ].
s i ght havi ng f or s ome t i me prevent ed hi m from plane-
On r et ur n mar ch f r om Bukhke , i n Aug. 1825,
t abl i ng [ 1x1 n.1, 167, 320-1 ].
whi l st XIoorcroft visited Andkhui . Tr ebeck "moved
1822, br ought i nt o Madras, a n d emp. on instm. of
to Ma- ; af t er a n i nt er val h e was s i emd wi t h fever,
appce. 8urvm.1 bei ng still 80 emp. in 1830 [ 20% 374,
m d di ed af t er f our mont hs sufferingna. 377 1.
Hi a son Wm. He nr y served t h e dept . from 1821
Burnes writee that when he psased through Mazar 7 yearn t i l l hi s deat h i n 1853 [ 386 1.
later. "One of our compsnions, a Hajee, had] attended
him on b i ~ death-bed. and conducted ua t o t i e spot in which
van HEYTHnSEN, Henry Thomu.
he is laid, which in in a nmall burying-ground eastward of
the town, under a mulberry tree.
Mad. Inf.
"Thia young man left a most favourable impression ... b. Kent, 27-2-1792. d. 18-5-82 ;
throughout the country. ... and I could not but feel for his
melancholy fata. After burying his two European fellow-
MI., Southborough, Kent.
taavellera, ho sank. a t an early age. after four months
Ens. 25-E-11 ... Capt. 2 5 4 2 5 . invd. 0-3-29;
muffering, in a far distant oountry, without a friend, without
ret. 24-0-38.
maiatance, and without consolation".
Son of Gerard Levinge Van Heythoysen, clerk in Court
of Chnncery, end Amy, bin 1st wife.
Burnes not es that t h e local peopl e h a d t a ke n
m., St. Pancras. 5-5-32, Marry Ann, dau. of John Sich
poeseesion of al l t h e pr oper t y left, "horses, c a mp of Chiswick.
equi page. money, a n d ...p r i nt ed books ". Bu t ma n y
1822-3. swvd. route of his butt. from Orisse. through
books and had already remhed Moorcroft,s
Chattisgarh, to Nigpur, making wise comments on thfl
country and people ; met Roughsedge [ 11,439-40 1. Though
f r i ends in I ndi a [ 487 1, a n d when Dr . Lor d vi si t ed
fdbk, kept, with very dear sketchca [qro],
Mazar - i - 8har i f i n 1838, h e h a d n o difficulty in Montgomerie found "the descriptive pnrt ... tolorably good,
practicrrlly all t he H~ found
but the protraction does not a t all agree with the register of
pile of loose mcounts a note in Tre-
bearings, and none of tbe bearings differ from each other
beck,s witkg ; ,,sept. 6th 1825. krived Balkh
1-s than four +nh o/ the camp-8. Capt. Otto says that,
aa far as he remembers, Mr. Van Hoythllysen dwt r o~d
dug. 26t h ; MI M. di ed Aug. 27th". whole of the &idea' Ro ul e ~"~.
On puhn. of Wilson'a narrative. 12 copies were presented
by the Diroctara t o his hro. Chaa. Twheck. who wan in VOYSEY, Henry Westley. Asst. Surge &
l andon &rch 1541 ; JASB. X. 1541 ( 501-2 )'.
Geologiet. d. 1 0 4 2 4 , nr. Sulkia Ghit,
TRUMAN, Avery. Mad. Inf.
Howrah.
Hospl. AM^. & Anst. Surg. au. 69th Ft. 12-5-15--t?,,
b. 13-121786. d. 2-6-31, Kotfor% without joining, t o 40th Ft. 20-1-18 t o let Ft. 30-3-21--
Nkgpur. half pay, 0-2-23.
' Aa 3. Oet. 1824 (401 ) ; HM. 080 ( 3 8 ) ; 5 8 8 8 . XI, 1842 ( 1136-57).
described an German by Holdioh
)
~bfuaroroft & %beck, 1 ( xxv- ri ) .
4JA8B. m, ,888 ( W5-8). 8Dd~r %1( f W) . Anjengo. 2b3-17.
' DD1~*
202 ( lob ). 1 4 4 2 6 .
NOTES
~ ~ p d . , 8-6-18., Surg. & &oI& QT8.l; joined 16-12-18
x to xm, panaim.
*'Educated for t he medioal profession ... both i n t he sohools
of London and Edinburgh. On hie joining t he army he
mmed some short time on t he Continent in t he camoaim t hat
--. . ~ -
- so gloriously terminated by tho victory of 'ws'terloo.
He accompanied t he t r o o p to Paris. ...
"Early attention ... to mineralogy and geology. He
&died these sciencas under Professor Jamieaon and [ aoed. ]
... the celebrated geologist Mncrrllocha in one of his visita
to the weat coost of Scotland and the Wwtcrn Inlea. ... A
sound chemist. ...
"Accompani ed hiR r egi ment t o t h e Cape of Good
Hope, wher e h e wae i nduced. ..to c ome t o Bengal . ...
Scientific a n d l i t er ar y at t . ni nment ... secur ed h i m
friende in Cal cut t n. ... His b ~ l o n g i n g t o a cor ps n o t
in t h e count r y r ender ed i t di fl i cul t ... t o empl oy hi s
bl e nt s advent agenrl ul y. ... Af t er s ome t i me, however,
he wss a t t a c he d t o t h e s ur vey or ~( l or t h e l at e Colonel
L mb t o n , as Sur geon a n d hlinernlogiat [ 225, 264-5,
352. 401-2. 466 I.
"Brsi(lc~ his profcssionnl nncl rnir~rralogicnl acq~~i rt ~mnnt s,
Mr. Voyany wen well gr~~underl in S ~ ~ t ~ l r a l Hiatorv. I t waa
during Ilia st ay in C~~l cnt t a t hat the French nntwalists.
b m . Diard and Du Vu~~cel , pupih of BarouCuvier [ 272-3 1,
arrived a t tho Presidc11cy. 21:d Mr. Voysoy's kuowletlge of
their language, t u well ns ;I similarity of tamtee, united him
with them in all their enrlg raearchea. Ho had also a good
knowledgo of Botany, nnd...bis attachment t o the survey
could not fail to yield nn abundant harvest. ...
"Mr. Voyaey joinrd tho aurvey in the end of 1818'' [ 3z5 1.
Other tecltimoniee to his t al enb nrc Icaft by a fellow student
at tbc General Hospital a t Aberdeen. \rho records t hat during
his two yeam a t t he hospital and the h1arischnl Coll.. Voysey
had already shown a strong bias towards Nntlunl Hiitory.
Another friend had met him "tit the Cape of Good Hope,
whilst he resicled in t he family of JIr. T. Shc!ridan"J.
H e ioinml at H v d e r L b ~ i 15-12-18. a n d a f ew
weeks l at er acctl. La mb t o n a n d Ever ent i nt o t h e field
[227-9, 231, 265, 442 1. " By t h e mj ddl e of 1819 he
was ful l y occupi ed, n o t onl y wi t h geological collec-
tions n n d r epor t s, e n d a ma p h e 111111t he n commenced,
but wi t h t h e oper at i ons of t h e sur vey. ... He soon
qualified hi msel f t o gi ve effect ual assi st ance ...as a
surveyor, a n d was...often s e nt o u t t o t a k e det ached
poi nt s a n d par t i cul ar s t at i ons [ 232, 244. 249 1".
The fullowi~lg is tnkon from his account of n 5 mo. tour
during 1820; "1 retrlrncd t o Hydorabad in t he middle of
April with a rery sevore intermittent fever. Aa the moon
approachcd the fuU I recovered. hut had a relapso t he next
lunation. I uas forocd ... t o prepare specimens and a report
of my Ckologioal n ~ n p ... notwithstanding my fever and, nu
soon ns I had fi~lisherl nnd deepntched it,. I went out ngnin t o
the banks of tho river [ Qudivari 1.
" I rem~~irle(l out until September, making conaidorable
additions t o tlir Goologicn1 map, ... nnd retunled in t he
middle of tho month. I Iratl not bocn s week a t home
before a relspse of fever occi~rmd, which enfeebled me com-
pletely ; nevertheless. na a party was going out undor a Sub-
Asskiant t o those i nt emt i ng motu~tni~is, tho Nulla hblli.
... south of the ICiSt~la, I...sot'out t o join them [ 227 1.
On tho way, forgetting, in my wiah to oum are bnro-
mLLrical and trigonometrical l r ~i dhb, t hat I ha! beon ill.
I moended an old hill station of Col. Lambton's ... snd. sl.
though I gained a very sstiafwtory raul t , I WM @n
attacked hy my complaint. As soon na I was able. I Cavel M
towartlp Madrtbs for the bonefit of the sea air, but whm I
wna only forty miles from the pagoda of Perwattem. I I&
and determined a t ail risks to k i t it. I W-
2: t%%r0pan who had ever been there. I h e Smyui
who performer1 the service of the tamplo r~collerted C:oIonel
JBnckenzie "4.
I t was of this joilrney that Lamhton wmtr to De Pennip,
13-11-20 ; "Doctor Vc~yecy is IIOW so ill of the fevm that I
have ~ i v e n him leave to go ta Madrtu, and he wiU wt off in
a day or two. I t wau his intention to faU in with you, ... hut
1 have advised him tn grit to tho son const as ROon
possible. ... Ae you seem to be pretty healthy in camp. hie not
joining you will not be of much consequence". And again,
26-12-20 ; " I have lleard nothing of Dr. VoyseV since...he
arrived a t Kurnnol. He had had repeated a t t a c h of t he
Dvcr. and intended r at i ng n few days. and writing to me
ahen he got better, b l ~ t I loft i t to his own judgement
whrther to do that, or to proceed to Mt~rlras"'.
After Everest ' s depar t ur e t o t h e C a p o n mc.,
La mbt on loolied cont i nual l y t o Voysey f or asatce., a n d
af t er Ever ast ' s r et ur n s e nt hi m o n a n i ndependent
mi ssi on t o r epor t o n the c:ountry t o t h e nnr t h, t r avel -
l i ng vi a Cal cut t a. a n d pi cki ng u p t h e tine of t h e
Gr eat Ar c s out hwar ds f r om 4gra. A t t h e s a me t i mo
La mbt on "entleavotu.ed t o o b t a in... hi s official nppoi nt -
me n t as assi st ant t o t h e aur vey [ 26j ] ".
" I n proaecution of thin claim ... Mr. Voyney &ited Calcutte
in the end of 1822. He wad aho charged with ... a preparatory
journey thro' llIBlwn and rfiandwana, in onler to Iny down
t he line most elegible for the progreaa of t he Trigonometrionl
Survey from Nagprrr t o Bgra [ 236, 243-4, 414. 438, 4674 I".
Lambton was t he more anxious to Improve Voyeev'a
financial position tu his nppt. t o the spy. debarred his
promotion in the British service. He wr i h , I S 2 2 ;
"Mr. Voysey's income is very limited compared with t he
expencee. ... The instrumen ta... are very costlv. ... His situ-
ation os nu assistant surgeon in a King's ' ~ e ~ i mo n t will
subject him to constant changes, having alrendy been in
four. and as many times su~erceded. ...
"I sllau add bid g ma t ' a p p ~ i ~ t i ~ n of late to practical
mathematics, in which he has made such progress as t o he
eminently useful ... without any hinderance to his own pro-
fessional avocations. ... I...requast t hat he may be appointed
os h i s t a n t on the Grcnt TrigonometricaI Survey of India.
and receivo tho tlsual salary of six hundred ( GO0 ) aicur
rupees per meosem in addition to his ollowancov as surgeon
and geologist [ z 6 j , 268, 326. 35' 1.
"Had I not bcon luvisted by him when I was a t Ellichpoor
[?, z j z 1, I should I~ave lost a soano~~. ... a dead expence to
Govrr~unollt, overbalancing tbe amount of mauy rears
aciditionnl incomc to Mr. Vo. ~e y" ~.
Voysey appealed agninst Govt.'s refusel; " I hnve nover
drawn tho nUownncos of Asi st ant Surgeon, mg sole mceipb
exchuivo of the salary of Surgeon and Raturalist t o t he
Survov bcing w. Rs. 80. I have heen nt considerable
eqen' ce for llecassnry i ~ut r ~~r nent a and hooks, for which I
have reccived no remuoerntion. a u ~ l I have taken a e v e d
j oun~e yn... when the survev baa bern in quartera a t Hvdere-
bad. for t he sole purpose of collwtiny materials for n geulugiaal
map, and wit11 no othrr as~ivtauoe than my own r n m
dor ded, vir., 080 Rs. per menanm. ...
"I have been freqllently mnployed by Colonel Lamhton
in varioru survuying oporatiom. not a t all coming wibhin
tlie sphen, of my d u t h w Surgeon end Osologkt. ... I n the
couree of my p w n t long and espe~lsive journey [ Hydersbed
to Caloutte] ... I have had. and ahall oontinue to hsve, mu y
I John Roea having d. 1642-18 [ 225, 499 1.
9 Robt. Jamieaon ( 1771-1851 ) ; minerrrlogkt ; DIVB. ; Dr. John M W d
(: 1778-1835 ) ; goolgt. to OS. 1814; Piwdt. Chi. Soo. lR1B-7 ; FRS. DNB.
'Tom Shoriduo ( l775-ll)17 ) Cu1oni.L l b l u s r .
capetown; son of R. R Sheridan ( 1761-1818). playwright; both DXB.
'cf. Maokemie'e ppsr, dl R. V. (303-14).
'DDn. 92 ( I 6 5 162 ). @ib. ( 231-3 ) ; 171 ( 1234 ), 19-6-22
VOYSEY
BIOGRAPHICAL
opportunities of i n o wi n g my geologioal map, and of per-
feoting my barometric sections [ 266, 467 ].
"My dutiea as Surgeon, in the meantime, are performed
by my h i s t a n t . under the friendly care of a surgeon resi-
dent a t Hyderabad, and will be reaumod by me when I
rojoin. ... Should, howevcr. His Excellency ... think the duty
of Surgeon incompatible with those of Geologist end h i s -
tnnt Surveyor, ... my dutiea as Surgeon may cease, and be
roplncerl by those of Asiatant to tho Trigonometrical
Survey "I [ 402, 445 1,.
Govt . WIM tirm UI refusi ng t o al l ow t h e doubl e pay,
b u t gr ant od hi nl "an e xt r a allowance o n account of
... t ravel l i ng e q e n c a s dur i ng ... deput at i on ... f r om t h e
headquar t er s of t h e Survey. Rs. 200 per mensemWa.
The y wer e equal l y fmn i n refusing a l at er appn.
ma de bj- Ever est [ 265] . a n d t hi s t i me Voysey
i nsi st ed o n resigning, "in coaqequence of a mos t
ur gent necessity of vi si t i ng Engl and on i mpor t ant
pr i vat e affnim". ... I have never been successful in
obt ai ni ng an appoi nt ment t o t h e Honor abl e Com-
pany' s Medical service, a n d t herefore I ha ve n o r i ght
to ... furlough. H e asked, however, t h a t if h e shoul d
get such appt . "on ... r et ur n t o I ndi a" hi s services in
t h e GTS. shoul d not be forgot t ena [ g, 245. 414 1.
H e left El l i chpur 6-1-24, a n d travelletl vi a
h' i gpur , e n d t he n b y J acks o~l ' s new r oad t o AIidna-
pore [ 2 7-8,462 1, but h e ha d beon si ck when h e st ar t ed,
a t ~r l di ed on" t h e wny "bei ng br ought dead i n hi s
p u k e e t o t h e Howr ah g&t, in 8 s t a t e whi ch showed
t h a t h e m m t ha ve di ed near l y 24 h o ~ m previously.
Th e d a t a of t h e commencement of hi s fever is not ed
in hi s j o u ml " . H e passed t hr ough Sambal pur o n
Mar ch 1 lth-Saraikela, Apri l 6th-He ha d crossed t h e
Subar nar ekha when hi s j ol ~r nal closed, Apri l 12t h.
Another account says that "he WIM taken iU a t Coliapal.
a little to the weat of Jehanaba~l, about tho 14th innt. On
the 16th ho appears to have reached Captain Wilson's tenta'
a t Sootan Ganga, and he proceeded for Calcutta on the
eveuing of the 18th. The malady had, howover, become so
violent t hat he expired in his palanqueen before the bearers
arrived a t Sulkia Ghat a t two o'clock on the 19th innhnt".
We are told that "he had ...a very correct acquaintance
with Hindmtanae, some !u~nloslcdgo of hnskri t , a familiar
innight into the characters and habit8 of the natives of Indin,
and considcrahle converaancy with their history and supersti-
tionn". Beidea b officinl papers were ono on diamond
mines of S. India, and another on the stone used in con.
atmcting the Ti j a t Agra.
" I t waa hi8 design to have given a map and description
of gwlogy of the exteneive districts in the Deckon, and
along the Godavery and Nerhudda through which he tra-
vel l ed[ ~66] "~. He bad gained a wide reputation, and Stirling
I 16 n I uuotea him os reoortinn on "an extamive " coUn. of ~ - -. ..
;peaim& from Chttack.'
Hie major prof. r e p o h were submitted. the first in 1818,
and tho aecond dated 28-6-20. and were pub. by ASB. in 1833.8
Extracta from his private journals of Ir)l8 and 1819, 01 geol.
interest only. were not pub. till 11160. "After hie death his
nurnucripts oamu inta the pmseseion of the hi et i c Society.
and hin relative8 b England had connonted t hat they should
be a r r q e d aad puhliabed by the Society. This wan, how-
ever, delayed for meny yeen following the protest of Mn
Eisvell', the profaaeionsl art&, who had given Dr. Vo eey 'e
few hint. in ~t et ahi ng' . and m d e some drawings i r him
md demandod some corn pennetion ".
The geol. epeoimens oolleobd up to the time of Ilia dmth
were ell brought into the museum of ASB. at Gloutta.
1841 the Curator reported t hat he had found " thrae more of
Dr. ~oyaey' s notebooksamongat the papers of bfr J. P h p w ,
and again, 19-7-42, " Having examined attentively the fire
books of Dr. Voysey's notea, there h in them much geologioal
information of the very highest intereat ". It was further
found t hat with Voysey's report of 84-21 ( BPC. 21-8-21 )
he had forwarded a geol. map. that bud been plursed to t hi
Direotoru. Ref. was made t o London, and the map which
oovered part of the country between the Oodavery and tho
Ki ~t n a was sent out tu the ASB. I t oould not be found for
the oenLenary celebratiom of tho Geld. Svy. of 1951'.
WADE, Claude Mertine. Ben. Inf.
b., Bengal, 3-4-1794. d. 21-10-61,
Queen's Sq. Bath ; nrr. Bath Abbey.
Ens. 20-7-12 ... Bt. Lt U)I. 23-7-39 ; ret. 1,544 ;
Hon. Col. 28-11-54.
Son of Josaph Wade, Lt Col. Ben. Inf.. and Maria Anne
his wife; named after M Gen. Claud Bfnrtin. of Conntmtia,
Lucknow ( I. 3534 )O.
m., Bath, 7-8-45, Jane Selma, dao. of Thos. NichoU,Ben,
Art.
Kt. ; CB. ; hoth awarded 1889.
DNB. ; DIE. ; Orimtd Club. ; I 0 Trad. 218 ; Horlnon
IV ( 382 ) ;
DDn. 191 ( 323 ), 17-8-21. appd. to oEciate as ASG..
Calcutta ; extended till Sept. 1822, SG. writing, 19-12-21 ;
"I have derived much useful essietance of from the exertion8
of Lieut. Wade, who ... has beenemployed in various ... duties, ...
hut pnrticularly" in preparing j our w4 and fdbks. for CD.
[ 292, 309
1 8 3 1 4 , wi t h asst ce. of Nat hl . Hodgas as survr.,
mapped Sut l ej R. f r om Ferozepore t o junction with
I ndus at Mi t hankot ; ~ ~ 1 0 . 160 ( 4-6 ).
From 1823. Diplomatic Agent a t Ludhiina, renponaihle
for contact with Ranjit S i h . Conducted nogotietione
which led t o Afghln war of 1838-8 ; oomdd. wlumn that
forccd the Khyhar nn(1 occupie~l Gbul , 1839.
l -, Rcsdt. at Indore and PA. Milwa.
WALKER, John, junr. Cartographer.
b. 1787. ' d. 19-4-73.
Eldest son of John Walker, senr., engraver and carto
grapher, who had worked privately for Alex. Dalrymple
[ I. 330-1 1, and oficially under him a t Admiralty from 1798 ;
"name given t o an Arctio cape. He left the Admiralty in
1831, a d d . 26-7-31, leaving 4 Rons, John, lfichaal, Thomse.
and Charlea, who all followed their father's profesicn".
hlarkham ( 4068. 432 ) ; Uawson. I.
1825 ; pub. large map of India.
Fr o m 1826 J o h n Wal ker, junr., undert ook produc-
t i on of t h e aheet s of I ndi an At l as, f-i nch scale, end
c o m~ l e t e d b v 1868 a t ot al of 84 from rnaterial sent
hom'e f r om -1ndi a [ 286, 295-6 1.
Produced meny
ot her maps, a n d f r om 1836, succ. Horsburgh as
H ~ d r g r . [ 74, 434. 462 I.
Mar kham wr ~t m t h a t " t he a mount of judgement
a n d abi l i t y h e br ought t o t h e gr eat task is shewn by
t h e of t en di sput ed, b u t ever approved, ex cell en^ of
hi e wo r k ; a n d t her e has al ways been t he high&
t est i mony t o t h e accuraoy and excellent style"".
Dawnon notea that ho "wee the depository of doi el
traditlonn a t tho India Ofice extending over half a centmy,
' Dun. 64 ( 104 ), 26-8-22. 'BUC. 26-B-22. * D h . 2011 ( 4) . 1-1-94.
'John Wibon ( 1788-1844); Bon. h f . 1m8-41;
wish f i l l B i b m 1823-5.
* Aa J . XVII. Jan. 1824 ( 4U ) ; XVl l l ( 391 ).
* JANB. 11, June 1833 ( 2U8 ).
' Wm Beveu
Ll7hsl.67 I ; n t h AnhmBt ' ~ -ion to Chine, 1816; Indin 1811-26, UNB.
J A8 B. X, 1841 ( 416 ) ; XI, 1842 ( 864, en2) ;
mo (arGJ-62 ) ; Cu to B ( Pub); 1-1143 ( 30). *Hill ( 128). 1ODDn. 1@l!( 176 ). 11Ocmn HigAwaya ( 81
NOTES
WARD
and his well-etored memory &uentb proved of great
then 0.w. to- Quilon. ... I want in thew for day oo
vdoe t o his suecesson,".
the 4th of last monhb..with regard t o a h o w I porch&
for my ~ooomodation dwing the rains, in the compound of
WALPOLE, Henry [ 11,448 1. Mad. Inf.
whioh I am building a large tempo rsrg... offioe. ... I wslte.3
b. Lisbon, 2-10-1787. d. 29-1-64.
on the Resident to requeat he would allow me a f mt k
number of p n a , ss I 6nd these are the mogt assful
Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Col. 18-4-42 ; comdd. varioas PPI~" [ 109 1.
bdas.. Madrse Presdoy.. 184162.
18th. June. When I was a t CoutaUum lsst year I hsd no
SG. India, 182830. oonception it was a place of vety pest antiquity. ... I am
sonof Hon. Robt. Walpole, ax. Envoy to Portugal, and
dmoat You will be highly pleased were yon hem
Sophia his 2nd. wife.
[ a t Kuttalam 1.
The climate is so delightful, & the wnntry
m., Madras, 21-8-34, eldest dau. of Maj. C. F. Smith,
bautiful round, & snch a number of curions Hindoo
W. Eat.
building8 & inecriptiona, that your time will be perfeatly
1805, MMI. cl. I [ 11, 320 ] ; 1811-6, Aaet. Imtr.
occupied. & above all. I think it would be of the utmost
a t m., t hen t aki ng Furl. ; w c . 19-6-19, ~e r r n i t t e d
serE$ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~ f ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ wm a.U.d or to ev. the
t o ret urn.
dieputed boundary with Tinevolly [ 107-8 ] ; Riddell writes,
1618-20, Mackenzie t ri ed wi t hout success t o Becure 26-11-17; "There has been a story of W-ard'e havirrp been
his services For ~ v y . [ 341 ] ; MOO. 1-7-23, sick l eave
we d by a wild elephant [ 1081. - I disbelieve i t &timely
t o Engl and, arri vi ng 2-12-23.
because I have no report from Aikin, the eaoistant along with
him, and bemuse Peter [Comer 1, who has been frequently
1820, largely owing t o Troyer' s support , Bent i n&
heard from since that time. makes no mention of it. S ~ O I I I ~ I .
selected hi m t o be SU. a n d h e assumed office at the rum0 ~ . . . b e well pounded, I shall direct-&nner. who
Calcutta &4 Maj., 30-10-29 [ 301, 310, 342, 458 1,
is On his road thither, to take charge of the survey. ... I
handing over t o Ever est 8-10-30 [ 407 1.
think there can be no truth in it"8.
Later, MS. to Gow. Madras, and bdc. comdr. Palaveram.
Mackenzie hope11 "the story about Ward ia not true ; his
beine sent on that businese at the time I neror noarovd
of. . : . As far as I conld underatand it was aug8GG by
WARD, Benjamin Swain [ n, 448-9 1. Ceptn. Blacker; I think he told me so himaelf here [ 107-81.
Mad. Inf.
I hope, however, poor Ward hse -taped. I t would not be
b. 1786. d. Cape Town, 19-6-36 ;
the fir& time, arr he & I fell in with wild elephants more
than once on the survey of the linut with Wpnssd,
MI. St. G80rg0'5 OBm. r in 1 8 6 5 ; 11, 107; 111. 108 1, but they were &ore off bv
-
Ens. 27-8-08 ... Maj. 21-234.
Son of Frmcis Swain Ward, Mnd. Inf., artist, who d.
Negapatam, 4-3-1704.
m., Capetown, 91.5-25. Johanna Reglna. aged 16, yet.
dau. of lnte Johan Chrlatian 1)isandt. of HnUtr, of Saxony.
by hrs u ~ f e Maria, 11au. of Cnrel Fredk. Gecre, formerly of
Hnmburg. and wid. of Carel Bestondig.
Appce. at Obsy. nurvg. school, 22-11-1798 [ 11.
iightas.
The danger h m wild elephants is a very real one to lonely
s u m . t o this day, but could no doubt be exaggerated, and a
para. from Ruled for Bomboy tracelltra 1h';p"qh Xalobar Lo
th Neilghcmy H a , dated 1840, reads : A very general
practice prevails hew of natives attempting t o frighten
travellers by reports of wild elephmta, eta., iu order t o
induce the traveller to hire them as a guard. If their trick
succeode thev accomDnnr the ~nlkee. shoutinn out and
352 1 ; t o Mysore SvY. AIJrll 1801 [ 11, 344 1 ; sub-usat.
Ging off g- now aud thin to sl;ow th& ralour,and t hem
from Sept . 1805 ; Biarch 1809 t o Or t . 1810 on evy. by prerent the traveller from sleeping dl night. Tbere in
Ceded ~ i s t s . [ 11, 153-4 1.
uot t hc slightest danger from elephants who but Fery seldom
Moo. 31-7-10, adInittecl "cdet of I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ , his
cr-8 this road, and when the? do always make heot l y
the" seo a linht or hear the noise of betuereUa.
cornn. being subsequently ant edat ed.
ib. 12-3-11, poster1 to SGO., Illadrns, for ch. of
drawing of i ce [ 11. 303 ; 111, 105. 339, 465 1.
Feb. 1816, tlppd. t o ch. of Tr avancor e Svy.; lenv-
ing Mulrna 13-8-16, ar r d. Di ndi gul 14t h J u l y t o close
t hat s vy, a n d pi ck u p sur vr s. ; 16t h 4ug. a n d .
Travanrore [ 4, 94, 105, 474-5,508 I.
Travmcore a m an exceedingly hilly conntry, covered
with tropical jungle ; extracta h n i Ward's letters to
Mackoluie tau of some of his troublas [ 10- ] ;
16th Jan. 1817. Aly legs are vory soro & coneiderably
swelled, owing to the bites of a speaiea of tick among long
grass near water; so Tory small. they can only be obaerved
when crawling 011 the surface of the skin".
15th. Feb. "My leg8 were in a bad way ; they continue to
b more painful, and the sore3 gradually inoreaae, both in
size & number. I bogin once more t o be alarmed. Should
tboy become worse. I will ...g o to Trivnndrum for medical
advice, whon I foar I ma be detained, muoh to the d i d v a n -
t a p of the Survey, whict is by no meene getting onwall".
2nd. March. "My lege. tho' they have been vary bed of
late, are now ... ahnoat weu, with tho me di d wietanoe I
have reoeived".
2nd !lay. Reports t hat many of hie aaata. are eiok with
fever; From h a c e I proceed north with the triangles. L
. ~
-
Come r joined t h e sq-. a t Quilorl, 22-12-17, to
work rlnder War d' s direction, t hough senior i n a r my
r a nk [ 340 1. In dej rri bi ng t hei r interview wi t h t h e
Resdt . , 5-1-18, Ridilell t hought Comler would b e
bet t er abl e t o stat.0 t he Survey cave, a s Wor d WM
"too unobt rusi ve " [ 408. 43.3 1.
Tho folloni~~g rxtrnrts arr rakr~, from Ward's lucat
intereating Yemm'r of the 8unscy of Tmcnnmrc ond Cmhin
pub. 1Y9I5 [ 16 11.4 ] ;
16th. 3~11. 1819. "011 pi ~l i ng the stlnlnlit the guide
deserted. T b m beillg sererul paths. ... 011 r ~ul i ng down a
slope I happened to fdl illto a pit rorelprl with grim and
bn~shaood to catch elephants. &I? bands iortmntely having
oomo into oontact mth two of t,he supporten, broke my fall.
otherwise I 4honld have been ac\.erelj- l~rurt".
l i t h. Nov.
"Cnlculnting triangles, allntting and pi nt i ng
out t o the Assistpntn the portion ...h be done by each during
the next month .
The journal cloe~a 43-2-20. but he writes to ?Ifountford.
27-620; "I am my& far from baing well. as you mqr
permire Gum this srrnwl. bIy legs am at prnseut c o d
with sam... of e very painful nature. ... A few dape .go.
ha -...been exposed when in bed to a b l d mo&g ah,
my right aide boa become affected, lmping me a d y ths rua
of my band or leg. 8nd deprived of slwp makes me quite
'DL)n. 166( 107-311). *Dun. 161 ( 77 ). ~DDI I . 188(312), 23-13-17. LBO Cal h dl% I s l a 'Xsd. God. FTu%
BIOGRAPHICAL
low-spirited. A ohange for a few dap, however, will. I
hope, &re me t o my usual health and vigour.
" W y t hh, my dear Mountford, for t he purohaee of
Gibbon's Worka' and, if you osn add to it a splendid n m
edition of Buffon's Natunrl Hiatorg', I will be v e v thmkful.
Dispense with t he powder, having procured some. ... You
will hear again !?om me in a few days. I a m quite tired.
therefore exonae this sorawl "'.
On Garling's death Mmkenzie offered him the
HyderLbild svy.-"He is first on the list "-but Ward
t referred to remain in the south, and Conner was
sent up to Hyderkbid [ 340-1, 433 1.
On completion of the Travancore svy. Ward moved
his party to Di ndi pl , which was again found t o be
extremely unhealthy [ I I I , 401-2 1. and he asked for
6 mo. leave from 1-9-21 "to visit t he Wwtern Comt
on his private affairs". The leave was postponed ea it
was hoped t hat work on the Nilgiri plateau would set
him right, but "his health had suffered so much from
the fever contracted on the Dindigul hills, ... t het he
left for the w. coast on 2nd Dec.4.
He was back a t Coimbatore by 14th March, anti
made an excellent job of the Nilgiri Hills [ 111-3,
375 1, though in 1823 he war "compelled to run to
Trlchinopolg for metlical advice. ... Hia complaint
( termination of hlood to the head ) has been checked
a t the date of h k last letter, and he looked forward
t o an early return to his l a h o u ~ " ~ .
After starting work in JId~bbar he hexl t o take
long leave on mc. He sailed from Cannanore. 5-1 1-24,
for the Cape, where he married. Arrd. beck in
Dec. 1825. landing a t Cochin on 9th ; left his wife
at TelLicherry. and resumed ch. of t he svy. 16-1-26
[ 114. 375-6 I.
From 1-9-28, granted peraonal nllco. of RY. 175 na
had been sanctioned for Oarling neveral years earliere. His
claim waa st rong; "While on survey in Travancorc in
1616 ... I applied t o Colonel 3fnckenzic ... t h: ~t I may rcceive
t he same aurveying allownncea nr those granted t o the
late Captain Garling. ... T h i ~ extrn nslary ... wna sanctionad
in November 1Y20, ... but wl~ich I was only permitted to
draw for statcd periods wliilc on the surveys of t he Cardomum
Monntairw. Lhe Cherngherry Range, and, lntterly for t he ...
Neelgherry and Koondah mountains [ 320. 350-1 1'.
"During t he latter survey my health suffored materiaUy
from expoauro, ;1nr1 I was under the necnsity of proceeding
t o sea. ... I n Uecembcr last I returned to... Malabar. Over
t he northern portion ... trianglcu hnvo been extended under
great diaadvontngru owing t.n tho very woody nnture of
t he country in t hc interior. ... To olenr t he summi b of mnny
of the h i b ... t he hire o l .. coolier. .. was...^ serious expence"n.
Survey in Malabar was j mt an unhealthy aa in
Travancore, end Montgomerie writes. 7-1 1-29 ;
"Captain Ward's health and constitution have for a
length of' time peet been so much impaired t hat I
do not conceive it possible t hat the valuable services
of t het officer can be much longer continued in the
Deportment"@ [ 440 1. In spite of this he took his
p r t y to itfarlure in 1830, and then to Trichinopoly,
and remained in ch. till 1834 when, on gaining his
majority, ho had to leave the dept. [ 342 1. He then
I&. hie cornn. and ret. t o Youth Africa, where
he died the following y-r.
1 Dcdirv! & Full o/ the Ro mn Empire; Edward Gibbon
( 128 C ).
'from Yountfurd, 20-11-21 DDn. I02 ( 287 ).
D h . 221 ( 34 ). 7 DDn. WB (377-80). 11-10-a0 & 204-22.
I' DDn. lG0 ( 2 ). 2-17.
WATKINS, Hutton. Ben. Inf.
b. 21-12-1789. d. KPlpi, 18-11-18.
Ens. 13-11-05; Lieut. 17-9-08.
Son of Thomas Watkins.
m., 21-10-14, hhri a, dau. of Lt.-Col. Wm. Henry Cooper,
Ben. Inf.
Hodaon. I V ( 399400 ).
1817-8. Mari t be War. April-May 1818. Huro. 81 ( 4 6 )
survd. routen of dett. of fd. army, Kunjauli t o ~ ( b i r n ~ ~ :
30 m. N. of Saugor.
WEBB, James Taylor. Mad. Inf.
b. 23-1-1790. d. 4-&36.
Ens. 6 4 1 0 ... Capt. Y-9-26 ; inr. in India,
16-2-33.
Son of John Webb, of Carmarthen; bro. of John James
( 1788-25 ), alno Mad. Inf.
March IHlO. mr.. cl. v 1 [I. 7 2 1 1.
. . . . < >
MOO. 4-5-27, appd. asst. aurvr.. and posted to ch. of
HyderibBd Svy., which he held till Jul y IH10, when he took
leave tn England on mc. [ 5, 119, 209. 342 1.
WEBB, William Spencer [ 11, 453-4 1.
Ben. Inf.
b. 21-12-1784. d. P2- 65.
Ens. '70&11-01 ... Capt. 9-12-18 ; rot. 29-6-14.
Son of William and Mary Webb.
On'enhl Club. Horlson. IV ( 416-7 ).
1808, explored upper Ganges t o within 40 rn, of.
Gangotri, and up to BadrinLth temple [ 11. 73-7 ;
111, 33 ] ; 1808-12, on svy. of E. Oudl and Gorakhpur
[ 11, 33-41; 1812-4, furl. on mc., pending some t h e
at Greenwich obsy. [ 11. 453-4 ; 111, 44, 175 1.
BQO. 23-3-15, appd. to svy. Kumaun, completing
by Dec. 1821 [ 29, 32. 44-8. 177. 293, 346,356,457,
4601.
His particular interest waa to fix position
and height of snow p e a h from statione fixed by
triangles and barometer heights [ 198, 212, 222 1.
He had corr. barometer o b m. regularly from Calcutta
[ 205 1, and Bent botanical specimens to Dr. Wdlich
at the Yibpur Gd n ~.
He ocknowlcdgcs "a, copy of n motoorological diary from
Oct. Int to Feb. 16th 1818, which Colonel Hardwicko ... hna
been good eoough to communicabc. ... The journal closes,
unfortunately, in t he very middlo nf e period when it's nid
was most required, as a series of barometrical ohsorvatiom
were made a t Kasheepoor, bagin~ling Ist, and ending on 21at
of t he aamc month [ Feb. 1, from which I propose to dcduw
t he $rat dhl i on of my survey". Webh' s own barometer
obsns. hnd fint commenccd on 14-17.
He asked for an nsst. ; I am absolutely in a state of
banishment ; i t is now half s year and upwards sinco I have
tleau a European face, and but for corrcspon~lence I should
run no nmall rink of forgetting my own Ianguage'"0. He was
given Lhe nssce. of Alex. Laidla\v for geol. reeenroh, in
t he expoctntion t hat t he HimLlaya wonld prove rich in
mineral woalth ; but Laidlaw's work prod~lced nothing of
VHIIIR [ 266-8, 367 1. An asst. surw. named Ta b
helpful only as dmn. [ 329, 356. 367-8. 506 1.
Webb's flmt reports of the height of the mountainfl
produced a storm of criticism from Europe, which he
met, with support from the AYB., by giving p d i .
culam of his obsns. thab proved the soundneea of hin
methods and the truth of hk results [ 2 , 4 6 4 1.
, 6 voh. 1770-88. '44 vola. pubd. 1740-1804. 'DDm 148
'from l o ~ ~ n t f o r d 20-0-23, DDn. 200 ( 100).
'MMC. 21-LO-28,
'DDn. 218 ( 233-4 ). Cnmenore, 21-8-28.
* DDn. 238 ( 141 )'
bhe mmy wmi o m. o f Webb' e mmpa of Hurtmum
48. n.5 1. -10. 26 ( 19 ) s hews hie route Ahnorm
go Rnder poor of 1808 [ of . 11. pl. g 1, e n d W O . 28
(. 30 ) in an or i gi nal by himself o r Tate of 1819
UI, pl. 6 1, a n d s hews the m o w peeks C. 48 n.61.
~e WR. much offended, junt IW Wi l l i am hed been [aBo.
jm, 3221, a t t he selection of Hodgaon to aucc. es 90..
md he wroto direct t o Govt.. 18-8-11, rosng. his post "so
I wn as the husinew allotted for tho p me n t rein seeaon shew
b completed, and t he map of bhe e ~ ~ r v e y go randy for
blivery, which I expeot will be accomplished by November
next, or December a t farthest.
"Fully nware t hat s e ~ o r i t y alone does not give a velid
&im ... I should not ... allude to my rccent soporcession by
rn oficor who 11nqnot bren n uurvoyor ... one half the time
which I have, did not t hat arrangement heei der t he total
doetn~ction of my hopes over to hccomc Surveyor Genernl
-appear t o nt,tacl~ somu stigma t o my profmsional chnracter.
... I t is now almost fourtoen yellrn 4nce I became u surveyor.
... I have nrver bccn absent esropt on nccount of ~irkn-8. ...
I have ut all time@ endea~oun!d to exRauC my task akXully
and diligently "1. His mo. !vna nrccpkd, but hie comments
severely rcthukcd.
BOO. 2;~lO-2l, nUowod lcnru to tho Prmdcy. to propare
for leave to Europe; DUu. 105 ( 1x0 ), SC. reporta, 21-1-22,
that Wehh had "arrive11 at tilt Prwidmcy and delivered t o
me his mnp and fidd hooke ... up to the 31at Drcember lmt.
at which prriod ... tho Kurneoon survoy wae closed". Webb
then reported t o Govt,.. 2-2-22, tllat he had diaposed of
"al l my sr~rveying uppar81tlLv (esoopt 6 baromatera and 1
soxt n~~t )", nnd wa* on tliv uvo of embarkation.
WESTON, Charles Thomas Gustavus [II,454].
Ben. Inf.
b. 13-1 1-1786. d. Calcut.ta, 97-5-28,
of cholera.
Ens. 25-10-07 ... Capt. 1-5-21.
Son of Charles GIIS~RVIIE WWOB~I I . of NOW Clement's Inn.
In., C1111nir. 23-12-23, Miss Charlotto Jnne Aruold.
Hnrbnn, 117 ( 432 ).
wtro. 17" 1). survd. Chilka Lnko 1.912 [ 11. 12 ; 111. I 9 ]
BMc. 9~-2-16 ( 57 ), baggage mmter t o Ochterlony's column
on ;hr'opiI I.'rontior. Feh. to April 1815 ; 1816, Adjt. Rangpur
Batt. h~lqr*., Titalias.
Boo. 21-2-17, survd.. Dcc. IS16 t o Juno 1817, a r m ceded
by Xopil, on which-notes DYG. in 1848-"little of t he
station ol1)arjeeling can ba gloaoerl".
Boo. 22-7-24, appd. Supt. and Director of Telegraphs,
hohhq post till clcath [ 272 1.
WESTON, Edward. Niigpur sorvico.
Boo. 84- 19 ; Lncal Ens. 1st Rnmporn Local Batt. [ 489 1 ;
ib. 13-3-22. "Leave t o tho Provinces" from 30th April; ib.
17-5-22. disoh. from 1-7-22 with gratuity Rs. 1,200.
Locnl Ofioer, Nilgpur Service. 27-9-12 t o 64-30.
Hodeon. D' ( 583 ).
182%. a ppd. to svy. unde r St ewar t , b u t emp. o n
BVJT. &long Na r b a d a val l oy t o 1.11~ x., havi ng t o br e a k
off before Ma y 182.4 owi ng t o fever. La r ge s cal e
avy. of Nagpt l r c i t y [ 91 1. 1826. rej oi ned ma i n svy.
under Norri s, and emp. o n pl a ne - bbl e s vy. ; 1828,
a l ong t i me o n si ck l eave ; J u l y 1830 t o Mar oh 1831,
with Norri e at M c u t t a compl et i ng ma p s of t h e svy..
drawi ng Rs. 600 pm. [ 92-3 1.
10-3-31, had booked pesseeo hut WIW st.ill in Calautta
27-3-31, nfter Norria had sailcd [ 491 1. Had a son born,
Gl ~ u t t e , 16-9-30.
WriLmZE, h h m. Bea. InE.
b. 15- 74. d., ia Indie(?) %I-69.
Ena. 21-2-21 ... Cape. ! ?&I 4 ; Bt. Maj. 11-1-51 ;
rah 14-2-62; Ron. It GI: 29-11-&t.
Bru. of Richard Whoox [ i nj ], whwe quest br k~ m
8VY. BsBt. came to nothing [ 514 1.
m.. Ludhiina. 20-8-28. Chrieae Mery Orece, ha of
A. P. Torckler, merch. of Calcutta.
H&n, I V ( 485 1.
mo . Mmo. 5-0-20 ; nvy. of " boundnry between Sirhind
& h a j a b " ; ornamental A. point carries signatwe "J. Wdcox
fecit; 4th Regt. m. 21et Nor. 1825 " ; shows rout- 100
m. w. from Lsdhiina.
Bm Regr. 286 ( 134 ) ; svy. of "tom & wnnt r p of Loode-
amh. 725 ycls. t o inch. 1826".
WILCOX, Richard. Ben. Inf.
b. 31-5-02. d. Cawnpore, 28-10-48.
Lieut. 7-12-10 ... Lt Col. 13-345.
Son of lticbnrd Wilcox, wooUen draper in the Strand,
and Jnne his wife : hro. to Joshua [ at rp 1.
m.. GhLipur. 29-7-33, Soaan Jane, dau. of h. IVileon.
of Ghisipur, nnd in will dated 25-1@48 left property t o hi^
7 ohildron ; one of the nsccutora being hi4 " dccwcd wife's"
bro.. Thos. Wilsnn of Ghizipur.
Ho~ison, IV ( 46: ).
sao. 12-Q-20, "having p we d preliminary examination
ia nllowed 12 montha leave from his corpn to prosecute hi
studies a t the College a t (.':rlcutta" ; mil. student a t Ft. Wm.
CoU., Sopt. 1810 to Feb. 1822.
ib. 28-1-24, appd. nast. Rev. Survr., havi ng j oi ned
Rol l i l khand s vy. under Bedforcl 5-12-23 [ 154. 332 1.
ib. 16-9-24, t o mil. servi ce in A a ~ a ~ n f or s vy.
unde r Bedf or d [ 3,53,151,333,423 1. k d . Got i l pi r e
at end of J a n. 1825 ; olnp. wi t h t roops. sur vg. r i ver
br anches a n d ma i n t ri but , ari es a bove J0r hi . t [ 54-5.
464 ] t i l l i nt er r upt ed b y loss of mos t of I b inats. in
boa t acci dent [ jq, 214, 216 Is. H e had, however.
al r eady a t t r a c t e d t h e at t ent i on of Scot t [ 554, 501 1.
who wr i t es pr i vat el y to Govt.. 3-8-25 ; "Li eut .
Wi l cox i s al so ver y desi rous of bei ng al l owed to
expl or e t h e count r y nor t h of t h e mo u t h of t h e
Dewhung. I f ear h o will n o t b e permitte.1 t o d o thie,
o r anyt hi ng el se wor t h not i ce, wh i b t unde r Capt .
Hedford, t her e bei ng s ome s or t of j eal ousy on t h e
Capt ai n' s p a r t [ 523 1. ...
"If I wcre nuthorizrd t o emplop any wlulde~r @ccr
proprrly qualilicd upon thi, duty. ~bnd give him t he r e qui t e
amiat~mre. \Vilaos n.ool,l go, ancl I know no one who L
likely to malio n better use of hi* opportunititu for ohmrva-
tion. He b n moat it~telligent, well-informe~l, young man.
and quite zcnlolw in the cnwe. Having ~uont than once
written publicly on tho c s ~ ~ c ~ ~ c y of axploriuq these un-
kno~vn regions, I have not thooght ic nt~s-+ t o address
you officially on the subject agdin"'.
Gnvt.'s official nppmva l c a me t hr o~l gl l t h e YG. who
g a v e hi s wa nne s t s uppor t [ 5 j-b 1. L ~ v i n g O d p h
27-10-26. Wi l cox ~ t t u t e d b y expl or i ng t h e Subhs i r i .
whi cl i h e f o u ~ ~ d a n unnavi gabl e mc>~mt ai n t or r ent .
He t he n moved u p t u S t d i y t ~ w h m h e 1-d that
Bedf or d ha d n k 1 y been u p t h e Di br u~g ~d been
t ur ne d back by Abor s [ 51-5. 182 1.
Wi t h Bur l t on rw c ompmi on, a n d armed wi t h s ui t -
a bl e gi ft s, h e mn d e sever al expns. between Fe b . e n d
J une up t h e Di hang a n d rive= r ound Sndiya. wher e
BIOGRAPHICAL
he apent the mine lmrning t h e Lenguege end reeding
all h e ooul d h d o n hie aubj eot [ 56-64, 427 1'. After
Bedford' s deper t ur e h e was left a f r ee hand, and in
Oct ober 1836 h e etarted by himself expl ori ng t h e Lohi t
to t h e east of Br d~r na khund. 8 moat diflicult j our ney
f r om whi ch h e waa t ur ned back b y t h e host i l i t y of
the Mislvnis [ 58. 222 1.
Scott gave hie whole-hearted support f nd recdd. t hat a
wa n d officer should assist him [ 56-7 1. From tho arrange-
menta which Lieutenant Wilcom has made with the neigh-
bouring tribes. I ahollld hope thnt during the ensuing cold
weather he will be ablo to trace tbe Dt41ang fnr enough either
to identify it with the S~npo, or t o refute the generally
received opinio~l as to t hat river flowing through Aaaam.
and t hat he will afternards have sufficient time t o pcne-
trate into the B~rhampootur, about. SO miles enatword of
Suddaya, and which iu rrpreeentcd as being inhabite~i by a
oivilicd tribe of Thibetiaus"'.
Wi l cox now ma d e anot her t r i p u p t h e Di hang wi t h
Bur l t on, wi t h l i t t l e bet t er success t h a n before. T h e
Abor s were definitely hostile t o a n y a t t e mp t t o pen-
et r at e t hei r count r y. Though h e wa8 now mor e
c onvu~c e d t h a n ever t h a t t h e gr eat vol ume of t h e
B r a h a p u t r e wat er c a me down t hei r way, h e wos
anxi ous t o visit t h e I r r awaddv a n d test t h e t heor y t h a t
i t mi ght be t h e out l et of t h e Tsangpo. H e a n d Bur l t on
l eft Sadi ya in April 1827 a n d worked t hei r may over
t h e formi dabl e r ange t h a t separ at es Asssm f r om
Uppe r Bur ma. a n d emerged a t t h e smal l t own of
Put ao, now Fort Hcr t z, wher e t he y f ound t h e w.
feeder of t h e Irrilwntldy, her e caller1 Na m Ki u o r Mali
Hk a , a smal l forrl al ~l e ri ver t h a t coul d not possibly
cont ai n t h e wat er s of Ti bet . The y wer e back at
S d y a 9 w e e h a f t m t hei r s t ar t , compl et el y wor n o u t
and maturated wi t h fover, b u t t r i umphant t o ha ve
di sposed of a t heor y t he y h a d never believed in3
[6*3, 79, 220, 428-31. PI. 7 1.
Wilcor wes shaken in hralth, hut by no mearu broken in
spirit, and being prevented by the Abors from tracing the
waters of the Brahmaputrafurthur up the Dihsng, he obtained
p e b i o n to make a more thorough s111.voy of the great river
t owar b Bengal. He writes to the SG.. 1-8-27; "It is
only the nepd I have for money ( nap. I must say ... t hat while
there remained any thing t o be discovered I would never
leavo the field) ... t hat prevenb my asking permiasion to
return to my dutim as Revonue S~uveyor in a more con-
genial climate. But. in truth, this severo bout of i l h a has
alarmed me, & I cannot help refleoting how many ... offiaem
have been out off in h a m , & I have douhtrr whether or
not I should beg you to send me back to Moradsbnd-Rs. 100
a month ie an object to me"' [ 217-4 1.
Again, 9-8-27 ; "I hopo you will not take the rivcr survey
out of my hands ; I am very anxious to perform it", and on
the 18th. "My map is not yet begun, and I incur the dis-
pleeaure of the Doctor ... by poniating in ... calaulationa neoes-
eary for ita construction. ... I hopc ... I tuay have the survey
betwmn Goalpara & Suddeeya. I feel anxious to perform i t
became I think I know enough of the higher branohes of
muveying ...to give you satisfaction ( though not much of a
mathematician ) ".
Eodgson replied sympathetically; "I will write for
authority for your drawing aalsry during t he raina [ 3491.
I think you did well to return t o Binhneuth6, and hope t he
change will reutore your health, and that you will be able t o
pecue.vore with o w workn in Awm. I do not think there
in any chanoe olo0icem being sent back t o the Revenue from
the aeogrsphioal Survey. It waa effected with gr-t &fioulty
i n Bedford's inatnnce, but you have a more important part
to f u u , and I hope your health will bear you out.
ff fever
a t t a c h you t he only remedy 1. a sea voyage, I helieve3Y.
In s pi t e of ill-health Wi l cox wea l ot h t o leave
h a m . He wri t ea t o Hodgson from GauhLti, 28th
Aug. ; "I am under eome apprehensi on t h a t I shell
n o t b e abl e t o g o t o wor k ver y ear l y in t he sewon.
Th e Doct or t hr e a t e m me wi t h ei t her a hill or
t r i p, if af t er a f ew daj-s I d o n o t get p e m d I
bet t er. Th e bill a n d sick bungal ow a r e near, t h m-
fore m y choice i s set t l ed, b u t t h e r oad is through a
jungle, a n d n o bearers b u t t h e uncout h l abo~uem of
t h e count r y. AIy pulcle a t t h b moment ie 120
[eic ] a n d i t is sel dom lower. I am a h o miserably
weak i n hodi l y power a n d i n di gest i ve organs. I hope
nevertlroloss t o fiuht i t out " [ 400 1.
He a~h. 28-8-27. thlrt hia bro. Joshua [Sup] may join
him as a t . , "recommending very earnestly to pour notice
the elder of my young brothers. who draws beautifully, and
is wall qualified I>y e~lucation to become my cueistant9'.
i t h. Soyt.; '?Lt. Burlton will leave me. I believe, this
month. & I heartily wirh I oould till his place by getting my
broiher tu nssiutant. ... I t would be a great objeot sr ~d a
oomfort t o h ~ v o with mo a brother rather t l ~nn a atrenger".
28th. Oct. I...returk~ my hrst thanks for the interest
you...expresa with regi~rd to attnching my brother to me.
He in now at Loodhceunnh, and liar brrn in the country
about 33 years. ... The assintance, even of IL bogianer, would
be of rnntariul uso in tho survey of tho river, & transit
lunar observrrtioru"~.
HO xwite.1 to Hodgsun who wns anxious to get the ~ccouut
of his Icruwnddv journey well pub.; "&ither Burlton nor I
shall objrct t t , ~ ~ I I I . doing whatever you think fit with the
jourual [ 63 1. ... I feel it almost a duty to draw up a more
formal acoount of our j,)urnoy through those wilds, which will
not be again visited for centuries prbapn. But it will be
a task kl curnest for me; I...fear to fail sadly in memoir
writing. ... I have now been fighting ageimt diarrhma & for
i t taken reat & plenty of stultifying laudanum"@.
He withdrew t o thc little burrgalow just built a t Nongkhlao
in the Kh b i hills [64, 4311. "13th. Sept. I start for
Nungklow on the 2nd. ... and there I do not propose to bE
idle, either with the pen or perambulator".
He wa s i nt erest ad i n t h e r oad bei ng made t o
Cherrapunj i , a n d doubt ed whet her i t could ever be
ma de fi t f or wheel traffic ; "I have eeen onl y a amall
port i on. ... I went t h e gr eat er part of t h e way from
Gowhut t y t o Nungkl ow in 8 c l o d palenkeen +hen
in a we a k s t a t e of heal t h, a n d when on my return 1
wa s occupi ed wi t h anxi ous t hought s about my ex-
pedi t i on ... t o t h e east ward. ...
"I propose to doscrihe what hnd been done to make the road
as far as Nungklow where tho convalescent bungalow hm been
built. Beyond t hat place, I believe, i t was not intonded to
carry it. ... So much wae done by a very few IoboureIl in
t he period of my stay there, that there remained no obstwb
to riding up the entiio =cent, where before i t had been
imprscticable, or a t least utterly uneafe [431. 464 1' . *..
The erpu. "t o the eaetward" had to be abandoned;
"On the f2nd November, being very anxious to take edvant-
y e of en unexpected offer of safe conduot to ~ o o n s k h o o ~ ' ~ *
made by some envoys from the Shau government, L sterted
from Nong Klow t o recover strength and health to fit me for
the undertaking, hut e severe relapse obliged me to rema*
under the care of the surgeon a t Bishnath, and UP to this I
have been unable t o oarry ou any other duty than 'JO~ying
' A0 R. X M ( 341060 ). a DDn, 219 ( 1 2 4 ), 28-9-28. UJoumal, DDn. 220. M 470 ; AsR. XVII (412-53) ; notebook,
10 Cat. ( 118-8). 'Aaet. Rev. Survrs. drew Rs. 260 pm. [ 350] .
'20 m. above Tezpur.
WDn. 220 (253). 20827.
'DDn. 29.1 ( B H l ). 'DDn. 214, 7-9-27. DDn. 224 ( 10610) 1G-10-28.
XOMaingkwan, in Huhkn.wng valley, 82 B/11.
NOTES
WILLIAMS
a few papora". Hla 10tkr continuos from Oauhirti; "I am
still suffering for my temority in venturing thro' the jungles
in 31By & June. Nor am I nln~~o irr this, for here I found
~ t . Bnrlton ohligod to leavo his rond-making to seek medioal
aid ( Iio has besu liable tr, attncb of fever ever since our
return ). 1 waa 81) little benefittad by rest & medioino at
miahoath, that Dr. O'Dwyer strongly recommondotl my
proreedit~g nt once for tho Praairlenay. and thence to aea"1.
It ww big11 timu for 11im to oacapo fro111 the enervating
climate of Assam. repeat*.d reinfection wit11 malaria, and
constant temptation to bu "up and doing". "Xy leaving
the hills seems tu hnve been n vurv prnruature act, causiug o
complete Iouo of time. for hall I remninml there anothor
month, doing wcU, 1 sh~l~lld perhaps hnvo been gaining R
stock of health to fit niu for nutivu dutica, whercsa I...now
he ; under acroh il deranged state of tho digestive organs
thnt ... tho Surgcon of the station th~nks it \vould hu hlghly
impropur for mo to proceed out of reaol~ of modical u~d"'.
Hodgnon was al armo~l and twlced Govt. t o call
him ( l o m~ t o Calcutta nnd send him off t o sea;
"Poor \\'ilcox ... is In n bad wa) . The wisest thing
110 COI I I I I (lo would bn t o come (iotvn, nqa rnarr in nt~clr
a w~lbli st at e ctul (11ily utay t o Iiiq ~I t ) st r ~i ct i on"~ [ 64] .
\Vdcox started down t o Calcutta in Feb. 1828 md ,
making u svy. of t he river on his way, did not arrive
till June. After severnl montlls in t he SGO. working
on 11is Irltq) [ 61, 298, 111. 7 ] he w'w granted 5 mo.
leave t o Batavia f'rnrn 30-6-20, rejoining 8-12-29.
He completed hi9 Inapa, r~ntl then resumed svy. of t he
lower Brahn1nputrt1, h a v u ~ g t he wt o e . of Ommanney
from Oct. 1830 [ 16.64, 493 1.
ACCI,IIII& of i ~ i r work in Amam appeared in several
contempornry journals, including Asiatic Iteaearches.
vol. 16. A conlplete Memoir covering 1825 t o 1928
appears in An. It. XVII ( 314--400 ), with e map of NE.
Frontier, scale 32 111.t o i i ch [ pl. 7 1.
Served Int,er in CTS. nntl, frorn 1835 till death, t ~ s
Astn)nomer t , ~ t,he l i i ng of Oiirlh a t Lucknow [ 93 1.
WILLIAMS, Monier [ 11, 4569 1. Bo. Inf.
b. c. 1777, St. John's, Newfoundland.
d . Naples, 30-11-23; MI.
Lieut. 23-12-1798 ... furl. Nov. I821 ; Lt Col.
9-1-22. SG. 13omhav, 1H07-15.
Son of Georgo ~i l l i nrn< CJ. Newfonu~llnnd, nnd hlarie
wutinuanoe of hie pay 84 Ymrveyor General, in wocipt of 90R
rupees pcr month as a member of the Hevenue Survey (!,,m.
mittee" [ j SI 1. He went on to ask for "the allowanoe ~rrunlly
granted to all officer nt the head of a aurvoy. from the time
he ocwed to draw the pay of Surveyor Uenerel". mud pointmi
out that he had "nearly ~lmpletorl nineteen years ssrvice in
India, without having been once nbaent from dut on scmunt
of ill-health ; and never on leavo but for air weel8 in the end
of tho ear 1814, when every offioor in the Dopsrtt. was
dbablegby a fever which rqwl in Chojerat" [ z h ] .
He continued na member of t he Com. of Rev. Svys.,
holding ch. of rev. svy. st Broach, end later of
Gujariit, and continuing t o act as adviwr t o t he
Bo~ubay Govt. on aU s w . matters 1 5-6. 122. 1x1.
L " . .
169-70. 292, 321-z, 343 1. Besirles Ilia rev. svys. his
most irnportent fd. svya. had been those of Qi~jarAt
carried out during 1809-10 [ 11,170-3 1, and svya. of
t he GhLts and t he Atavisi tu the E. of DBman, m ~ l e
in 1816 [ 122-3 1. Took particular interest in pre-
parir~g a revised erln. of Reynold's great map, whioh
he completed in 1821 [ II. 284-5 ; III, 279-80 1.
In 1830 he called attmtic~n to hismemorinl of ld17. "I wn*
not honored with an acknnwle~l~rrncnt. ... rmtl. a, nonnswer.. .
has vet come from Engla~~rl. R ~ I I hv tho late arrirnI+, I am
app~t.hcnaivc thnt it was never irnnsmittud. ... rhnt the
duties of Surveyor Oencrt~l were important is ackno~l ed~e~l .
That they wcre dischnrgerl by rue with ndvantn~z. to the public
sorvice, I appeal to the rtwords. ... Th w dutios Ilnve been
continued unaltered in mu hands up to the prewnt rlnv. ...
In addition to thase I hnve heou emploved on two Miriiond.
or~e to the pettv stato of Aiigria, and"the other to that of
Yandvee, but without receiving or desiriog nny reward.
capt tau^ ... Sutherlaud ... l~as mince met with groat. advance-
ment; six other oliiccn ... were also coutinue(1 on a f;,otinq
qnitn unaltwed. ... I alone havesuffered ... loas".
He was thereupon given authority t o proceetl by
rn t o Calcutta on duty, with a copy of t he great.
map, and r epr es e~~t hiu cnqe in p n r . ~ ~ n to t he Supr er n~
Govt. He eugyepted t l ~ a t lie might obtain further
mnp material from the depot* a t Mrrrlriu and Calcutta,
and t hat t he Directors might nll,)w hun t o continue
work on i t after his return t o Engl ~~~l d' .
By t he time. Iiowever, t hat t he map waa ready.
news came ofHodgson's nomination t o succeed as SG.,
and in disgust Wi l l i ~ ~ n s abandoned his visit to
Calcutta r 280. qoo 1.
- - - -
Monior, of Jersey, his wife.
The map wna sent without him. with an nppwcintira
m.. Bombat., 2R-12-1 I, Hnnnah Sopllia. dau. of -J. T.
letter from Bombay CK9tle ;'.At the ill~pection of it. presrionSl~
Brown, of ~ 1 ~ : ' s service ; fabher ofSir Monier Monier-Willinms
bo it, being packerl for ~ ~ l ~ , ~ t t ~ , the covernor in council was
( Isle-99 ). DNB.
struck with the carcfubiess. diatinctne~s, and haruty nf the
1790-1802, with Pioneers in Rialabar, frequently execution, and he trush that llnjor Williams will be considmrl
on svy. [ I, 132 ] ; 1802-7, asst. t o Reynolcb, SG.
as entitled to the approbation of HL~ Lordnhip in Council
~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ , at surat, being promoted to D~~~~~~
for having brought so exten~ive nnd vnluahle piece nf Cm-
graphy to n complot,ion. ... Major Willinma lina superintended
[ 11,323 I ; and, from 2-3-07, succg. as SG. [ 11, 306 I.
the execution of the work gretllitouslp..~.
On abolition of post of SG. Bombay, Williams He pressed -gain for speoiel nllccq. a~ head of the Harvey.
protested, without effect, a t not being selected t o be
and for refund of eotual cxpenscw [ 322 1. I'nrvt. qrerd thnt
SG. rndia [ 306, 457 1 ; H~ even persuded friends
an ~ U C C . of Rs. 80 pm. shoultl he grunted for the cont. rrpcnses
in England to clirect to India Ho., on tile
of the last G years, and recdd. to the Directom that he should
he given a special snlorv cqunl to that of the ISU. at %dm*.
Directors refusing t o consider such i r r e . ~ l a r aPPn.. Aftor lonn delav the ~i r eot nn allthorizd an udditioual allce.
submitted a lenqihv netition dated 10-6-17 : he
ofFt.9. 20; "from tho period of the abolition of the o6ce and
~ - -.-.
o--~d L - - - - - ~
surveys ... were ... contint~wi ~ md e r t he direction of
s d a ~ of Surveyor Cen~ral".
Your memorialist in t he same mttnner ccs before. ...
He insisted on his msn. and t he following sppre.
~ 1 1 the oficers...continue in the receipt of their
oiation ww k u e d from Bombay Cestle. 17-11-21 ;
former allowancm, under your memorialist. ...
"The Hon, t he Governor in Council permita Yaj or
"l.'our memorialist b at present, and was before tllp di*.
hfonier Williams. ... Superi nt endi y t he Revenue an.1
' DDn. 224 ( R7 ). 1-1-28. 1DDn. 214, 15-12-27. a DDn. 291 ( 77) . 14-1-28.
afrom Williams 13-11-3). RB, SC.
3SfllH20. ' DDo. 101 ( 345 ), 26-7-2 I.
WOTHERSPOON 616 BIOGRAPHICAL
Topographi cal Sur vey of auzer at . t o reaign that
s i t uat i t ~n, a n d t o proceed t o Engl and o n his pr i vat e
&airs [ 322, 343. 435 I. ...
"The Governor ~9 happy t o bear teotimony t o the ertrn-
o:dinnry zeal and ability manifested by Major Williams in
tho course of the survey, ... the result of which haa dnr de d
... ~r g w t body of authentic and valuablc information. ... In-
dependent of Lhe immediate dutias of his office, the Governor
in Council hna bcen frequently indebted t o the public zeal
and geographicd knowledge of Major Williame"l.
WOTHERSPOON, William. Mad. Engrs.
b. 13-8-1793. d. nr. Nggpur, 15-1-17 ;
MI. SitBbaldi aem.
Eus. 27-7-1 1.
Son of John \Votherjpoon, merch. Glaacow, anJ Joan
Gross liis wife.
Crofton. I ( 3 ).
Oct. 1816, with Doveton's force 011 svy. of pasues 8. of
Wardha R. [ 83 1.
WRIGHT, Charles Robert. Bo. Inf.
bapt. 3-3-02. d. Poona, 13-4-20.
Iieut. 3-1-19.
Son of Capt. Charles Wr kl ~t , comdg. a csdet co. a t Rrc..
and Harriet his wife.
DDn. 115 ( 171-4). C2-'20, as3t. on h c n n Svy. [ 12j-6 1.
WROUGHTON, Robert. Ben. Inf.
bapt. 3-8-1797. d. Fatehgarh, 14-2-50.
Lient. 14-18 ... JIaj. 29-748 ; inv. 31-749.
Son of &urge Wroughton, formerly attorney of Caleuttn,
Comdt. of Wakefield Local Militia, and Diana his wife ; bro. of
H. F. Wroughton. Ben. Inf.
m., Barhampore. 31-12-19, Sophia Eliza Amelia. &u. of
Col. Wright.
ed. Xddincomhe, 18134 ; Cht ham till Dec. 1816 ; aelectad
for Enurs. 13-11-15 : tr. t o Inf. Dm. 1816. ..- - -
~ o &n . IV ( 533 j.
Apri l 1818, o n svy. of M&t &bhhga It. [ 151-2. 4251.
aco. 19-10-21, appd. Aeat. t o Rev. Survr. , Gor akh-
p u [ 151, 333 ] ; ib. 12-2-24, pr omot ed Rev. Sur vr .
in ch. [ 152, 332, 455 ] ; ib. 16-9-24, Bur mese War , t o
mil. service, j oi ni ng Ar akan force unde r Schal ch
[ 68-9, 151, 333. 435 ] ; sur vd. mu t e t o Ar akan capi t el
-distinguished servi ce at capt ur e, 1 4 2 5 - + p e n t six
weeks o n e svy. of city-Mentioned i n di spat ches
[ 181-2, 199 1.
"To Lt. Wroughton of the Survey Department I am
particnlwly indebted, not only for the reconnsiaaance he
mado when we neared the enemy. but especially for die-
covering the pstha by whioh Brigr. Rioharda with the column
under his command gained the right ,of the enemy's podition".
I d a . I. XIII, 1822 ( 618 ). a Gout (Jar. 14-4-25. a DDn.
-
After the night attack. "at f pHst 11, the appointed rocket,
nignd wn.3 thrown np, iuld Liellt. Wroughton ... returned
from the height, bringing the ~r : ~t ef ul intelligence tllat, tho'
the fire of the enemy had heen Ileavy, tho atookatle llad
been gained without a man on our aide being killed"'.
June t o Oct. 1825, on nick leave to Bnnaren : Snv.,
from Barrackpore for tr. from Arnk~rn refused hy SO. for lack
of mc. ; 25-12-2.5, co. a t Chedubareports; " Lieut. Wrollrhton
survcyor to tho South-Eaat Frontier, huving arrived I I ~ , thi;
island in the brig Brangham. This vessel ... was bn1111d to
h r ~ c a n , but iu consequence of the late severe g ~ l e w ~ s tiriven
in here in distress, having Ioyt lier musts. Lieut. Wrougllbn
hna not been ablo ta leavu his bed eince his arrival here, and
still continlles in n prccariol~v Ytate. ... I...enclore a medical
cortific~te"~.
28-1-26, r epor t s r et ur n t o Hamaclipore. BOO.
17-2-26, re-t r. t o Rev. Svy., t o rosume d ~ ~ t , y a t
Cor akhpur [ 160. 165, 299, 365. 370, 388-9,4741.
Oct . 1830, af t er promot i on t o Capt . and close of
Gor ackhpur svy., revert ed t o regtl. dut y at Mut t re
[ 152, 213, 334. 342 ] ; r e - e ~np. on svy. April 1832.
1 8 4 6 7 , DSG. a n d Supclt. Rev. Sq w. Bengal.
YOUNG, Robert. Mad. Inf.
b. 2-8-1789. d. Masulipatam, 2-7-23.
Ens. 1-1-07 ... Bt . Capt. "-3-21.
Sun of Rev. Davit1 Young, minieter of Foulden, co. Uer\\ick.
m., Xadrns. 9-9-19. Mnry H R ~ ~ P WO I I ~ [ si c] , pr. d~11. (,f
Col. Josepl~ Haselwood [ 11. 466 1.
June 1807. MMI., cl. LII [ 11. 320 ] ; aroo. 3-8-09, yd.
discipline "test" of White MuLiny [ 11, 314 1 ; r c~d. from .nm.
21-1-10, ou account of ill-health.
MMC. 12-1-11. as Adjt. 25th NI.. leave on me. to sea
"having for a length of time laboured under severe attack8
of fover, with an uKection of the liver" ; Moo. 6-10-12, to
Europe on mc. ; again 31-8-16; cnt o M.. 29-5-18, permitted to
return ; 1819. with HyderLbLd Subsy. Force.
DDn. 149 ( 152 ). 12-10-20, recdd. by Col. Hasel.
wood f or empt . on svy., "well qualifier1 ... mathematics
a n d drawi ng" [ 341 ] ; MQO. 11-5-21. t o oh. of Hyder-
Bb&d Svy. af t er Conner' s de a t h ; del ayed b y dut y aa
ect g. pyrnr. t o Nigpur Subsy. For ce ; left Ni gpur
P12- 21, assumed ch. of svy. at HytlerBbtid 28th
Dec. ; 18-8-22, allce. increased f r om Rs. 350 t o 575
pm. [ 117-8,320. 350,41?;8 I.
DDn. 200 ( 75 ). 30-5-23.
compelled to leave the field of
a me y on the 4th March, from a sl ~arp attack of the liver;
June 1823, granted 6 mo. leave to the comt ; "a fever nnd
liver oomplaint contracte~l on the mountnins near Perwut-
tum [509 ] terminated his existol~ce on the 2nd July last
a t Masuliptam, to which place he had proceeded on the
advice of his n~edic.rl attondunty "1 [ 5, 342 1.
213 ( 90 ). ' frotn Mountford, DDn. 900 ( 322 ). 27-11-23.
Pe p 482, col. 2. linen 2-3, jor baa been described read wan flrst examined, 1836-0 and aftur Harknessfw
read nt the request.
Bablnuton. Bcnian~in Guy ( 1104-1808 ), MCS.. MU. 1830 ; ma. :
DNU: 408.
BedrlnBth ' ~ a r h wi l I11 PI. p 1 34 n 1 40 205 n.0. 512.
B w r si, 43-4, ha, ai, IW, ioo, i2i, ' 46i, 475 :-Porters. 42-1. 61.
72. $2443, J56, 3 ~ 4 ; u. euolles.
BaaMBd. 4.94.
Ba~helkhand cr. 0. Uewa, pls 1 24.
BaUey. Fred. ~Arnhnlau ( b. i& ), IA. Pol. Dent.. cln ; 63 n.8.
Balllio :-Clm. ( 1785-1833 ) lust. rev. aun'r.. 873-4. 384 :-Wm.
1763-48) Bm. Enpls 1 I j r o I 297.
Balr6 Ylr asi id ( 3757-1126 ) ; Bart. (11, 460 1, DSD. ; DIB. : 450.
~s!&anl Mst.. Benml. 13941, 147, 367.
Baker. Oodfre . Phiprm ( 17tlB-l%60 ), Beu. Inl. [ 11, j8o;I. 308.
~(als&t CP. 1 1 a++ 1. w n.5 01.
~alesore. ' ~rlsaa, , i. %~. 371, 461; pb. I, 24.
Balenrir Is.. M, ~dl hr r nn~a ~~. 226. 23i.
~alncl1i3tan, 473, 4.53.
. .
Bamboo :-jungle, 22, 73, 104, 418 :-poles, 16743, 170, 803, 204, 271,
519. 394. 431 : v. Iloda.
~ d r u i t c y , ' 4 7 ~ ; h. Debt.
Bmdlte, damits, robbrm. 1.100, 219,235,270. 2W, 400-10,488, 607 ;
u. Plunderera.
hngalore. Yytnre, Bi, 4in, 48211.0 ; pb. 1. 24.
banaar, or main merrlunU. 249. 411.
~ a e m , lndlsn, 827.
Bsnkok. Siaul. 77. 80. 431. 413.
PIS. 1. '24.
Bark yulnlne. 224.
~ & r d y 81.
barlow), h b t . ( liW-1846 ), MC9. 1605-20, 2i4.
buna r d Andrvs . bw ta toovt. Cnlrtuwn r . 1707-1804 ' 468.
b r n e t t , ' ~ h ~ . ( L.' I& ), sut. sinr. ; ~ U U 11.1,101, 104. B~0.373.376,
378, aM.
Besluhr, ~i ppr r sutiei, 31. 33, 10. 422; 287, 401 : 91. 6.
Basus vaUcy, upper Slltlrj. 4&3, 461 : pl. 6.
Bawi n . Bon~bns lZa CJII. yl. 1 :-Burma, 73, i d.
Bat nvi n' ~avn 2 i i 99i 4 i i 515.
Bate d b r . n k tri~: i~kt.-u;aker, ~ o u l t r g 8t., Londou. 18~8.48 ; IPO,
417.
~ e a n i cdniye$u.s 214 251 2ai.
Bearers 13 2UU '396 ji1 ~- ~nl nuql l i e 492, 511 514. 13. Baag~~ge.
~enr l n&: - ~ol ; ~~ass' 20, 4.4, 61, 77-8: laa. 204 rol. 4a4, sw:-to
hills. 11. 68-0, tli, 132:-Thaodollte, 22, 2U6, ,44i, 111).
Ben18 23 243 309.
~eat l Ap. Ar noggin#. 172, 3e2.
Benteoe, Alex, 1759-1830 ), Mod I nr I, 311-a ] ; 96.121.
Besu+a! ~~, , M hlughby (iou. ( d.,'Mo&tyr. 1844); Ben. Ilrl.; Haboo,
Beer 491 508. ' . ' -
~elc&nbe: Mort~ehal ; Oovr. Poadicl~erry o. 1775 ; 113 u.4.
Belgaum Dewall 125.
Bell : ~ l k . ( h. ' 1~1~11 ) sub-naat.. 105 3i0 :-Ww. ( 17dd-1817 ),
rcs. 475 :-Lleut. ol' au.3 9t. IYU-5
~ e ~ a ~ ~ b e c e a n , 115-13. I r a, 249, 468, 440,'498; PI. 1.
BsUev e, r)ab~lran~rur, 38, 176-7, 204 ' pl 5.
Benare?, 21. 00, YU. 190. 262, 8744, a q. 354, 4 ~ 7 , 425, 44B. 487,
401. 5Ubi . 511 :-S\y. by bkphcn, 2,. 448 ; pls. I. 24.
r. 3lppur. ' . .
. ..
Berge. bfattlicw. Lnst..lnnkcr, Piccndillg. Londuu, 100. 182, 214.
Be r hml ~ur OanJalu lU3-4.
Bcrtie \vL ( b lrllh](l ) neat slum. Uolubag. 381 3dO.
~ ~ & ~ L u $ ~ & ~ ~ ; ~ c ~ $ , %&
h, 451. 465, 46b ; Ill. 5.
BIUJU~~~LIII' n. ; denah. 2. '15.560 : - o' ar l ~wn~, 38-6, 38-0; PIE.
467 400.
- . . .
bihonoidkk, parcel pmt by runner, 3, 158 n.7. 180, 208, 214, 218, ZOO,
%A8 394 419 445.
Bhnratdur, liajpdtina, cupture of, 10-188 ; 20-7. #SO. 402.4UO.
Hhlla. 128, 1211, 426. 430. 44U.
B t h 11.. Vcecan, 119.
BhWi, or pnkhdli, water carrier, 395, 413.
Bhullsla Hi j a v. YBgpur.
Bl~opkl. 3til&, &voy 4,L; 3. 87-90. 180. 802, 204, 216, 283, 396 11.4.
414, 4..,2,4*2, 484 ; pis. 1, 24.
Bhobl ~aswi l r ~ Vuttnck. 478, 481.
Bhalua. ( or hubkhdli ) Dint., Bewal, 198 425.
Bhutdn 45 04 426 494 WO. I I . v. hbet .
~ ~ ~ u t l n s ' or'~~thtnn;.e 46 47' ki.%t.nhot or Juwahir pl. 0.
BILIUI. I j r can. J, B A ~ ;.I.'.zz~: mi. PJU, 401'. v. ~a a e ~~ne ' .
&ha( 1 135 1 oboutlluU~rnncre 186-7 14(1 168 162-1 100 178.
Blhir :--llul.' 137 275 : - Pr ov~co 26 13i ldu 204 ' 2 ~ ' yl. I.
n 111ur ~cer t ; l l 6' 115-6 l i l 421'426 436 44d &LIB; pl. ' ~.
&r, d ~ g rr, 2: . i57, auCs : Lor ; , s, $22, ;lo n:r.
Bhou. sltacka, 3W, 4O2.
Blnuy & Co.. n~rrcllnn(a, Madres, 810, 475, 477
Ulot. Jean-Bnptbte 17i4-1802 ) . Frcnch ps'tmnornsr RdS( mn
x x l l ~ ( 131. 1-2, ; L P r q r . XI, i xxrv ) ; 179. 189.28d.
Blrd :-llobt. Mt?rttcns ( 1718-1853 ) . oc4 . DYB. . 150 :-John,
( 17OU-DO) . Illet-nulker DSB . 2jd :-i6m. ( 1765-16.20 ),
survr., 0d 11:3, I UI . LUG?, L L U i B , 117 n.0,978-4,3111. 401).
P l r h 33 2873 138 4Lu .AU4.
tlm~l;p ;i. ca~f ut l a: ~ d i .
Blanketa $2. 468.
Blanks 1; a s ps , 6, 24-5, 63, 91, 87-8, 1112, 104, 113, 124, 288, 200,
140.
Blerh d m Richrl. ( d. 182.2 ) civ. arcl ~l t ec Calcutta 388 n.7 426.-
2 8 . ( 170819-1845 ). :-Men Kahhluen, auihoress k. 1,
xlx. 600 0.6.
Boat X~ i Gi i o i ~ : o. AUowanw%.
Bolllnu of:-JI~.rcury, 35 : -Wnt r llelqhtn by 31 36-13 204 "22
Boldcro, Jc>lln htephcn ( l i 0 l - l ~ j i ) ). ncs. l i l l 7- ~2, .l.'~agk: 3-
ralbpor. 181.5 : PI. 5 n.
Boles.-?llm. ( d. 1850 ), Mild. Inf., Ena. 1788. Lt Gen. lit41 : DIB. :
~omro"33;
~or t bGi ck alt*s. ( 1788-1817 ) Mad. Inf. ( II zo J 410.
Botanical icdua.. Sl bpw, 12, 3i , .48 n.2, 381, id n . i 502.
Dotanistn 91 2i3.
~ o * m y 508 512.
~ o t e l l n ~ ~ h : s . . ' c l e r ~ . 314 n.4.
81 :-Uurma 6B-7 118-9 404 : - c o ~ i f wd ' 124 .+ 07 .-
dernurut l on' l 0 2 i 60 1i1 163 167 182 h 2 ~ . l ~ h t r l ? &&t b t e
12 18 39 48162' ~7 '114 144' 155'207'210 '276 h40 447-8.482 :-
~&a & ;r urnlindaris,' 12. '135: I S~ . mi 1?4 '968 .-~ore@
{WesslonS, 98 :-at Illdln, 425 :-~ladraa, 41s. 3'16, PI. i l n . Mala-
&I , 113 :-NWpw 01, 120 :-Nepal, 19-20 :-Nhm'a T e d -
torloa 103 116-7 1 h 418: - 4udh 20: -paruOM Lduk Orlliona
23 &, 98' 125 i s 8 '1134 14s-a' 160 168 ]tie, mi, 383:'
~u;lrlnrl,n~;s, l i l - 3 : kqurvby, 2, l 0i . 156-0o. ko7, 411-2, 449 :-
Tra\.nnrorr. IIJII-i, 111) n.4 :--VILI.AGB:-U~
141-2 lea-i Is:{-4, Isw-a, 1ti2, 2 2 , 306 : ~ d ; n % . a ~ 6 ~ ~ : :
173 : - I ~ n & d , 1ti6.sas.904.
B~undr uy : - WmWoucr a. 19-81 86 107-8 455 :-Dinputma 21.
60 108-0 I44 140 140 153-g 16%6l. ld8, 173, 207-8. 6 i l :-
~d1.m 2i-2. (IF~. k7, 1i2,'148,'155. 456.
b ~ b o n , or Reukuon. 1. 437
Bowd compldnta 401-1 478 488 494 614. u p t a n .
Bowman :-( hd. ' ~on~k' hl no: 18i 9 7b, 13i : ohn Jamm Bobeon,
Wt . YAster AtLdt. Cnloutta 1LU 74
Boyce W ~ I . a t ~ol uba; c 1807-i0 285-70.
Boynd ~ r n d e l s civ. wt. i f 8 n.2 684
~ n d a l ; n ~ . parish ( i 7 8 ~ i 8 2 1 ) den. i nr. [ 11, 38 n.s I, 428, 469.
k ~ d y John ( 1808-26 ) Ben. Ar t . 73
B r d a h m d A- 3 '68-60 22d 423, 427 n.8.614 ; pl. 7.
BMUII~U 36' 3eo-1 ' 3i a 4e4-k d o .
Bnhmap; t t k R. I b 18' 4 ~ 6 ' 7 8 214 423 4e? 484 493 613-4 :-
S O W ~ ~ of. A. h3L. '6686,'70: 182: 4x7,' 120: 461: G O ~ ; DL 7 :-
n m ~ I ( ~ ~ ; ~ p f , 188.840, 616.
SiGi-iiYi~ 21s 2x1 em-1, uo ; 0. cimm ; s d a .
~ m b h dmn 'odcitk '314
Bret t ' ~ m . ' ~ h o m n ( d'laE.7 ) Mad. AIL 111 61 919.
Drew&, 8lr ~ a v I ~ 1 7 8 1 ~ 1 0 0 8 ) UD. ; W. bk
Brlar maa. 4).
BIldgea 12-4 28 36 68-80 68 313 316 428 430-2 48&. 500.
higda'.dd $11 : - ~al dr 4i 7 & I. dz a
Bri In, kl chd. H*! b. 1801 i lob:rut:, l l d , 887 a., 878, 8.91.
Brltlah.-Anny 48 .-A~oclatlon 107 210, U 8 : ~ ~ ~ cB
d t o ~ ~ d 1 220 274 301 . 61.1 :IFI 434 :-Lnd1% 189 :-
measta 'of' Arc. 8 :-ku.&m 267 &can . 0. E w o p ~ ;
Ml l l t y ::Warrant Ornoern nai, .-trdopa 337 6bl 508.
Broaeh [ I pl 1 5 Bamcbe I l i q 38i 1% :-br.'[lvg.' 6 8 122-8,
138, lie, 167,'18e70. 17'4.2dO. 343. 887. 436, 4~) , io3: A, 616;
ol. 18 n.
Droohb&watchmher 218.
Brodls Thoa. ( 180fr7d). Ben. Inf. 1827-54; pd. nervlos, b m ;
0iv 1818. 84 600.
B m m i t a d 86 ~ h m . ( d. 1838 ) .Ban. Cav I1 &r 81 UB
~mWUhne Robl. B h w ( 1790-1891'). Bw. Id. lb&& 8s6.
Bmm oh& Alex. rncrcb. of Sadl y4 '$18.
~ m c k i as;. Bsrn;a Bo. h.. Hdpn. 1811 ; 17. 138 n.1.
~ m8 e s ' B e lum 478.
rush is, a n t , i n .
Bryce Rev Jamea edltor Caleultn, xxl. 83 0.6.
~ u e d l l a n , 'Dr. .la&s, cr, ~a mi l t on.
B n r k h'nthnnlel( 1799-1925 ) Ben. Id. 1 II, 384 1, 489.
~ u d d h e t religion, 473, 481, 40d.
M n r o ~ o , or country boat, 56. 470, 480.
Budge-Badge. Hm,wal. 448, 4i9.
RUAUII, llro. Lollls Lcrlprc ( 1707-88 ) ; Frcnch ~ t o m l i a t ; Glf.
Bwgy. or pony-tral, 4"5.
Bul l di nc~ IFntnstnr:tit;n of, 423 :-mappr.d. 13, 183 :---defended. 447.
Bukhbt l t l rkl sl , ~n 43-4, 152, 4Ui-i, 50s.
~111ftnduiial~r. ~j , ; , r; I'rnvloces. 21 :-Rev. Svy., 151, l j J , 370-2, 427 ;
n l .,A
~ l l l l ~ ; h ~ ; n r k 51 71 32- 384 4 l i 5W :-at RPU 472 : m. Cattle.
Bundcl khand. ' ~. !;. 8i . I&, 279, 2i;. 404, M8. 47;:-~ranklln's s v . .
9. 81-2, 2081-t. 283 YU3-4 3 3 M 354. 394. 448:-Hapa of, 274;
zso 280 149. 504 :-NOU~T S V Y B : ~ ~ .
~r u~a a l dwa $6 1116 109 11;l. 4115, 478. 514.
Bwdwi t ~. Bcngrrl, i aj . i i r . 40.2. 12, ~63+, 271, 433,403,507 :-~iat..
12: - 4ur vr vr of : 131. 1.
Burgh. Thoe.. l n t l ~ vcnlors malhn.. 440.
BarhHupur. Bvrilr, 12, 08, 12". :n0B ; pl. 24, Bwnmpoor.
Bwlal ground. 1H7, 608 : o. Grave.
Barkc. ('haa. Eyde ( b . 1.402) sub-nnst.. 105. 312. 314. 361 n.7, 382
364-5 370-1 :-LaoIu~ l bwdoo ( d. 1829 ), Xeulstrar, vi, 214'
21s n.h, 312, al a. 370,479.182 : - ~ n r c e ~ u . ( b. 1708 ), M~~. BUVI:
17-9.1UO-1 187 112 '111 'i.5i 360-1 304 3 i l SiS-L' pl. 9 e
~ u r m a , 54 01-:i, ~IR-&, 2'13,305, i: I. ~ j i - 5 :l-nrkov or BesZt., 333.
111vua/on of, I45 :-Jdapa, il-2. i SXI , 208, 905, (ii, C&. 4 5 3 4 :-
bluveys. Gi-YU. 313 n.4 :-llpprr. ii-&I. 437.614 ; c.A~tronomlcal.
Burmeac :-Asllly. 4.47 :-tin!%. 9 Yeoplr, 1, 60-5, 00-2, 84-7, :d:-
260. 429. 428, 433 :-lilng, 71 :-44i. 453 :-LnWllWc, 2W:-
\Ynr l a i - 6 i s 1 3 i 4 16-i 27-8 62-6 64-70 i 0 139 140,
1.ii,' la6. itii-5,'id1.'19+'i~, as;, nos,'301, $10, ~si-3.' 337.' 34~.
985, 419. 423 I'2i 43:3-.i 437 410 16s 464, 473-4, 1W, 4U9, 5Ul.
507, ~ I I J : - ~ M, 1'~5~-3,'164 ;.I, ~ Y S 233.
BurneS' Dr. J ~ I I I ~ S ( 1801-6' ) ; Bo. &b. 1821-49 ; FRS. LLD. SO& ;
~ r ~ r f o r < l ' a Roll. 191. 431.
Bwocg Ftrnuy ( 17.52-Idlo ) norvlist, DNB. ; 431.
Burns ilobt. ( 1759-90 I poe't 432.
Burr i t rol. r:l~as. ~ u r t h n , c i . no. I d . 432 505.
~ u r r i r d Slr Blduey ( l ~U1~1V' i : l I . urn:. lh9. ; Bart. : KCS1. : 80.
1~1b- 9: 177. 23s 11.2, YW nr.i.'d, %e', 486.
Durrow, Rpllhrn ( 1747-02 ), natr. & nlatlln. I I. 3 r b a o 1, 3. 24-6, BP
176 177 170 I86 186 n.1 190 108 449 405.
~us ~nos e' ~ Fl m : i ~ d ~ ~ t t a , ft i i , :& vi5.468. mi:-- 488:-
fallure 471 478 490. 0. .Apents.
D U MY - C R B ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ; hicia del( 172C-d5 ) Frcnch General 1 I. 3N 1 ; 114.
But f oy, ' ~hca. ( d. l 8i 2 )), aypee. eur&., 378 n.2, 384.
Cl chi r Dist. or St at e :-Rurolerc rampalgn 1824-5 50 61-5 07 70
72. 146.' 161, 3 3 ~ . 127, 44s. 494, WI :-uj. ui, 21,411: rr? :J
SWWV. I. 3.40. $2.
rrdnskl b\+. 'x '171
Cadell Ow. j l j d8-i ffi 7) Ynd. I d. . 401 :--SLr Patrlck BobL
( h. 1671 ), his at. g~ U ~ ~ I B . ; lrs. IJOI-10x1) ; m~. ; CU.; 180.
C d e a r t l o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c 73 134.: J d WI
cnldwoll'.lan~, ~{l l l ni au ( l7iO-lBUY i; &. B- [I. 11 1' 99. 508
<hllet. how:: I ~' n. u~h h t l m . Lyr. 2 h ~ a pub P* ? i ~ b ( 1 ~ s .
h e h vll 22 202, .IS1 l ~ j , 5.27 41% 417%: 488-7.
c ar np~ .-9r.lt,.'ij? : - ~ ~ c u r a . d9,
oar l and journey to lndla, I781 : 2dB.
. .-
Conv~rt s 119 di
Ca n wRy , ' l l ~ ~ . Hcnry Sonlemet ( lii9-1837 1. Mad. Inf.; as., DIE. :
'701 408.
coo& dchl r . 601 : PI. 24, Rn.?hnr.
Coollue. 61. RO, ill. 147, 217, 325, 927. 340, 304-8, 407, 410, 413, 428,
430, 402 312. 514.
Cooprr. ttvn;r. E&. Rllhcrt ( liH1-IF51 ). R->n. In!. ; IIuclson, I
( :I*+ ) I11 ( 700 ) : 272.
~o-ordlnat;s, gvosl . 1113. 207, 237. 211. 263. 250, 208; n. Ucogrnphl-
cal :-rcctlr., 410.
Coon, Y, India, 4, 94 07. 90. 100. 1W. 2i9, 2.93. 330, 35U, 373, 386,
408. 488. 474 : - - h l n Of, 07 : pls. 1, 24, Koorg.
Cop. Benjnmill ; inst-nlskrr, of lkanche, l i B0 ; 213, 218.
Cooivs of :-r~~pl~rts. 379. 300 :-surveys. 27. 100. 274. 2%- 7. 290-2.
Cornells J~kva 3'70 371 LOZ
cornell&, Jnhh i lb091i-70 j ; dmn. ; 92 n.1, 03, 370 ; pl. 10 n.
Con,nral ~>unlsllnlrnt. 412.
330, 350. 418. 417. 450. bBO. 408-0.
470 l d0 4 s .
~oms &ndr r ; t obsns. :-selr., 80, 177, 1834, 1860: - hme t r l a s l ,
47 I 12 190 2Ol d 271 512.
C O ~ I I & prdct,l& or &nud,' 6, 138, 141-2, 146-7, 14B-60. 167, 368,
:iH8, 412-1 4t h
Com*lls. Slr T'l;oe. ( ' 1772- 1~5 ) ; Bo. Inf. ; EOU., Y Qen. 1837 ; 436.
ma. r. Kom.
emrids mrwnlgcm 200 272
~ o s e ~ ~ &r e ~ ~ g h l d U. 1 2 l b3
Cost nd 4 I48 I62 164 i50-i 101-2.
Cotton. &:n. bir i r t h & TI&. ( 1803-90); Mad. Engn. ; DYE. ;
Dl l j , : 7 4 11.8.
,
Collgll 231 4Bi-u.
~omt &-' ddrn, or nntivr survm. 4 i 94 100 105 130 149 161 103
n.3 202 3'71 313 i 60 302 ' 3i0 h84' 300'. t durv~yord,'~ub!asst.
court, dhna-'( i. i k l ' ) , dm. durvr:, ndneal ' l ' i r, 191-2 1 ; 10. 433,
4V8, hU0.
Cmt t oar t i sl 338 42'2.
Courts or ~&t l co' ( nddlal ) :-Benpal, 145, 160, 159, 508 :-Bornbag.
168, 173-4 :-3Iwlras. 90.
Cawper, Wm. ( 1774-1825 ), Bo. Enpm. I11 ]pa ].130.
COW s ~ o u t ~ t , source of unnma I I. 71-2. ~ f . 74-5 1.34 n. l , 4~) .
homn, \Vm. ( 1787-1646 ), nos. 1802rdO. 1@5.
CrswCord CLlas. ( 1780-1830 ) Bon. lnf. S O Bcngnl 1813-6 [ I1
.92-; ] v1 28 40 96 186 $LU) 303 3h-10' 32 334 354-6, 469:
176 481 605 bw. : - j ohi ( d i ar u' ) B o ~ t $2 ies.
C m h . tldal:7. 14,14,69. 70, 74, i e, 1oe,'139, 141: 143, he7, 370, 480,
495.
C m l Bvy. of lodla, x.
crlddjn, John Ytmvsr ; Bo. Mar. 1804-27 ; 70, 74, 476
Cttmean War 1864-8 403
cri t ~ol m of mhp 25, bo, iw, 2874.
bps, e, 8. 28, i40. IM, 17s. i c18, ~oa
Cmrva 1R.Y.
138, 138 144. 17E:-lllllitu of. 137. 150. 152, 108:-tesewd, M ;
v. ~ h ~ h e a t ~ o n . ElelQ.
Cultlvatom or ryotu'tx 0 138 I 43 IGO IM 167 0.4 l0+70 in
~omprer~j. a %~ t . j o i n ' ~ l l t h m i 170Ll ai 4 ), N+M dd~&
! 181+-03 ) rclld .loscph Dsvey ( 1812-51 );both B.a
, DIR. : 152. 480.
;y$II~Jm&$( ;?,w411;flj, ;;u~k;\~O~oa. 607 :-DL~.. 140.
hflri vmce s t t e nhnt 314 395
ddk, i o~l rncy b relais 4d2 4% : - mnen D, 180, 269, 4 1 W :-
by I mhnqdn or carilnflo. 00 110 ; u. b h i a .
~ n t e I)avic1( 1705-1830 B&. i d1
Dale;. IVl~Iklaw n p w . s um. ' 378n. 2 316.
1~al r ) ~l l , l ?. .i~rx.' ( I:BB-IWYIA )I: MCS. [ i, 330 I DYE. . a 3 , 510.
Dsrnngr. nr lma. r. ludle. . >laps
DnrnBt~,.S. Knnknn. Y O ~ L ~ U W : 128. 128. 130. 280. 515; pl. 1.
Dh~nnt ~- ~- kc ~l ~ fi j rnnl ~&l Hllh 137 505.
Damaruida. i ~ c c a n . S?H. 1d2.264. 253 ; PI. 17.
Danl odu n. Brngnl 2113.
Dntnp 115 $10-1 9h7.
Danryl ~r, +"I. ( ii88-1801 ), urn. 1818, 112-3.
Dancing, 363.
Danes. 1d n.2.
Danish sirlp -153.
D' Anyl e. fiourguignon ( 168;-1782 ). Frenchgeog. I I. 331 1, 43. 68.
~ n r z i Jacquas Franwl s( 1773- l a5 ) ; Bo. m. ( 11,393 1 . 4 3 ~
Dnrjeellng, Sikliin~, 20, 45U, 513.
D m n p Diat., Awm. 03, 123.
&nuSn. or wal chmn. 311. 313. 305.
Dashwuood. R.. dmn.'Cslc'ut&3l3.
Dates, ml v~~dnr , 202. 360.
D'iuverg?c. 31 Oro. Phllip ( 1782-1818 ), Ben. Inf. ; Hoclaon, I 1 ( 14 ) ;
I l l ( , 6 1 ) , 1 3 3 448.
~avi r l 8on, ~?l o~ue, & Robertson. Agenta. Caloulta. 160. 113. 486. 489
n.7. 170 n.1.
Da\idnun :Yir David ( 1811-1000 ) ; Bo. Inf. : Hcs. ; 430 :-Ma
Alcx. ( li7011-1641 ), 137, 470.
Ds\ l s :-Prol. Et. W. C. xx 187 :-Samncl ( liSBli-18lD ) noa [ I
331 I!,~~iTector HC. i a l i l o . 12e,160:-Wm. &i . s wr . ; 157o.6:
.".
1U3. all.
Dn\T. WID. ( l i 44t h31 1. Den. Inf. I I. 3
Dawetm h b t . ( 17i b18W ), dtnn.. b~?i'f,P;o8n.i ; DSB.. 29.
'la
BMll ID6 '-hl 338 :-CP 83-4 :-Wert 113, 120, 129, 480, 861,
izz. 436. 4ca, ' m, 615. pi. 24 ; .. PU*.
OMalpur, %. 2734,384. ~ d e n. 4.92 403 506 ; PI. 24.
albbon'a Roman Enmrs pub. 1%&8$, 61i.
~ ~ b c r t B sons ins^.-ttmicrs 178 182 180 217.
Ollchrlst. ~ r . jnhll ~ur t l ~wi c h ii76i-1841) ; Bm. rand. ( I. 337 ).
DRB. ; 70. 207.
OUlcspic. Qcn. 31 Rnbt. Rnllo ( 1768-1814 ), XCB., DRB. ; 429.
Oh Hills, li&tllilwir, 127-8.
ahcicnr 400.
~ r l wo w' Udv.. 407 490.
O h :-Ban~~acter'tul,cs. 204 :-Trealng, 2i8.
Olcanitlgs i t 8 Science, LX, 458, 405.
Qlobee 170 '13 363.
a~ouc&t er '\\'m.' bbdk. D U ~ C oi ( 1770-1834 ) E W ~ ~ril. 250
aoa. \VCJC'COUS~, 94, iok. 114. 125-6,12~-30. ~ b a , 220, 246. 236 484 ;
pls. 1. 24 :-8vy. Of, 20i. 387. 433. 450. 494.
Ooanesr-, u. Portupuesr.
Gadpara h a m 16 i2-7 83-5. 162 214, 349. 423. 484. 601. 513-4.
~odi r a r i : - ~1s t : 96. 498' 442-3 :-'n. 4. 8. 00, 101, 223-4. 2 2 ~
230-2, ma. 2'66, ~ a i , i07.414. 427: 445.400. 401. 605. 60+10 f
pls. 1. Id
Ooddnrd's Detachment I I. 33-40 I. 337.
Ooduin-hustcu, Henry Elnvcmhatn ( 1834-1929). ax. 24th Ft. &
I n d l ~n Stam Corls. 50 n 5.
Oogra lt . 19. 21-" 32 : PI. 1.
,Golcandn. 110. 48?: nl. 18.
a d d 03 '46 21.1 "iri.
Oold(&l;ot~~' .Jil;n- ( 176616-1049) Astronomer Madrsa 17013-1821
J 1: 33710 ; u. 40? I. v vi 177: 186, 437 0.1: 430, red.
Oon wirrla rnuntry 01 the khhnde cr. 500
Oooeh. S& Thus. Shcrlock ( 170?-18bl ) / Bart.. of SuBolk ; OW..
1 1 2Al!-1 1 473. - ~ ... . ,, ....
Ooonaur. Gat~innt. 386 : PI. 24.
~ o o r k l ~ a ; 2nd.- or ~ i n n ~ r Rifles 107 n.2 452 n 4.
aornkh ur e?'5 zuo 457 i93:-i)oundar3avy io-22 44 361 455:-
p m k n o~T*~~o. : - &v. sw. 7 22 136 i41 15012 i 5 G 0 164
216. 3324. 357. 302. s04.'3;0-2: mi. rsj. 474.' 610 :-~.oDo:
6vf. 178 195 612' pls. 1 24. . . .
Gordon :-Ceb. 6 'cu. ba c ue h MRdrss [ 11. 453 0.3 1, 258 n.2. 260.
913 4 . ~ me;, littu., 260.
Oore dol . Frnncu ( d 1846 ) asst sur'w. 371
ooulh. John ( b. 1800 ), and. s k r . . 15j n.2, 165, 312, 316, 380.
361 n.7. 3@2. 388. 371. 3i3.
eosit;mnua~ calcutta. 20 63 73.
~overnors-~Pnern~: 8,280,307, ria. ~ZB- 0, 334.330,3.9.9,~4 345.410.
442,446,453, 468 4 7 w. 491,494,497,500 :-in CounL 17,298.
447 482 494. hi nt o 107-13. Molrn firwards kant~oga.
181h-"3 ! ~mh d r & 182'3-8. Bendnck 18iW5
~ o v e r n o r s ~ ~ ~ o n ~ b a y ' 322 3i4 463 h83 6 1 5 h . Elphhtone,
1810-27. ~ a ~ c o ~ n ; IB&SO :l--&d'ra i i a 10s is 316-7 476
4 7 ~ ~ 7 4b2 407 611 . Bentlnch i ~ o i - 7 . PetriL, leb7 ; B ~ I O W:
ien7-iz ; d ~ ~ n t , ' I HI L~O ; ~ u n r b . 18~0-7:
Onhshsm James 1380 ( 1701-1828 ) Mad. InZ. Ens 1781. M Qen.
18ib. 498 : ~ n b n ( 1798-1860 i; hd. dmn.. 3 d . 160 h.2, 167.
3134. 380. 304. 366. 372. 442 :-Dr. Wm. ( 1706-1849 ) : Ben.
Mm. 455.
Or d n 85' 170.
Orand : L h r . Bme~!. 1810-8. 336. 44Q-60. 456. 480 :-Tmnk
Qdndlrry Robt MelvlUe ( 1788-1877 ). Do. Id., vl.
Quard c ' 14wo;t.
a ul de d: ka yt . oi Madras 301 424:-Locsl 70 72 132 203-3
224 227 4074, 414,4i9.61i :-MLlltary; hc wh, i ~ : ~ o ~ ~ ~ ;
4&L: 400: 508.
a a a a t Bo~nhnp 1 1 %~ 1 2 %~ 120 181 170-1 280 803 323 481:-
zrah 2 a o : 1 ~ s v . B'V. 1 '0-7 ies-51 l ~ i - a 3'43 9)62 des 387,
r s ~ ' , JUI, 41134,r03, i n k . 50b. 5 1 ~ ' ; PI. i6':-l(op~.' sv;,, d3,
435. 483-4. 506 ' PIE. 1. 0, 24.
gujorr gypsy trlbc 158 412.
~;ulbo;~a Deocan '118 '4413. I 1R Kuolhurga.
a u ~ 39) Ga 73' 409' 41i~:P;\rti~cry, 423, 444 :--8110t-, 428. 431 ;
351-4.6 : ' u. F'lre-n;tlls.
Gun :-boats OR 410 n.7 480-00 601.-Cnrrlsge Factory 219 ;-
urn, 406, 4i4, 501 :-b~wder, i70 1'82, 180 :-EM~ 183:
annter, Edmuntl (. 1681-1020 ), matin., DIVU. ; ~ d . , I ( 408 );
104 n.1 ' r. ('hntn ' Ycnlc.
Qunttir ~ l r r . \ l d r d 110 405 474 476 481 ' PI. 1 n. :-Mapa of,
2% 2W ' h 6 :-pin&" rai& 1 'r12 ~JU-16 :-Surveys, 4, 05-7,
101: io7,'zoo, 318. sao, 375, sb,' ond.
Gurkha niflcs. 1st.. 411 u.6.
Ql~rhll~+, vl, 1,2,21,23,29,38 0.3, 40,112, 44,9844,455, 469, 486-6;
" \,.nzl*ap.
HM. Rcgte. or Pt. :-]st, n. Srots. 4OR :-lelh, East S~tffolb. 338 :-
13th 1st. Su111rrat-t LI., 426 :-lill~ 506 :-20tl1, Elret Deb. 0~
01 11.2, 4i!~ :-311tl1. 01 n.2:-33rd d. Rldings, 465. pl. 22 n. :-
38th 1st StaKords 607 .--41th h. Esaex 485 6b n.1 :+lat
web, 213 :-0x6, 60;) :-mid, ahropi;lre i 1. 50.1 :-661h0
WesLmorlnnd 504 :-50th 2nd Notla, 371, 608 : 4 5 t h , 43d
n.7 :-6ith, i. Hnnte.. 422':-~6th, iO, 607.
Haldar ALL oi H>sorr 483.
Halnea ~thfford ~ ~ t t b wo r t h , Uo. Mar., Bldmn. 1818; 17, 193 n.1.
haiii. d~~cri n) to X ~ c m 5118. ..-.. . -..-... ~ - - - .. . . .
Hali-cnnLn, or Anelo-lndl~~n. 312.
HaOled. Nnthnnlrl John ( 1787/&1838 ). Bc'S.. 140. 164-5. 189 0.1,
332, 331, 300. 406.
HaU. Sidney, ennmver. ol l.ondou, 280 n.3.
Halta on roub svy., 201, 368, 35%;.
klalnilton :-Dr. Francin Huehanan ( 1702-1820 3 . Ben. Med [ I,
1 5 4 . II 384 1 . DSU. sn. t)urhannn. 43 7b 7040 2i7 .-
Bir ~rkrtk. ' ( 17ii11853 ) ; BnrL. BCR.. 271 :LHe& ( 17d&182i ),
m t . aurw. ; hd. dmn.. Calcutta; 100-1 "-4 n 2 289 3158 316
369, 3i:l+, 385, 502 :-Walter ( 178&it7'4 ). M~ I . ~ a v . 1e374i
I l l . 903 L 83.
Handwrltlns 22 369 3iA 500.
Hausort J b j814lb ) &In. Bombay, 304, 387 ; pl. 14 n.
klarboub '19 70 74 ii 414 44D 480.
~ar dw~cl ; e, ~ h & . i c. '1356183'5 ). h n . Art. I I, JIB 1, bobnhb
979 f i l l )
-.",
Hardwar on Gsngrs 38-0 44-5 47 443 ' PI. 6
Hardy. lienr.v ( d. r.' ~usR' ), ~o.' lla' r., v&. lsbl ; 2ILt. 1806 ; 8mr.
Capt. 1887 ; 17 n.2. 70.
HarP :-Geo. ( 1781-1821 ), Mad. I d. [ 11, 403 1, vl :-Inat. maker,
213 260.
~a r i bns ' or Hirvlor Pllnjnb 24 433 460.
harkam: or m~sdengem, I!, 81, I&, 201, 227, 311, s i w , 324, 927.
380 395-5 387 4Ui 412 417-R 444.
Harkrue& C S P ~ ~ e i r y ('1787L1.838 )' Mad. Inf. 1800-34 482 516.
Harrls. &m.. & Co.. oplleal lnst. mbkers, a i Blah Boliorn,'~ondon.
Hlckey, Wm. ( 17404. 1830 ), dlarlat OW. ( I 468 448. 607.
mu :-Lamrcnoe ( 1812-44 ) ; Ben. d m . 42b :-dm. c 17ae-lete,
neat s wvr 00 n.0 I14 n.10 117-9 121 930-1 341 378 376-7
ass,' 417, "432 :-karuaw' 410 : l pee; l ~e. 4dl. i be, ' MI :L
Sanatorium, 431, 461-3, 480, 601 0.9, 614.
HUb :-drnwlng or, 12. 92. 41. 4W. 08, 110. 197, 270 284. 207-8
383 0.6:-reputed 1I nl l ~el t l l ~ 102-4 341 400-1 46d.-*loll leav;
to, 474 :-VY. 01, P, 8, 11. 16, an, Psu, IOP, 101-8, i32, m1, 308,
218 :-wmlrd. 31. !I, 40. 11U. 147, 208.
HUIy, or rnountnlnoaa, country, 137, BlO. 611.
HlrnBlaga:-Dial,ricls 2 2 WO 82 176-8 I9&8 288 5.16 411 :-
aoocl~llls. ~ & e l . is i i : ~ . l or->: -sn~i t or ad.. 186, 186'. 478 :-
pauonunu. 3!&40. 875 :--Snow Pmhe 1 2 20-30 41-10 42-4
48-8 175-6 I78 Iqlu 1'15 Ion. 240, id. 467, 46&1, 6 h - 3 : I
s~lo\; I L ~ I I ~ O, Z ~ Y I J . ' s k i u . 12- . ~. ~ i , $8, 280 au 451 457
~ ~ ! I - OI I :-SUBVRY : (isrlwill & Sirt1111r. -. 31-i. 20.j. 21d. 275:
YSli.303.326. 847. 4 d . .I5i. 159:--l<llnlnon 46-9 319:-methods,
1:i ; pls:P, 6, 6, 24 ; s. Gt:ologic&l e r r . ; a'eighl;.
Hl l l d~ script, 297.
Hindu. 111. 5 u. :-lnslitlltioll. 406, 511 :-I.iterutum 67. 441. 430 :-
ILL,~?, 111.;.
Hind~rrtBI~. Upllcr Illllln. 111!1. 101-5. 200, 229, 232-8, 210, 244, 380,
B!li-Y.
Hlnrl~~srBnl L~nzlrnk!e. 376, R:ll. 122. 131. 510.
HlngsnghPL. CI'.. 9. 236, !XI. *:I$ 105. 167 : pl. 18. 9:! n.
Blsh,p, Urn. Sir Tllua. ( l i l l 4 -1R1:l ), cr. 1st Ilart. 1313 ; ncn. :
C-i1l-C. 31aaim. 1XlW2lJ ; USlI. ; Y:I. 2.2i u.U, 316, 337-8, 401,
1'24, 427. 40d n:i.
Elstortcal :-31c111u1n. BE-0. 1 10. 143 :-H~scnral~. 101. : i l ~ - I , 320.
3Du, 4lJ4. 44 1, 4113, 1a0, +$:I : I.. .\rcll;t~lonicnl : Inacrlptluns.
Hlntorg, 453 ; 01':-Ana~nl. i c i .-Uolnl,n). XI0 :-England. 49i :-at
1ndi.l. xib, A*) :-Mnr;LI11t14. 281. 4311 4dl :-3lnnitlm War 86 "HE
42 L : - - - \ l nl ~nn~mnda ~~ pon-vr. 12i . IS^, 5013. bl ~: - l i 6' p11t ~1~n: i 4l :
HLal l ~l i LOIIC. S . Ullrln:,. 51j n.i. (ill-I. 220: \~uon#knlnli.
Hon1vc. Jn11tt.5 .rhos. ( I;ntl-lala, ; hlml. Iur. 1kI,:o7 1, 116, 343.
Hodgra. Cd. , ul' Ul.iLi41 l%ilc. ill k' nrlu~nl 1832. 472 :-1CtI,v.. hi p' s
odiccr, b. \Vrll, 27-2--X4 : 4:)U :-Yuthonirl ( b. l au5 1. wt.
nurvr.. ld5, 363.4. 372, TLII.
Hodmo~~. Rridn Raugiilon ( l.8UU-ll4 ) : Bcs. : Rojrlt. XCDAI 1823-13 :
IIIIlgem 481 4.93. pl. 6 n.
~ r n p r d ~ rx. 171
In1 rbonmont 465 t i 1 403.
1nknt - oi bonhs, ah w., 381 374.
Index :-dap, I30 n.8 &2 2 8 6 6 2114 :-la Itls, of In&. A6 n.,
PI. 24 :-to phoe-dam& 80 267 a m
Indl s :-How, LeadenhnU ' 8t.' lonhon.. 287, 867. 401, 488. 611 :-
OUlce ( now ~ n o . ) WhltehnU x 489 508 510.
Indlan : -~rchl p~l ago. ' 434 : - l ~ r p l ~ r e r ~ 131: 3d8 :-Ink. 381, EW,
418 ' v. lullabltant.. Navy. Omclnlr ' Surveyom.
Indlgo . 147 :-Planten h87-8 470 428 $10
lodore,' or h~huw. 82 n:7. 83 h.4, i ne, i e o, 'rcu, ,507 ; pi.,. I, 0, w ;
v. Yhnw.
Indua ~ - - i 3 1 - 2 ;80, 288, 331, 337, 425, 431-2, 453. 61u ; pe. I, nr.
~nrnutry' omccrs' ~x 181 328 .I~II-I I I R . ~ L ~ , 303, MO.
~n~or n~nt i on. I&I, ioo, i z l , i i 2, ih: 4x3.
InpUs Sir Huqh ( d. l wm 1 Uert.. Chmn. El0 18IJlJ. YP. 1802 ( ~ 7 .
~ n d i t a o t s L-pnge w 11i 4111 '454 4 a JB~) : --nl;orlginnb 'MI .-
a*ialaioe I&, 4' 1 11' 4 1i 3 is io7-a 411-5 411)' 4101-
cuntoms of 96 13" '267 531& 4 0 4 ' 6 1 ~ :--hanger& 7; 101:-
lllellte of iun.bysui56 ios 41k :-hlcnc~g 107 1~ i ~ i . 320 :-
11111penple 31 (07 i l ~ : - l ~ ~ - ~ r ~ a t m ~ n t & I U ~ , 1j 2, a i r , 413,
418 :-sludlcio~9 &'prrjudlccs. 19, 38, 54-$. 82-3, Y-
1:12-4 149-50 lb3. 170. 330-1, 345, 408. 412, 416 : - ~ n ~ ? ~
1U4. i 40 : L'. db~t r ucl l on.
Ills3nc +sviunl, 303. 360. 372 : s. 1,unacy.
I l nc r i l l l ~~, ~t ~. 441, 4a1, 45u, l(i5, 481-3, 485, 611 ; PI. 6o. : o. Are-
l o g i ~ ~ l .
111sect Ilcstr. ?6O. 311. 431. 611.
Jnsolenc~ 61). J06, 36; 9i 4.
~nspretiirb O~ S VS J . 4, i oo 111 I r e I- 201.
Inrtrurtiuu in svg.: 130, i n. 606, h u , ~ J U . 359. 381, 370, 370, 3 8 ~ .
3&@-!1Il, 392-4, 4:ll. 442.
lustl~a. lu Surbn. , hi . 112. 151. 1 ~ 0 . 193. 294. 315, 323. 3864, 342.
I o s l r u c t o n : ~ ~ 1 :1!qbt.c~., 312, 321. : i 5 W . Y i i . 1911. 6o.L. 508:-
UJII., !lo. 117.5. :l.iii-?I, :IIP. -150. MU. 511 :-:Jbsv. School. 360. 37a.
Inatrumcnts :- i.ilr.. 3. 12, 71 175-1) 18'8 185 Iq7 1Y2 I@$ 311
3lJ6, 4:b5-Ilt 453. 15@, 41il :-.\~iltlllt~ & '.!&;Hit, '216 :lbd
qualit?', $1, ' ?(I-2 :--ealllnrrd a t su. [ 11. 15, 1. 21:: :-C.miags
of, 80. 17U. :324. :!?ti. 84li. BRI. 3114-3 :-Urnwing, ur n~sl hl . -
ol, 211-2, 258, 324. :IW, :3!M 4aJ7 41U. 4iu :-c.lrculsr, 211. 33
36. I87 199. Ill*, 23i. 339. '43ri ,489 :--C.onernlrnenr, oi 51 68'
IY:! :-hntuago to, :]!I. 11. zt a. h, r:+, roo : - - ~~~vui on' or hrcu:
217 :-llollblo-Altillldt.. 14s :--(icr~loriral. 31i. 3\19 :-U rs 9 83
l ! ~. ?12, 210, 23% 211-2, 210. 2>7-o1, $I#.+. 37+9, :YJV~?, io7:
414-5, 442, 145. 469 :-lud*~sla uo Euglaud. 211-3, i 21, 248.
2 UU :--Lnmblon'r l' rlrrte. 257. 325 :-I&, or Lark, of 54, 69,
101, W4. 212. 211. 218. 407. 440, 108, 513 :-Prtvate nlertg.
1811, 20.2, 211-3. 215, 2lS, 256-7, 268. 349. 4%. 452: - $whm
W. 112, 123, 211-3. 2.2, 941). 810, 426 : -hpai rs. Idd. 102, 2l (
258-0 '313-5 327 40; 485 :-S?le 03 213 4.25 498 :-Stock
Listj ' i l l -14-5' ~( i ~' : - s t or oy; Ar dtm& I& r12 elr,
296 i l l il:(-6 j81 4:i6 139 470 : - S u p p l j of 31 d 108
i ~ a : its: ~rv-86. l4b. i t b. 15h, 211-5, 287, 33&, bm: 848:
3au-l 36- 9 ,119 :-Ynrplcnl 472 :-lor S m e y &page 38 41
sr $7' 6i - &- i u 93 lull be 146 150 IW-'I i l u 'soi---'
~l ; cl t '608'. 1.. ~a;oruvirr% in&-lablea . +heodol;tes. ~nnali
~ns t r un~e~h- n~&er s , or dealcln. 0. 211-3, 218, 217. 242. $%9. UO.
486.
I ml ~bunl l nat i u~~ or DLsokrlicnce 376-7 381 494-5, 492.
I n h r l t v or LlonedLy of swvcvdra t p& i36.
1ntvuia;lkc Dept.. 3d.i. IZ?. 4i l . i48. 463,' 1 ~ . 494.
Interna&lonnl Wodetic L-niun 468.
Interpreters 4. i 2 75 04 l i l ~ YI E sw 388 sew1 :--nab%
~ n d n s ' 111 n:?, ;I+>, 30I! 3&2, ifl4-b: 17s. a l - % 51x3.
1 n t r ~ e c t i ~ l ; o l points. 65. 200-1:
l ~l vnl i d :-Rsl.. 13:. 432, CJ4-3, 453 : - Thaw, 505.
INland :-Trlcyrnph system. 2i 0 :-TrB. Svy. 215 242, 446.
I mn :-Wues, 23, 8'2. 410 : - o m, !11, 127 n.l0,'26&.
IrrnrRddy 11.. 1. 3. 5'3-7, 81-4, 06. 70-5. 7&-9. 184. 1BB. 109. 410,
41'27-9. 45.5 50i n.10 :-Della, 74-4. i J-9 :-Wileor erpn.. 80-4
222 514 ; ;I. 7 6 a m Tiloo.
~rrl gat l dn, IJU, 15314. 100.
Irwiu. Eylus ( 1751 ? - I r l i 1. Xul . Cl\'. [ I . )+I 1. 289.
IsLlmlhLiI. 11, 171). !fOL : o. Cblttagong.
I shl <l s, 607 :--or chuurr, In rlvera. GltiO, 72, 74, 85. 13d. 147; r 9.o&
beuks.
Ivory <>61>.
~zs at ' f i l nl ~, Snlyid ;\Or [ 11. 468 1, MoomroR's explorer, 276. 416-0.
J nobon :-Capt.. overland Journoy 1797.088 :-J.. muhr , 110. 147.
9110-7.
Jaesuemont. Victor ( 1801-32 ). French nntunrllnt. 87Z-3.
Jag&nl t l ~. I?. Purl.
M r , or irulnh rent-Rrc Ianck In 08 1 0 2 115 1% 146-7, 187. 180,
171-2. 392 466 197 : - - ~nd& dr ~ ' h l n g l e h ~ ~ t . ' ~ .
Jnilla Hlndu Let. h. 476, MI . 463.
~a l l ~t l a , 484 : -4yhot hordeZ. 4U. 61,431 : pl. 19.
.- ." .... , -
Ale~~tolre :-4eacriylivs of country 105 50.9 ,-Asam 51 57'-Bengsl'
IW. 291, : - ~o~nbay, iis, ' I;~I.' 14r) :-i~alirae' I 0s-7:
106 n.4, 110-I, ]I:$, 115, 11s-9. 121, IWY, "2, 315,' 3i8, 300
461 :-of lnnp conatrllction. 04. *x, 88. 93. 132, 104-6, 2M. 291 f
o. SLallstical.
Yellrnlld Awunt ~u ( h. IW7 ) nub- wt 377 n.8 3i 8 388
~er cl l eui s :-f Calcutta 15 i2.5 . - ~ c e 272 n.i .-indla;l 57.
Yorclny, or cluiekell\.er.'93: ~ 4 , ' 2 1 0 , 2i1-2. 24; :-medlanlrl, 244,
404. 436. 48i-U.
\1~m11l Tennwetin~ 79 77 :-Amhipelago 74
S l r r l ~ i h , 51-2, I&, ibo. zs3-4. 295-0 :%~tudea, w. Latltudea :-
controlling. 2%-q.
Meridiulml aerie nf tnannlra. 281. 204 ; u. MC.
MerwAra Hathliun 450.
Melcalfr. (:IIR~. ~ h & p h ~ u a ( 1785-1848 ) ; BC8. ; ortralt b Coles-
rvoltll\. Grnnt . 1st Bwon Ll Oovr. NmP.. ~ N P . ; DID. ; 12,
I I i ~k:j, 236 b 5 ~ . 281 rii? 329 412 417-a' 444 453 401.
~cteoroir>rirnl :--\nuts.. I ~ Y . i f 8 :--~o~mals. '451.' 519 : - obna . ,
192. 2i:l. 435. 453. 41i2. 491. 495 :-Obsv.. 439 11.0.
Metre. 16nplli or. Pad. '
'
Mllealoned. 210.
Yllitarg:--Board, 2ll:----Co111111nntl~~rs 17 89 72-3 108 132 200
2~1.2. 5 5 11.1. *-u 331. 388 340. '381: 404, 4~6- 8 414 ~ : i + . W:
crrrt . . : -DU~S j 5 105 I& 154 215 300-10 a' a mi - 3 .i35
:io'J-;,I, 3i 2, ' i i i . i on : ~ ~ n &&l e n t i , 424, 4i8, 4 b :-li;l;cea:
151 :-IJGTITCTlOb Of Madras 95-8 373 :-~lOSill# of
d3i-'l .--Unys 278 fed. 206, 485. 4~' : - ~t udenI a. 5, 04, '10::
ll)5, >is, 301, jld, i30, 337-9, 341-2. 344, 400. 43Z-5, 450, 453,
439. 465. 4;:). 484-5, 4W. 491, 4Di. 504, 508,511. 516 :-Surveys,
'lk-9 110 195 20%; 221' pl. 24:-OPEPATIONB 1 3 6 00 225
i54 b23 i l l . 'v. ~nst;ueto& :-~PPICERO, ia. 81, 64, ' 2h, h 2 : 310'
:j31;2, i4.i ::lndian, 497 :-Pro~nullon, 152. 834, 311-3. 401 :A
h n k . 491 601 511 .-.%-eretar). 79 283 280 302 335 :-
sc.rvlcr a h ~ , '34, 61: en, 333 i56.' 4n0':--9t;m ap' tn , UP,
344-5, '450, 454 :-Station. 24d-4 :--SCRVOYB. 3. 5, $ 7 4 00,
71. @I, 81. 87. 93. 98,98, 122-3. 125, 11. SOf, 33!, 337-8:-
~I I r r ~) . or S. 4. 5. 8 27. 101 151.503. 378, 302 :-Unlt. or corp.9.
ro, 8332-5. 422. 4 d . 430.4di. 4W n.7. 600 ; o. h p t . ; Troops.
Mills. iJa\id. watchmalrer. 213 n.8.
Hinchin (iw. tiu. Mar. i!~.
Minera~dglst i t l a i zed 3s; . 0. Laidlea.
u t n e r d m '264 ieb zol-s 5h9
ininerala. 2i. ~ n b , 28i-9, 45;. 4hi.512.
YLnes 199. v. Iron ' Lead.
l i nt :'-~ebarea 496 :-Calcuttt~ 208, 435. 418.405 :-Loodon. 406.
Hlntn Lord m. kovcmor ~e n e r a i
mirhlir lanh nlcaourcn 167-0 1'82-3 3W0.
N M ~ & [ 11, 4 s n a 1, $7. 22;. 282. '405. 407. 440. 484. 487. 403-4.
wa.
MI a~nduct 460 402.
Iliallnll :-kilb ' Uplwr Aaenm 3 56 60 222 428-9 481 t l l l asl on.
IUII-2, 5~' : - t r i 1~~sn~cn. 6)6, b8. b. 62, bi4 ; pl. i.
Hlmionarles vi 463 470 482 607
~ 1 ~ 1 0 1 1 4 or'embwtka . d. ~oilticai.
Mist or fog 71 108 lb4-5 235 247 442. w. Cloud ; Hw.
~oaknr i ar . ' df Assah I , 8; . 336 1, < 67 i.2.
nojuril, ~llalanl from $rrsdcy. U,IVCI. 150. 168. 384. 378.
Zlohan Lal Mumhl 488-7.
>llulru. Loid, ~rnn;ls Rar don Hastings ( 1764-1820 ) ; cr. lot, Hqs.
!inntingo 1.817 ' 20 32-3 48 0 n.2. 100 226, 288, 803, 1134.
,442, ssb. 4W n.'b 4 b 48j 40b. I.. C-In-C.. bovr Oen. . H.stdn
M o ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ u I : Thoa. 6. bm. ' waichmdkcm, d dar hr i a~obd. l e, 2 8 :
>lu~~<.rir-R, hwrr ( r. li7CI-l8112 ) ; Ro. l i n m. l I , 356-7 1. 118.
Mo~arktua. Jolln ( 1770-1862 ), ?CB., 1700-1825 ; OR., 11 ( 862) ;
11ndt. ~. orhrow 1817-21 ; 425 n.1.
l o n h,r. Uihir. 139, liO. 188. 605.
~ o n %h wd or nconlte. 38 n.4.
Mon-, reins :-Asenlrl. 6 2 67, 80, 06, 148, 340, 867-8. 364-6.
419. 514 :--Bmml 2, 17-22. 25, 27, 31. 38-8. 149. 170. 180, 308.
'111 '$4' 437 430 142 461-5 456 457 460-WJ. 478, 487,
i , ~' : l kun~ba' y, 12;. 1z7la, 170 8.1, 4k. - bunns ~ b i ~ 76-7
*e4 '327 40s 406, 184, XI0 436 :-od 8 U 423 2i 0 482'
i:js' 24s' eri' ray. 145 :-m.;lr.s. 6 97, iol-lz, io7-ib, 114, 118:
W' 150' 874' 400 4UZ 410 460 bl f .
~ o n ~ r i o ; ~ , chas. km. ' ( ld02,:;66 j; BO. Mnr. : Marhhnm ( 478 ) ;
17 0.2. 70.
~ononl e nl ' 487 4:11J 40:.
Mrrm 70 h 4 hj:, .'o. Jund~l udr .
~ r u r 'crr idul&ma;hn 4iO.
our; John and alale;~atharloe of ('alnllin 450.
~ ~ l i l & l . ' ~ h u k h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 2 z a i 2 56 220 '312-8 170 300
45; 5~ : -He\,. nvy I ~~, ' I sI ' , 166.38!3. w 'he. 571-9.
42;: 4si 4 ~ 0 cnu-w; u[w, 614 ; pb. O, 24 ; 0. dnh~~vvan.
~ o r t r b y b,lt kn Mar 1~14- a7 74 7s.
Merk.r, j a ~n r r IU~II;IL~~I i 17~2- 1d9) : dl lorr rut n,4711 vI, 138
l o r b n . wm. ( 17al-l*al). Md . Art. , \ I . 4315, 94. 1Zi, 480.
Morley, Chw. ( 1791-1H55 ) ; BCS; An. 1620-12; 216 :-Jsnhes, rather
of ('has., no c'a.. 102.
Xornln~lon, 1.nnl. ( 1742!3-1810 ) ; cr. Mqa. Wcllesl~y l i on ; QQ.,
IiUn-I805 [ 11, 478 ] ; DXB. ' DI D. . 13.
Morrison : -DRVI~ BC8.. 487, Irln n.2 :-wI~. nlllut 1io1-181b ),
B~I I . E n w. i~ 3z I 7 12 81 194 130 147 m(1 488.
Yoninon :-chns., ak t l m; sbo ia~&dl. ' :jl4 :-&. bell. Joseph
Wanton ( 11. 18287 Ilu. ~ 4 t 6 ~ t : , 01 11 1 89-70 489.
~o r s h e n c ~ 1.t I'OI en& Twlw ( 1 8 ~~- 1 9 3 i j ; D~o. ' ; RB. ; 5.1.
Morton. br . John ( 17861HflR ). Mncl Mrd 181Ft47 ( . nn. l ~r d' ~
( M 883 ), eso, 242. 257. 260. r;le, ' 4rsi. 467-8, h a , 407.
Mosqnltm 236 40211.3 428 431.
~ot t e. ~hk. ( ; . 1i3wi805 j [ I. 359 1, v.
Xonlm~in. I.ow~r Bnnlls, i4. 75 n.2. 7638, 184. 200, 2110, 134, 437,
455 473 501 ' 111. 8.
llounta1;1 :-biok~c*a, 31. 45 :-Tracks 9 patlr. 52. 60, 82-3, 68,
73. 464 :-Tribes GO.
Mo~mt a l ~~a :-of ~e n f r a l India 226 444 :-of Nn. Yrontler
4213-9 :--snow-eovrrr~l 64 '00 81 428 :--svpr. of, zU-49, il;?
354-8 : a. EIIIIALRSU ; kll6kl ; i'caks.
Mount Everest. 425 n.4.
Mudat. M Ven. Wm. ( 1709-1820 ) ; BA.. PW. ; DSB. ; Dir. 09.
I 00s-lee0 ; 2213, 283.
Jlughnl : - E: I I I W~~. 184-5, 170. ?!!I :-GoVt., 483 ; I!. L)~.ll~i [ I, III, I~X,
ar . En~kwrom . 11 465, sv. l l r l l ~l I.
Mugha. of ~rnkan, ' 12: 73.
3Iultln. P U I I ~ H ~ , 433 ; pln. 1. 24.
Nonro :-Dnvld. nub-neat., 105, 372 :-John ( 17;s-1868 ) ; .hind.
1 IT. 471 1, QMO. Madras. 1808 ; nl-sllt., Trnrancore 1u1:i-@. 108
109, 250, 408. 408 :-Sir Thos. ( 1701-1827 ) . Matl.'111~. [ 11 ;33 1'
Hart.. KCB.. Gmr . of Yndrw, 1820-7, DNA.; 8:). 124, l e i , 180:
388, +i Y. 488. F. Ceded nlrln.. Rev. 8ry.
mumhi, ~ ~ I I I c ~ I I ~ ~ I \ I I I I I U ~ I U I ~ ~ I ~ I I I+!) 3*, :i!)l 'I94 412.
Uullstrr. Lord ( 17g4-IN2 ) : i:?".' Alslz. kkhdk. 'l~ltr.rlurmr.e ; er.,
1st Earl of Muuster 1HJl. DSH. ; 2CY.
3furdcr, 85. I71 11.8, 410-1. 4% 427 431 418.
>Iurruy, Rev. Lord Gro. ( 17tli-186.9 ) ; 'Uiahop of s l . Uavld's, 1801 ;
271).
MorshlclAhbd, Rangal, Z00. GO3 ; Is 1, 24.
Mwcum :-Indh House. 480 :-8vy. or Iudln. Urllrlr UPII, vl, 250.
M~s l r . 448. 462.
Ywlcnl box. 42h. 0.
Pine :-tms 30 .-
Pioneern : - $el k~
615 : - ~ccci n. rsa, 45u :-3ln1wns, 1.1J. 71.
wales cn:i.
Pir ~ d j r r l rnngr Ei. p w . 496.
PLsh~lr it . r. YIP-arum.
Pi t t , \ hn. . ' ~ur d Allrhcmt ( lii3-It457 ; sncr na Bnron 1707. er. 1st
Earl 1826 ; RJICU Brit. : 00. 1823-d ; OW.; 1 ( 10 ) ; 416, 362, WLI
n.7, 510 mi .
Pi l t mal ~, Pl ~i l i p ( 174l bi 5 ) ; hlall. Enm. [ I , 36 ] , 99
Place-uanlen. 16, I ! , iU-9. 88 "5 101 110 1?1 '141. 199 Wi 291
383 : - d a n ~ ~ r r ~ i t ~ ~ ~ g of. $3, 1b8, 353, i 6 1 : ~ S ~ W( U * bf, 04, 08 1
18. Orl~l~ogrnpby ; V i l b s .
Plalet.cd. Uarthnlenlrw ( d. 1707 ) I I, 363 I. 1..
Pl an~t abl c, 105. 211-3, '221. 425 :+ctlolln 111 117 11.8 120 .-
Sw\-ry. 4, 16. (14, 01-3, 90. 99, ~ o f , 11~. ' 112, '106, 20&v, she,
3iu. 376, 9W, 136, 508, 51S ; pLr. 4 n., 11 n.
~~. , , *, l , , " ,'c,,,>.,, il10,. U,.""c~l %.i*
, ." ..-..-.. . , -. ..-.-,
?ht f or u~s or nru~luds. dry. trig. staliona. 227, 230. 245. 252, 284. 324,
t1 115.
ir: WIII. l hr i ds on ( 17r3-ld25 ) ; Ben. Iuf. 1804-31 ; 272, 447.
IS 156 173.
h r ) or lbot 44 52 59 82 401i Wa9-111, 412-3 ; 1.. Bobber)..
Pl undcr ~m l i u ' 46?ili. v: ~ : h d i &.
pl uul b-~n; or l i l nn~l rl , >O1, 252, 254 : -Deflection of, 37 n.8, 175,177.
251.
Polnts, tlsi11.g ui, Itl, 04, l2U. 195, 2111, 206: I!. Tri a~~gul nt i ou ; Trigouo- 1
uletn('B1.
t. (b. 1Wl ), a s l . s ur \ ~. , 12n. 9, 17 11.9, 53,
Police :-Ueugnl 1
lxxd :-3Imlrn
polill"% pelt). chiplb. 110.
Pulitiwl :-AO~STS :-Havmbay. 113, 12i :-4'enLral, 1. I% Hnj put i ua
20, 61, 36 a;-* 26i 447, 454 :-Mnuipur. 454 :-Iir;. ~. ron(i er:
55 i n 56l :--.\.'w. ~';olltirr. 5 0 , 51U ; o %gent Lo I.G. :-Uept.
I?', 2 b , 102, 444, 484. 4W 491 501 :--'~i\-kiolls WD :-~ulieu)
a, s!cou. 131, :wa. 415, i ~ s . ice, ; uo: - - M~B~~o~M, 7 ~ . 1%~:
43:i-4 43C-7 452, 4J+'WJ.
Poud, ~ o t h l ( 1iB)i-1~36 ) ; XU. ' DSB. : RAS ( azn ). IV ( 31 ) ; AR.
1011-35 ; 1 ~ c n.5 :-c,ntni4ut. or s l nr s I W 1d4 WI 260.
Pundicl~crry. 0 i l uWl l Ui 113 Id5 11.2 hi !272 )90)),'~K~b9, 374,
334, ;jxoj, +:;i-*, 40b-i0,'4i1-'ti, 198, i b 2 ; 1h.s. 1,'21.
POIIIUOIB. 5Ul. 5117.
Poolr, Ht.llr). By-yur ( l;al+l841 ) ; Had. Inf. (11, 437 1 : a3 n.0, 341.
Pouna Uecr:an a 0'2-3, 112, 1%. 125-0, 232-4. 27U. 304, YL8, 83!J,
3d4, ~ d + f d ~ 9 ~4 127 +J$, 404, 431. 4&-5, 4Ui, GO&:^,
502 :-~uln:nr., F: Hc d t . : L~~s l de nc y, &I. 125, 427, 436 :-Bcv.
b , ~ . 171, 171, Baa. 439 :-Subs?., 1;urrr. Hz, 280; gls. 1, 21.
Pope bgivcatrr ( l i al -1816 ), nset., nu\-r.. 373-4. 375 n.1 $60 483.
poyuialiulr ZU. 110, 1:Lg. 14% 152, 154, 156, 16!J, l i 3 l ~ d ' 4 l d ' 190.
Portrnita, ; , 3U. 4 2 C ~ . 450, 463. 4l16,400; pk: 20-9 ! - ~ mb t b n , 428
434, 441, Jti>, I6i . 4 i 3 ; 111. BZ : -Ysrke~urr. 344.391, 4044, 474 j
yl. ZY.
Portugnl nud I.iet~un. 453, 4i 2.
~ o r l u ~ u $ e 453 4au :-Yvol>lr, or Goancsu, 3Y:l ; v. Cior.
Pai t i nns 6o-oniiImtt5, r. OrogI'allllieal.
post :-duatcr. CLH, 44i : - - &u~nt vr ~. 209, ZMI, 340, 390. 4~7. 412, 416.
Poelrgc St nqw, iX.,
Postal systrnl, 28, r d, 209. 220, 112, 418-9, 470. 4W.
Pot nt l s, $3.
Put s o r t l ~ r n . 235, 247-8 :*wking, 42d.
h d n g e r H c w ( l i a+1858) ; Bo. Inf. 111.437-8 I, 131,431.
pooltry 82 rra.
pre~coti, ~ j r i l J n c h n ( 1624-85 ) ; Bo. M. ; l i U n.4.
Presents 45 55-43 5 b W 468
P ML ~ ~ I I C~ :'Beughl, l l odbay; or Madras. 305, 448, 183 :-Town. 118.
140 n.2, 460.
Pric~ \VUL S. ( h. 1811112 ). mt. BUIVL, UomL'a).. 126, 384. 387.
pries& or ;IIU& p?~.
h n c e ' d Walea 1' 6. 1. . v. Yeupng.
n i n c m l udl an 2 U I I I ~ ~ .
priucil,61 dnb..i~isLnat. m. 371.
P W ~ : - ~ o ~ i n 1 d. 1788 ), g a b M. 1 I 3 ~ 8 J, ~ l ~ : - ~ o b t . Ke l t l ~
( 1H12-97 ), BucN. 1dW-00. 7, 17'2, ZUb, 4 9
Yrtnaep's:-Allas of Gauge. 15-0. 4Ul r t l : 4hht , Calcutta. 405 :-
A-hlr of ... Brililh India. ... I s l b Z d , 2nv.
Printed Blnln 479 s. Xngmvcd : LLthylra h d .
IWva(r: :-c<,~resp;rndence. 31;-8. 477 :-&lds. $20-7. 382, 164. 357,
418 :-14mp 291. 442 :-pruwrbp, 32U :-Bccmtary to w..
: ~ 4 :-so~likm, 8134.
~Ur.'s/&st. l l i hi r 20 3 i l , 426.
Putao. 11ppc; Bllru;a ; b. Port Hertz.
Quadrant. 31. 212. 217
QlrlcksUver : v. Mercury.
Quilon. Travancore, 108-0, 206, 40e433, 511.
ltndhal!ntl~ Ylcknll~nr ( 1'413-ill ) . CIi. ('onipr. u ~ s . . 291.
NaXl c~, Sir T ~ OY. ~ t n n ~ l ~ ~ x l ( ligl-lt126 ), PI<I. a. 11, 473 I ; Ddvn.;
Ency Brit.; 258, 17i .
l ~al cl l l l r C'irrir. Sizillr'n Tcrrit?ries. 4-8, 115, 119. 120. 207.
Itold4 :-hrdcr. W2 : u. niiuldn.
hi ~uur wa o~l . Eavnll Venkat a Interprctrr, 891, 461, 478, 470.
RBmgnnga H. Hohilklint~d 2i-2 46.
Hilnanrh : ~i zl ri bag11: -hnt t . 67, 68. 417, top, ow.
nirlnpur Dl~11c.r rjutlej. 30, 4&1.
n i mp ~ l d , Inrlona, L O C ~ I ~ a t t . , 489, 513.
nani sdrn J e w ( liY5-2800 ), Inst. luakcr PRH. ; DYB. "YB, 251).
l t angoon' ~ur l na, 1, 3, 00-6, i G D . 314, :lob, 305, 419, 45; 427, 4%~-4,
453,'455, 11i:i, 473 :-l~~wiliull 183-4:-11. 72-3, i 5 78.
Rongpllr :-Aasnlll 52-4, 05 428 447 104 484 :-Bmxnl ii0 5ol , 5o-
K~ n j I t Sinrrh, uf Lnllurc ( 1 j h Wi ~ 3 9 j ; E ~ C U Brit. [ 11. ii4 i ; IS, 43;;
,KO d*r. :In
T. ~,, "..,.
Enper. Fclin Ti nrcnt ( 17i8-1849 ), Bun. 11s. 111, 438 1. 349, 402.
Rapids. 54-i, 59, i 5, 85. $31.
Wa~ul,err~ra. and stran'berrlus. 36. 420.
-. -. - - . . . . .. . - . . , . - - .
Rat ni gi rl . n-. ( ' out , 173, 209, 430.
Hnvenslln\v. Wnl. ( 1781-1825 ) : atad. E n m. [ 11, 438 ] ; 09, 216.
lU!valpindi. Yunjab. 44, 4S6, 808.
Rend, Ales. ( r. 1751-1804) ; XCS. [ I, 369 1 ; 0.
Read? John Thurlow ( 1797-It127 ). H0.9.. 1B2.
Ht . c~~: - ql l ar l em, 103, 109, 116, 127, 202 :-on, t-pngc, 200, 348.
Reconnairrsnnrr :-Mllltar?. W :-Trig. 221, 269.
Re nr ds :+ITS. 237-0 240 255-i 353, 390:-Rev. Svy., 50, 155,
171 306 j.19 :-s;.s., d r i s i n a ~ ' ~ 49 07 95 07 IOLI-10 lid
i d 1 ii)& 228 274-5 201 3. adz, f k, ' a 15h, 533, 330: 300,'
400, $20 U: J, i :~1, i 56, 476.
Reflecting Circles, 41,60.65,129,175-R liB-82 184 100 100 305.
Ilefractlon :-Aetr. obsla., 1.30-1, 201: 240 :-:~e&ead ob;ns.. 9, 49.
170. 19t3.235. 23&11. 214-7,249.
Re@mental:-Duty, 81, 160, 332, 834, 398. 342. 344. 440-1. 4-48.
605, 510 :-Png, 340. 346, 451.401.
Regletrnr, or Begater, 8!1o., 187. 215-5, 308 312, 314 37;d. 482:-
Yroniollon, 342 :-wlttl nnlr., 314, 378 :-blstrlct. 150, 307.
Fwguhtions :-Yay & Alleea.. 315, 328. 346-8, 360. 3 8 3 4 : Yvs . .
05, 290-1. 31)8. 305. 307, 313. 337. 342.348.865-7, 461, 500.
Bri f. 389.
h n n c u i al ues ( 1742-1830 1. Ben. E- 1 I 6 8 I so. B~ngnl
17d7-77 DNB. . x 37 5 i 67 171 n.8' 185' 218& l - ~ a p 10
178, wd, 3x1, r i al - ks Ai r , ' 104 :-4vy. ;I ~ i n g a ~ , 11, 10, ira:
179, 275 2M
h n n y ( -~nilyuu;). Tllwr. ( 1812-85 ). Ben. En 412 n 3:
Renl .---Land, LJG :--OUlce. 170 310-1, 315, 3!&, 994,'32,, 349-50.
L363 :--Ilesldencr, 312, 314, b40, 353, 381.
Bent-KICC Landa, s. j&rI.
Ik%peat~ll(( Tl!codolite, 261, 250 ; u. Chclca.
Itepetitloa of obans.. 177. 258.
l eyor t d & t l e t ur ~a :--urn., d, 223, 237-8 258 807 870 380 438
446, 485-0 : - RI I O~I ~BI : -9u.'a. 323,'474 I ~ui - vr s' . : 47, b04-5:
300. 457. 401 ; v. Progress.
Ibm~rch. ary. shl 17. Ed 182, 433. 501
H&?cllon Lkom &i nt ~,olnla, 2 28. 32,'178, 180. 107, 808.
~ r s ~ d c n t a O I I U ~ I :-*la : -baroh IU 480 : - - cut c~~ 131-2
U1 :!-&lhl, 94, 87 n.8 : -~ol knr; or ~nhom, YBlWu, 8 ~ : BO, 373:
416 n 8 460 462 n.3 480 457 4 w . - ~ y d e r ~ b ~ d D m n 83.
115-7; h 3 , ~ i u , 281, e!j7.250. rei, 176 804,824, sri 412 ri7-8.
436. 442, 444, 460 :-Lucknow. Oudh. 21. 40 n.8.4d5 :-hywJla.
425.
Typhus fever, so-callcd. 231. 2-44, 404.
316 424 4W
l l nl t s oi mc&nrc' 131 137 140 l 4d 103-5 172 251J-1; '. Shndarcls.
Univrretll ~heor c; ~, I& tra;.eiae' svp:. 141). i ~ . i40.
1ltuoUable svv.. 130. 134. 234.
~ d o h s , Anr;n'( d, iwn j, pr i ukr [ I
pq 1 207
Upper .-Indla. v. HluduaULn .-1.rdvlnoed of bengnl 7 10-20 62
lsi. 140-65, iw. 300. 3i i . YMO, 474. 4n1. 4~) . i o z ' : - ~~h ol:
?i 4 :-I!. Bev. flvpe.
Upton's urlsslon to Pwna, 1875 I I, 3-I 1, v.
Wpehorn Thm. ( 180040) ; BN. 18127 ; l l w h l g PlloL 1810-24,
D N ~ . . DI R. . 419.
wal-'n. OP.' 82 91-2. I. 18 Ygnn Gungn
Ws l n John (b. l k l 0 \ l30 6 e r . d l . 448 I, 500:
~ & ~ r : - . d o n . J a nus + h i . ( 18 Dt) ) . nu. LGII~IB: on.. run. . RO
am. 1R7M4. DNI I . . 230 281 2 6 h 4 410 44h n.7': 4. d c.:
e n p s c r s 232 A.2 Zd5 '610 :-mi. mm;&. ~' Aapur nubay. Form.
~ 4 : - WI ~ . ( 1781~182i ) . Ben. 1nL. 30.
Wal l l ~h Dr. Nnlhanlel ( 17M-1.964 ) ' Den. Mod.. buLanht, Ills. ;
d d B . ; l mrl rdt , Colcsworll~y rani ; 48.512.
Walnut treu 424.
War Dent.. l k~don, 483.
Wa NLam'n ~ f U l n l < > ~ 229 2PB 481 . 1 18.
W -neb 8*dn ( 1782-45 ). dnd. fnf. ['l!.'448-0 1.611.
W%, C!!. ; 90 n.6. OSI :-B.. 82-3.91, b5 a, 616 ; pl. 18.
Warren, Juhu ( 1780-I*:JO ) . MY. :i:lrd. 14'1. [ 11, 319-53 1. vll., ~R.+(I,
WBek8x!:$, : ! $, :\:Ti 500 :-Of 11. . 6hlll Yt., 430 11.7.
'7-0, 141-3. 145, 150, l yd-4, 107, 160,171,
w~(C111'8, 213. 262. 280, 400 ; 11. Chm~~omot BI . ; llmoplecee.
Watchn~akcia. 18i . 102. 213 n.8.
Wnkr :--carriers nr Qhinlir 314 :-sup~~ls. 73 76 202, 230. 243. 265,
270 398. 414. 417. 428;430, 444. 477 n.l.'4&.
\ Pnkr h\ l . 85. 106 11.8.
Wi~torlno; uni t l s or, 1815, 509.
Watklna. Illst. nl nk~m :-Brn11cls ( t
e I821 ) . Wm. ( tl. 17Wl H08, IX .I,.
\\'nt6;11 HOI& ( 1TJ7-80 ) Beu. E&m' [ I, jqp ] v.
\Viba h ' Sir Ant l l er 0cui t ( 1~10-7d). Bell. 'Eul(ia.
h e . : DI E. ; su. o ars. 1843-el ; ' 40, 48. m, m,
114, 127. 189. ZYO, 204 421 II.:~. 424, 435.
Wnx 101 20!1. 416:-clubh.
O1l.l I . =
~ c n t l ~ e r :'-bar1 In, 111. l i :
4RJ :--good, 29 27 78,
WU~LIC. WUI. ( b. '1'784)s ),
!493-A 1 Y I - l 9*7
F E E
121 11
w;~ki'eeiE :--HliiX-'GCiey ~ q s . of ( i i e ~ t - 1 ~ 4 2 ) . 0. M O T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O I I : -
~ r t K u ( 1 7 ~ 6 1 8 4 ~ ) . i.. ; Uukc of we ~ n g t o d . m7.
Wslls D. 153 105 1?J 452.
~ e h l ; .-~cu.' JR& ( li76-1861 ) . Mnd. Inf. 111 454 1 : DNB. ;
4 h :-TIIOR. ( 11. IS22 ) Ueu. (' iv. [ I 8- ] 49:
Woet:-C'o~~st. 270, 512.-lbdln Rrgt . :-indira,2i0,47ZY,4034,40~.
Wcalern (ihals, 8'1 U7 100 122 l2&0
\vr.et~nlnstm : - i i he i 4;; n . ~ i : ~ e i c m ~ 428 409, SOH
While :-Alex. nr ~ r t l i u r wt. Yurvr. ~ o b ~ b a ; 124. 275. 983. 387 :-
Br i ~nc l ~ Svl l o~~ ( l i d~- 1850 ), n h . I nl I' I1 5-6 1 24 IM
PRO. 459, 500 : - ~c nr y ( 1700-1nt5 ), i ~ . i 2 [ I I . ~ ~ L ~ , VII:
Q111
,185 47V.
W111w kohu ncu. Collr ul Bslhet 1780 [ I 140 ] 144-5
W ~ ~ O I ; : - ~bw. P I ~ C I I ~ ( i ns- 1833 ) . BOA. ~df . . 13i :-~)r.' Honar
Hayman ( 1788-1H60 ) . Ben. ~ c d . . LINE Psukr l dw ( o ) 43
312 YOZ 406 480 4t h 483 487 ' 495 &o .-Joha ( i 7nG
). den. rhr., 5i o :-khos.', or dhi zi i ~ur , 513 I-wul. A,. sub-
wl. 152 n.5 383 305 3iO n.3 372.
WUton deo. ( 17cic18'17 ) 'BCII. ~ n k r s . rr 457 1 500
Wlud, '21, 25, ~ 1 - 2 . 48, io6, iw, IW, 246. 2 6 ~ : 258; 263, 4 ~ . 44.1,
4b9. 467 :-Hot, 1W.
Wlnc R2 '110 430
wi na6t e ' i i r krtn. i 1812-79 ). ~ o . Enpra. am. : DI E. . 7 172.
~ i ~ ~ s t a n : Pdw. ( h. 1806 ), IWI.. survr. li111 n.2, 314, Y~Y- ' I , 386, 372.
Wire, sllvor, lor ~nlcromeh*r, 25+0. 43iJ, 430.
Wolnon. 1:l. 33. 158 4"O 469 407' v Y~uni l l a.
Wood :-Ndw. ( $1.' 1i 2k ). k~. . ' l i 110- ~. 318 :-Geo.. p r l ~ ~ t r r , of
Oaloutla & Cawllpom I 43 :-Mark ( 1750-1820 ) Ben. Eugia.
I I , 379ko 1, 14 n.3 %Tho8 ( 1765-1894 ) . B&. Eagm. [ I,
389-400 1; 5'2-4, 70-2, (9. IUI: 1H3, 300, 300, i 61, 433-4, 47;.
~Vuedccl eollntrv 4 102, 107. 109. 109. 206. 240. 243. 262. 444 ; v.
l ~or cet : J U; , ~I ~. '
\ ~ r a i i L r &n l o r Can~bri dge 447
wri t ers br e l e r d 4 64 mu' 14d 239 240 256 311, 313-0, 320-1.
32i . :)GO, 30;-6: s 7i , i ns , aha, GJO, abs n: ~, rws, r i a , 401 :-
Rolllhnr 1741 :-llllli~~ll, 311 'JI:).
Wsnl t :-A i x ( MOi--57 ). aast.'sllrvr.. 104-5, 3OJ. 386, 372 : -Gro. ,
w t . survr. 105, :I72 :-Rlcll<l., I W ~ . survr.. 279.
Wyld Jnmr s r bt ovapl l er \.I.
~ym' yh! J. i~: dnlll. ~. nl &t t n Trolll Jladras 1024; 313.
WynBd, b l o b &, I, 97. 114. 376, 402. 611.
Ynrd, unlt, 18, 163-6, Liz.
Yn b , of Tibcl, 44-6.
Yerkau~d. Contrnl Anla. 43-4. 4864.
Zacll. Brnnz Znver ; Baron VOII ( 1754-1RIZ ), a c r mn ~ ~ . Bnry Brit.,
Anlr.. t o I)uho ur 0nxe 0 0 t h ~ : LLD. : 256.
rnnllnrlnrn l x x 0-8 40 51 141 145. 165. 157, 150, 181. 394. 412.
i
417 . b. $s&lrs ~' l . m~; t l . obck
Zenith : ~ ~ l a t a n e r ~ , ' ~ . 176, 282-3, 2.47, 213. 215, 262-1 256 280 :-
Mloro~nrlcr, 1H8. 260 :-S~*ctur I I I. 152 1, L), 232-3, i 44, 263,
267, 250411. 344, 307. 445-0 :--'Cubrv, 187.
Znrn. change of, Y80, 248. 251. 258.